diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1012c362e3cabcff6d9da14a1c6163d0dd9b2591 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2420 @@ +1 +00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:23,910 +As-salamu alaykum and good day everyone. Welcome + +2 +00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,090 +back and let's continue our lesson on our friend + +3 +00:00:27,090 --> 00:00:33,930 +John Donne. As we saw last time we examined some + +4 +00:00:33,930 --> 00:00:38,970 +texts by John Donne himself and by George Herbert + +5 +00:00:38,970 --> 00:00:42,450 +who is also a follower of John Donne. We realized + +6 +00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:47,910 +that during the Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages + +7 +00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:53,030 +there were poets, major poets following the rules + +8 +00:00:53,030 --> 00:00:56,990 +of decorum. They were writing according to a set + +9 +00:00:56,990 --> 00:00:59,910 +of rules they had to follow in a way or another. + +10 +00:01:01,230 --> 00:01:04,830 +But despite that, despite the strong current, the + +11 +00:01:04,830 --> 00:01:06,710 +many people who were writing this kind of + +12 +00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:11,050 +literature, there were some poets who were writing + +13 +00:01:11,050 --> 00:01:14,490 +something different, totally different. In a way, + +14 +00:01:14,590 --> 00:01:17,590 +they were experimenting on new forms, new + +15 +00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,150 +language, new themes. They were breaking the rules + +16 +00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:23,970 +of decorum. They were challenging the authority + +17 +00:01:23,970 --> 00:01:28,010 +itself, the mainstream opinion of what it is to + +18 +00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,510 +write poetry and literature. Today, I'll continue + +19 +00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:35,900 +talking about John Donne. and examine the features + +20 +00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,660 +of his poetry and that of the metaphysical poetry. + +21 +00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:42,500 +In general, last time I summed up the class and I + +22 +00:01:42,500 --> 00:01:46,820 +concluded saying that because John Donne did this, + +23 +00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:50,240 +because he wrote different poetry, he was not + +24 +00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:54,400 +welcomed in a way. He was not received well. He + +25 +00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,940 +was negatively framed, remember? As a bad poet, as + +26 +00:01:58,940 --> 00:02:02,840 +a difficult poet, A person who doesn't write + +27 +00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,740 +poetry but writes verse. So his poetry is not + +28 +00:02:05,740 --> 00:02:10,520 +poetry because it breaks the rules. For about 200 + +29 +00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,840 +years, John Donne and his followers were outside + +30 +00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:16,580 +the English canon. Remember the English canon when + +31 +00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:20,000 +we said it's not objective? Because the people who + +32 +00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,200 +determine the canon are the people who benefit + +33 +00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,540 +from the canon, who are closer to the king + +34 +00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:31,720 +probably or the queen. And it was T.S. Eliot. And + +35 +00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,280 +we already know who T.S. Eliot is. He's a famous + +36 +00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:39,460 +20th century poet and critic. T.S. Eliot brought + +37 +00:02:39,460 --> 00:02:44,500 +those poets back to life. He resurrected them. He + +38 +00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,780 +opened their graves and brought them back to life + +39 +00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:50,360 +and made them famous again. He showed how + +40 +00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:52,980 +important their poetry was. And as a matter of + +41 +00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:55,180 +fact, many poets in the 20th century were + +42 +00:02:55,180 --> 00:02:59,620 +following the example of John Donne and his poets. + +43 +00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:02,900 +And a very important example how John Donne and + +44 +00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:07,860 +his followers were negatively framed is the fact + +45 +00:03:07,860 --> 00:03:10,000 +that they were described as metaphysical poets. + +46 +00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,220 +The term meta and physical, what does it have to + +47 +00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:16,560 +do with pottery? Physical and metaphysical, beyond + +48 +00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,720 +nature and supernatural and beyond the physical. + +49 +00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:23,180 +Many people try to explain the term, what it + +50 +00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:27,560 +means. But personally, I believe it doesn't mean + +51 +00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:32,300 +much. Because it was used as a negative word, as + +52 +00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:37,070 +TSE let's say, as a term of abuse. As an insult, + +53 +00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:40,990 +thank you. Metaphysical. Seriously, when you see, + +54 +00:03:41,130 --> 00:03:44,650 +when I tell you, OK, here is a romantic poem, and + +55 +00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:46,810 +here is a metaphysical poem, which one would you + +56 +00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:49,810 +choose before reading? Probably the romantic, + +57 +00:03:50,010 --> 00:03:54,250 +because it's a romantic poem. Something you might + +58 +00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:57,290 +find good, you think would be good. But + +59 +00:03:57,290 --> 00:04:02,010 +metaphysical poetry. So early in the 20th century, + +60 +00:04:02,270 --> 00:04:03,430 +TS Eliot again + +61 +00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:10,120 +showed how important Don and his followers were at + +62 +00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:14,450 +Marvel and at George Herbert. And many poets + +63 +00:04:14,450 --> 00:04:16,770 +started, in a way, imitating them, following them, + +64 +00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:19,650 +using them as examples. And they become, nowadays, + +65 +00:04:20,130 --> 00:04:21,930 +John Donne and his followers are more important + +66 +00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,670 +than Johnson and even probably Dryden and other + +67 +00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:29,490 +poets. And this is how funny life can be and + +68 +00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:32,130 +literature can be. When you are alive, nobody + +69 +00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:34,710 +cares about you. 100 years later, nobody cares + +70 +00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:37,450 +about you. 100 years, even 200 years later, nobody + +71 +00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:39,510 +cares about you. But later on, something happens + +72 +00:04:39,510 --> 00:04:42,410 +and you become the most important poet around. + +73 +00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,120 +John Donne, in my opinion, is one of the most + +74 +00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,240 +famous poets. Not only for his good poetry, + +75 +00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:51,620 +wonderful poetry, that still even today talks to + +76 +00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:55,640 +us like Shakespeare. But because he brought new + +77 +00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,200 +things, new themes, new forms to English poetry + +78 +00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:06,200 +early in the 17th century. So let's study more + +79 +00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,640 +about John Donne. + +80 +00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:14,340 +Remember this? Did we study this already before? + +81 +00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:21,480 +Can someone read? Please. Come live with me and be + +82 +00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,740 +my love and we will have some new pleasures as + +83 +00:05:24,740 --> 00:05:30,000 +well. Very good. Come live with me and be my love + +84 +00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,620 +and we will have some new pleasures as well. + +85 +00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:34,420 +Pleasures as well. Did we study this before + +86 +00:05:34,420 --> 00:05:39,120 +already? Yes. Who is the poet here? Did we study + +87 +00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,480 +this? Haven't we studied this before? Oh, we + +88 +00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,640 +studied something by Marlowe, remember? Are you + +89 +00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:52,020 +sure? Are you sure this is Marlowe? Remember the + +90 +00:05:52,020 --> 00:05:54,460 +passionate Chiba to his love? How does it begin? + +91 +00:05:56,020 --> 00:05:57,800 +Does anybody memorize the lines, the first + +92 +00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:00,760 +couplet? The passionate Chiba to his love. What + +93 +00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:07,840 +does he say? He says, What is this Marlowe? The + +94 +00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,200 +first line is Marlowe. What is the second one + +95 +00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:17,860 +Marlowe? All. This is Marlowe. Come live with me + +96 +00:06:17,860 --> 00:06:21,600 +and be my love and we will all the pleasures grow. + +97 +00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:28,580 +And this is done. Done says some, new. Here all, + +98 +00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:34,530 +old. Here some, but this some is new it's + +99 +00:06:34,530 --> 00:06:37,850 +interesting so let's try to compare between these + +100 +00:06:37,850 --> 00:06:42,970 +couplets so again this is مانو but this is دانس + +101 +00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:45,290 +what do you notice what is the major difference + +102 +00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:50,730 +here same number of feet same rhyme scheme same + +103 +00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:54,210 +almost everything same first line but the second + +104 +00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:01,890 +line we have here all the definite article, and + +105 +00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:09,950 +here we have some, but this some is new. And this + +106 +00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:11,790 +is the metaphysical poetry, this is John Donne. He + +107 +00:07:11,790 --> 00:07:15,210 +knew, he was conscious that he was writing new + +108 +00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:18,450 +poetry, that he was writing something different. + +109 +00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,540 +that he was changing the history of English poetry + +110 +00:07:22,540 --> 00:07:24,180 +in a way or another, that he was breaking the + +111 +00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:28,280 +rule. Many people, critics say that Jonathan was + +112 +00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,340 +just a digression. He just was writing poetry the + +113 +00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,790 +way he liked. That's true, but There's also strong + +114 +00:07:35,790 --> 00:07:39,050 +evidence in his poetry that John Donne knew that + +115 +00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,950 +he was contradicting, swimming against the + +116 +00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,650 +current, like some of you said last time, that he + +117 +00:07:44,650 --> 00:07:47,090 +was breaking the rules of decorum of the + +118 +00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:52,570 +Elizabethan poetry writing process. So here, + +119 +00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:55,590 +remember we said this represents the Elizabethan + +120 +00:07:55,590 --> 00:07:59,030 +English poetry. Rules, decorum, everything counts, + +121 +00:07:59,170 --> 00:08:02,150 +and the poet is idealistic. Remember the courtly + +122 +00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:05,260 +love? Come live with me and be like, because I own + +123 +00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:09,320 +all the pleasures, the idealism. Idealized love. + +124 +00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:11,500 +And in John Donne, we said John Donne is + +125 +00:08:11,500 --> 00:08:15,320 +realistic. He's an individual. He's more + +126 +00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:19,520 +realistic. He knows he can't own all. But when he + +127 +00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,400 +is doing this, he's contradicting. So he's saying + +128 +00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,200 +some in other ways. He's telling us, no one can + +129 +00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,880 +own all things. And at the same time, he tells us, + +130 +00:08:30,770 --> 00:08:35,950 +I have new kinds of pleasure, exactly like his + +131 +00:08:35,950 --> 00:08:40,950 +poetry, new kinds of poetry, poems in a way that + +132 +00:08:40,950 --> 00:08:44,090 +he is giving us new forms. We saw, for example, + +133 +00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:47,250 +the new rhyme scheme for the sonnet and we saw the + +134 +00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:52,760 +new themes he introduced to the sonnet. Turn the + +135 +00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,080 +sonnet from a love poem into a religious poem. + +136 +00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:01,220 +Remember, the sonnet is the most sacred form of + +137 +00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,080 +all poetry. 14 lines, love, Italian, + +138 +00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,920 +Shakespearean. For Don, he broke this. He mixed + +139 +00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000 +both forms, and he had his own form, the John + +140 +00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:18,750 +Donne form of sonnets. Is it about love? It's + +141 +00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:22,510 +about religion, about God, batter my heart, three + +142 +00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:29,110 +persons, God, death, be not proud, et cetera. In + +143 +00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:31,970 +this context here, I need to talk about something + +144 +00:09:31,970 --> 00:09:36,570 +called parody and something else called + +145 +00:09:36,570 --> 00:09:40,210 +intertextuality. + +146 +00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:46,080 +Listen. We spoke probably briefly about parody + +147 +00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,160 +before. Parody is to parody something to imitate, + +148 +00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,800 +to copy. You do something, I do something similar + +149 +00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,920 +to it. But I change a little bit. So parody in + +150 +00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,520 +Arabic is some kind of like muhaka, something like + +151 +00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:04,320 +this. When someone writes a text, you write a text + +152 +00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,360 +similar to it. We studied this probably in Arabic, + +153 +00:10:07,940 --> 00:10:10,100 +Jareer, Al-Farazdaq, and how they were writing, + +154 +00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,700 +using the same meter and the same rhyme to write + +155 +00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:16,580 +about the same thing, but it's the opposite. Now, + +156 +00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:20,520 +parody is a very important literary device. + +157 +00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,080 +Generally, it means when you imitate another + +158 +00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:30,490 +literary work. When you imitate another literal in + +159 +00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:35,810 +a comic way, okay? In a comic way, just to make + +160 +00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:40,950 +fun of it. However, for John Donne, comedy is also + +161 +00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:41,570 +serious. + +162 +00:10:44,450 --> 00:10:47,430 +It's not only comic, ha ha ha, let's laugh at + +163 +00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:49,970 +Marlow, let's make fun of Marlow. It's also + +164 +00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:53,130 +serious. Why is it serious? Because in his parody, + +165 +00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,110 +when we study the whole poem, we see how, for + +166 +00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,890 +example, Marlow is idealistic, is dreamy. Dreamy, + +167 +00:11:00,930 --> 00:11:03,470 +you know? He dreams of owning all the pleasures. + +168 +00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:07,110 +And we saw, for example, how he represents the + +169 +00:11:07,110 --> 00:11:15,210 +woman as silent and weak. He's just, she doesn't + +170 +00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:17,470 +reply, she doesn't act. She is not there in the + +171 +00:11:17,470 --> 00:11:21,670 +text. She's just listening to him. Assuming that + +172 +00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:25,070 +she is there. Probably he sent her a letter. So + +173 +00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:26,970 +come live with me and be my love. In a way, he's + +174 +00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:30,150 +very persuasive. He's tricking her. He doesn't + +175 +00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:33,250 +think highly of the woman. He thinks the woman is + +176 +00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:36,790 +not smart as he is. Because any smart woman would + +177 +00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:40,980 +say, come on, you're just a shepherd. I can't come + +178 +00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:43,620 +with you. You don't have one pleasure, let alone + +179 +00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:46,460 +all the pleasures. And instead of wasting your + +180 +00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:49,600 +time, go take care of the sheep you're supposed to + +181 +00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,660 +be taken care of. So the woman here is weak. It's + +182 +00:11:54,660 --> 00:11:58,100 +not weak, actually. It's presented as weak. And in + +183 +00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:59,860 +Dan, when you read the whole poem, you will + +184 +00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:04,980 +realize that he presents us with a smart woman, an + +185 +00:12:04,980 --> 00:12:05,480 +intellectual. + +186 +00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:12,620 +An intellectual, a woman who thinks for herself, a + +187 +00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:15,840 +woman who understands poetry and understands + +188 +00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,700 +debate and understands what the poet is trying to + +189 +00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,280 +do. So when Jonathan is doing this, he's + +190 +00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:28,400 +criticizing not only Marlowe, but criticizing + +191 +00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,560 +Marlowe's society. Thank you very much. He's + +192 +00:12:32,560 --> 00:12:35,480 +criticizing the society in which women are + +193 +00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:41,440 +negatively portrayed. as objects for men to own + +194 +00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,200 +and control. But in John Donne, the woman is + +195 +00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,700 +strong, is powerful, is independent. You know + +196 +00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:54,720 +independent? Yes. Not dependent on man. So that's + +197 +00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:57,980 +why parody for John Donne is very serious. Serious + +198 +00:12:57,980 --> 00:13:02,850 +because it criticizes not only other poets, but + +199 +00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,050 +also the society itself. He's telling, why are you + +200 +00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:11,130 +treating women this badly? Why? Why? Women are as + +201 +00:13:11,130 --> 00:13:15,490 +smart as men and maybe smarter. We see this + +202 +00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:20,050 +constantly in Joan Dunn's portrait. The other + +203 +00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:23,950 +thing is intertextuality. So again, how does Joan + +204 +00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:27,550 +Dunn criticize the society? By parodying it, by + +205 +00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:32,440 +making fun, by mocking. You know mock? Make fun of + +206 +00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:39,420 +something in a serious way. Intertextuality, in a + +207 +00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:41,220 +way it's similar to this. Text, you know text? + +208 +00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:47,300 +Intertext. Intertext, where texts are + +209 +00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:50,880 +interconnected, linked. Intertextuality in Arabic + +210 +00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,560 +is attanas. + +211 +00:13:56,740 --> 00:14:02,760 +When a critic, sorry, a poet quotes, uses poetry + +212 +00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:07,560 +from another poet, from another person. When a + +213 +00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:11,160 +writer uses a quote, a quotation, or an extract + +214 +00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,400 +from another text. This is called intertextuality. + +215 +00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,260 +Marlow says, come live with me and be my love. Don + +216 +00:14:21,260 --> 00:14:25,040 +says, come live with me and So this text has + +217 +00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:29,220 +intertextuality. Why? Because originally it was + +218 +00:14:29,220 --> 00:14:33,920 +said by Marlowe. But is John Donne criticizing, + +219 +00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:38,680 +copying Marlowe 100%, copy-paste, photocopying + +220 +00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:43,800 +him? No, he changed. But why does he do this? He + +221 +00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,840 +could have written the whole poem without this + +222 +00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,540 +couplet and it would be a totally different poem. + +223 +00:14:49,820 --> 00:14:53,880 +But he's telling us, wait, my whole poem here is + +224 +00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,380 +mainly to criticize Marlow and the society. So I'm + +225 +00:14:57,380 --> 00:14:59,860 +beginning from Marlow. You would say, hey, Dan is + +226 +00:14:59,860 --> 00:15:03,240 +using Marlow. I know many people confuse this, + +227 +00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:06,900 +confused between these couplets. He is using + +228 +00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:12,040 +Marlow not as, you know, to imitate him in a way + +229 +00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,840 +where he is following his steps. Oh, I want to be + +230 +00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,360 +like Marlow. I want to do like Marlow. He's doing + +231 +00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,920 +this to criticize him and criticize his portrait. + +232 +00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:27,400 +The idealism of the Elizabethan age, the way that + +233 +00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,060 +women were negatively portrayed as silent and + +234 +00:15:30,060 --> 00:15:37,200 +weak, and other things are mocked. criticized and + +235 +00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,880 +attacked in John Donne. He does this constantly in + +236 +00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:41,780 +an amazing way. That's why many women, by the way, + +237 +00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,760 +love John Donne's poetry. Because it gives them a + +238 +00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:49,320 +voice. It gives them a presence. And sometimes the + +239 +00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:53,860 +woman is smarter than the man himself. She can't + +240 +00:15:53,860 --> 00:15:56,080 +be tricked by, come live with me and be my love. + +241 +00:15:58,220 --> 00:16:02,120 +OK? So if in the exam I ask you to contextualize + +242 +00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,000 +this, In exam, there will be a question asking you + +243 +00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,140 +to contextualize extracts from poetry we studied. + +244 +00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:13,580 +Here, you should say, this is a text by Marlow + +245 +00:16:13,580 --> 00:16:16,200 +from a passionate shepherd or a passionate + +246 +00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:22,160 +shepherd to his love. In this couplet, the poet is + +247 +00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:26,540 +inviting his mistress or beloved and promising her + +248 +00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:29,940 +all the pleasures. Here, we have what we call + +249 +00:16:29,940 --> 00:16:38,040 +courtly love. or idealized love. What is idealized + +250 +00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:44,260 +love about idealism? Not realistic. Okay, so + +251 +00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:46,980 +Marlow, the passionate shepherd promising all, + +252 +00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:55,180 +however, the imperfect rhyme here might expose the + +253 +00:16:55,180 --> 00:17:03,660 +poet as fake, as ungenuine. Not truthful, because + +254 +00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:06,820 +we realize that he is a shepherd. He doesn't own + +255 +00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:10,740 +anything. If you need to comment on this, you + +256 +00:17:10,740 --> 00:17:14,780 +should say, this is by John Donne from a poem + +257 +00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:20,820 +called The Bait. You know what a bait is? Remember + +258 +00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:30,770 +Shylock? I'll bait with it. Bait. Shylock. When + +259 +00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:32,650 +they said, what do you want to do with a pound of + +260 +00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:35,970 +flesh? I will bait. Bait, to'am al-samaka. When + +261 +00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:39,290 +you want to fish, you use some kind of food for + +262 +00:17:39,290 --> 00:17:43,350 +strange name for a love poem. So this is by John + +263 +00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:48,310 +Donne from The Bait. In this poem, John Donne is + +264 +00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:51,750 +parodying Marlow. + +265 +00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:56,170 +It's important to use the word parody. Parodying + +266 +00:17:56,170 --> 00:18:01,310 +Marlow because he's criticizing Oh, and the + +267 +00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,430 +society. In this couplet, John Donne is more + +268 +00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:12,410 +realistic because he says some, not all, and at + +269 +00:18:12,410 --> 00:18:15,690 +the same time, he clearly tells us that he's + +270 +00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:20,030 +bringing new themes, new issues, new forms to + +271 +00:18:20,030 --> 00:18:25,150 +poetry. Again, John Donne criticizes Malo by + +272 +00:18:25,150 --> 00:18:26,250 +parodying him. + +273 +00:18:29,330 --> 00:18:32,850 +Criticizes the way he represents women. Criticizes + +274 +00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:38,170 +his idealized love. He's more realistic because he + +275 +00:18:38,170 --> 00:18:41,630 +uses the word son. And at the same time, John + +276 +00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:48,570 +Donne clearly and consciously tells us that he is + +277 +00:18:48,570 --> 00:18:53,750 +bringing new themes, new issues, and new forms to + +278 +00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:54,050 +poetry. + +279 +00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,790 +It's interesting what parody can do. + +280 +00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:05,970 +So this is again the summary I said last time. + +281 +00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,430 +Okay, for next class we can probably examine two + +282 +00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:19,650 +extracts from Andrew Marvel and Herbert. What are + +283 +00:19:19,650 --> 00:19:21,710 +the features of John Donne's portrait? + +284 +00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:31,890 +Someone. + +285 +00:19:35,450 --> 00:19:38,590 +Tell me, what are the features of John Donne's + +286 +00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:42,410 +poetry? What are the characteristics? I remember + +287 +00:19:42,410 --> 00:19:44,490 +we had the characteristics of Old English, Middle + +288 +00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:46,410 +English, Shakespeare, Marlow. + +289 +00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:51,830 +If you have to mention three or four features + +290 +00:19:51,830 --> 00:19:54,690 +about John Donne, what is special? What is + +291 +00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:56,410 +different about his poetry? Can you tell me, + +292 +00:19:57,250 --> 00:20:01,930 +please? His poetry, + +293 +00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:05,110 +thank you, is more realistic than the Elizabethan + +294 +00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:09,490 +poetry, which is generally idealistic. He's more + +295 +00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:11,450 +realistic. + +296 +00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:16,640 +His poetry is about a man's problems, a woman's + +297 +00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:21,180 +problems, about individual issues, things we face + +298 +00:20:21,180 --> 00:20:24,720 +probably on a daily basis, not idealized love. + +299 +00:20:28,340 --> 00:20:32,020 +In the sonnet, thank you. So this is an example, + +300 +00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,240 +but generally he introduced us to new poetic forms + +301 +00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,620 +where the meaning is more important than the rule. + +302 +00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,400 +For example, in the sonnet, He changes the rhyme + +303 +00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,360 +scheme, the form, and changes the theme itself of + +304 +00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:50,560 +the sonnet. Very good. More. + +305 +00:20:54,360 --> 00:20:54,840 +More. + +306 +00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,780 +I just, by the way, mentioned most of them right + +307 +00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:07,100 +now. OK, again, please. His poetry is a mixture + +308 +00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,660 +between love religion and daily life issues. OK, + +309 +00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,910 +so generally, his poetry mixes between secular and + +310 +00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:19,930 +religious. There are many love poems by John Donne + +311 +00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:21,950 +and many religious poems by John Donne, but + +312 +00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:24,650 +sometimes the same poem could have a mixture of + +313 +00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:28,190 +both. We discussed this when we spoke about battle + +314 +00:21:28,190 --> 00:21:31,150 +my heart three person God. There is this strong + +315 +00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:33,570 +love intimate relationship between him and the + +316 +00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:39,860 +person and the person in the poem is God. More. + +317 +00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,760 +Please. He uses parody. + +318 +00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,400 +Thank you very much. He was critical of his + +319 +00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:53,160 +community. In his poetry, he shows his opinion + +320 +00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,900 +about not only poetry, but also the society + +321 +00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:00,000 +itself. So he uses parody and intertextuality to + +322 +00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:06,140 +criticize. To criticize his society and poetry + +323 +00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:11,930 +itself. What else? Please. He had great knowledge + +324 +00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:17,690 +about the classical literature. Yeah, but it + +325 +00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:20,010 +doesn't show much in his portrait, because he + +326 +00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:24,010 +doesn't follow the rules of neoclassicism. He + +327 +00:22:24,010 --> 00:22:27,250 +breaks these rules. But again, you don't break + +328 +00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:31,110 +something unless you are well read into it. Yeah? + +329 +00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:38,080 +More? He wanted to say the same thing. He broke + +330 +00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,840 +the rules of Decorum. We've seen his poem, + +331 +00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:46,140 +remember, The Sun Rising? Some lines are five + +332 +00:22:46,140 --> 00:22:50,880 +feet, some two, some three. So he, simply + +333 +00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,860 +speaking, he breaks the rules of Decorum. What + +334 +00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:54,100 +else? + +335 +00:22:59,310 --> 00:23:03,350 +Okay, so let's go through the list and speak about + +336 +00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:06,050 +two or three features that I didn't mention + +337 +00:23:06,050 --> 00:23:10,950 +before. So number one, he introduces us to new + +338 +00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,510 +poetic forms, for example, the sonnet. Sorry, this + +339 +00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:18,830 +should be the sonnet, okay? And he didn't create + +340 +00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:22,290 +the sonnet, it was already there, but he changed + +341 +00:23:22,290 --> 00:23:26,350 +the theme and the form. He uses parody and + +342 +00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:30,900 +intertextuality sometimes. to make fun of, to + +343 +00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,040 +criticize the existing rules of decorum and social + +344 +00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:38,440 +rules. Mainly here, the status of women. In Donne, + +345 +00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:42,920 +the woman is equal to man. If not, sometimes + +346 +00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,180 +smarter and more intellectual than him. This is + +347 +00:23:46,180 --> 00:23:49,260 +new. This is like Shakespeare, like Portia in The + +348 +00:23:49,260 --> 00:23:52,700 +Magic of Venice. He uses the conceit. Listen, the + +349 +00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,120 +conceit is a very important + +350 +00:23:57,030 --> 00:23:59,870 +literary device in the metaphysical photo. A + +351 +00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:01,390 +conceit is generally a metaphor. + +352 +00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:07,570 +Remember a metaphor when you liken something to + +353 +00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:10,710 +something? But here a conceit is a literal device + +354 +00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:12,590 +where the relationship between the two things + +355 +00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:17,670 +you're talking about is unlikely. So you liken a + +356 +00:24:17,670 --> 00:24:24,220 +woman to a rose, right? You liken a woman to what? + +357 +00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,760 +To a tree, to the moon. Beautiful thing. But these + +358 +00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,120 +are conventional images. For Jonathan, he uses + +359 +00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:35,940 +totally different imagery. He uses what we call + +360 +00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:38,800 +the conceit. The conceit is a long metaphor. + +361 +00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,120 +a long metaphor. Sometimes the whole poem is one + +362 +00:24:45,120 --> 00:24:47,820 +metaphor, one conceit, in which the relationship + +363 +00:24:47,820 --> 00:24:52,020 +between A and B, when you say A is like B, + +364 +00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,580 +sometimes there is a similarity. When you say she + +365 +00:24:55,580 --> 00:25:00,660 +is like a rose, she is like a dove, you want to + +366 +00:25:00,660 --> 00:25:04,410 +say that she's peaceful like the dove. She's + +367 +00:25:04,410 --> 00:25:08,690 +beautiful as the rose, right? But here, for Joan + +368 +00:25:08,690 --> 00:25:12,050 +Dunn, the vehicle and the tenor do not usually + +369 +00:25:12,050 --> 00:25:14,310 +have an apparent relationship. Take this example. + +370 +00:25:14,730 --> 00:25:20,150 +When he talks to his wife, he tells her, we are + +371 +00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:22,890 +like stiff twin compasses. Do you know what a + +372 +00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:27,910 +compass is? Yeah, the compass is the device that + +373 +00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,790 +shows us north. But that's the compass. Here, this + +374 +00:25:31,790 --> 00:25:34,550 +is different. This is, in geometry, when you're + +375 +00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:37,630 +doing mathematics and draw shapes in geometry, you + +376 +00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:42,710 +know, you need to use this device to make circles. + +377 +00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950 +You know? What do you call this? Yeah. + +378 +00:25:50,190 --> 00:25:55,990 +So Jonathan is telling his wife that you and I are + +379 +00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:58,490 +like a stiff twin compasses. + +380 +00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:05,100 +What? Weird, strange. We're not used to this. This + +381 +00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:10,740 +is new. How? It's like you and I are like this, + +382 +00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,820 +like we're part of the same thing. We are one. + +383 +00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:20,020 +It's like you and I are like this notebook. How? + +384 +00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,460 +Weird, strange. But when you think of it, oh, we + +385 +00:26:24,460 --> 00:26:26,600 +are connected, we come together, even if we are + +386 +00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,440 +sometimes far away from each other, we're still + +387 +00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,180 +connected in the center here. Oh, that's genius. + +388 +00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,840 +That's new at the same time. So the stiff twin + +389 +00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,540 +compasses, he tells his wife lesson, we are one + +390 +00:26:38,540 --> 00:26:41,040 +because sometimes it's like this, the stiff twin + +391 +00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,500 +compasses. Sometimes I go away, but when I am + +392 +00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:51,020 +away, we are still connected. And he tells the + +393 +00:26:51,020 --> 00:26:53,960 +woman, his wife, you are the fixed foot. You are + +394 +00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:56,880 +here. So again, it's the woman who controls this + +395 +00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,320 +relationship. She is fixed here. She is the core + +396 +00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,160 +of the relationship. So no matter how long I am + +397 +00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,820 +far away, when I go around, at the end of the day, + +398 +00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:10,100 +I'm going to go back as long as you are fixed in + +399 +00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,840 +the middle. This is called a conceit. In another + +400 +00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:18,560 +poem called The Flea, this is another example. You + +401 +00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,140 +know what the flea is? What's the flea? A tiny + +402 +00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:28,620 +insect? Barghout? Barghout? You know? Barghout? + +403 +00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:33,500 +Insect? The flea. So a flea bites him, sucks his + +404 +00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,500 +blood, and bites the woman and sucks her blood. + +405 +00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:43,600 +And he tells her, listen, we are you, I, the flea + +406 +00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:49,160 +are one. Because our blood is inside one. And at + +407 +00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:51,660 +the beginning, it's like, this is strange in a + +408 +00:27:51,660 --> 00:27:54,800 +way. But when you come to think of it, it's also + +409 +00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,560 +genius. And imagine they, remember we spoke about + +410 +00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,220 +three persons, God, Trinity. Here, there's the + +411 +00:28:02,220 --> 00:28:06,720 +idea of Trinity again. Because the flea, you, and + +412 +00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,160 +I are like a religious triangle. We form it here. + +413 +00:28:11,550 --> 00:28:14,330 +His imagery and conceit sometimes might sound + +414 +00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:17,710 +strange. But when you analyze them, when you + +415 +00:28:17,710 --> 00:28:20,810 +understand them in their context, they are new and + +416 +00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:23,290 +innovative and genius and smart. They always make + +417 +00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:26,990 +you laugh. Really interesting. Because for John + +418 +00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:30,770 +Donne, he was fit up with, shall I compare the + +419 +00:28:30,770 --> 00:28:34,030 +blossoms of the day or the trees or the flowers or + +420 +00:28:34,030 --> 00:28:37,790 +the moon or the sun. Okay, realism against + +421 +00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:42,170 +Elizabethan idealism, display of wit. He was + +422 +00:28:42,170 --> 00:28:46,510 +educated and also wit, he was smart. He uses his + +423 +00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:49,690 +argumentative style. He tells you an idea and + +424 +00:28:49,690 --> 00:28:52,410 +you're like, you're crazy, this can't be possible. + +425 +00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:55,310 +At the end of the poem, interesting, that could be + +426 +00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:56,110 +possible in a way. + +427 +00:28:59,270 --> 00:29:02,130 +Yeah, and then he's convincing, you know, he's + +428 +00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:04,550 +argumentative. But when he does this, he's not + +429 +00:29:06,970 --> 00:29:10,650 +controlling the other person. Because in the flea, + +430 +00:29:11,050 --> 00:29:14,510 +when he tells the woman, oh, this flea is sacred. + +431 +00:29:14,650 --> 00:29:19,250 +It has our blood. What does she do? She kills the + +432 +00:29:19,250 --> 00:29:23,850 +flea. Yeah. Because she can't be deceived. She's + +433 +00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:27,430 +powerful. She's smart. Come on. And she kills the + +434 +00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:35,770 +flea to show that she can't be tricked by him. And + +435 +00:29:35,770 --> 00:29:40,010 +the dramatic, remember the poem last time, The Sun + +436 +00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:46,370 +Rising? How does it begin? Busy old fool unruly + +437 +00:29:46,370 --> 00:29:49,810 +sun. This is drama. This is dramatic. He + +438 +00:29:49,810 --> 00:29:53,890 +dramatizes his experience. He's sitting here. His + +439 +00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:57,270 +beloved is sitting there. A flea bites her, and a + +440 +00:29:57,270 --> 00:29:59,330 +flea bites him. And it's a whole poetic + +441 +00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:01,850 +experience. He dramatizes this in a beautiful way. + +442 +00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:04,710 +He wants to talk about his relationship to God, + +443 +00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:09,370 +with God. And then, butter my heart, three-person + +444 +00:30:09,370 --> 00:30:13,410 +God. It's like every poem is either an inner + +445 +00:30:13,410 --> 00:30:15,990 +personal dialogue, a soliloquy, or a public + +446 +00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:19,920 +speech. And that's the drama here. Again, he lived + +447 +00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,660 +during the golden age of drama, during the time of + +448 +00:30:22,660 --> 00:30:25,220 +Shakespeare. And he must have seen some of + +449 +00:30:25,220 --> 00:30:28,620 +Shakespeare's plays and other dramatists. So the + +450 +00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:32,280 +dramatic style is also there. Each poem is like a + +451 +00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:34,440 +sketch. When you go home today, try to read, for + +452 +00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,640 +example, or watch or listen to The Sun Rising on + +453 +00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,700 +YouTube. You'll see a lot of drama. Even if you + +454 +00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,340 +look at the poem, remember? I think I still have + +455 +00:30:45,340 --> 00:30:45,960 +it here. + +456 +00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:58,640 +okay okay okay do i have it i don't okay if you + +457 +00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:04,440 +look here everyone there's + +458 +00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:11,600 +also curtain what's curtain It's like there's a + +459 +00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,820 +stage here, and the curtain opens, and people are, + +460 +00:31:15,140 --> 00:31:18,100 +in a way, performing this act. This is what is + +461 +00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:22,800 +meant by drama. Drama that the singular experience + +462 +00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:28,240 +he lives comes out to life as a play, as a short + +463 +00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:32,300 +sketch that can easily be performed. He dramatizes + +464 +00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:35,180 +the experience, the way he speaks, the way he + +465 +00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:35,980 +portrays it. + +466 +00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:45,910 +And don't forget this, there is a lot of criticism + +467 +00:31:45,910 --> 00:31:50,290 +of mainstream established rules of decorum. Simply + +468 +00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:56,250 +speaking, John Donne breaks the rules. And + +469 +00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:00,430 +thematically speaking, Metaphysical poetry + +470 +00:32:00,430 --> 00:32:04,270 +empowers women. You know what empower means? Gives + +471 +00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:07,330 +them power. Gives them a voice and gives them + +472 +00:32:07,330 --> 00:32:10,850 +space in their... When you compare women in + +473 +00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:13,650 +Marlow, for example, sometimes Shakespeare, and + +474 +00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,490 +women in John Donne, you'll find that they have a + +475 +00:32:16,490 --> 00:32:19,870 +strong presence. Even if sometimes they don't + +476 +00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:22,050 +speak, they act. In The Flea, the woman doesn't + +477 +00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:26,440 +speak. But what does she do? She does the most + +478 +00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,740 +important thing. She acts. She kills the flame. He + +479 +00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:33,160 +gives her voice. That's why many women critics, + +480 +00:32:34,460 --> 00:32:38,240 +they love John Donne. And they praise him for the + +481 +00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,600 +way he depicts a powerful, strong woman. Even + +482 +00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:42,640 +Virginia Woolf. We'll talk about Virginia Woolf + +483 +00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,000 +probably in two months. She's a very famous + +484 +00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,560 +feminist of the 20th century. She praises John + +485 +00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:52,360 +Donne as a poet who depicts women as powerful as + +486 +00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:57,200 +the man is. And we have many personal experiences + +487 +00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,780 +rather than a poet who talks about the fairy queen + +488 +00:32:59,780 --> 00:33:03,140 +or the queen of England or the battles and the... + +489 +00:33:03,140 --> 00:33:06,300 +We have someone who speaks about, who conveys the + +490 +00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:10,040 +inner feelings of an individual, of a man. How he + +491 +00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:12,440 +feels when he's sad, when he's in love, when he's + +492 +00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:16,990 +not, etc. In brief, Metaphysical poetry is full of + +493 +00:33:16,990 --> 00:33:21,130 +modern ideas, modern ideas that we still feel + +494 +00:33:21,130 --> 00:33:26,010 +today and can internalize and externalize. There + +495 +00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:29,150 +are scientific geographical explorations, there is + +496 +00:33:29,150 --> 00:33:32,170 +original imagery there, and sometimes the inner + +497 +00:33:32,170 --> 00:33:35,610 +conflict in the soliloquies like the ones we had + +498 +00:33:35,610 --> 00:33:38,710 +in Shakespeare. The whole poem could be an + +499 +00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:42,430 +internal monologue in a way. Finally, they + +500 +00:33:42,430 --> 00:33:45,530 +experimented with language and verse forms with + +501 +00:33:45,530 --> 00:33:48,390 +great originality. Originality means new things. + +502 +00:33:49,250 --> 00:33:52,570 +They experimented with poetic forms like we saw in + +503 +00:33:52,570 --> 00:33:58,830 +the sonnet and the other texts, The Sun Rising. + +504 +00:34:00,610 --> 00:34:05,570 +Now, to conclude this, remember I said John Donne + +505 +00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:09,210 +was not well-received during his time and after. + +506 +00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,840 +Many critics of that time were not happy with John + +507 +00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,240 +Donne. And they said many horrible things about + +508 +00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,140 +him. So horrible that it influenced the way we see + +509 +00:34:22,140 --> 00:34:26,260 +John Donne even today. Many people nowadays, not + +510 +00:34:26,260 --> 00:34:29,280 +many, but some people who don't like John Donne + +511 +00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,040 +Generally, it's not because they don't like John + +512 +00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,520 +Donne, but because they read John Donne through + +513 +00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,860 +these critics. When you read what Ben Jonson, John + +514 +00:34:39,860 --> 00:34:44,520 +Dryden, Alexander Poe, Osama Johnson, what they + +515 +00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:46,620 +say about John Donne, you think, oh my God, this + +516 +00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:50,460 +is a horrible poet. And this is how serious and + +517 +00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:53,900 +dangerous framing is, remember? Framing when + +518 +00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,780 +critics make us think in a particular way. So I + +519 +00:34:57,780 --> 00:34:59,620 +tell you, don't read Shakespeare. Shakespeare is + +520 +00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:02,420 +difficult. So what do you think of Shakespeare? + +521 +00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,620 +He's difficult. Have you read Shakespeare? No. Ben + +522 +00:35:05,620 --> 00:35:07,280 +Jonson told me this, or somebody else told me. + +523 +00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:11,080 +That's why it's always good to read the text + +524 +00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:15,930 +itself for yourself. Go for the text. Try to + +525 +00:35:15,930 --> 00:35:18,110 +understand it. Read it once and twice and see how + +526 +00:35:18,110 --> 00:35:23,090 +it relates to you. So to summarize, the whole + +527 +00:35:23,090 --> 00:35:26,450 +reception thing, the framing, reception and + +528 +00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:29,670 +framing of John Donne, generally by mainstream + +529 +00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:32,450 +critics, the official critics, he was received + +530 +00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:35,890 +negatively. See, for example, Ben Johnson said he + +531 +00:35:35,890 --> 00:35:41,330 +would perish. Hanging. And he deserved hanging. + +532 +00:35:41,450 --> 00:35:45,410 +Oh, my God. When someone commits a crime, kills + +533 +00:35:45,410 --> 00:35:49,010 +somebody, maybe he deserves hanging, right? Why + +534 +00:35:49,010 --> 00:35:51,970 +would you hang someone because he breaks the rules + +535 +00:35:51,970 --> 00:35:57,830 +of poetry? This is how extreme. But in my opinion, + +536 +00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,110 +those people viewed John Donne as a threat. Oh, + +537 +00:36:02,210 --> 00:36:04,090 +someone writing different poetry. Maybe he's going + +538 +00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:07,770 +to steal all the patrons, all the money from us, + +539 +00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:11,420 +maybe. But many people love the rules of Decorum. + +540 +00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:14,000 +If you don't follow the rules, you're not a good + +541 +00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,620 +person. John Dryden said, John Donne affects the + +542 +00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:20,480 +metaphysics and he perplexes the mind of the first + +543 +00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:25,280 +six. The first six, women. You know what perplex + +544 +00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:31,240 +means? Confused. John Donne confuses women. This + +545 +00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:36,320 +is what Dryden says. Who the hell are you to speak + +546 +00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:41,720 +for women? Seriously. Who are you to speak for + +547 +00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:44,520 +women? Why do you appoint yourself as the + +548 +00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:45,700 +spokesperson for women? + +549 +00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,300 +His idea here, he says, in other words, he says + +550 +00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,760 +John Donne is anti-feminist. But I think he is + +551 +00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,180 +anti-feminist, because he assumes that women will + +552 +00:36:58,180 --> 00:37:01,680 +not understand John Donne's poetry. He thinks + +553 +00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,500 +women are less intellectual, are, I don't know, + +554 +00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:09,470 +maybe stupid. And that's how anti-feminist Dryden + +555 +00:37:09,470 --> 00:37:16,390 +is himself. So this guy says he would perish, he + +556 +00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:20,770 +deserves hanging. Dryden said he perplexes, he + +557 +00:37:20,770 --> 00:37:25,450 +confuses the mind of the fair sex, the women. And + +558 +00:37:25,450 --> 00:37:30,210 +then Samuel Johnson, another critic, said John + +559 +00:37:30,210 --> 00:37:38,010 +Donne uses a combination of dissimilar images and + +560 +00:37:38,010 --> 00:37:41,790 +heterogeneous ideas linked with violence. + +561 +00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:47,270 +Yeah, there is some dissimilarity when you read + +562 +00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:50,270 +some imagery by John Donne, some poetry, but later + +563 +00:37:50,270 --> 00:37:53,010 +on, upon second reading and a third reading and + +564 +00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,790 +more analysis and more interpretation, you can see + +565 +00:37:55,790 --> 00:37:58,450 +the connection. But if you don't want to see the + +566 +00:37:58,450 --> 00:37:59,650 +connection, you're not going to see the + +567 +00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:03,670 +connection. But again, I'll go back to framing. + +568 +00:38:04,650 --> 00:38:06,790 +When you study John Donne, and the first thing you + +569 +00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:09,590 +read about John Donne is what Johnson says here, + +570 +00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:11,790 +that he uses dissimilar ideas. And oh, yeah, he + +571 +00:38:11,790 --> 00:38:14,830 +uses dissimilar ideas. Bye bye, Donne. That's why + +572 +00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:18,010 +it's dangerous to read poets through what critics + +573 +00:38:18,010 --> 00:38:21,410 +say about him. Read the poet. Read the writer face + +574 +00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:23,690 +to face. Come face to face with his poetry. And + +575 +00:38:23,690 --> 00:38:29,510 +finally, many people said, OK, even Dryden. And + +576 +00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:33,630 +Johnson said, John Donne is not a poet, but they + +577 +00:38:33,630 --> 00:38:38,910 +said he is an intelligent person. He is a wit. He + +578 +00:38:38,910 --> 00:38:44,110 +has a strong sharp wit. He's smart. He's genius. + +579 +00:38:45,070 --> 00:38:50,670 +Even this Alexander Pope says no. John Donne + +580 +00:38:50,670 --> 00:38:54,610 +doesn't have imagination. This is how much they + +581 +00:38:54,610 --> 00:39:00,580 +disliked him. But believe me, it was much for his + +582 +00:39:00,580 --> 00:39:04,080 +breaking the rules, for him criticizing their way + +583 +00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,480 +of writing, the way poetry was written, than + +584 +00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:10,420 +anything else. It wasn't because his poetry was + +585 +00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:13,480 +bad. The evidence is that people like T.S. Eliot + +586 +00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:17,260 +nowadays, in the 20th century, 21st century, + +587 +00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,880 +studied him, loved him, and quoted him, and used + +588 +00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:28,410 +his poetry as praised him in a way or another. So + +589 +00:39:28,410 --> 00:39:30,550 +Ben Jonson was a contemporary of Shakespeare, but + +590 +00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:34,310 +Dryden and Johnson and Alexander Pope came later + +591 +00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:37,230 +after Shakespeare. But they played a very + +592 +00:39:37,230 --> 00:39:40,450 +important role in negatively framing John Donne + +593 +00:39:40,450 --> 00:39:43,770 +and kicking him out. But because John Donne is a + +594 +00:39:43,770 --> 00:39:47,390 +beautiful poet, strong genius, he came back to + +595 +00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:51,790 +life 200 years later. I'll stop here. And if you + +596 +00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:54,310 +have a question, please do ask. + +597 +00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:05,030 +No, no, no, you don't. But just that those people + +598 +00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:09,370 +criticized John Donne, it's probably too much for + +599 +00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,510 +you. Just I want you to know that at least Ben + +600 +00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:14,090 +Jensen said he deserved hanging. If you know this, + +601 +00:40:14,450 --> 00:40:17,910 +maybe one other thing that perplexes the minds of + +602 +00:40:17,910 --> 00:40:19,490 +the first six, that's enough. You don't have to + +603 +00:40:19,490 --> 00:40:21,830 +memorize everything. And you don't have to + +604 +00:40:21,830 --> 00:40:27,290 +memorize word for word. Thank you very much. I'll + +605 +00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:27,750 +stop here. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1012c362e3cabcff6d9da14a1c6163d0dd9b2591 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2420 @@ +1 +00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:23,910 +As-salamu alaykum and good day everyone. Welcome + +2 +00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,090 +back and let's continue our lesson on our friend + +3 +00:00:27,090 --> 00:00:33,930 +John Donne. As we saw last time we examined some + +4 +00:00:33,930 --> 00:00:38,970 +texts by John Donne himself and by George Herbert + +5 +00:00:38,970 --> 00:00:42,450 +who is also a follower of John Donne. We realized + +6 +00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:47,910 +that during the Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages + +7 +00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:53,030 +there were poets, major poets following the rules + +8 +00:00:53,030 --> 00:00:56,990 +of decorum. They were writing according to a set + +9 +00:00:56,990 --> 00:00:59,910 +of rules they had to follow in a way or another. + +10 +00:01:01,230 --> 00:01:04,830 +But despite that, despite the strong current, the + +11 +00:01:04,830 --> 00:01:06,710 +many people who were writing this kind of + +12 +00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:11,050 +literature, there were some poets who were writing + +13 +00:01:11,050 --> 00:01:14,490 +something different, totally different. In a way, + +14 +00:01:14,590 --> 00:01:17,590 +they were experimenting on new forms, new + +15 +00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,150 +language, new themes. They were breaking the rules + +16 +00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:23,970 +of decorum. They were challenging the authority + +17 +00:01:23,970 --> 00:01:28,010 +itself, the mainstream opinion of what it is to + +18 +00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,510 +write poetry and literature. Today, I'll continue + +19 +00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:35,900 +talking about John Donne. and examine the features + +20 +00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,660 +of his poetry and that of the metaphysical poetry. + +21 +00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:42,500 +In general, last time I summed up the class and I + +22 +00:01:42,500 --> 00:01:46,820 +concluded saying that because John Donne did this, + +23 +00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:50,240 +because he wrote different poetry, he was not + +24 +00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:54,400 +welcomed in a way. He was not received well. He + +25 +00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,940 +was negatively framed, remember? As a bad poet, as + +26 +00:01:58,940 --> 00:02:02,840 +a difficult poet, A person who doesn't write + +27 +00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,740 +poetry but writes verse. So his poetry is not + +28 +00:02:05,740 --> 00:02:10,520 +poetry because it breaks the rules. For about 200 + +29 +00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,840 +years, John Donne and his followers were outside + +30 +00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:16,580 +the English canon. Remember the English canon when + +31 +00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:20,000 +we said it's not objective? Because the people who + +32 +00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,200 +determine the canon are the people who benefit + +33 +00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,540 +from the canon, who are closer to the king + +34 +00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:31,720 +probably or the queen. And it was T.S. Eliot. And + +35 +00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,280 +we already know who T.S. Eliot is. He's a famous + +36 +00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:39,460 +20th century poet and critic. T.S. Eliot brought + +37 +00:02:39,460 --> 00:02:44,500 +those poets back to life. He resurrected them. He + +38 +00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,780 +opened their graves and brought them back to life + +39 +00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:50,360 +and made them famous again. He showed how + +40 +00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:52,980 +important their poetry was. And as a matter of + +41 +00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:55,180 +fact, many poets in the 20th century were + +42 +00:02:55,180 --> 00:02:59,620 +following the example of John Donne and his poets. + +43 +00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:02,900 +And a very important example how John Donne and + +44 +00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:07,860 +his followers were negatively framed is the fact + +45 +00:03:07,860 --> 00:03:10,000 +that they were described as metaphysical poets. + +46 +00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,220 +The term meta and physical, what does it have to + +47 +00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:16,560 +do with pottery? Physical and metaphysical, beyond + +48 +00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,720 +nature and supernatural and beyond the physical. + +49 +00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:23,180 +Many people try to explain the term, what it + +50 +00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:27,560 +means. But personally, I believe it doesn't mean + +51 +00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:32,300 +much. Because it was used as a negative word, as + +52 +00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:37,070 +TSE let's say, as a term of abuse. As an insult, + +53 +00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:40,990 +thank you. Metaphysical. Seriously, when you see, + +54 +00:03:41,130 --> 00:03:44,650 +when I tell you, OK, here is a romantic poem, and + +55 +00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:46,810 +here is a metaphysical poem, which one would you + +56 +00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:49,810 +choose before reading? Probably the romantic, + +57 +00:03:50,010 --> 00:03:54,250 +because it's a romantic poem. Something you might + +58 +00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:57,290 +find good, you think would be good. But + +59 +00:03:57,290 --> 00:04:02,010 +metaphysical poetry. So early in the 20th century, + +60 +00:04:02,270 --> 00:04:03,430 +TS Eliot again + +61 +00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:10,120 +showed how important Don and his followers were at + +62 +00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:14,450 +Marvel and at George Herbert. And many poets + +63 +00:04:14,450 --> 00:04:16,770 +started, in a way, imitating them, following them, + +64 +00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:19,650 +using them as examples. And they become, nowadays, + +65 +00:04:20,130 --> 00:04:21,930 +John Donne and his followers are more important + +66 +00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,670 +than Johnson and even probably Dryden and other + +67 +00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:29,490 +poets. And this is how funny life can be and + +68 +00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:32,130 +literature can be. When you are alive, nobody + +69 +00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:34,710 +cares about you. 100 years later, nobody cares + +70 +00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:37,450 +about you. 100 years, even 200 years later, nobody + +71 +00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:39,510 +cares about you. But later on, something happens + +72 +00:04:39,510 --> 00:04:42,410 +and you become the most important poet around. + +73 +00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,120 +John Donne, in my opinion, is one of the most + +74 +00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,240 +famous poets. Not only for his good poetry, + +75 +00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:51,620 +wonderful poetry, that still even today talks to + +76 +00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:55,640 +us like Shakespeare. But because he brought new + +77 +00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,200 +things, new themes, new forms to English poetry + +78 +00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:06,200 +early in the 17th century. So let's study more + +79 +00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,640 +about John Donne. + +80 +00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:14,340 +Remember this? Did we study this already before? + +81 +00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:21,480 +Can someone read? Please. Come live with me and be + +82 +00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,740 +my love and we will have some new pleasures as + +83 +00:05:24,740 --> 00:05:30,000 +well. Very good. Come live with me and be my love + +84 +00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,620 +and we will have some new pleasures as well. + +85 +00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:34,420 +Pleasures as well. Did we study this before + +86 +00:05:34,420 --> 00:05:39,120 +already? Yes. Who is the poet here? Did we study + +87 +00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,480 +this? Haven't we studied this before? Oh, we + +88 +00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,640 +studied something by Marlowe, remember? Are you + +89 +00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:52,020 +sure? Are you sure this is Marlowe? Remember the + +90 +00:05:52,020 --> 00:05:54,460 +passionate Chiba to his love? How does it begin? + +91 +00:05:56,020 --> 00:05:57,800 +Does anybody memorize the lines, the first + +92 +00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:00,760 +couplet? The passionate Chiba to his love. What + +93 +00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:07,840 +does he say? He says, What is this Marlowe? The + +94 +00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,200 +first line is Marlowe. What is the second one + +95 +00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:17,860 +Marlowe? All. This is Marlowe. Come live with me + +96 +00:06:17,860 --> 00:06:21,600 +and be my love and we will all the pleasures grow. + +97 +00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:28,580 +And this is done. Done says some, new. Here all, + +98 +00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:34,530 +old. Here some, but this some is new it's + +99 +00:06:34,530 --> 00:06:37,850 +interesting so let's try to compare between these + +100 +00:06:37,850 --> 00:06:42,970 +couplets so again this is مانو but this is دانس + +101 +00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:45,290 +what do you notice what is the major difference + +102 +00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:50,730 +here same number of feet same rhyme scheme same + +103 +00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:54,210 +almost everything same first line but the second + +104 +00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:01,890 +line we have here all the definite article, and + +105 +00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:09,950 +here we have some, but this some is new. And this + +106 +00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:11,790 +is the metaphysical poetry, this is John Donne. He + +107 +00:07:11,790 --> 00:07:15,210 +knew, he was conscious that he was writing new + +108 +00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:18,450 +poetry, that he was writing something different. + +109 +00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,540 +that he was changing the history of English poetry + +110 +00:07:22,540 --> 00:07:24,180 +in a way or another, that he was breaking the + +111 +00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:28,280 +rule. Many people, critics say that Jonathan was + +112 +00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,340 +just a digression. He just was writing poetry the + +113 +00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,790 +way he liked. That's true, but There's also strong + +114 +00:07:35,790 --> 00:07:39,050 +evidence in his poetry that John Donne knew that + +115 +00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,950 +he was contradicting, swimming against the + +116 +00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,650 +current, like some of you said last time, that he + +117 +00:07:44,650 --> 00:07:47,090 +was breaking the rules of decorum of the + +118 +00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:52,570 +Elizabethan poetry writing process. So here, + +119 +00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:55,590 +remember we said this represents the Elizabethan + +120 +00:07:55,590 --> 00:07:59,030 +English poetry. Rules, decorum, everything counts, + +121 +00:07:59,170 --> 00:08:02,150 +and the poet is idealistic. Remember the courtly + +122 +00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:05,260 +love? Come live with me and be like, because I own + +123 +00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:09,320 +all the pleasures, the idealism. Idealized love. + +124 +00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:11,500 +And in John Donne, we said John Donne is + +125 +00:08:11,500 --> 00:08:15,320 +realistic. He's an individual. He's more + +126 +00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:19,520 +realistic. He knows he can't own all. But when he + +127 +00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,400 +is doing this, he's contradicting. So he's saying + +128 +00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,200 +some in other ways. He's telling us, no one can + +129 +00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,880 +own all things. And at the same time, he tells us, + +130 +00:08:30,770 --> 00:08:35,950 +I have new kinds of pleasure, exactly like his + +131 +00:08:35,950 --> 00:08:40,950 +poetry, new kinds of poetry, poems in a way that + +132 +00:08:40,950 --> 00:08:44,090 +he is giving us new forms. We saw, for example, + +133 +00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:47,250 +the new rhyme scheme for the sonnet and we saw the + +134 +00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:52,760 +new themes he introduced to the sonnet. Turn the + +135 +00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,080 +sonnet from a love poem into a religious poem. + +136 +00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:01,220 +Remember, the sonnet is the most sacred form of + +137 +00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,080 +all poetry. 14 lines, love, Italian, + +138 +00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,920 +Shakespearean. For Don, he broke this. He mixed + +139 +00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000 +both forms, and he had his own form, the John + +140 +00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:18,750 +Donne form of sonnets. Is it about love? It's + +141 +00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:22,510 +about religion, about God, batter my heart, three + +142 +00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:29,110 +persons, God, death, be not proud, et cetera. In + +143 +00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:31,970 +this context here, I need to talk about something + +144 +00:09:31,970 --> 00:09:36,570 +called parody and something else called + +145 +00:09:36,570 --> 00:09:40,210 +intertextuality. + +146 +00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:46,080 +Listen. We spoke probably briefly about parody + +147 +00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,160 +before. Parody is to parody something to imitate, + +148 +00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,800 +to copy. You do something, I do something similar + +149 +00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,920 +to it. But I change a little bit. So parody in + +150 +00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,520 +Arabic is some kind of like muhaka, something like + +151 +00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:04,320 +this. When someone writes a text, you write a text + +152 +00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,360 +similar to it. We studied this probably in Arabic, + +153 +00:10:07,940 --> 00:10:10,100 +Jareer, Al-Farazdaq, and how they were writing, + +154 +00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,700 +using the same meter and the same rhyme to write + +155 +00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:16,580 +about the same thing, but it's the opposite. Now, + +156 +00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:20,520 +parody is a very important literary device. + +157 +00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,080 +Generally, it means when you imitate another + +158 +00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:30,490 +literary work. When you imitate another literal in + +159 +00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:35,810 +a comic way, okay? In a comic way, just to make + +160 +00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:40,950 +fun of it. However, for John Donne, comedy is also + +161 +00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:41,570 +serious. + +162 +00:10:44,450 --> 00:10:47,430 +It's not only comic, ha ha ha, let's laugh at + +163 +00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:49,970 +Marlow, let's make fun of Marlow. It's also + +164 +00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:53,130 +serious. Why is it serious? Because in his parody, + +165 +00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,110 +when we study the whole poem, we see how, for + +166 +00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,890 +example, Marlow is idealistic, is dreamy. Dreamy, + +167 +00:11:00,930 --> 00:11:03,470 +you know? He dreams of owning all the pleasures. + +168 +00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:07,110 +And we saw, for example, how he represents the + +169 +00:11:07,110 --> 00:11:15,210 +woman as silent and weak. He's just, she doesn't + +170 +00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:17,470 +reply, she doesn't act. She is not there in the + +171 +00:11:17,470 --> 00:11:21,670 +text. She's just listening to him. Assuming that + +172 +00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:25,070 +she is there. Probably he sent her a letter. So + +173 +00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:26,970 +come live with me and be my love. In a way, he's + +174 +00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:30,150 +very persuasive. He's tricking her. He doesn't + +175 +00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:33,250 +think highly of the woman. He thinks the woman is + +176 +00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:36,790 +not smart as he is. Because any smart woman would + +177 +00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:40,980 +say, come on, you're just a shepherd. I can't come + +178 +00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:43,620 +with you. You don't have one pleasure, let alone + +179 +00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:46,460 +all the pleasures. And instead of wasting your + +180 +00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:49,600 +time, go take care of the sheep you're supposed to + +181 +00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,660 +be taken care of. So the woman here is weak. It's + +182 +00:11:54,660 --> 00:11:58,100 +not weak, actually. It's presented as weak. And in + +183 +00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:59,860 +Dan, when you read the whole poem, you will + +184 +00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:04,980 +realize that he presents us with a smart woman, an + +185 +00:12:04,980 --> 00:12:05,480 +intellectual. + +186 +00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:12,620 +An intellectual, a woman who thinks for herself, a + +187 +00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:15,840 +woman who understands poetry and understands + +188 +00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,700 +debate and understands what the poet is trying to + +189 +00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,280 +do. So when Jonathan is doing this, he's + +190 +00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:28,400 +criticizing not only Marlowe, but criticizing + +191 +00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,560 +Marlowe's society. Thank you very much. He's + +192 +00:12:32,560 --> 00:12:35,480 +criticizing the society in which women are + +193 +00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:41,440 +negatively portrayed. as objects for men to own + +194 +00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,200 +and control. But in John Donne, the woman is + +195 +00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,700 +strong, is powerful, is independent. You know + +196 +00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:54,720 +independent? Yes. Not dependent on man. So that's + +197 +00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:57,980 +why parody for John Donne is very serious. Serious + +198 +00:12:57,980 --> 00:13:02,850 +because it criticizes not only other poets, but + +199 +00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,050 +also the society itself. He's telling, why are you + +200 +00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:11,130 +treating women this badly? Why? Why? Women are as + +201 +00:13:11,130 --> 00:13:15,490 +smart as men and maybe smarter. We see this + +202 +00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:20,050 +constantly in Joan Dunn's portrait. The other + +203 +00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:23,950 +thing is intertextuality. So again, how does Joan + +204 +00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:27,550 +Dunn criticize the society? By parodying it, by + +205 +00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:32,440 +making fun, by mocking. You know mock? Make fun of + +206 +00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:39,420 +something in a serious way. Intertextuality, in a + +207 +00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:41,220 +way it's similar to this. Text, you know text? + +208 +00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:47,300 +Intertext. Intertext, where texts are + +209 +00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:50,880 +interconnected, linked. Intertextuality in Arabic + +210 +00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,560 +is attanas. + +211 +00:13:56,740 --> 00:14:02,760 +When a critic, sorry, a poet quotes, uses poetry + +212 +00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:07,560 +from another poet, from another person. When a + +213 +00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:11,160 +writer uses a quote, a quotation, or an extract + +214 +00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,400 +from another text. This is called intertextuality. + +215 +00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,260 +Marlow says, come live with me and be my love. Don + +216 +00:14:21,260 --> 00:14:25,040 +says, come live with me and So this text has + +217 +00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:29,220 +intertextuality. Why? Because originally it was + +218 +00:14:29,220 --> 00:14:33,920 +said by Marlowe. But is John Donne criticizing, + +219 +00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:38,680 +copying Marlowe 100%, copy-paste, photocopying + +220 +00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:43,800 +him? No, he changed. But why does he do this? He + +221 +00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,840 +could have written the whole poem without this + +222 +00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,540 +couplet and it would be a totally different poem. + +223 +00:14:49,820 --> 00:14:53,880 +But he's telling us, wait, my whole poem here is + +224 +00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,380 +mainly to criticize Marlow and the society. So I'm + +225 +00:14:57,380 --> 00:14:59,860 +beginning from Marlow. You would say, hey, Dan is + +226 +00:14:59,860 --> 00:15:03,240 +using Marlow. I know many people confuse this, + +227 +00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:06,900 +confused between these couplets. He is using + +228 +00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:12,040 +Marlow not as, you know, to imitate him in a way + +229 +00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,840 +where he is following his steps. Oh, I want to be + +230 +00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,360 +like Marlow. I want to do like Marlow. He's doing + +231 +00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,920 +this to criticize him and criticize his portrait. + +232 +00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:27,400 +The idealism of the Elizabethan age, the way that + +233 +00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,060 +women were negatively portrayed as silent and + +234 +00:15:30,060 --> 00:15:37,200 +weak, and other things are mocked. criticized and + +235 +00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,880 +attacked in John Donne. He does this constantly in + +236 +00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:41,780 +an amazing way. That's why many women, by the way, + +237 +00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,760 +love John Donne's poetry. Because it gives them a + +238 +00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:49,320 +voice. It gives them a presence. And sometimes the + +239 +00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:53,860 +woman is smarter than the man himself. She can't + +240 +00:15:53,860 --> 00:15:56,080 +be tricked by, come live with me and be my love. + +241 +00:15:58,220 --> 00:16:02,120 +OK? So if in the exam I ask you to contextualize + +242 +00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,000 +this, In exam, there will be a question asking you + +243 +00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,140 +to contextualize extracts from poetry we studied. + +244 +00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:13,580 +Here, you should say, this is a text by Marlow + +245 +00:16:13,580 --> 00:16:16,200 +from a passionate shepherd or a passionate + +246 +00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:22,160 +shepherd to his love. In this couplet, the poet is + +247 +00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:26,540 +inviting his mistress or beloved and promising her + +248 +00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:29,940 +all the pleasures. Here, we have what we call + +249 +00:16:29,940 --> 00:16:38,040 +courtly love. or idealized love. What is idealized + +250 +00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:44,260 +love about idealism? Not realistic. Okay, so + +251 +00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:46,980 +Marlow, the passionate shepherd promising all, + +252 +00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:55,180 +however, the imperfect rhyme here might expose the + +253 +00:16:55,180 --> 00:17:03,660 +poet as fake, as ungenuine. Not truthful, because + +254 +00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:06,820 +we realize that he is a shepherd. He doesn't own + +255 +00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:10,740 +anything. If you need to comment on this, you + +256 +00:17:10,740 --> 00:17:14,780 +should say, this is by John Donne from a poem + +257 +00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:20,820 +called The Bait. You know what a bait is? Remember + +258 +00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:30,770 +Shylock? I'll bait with it. Bait. Shylock. When + +259 +00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:32,650 +they said, what do you want to do with a pound of + +260 +00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:35,970 +flesh? I will bait. Bait, to'am al-samaka. When + +261 +00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:39,290 +you want to fish, you use some kind of food for + +262 +00:17:39,290 --> 00:17:43,350 +strange name for a love poem. So this is by John + +263 +00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:48,310 +Donne from The Bait. In this poem, John Donne is + +264 +00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:51,750 +parodying Marlow. + +265 +00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:56,170 +It's important to use the word parody. Parodying + +266 +00:17:56,170 --> 00:18:01,310 +Marlow because he's criticizing Oh, and the + +267 +00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,430 +society. In this couplet, John Donne is more + +268 +00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:12,410 +realistic because he says some, not all, and at + +269 +00:18:12,410 --> 00:18:15,690 +the same time, he clearly tells us that he's + +270 +00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:20,030 +bringing new themes, new issues, new forms to + +271 +00:18:20,030 --> 00:18:25,150 +poetry. Again, John Donne criticizes Malo by + +272 +00:18:25,150 --> 00:18:26,250 +parodying him. + +273 +00:18:29,330 --> 00:18:32,850 +Criticizes the way he represents women. Criticizes + +274 +00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:38,170 +his idealized love. He's more realistic because he + +275 +00:18:38,170 --> 00:18:41,630 +uses the word son. And at the same time, John + +276 +00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:48,570 +Donne clearly and consciously tells us that he is + +277 +00:18:48,570 --> 00:18:53,750 +bringing new themes, new issues, and new forms to + +278 +00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:54,050 +poetry. + +279 +00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,790 +It's interesting what parody can do. + +280 +00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:05,970 +So this is again the summary I said last time. + +281 +00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,430 +Okay, for next class we can probably examine two + +282 +00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:19,650 +extracts from Andrew Marvel and Herbert. What are + +283 +00:19:19,650 --> 00:19:21,710 +the features of John Donne's portrait? + +284 +00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:31,890 +Someone. + +285 +00:19:35,450 --> 00:19:38,590 +Tell me, what are the features of John Donne's + +286 +00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:42,410 +poetry? What are the characteristics? I remember + +287 +00:19:42,410 --> 00:19:44,490 +we had the characteristics of Old English, Middle + +288 +00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:46,410 +English, Shakespeare, Marlow. + +289 +00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:51,830 +If you have to mention three or four features + +290 +00:19:51,830 --> 00:19:54,690 +about John Donne, what is special? What is + +291 +00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:56,410 +different about his poetry? Can you tell me, + +292 +00:19:57,250 --> 00:20:01,930 +please? His poetry, + +293 +00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:05,110 +thank you, is more realistic than the Elizabethan + +294 +00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:09,490 +poetry, which is generally idealistic. He's more + +295 +00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:11,450 +realistic. + +296 +00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:16,640 +His poetry is about a man's problems, a woman's + +297 +00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:21,180 +problems, about individual issues, things we face + +298 +00:20:21,180 --> 00:20:24,720 +probably on a daily basis, not idealized love. + +299 +00:20:28,340 --> 00:20:32,020 +In the sonnet, thank you. So this is an example, + +300 +00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,240 +but generally he introduced us to new poetic forms + +301 +00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,620 +where the meaning is more important than the rule. + +302 +00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,400 +For example, in the sonnet, He changes the rhyme + +303 +00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,360 +scheme, the form, and changes the theme itself of + +304 +00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:50,560 +the sonnet. Very good. More. + +305 +00:20:54,360 --> 00:20:54,840 +More. + +306 +00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,780 +I just, by the way, mentioned most of them right + +307 +00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:07,100 +now. OK, again, please. His poetry is a mixture + +308 +00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,660 +between love religion and daily life issues. OK, + +309 +00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,910 +so generally, his poetry mixes between secular and + +310 +00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:19,930 +religious. There are many love poems by John Donne + +311 +00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:21,950 +and many religious poems by John Donne, but + +312 +00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:24,650 +sometimes the same poem could have a mixture of + +313 +00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:28,190 +both. We discussed this when we spoke about battle + +314 +00:21:28,190 --> 00:21:31,150 +my heart three person God. There is this strong + +315 +00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:33,570 +love intimate relationship between him and the + +316 +00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:39,860 +person and the person in the poem is God. More. + +317 +00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,760 +Please. He uses parody. + +318 +00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,400 +Thank you very much. He was critical of his + +319 +00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:53,160 +community. In his poetry, he shows his opinion + +320 +00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,900 +about not only poetry, but also the society + +321 +00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:00,000 +itself. So he uses parody and intertextuality to + +322 +00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:06,140 +criticize. To criticize his society and poetry + +323 +00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:11,930 +itself. What else? Please. He had great knowledge + +324 +00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:17,690 +about the classical literature. Yeah, but it + +325 +00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:20,010 +doesn't show much in his portrait, because he + +326 +00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:24,010 +doesn't follow the rules of neoclassicism. He + +327 +00:22:24,010 --> 00:22:27,250 +breaks these rules. But again, you don't break + +328 +00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:31,110 +something unless you are well read into it. Yeah? + +329 +00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:38,080 +More? He wanted to say the same thing. He broke + +330 +00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,840 +the rules of Decorum. We've seen his poem, + +331 +00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:46,140 +remember, The Sun Rising? Some lines are five + +332 +00:22:46,140 --> 00:22:50,880 +feet, some two, some three. So he, simply + +333 +00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,860 +speaking, he breaks the rules of Decorum. What + +334 +00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:54,100 +else? + +335 +00:22:59,310 --> 00:23:03,350 +Okay, so let's go through the list and speak about + +336 +00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:06,050 +two or three features that I didn't mention + +337 +00:23:06,050 --> 00:23:10,950 +before. So number one, he introduces us to new + +338 +00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,510 +poetic forms, for example, the sonnet. Sorry, this + +339 +00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:18,830 +should be the sonnet, okay? And he didn't create + +340 +00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:22,290 +the sonnet, it was already there, but he changed + +341 +00:23:22,290 --> 00:23:26,350 +the theme and the form. He uses parody and + +342 +00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:30,900 +intertextuality sometimes. to make fun of, to + +343 +00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,040 +criticize the existing rules of decorum and social + +344 +00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:38,440 +rules. Mainly here, the status of women. In Donne, + +345 +00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:42,920 +the woman is equal to man. If not, sometimes + +346 +00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,180 +smarter and more intellectual than him. This is + +347 +00:23:46,180 --> 00:23:49,260 +new. This is like Shakespeare, like Portia in The + +348 +00:23:49,260 --> 00:23:52,700 +Magic of Venice. He uses the conceit. Listen, the + +349 +00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,120 +conceit is a very important + +350 +00:23:57,030 --> 00:23:59,870 +literary device in the metaphysical photo. A + +351 +00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:01,390 +conceit is generally a metaphor. + +352 +00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:07,570 +Remember a metaphor when you liken something to + +353 +00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:10,710 +something? But here a conceit is a literal device + +354 +00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:12,590 +where the relationship between the two things + +355 +00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:17,670 +you're talking about is unlikely. So you liken a + +356 +00:24:17,670 --> 00:24:24,220 +woman to a rose, right? You liken a woman to what? + +357 +00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,760 +To a tree, to the moon. Beautiful thing. But these + +358 +00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,120 +are conventional images. For Jonathan, he uses + +359 +00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:35,940 +totally different imagery. He uses what we call + +360 +00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:38,800 +the conceit. The conceit is a long metaphor. + +361 +00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,120 +a long metaphor. Sometimes the whole poem is one + +362 +00:24:45,120 --> 00:24:47,820 +metaphor, one conceit, in which the relationship + +363 +00:24:47,820 --> 00:24:52,020 +between A and B, when you say A is like B, + +364 +00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,580 +sometimes there is a similarity. When you say she + +365 +00:24:55,580 --> 00:25:00,660 +is like a rose, she is like a dove, you want to + +366 +00:25:00,660 --> 00:25:04,410 +say that she's peaceful like the dove. She's + +367 +00:25:04,410 --> 00:25:08,690 +beautiful as the rose, right? But here, for Joan + +368 +00:25:08,690 --> 00:25:12,050 +Dunn, the vehicle and the tenor do not usually + +369 +00:25:12,050 --> 00:25:14,310 +have an apparent relationship. Take this example. + +370 +00:25:14,730 --> 00:25:20,150 +When he talks to his wife, he tells her, we are + +371 +00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:22,890 +like stiff twin compasses. Do you know what a + +372 +00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:27,910 +compass is? Yeah, the compass is the device that + +373 +00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,790 +shows us north. But that's the compass. Here, this + +374 +00:25:31,790 --> 00:25:34,550 +is different. This is, in geometry, when you're + +375 +00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:37,630 +doing mathematics and draw shapes in geometry, you + +376 +00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:42,710 +know, you need to use this device to make circles. + +377 +00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950 +You know? What do you call this? Yeah. + +378 +00:25:50,190 --> 00:25:55,990 +So Jonathan is telling his wife that you and I are + +379 +00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:58,490 +like a stiff twin compasses. + +380 +00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:05,100 +What? Weird, strange. We're not used to this. This + +381 +00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:10,740 +is new. How? It's like you and I are like this, + +382 +00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,820 +like we're part of the same thing. We are one. + +383 +00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:20,020 +It's like you and I are like this notebook. How? + +384 +00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,460 +Weird, strange. But when you think of it, oh, we + +385 +00:26:24,460 --> 00:26:26,600 +are connected, we come together, even if we are + +386 +00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,440 +sometimes far away from each other, we're still + +387 +00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,180 +connected in the center here. Oh, that's genius. + +388 +00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,840 +That's new at the same time. So the stiff twin + +389 +00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,540 +compasses, he tells his wife lesson, we are one + +390 +00:26:38,540 --> 00:26:41,040 +because sometimes it's like this, the stiff twin + +391 +00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,500 +compasses. Sometimes I go away, but when I am + +392 +00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:51,020 +away, we are still connected. And he tells the + +393 +00:26:51,020 --> 00:26:53,960 +woman, his wife, you are the fixed foot. You are + +394 +00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:56,880 +here. So again, it's the woman who controls this + +395 +00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,320 +relationship. She is fixed here. She is the core + +396 +00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,160 +of the relationship. So no matter how long I am + +397 +00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,820 +far away, when I go around, at the end of the day, + +398 +00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:10,100 +I'm going to go back as long as you are fixed in + +399 +00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,840 +the middle. This is called a conceit. In another + +400 +00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:18,560 +poem called The Flea, this is another example. You + +401 +00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,140 +know what the flea is? What's the flea? A tiny + +402 +00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:28,620 +insect? Barghout? Barghout? You know? Barghout? + +403 +00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:33,500 +Insect? The flea. So a flea bites him, sucks his + +404 +00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,500 +blood, and bites the woman and sucks her blood. + +405 +00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:43,600 +And he tells her, listen, we are you, I, the flea + +406 +00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:49,160 +are one. Because our blood is inside one. And at + +407 +00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:51,660 +the beginning, it's like, this is strange in a + +408 +00:27:51,660 --> 00:27:54,800 +way. But when you come to think of it, it's also + +409 +00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,560 +genius. And imagine they, remember we spoke about + +410 +00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,220 +three persons, God, Trinity. Here, there's the + +411 +00:28:02,220 --> 00:28:06,720 +idea of Trinity again. Because the flea, you, and + +412 +00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,160 +I are like a religious triangle. We form it here. + +413 +00:28:11,550 --> 00:28:14,330 +His imagery and conceit sometimes might sound + +414 +00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:17,710 +strange. But when you analyze them, when you + +415 +00:28:17,710 --> 00:28:20,810 +understand them in their context, they are new and + +416 +00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:23,290 +innovative and genius and smart. They always make + +417 +00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:26,990 +you laugh. Really interesting. Because for John + +418 +00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:30,770 +Donne, he was fit up with, shall I compare the + +419 +00:28:30,770 --> 00:28:34,030 +blossoms of the day or the trees or the flowers or + +420 +00:28:34,030 --> 00:28:37,790 +the moon or the sun. Okay, realism against + +421 +00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:42,170 +Elizabethan idealism, display of wit. He was + +422 +00:28:42,170 --> 00:28:46,510 +educated and also wit, he was smart. He uses his + +423 +00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:49,690 +argumentative style. He tells you an idea and + +424 +00:28:49,690 --> 00:28:52,410 +you're like, you're crazy, this can't be possible. + +425 +00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:55,310 +At the end of the poem, interesting, that could be + +426 +00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:56,110 +possible in a way. + +427 +00:28:59,270 --> 00:29:02,130 +Yeah, and then he's convincing, you know, he's + +428 +00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:04,550 +argumentative. But when he does this, he's not + +429 +00:29:06,970 --> 00:29:10,650 +controlling the other person. Because in the flea, + +430 +00:29:11,050 --> 00:29:14,510 +when he tells the woman, oh, this flea is sacred. + +431 +00:29:14,650 --> 00:29:19,250 +It has our blood. What does she do? She kills the + +432 +00:29:19,250 --> 00:29:23,850 +flea. Yeah. Because she can't be deceived. She's + +433 +00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:27,430 +powerful. She's smart. Come on. And she kills the + +434 +00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:35,770 +flea to show that she can't be tricked by him. And + +435 +00:29:35,770 --> 00:29:40,010 +the dramatic, remember the poem last time, The Sun + +436 +00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:46,370 +Rising? How does it begin? Busy old fool unruly + +437 +00:29:46,370 --> 00:29:49,810 +sun. This is drama. This is dramatic. He + +438 +00:29:49,810 --> 00:29:53,890 +dramatizes his experience. He's sitting here. His + +439 +00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:57,270 +beloved is sitting there. A flea bites her, and a + +440 +00:29:57,270 --> 00:29:59,330 +flea bites him. And it's a whole poetic + +441 +00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:01,850 +experience. He dramatizes this in a beautiful way. + +442 +00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:04,710 +He wants to talk about his relationship to God, + +443 +00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:09,370 +with God. And then, butter my heart, three-person + +444 +00:30:09,370 --> 00:30:13,410 +God. It's like every poem is either an inner + +445 +00:30:13,410 --> 00:30:15,990 +personal dialogue, a soliloquy, or a public + +446 +00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:19,920 +speech. And that's the drama here. Again, he lived + +447 +00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,660 +during the golden age of drama, during the time of + +448 +00:30:22,660 --> 00:30:25,220 +Shakespeare. And he must have seen some of + +449 +00:30:25,220 --> 00:30:28,620 +Shakespeare's plays and other dramatists. So the + +450 +00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:32,280 +dramatic style is also there. Each poem is like a + +451 +00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:34,440 +sketch. When you go home today, try to read, for + +452 +00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,640 +example, or watch or listen to The Sun Rising on + +453 +00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,700 +YouTube. You'll see a lot of drama. Even if you + +454 +00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,340 +look at the poem, remember? I think I still have + +455 +00:30:45,340 --> 00:30:45,960 +it here. + +456 +00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:58,640 +okay okay okay do i have it i don't okay if you + +457 +00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:04,440 +look here everyone there's + +458 +00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:11,600 +also curtain what's curtain It's like there's a + +459 +00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,820 +stage here, and the curtain opens, and people are, + +460 +00:31:15,140 --> 00:31:18,100 +in a way, performing this act. This is what is + +461 +00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:22,800 +meant by drama. Drama that the singular experience + +462 +00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:28,240 +he lives comes out to life as a play, as a short + +463 +00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:32,300 +sketch that can easily be performed. He dramatizes + +464 +00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:35,180 +the experience, the way he speaks, the way he + +465 +00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:35,980 +portrays it. + +466 +00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:45,910 +And don't forget this, there is a lot of criticism + +467 +00:31:45,910 --> 00:31:50,290 +of mainstream established rules of decorum. Simply + +468 +00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:56,250 +speaking, John Donne breaks the rules. And + +469 +00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:00,430 +thematically speaking, Metaphysical poetry + +470 +00:32:00,430 --> 00:32:04,270 +empowers women. You know what empower means? Gives + +471 +00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:07,330 +them power. Gives them a voice and gives them + +472 +00:32:07,330 --> 00:32:10,850 +space in their... When you compare women in + +473 +00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:13,650 +Marlow, for example, sometimes Shakespeare, and + +474 +00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,490 +women in John Donne, you'll find that they have a + +475 +00:32:16,490 --> 00:32:19,870 +strong presence. Even if sometimes they don't + +476 +00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:22,050 +speak, they act. In The Flea, the woman doesn't + +477 +00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:26,440 +speak. But what does she do? She does the most + +478 +00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,740 +important thing. She acts. She kills the flame. He + +479 +00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:33,160 +gives her voice. That's why many women critics, + +480 +00:32:34,460 --> 00:32:38,240 +they love John Donne. And they praise him for the + +481 +00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,600 +way he depicts a powerful, strong woman. Even + +482 +00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:42,640 +Virginia Woolf. We'll talk about Virginia Woolf + +483 +00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,000 +probably in two months. She's a very famous + +484 +00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,560 +feminist of the 20th century. She praises John + +485 +00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:52,360 +Donne as a poet who depicts women as powerful as + +486 +00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:57,200 +the man is. And we have many personal experiences + +487 +00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,780 +rather than a poet who talks about the fairy queen + +488 +00:32:59,780 --> 00:33:03,140 +or the queen of England or the battles and the... + +489 +00:33:03,140 --> 00:33:06,300 +We have someone who speaks about, who conveys the + +490 +00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:10,040 +inner feelings of an individual, of a man. How he + +491 +00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:12,440 +feels when he's sad, when he's in love, when he's + +492 +00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:16,990 +not, etc. In brief, Metaphysical poetry is full of + +493 +00:33:16,990 --> 00:33:21,130 +modern ideas, modern ideas that we still feel + +494 +00:33:21,130 --> 00:33:26,010 +today and can internalize and externalize. There + +495 +00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:29,150 +are scientific geographical explorations, there is + +496 +00:33:29,150 --> 00:33:32,170 +original imagery there, and sometimes the inner + +497 +00:33:32,170 --> 00:33:35,610 +conflict in the soliloquies like the ones we had + +498 +00:33:35,610 --> 00:33:38,710 +in Shakespeare. The whole poem could be an + +499 +00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:42,430 +internal monologue in a way. Finally, they + +500 +00:33:42,430 --> 00:33:45,530 +experimented with language and verse forms with + +501 +00:33:45,530 --> 00:33:48,390 +great originality. Originality means new things. + +502 +00:33:49,250 --> 00:33:52,570 +They experimented with poetic forms like we saw in + +503 +00:33:52,570 --> 00:33:58,830 +the sonnet and the other texts, The Sun Rising. + +504 +00:34:00,610 --> 00:34:05,570 +Now, to conclude this, remember I said John Donne + +505 +00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:09,210 +was not well-received during his time and after. + +506 +00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,840 +Many critics of that time were not happy with John + +507 +00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,240 +Donne. And they said many horrible things about + +508 +00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,140 +him. So horrible that it influenced the way we see + +509 +00:34:22,140 --> 00:34:26,260 +John Donne even today. Many people nowadays, not + +510 +00:34:26,260 --> 00:34:29,280 +many, but some people who don't like John Donne + +511 +00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,040 +Generally, it's not because they don't like John + +512 +00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,520 +Donne, but because they read John Donne through + +513 +00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,860 +these critics. When you read what Ben Jonson, John + +514 +00:34:39,860 --> 00:34:44,520 +Dryden, Alexander Poe, Osama Johnson, what they + +515 +00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:46,620 +say about John Donne, you think, oh my God, this + +516 +00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:50,460 +is a horrible poet. And this is how serious and + +517 +00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:53,900 +dangerous framing is, remember? Framing when + +518 +00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,780 +critics make us think in a particular way. So I + +519 +00:34:57,780 --> 00:34:59,620 +tell you, don't read Shakespeare. Shakespeare is + +520 +00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:02,420 +difficult. So what do you think of Shakespeare? + +521 +00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,620 +He's difficult. Have you read Shakespeare? No. Ben + +522 +00:35:05,620 --> 00:35:07,280 +Jonson told me this, or somebody else told me. + +523 +00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:11,080 +That's why it's always good to read the text + +524 +00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:15,930 +itself for yourself. Go for the text. Try to + +525 +00:35:15,930 --> 00:35:18,110 +understand it. Read it once and twice and see how + +526 +00:35:18,110 --> 00:35:23,090 +it relates to you. So to summarize, the whole + +527 +00:35:23,090 --> 00:35:26,450 +reception thing, the framing, reception and + +528 +00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:29,670 +framing of John Donne, generally by mainstream + +529 +00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:32,450 +critics, the official critics, he was received + +530 +00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:35,890 +negatively. See, for example, Ben Johnson said he + +531 +00:35:35,890 --> 00:35:41,330 +would perish. Hanging. And he deserved hanging. + +532 +00:35:41,450 --> 00:35:45,410 +Oh, my God. When someone commits a crime, kills + +533 +00:35:45,410 --> 00:35:49,010 +somebody, maybe he deserves hanging, right? Why + +534 +00:35:49,010 --> 00:35:51,970 +would you hang someone because he breaks the rules + +535 +00:35:51,970 --> 00:35:57,830 +of poetry? This is how extreme. But in my opinion, + +536 +00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,110 +those people viewed John Donne as a threat. Oh, + +537 +00:36:02,210 --> 00:36:04,090 +someone writing different poetry. Maybe he's going + +538 +00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:07,770 +to steal all the patrons, all the money from us, + +539 +00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:11,420 +maybe. But many people love the rules of Decorum. + +540 +00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:14,000 +If you don't follow the rules, you're not a good + +541 +00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,620 +person. John Dryden said, John Donne affects the + +542 +00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:20,480 +metaphysics and he perplexes the mind of the first + +543 +00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:25,280 +six. The first six, women. You know what perplex + +544 +00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:31,240 +means? Confused. John Donne confuses women. This + +545 +00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:36,320 +is what Dryden says. Who the hell are you to speak + +546 +00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:41,720 +for women? Seriously. Who are you to speak for + +547 +00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:44,520 +women? Why do you appoint yourself as the + +548 +00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:45,700 +spokesperson for women? + +549 +00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,300 +His idea here, he says, in other words, he says + +550 +00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,760 +John Donne is anti-feminist. But I think he is + +551 +00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,180 +anti-feminist, because he assumes that women will + +552 +00:36:58,180 --> 00:37:01,680 +not understand John Donne's poetry. He thinks + +553 +00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,500 +women are less intellectual, are, I don't know, + +554 +00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:09,470 +maybe stupid. And that's how anti-feminist Dryden + +555 +00:37:09,470 --> 00:37:16,390 +is himself. So this guy says he would perish, he + +556 +00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:20,770 +deserves hanging. Dryden said he perplexes, he + +557 +00:37:20,770 --> 00:37:25,450 +confuses the mind of the fair sex, the women. And + +558 +00:37:25,450 --> 00:37:30,210 +then Samuel Johnson, another critic, said John + +559 +00:37:30,210 --> 00:37:38,010 +Donne uses a combination of dissimilar images and + +560 +00:37:38,010 --> 00:37:41,790 +heterogeneous ideas linked with violence. + +561 +00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:47,270 +Yeah, there is some dissimilarity when you read + +562 +00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:50,270 +some imagery by John Donne, some poetry, but later + +563 +00:37:50,270 --> 00:37:53,010 +on, upon second reading and a third reading and + +564 +00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,790 +more analysis and more interpretation, you can see + +565 +00:37:55,790 --> 00:37:58,450 +the connection. But if you don't want to see the + +566 +00:37:58,450 --> 00:37:59,650 +connection, you're not going to see the + +567 +00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:03,670 +connection. But again, I'll go back to framing. + +568 +00:38:04,650 --> 00:38:06,790 +When you study John Donne, and the first thing you + +569 +00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:09,590 +read about John Donne is what Johnson says here, + +570 +00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:11,790 +that he uses dissimilar ideas. And oh, yeah, he + +571 +00:38:11,790 --> 00:38:14,830 +uses dissimilar ideas. Bye bye, Donne. That's why + +572 +00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:18,010 +it's dangerous to read poets through what critics + +573 +00:38:18,010 --> 00:38:21,410 +say about him. Read the poet. Read the writer face + +574 +00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:23,690 +to face. Come face to face with his poetry. And + +575 +00:38:23,690 --> 00:38:29,510 +finally, many people said, OK, even Dryden. And + +576 +00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:33,630 +Johnson said, John Donne is not a poet, but they + +577 +00:38:33,630 --> 00:38:38,910 +said he is an intelligent person. He is a wit. He + +578 +00:38:38,910 --> 00:38:44,110 +has a strong sharp wit. He's smart. He's genius. + +579 +00:38:45,070 --> 00:38:50,670 +Even this Alexander Pope says no. John Donne + +580 +00:38:50,670 --> 00:38:54,610 +doesn't have imagination. This is how much they + +581 +00:38:54,610 --> 00:39:00,580 +disliked him. But believe me, it was much for his + +582 +00:39:00,580 --> 00:39:04,080 +breaking the rules, for him criticizing their way + +583 +00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,480 +of writing, the way poetry was written, than + +584 +00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:10,420 +anything else. It wasn't because his poetry was + +585 +00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:13,480 +bad. The evidence is that people like T.S. Eliot + +586 +00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:17,260 +nowadays, in the 20th century, 21st century, + +587 +00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,880 +studied him, loved him, and quoted him, and used + +588 +00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:28,410 +his poetry as praised him in a way or another. So + +589 +00:39:28,410 --> 00:39:30,550 +Ben Jonson was a contemporary of Shakespeare, but + +590 +00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:34,310 +Dryden and Johnson and Alexander Pope came later + +591 +00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:37,230 +after Shakespeare. But they played a very + +592 +00:39:37,230 --> 00:39:40,450 +important role in negatively framing John Donne + +593 +00:39:40,450 --> 00:39:43,770 +and kicking him out. But because John Donne is a + +594 +00:39:43,770 --> 00:39:47,390 +beautiful poet, strong genius, he came back to + +595 +00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:51,790 +life 200 years later. I'll stop here. And if you + +596 +00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:54,310 +have a question, please do ask. + +597 +00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:05,030 +No, no, no, you don't. But just that those people + +598 +00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:09,370 +criticized John Donne, it's probably too much for + +599 +00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,510 +you. Just I want you to know that at least Ben + +600 +00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:14,090 +Jensen said he deserved hanging. If you know this, + +601 +00:40:14,450 --> 00:40:17,910 +maybe one other thing that perplexes the minds of + +602 +00:40:17,910 --> 00:40:19,490 +the first six, that's enough. You don't have to + +603 +00:40:19,490 --> 00:40:21,830 +memorize everything. And you don't have to + +604 +00:40:21,830 --> 00:40:27,290 +memorize word for word. Thank you very much. I'll + +605 +00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:27,750 +stop here. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7ff4508aa8a210ef9ed1f1c07b813f9ea8b89a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2576 @@ +1 +00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:25,870 +Assalamu alaikum and welcome back to the English + +2 +00:00:25,870 --> 00:00:28,730 +introduction to English literature course. We + +3 +00:00:28,730 --> 00:00:33,010 +continue our journey discussing and examining the + +4 +00:00:33,010 --> 00:00:37,270 +Renaissance and the Renaissance figures, literary + +5 +00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:40,140 +figures. Like I said before, we're done with + +6 +00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:42,540 +Shakespeare. But at the same time, we are never + +7 +00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:45,520 +done with Shakespeare, because Shakespeare keeps + +8 +00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,900 +showing up every now and then. Today, we move to + +9 +00:00:49,900 --> 00:00:53,420 +speak about more dramatists in the Elizabethan + +10 +00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:56,360 +age. But before I do that, there are three things + +11 +00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,540 +I want to say. Number one, Shakespeare was a + +12 +00:01:01,540 --> 00:01:01,840 +veteran. + +13 +00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:10,820 +A veteran is a person who lives in two ages. He + +14 +00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,320 +was a veteran not because he lived at the end of + +15 +00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:16,520 +the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th + +16 +00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:20,980 +century, but because he also lived at the time of + +17 +00:01:20,980 --> 00:01:25,040 +Queen Elizabeth and also King James. So we have + +18 +00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:28,540 +Elizabeth and + +19 +00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:32,060 +King James I. + +20 +00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:37,850 +who ruled England at the beginning of the 17th + +21 +00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:40,650 +century. So Shakespeare was a veteran. He was both + +22 +00:01:40,650 --> 00:01:45,490 +Elizabethan and Jacobian. James, Jacobian + +23 +00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:49,290 +literature figure. Elizabethan literature, + +24 +00:01:49,770 --> 00:01:55,000 +literature that was written during the life of of + +25 +00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,320 +Queen Elizabeth. But sometimes Shakespeare is + +26 +00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,460 +generally referred to as an Elizabethan figure, + +27 +00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,780 +although he died more than 15 years later after + +28 +00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:08,360 +her death. So a veteran is a person who lives in + +29 +00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,680 +two eras, in two ages, during two reigns or + +30 +00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:15,600 +whatever. The other thing I want to speak about + +31 +00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:19,660 +before I begin is a very important term for the + +32 +00:02:19,660 --> 00:02:22,100 +course and every course we're studying at the + +33 +00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:24,040 +English department. It's called the English Canon. + +34 +00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:32,440 +A canon. And the English canon is a very important + +35 +00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,520 +terminology we need to understand. Have you ever + +36 +00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,760 +heard of the word canon? Yes. I heard camera. + +37 +00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:44,140 +Camera, canon, okay. Interesting. Good to link + +38 +00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:48,700 +things. The English canon refers to the most + +39 +00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:52,590 +important literary work in English literature. The + +40 +00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:55,510 +English canon, again, refers to the most important + +41 +00:02:55,510 --> 00:02:58,070 +literary works, the most important literary + +42 +00:02:58,070 --> 00:03:02,190 +figures, like Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Marlow, + +43 +00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,270 +Milton, also novelists and playwrights, William + +44 +00:03:07,270 --> 00:03:12,230 +Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Charles Dickens, Thomas + +45 +00:03:12,230 --> 00:03:14,910 +Hardy, the names that when we study English + +46 +00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,680 +literature here in Gaza, for example, We study + +47 +00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:20,400 +these names. When people in China study English + +48 +00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,200 +literature, they also study Shakespeare, and + +49 +00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,320 +Marlow, and Johnson, and Dickens, and Hardy, and + +50 +00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,340 +Tesseri. When people in Africa study English + +51 +00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:29,440 +literature, in South America, and everywhere, + +52 +00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:34,160 +generally the most important literary figures and + +53 +00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:37,380 +literary works are studied. So those people and + +54 +00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:41,720 +these texts are called canonical texts. What is + +55 +00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,260 +the canon again? It's the most important literary + +56 +00:03:44,260 --> 00:03:48,190 +works and literary figures. the most anthologized. + +57 +00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:51,090 +When you open any English literary anthology, + +58 +00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:53,890 +you'll find Shakespeare. You'll find Wordsworth. + +59 +00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:57,390 +You'll find T.S. Eliot. When you open any book + +60 +00:03:57,390 --> 00:04:00,130 +about literature, you'll find these names there. + +61 +00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:04,690 +So the English canon as a term is something we + +62 +00:04:04,690 --> 00:04:08,370 +should know. But more important than this is how + +63 +00:04:08,370 --> 00:04:14,510 +accurate, how good, how objective the canon is. Is + +64 +00:04:14,510 --> 00:04:17,710 +it objective? Does it mean everyone in the English + +65 +00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:21,830 +canon is a good writer who wrote well and everyone + +66 +00:04:21,830 --> 00:04:27,390 +who is not a canonical writer canonical author was + +67 +00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:29,710 +kicked out of the canon because he wasn't good? + +68 +00:04:30,890 --> 00:04:34,650 +Let's go back. Now, in the 20th century, many + +69 +00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,830 +critics started to do some kind of revisiting, + +70 +00:04:39,670 --> 00:04:43,650 +rereading the canon. People no longer take things + +71 +00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:48,130 +for granted. It's like, OK, Shakespeare is always + +72 +00:04:48,130 --> 00:04:50,570 +in the canon. He's the only author that is always + +73 +00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:54,510 +in the canon. So he's the most canonical author. + +74 +00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:58,910 +People who started studying and analyzing to + +75 +00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:01,750 +understand the canon and what authors, what texts + +76 +00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:04,890 +we have and why, they realized very interesting + +77 +00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:08,930 +things. Number one, they realized that all or + +78 +00:05:08,930 --> 00:05:13,850 +almost all authors are men. So which excludes? + +79 +00:05:14,350 --> 00:05:19,310 +Women. Generally it excludes women. Two, almost + +80 +00:05:19,310 --> 00:05:26,010 +all the authors are white Christians. It excludes + +81 +00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:30,290 +non-Christians and excludes non-white people, + +82 +00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:34,270 +people of color. And almost all the people in the + +83 +00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:38,170 +canon are European. When it comes to England, + +84 +00:05:38,310 --> 00:05:43,010 +mostly they focus on people of London. What does + +85 +00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:48,470 +it mean? It means The canon as a term is not fair. + +86 +00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:52,790 +It's subjective. Because sometimes if your writing + +87 +00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:57,510 +is different, or if you don't try to please the + +88 +00:05:57,510 --> 00:06:02,110 +mainstream, the official people, people are not + +89 +00:06:02,110 --> 00:06:05,110 +going to be happy with you or with your writing. + +90 +00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,190 +So you will be kicked out of the canon. So that's + +91 +00:06:08,190 --> 00:06:11,130 +number one. We'll go back to the canon next week + +92 +00:06:11,130 --> 00:06:14,490 +when we discuss John Donne. But again, the canon + +93 +00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:18,390 +is the most important literary works of a + +94 +00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:20,530 +particular era. When we speak about the English + +95 +00:06:20,530 --> 00:06:23,930 +canon in literature, we speak about the big names, + +96 +00:06:24,130 --> 00:06:29,010 +big texts, Hamlet, Macbeth, texts by other people, + +97 +00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:31,860 +etc. Not only Shakespeare, but other poets, + +98 +00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:38,380 +Johnson, Marlow, Samuel Johnson, Dryden, Milton, T + +99 +00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:40,660 +.S. Eliot, William Wadsworth, William Blake. These + +100 +00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:44,040 +are always there listed as important figures. But + +101 +00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,780 +do we have other figures who were excluded and + +102 +00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:50,080 +kicked out? In this course, we will reveal some of + +103 +00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:52,800 +these names. And we'll study them to understand + +104 +00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,660 +why they were kicked out. And generally, it was + +105 +00:06:55,660 --> 00:06:59,480 +because they didn't write Things similar to the + +106 +00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:05,040 +mainstream idea of what it is to write poetry. The + +107 +00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:10,660 +second term is patronage. You know patron? + +108 +00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:17,340 +Patronage. A patron is like a sponsor. You know + +109 +00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,960 +what a sponsor is? Someone who gives you money. + +110 +00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:24,130 +Exactly, like someone who gives you money to + +111 +00:07:24,130 --> 00:07:26,870 +study, gives you money to build your house, to + +112 +00:07:26,870 --> 00:07:30,170 +start your project. So a rich man, a businessman + +113 +00:07:30,170 --> 00:07:35,390 +who gives you a politician maybe, a donor who + +114 +00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:38,390 +gives you money so you can start something, a + +115 +00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:42,500 +patron. Or patronage is also another important + +116 +00:07:42,500 --> 00:07:45,000 +term we need to understand if we just need to + +117 +00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,040 +understand the classical Elizabethan literature + +118 +00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,800 +before and after. Now, in literature, a patron is + +119 +00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,100 +someone, generally a man, but sometimes could be a + +120 +00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:59,260 +woman, who belongs to the high class, sometimes + +121 +00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,440 +the royal family, and who has a lot of money, + +122 +00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,660 +rich. What does this person do? He gives the poet + +123 +00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:12,560 +money. and provides the poet with protection. + +124 +00:08:17,860 --> 00:08:20,180 +Remember we're talking about the Elizabethan age + +125 +00:08:20,180 --> 00:08:23,440 +and even before Chaucer by the way had a patron. + +126 +00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:26,380 +He couldn't write poetry sometimes because he + +127 +00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:28,760 +didn't have someone to support him because if you + +128 +00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,420 +don't have money Being a poet was not a job. + +129 +00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,080 +Nobody would be buying you poetry. So you have to + +130 +00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:38,560 +have a job. If you have a job, you don't have time + +131 +00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:43,400 +to write poetry. So a patron, again, what's a + +132 +00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,400 +patron? Someone, usually a man, a rich man with + +133 +00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,960 +money. Sometimes the patrons, usually they have a + +134 +00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,220 +literary taste. So because they love poetry, they + +135 +00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:55,880 +love literature, they take care of poets. So they + +136 +00:08:55,880 --> 00:09:00,790 +give poets money. in order to keep writing, to + +137 +00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:02,790 +write more. And they also provide them with + +138 +00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:06,090 +protection. You know protection? If you say + +139 +00:09:06,090 --> 00:09:08,750 +something that displeases someone, if you + +140 +00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,750 +criticize someone, maybe someone wants to arrest + +141 +00:09:12,750 --> 00:09:15,130 +you, to punish you for something, they say, oh, + +142 +00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:19,530 +no, no, no, no. Don't. This man is protected by + +143 +00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:22,370 +this patron. So some kind of political and social. + +144 +00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:26,850 +And he would invite you to his court, his palace, + +145 +00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,060 +And patronage had played an amazing role in + +146 +00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:33,740 +supporting... Remember we spoke about the printing + +147 +00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,740 +press, how it encouraged mass production? + +148 +00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:40,420 +Patronage also encouraged a lot of literary texts. + +149 +00:09:41,700 --> 00:09:44,740 +Now, as a poet, you stay at home, you have enough + +150 +00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,160 +money to live, and you can write as much poetry as + +151 +00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:53,520 +you can, as possible. However, this patronage came + +152 +00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,560 +with a tax, a sacrifice. If someone gives you + +153 +00:09:57,560 --> 00:10:01,320 +money, supports you with money, you need to write + +154 +00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,720 +good poetry about them, to praise them. If he + +155 +00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,720 +brings a new cat, you'll be writing, oh, cat, thou + +156 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,920 +art. Shall I compare thee to the best cats in the + +157 +00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,760 +world? Or shall I compare thee to lions? You are + +158 +00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,420 +more fearful and intimidated. If he buys a mobile + +159 +00:10:17,420 --> 00:10:22,300 +phone, you'll be like, wow. So you need to write + +160 +00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:27,740 +good poetry to praise them. So again. A patron is + +161 +00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:30,640 +a person usually with a literary taste and a lot + +162 +00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:34,460 +of money who provides poets with money and + +163 +00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:39,020 +protection. And it's a change for praise, for good + +164 +00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,820 +poetry sometimes. We'll speak about this later on. + +165 +00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,680 +We'll mention this again and again, important + +166 +00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:49,700 +terms. Now let's go to Christopher Marlowe. + +167 +00:10:50,220 --> 00:10:55,360 +Christopher Marlowe. Listen. Marlowe + +168 +00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:01,710 +was a poet in a way he was contemporary to + +169 +00:11:01,710 --> 00:11:04,750 +Shakespeare. He was a dramatist and a poet. We + +170 +00:11:04,750 --> 00:11:08,470 +study him today as a dramatist. Later on, we'll + +171 +00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:15,950 +come back to him. Many critics believe that Marlow + +172 +00:11:15,950 --> 00:11:19,390 +could have become more famous than Shakespeare. + +173 +00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:23,170 +Not many, some critics. Could have surpassed + +174 +00:11:23,170 --> 00:11:23,570 +Shakespeare. + +175 +00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,560 +But the sad thing is that Marlow died very young + +176 +00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:34,580 +at the age of 32. And there is something + +177 +00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:37,220 +mysterious about poets who die young. There are + +178 +00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:39,820 +many English poets who die very young. And when + +179 +00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:43,540 +they die very young, they have this kind of aura + +180 +00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:47,520 +about them. They look like prophets. People love + +181 +00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,000 +them more, love their poetry more, and respect + +182 +00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,500 +them more. Because you feel that they died because + +183 +00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,360 +of their poetry. They died because they wanted. + +184 +00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,500 +It's like teachers who die young, they become like + +185 +00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:03,100 +woe. But sometimes, later on, they live forever, + +186 +00:12:03,980 --> 00:12:06,660 +which is not good for some students, maybe. So + +187 +00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,240 +what I'm saying here is that the fact that Marlow + +188 +00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:16,540 +died young, at the age of 32, made him famous poet + +189 +00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:20,100 +and dramatist. Many believe he was, during his + +190 +00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,930 +lifetime, he was the most famous dramatist. The + +191 +00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,150 +most famous dramatist. More than Shakespeare, + +192 +00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:29,530 +because Shakespeare at that time was beginning to + +193 +00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:31,930 +write the good stuff we're studying. We just + +194 +00:12:31,930 --> 00:12:37,390 +started. He was starting. So had he not died + +195 +00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:41,810 +young, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, become + +196 +00:12:41,810 --> 00:12:44,530 +more famous than Shakespeare according to some + +197 +00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:47,570 +views. Now there are similarities and differences + +198 +00:12:47,570 --> 00:12:51,570 +between him and Shakespeare. But before I go + +199 +00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:54,810 +there, I'll tell you something, a very funny story + +200 +00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:56,770 +about, not funny, but really interesting, about + +201 +00:12:56,770 --> 00:13:00,130 +poets dying because of the poetry and how + +202 +00:13:00,130 --> 00:13:02,810 +patronage is really a fun thing, how it + +203 +00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,470 +influences. Because if you have a patron, there + +204 +00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:09,330 +are usually competitors. Other poets want to take + +205 +00:13:09,330 --> 00:13:11,790 +money, so they just write bitter poetry to your + +206 +00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:14,650 +patron and et cetera. I'll tell you this story + +207 +00:13:14,650 --> 00:13:18,940 +about Abu Tamam in Arabic. You know Abu Tamam? Abu + +208 +00:13:18,940 --> 00:13:21,060 +Tanabbi, Abu Tamam, famous poems. And I told you + +209 +00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,980 +before, you need, if you want to love English + +210 +00:13:23,980 --> 00:13:27,400 +literature, you need to love Arabic literature and + +211 +00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,560 +vice versa. Start with the beautiful poetry, the + +212 +00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,900 +beautiful stories about poets and authors and + +213 +00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:37,680 +everything. Now Abu Tamam was praising one of the, + +214 +00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,300 +that's Al Mutanabbi. Abu Tamam was praising the + +215 +00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,720 +caliph sometime. + +216 +00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:53,860 +And the other poets around kind of didn't want the + +217 +00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:56,960 +caliph to like Abu Tamam and his poetry. So he was + +218 +00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:01,700 +like praising again his patron, the caliph, + +219 +00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,620 +saying, So + +220 +00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,980 +the + +221 +00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:09,380 +caliph, + +222 +00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,100 +praising him, comparing him to famous Arab + +223 +00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:20,780 +generals, poets and people and fighters and + +224 +00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:23,700 +everything. So one of the poets sitting around + +225 +00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:29,060 +competing told the caliph, + +226 +00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:34,690 +Yes, it's okay. This is not good poetry. He's just + +227 +00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:38,250 +likening you to ordinary Arab shepherds and + +228 +00:14:38,250 --> 00:14:43,970 +Bedouins and desert people. And this was, you + +229 +00:14:43,970 --> 00:14:46,710 +know, Abu Tamman felt pressured here because + +230 +00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:49,150 +someone is competing with him. So he just nodded + +231 +00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:52,490 +something like this. He nodded like this and + +232 +00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:56,060 +waited and remained silent for a short while. In + +233 +00:14:56,060 --> 00:14:58,220 +Arabic, it's very famous in Arabic literature. + +234 +00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,760 +It's called Imaet Abu Tamam, or Itraqet Abu Tamam. + +235 +00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:04,000 +Look it up on Google. Itraqet Abu Tamam, meaning + +236 +00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,240 +when Abu Tamam reacted to this guy accusing him of + +237 +00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:13,160 +not likening the caliph to something worthy. So he + +238 +00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:17,120 +nodded like this, and he raised his head. And he + +239 +00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,800 +said two of the most important lines of poetry in + +240 +00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:38,970 +Arabic literature. He replied, saying, You know + +241 +00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:39,430 +what it means? + +242 +00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:50,510 +I gave an example. I likened him to things lower + +243 +00:15:50,510 --> 00:15:56,020 +than him. فالله قد ضرب الأقل لمثله مثلا من المشكات + +244 +00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,960 +والنبراسي الله ايش قال عن نفسه عن نوره الله نوره + +245 +00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:03,860 +مثلا نوره كمشكاة مشكاة is nothing compared to + +246 +00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:08,060 +God's light but God used this مشكاة to make it + +247 +00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680 +clearer to this so I was like whoa now the guy + +248 +00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,760 +telling the story he said I looked at the poem the + +249 +00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:18,060 +text and I didn't find these lines so he + +250 +00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,880 +improvised them you know improvised To save him + +251 +00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,520 +without preparation, all of a sudden. Improvise + +252 +00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:30,340 +them. He cuts + +253 +00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:35,760 +a piece of his flesh. Because the best of the + +254 +00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,780 +best, it takes from your health, your life, your + +255 +00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:44,290 +soul. It drains your life. And he adds, وَمَا + +256 +00:16:44,290 --> 00:16:46,970 +لَبِثَ أَبُو تَمَّامُ حَتّى مَاتَ بَعْدَهَا. يعني + +257 +00:16:46,970 --> 00:16:50,070 +كأنه أبو تمام died because of these two lines of + +258 +00:16:50,070 --> 00:16:51,910 +verse because this is the best of the best he + +259 +00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:55,090 +could have. And it's very beautiful here because + +260 +00:16:55,870 --> 00:16:58,290 +Yes, people believe that poetry could kill poets. + +261 +00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,670 +And that's why people love poets and respect them. + +262 +00:17:01,010 --> 00:17:04,430 +Because we think they're just suffering for us, + +263 +00:17:04,830 --> 00:17:07,550 +sacrificing their own lives for us. And it's very + +264 +00:17:07,550 --> 00:17:10,810 +funny how the patron thing here is at play where + +265 +00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:15,670 +poets are competing. So Christopher Malo died + +266 +00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:18,270 +young. He is different from Shakespeare in two + +267 +00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:20,870 +main things. Number one, he went to university. + +268 +00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:24,110 +Remember, Shakespeare didn't go to university. He + +269 +00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:27,950 +went to a grammar school to study grammar, study + +270 +00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:33,410 +rhetoric, study Greek drama, whatever Now this guy + +271 +00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,710 +is described as a university wit, you know, wit, + +272 +00:17:37,070 --> 00:17:44,350 +university wit The people who went to university + +273 +00:17:44,350 --> 00:17:47,310 +either Oxford or Cambridge are described as + +274 +00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:52,320 +university wits Shakespeare didn't go there. So he + +275 +00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,600 +was more educated. He learned more about cultures, + +276 +00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:58,480 +about tragedy, about literature, about language, + +277 +00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,980 +about grammar. The other thing generally when we + +278 +00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:04,280 +speak about Shakespeare remember Shakespeare we + +279 +00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:08,920 +said usually he gives every character the + +280 +00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:13,460 +appropriate language and appropriate reactions + +281 +00:18:13,460 --> 00:18:18,980 +that would reflect number one his social class and + +282 +00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:22,700 +his psychological status Again, for Shakespeare, a + +283 +00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:26,280 +king speaks like kings. A queen speaks like + +284 +00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:30,360 +queens. A princess speaks like a princess. A + +285 +00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:34,240 +prince speaks like a prince. A porter, a + +286 +00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:39,070 +gravedigger, speaks like gravediggers. A + +287 +00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:41,890 +messenger, an educated man, speaks like the + +288 +00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:44,710 +educated people. An illiterate person speaks like + +289 +00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,350 +everyone has his language. And this is something + +290 +00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:50,370 +that tells about the genius of Shakespeare. It's + +291 +00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:53,050 +not easy. I know people who write short stories, + +292 +00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,130 +and there is a kid five years old in the story, + +293 +00:18:56,170 --> 00:18:59,370 +and the kid speaks like an educated person, a + +294 +00:18:59,370 --> 00:19:02,530 +university graduate. Sometimes it's not realistic. + +295 +00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,170 +Shakespeare gives a very, in a way, realistic + +296 +00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:08,500 +image about the language. In Hamlet, Hamlet is a + +297 +00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,280 +poet, right? A university student, so his + +298 +00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,240 +language, his poetry is really interesting, + +299 +00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:16,360 +beautiful. But when he is confused, when he is + +300 +00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:18,920 +suffering psychologically, when he pretends to be + +301 +00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,460 +mad, his language is influenced, it changes, + +302 +00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:27,140 +deteriorates. Now in Marlow, everybody speaks a + +303 +00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,120 +very highly poetic language. So Marlow is + +304 +00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,680 +different. Almost everybody, no matter whether + +305 +00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,760 +you're suffering or not, whether you are a woman + +306 +00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,140 +or a man, whether you are rich or poor, educated + +307 +00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:40,500 +or uneducated, usually people speak very poetic + +308 +00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,260 +language. So two differences between Shakespeare + +309 +00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,960 +and Marlow. Marlow went to university, Shakespeare + +310 +00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,860 +didn't. He only went to a grammar school. + +311 +00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,860 +Shakespeare uses a language that fits the person's + +312 +00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,680 +social and psychological status. Marlow gives + +313 +00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,460 +every character in his play a highly poetic + +314 +00:20:01,460 --> 00:20:07,360 +language. Okay? Now, we've studied two important + +315 +00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:12,960 +works by Marlow. Number one is Dr. Faustus. Listen + +316 +00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:19,110 +to me. Explain this in detail. Dr. Faustus. And as + +317 +00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:24,350 +the name suggests, the main character is a doctor. + +318 +00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,810 +And his name is Faustus. Now, Dr. Faustus tells + +319 +00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:34,110 +it's a tragedy that tells the story of a + +320 +00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:38,970 +scientist, a man of knowledge and learning, a man + +321 +00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:42,050 +who almost knows everything. And I think it was + +322 +00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:44,970 +possible then 400 years ago to know everything. I + +323 +00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:50,700 +don't know. But because Dr. Faustus is a tragic + +324 +00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:59,720 +hero, you know, tragic hero, he has a tragic flow. + +325 +00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:06,640 +Tragic flow, a weakness. He has some problem. + +326 +00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,520 +Remember Hamlet has too much hesitation. Othello, + +327 +00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:18,130 +too much jealousy. Macbeth, Too much ambition. + +328 +00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:23,210 +Remember, we said that man wanted to achieve + +329 +00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:27,250 +perfection, but man is not perfect. So this leads + +330 +00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:33,030 +to his downfall. Now, Dr. Faustus had too much + +331 +00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:40,050 +ambition and too much pride. Excess, excessive, + +332 +00:21:40,290 --> 00:21:43,750 +you know excessive? Too much, a lot. It's good to + +333 +00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:46,210 +be ambitious, but it's not good to be over + +334 +00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:49,850 +ambitious or to be ambitious like Dr. Faustus. So + +335 +00:21:49,850 --> 00:21:55,730 +he knows everything and now he wants to know more. + +336 +00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:00,050 +He learns magic and he manages to summon the + +337 +00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:05,230 +devil, Satan. And he signs a contract. Remember + +338 +00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:07,690 +the contract, the bond in Shylock, the mansion of + +339 +00:22:07,690 --> 00:22:12,250 +Venice? He signs a bond with the devil. + +340 +00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:20,770 +He gets unlimited access to knowledge everywhere, + +341 +00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:23,130 +every time, in the past, in the future, anything + +342 +00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:29,530 +in exchange for what? His soul. So we have his + +343 +00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:34,550 +soul in exchange for Knowledge. Would you do that? + +344 +00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:39,970 +Really? You wouldn't? This is not one day, one + +345 +00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:44,330 +year, two years, five years, 24 years of unlimited + +346 +00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:51,890 +access to knowledge in exchange for... No, 24 + +347 +00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,450 +years later you give your soul in exchange for + +348 +00:22:54,450 --> 00:22:55,830 +this, so you pay later on. + +349 +00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:02,210 +So 24 years, would you like that? Would you accept + +350 +00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:04,470 +that? I would do it because I wouldn't live as + +351 +00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:08,650 +long as... Yeah, that's possible Or I know one of + +352 +00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:10,830 +the other group once, you know what I'm saying? I + +353 +00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,170 +would give my soul for a year of unlimited + +354 +00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:21,610 +internet or unlimited electricity Okay, + +355 +00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:25,650 +it's funny but again priorities This is 24 years + +356 +00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,790 +unlimited access, exposure to knowledge. And he + +357 +00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:33,070 +lives a life of a person who can summon everybody, + +358 +00:23:33,330 --> 00:23:36,330 +know everything, ask everybody about anything, + +359 +00:23:36,590 --> 00:23:39,970 +goes back in time and in the future, and gets the + +360 +00:23:39,970 --> 00:23:43,070 +knowledge he wants. And before he signs the bond, + +361 +00:23:43,210 --> 00:23:45,130 +the angels and the people around him are like, + +362 +00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:47,630 +Faustus, don't do this. You're stealing. Again, + +363 +00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:49,390 +listen. He's not stealing himself, his life. + +364 +00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:51,670 +Because if he sells his life, he's going to die + +365 +00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,510 +later on. But he's selling his soul, the most + +366 +00:23:54,510 --> 00:24:00,350 +important thing a man or a woman has. And now, in + +367 +00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:03,870 +a blink of an eye, the 24 years just passed. And + +368 +00:24:03,870 --> 00:24:07,450 +one hour before that, the clock strikes 12 for + +369 +00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:11,670 +Satan to come. Satan, the devil, he regrets + +370 +00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:16,470 +everything. He feels very remorseful. He wishes + +371 +00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:22,600 +that he hadn't accepted the deal with satan but + +372 +00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:28,380 +can he go back it's too late it's too late look at + +373 +00:24:28,380 --> 00:24:32,760 +the the extract here this is an extract page 35 + +374 +00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:40,480 +look here this is dr faustus when time is the + +375 +00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:46,980 +clock is ticking oh + +376 +00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:54,330 +soul Be changed into little water drops and fall + +377 +00:24:54,330 --> 00:25:00,370 +into the ocean. Be found ugly hell. Give not. Come + +378 +00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:08,030 +not, Lucifer. I'll burn my box. Now, too late to + +379 +00:25:08,030 --> 00:25:11,690 +burn your box. Someone read this, please. OK. + +380 +00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:16,680 +Also, bees change into little water drops and fall + +381 +00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,000 +into ocean. Never be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap + +382 +00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,960 +nut, lucifer. Lucifer. Lucifer. I'll burn my box. + +383 +00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,840 +I'll burn my box. Yeah? Also, bees change into + +384 +00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:34,200 +little water drops and fall into the ocean. Never + +385 +00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,920 +be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap nut, lucifer. + +386 +00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,140 +I'll burn my box. Excellent reading. Yeah, please. + +387 +00:25:43,570 --> 00:25:47,630 +Also, we change into little water drops, and fall + +388 +00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:51,590 +into the ocean near we found. Ugly hill gave nut, + +389 +00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:55,490 +come nut, lucifer. I'll burn my house. And like we + +390 +00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,170 +said last time, this doesn't perfectly rhyme here. + +391 +00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:07,170 +So this is A, B, C, and D. No rhyme here, despite + +392 +00:26:07,170 --> 00:26:09,950 +the S for plural. And this is something we + +393 +00:26:09,950 --> 00:26:17,060 +described as blank. Verse without rhyme scheme. + +394 +00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,360 +Irregular rhyme scheme. Irregular rhyme scheme is + +395 +00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:26,860 +different. It has rhythm. What is he talking to? + +396 +00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,720 +Oh, okay. He's talking to his soul. Can his soul + +397 +00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,720 +talk back? No. What do you call this in poetry, in + +398 +00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:39,020 +literature? + +399 +00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,760 +No. I'm not sure whether he's alone or not. I'll + +400 +00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,220 +have to check this. But when you talk to someone + +401 +00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:57,540 +who doesn't hear or something that doesn't... + +402 +00:26:57,540 --> 00:27:03,610 +Is a soul a human being? Can the soul talk back? + +403 +00:27:03,790 --> 00:27:07,610 +Can it listen to you? So you give things the + +404 +00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:09,510 +features of a human being. What is this? + +405 +00:27:11,570 --> 00:27:16,270 +Personification. From person, personify. + +406 +00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:22,880 +What is a personification? Yeah, when you say, oh, + +407 +00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,380 +fan, oh, mobile, my best mobile, you're talking to + +408 +00:27:26,380 --> 00:27:29,640 +your best mobile. But here, we don't only have a + +409 +00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,100 +personification of the soul. He's talking directly + +410 +00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:34,960 +to something that is not there here. Generally, + +411 +00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,800 +this is also called in literature an apostrophe. + +412 +00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,660 +You know apostrophe? Yes. When we say count, this + +413 +00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:50,630 +is an apostrophe. But in literature, when you call + +414 +00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:53,330 +something that doesn't hear you, that is far away, + +415 +00:27:53,710 --> 00:27:56,130 +or something that is not there, when you call for + +416 +00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,790 +them, oh soul, this is called an apostrophe. An + +417 +00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:04,090 +apostrophe always has a personification. When you + +418 +00:28:04,090 --> 00:28:10,450 +say, oh fan, my lovely fan. Can it talk back to + +419 +00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:14,790 +you? It's called an apostrophe. An apostrophe. So + +420 +00:28:14,790 --> 00:28:17,190 +he's talking to his soul and he's also directing + +421 +00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:23,050 +his speech to the hell. Ugly hell. Give not, come + +422 +00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:27,610 +not Lucifer. Don't open your mouth. Don't take me. + +423 +00:28:28,110 --> 00:28:32,090 +Lucifer is the name of the devil, Satan. Don't + +424 +00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:36,030 +come Satan. Don't come oh devil. Because + +425 +00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:44,150 +I regret everything. I want to burn my box. I want + +426 +00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:47,750 +to burn my box. But it's too late. And this is, + +427 +00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:51,290 +again, in a way, it reflects something about that + +428 +00:28:51,290 --> 00:28:53,350 +time, the society, when people wanted to know + +429 +00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:56,490 +everything. But many people wanted to know more + +430 +00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,730 +than it is possible for a human being. So the + +431 +00:29:00,730 --> 00:29:04,600 +theme here is excessive ambition. The tragic hero + +432 +00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,420 +here has too much pride, too much pride because he + +433 +00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:10,640 +doesn't listen to anybody, and too much ambition + +434 +00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,960 +because he wants to know everything. He breaks the + +435 +00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,260 +barrier between what it means to be a human being + +436 +00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:19,620 +and what it means to be, I don't know, an angel + +437 +00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:24,180 +maybe, or a superhero. What happens at the end? + +438 +00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:28,400 +Does he die? Yeah, of course. His soul is taken by + +439 +00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,400 +the devil. Why does he believe that he is correct? + +440 +00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:40,770 +Because he breaks the norms. Because he signs a + +441 +00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:44,570 +bond, not with the angels, but with the devil. And + +442 +00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:49,250 +the devil takes you only to hell. Lucifer is the + +443 +00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:55,770 +name of the devil. Another text by Christopher + +444 +00:29:55,770 --> 00:30:01,550 +Malo is The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta. And as + +445 +00:30:01,550 --> 00:30:04,250 +the name suggests, look at the name. What is + +446 +00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:08,130 +interesting in the name? Oh, Jew. Interesting. + +447 +00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:09,690 +Reminds us of what? + +448 +00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:19,290 +Now, Marlow wrote his text before Shakespeare + +449 +00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:25,890 +wrote The Legend of Venice. Before. And it's true + +450 +00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:28,770 +that Shakespeare was inspired by Marlow. + +451 +00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:35,560 +In many ways, the Jew of Malta has the character + +452 +00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:41,840 +Barabas. He's the first main Jewish character in + +453 +00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,420 +English literature. + +454 +00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,180 +And in this text, we have also the first main + +455 +00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:55,980 +black servant, black character, Isamora. Black + +456 +00:30:55,980 --> 00:31:01,490 +character, Barabas' servant. Look at the + +457 +00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110 +interesting story of this play. It's a tragedy, of + +458 +00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:05,330 +course. + +459 +00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:11,690 +The story takes place in Malta. You know Malta? + +460 +00:31:11,850 --> 00:31:12,930 +It's around near here. + +461 +00:31:15,610 --> 00:31:20,870 +It tells the story of Malta, a place controlled + +462 +00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:26,490 +and ruled by Christians. By Christians. Now the + +463 +00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:30,110 +Ottoman Empire, you know, the Muslims, the Turks, + +464 +00:31:30,570 --> 00:31:35,870 +Turkey now, the Ottoman Empire sends a message to + +465 +00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,270 +Malta, to the ruler, saying, give us money, if you + +466 +00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,750 +don't, we will invade you and destroy you and kill + +467 +00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:47,590 +you. And the ruler is like, oh, I can't defend. I + +468 +00:31:47,590 --> 00:31:51,410 +don't have a strong army. But I have a plan. I'll + +469 +00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,170 +collect the money from the Jewish people, the + +470 +00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:56,950 +Jewish merchants, and give the money to the Turks. + +471 +00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,630 +It's interesting how we have black people, + +472 +00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:05,630 +Muslims, Jews, and Christians in a text 450 years + +473 +00:32:05,630 --> 00:32:09,610 +ago. I don't want to describe this as a clash of + +474 +00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,310 +civilizations, a clash of this. But we'll see how + +475 +00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:17,170 +not only Jews, but also Muslims and black people + +476 +00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,410 +are represented negatively. There is a lot of + +477 +00:32:22,410 --> 00:32:27,330 +racism here. Barabbas is depicted in a really + +478 +00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,390 +horrible, horrible way. A lot worse than Shylock. + +479 +00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:32,470 +Because in Shylock, sometimes we feel sorry for + +480 +00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:35,350 +him. We sympathize with him. But this is horrible + +481 +00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:39,450 +depiction. That's why many Jewish people hate and + +482 +00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,130 +dislike Marlow, accuse him of being anti-Semitic, + +483 +00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,770 +and I think he is. But don't be happy about any + +484 +00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:50,130 +racist person because Darul was once a racist, + +485 +00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:52,770 +always a racist. He's racist against Jews, against + +486 +00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:56,110 +Muslims, and against Africans and black people. So + +487 +00:32:56,110 --> 00:32:59,810 +the story in brief goes like this. The money is + +488 +00:32:59,810 --> 00:33:02,170 +taken from Barabas and other merchants to be given + +489 +00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:08,330 +to the Ottomans and Barabas feels angry and he + +490 +00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,450 +wants to take revenge. He uses his daughter and + +491 +00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,550 +that's probably the worst thing I have ever said. + +492 +00:33:16,810 --> 00:33:20,790 +Someone using his own daughter to take revenge and + +493 +00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:22,810 +because of his daughter two people fall in love + +494 +00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,570 +with her and that's his plan and they kill each + +495 +00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:30,690 +other, they die. First People, two people who die + +496 +00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:34,990 +here. And his daughter Abigail discovers how + +497 +00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:38,090 +horrible her father is and like Jessica in the + +498 +00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:40,930 +mansion of Venice, she leaves her father, she + +499 +00:33:40,930 --> 00:33:44,430 +converts to Christianity. And is that it? Is that + +500 +00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,430 +all? Of course not. He swears to take revenge. + +501 +00:33:53,670 --> 00:33:59,040 +To come after his daughter. She becomes a nun, you + +502 +00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,500 +know, a nun, a woman who gives herself to God in a + +503 +00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:07,740 +church. He uses Isamor with his help. He poisons + +504 +00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:11,920 +not only his daughter, but all the nuns in the + +505 +00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880 +church and they all died, including his daughter. + +506 +00:34:16,540 --> 00:34:22,380 +Is that all? We haven't started yet. Very long, + +507 +00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,510 +very complicated story, interesting story. But + +508 +00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,650 +remember in Shakespeare, in Shylock, we were like, + +509 +00:34:28,750 --> 00:34:31,970 +oh, he's good, he's not here. Oh, I feel sorry for + +510 +00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:37,990 +him. With Isamur, it's always evil, pure evil. So + +511 +00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:42,030 +later on, when he is discovered, he's arrested in + +512 +00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:44,830 +a way, but he again kills the people who arrested + +513 +00:34:44,830 --> 00:34:47,450 +him. He causes the death of many people. And then + +514 +00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:50,650 +he sends to the Ottomans, who haven't yet received + +515 +00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,270 +the money, tells them, listen, I'll help you + +516 +00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:57,900 +occupy Malta. Conspires with them, they attack + +517 +00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,140 +Malta, they occupy the whole island and many + +518 +00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:03,700 +people are killed and they choose him to be the + +519 +00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,080 +ruler. And then that's it? No. He conspires + +520 +00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680 +against other people, wants to kill more people + +521 +00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,520 +and causes the death of more probably scores of + +522 +00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,380 +people. I think hundreds of people died because of + +523 +00:35:18,380 --> 00:35:22,810 +Barabbas. and at the end he's discovered they knew + +524 +00:35:22,810 --> 00:35:26,390 +that he was behind most of these evil things and + +525 +00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:29,330 +he was put in a cauldron you know a pot and he was + +526 +00:35:29,330 --> 00:35:33,410 +killed tragedy horrible tragedy i'm not sure + +527 +00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:35,530 +whether you would like to watch something like + +528 +00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:38,550 +this or read something like this it's very tragic + +529 +00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:43,780 +very dark and there's a lot of racism yes I think, + +530 +00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:45,940 +remember in Shakespeare, we asked, is Shakespeare + +531 +00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,220 +a racist or was he exposing racism in his age? + +532 +00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,820 +Many people say Shakespeare was as racist as any + +533 +00:35:52,820 --> 00:35:59,300 +Elizabethan person. But here we have a lot of anti + +534 +00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,040 +-Muslim, Islamophobia, anti-Jewish sentiment, anti + +535 +00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,100 +-Semitism, and racism against black people. + +536 +00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,880 +Yeah, it's a matter of question. But I wouldn't + +537 +00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,880 +generally describe Shakespeare as a racist. But he + +538 +00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,420 +discusses racism. In my opinion, he's exposing + +539 +00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:22,240 +racism in his community. But this one, we don't + +540 +00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:27,340 +generally feel one tiny little bit of sorrow for + +541 +00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:31,480 +this man. He's evil. A man who uses his daughter + +542 +00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,560 +as a prostitute to kill people. A man who kills + +543 +00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,500 +his own daughter, who poisons her. Notice the + +544 +00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,500 +stereotype about Jews poisoning people and + +545 +00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:40,840 +everything. + +546 +00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:48,100 +That's Christopher Marlowe. We'll come back to + +547 +00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:59,360 +Marlowe as a poet. OK? We'll just, sorry? So why? + +548 +00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,860 +Maybe he wrote this tragedy. No, Hitler is a + +549 +00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:06,400 +racist person. He's a Nazi. He's a horrible person + +550 +00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,800 +who hated not only Jews, but Muslims and black + +551 +00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300 +people and all people who were different. He was a + +552 +00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,020 +white supremacist who believed only that Germans + +553 +00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:19,940 +are the pure race. There's no justification for + +554 +00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,040 +hurting anyone, let alone burning millions and + +555 +00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,580 +millions of people. I read that Hitler loved a + +556 +00:37:25,580 --> 00:37:29,420 +Jewish girl. Many stories about Hitler are really + +557 +00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:33,750 +like fake in so many ways. But what he did is + +558 +00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,630 +horrible. And as Palestinians, we don't like, we + +559 +00:37:39,630 --> 00:37:44,310 +hate Hitler. We shouldn't have any kind of + +560 +00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:49,410 +sentiment. Remember, we detach ourselves from + +561 +00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,850 +these racists. And at the same time, the Jews + +562 +00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:58,790 +generally are not to blame for what's going on to + +563 +00:37:58,790 --> 00:38:02,980 +us. We have the Zionist movement, Israel, many of + +564 +00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:04,700 +them are Jews, and that's the problem, the + +565 +00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:05,260 +occupation. + +566 +00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,980 +The Holocaust does not justify the destruction of + +567 +00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,770 +Palestine and the occupation of Palestine. And + +568 +00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,570 +also, the occupation does not mean we should be OK + +569 +00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,870 +with people killing like Hitler and everything. + +570 +00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:24,270 +But that's something else. So in brief, probably + +571 +00:38:24,270 --> 00:38:27,030 +we can leave Ben Johnson for next class. Ben + +572 +00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:30,310 +Johnson, very quickly, he was arrested at the + +573 +00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:34,050 +beginning of his life, more than once. And maybe + +574 +00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:36,170 +because he was critical of the monarchy, he was + +575 +00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:39,790 +critical of some people, he went to prison. But + +576 +00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:44,360 +clearly, later on, he realized that, OK, I know + +577 +00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,500 +how to be close to probably the king or the queen. + +578 +00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:52,100 +And he was friends, in a way, with King James. So + +579 +00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,500 +he, like Shakespeare, he's a veteran. He was + +580 +00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,020 +Elizabethan and Jacobian at the same time. He + +581 +00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,860 +wrote several plays, every man in his humor, every + +582 +00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,960 +man out of his humor. And two more important works + +583 +00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,160 +are Volpone and The Alchemist, like chemistry, + +584 +00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,000 +alchemist. I'm not going to tell you more about + +585 +00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,540 +this because only we need to know the names here. + +586 +00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,540 +But more important than this, and I'll stop here, + +587 +00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,560 +is what is called the mask. + +588 +00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:35,340 +The mask. And I'll conclude here. Remember the + +589 +00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:39,460 +play The Globe the stage people would be standing + +590 +00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,060 +and paying probably a penny and people would be in + +591 +00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:44,860 +the rows paying more money rich people Now the + +592 +00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:53,140 +mosque is also a play But But as a play the mosque + +593 +00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,380 +because King James loved the theater, so he + +594 +00:39:56,380 --> 00:39:58,960 +wouldn't go out He brought the theater and the + +595 +00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,820 +people and everything inside. He's the king, + +596 +00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,130 +right? And Johnson became a friend of hers. He + +597 +00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,710 +wrote several masks. A mask is a short play, + +598 +00:40:09,110 --> 00:40:11,430 +written especially for the king and the royal + +599 +00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:17,170 +family, performed on occasions only once. The king + +600 +00:40:17,170 --> 00:40:20,470 +shouldn't watch something twice. He's a king. So + +601 +00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,750 +short, written particularly for the king and the + +602 +00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:27,190 +royal family, performed once. And generally, we + +603 +00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,630 +don't have professional actors. they would, the + +604 +00:40:31,630 --> 00:40:36,070 +actors would be members of the noble families and + +605 +00:40:36,070 --> 00:40:39,590 +the royal families and this is the mask, mask from + +606 +00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:44,010 +mask because when the actors were on the stage you + +607 +00:40:44,010 --> 00:40:46,150 +know it wasn't good for the royal and noble people + +608 +00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:49,390 +to be actors they would hide their faces or part + +609 +00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:51,830 +of their faces you would still recognize them but + +610 +00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:57,060 +it's still like they're being someone else so the + +611 +00:40:57,060 --> 00:41:00,020 +mask is different from the play it's short it's + +612 +00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,080 +generally written for the royal family about the + +613 +00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,500 +royal family performed once and the actors are not + +614 +00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500 +professional actors but from the noble from the + +615 +00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,040 +noble and the royal families an important text + +616 +00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:19,560 +here is a play written by again Johnson written by + +617 +00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:25,400 +Johnson it's called the mask of queens as the name + +618 +00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:35,160 +suggests Mask, a play written by Johnson. Short to + +619 +00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:39,260 +be performed once in the court for the king and + +620 +00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:41,820 +the royal family and the noble family. + +621 +00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,420 +Now, we finished generally Ben Johnson. I'll stop + +622 +00:41:48,420 --> 00:41:52,020 +here. For next class, we'll have again in brief + +623 +00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:55,240 +two more dramatists, but then we'll speak about a + +624 +00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,000 +very important movement called + +625 +00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:03,260 +The Puritans. And we'll see what happened to + +626 +00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:10,480 +English drama and theater. If you have a question, + +627 +00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:11,380 +please do ask. + +628 +00:42:14,860 --> 00:42:18,380 +Marlow, Shakespeare. Think of comparing and + +629 +00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:22,840 +contrasting Shylock and Barabas. + +630 +00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:28,100 +Any question? + +631 +00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:32,430 +Please. If Shakespeare was a black person, + +632 +00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,810 +wouldn't he be included to the margins? Here? The + +633 +00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:40,750 +canon. The canon, et cetera? Yes, the canon. There + +634 +00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:45,470 +were many black people then, but probably he will + +635 +00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:47,770 +be ignored. Later on, we'll see how women were + +636 +00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,530 +ignored from the canon. Not because they don't + +637 +00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:54,770 +write well, but because they are women. So the + +638 +00:42:54,770 --> 00:42:59,860 +canon is not objective. For example, Afrabin wrote + +639 +00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:04,700 +a novel, a short novel, 50 years before the main + +640 +00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,400 +novel, the main novelist, Daniel Defoe. But 50 + +641 +00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,860 +years later, when a man wrote a prose text, the + +642 +00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:16,840 +novel was like, whoa, this is something new. And + +643 +00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:20,060 +Afrabin was ignored. So I'll stop here. Thank you + +644 +00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:22,480 +very much. And we'll see you next week, inshallah. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7ff4508aa8a210ef9ed1f1c07b813f9ea8b89a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2576 @@ +1 +00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:25,870 +Assalamu alaikum and welcome back to the English + +2 +00:00:25,870 --> 00:00:28,730 +introduction to English literature course. We + +3 +00:00:28,730 --> 00:00:33,010 +continue our journey discussing and examining the + +4 +00:00:33,010 --> 00:00:37,270 +Renaissance and the Renaissance figures, literary + +5 +00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:40,140 +figures. Like I said before, we're done with + +6 +00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:42,540 +Shakespeare. But at the same time, we are never + +7 +00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:45,520 +done with Shakespeare, because Shakespeare keeps + +8 +00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,900 +showing up every now and then. Today, we move to + +9 +00:00:49,900 --> 00:00:53,420 +speak about more dramatists in the Elizabethan + +10 +00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:56,360 +age. But before I do that, there are three things + +11 +00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,540 +I want to say. Number one, Shakespeare was a + +12 +00:01:01,540 --> 00:01:01,840 +veteran. + +13 +00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:10,820 +A veteran is a person who lives in two ages. He + +14 +00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,320 +was a veteran not because he lived at the end of + +15 +00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:16,520 +the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th + +16 +00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:20,980 +century, but because he also lived at the time of + +17 +00:01:20,980 --> 00:01:25,040 +Queen Elizabeth and also King James. So we have + +18 +00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:28,540 +Elizabeth and + +19 +00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:32,060 +King James I. + +20 +00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:37,850 +who ruled England at the beginning of the 17th + +21 +00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:40,650 +century. So Shakespeare was a veteran. He was both + +22 +00:01:40,650 --> 00:01:45,490 +Elizabethan and Jacobian. James, Jacobian + +23 +00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:49,290 +literature figure. Elizabethan literature, + +24 +00:01:49,770 --> 00:01:55,000 +literature that was written during the life of of + +25 +00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,320 +Queen Elizabeth. But sometimes Shakespeare is + +26 +00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,460 +generally referred to as an Elizabethan figure, + +27 +00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,780 +although he died more than 15 years later after + +28 +00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:08,360 +her death. So a veteran is a person who lives in + +29 +00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,680 +two eras, in two ages, during two reigns or + +30 +00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:15,600 +whatever. The other thing I want to speak about + +31 +00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:19,660 +before I begin is a very important term for the + +32 +00:02:19,660 --> 00:02:22,100 +course and every course we're studying at the + +33 +00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:24,040 +English department. It's called the English Canon. + +34 +00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:32,440 +A canon. And the English canon is a very important + +35 +00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,520 +terminology we need to understand. Have you ever + +36 +00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,760 +heard of the word canon? Yes. I heard camera. + +37 +00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:44,140 +Camera, canon, okay. Interesting. Good to link + +38 +00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:48,700 +things. The English canon refers to the most + +39 +00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:52,590 +important literary work in English literature. The + +40 +00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:55,510 +English canon, again, refers to the most important + +41 +00:02:55,510 --> 00:02:58,070 +literary works, the most important literary + +42 +00:02:58,070 --> 00:03:02,190 +figures, like Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Marlow, + +43 +00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,270 +Milton, also novelists and playwrights, William + +44 +00:03:07,270 --> 00:03:12,230 +Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Charles Dickens, Thomas + +45 +00:03:12,230 --> 00:03:14,910 +Hardy, the names that when we study English + +46 +00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,680 +literature here in Gaza, for example, We study + +47 +00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:20,400 +these names. When people in China study English + +48 +00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,200 +literature, they also study Shakespeare, and + +49 +00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,320 +Marlow, and Johnson, and Dickens, and Hardy, and + +50 +00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,340 +Tesseri. When people in Africa study English + +51 +00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:29,440 +literature, in South America, and everywhere, + +52 +00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:34,160 +generally the most important literary figures and + +53 +00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:37,380 +literary works are studied. So those people and + +54 +00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:41,720 +these texts are called canonical texts. What is + +55 +00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,260 +the canon again? It's the most important literary + +56 +00:03:44,260 --> 00:03:48,190 +works and literary figures. the most anthologized. + +57 +00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:51,090 +When you open any English literary anthology, + +58 +00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:53,890 +you'll find Shakespeare. You'll find Wordsworth. + +59 +00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:57,390 +You'll find T.S. Eliot. When you open any book + +60 +00:03:57,390 --> 00:04:00,130 +about literature, you'll find these names there. + +61 +00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:04,690 +So the English canon as a term is something we + +62 +00:04:04,690 --> 00:04:08,370 +should know. But more important than this is how + +63 +00:04:08,370 --> 00:04:14,510 +accurate, how good, how objective the canon is. Is + +64 +00:04:14,510 --> 00:04:17,710 +it objective? Does it mean everyone in the English + +65 +00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:21,830 +canon is a good writer who wrote well and everyone + +66 +00:04:21,830 --> 00:04:27,390 +who is not a canonical writer canonical author was + +67 +00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:29,710 +kicked out of the canon because he wasn't good? + +68 +00:04:30,890 --> 00:04:34,650 +Let's go back. Now, in the 20th century, many + +69 +00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,830 +critics started to do some kind of revisiting, + +70 +00:04:39,670 --> 00:04:43,650 +rereading the canon. People no longer take things + +71 +00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:48,130 +for granted. It's like, OK, Shakespeare is always + +72 +00:04:48,130 --> 00:04:50,570 +in the canon. He's the only author that is always + +73 +00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:54,510 +in the canon. So he's the most canonical author. + +74 +00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:58,910 +People who started studying and analyzing to + +75 +00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:01,750 +understand the canon and what authors, what texts + +76 +00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:04,890 +we have and why, they realized very interesting + +77 +00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:08,930 +things. Number one, they realized that all or + +78 +00:05:08,930 --> 00:05:13,850 +almost all authors are men. So which excludes? + +79 +00:05:14,350 --> 00:05:19,310 +Women. Generally it excludes women. Two, almost + +80 +00:05:19,310 --> 00:05:26,010 +all the authors are white Christians. It excludes + +81 +00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:30,290 +non-Christians and excludes non-white people, + +82 +00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:34,270 +people of color. And almost all the people in the + +83 +00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:38,170 +canon are European. When it comes to England, + +84 +00:05:38,310 --> 00:05:43,010 +mostly they focus on people of London. What does + +85 +00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:48,470 +it mean? It means The canon as a term is not fair. + +86 +00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:52,790 +It's subjective. Because sometimes if your writing + +87 +00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:57,510 +is different, or if you don't try to please the + +88 +00:05:57,510 --> 00:06:02,110 +mainstream, the official people, people are not + +89 +00:06:02,110 --> 00:06:05,110 +going to be happy with you or with your writing. + +90 +00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,190 +So you will be kicked out of the canon. So that's + +91 +00:06:08,190 --> 00:06:11,130 +number one. We'll go back to the canon next week + +92 +00:06:11,130 --> 00:06:14,490 +when we discuss John Donne. But again, the canon + +93 +00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:18,390 +is the most important literary works of a + +94 +00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:20,530 +particular era. When we speak about the English + +95 +00:06:20,530 --> 00:06:23,930 +canon in literature, we speak about the big names, + +96 +00:06:24,130 --> 00:06:29,010 +big texts, Hamlet, Macbeth, texts by other people, + +97 +00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:31,860 +etc. Not only Shakespeare, but other poets, + +98 +00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:38,380 +Johnson, Marlow, Samuel Johnson, Dryden, Milton, T + +99 +00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:40,660 +.S. Eliot, William Wadsworth, William Blake. These + +100 +00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:44,040 +are always there listed as important figures. But + +101 +00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,780 +do we have other figures who were excluded and + +102 +00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:50,080 +kicked out? In this course, we will reveal some of + +103 +00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:52,800 +these names. And we'll study them to understand + +104 +00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,660 +why they were kicked out. And generally, it was + +105 +00:06:55,660 --> 00:06:59,480 +because they didn't write Things similar to the + +106 +00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:05,040 +mainstream idea of what it is to write poetry. The + +107 +00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:10,660 +second term is patronage. You know patron? + +108 +00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:17,340 +Patronage. A patron is like a sponsor. You know + +109 +00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,960 +what a sponsor is? Someone who gives you money. + +110 +00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:24,130 +Exactly, like someone who gives you money to + +111 +00:07:24,130 --> 00:07:26,870 +study, gives you money to build your house, to + +112 +00:07:26,870 --> 00:07:30,170 +start your project. So a rich man, a businessman + +113 +00:07:30,170 --> 00:07:35,390 +who gives you a politician maybe, a donor who + +114 +00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:38,390 +gives you money so you can start something, a + +115 +00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:42,500 +patron. Or patronage is also another important + +116 +00:07:42,500 --> 00:07:45,000 +term we need to understand if we just need to + +117 +00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,040 +understand the classical Elizabethan literature + +118 +00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,800 +before and after. Now, in literature, a patron is + +119 +00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,100 +someone, generally a man, but sometimes could be a + +120 +00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:59,260 +woman, who belongs to the high class, sometimes + +121 +00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,440 +the royal family, and who has a lot of money, + +122 +00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,660 +rich. What does this person do? He gives the poet + +123 +00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:12,560 +money. and provides the poet with protection. + +124 +00:08:17,860 --> 00:08:20,180 +Remember we're talking about the Elizabethan age + +125 +00:08:20,180 --> 00:08:23,440 +and even before Chaucer by the way had a patron. + +126 +00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:26,380 +He couldn't write poetry sometimes because he + +127 +00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:28,760 +didn't have someone to support him because if you + +128 +00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,420 +don't have money Being a poet was not a job. + +129 +00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,080 +Nobody would be buying you poetry. So you have to + +130 +00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:38,560 +have a job. If you have a job, you don't have time + +131 +00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:43,400 +to write poetry. So a patron, again, what's a + +132 +00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,400 +patron? Someone, usually a man, a rich man with + +133 +00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,960 +money. Sometimes the patrons, usually they have a + +134 +00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,220 +literary taste. So because they love poetry, they + +135 +00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:55,880 +love literature, they take care of poets. So they + +136 +00:08:55,880 --> 00:09:00,790 +give poets money. in order to keep writing, to + +137 +00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:02,790 +write more. And they also provide them with + +138 +00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:06,090 +protection. You know protection? If you say + +139 +00:09:06,090 --> 00:09:08,750 +something that displeases someone, if you + +140 +00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,750 +criticize someone, maybe someone wants to arrest + +141 +00:09:12,750 --> 00:09:15,130 +you, to punish you for something, they say, oh, + +142 +00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:19,530 +no, no, no, no. Don't. This man is protected by + +143 +00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:22,370 +this patron. So some kind of political and social. + +144 +00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:26,850 +And he would invite you to his court, his palace, + +145 +00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,060 +And patronage had played an amazing role in + +146 +00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:33,740 +supporting... Remember we spoke about the printing + +147 +00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,740 +press, how it encouraged mass production? + +148 +00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:40,420 +Patronage also encouraged a lot of literary texts. + +149 +00:09:41,700 --> 00:09:44,740 +Now, as a poet, you stay at home, you have enough + +150 +00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,160 +money to live, and you can write as much poetry as + +151 +00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:53,520 +you can, as possible. However, this patronage came + +152 +00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,560 +with a tax, a sacrifice. If someone gives you + +153 +00:09:57,560 --> 00:10:01,320 +money, supports you with money, you need to write + +154 +00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,720 +good poetry about them, to praise them. If he + +155 +00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,720 +brings a new cat, you'll be writing, oh, cat, thou + +156 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,920 +art. Shall I compare thee to the best cats in the + +157 +00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,760 +world? Or shall I compare thee to lions? You are + +158 +00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,420 +more fearful and intimidated. If he buys a mobile + +159 +00:10:17,420 --> 00:10:22,300 +phone, you'll be like, wow. So you need to write + +160 +00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:27,740 +good poetry to praise them. So again. A patron is + +161 +00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:30,640 +a person usually with a literary taste and a lot + +162 +00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:34,460 +of money who provides poets with money and + +163 +00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:39,020 +protection. And it's a change for praise, for good + +164 +00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,820 +poetry sometimes. We'll speak about this later on. + +165 +00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,680 +We'll mention this again and again, important + +166 +00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:49,700 +terms. Now let's go to Christopher Marlowe. + +167 +00:10:50,220 --> 00:10:55,360 +Christopher Marlowe. Listen. Marlowe + +168 +00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:01,710 +was a poet in a way he was contemporary to + +169 +00:11:01,710 --> 00:11:04,750 +Shakespeare. He was a dramatist and a poet. We + +170 +00:11:04,750 --> 00:11:08,470 +study him today as a dramatist. Later on, we'll + +171 +00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:15,950 +come back to him. Many critics believe that Marlow + +172 +00:11:15,950 --> 00:11:19,390 +could have become more famous than Shakespeare. + +173 +00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:23,170 +Not many, some critics. Could have surpassed + +174 +00:11:23,170 --> 00:11:23,570 +Shakespeare. + +175 +00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,560 +But the sad thing is that Marlow died very young + +176 +00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:34,580 +at the age of 32. And there is something + +177 +00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:37,220 +mysterious about poets who die young. There are + +178 +00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:39,820 +many English poets who die very young. And when + +179 +00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:43,540 +they die very young, they have this kind of aura + +180 +00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:47,520 +about them. They look like prophets. People love + +181 +00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,000 +them more, love their poetry more, and respect + +182 +00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,500 +them more. Because you feel that they died because + +183 +00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,360 +of their poetry. They died because they wanted. + +184 +00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,500 +It's like teachers who die young, they become like + +185 +00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:03,100 +woe. But sometimes, later on, they live forever, + +186 +00:12:03,980 --> 00:12:06,660 +which is not good for some students, maybe. So + +187 +00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,240 +what I'm saying here is that the fact that Marlow + +188 +00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:16,540 +died young, at the age of 32, made him famous poet + +189 +00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:20,100 +and dramatist. Many believe he was, during his + +190 +00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,930 +lifetime, he was the most famous dramatist. The + +191 +00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,150 +most famous dramatist. More than Shakespeare, + +192 +00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:29,530 +because Shakespeare at that time was beginning to + +193 +00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:31,930 +write the good stuff we're studying. We just + +194 +00:12:31,930 --> 00:12:37,390 +started. He was starting. So had he not died + +195 +00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:41,810 +young, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, become + +196 +00:12:41,810 --> 00:12:44,530 +more famous than Shakespeare according to some + +197 +00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:47,570 +views. Now there are similarities and differences + +198 +00:12:47,570 --> 00:12:51,570 +between him and Shakespeare. But before I go + +199 +00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:54,810 +there, I'll tell you something, a very funny story + +200 +00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:56,770 +about, not funny, but really interesting, about + +201 +00:12:56,770 --> 00:13:00,130 +poets dying because of the poetry and how + +202 +00:13:00,130 --> 00:13:02,810 +patronage is really a fun thing, how it + +203 +00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,470 +influences. Because if you have a patron, there + +204 +00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:09,330 +are usually competitors. Other poets want to take + +205 +00:13:09,330 --> 00:13:11,790 +money, so they just write bitter poetry to your + +206 +00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:14,650 +patron and et cetera. I'll tell you this story + +207 +00:13:14,650 --> 00:13:18,940 +about Abu Tamam in Arabic. You know Abu Tamam? Abu + +208 +00:13:18,940 --> 00:13:21,060 +Tanabbi, Abu Tamam, famous poems. And I told you + +209 +00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,980 +before, you need, if you want to love English + +210 +00:13:23,980 --> 00:13:27,400 +literature, you need to love Arabic literature and + +211 +00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,560 +vice versa. Start with the beautiful poetry, the + +212 +00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,900 +beautiful stories about poets and authors and + +213 +00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:37,680 +everything. Now Abu Tamam was praising one of the, + +214 +00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,300 +that's Al Mutanabbi. Abu Tamam was praising the + +215 +00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,720 +caliph sometime. + +216 +00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:53,860 +And the other poets around kind of didn't want the + +217 +00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:56,960 +caliph to like Abu Tamam and his poetry. So he was + +218 +00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:01,700 +like praising again his patron, the caliph, + +219 +00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,620 +saying, So + +220 +00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,980 +the + +221 +00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:09,380 +caliph, + +222 +00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,100 +praising him, comparing him to famous Arab + +223 +00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:20,780 +generals, poets and people and fighters and + +224 +00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:23,700 +everything. So one of the poets sitting around + +225 +00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:29,060 +competing told the caliph, + +226 +00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:34,690 +Yes, it's okay. This is not good poetry. He's just + +227 +00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:38,250 +likening you to ordinary Arab shepherds and + +228 +00:14:38,250 --> 00:14:43,970 +Bedouins and desert people. And this was, you + +229 +00:14:43,970 --> 00:14:46,710 +know, Abu Tamman felt pressured here because + +230 +00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:49,150 +someone is competing with him. So he just nodded + +231 +00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:52,490 +something like this. He nodded like this and + +232 +00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:56,060 +waited and remained silent for a short while. In + +233 +00:14:56,060 --> 00:14:58,220 +Arabic, it's very famous in Arabic literature. + +234 +00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,760 +It's called Imaet Abu Tamam, or Itraqet Abu Tamam. + +235 +00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:04,000 +Look it up on Google. Itraqet Abu Tamam, meaning + +236 +00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,240 +when Abu Tamam reacted to this guy accusing him of + +237 +00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:13,160 +not likening the caliph to something worthy. So he + +238 +00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:17,120 +nodded like this, and he raised his head. And he + +239 +00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,800 +said two of the most important lines of poetry in + +240 +00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:38,970 +Arabic literature. He replied, saying, You know + +241 +00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:39,430 +what it means? + +242 +00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:50,510 +I gave an example. I likened him to things lower + +243 +00:15:50,510 --> 00:15:56,020 +than him. فالله قد ضرب الأقل لمثله مثلا من المشكات + +244 +00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,960 +والنبراسي الله ايش قال عن نفسه عن نوره الله نوره + +245 +00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:03,860 +مثلا نوره كمشكاة مشكاة is nothing compared to + +246 +00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:08,060 +God's light but God used this مشكاة to make it + +247 +00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680 +clearer to this so I was like whoa now the guy + +248 +00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,760 +telling the story he said I looked at the poem the + +249 +00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:18,060 +text and I didn't find these lines so he + +250 +00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,880 +improvised them you know improvised To save him + +251 +00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,520 +without preparation, all of a sudden. Improvise + +252 +00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:30,340 +them. He cuts + +253 +00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:35,760 +a piece of his flesh. Because the best of the + +254 +00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,780 +best, it takes from your health, your life, your + +255 +00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:44,290 +soul. It drains your life. And he adds, وَمَا + +256 +00:16:44,290 --> 00:16:46,970 +لَبِثَ أَبُو تَمَّامُ حَتّى مَاتَ بَعْدَهَا. يعني + +257 +00:16:46,970 --> 00:16:50,070 +كأنه أبو تمام died because of these two lines of + +258 +00:16:50,070 --> 00:16:51,910 +verse because this is the best of the best he + +259 +00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:55,090 +could have. And it's very beautiful here because + +260 +00:16:55,870 --> 00:16:58,290 +Yes, people believe that poetry could kill poets. + +261 +00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,670 +And that's why people love poets and respect them. + +262 +00:17:01,010 --> 00:17:04,430 +Because we think they're just suffering for us, + +263 +00:17:04,830 --> 00:17:07,550 +sacrificing their own lives for us. And it's very + +264 +00:17:07,550 --> 00:17:10,810 +funny how the patron thing here is at play where + +265 +00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:15,670 +poets are competing. So Christopher Malo died + +266 +00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:18,270 +young. He is different from Shakespeare in two + +267 +00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:20,870 +main things. Number one, he went to university. + +268 +00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:24,110 +Remember, Shakespeare didn't go to university. He + +269 +00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:27,950 +went to a grammar school to study grammar, study + +270 +00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:33,410 +rhetoric, study Greek drama, whatever Now this guy + +271 +00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,710 +is described as a university wit, you know, wit, + +272 +00:17:37,070 --> 00:17:44,350 +university wit The people who went to university + +273 +00:17:44,350 --> 00:17:47,310 +either Oxford or Cambridge are described as + +274 +00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:52,320 +university wits Shakespeare didn't go there. So he + +275 +00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,600 +was more educated. He learned more about cultures, + +276 +00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:58,480 +about tragedy, about literature, about language, + +277 +00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,980 +about grammar. The other thing generally when we + +278 +00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:04,280 +speak about Shakespeare remember Shakespeare we + +279 +00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:08,920 +said usually he gives every character the + +280 +00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:13,460 +appropriate language and appropriate reactions + +281 +00:18:13,460 --> 00:18:18,980 +that would reflect number one his social class and + +282 +00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:22,700 +his psychological status Again, for Shakespeare, a + +283 +00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:26,280 +king speaks like kings. A queen speaks like + +284 +00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:30,360 +queens. A princess speaks like a princess. A + +285 +00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:34,240 +prince speaks like a prince. A porter, a + +286 +00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:39,070 +gravedigger, speaks like gravediggers. A + +287 +00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:41,890 +messenger, an educated man, speaks like the + +288 +00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:44,710 +educated people. An illiterate person speaks like + +289 +00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,350 +everyone has his language. And this is something + +290 +00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:50,370 +that tells about the genius of Shakespeare. It's + +291 +00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:53,050 +not easy. I know people who write short stories, + +292 +00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,130 +and there is a kid five years old in the story, + +293 +00:18:56,170 --> 00:18:59,370 +and the kid speaks like an educated person, a + +294 +00:18:59,370 --> 00:19:02,530 +university graduate. Sometimes it's not realistic. + +295 +00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,170 +Shakespeare gives a very, in a way, realistic + +296 +00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:08,500 +image about the language. In Hamlet, Hamlet is a + +297 +00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,280 +poet, right? A university student, so his + +298 +00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,240 +language, his poetry is really interesting, + +299 +00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:16,360 +beautiful. But when he is confused, when he is + +300 +00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:18,920 +suffering psychologically, when he pretends to be + +301 +00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,460 +mad, his language is influenced, it changes, + +302 +00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:27,140 +deteriorates. Now in Marlow, everybody speaks a + +303 +00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,120 +very highly poetic language. So Marlow is + +304 +00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,680 +different. Almost everybody, no matter whether + +305 +00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,760 +you're suffering or not, whether you are a woman + +306 +00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,140 +or a man, whether you are rich or poor, educated + +307 +00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:40,500 +or uneducated, usually people speak very poetic + +308 +00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,260 +language. So two differences between Shakespeare + +309 +00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,960 +and Marlow. Marlow went to university, Shakespeare + +310 +00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,860 +didn't. He only went to a grammar school. + +311 +00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,860 +Shakespeare uses a language that fits the person's + +312 +00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,680 +social and psychological status. Marlow gives + +313 +00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,460 +every character in his play a highly poetic + +314 +00:20:01,460 --> 00:20:07,360 +language. Okay? Now, we've studied two important + +315 +00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:12,960 +works by Marlow. Number one is Dr. Faustus. Listen + +316 +00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:19,110 +to me. Explain this in detail. Dr. Faustus. And as + +317 +00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:24,350 +the name suggests, the main character is a doctor. + +318 +00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,810 +And his name is Faustus. Now, Dr. Faustus tells + +319 +00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:34,110 +it's a tragedy that tells the story of a + +320 +00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:38,970 +scientist, a man of knowledge and learning, a man + +321 +00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:42,050 +who almost knows everything. And I think it was + +322 +00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:44,970 +possible then 400 years ago to know everything. I + +323 +00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:50,700 +don't know. But because Dr. Faustus is a tragic + +324 +00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:59,720 +hero, you know, tragic hero, he has a tragic flow. + +325 +00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:06,640 +Tragic flow, a weakness. He has some problem. + +326 +00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,520 +Remember Hamlet has too much hesitation. Othello, + +327 +00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:18,130 +too much jealousy. Macbeth, Too much ambition. + +328 +00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:23,210 +Remember, we said that man wanted to achieve + +329 +00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:27,250 +perfection, but man is not perfect. So this leads + +330 +00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:33,030 +to his downfall. Now, Dr. Faustus had too much + +331 +00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:40,050 +ambition and too much pride. Excess, excessive, + +332 +00:21:40,290 --> 00:21:43,750 +you know excessive? Too much, a lot. It's good to + +333 +00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:46,210 +be ambitious, but it's not good to be over + +334 +00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:49,850 +ambitious or to be ambitious like Dr. Faustus. So + +335 +00:21:49,850 --> 00:21:55,730 +he knows everything and now he wants to know more. + +336 +00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:00,050 +He learns magic and he manages to summon the + +337 +00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:05,230 +devil, Satan. And he signs a contract. Remember + +338 +00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:07,690 +the contract, the bond in Shylock, the mansion of + +339 +00:22:07,690 --> 00:22:12,250 +Venice? He signs a bond with the devil. + +340 +00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:20,770 +He gets unlimited access to knowledge everywhere, + +341 +00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:23,130 +every time, in the past, in the future, anything + +342 +00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:29,530 +in exchange for what? His soul. So we have his + +343 +00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:34,550 +soul in exchange for Knowledge. Would you do that? + +344 +00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:39,970 +Really? You wouldn't? This is not one day, one + +345 +00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:44,330 +year, two years, five years, 24 years of unlimited + +346 +00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:51,890 +access to knowledge in exchange for... No, 24 + +347 +00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,450 +years later you give your soul in exchange for + +348 +00:22:54,450 --> 00:22:55,830 +this, so you pay later on. + +349 +00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:02,210 +So 24 years, would you like that? Would you accept + +350 +00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:04,470 +that? I would do it because I wouldn't live as + +351 +00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:08,650 +long as... Yeah, that's possible Or I know one of + +352 +00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:10,830 +the other group once, you know what I'm saying? I + +353 +00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,170 +would give my soul for a year of unlimited + +354 +00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:21,610 +internet or unlimited electricity Okay, + +355 +00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:25,650 +it's funny but again priorities This is 24 years + +356 +00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,790 +unlimited access, exposure to knowledge. And he + +357 +00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:33,070 +lives a life of a person who can summon everybody, + +358 +00:23:33,330 --> 00:23:36,330 +know everything, ask everybody about anything, + +359 +00:23:36,590 --> 00:23:39,970 +goes back in time and in the future, and gets the + +360 +00:23:39,970 --> 00:23:43,070 +knowledge he wants. And before he signs the bond, + +361 +00:23:43,210 --> 00:23:45,130 +the angels and the people around him are like, + +362 +00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:47,630 +Faustus, don't do this. You're stealing. Again, + +363 +00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:49,390 +listen. He's not stealing himself, his life. + +364 +00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:51,670 +Because if he sells his life, he's going to die + +365 +00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,510 +later on. But he's selling his soul, the most + +366 +00:23:54,510 --> 00:24:00,350 +important thing a man or a woman has. And now, in + +367 +00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:03,870 +a blink of an eye, the 24 years just passed. And + +368 +00:24:03,870 --> 00:24:07,450 +one hour before that, the clock strikes 12 for + +369 +00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:11,670 +Satan to come. Satan, the devil, he regrets + +370 +00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:16,470 +everything. He feels very remorseful. He wishes + +371 +00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:22,600 +that he hadn't accepted the deal with satan but + +372 +00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:28,380 +can he go back it's too late it's too late look at + +373 +00:24:28,380 --> 00:24:32,760 +the the extract here this is an extract page 35 + +374 +00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:40,480 +look here this is dr faustus when time is the + +375 +00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:46,980 +clock is ticking oh + +376 +00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:54,330 +soul Be changed into little water drops and fall + +377 +00:24:54,330 --> 00:25:00,370 +into the ocean. Be found ugly hell. Give not. Come + +378 +00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:08,030 +not, Lucifer. I'll burn my box. Now, too late to + +379 +00:25:08,030 --> 00:25:11,690 +burn your box. Someone read this, please. OK. + +380 +00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:16,680 +Also, bees change into little water drops and fall + +381 +00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,000 +into ocean. Never be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap + +382 +00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,960 +nut, lucifer. Lucifer. Lucifer. I'll burn my box. + +383 +00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,840 +I'll burn my box. Yeah? Also, bees change into + +384 +00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:34,200 +little water drops and fall into the ocean. Never + +385 +00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,920 +be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap nut, lucifer. + +386 +00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,140 +I'll burn my box. Excellent reading. Yeah, please. + +387 +00:25:43,570 --> 00:25:47,630 +Also, we change into little water drops, and fall + +388 +00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:51,590 +into the ocean near we found. Ugly hill gave nut, + +389 +00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:55,490 +come nut, lucifer. I'll burn my house. And like we + +390 +00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,170 +said last time, this doesn't perfectly rhyme here. + +391 +00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:07,170 +So this is A, B, C, and D. No rhyme here, despite + +392 +00:26:07,170 --> 00:26:09,950 +the S for plural. And this is something we + +393 +00:26:09,950 --> 00:26:17,060 +described as blank. Verse without rhyme scheme. + +394 +00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,360 +Irregular rhyme scheme. Irregular rhyme scheme is + +395 +00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:26,860 +different. It has rhythm. What is he talking to? + +396 +00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,720 +Oh, okay. He's talking to his soul. Can his soul + +397 +00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,720 +talk back? No. What do you call this in poetry, in + +398 +00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:39,020 +literature? + +399 +00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,760 +No. I'm not sure whether he's alone or not. I'll + +400 +00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,220 +have to check this. But when you talk to someone + +401 +00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:57,540 +who doesn't hear or something that doesn't... + +402 +00:26:57,540 --> 00:27:03,610 +Is a soul a human being? Can the soul talk back? + +403 +00:27:03,790 --> 00:27:07,610 +Can it listen to you? So you give things the + +404 +00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:09,510 +features of a human being. What is this? + +405 +00:27:11,570 --> 00:27:16,270 +Personification. From person, personify. + +406 +00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:22,880 +What is a personification? Yeah, when you say, oh, + +407 +00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,380 +fan, oh, mobile, my best mobile, you're talking to + +408 +00:27:26,380 --> 00:27:29,640 +your best mobile. But here, we don't only have a + +409 +00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,100 +personification of the soul. He's talking directly + +410 +00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:34,960 +to something that is not there here. Generally, + +411 +00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,800 +this is also called in literature an apostrophe. + +412 +00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,660 +You know apostrophe? Yes. When we say count, this + +413 +00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:50,630 +is an apostrophe. But in literature, when you call + +414 +00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:53,330 +something that doesn't hear you, that is far away, + +415 +00:27:53,710 --> 00:27:56,130 +or something that is not there, when you call for + +416 +00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,790 +them, oh soul, this is called an apostrophe. An + +417 +00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:04,090 +apostrophe always has a personification. When you + +418 +00:28:04,090 --> 00:28:10,450 +say, oh fan, my lovely fan. Can it talk back to + +419 +00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:14,790 +you? It's called an apostrophe. An apostrophe. So + +420 +00:28:14,790 --> 00:28:17,190 +he's talking to his soul and he's also directing + +421 +00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:23,050 +his speech to the hell. Ugly hell. Give not, come + +422 +00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:27,610 +not Lucifer. Don't open your mouth. Don't take me. + +423 +00:28:28,110 --> 00:28:32,090 +Lucifer is the name of the devil, Satan. Don't + +424 +00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:36,030 +come Satan. Don't come oh devil. Because + +425 +00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:44,150 +I regret everything. I want to burn my box. I want + +426 +00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:47,750 +to burn my box. But it's too late. And this is, + +427 +00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:51,290 +again, in a way, it reflects something about that + +428 +00:28:51,290 --> 00:28:53,350 +time, the society, when people wanted to know + +429 +00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:56,490 +everything. But many people wanted to know more + +430 +00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,730 +than it is possible for a human being. So the + +431 +00:29:00,730 --> 00:29:04,600 +theme here is excessive ambition. The tragic hero + +432 +00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,420 +here has too much pride, too much pride because he + +433 +00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:10,640 +doesn't listen to anybody, and too much ambition + +434 +00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,960 +because he wants to know everything. He breaks the + +435 +00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,260 +barrier between what it means to be a human being + +436 +00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:19,620 +and what it means to be, I don't know, an angel + +437 +00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:24,180 +maybe, or a superhero. What happens at the end? + +438 +00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:28,400 +Does he die? Yeah, of course. His soul is taken by + +439 +00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,400 +the devil. Why does he believe that he is correct? + +440 +00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:40,770 +Because he breaks the norms. Because he signs a + +441 +00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:44,570 +bond, not with the angels, but with the devil. And + +442 +00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:49,250 +the devil takes you only to hell. Lucifer is the + +443 +00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:55,770 +name of the devil. Another text by Christopher + +444 +00:29:55,770 --> 00:30:01,550 +Malo is The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta. And as + +445 +00:30:01,550 --> 00:30:04,250 +the name suggests, look at the name. What is + +446 +00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:08,130 +interesting in the name? Oh, Jew. Interesting. + +447 +00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:09,690 +Reminds us of what? + +448 +00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:19,290 +Now, Marlow wrote his text before Shakespeare + +449 +00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:25,890 +wrote The Legend of Venice. Before. And it's true + +450 +00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:28,770 +that Shakespeare was inspired by Marlow. + +451 +00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:35,560 +In many ways, the Jew of Malta has the character + +452 +00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:41,840 +Barabas. He's the first main Jewish character in + +453 +00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,420 +English literature. + +454 +00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,180 +And in this text, we have also the first main + +455 +00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:55,980 +black servant, black character, Isamora. Black + +456 +00:30:55,980 --> 00:31:01,490 +character, Barabas' servant. Look at the + +457 +00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110 +interesting story of this play. It's a tragedy, of + +458 +00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:05,330 +course. + +459 +00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:11,690 +The story takes place in Malta. You know Malta? + +460 +00:31:11,850 --> 00:31:12,930 +It's around near here. + +461 +00:31:15,610 --> 00:31:20,870 +It tells the story of Malta, a place controlled + +462 +00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:26,490 +and ruled by Christians. By Christians. Now the + +463 +00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:30,110 +Ottoman Empire, you know, the Muslims, the Turks, + +464 +00:31:30,570 --> 00:31:35,870 +Turkey now, the Ottoman Empire sends a message to + +465 +00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,270 +Malta, to the ruler, saying, give us money, if you + +466 +00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,750 +don't, we will invade you and destroy you and kill + +467 +00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:47,590 +you. And the ruler is like, oh, I can't defend. I + +468 +00:31:47,590 --> 00:31:51,410 +don't have a strong army. But I have a plan. I'll + +469 +00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,170 +collect the money from the Jewish people, the + +470 +00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:56,950 +Jewish merchants, and give the money to the Turks. + +471 +00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,630 +It's interesting how we have black people, + +472 +00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:05,630 +Muslims, Jews, and Christians in a text 450 years + +473 +00:32:05,630 --> 00:32:09,610 +ago. I don't want to describe this as a clash of + +474 +00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,310 +civilizations, a clash of this. But we'll see how + +475 +00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:17,170 +not only Jews, but also Muslims and black people + +476 +00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,410 +are represented negatively. There is a lot of + +477 +00:32:22,410 --> 00:32:27,330 +racism here. Barabbas is depicted in a really + +478 +00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,390 +horrible, horrible way. A lot worse than Shylock. + +479 +00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:32,470 +Because in Shylock, sometimes we feel sorry for + +480 +00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:35,350 +him. We sympathize with him. But this is horrible + +481 +00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:39,450 +depiction. That's why many Jewish people hate and + +482 +00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,130 +dislike Marlow, accuse him of being anti-Semitic, + +483 +00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,770 +and I think he is. But don't be happy about any + +484 +00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:50,130 +racist person because Darul was once a racist, + +485 +00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:52,770 +always a racist. He's racist against Jews, against + +486 +00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:56,110 +Muslims, and against Africans and black people. So + +487 +00:32:56,110 --> 00:32:59,810 +the story in brief goes like this. The money is + +488 +00:32:59,810 --> 00:33:02,170 +taken from Barabas and other merchants to be given + +489 +00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:08,330 +to the Ottomans and Barabas feels angry and he + +490 +00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,450 +wants to take revenge. He uses his daughter and + +491 +00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,550 +that's probably the worst thing I have ever said. + +492 +00:33:16,810 --> 00:33:20,790 +Someone using his own daughter to take revenge and + +493 +00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:22,810 +because of his daughter two people fall in love + +494 +00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,570 +with her and that's his plan and they kill each + +495 +00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:30,690 +other, they die. First People, two people who die + +496 +00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:34,990 +here. And his daughter Abigail discovers how + +497 +00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:38,090 +horrible her father is and like Jessica in the + +498 +00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:40,930 +mansion of Venice, she leaves her father, she + +499 +00:33:40,930 --> 00:33:44,430 +converts to Christianity. And is that it? Is that + +500 +00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,430 +all? Of course not. He swears to take revenge. + +501 +00:33:53,670 --> 00:33:59,040 +To come after his daughter. She becomes a nun, you + +502 +00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,500 +know, a nun, a woman who gives herself to God in a + +503 +00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:07,740 +church. He uses Isamor with his help. He poisons + +504 +00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:11,920 +not only his daughter, but all the nuns in the + +505 +00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880 +church and they all died, including his daughter. + +506 +00:34:16,540 --> 00:34:22,380 +Is that all? We haven't started yet. Very long, + +507 +00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,510 +very complicated story, interesting story. But + +508 +00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,650 +remember in Shakespeare, in Shylock, we were like, + +509 +00:34:28,750 --> 00:34:31,970 +oh, he's good, he's not here. Oh, I feel sorry for + +510 +00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:37,990 +him. With Isamur, it's always evil, pure evil. So + +511 +00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:42,030 +later on, when he is discovered, he's arrested in + +512 +00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:44,830 +a way, but he again kills the people who arrested + +513 +00:34:44,830 --> 00:34:47,450 +him. He causes the death of many people. And then + +514 +00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:50,650 +he sends to the Ottomans, who haven't yet received + +515 +00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,270 +the money, tells them, listen, I'll help you + +516 +00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:57,900 +occupy Malta. Conspires with them, they attack + +517 +00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,140 +Malta, they occupy the whole island and many + +518 +00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:03,700 +people are killed and they choose him to be the + +519 +00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,080 +ruler. And then that's it? No. He conspires + +520 +00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680 +against other people, wants to kill more people + +521 +00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,520 +and causes the death of more probably scores of + +522 +00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,380 +people. I think hundreds of people died because of + +523 +00:35:18,380 --> 00:35:22,810 +Barabbas. and at the end he's discovered they knew + +524 +00:35:22,810 --> 00:35:26,390 +that he was behind most of these evil things and + +525 +00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:29,330 +he was put in a cauldron you know a pot and he was + +526 +00:35:29,330 --> 00:35:33,410 +killed tragedy horrible tragedy i'm not sure + +527 +00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:35,530 +whether you would like to watch something like + +528 +00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:38,550 +this or read something like this it's very tragic + +529 +00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:43,780 +very dark and there's a lot of racism yes I think, + +530 +00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:45,940 +remember in Shakespeare, we asked, is Shakespeare + +531 +00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,220 +a racist or was he exposing racism in his age? + +532 +00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,820 +Many people say Shakespeare was as racist as any + +533 +00:35:52,820 --> 00:35:59,300 +Elizabethan person. But here we have a lot of anti + +534 +00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,040 +-Muslim, Islamophobia, anti-Jewish sentiment, anti + +535 +00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,100 +-Semitism, and racism against black people. + +536 +00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,880 +Yeah, it's a matter of question. But I wouldn't + +537 +00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,880 +generally describe Shakespeare as a racist. But he + +538 +00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,420 +discusses racism. In my opinion, he's exposing + +539 +00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:22,240 +racism in his community. But this one, we don't + +540 +00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:27,340 +generally feel one tiny little bit of sorrow for + +541 +00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:31,480 +this man. He's evil. A man who uses his daughter + +542 +00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,560 +as a prostitute to kill people. A man who kills + +543 +00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,500 +his own daughter, who poisons her. Notice the + +544 +00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,500 +stereotype about Jews poisoning people and + +545 +00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:40,840 +everything. + +546 +00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:48,100 +That's Christopher Marlowe. We'll come back to + +547 +00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:59,360 +Marlowe as a poet. OK? We'll just, sorry? So why? + +548 +00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,860 +Maybe he wrote this tragedy. No, Hitler is a + +549 +00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:06,400 +racist person. He's a Nazi. He's a horrible person + +550 +00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,800 +who hated not only Jews, but Muslims and black + +551 +00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300 +people and all people who were different. He was a + +552 +00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,020 +white supremacist who believed only that Germans + +553 +00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:19,940 +are the pure race. There's no justification for + +554 +00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,040 +hurting anyone, let alone burning millions and + +555 +00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,580 +millions of people. I read that Hitler loved a + +556 +00:37:25,580 --> 00:37:29,420 +Jewish girl. Many stories about Hitler are really + +557 +00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:33,750 +like fake in so many ways. But what he did is + +558 +00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,630 +horrible. And as Palestinians, we don't like, we + +559 +00:37:39,630 --> 00:37:44,310 +hate Hitler. We shouldn't have any kind of + +560 +00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:49,410 +sentiment. Remember, we detach ourselves from + +561 +00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,850 +these racists. And at the same time, the Jews + +562 +00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:58,790 +generally are not to blame for what's going on to + +563 +00:37:58,790 --> 00:38:02,980 +us. We have the Zionist movement, Israel, many of + +564 +00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:04,700 +them are Jews, and that's the problem, the + +565 +00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:05,260 +occupation. + +566 +00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,980 +The Holocaust does not justify the destruction of + +567 +00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,770 +Palestine and the occupation of Palestine. And + +568 +00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,570 +also, the occupation does not mean we should be OK + +569 +00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,870 +with people killing like Hitler and everything. + +570 +00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:24,270 +But that's something else. So in brief, probably + +571 +00:38:24,270 --> 00:38:27,030 +we can leave Ben Johnson for next class. Ben + +572 +00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:30,310 +Johnson, very quickly, he was arrested at the + +573 +00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:34,050 +beginning of his life, more than once. And maybe + +574 +00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:36,170 +because he was critical of the monarchy, he was + +575 +00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:39,790 +critical of some people, he went to prison. But + +576 +00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:44,360 +clearly, later on, he realized that, OK, I know + +577 +00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,500 +how to be close to probably the king or the queen. + +578 +00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:52,100 +And he was friends, in a way, with King James. So + +579 +00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,500 +he, like Shakespeare, he's a veteran. He was + +580 +00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,020 +Elizabethan and Jacobian at the same time. He + +581 +00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,860 +wrote several plays, every man in his humor, every + +582 +00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,960 +man out of his humor. And two more important works + +583 +00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,160 +are Volpone and The Alchemist, like chemistry, + +584 +00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,000 +alchemist. I'm not going to tell you more about + +585 +00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,540 +this because only we need to know the names here. + +586 +00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,540 +But more important than this, and I'll stop here, + +587 +00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,560 +is what is called the mask. + +588 +00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:35,340 +The mask. And I'll conclude here. Remember the + +589 +00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:39,460 +play The Globe the stage people would be standing + +590 +00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,060 +and paying probably a penny and people would be in + +591 +00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:44,860 +the rows paying more money rich people Now the + +592 +00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:53,140 +mosque is also a play But But as a play the mosque + +593 +00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,380 +because King James loved the theater, so he + +594 +00:39:56,380 --> 00:39:58,960 +wouldn't go out He brought the theater and the + +595 +00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,820 +people and everything inside. He's the king, + +596 +00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,130 +right? And Johnson became a friend of hers. He + +597 +00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,710 +wrote several masks. A mask is a short play, + +598 +00:40:09,110 --> 00:40:11,430 +written especially for the king and the royal + +599 +00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:17,170 +family, performed on occasions only once. The king + +600 +00:40:17,170 --> 00:40:20,470 +shouldn't watch something twice. He's a king. So + +601 +00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,750 +short, written particularly for the king and the + +602 +00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:27,190 +royal family, performed once. And generally, we + +603 +00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,630 +don't have professional actors. they would, the + +604 +00:40:31,630 --> 00:40:36,070 +actors would be members of the noble families and + +605 +00:40:36,070 --> 00:40:39,590 +the royal families and this is the mask, mask from + +606 +00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:44,010 +mask because when the actors were on the stage you + +607 +00:40:44,010 --> 00:40:46,150 +know it wasn't good for the royal and noble people + +608 +00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:49,390 +to be actors they would hide their faces or part + +609 +00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:51,830 +of their faces you would still recognize them but + +610 +00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:57,060 +it's still like they're being someone else so the + +611 +00:40:57,060 --> 00:41:00,020 +mask is different from the play it's short it's + +612 +00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,080 +generally written for the royal family about the + +613 +00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,500 +royal family performed once and the actors are not + +614 +00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500 +professional actors but from the noble from the + +615 +00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,040 +noble and the royal families an important text + +616 +00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:19,560 +here is a play written by again Johnson written by + +617 +00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:25,400 +Johnson it's called the mask of queens as the name + +618 +00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:35,160 +suggests Mask, a play written by Johnson. Short to + +619 +00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:39,260 +be performed once in the court for the king and + +620 +00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:41,820 +the royal family and the noble family. + +621 +00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,420 +Now, we finished generally Ben Johnson. I'll stop + +622 +00:41:48,420 --> 00:41:52,020 +here. For next class, we'll have again in brief + +623 +00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:55,240 +two more dramatists, but then we'll speak about a + +624 +00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,000 +very important movement called + +625 +00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:03,260 +The Puritans. And we'll see what happened to + +626 +00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:10,480 +English drama and theater. If you have a question, + +627 +00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:11,380 +please do ask. + +628 +00:42:14,860 --> 00:42:18,380 +Marlow, Shakespeare. Think of comparing and + +629 +00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:22,840 +contrasting Shylock and Barabas. + +630 +00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:28,100 +Any question? + +631 +00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:32,430 +Please. If Shakespeare was a black person, + +632 +00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,810 +wouldn't he be included to the margins? Here? The + +633 +00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:40,750 +canon. The canon, et cetera? Yes, the canon. There + +634 +00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:45,470 +were many black people then, but probably he will + +635 +00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:47,770 +be ignored. Later on, we'll see how women were + +636 +00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,530 +ignored from the canon. Not because they don't + +637 +00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:54,770 +write well, but because they are women. So the + +638 +00:42:54,770 --> 00:42:59,860 +canon is not objective. For example, Afrabin wrote + +639 +00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:04,700 +a novel, a short novel, 50 years before the main + +640 +00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,400 +novel, the main novelist, Daniel Defoe. But 50 + +641 +00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,860 +years later, when a man wrote a prose text, the + +642 +00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:16,840 +novel was like, whoa, this is something new. And + +643 +00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:20,060 +Afrabin was ignored. So I'll stop here. Thank you + +644 +00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:22,480 +very much. And we'll see you next week, inshallah. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec87769fb39ba8502b5b86ebea138e1d287fda60 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2272 @@ +1 +00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,810 +Hello everyone. Welcome back to English + +2 +00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:26,330 +Literature, Introduction to English Literature + +3 +00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:31,530 +course at the Islamic University. Last time we had + +4 +00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,210 +a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a + +5 +00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:41,770 +major Middle English figure whom we described as + +6 +00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:45,470 +the father of English literature. His name is + +7 +00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:51,840 +Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary + +8 +00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,960 +figure in the Middle English literary traditions. + +9 +00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:59,680 +Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by + +10 +00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,260 +several European, mainly Italian and French + +11 +00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:08,770 +writers. But in time, he realized that he has to + +12 +00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:12,030 +work on something more significant than imitating + +13 +00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,710 +European writers, which is the British identity, + +14 +00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:20,150 +the English identity. And his major text, as we + +15 +00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:24,550 +said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury. + +16 +00:01:25,550 --> 00:01:30,630 +The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name. + +17 +00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,270 +The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of + +18 +00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:41,110 +24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We + +19 +00:01:41,110 --> 00:01:44,410 +discussed some extracts from the poem, and we + +20 +00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:49,910 +reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in + +21 +00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:55,640 +a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles. + +22 +00:01:56,300 --> 00:01:59,500 +We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman + +23 +00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:05,960 +is trying to challenge her community by not + +24 +00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,740 +following the rules of the church, as we probably + +25 +00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:13,940 +guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the + +26 +00:02:13,940 --> 00:02:17,180 +knight we read about in Old English. He's no + +27 +00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,900 +longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man + +28 +00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:27,760 +for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen + +29 +00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,560 +how the philosopher is more interested in + +30 +00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,180 +collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer + +31 +00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:38,360 +uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English. + +32 +00:02:39,250 --> 00:02:41,790 +The English language started to be shaped. The + +33 +00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,650 +English, as we know it now, started from Middle + +34 +00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:45,750 +English. When we look at the Middle English text, + +35 +00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:48,350 +we can figure it out. The spelling is different, + +36 +00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:52,690 +but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke + +37 +00:02:52,690 --> 00:02:56,170 +about new themes. Cultural, British cultural, + +38 +00:02:56,290 --> 00:02:59,790 +English cultural, issues started to materialize in + +39 +00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:02,810 +a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new + +40 +00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:05,130 +people, especially again women started to appear + +41 +00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:07,830 +in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of + +42 +00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:11,870 +desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen + +43 +00:03:11,870 --> 00:03:14,630 +how the nun was in a way or another showing women + +44 +00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:18,450 +how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her + +45 +00:03:18,450 --> 00:03:23,050 +identity as a woman rather than as a character of + +46 +00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:28,770 +desire or someone controlled by a man. So going + +47 +00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,830 +back to that class, we see again the major themes, + +48 +00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:38,350 +major issues. Number one, the old English hero has + +49 +00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:43,510 +become A man of love, a man of romance. A man + +50 +00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,850 +interested in, again, collecting money. A man + +51 +00:03:46,850 --> 00:03:50,350 +interested in improving his own personal status + +52 +00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:54,230 +rather than sacrificing himself for the society, + +53 +00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:59,430 +for the people. And then old values of religious + +54 +00:03:59,430 --> 00:04:05,110 +idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we + +55 +00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:10,260 +must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic + +56 +00:04:10,260 --> 00:04:13,180 +religious values have started to change, and + +57 +00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:17,440 +people started to look for worldly gains. Women + +58 +00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,260 +started to appear first as objects of desire, but + +59 +00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:24,660 +later on, sometimes once in a while, there were + +60 +00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:28,580 +strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself. + +61 +00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,640 +At the beginning, again, remember, there has + +62 +00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,220 +always been European influence. But at this time, + +63 +00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:41,300 +England was working hard to shape its own + +64 +00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,300 +identity. When I speak about the English identity, + +65 +00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,920 +it's like what it takes to make an English text + +66 +00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,760 +English. Not only the language, but also the + +67 +00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,080 +culture and the setting maybe takes place in + +68 +00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,600 +England. It talks about English themes and + +69 +00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:05,300 +lifestyles. And again, important poets, important + +70 +00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:08,800 +figures like Chaucer started to work on the + +71 +00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,820 +national identity, to create a sense of national + +72 +00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:15,440 +identity. People now can identify as English and + +73 +00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,900 +be proud of this identity. Literature did a great + +74 +00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:26,500 +deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest + +75 +00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:29,710 +national myths of that time we'll come back to + +76 +00:05:29,710 --> 00:05:32,910 +this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round + +77 +00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:35,570 +Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur + +78 +00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,450 +is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries + +79 +00:05:39,450 --> 00:05:41,690 +around this time. It was an oral tradition. And + +80 +00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:44,570 +later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was + +81 +00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:48,090 +written down. The story tells of King Arthur. + +82 +00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,630 +We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably + +83 +00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,770 +there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had + +84 +00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,760 +knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those + +85 +00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,260 +fighters always stood against evil, always stood + +86 +00:06:04,260 --> 00:06:07,940 +for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur + +87 +00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:11,500 +still, in a way or another, like once in a while, + +88 +00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:14,640 +shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry. + +89 +00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,960 +These are significant English names. We speak + +90 +00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,020 +about the rapidly changing society and how English + +91 +00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:27,900 +as a language and a culture was developing at that + +92 +00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:31,540 +time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas + +93 +00:06:31,540 --> 00:06:34,620 +about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major + +94 +00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:36,580 +issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time, + +95 +00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:40,860 +ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes, + +96 +00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,760 +please, one. He was an excellent poet, an + +97 +00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:50,080 +important figure, okay? He was the father of + +98 +00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:54,280 +English literature. What did he do? What features + +99 +00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:55,920 +does his poetry have? + +100 +00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,800 +A wide picture of the English life. His poetry + +101 +00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220 +describes the life mainly the middle class, the + +102 +00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:11,160 +ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had + +103 +00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,540 +to be a religious person or a hero to be in + +104 +00:07:13,540 --> 00:07:16,540 +poetry. But now more and more people started to + +105 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,750 +show up. Yes. + +106 +00:07:21,590 --> 00:07:25,690 +Important point here. Irony started to be used as + +107 +00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,270 +a tool where you say something and you mean the + +108 +00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:30,610 +opposite. You say something and you mean something + +109 +00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,190 +else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher + +110 +00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,930 +has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we + +111 +00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:41,590 +pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a + +112 +00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:44,370 +little gold. But then we remember that a + +113 +00:07:44,370 --> 00:07:48,310 +philosopher is supposed to be interested in + +114 +00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:48,670 +knowledge. + +115 +00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,550 +And a little gold is still probably a lot of + +116 +00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:57,850 +money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh, + +117 +00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:01,530 +interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions. + +118 +00:08:02,930 --> 00:08:05,550 +Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about + +119 +00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,390 +what things he did, what he introduced to English + +120 +00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:15,810 +literature, please? He used + +121 +00:08:15,810 --> 00:08:18,770 +rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there. + +122 +00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:21,590 +In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and + +123 +00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,290 +rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the + +124 +00:08:23,290 --> 00:08:26,130 +alliteration. But he also continued using the + +125 +00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,870 +musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and + +126 +00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:33,750 +the music. More? Please. He wanted. + +127 +00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:40,570 +OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an + +128 +00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:44,370 +uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120 + +129 +00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:50,130 +stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan + +130 +00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:56,770 +for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer + +131 +00:08:56,770 --> 00:09:02,120 +brings more and more women to his poetry. And + +132 +00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,260 +we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong + +133 +00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,600 +character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is. + +134 +00:09:09,620 --> 00:09:12,660 +It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to + +135 +00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:15,640 +particular rules of the church, rules mainly + +136 +00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,780 +devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender + +137 +00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:25,980 +heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess + +138 +00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:32,550 +that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting + +139 +00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:35,530 +these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be + +140 +00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:42,130 +modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we + +141 +00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:46,730 +have a nun who is all sentiment, all about + +142 +00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:51,430 +emotions and love and feelings. This could be, + +143 +00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,590 +again, part of the problem in the society he's + +144 +00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:57,270 +discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how + +145 +00:09:57,270 --> 00:10:00,130 +people claim to be one thing, but in reality they + +146 +00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:04,450 +are another. But could this tell us more about the + +147 +00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:08,510 +nun trying to change the image of women? Probably. + +148 +00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:16,670 +Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more + +149 +00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,780 +English texts, more English poetry. But we're not + +150 +00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,140 +going to go in detail here, just in brief. The + +151 +00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,280 +first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called + +152 +00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:35,460 +John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not + +153 +00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:39,720 +English. In English, this means a confession or + +154 +00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,680 +the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And + +155 +00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,300 +this, again, shows how the writer is affected very + +156 +00:10:49,300 --> 00:10:54,730 +good, is influenced by by other European + +157 +00:10:54,730 --> 00:10:59,230 +literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably + +158 +00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:04,570 +German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how + +159 +00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:11,290 +long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33 + +160 +00:11:11,290 --> 00:11:16,510 +,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text. + +161 +00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:23,370 +Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now, + +162 +00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:28,570 +as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a + +163 +00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,170 +person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing + +164 +00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:35,830 +women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting + +165 +00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:37,990 +their enemies. Again, this is the changing society + +166 +00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:42,490 +here, but chasing women in a way or another. And + +167 +00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:46,230 +at one point in the poem, the main character + +168 +00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,100 +decides to give up love. He says, I've done too + +169 +00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,080 +much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be + +170 +00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,900 +a different human being. Which is good. OK? + +171 +00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,460 +Probably we think he's going to be a reformed + +172 +00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:10,360 +person. But then we realize that he only does this + +173 +00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:15,700 +because he's a very, very old man. So he only + +174 +00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,380 +gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100 + +175 +00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:24,530 +maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we + +176 +00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:28,090 +say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of + +177 +00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:31,530 +it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love + +178 +00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:34,150 +because you are a very old man, not because you + +179 +00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:36,750 +want to. And again, this is another use of iron + +180 +00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:42,310 +here, where people are made fun of. In a way, + +181 +00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,530 +we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good + +182 +00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:48,610 +man because he stops doing something that is not + +183 +00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,160 +Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't + +184 +00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,320 +stop because he wants to, but because he's an old + +185 +00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,480 +man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text + +186 +00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:07,800 +is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland. + +187 +00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:16,220 +This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also, + +188 +00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,180 +I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long + +189 +00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:25,760 +poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman, + +190 +00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,260 +he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in + +191 +00:13:30,260 --> 00:13:33,900 +early English, old English, we had little irony + +192 +00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,600 +and more religion, more heroism. But here, people + +193 +00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:42,100 +started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now, + +194 +00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:45,000 +it's easy to criticize people because people are + +195 +00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,000 +selfish, hypocritical. + +196 +00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,100 +And remember the dream vision we spoke about + +197 +00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,460 +before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this + +198 +00:13:57,460 --> 00:14:00,580 +story is told, this poem is part dream, part + +199 +00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:05,480 +reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a + +200 +00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,040 +poem that feels like someone is dreaming or + +201 +00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,580 +someone telling us a dream. So these are two main + +202 +00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:19,980 +texts from two main poems from Middle English. The + +203 +00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:25,880 +last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop + +204 +00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,760 +for a moment here to talk about Sargawen. + +205 +00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:37,780 +Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a + +206 +00:14:37,780 --> 00:14:43,500 +very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500 + +207 +00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:49,180 +lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The + +208 +00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,720 +author is anonymous. + +209 +00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,040 +The author is anonymous. + +210 +00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,820 +Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it + +211 +00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:07,880 +is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the + +212 +00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:14,200 +round table. Remember the round table? of King + +213 +00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,980 +Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first + +214 +00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:23,060 +moment we hear the word knight, we remember very + +215 +00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:27,940 +quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a + +216 +00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:32,180 +knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's + +217 +00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:37,180 +supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless. + +218 +00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:41,690 +a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of + +219 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,210 +others to protect others, to bring safety, like + +220 +00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:48,010 +Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King + +221 +00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:52,550 +Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now, + +222 +00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:55,830 +what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500 + +223 +00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:02,450 +lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight, + +224 +00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:07,490 +dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a + +225 +00:16:07,490 --> 00:16:11,530 +knight, on a green horse shows up at the place + +226 +00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:16,830 +where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge + +227 +00:16:16,830 --> 00:16:21,970 +any one of you to a duel, to a fight. + +228 +00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:33,380 +This challenge includes someone to cut the green + +229 +00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:39,360 +knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only + +230 +00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,900 +killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage + +231 +00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,680 +to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a + +232 +00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,500 +year and a day, I will come back and I will cut + +233 +00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,860 +your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to. + +234 +00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,390 +See how changed the knights are? And then King + +235 +00:16:59,390 --> 00:17:04,610 +Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a + +236 +00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:07,450 +relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK, + +237 +00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:10,770 +I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green + +238 +00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:16,310 +knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's + +239 +00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,570 +not dead because he uses magic. And this is a + +240 +00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:23,260 +myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far, + +241 +00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:25,540 +so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's + +242 +00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:29,740 +brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King + +243 +00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:33,140 +Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears, + +244 +00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:38,040 +Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He + +245 +00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:42,700 +finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in + +246 +00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100 +a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by + +247 +00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830 +the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him, + +248 +00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310 +tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her. + +249 +00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810 +Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay + +250 +00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750 +the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised, + +251 +00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000 +and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a + +252 +00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460 +long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt + +253 +00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060 +by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this, + +254 +00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620 +if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No + +255 +00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040 +one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now + +256 +00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940 +originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will + +257 +00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240 +not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He + +258 +00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680 +shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He + +259 +00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960 +doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching + +260 +00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380 +for the green knight, and the green knight tries + +261 +00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080 +to kill him, but he fails. + +262 +00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710 +And then at the end, we realize that the green + +263 +00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590 +knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's + +264 +00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190 +the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So + +265 +00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070 +he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers + +266 +00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270 +this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly + +267 +00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030 +embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell + +268 +00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010 +people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't + +269 +00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040 +defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry + +270 +00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820 +I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the + +271 +00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130 +green knight forgives him. He goes back to King + +272 +00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010 +Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa. + +273 +00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650 +Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he + +274 +00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690 +cut off the head a year ago, and his head should + +275 +00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950 +be cut by now. But when he comes back, people + +276 +00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870 +think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man + +277 +00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830 +that cuts off the head of the knight, and the + +278 +00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270 +knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated + +279 +00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430 +as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as + +280 +00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110 +readers, as audience, we know that he is a + +281 +00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010 +deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is, + +282 +00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310 +who is the main character in this poem, this long + +283 +00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310 +poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main + +284 +00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850 +character is the character who takes a lot of + +285 +00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270 +space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he + +286 +00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170 +do? Does he achieve something? Does he do + +287 +00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420 +something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a + +288 +00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440 +main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false + +289 +00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440 +hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book. + +290 +00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480 +He's an anti-hero. + +291 +00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660 +An important term we should know. In modern + +292 +00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080 +literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many + +293 +00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640 +anti-heroes. The main character who basically does + +294 +00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920 +nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of + +295 +00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520 +English literature is probably Segaway. + +296 +00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860 +And see how people at that time were thinking + +297 +00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540 +ahead of their time. This is something new and + +298 +00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360 +modern, where a main character is not the hero. So + +299 +00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240 +what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a + +300 +00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360 +main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf, + +301 +00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480 +doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do + +302 +00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220 +important things. Later on, this will be a major + +303 +00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520 +theme and a major technique in English literature + +304 +00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620 +and world literature, and even in movies in the + +305 +00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320 +20th century. What does this tell us again about + +306 +00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520 +the time? It tells us how the society was + +307 +00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330 +changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they + +308 +00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450 +started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get + +309 +00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410 +to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief, + +310 +00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930 +Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest + +311 +00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950 +and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable? + +312 +00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090 +He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He + +313 +00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470 +basically does nothing. And Segawin is the + +314 +00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630 +antihero, perhaps the first in English literature. + +315 +00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000 +We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to + +316 +00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340 +go into detail here because we'll focus on + +317 +00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500 +Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic + +318 +00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560 +things about medieval drama is that it was highly + +319 +00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220 +biblical drama. + +320 +00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160 +The stories of the drama of that age were taken + +321 +00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860 +from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to + +322 +00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320 +know. So they would take a story of some saint, a + +323 +00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980 +story of certain prophets or certain people, bad + +324 +00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620 +or good, from the Bible, and they would be + +325 +00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200 +performed either in the church or around the + +326 +00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940 +church. Don't forget the Bible was in what + +327 +00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940 +language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So + +328 +00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340 +perhaps the actors will be talking about + +329 +00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560 +something, and the audience, the English people, + +330 +00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100 +would be like, huh? What's going on? But again, + +331 +00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000 +because of the drama, because of the drama and the + +332 +00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800 +performance, it's easier. The difference between + +333 +00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880 +poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even + +334 +00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180 +until the 17th century. Drama was written in + +335 +00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200 +verse, in poetry. But the difference between + +336 +00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120 +poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to + +337 +00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920 +be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage + +338 +00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080 +and poetry was written basically to be sung. But + +339 +00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540 +both are written in poetry. The drama of this time + +340 +00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540 +is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of + +341 +00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880 +the terms, because they would take miraculous and + +342 +00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020 +mysterious events or people from the Bible, and + +343 +00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860 +they would act them. The purpose is to teach + +344 +00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480 +people good values, religious values, how to be + +345 +00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310 +good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this + +346 +00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210 +an act of literary expression? Could be. But it + +347 +00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450 +was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach + +348 +00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750 +people the Christian values. And again, we go back + +349 +00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310 +how the church itself took care, wrote down many + +350 +00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270 +old English texts. And now the church is also part + +351 +00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810 +of the development of the play. Now, a very + +352 +00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890 +important, probably the most important + +353 +00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260 +Invention in the history of literature in general + +354 +00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940 +and production and writing and books is the + +355 +00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340 +invention of the printing press. What is the + +356 +00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600 +printing press? + +357 +00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140 +What is the printing press? Okay. It's the + +358 +00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040 +invention of the machine. + +359 +00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660 +Okay, how do you think people made books before + +360 +00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420 +this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down. + +361 +00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500 +Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to + +362 +00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620 +watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took + +363 +00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500 +over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One + +364 +00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260 +year. I'm not sure how many people would it take. + +365 +00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980 +Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend + +366 +00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940 +one whole year copying a book. That is why books + +367 +00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900 +were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to + +368 +00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400 +produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them. + +369 +00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060 +Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous + +370 +00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500 +man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests, + +371 +00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990 +he's German. Although some people say, no, it + +372 +00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070 +wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing + +373 +00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670 +press. But it's a very important invention. Why is + +374 +00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470 +it important? Because now there is mass production + +375 +00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290 +of books. You don't just make one, two, ten + +376 +00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510 +copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies. + +377 +00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990 +Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying + +378 +00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010 +the book by hand. So the printing press was the + +379 +00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770 +invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg. + +380 +00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150 +He's a German man. What we care about is what + +381 +00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110 +William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the + +382 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390 +1470s, in the second half of the 15th century. + +383 +00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500 +That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the + +384 +00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240 +printing press to London, to England. And soon + +385 +00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140 +after, the first book that was published, was + +386 +00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500 +printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It + +387 +00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420 +is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made + +388 +00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140 +100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years. + +389 +00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200 +We just said that probably it takes more than one + +390 +00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480 +year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible. + +391 +00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240 +Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster. + +392 +00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320 +And that's the most important thing. This is what + +393 +00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380 +we call mass production. We'll talk about the + +394 +00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920 +technique in a bit. But this is what we care about + +395 +00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100 +more here. William Caxton, a very famous name. + +396 +00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860 +Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing + +397 +00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740 +press. He brought it to England. And the first + +398 +00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320 +book naturally to be printed is the Bible. + +399 +00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780 +Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the + +400 +00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200 +Knights of the Round Table. It was the first + +401 +00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340 +literature book to be printed by... + +402 +00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040 +In England. And the first literary book. In + +403 +00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740 +Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other + +404 +00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700 +books that were, of course, printed at that time, + +405 +00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550 +Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget + +406 +00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510 +this. Let's see this video, this very short video + +407 +00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810 +of the printing press. Now, again, look at this, + +408 +00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310 +watch and we'll comment on this video. + +409 +00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250 +The apprentice here is shown operating a replica + +410 +00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150 +of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of + +411 +00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490 +printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than + +412 +00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130 +hand copying books. In just under two years, + +413 +00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490 +Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin + +414 +00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010 +Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same + +415 +00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530 +amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this + +416 +00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780 +press in action at passages. The exhibit is + +417 +00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940 +currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK. + +418 +00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320 +So basically, the printing press at that time + +419 +00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660 +would, again, very quickly replace handwriting, + +420 +00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100 +hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the + +421 +00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820 +Bible in two years, the same period that would + +422 +00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720 +take one person to copy one copy. Now generally, + +423 +00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720 +the idea was to have so many letters of the + +424 +00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460 +alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital, + +425 +00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680 +and small, and to have as many letters as possible + +426 +00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660 +in middle. And then you put the letters. If you + +427 +00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380 +want to write a particular page, whatever the page + +428 +00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820 +is, you arrange the letters to give you this text. + +429 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640 +OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's + +430 +00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700 +say, assume, because this text was not already + +431 +00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660 +written by then. But April is the cruelest month. + +432 +00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080 +So what they do is they bring people to arrange + +433 +00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580 +the letters to produce this whole page. You have a + +434 +00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260 +whole text written, as we saw in the video, and + +435 +00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740 +they bring the letters to make the text they have + +436 +00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840 +on a particular page. Could be one page, could be + +437 +00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020 +two pages. And what happens is that they solve + +438 +00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860 +this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they + +439 +00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040 +bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And + +440 +00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920 +they start to make, for example, this is when they + +441 +00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060 +arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to + +442 +00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740 +arrange the letters of one page, one day, two + +443 +00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920 +days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once + +444 +00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890 +you have the text here of a particular page, And + +445 +00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870 +the ink, you make as many copies of this as + +446 +00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010 +possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred + +447 +00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870 +copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it + +448 +00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970 +aside and you go to the second page and you + +449 +00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890 +scramble the letters and you start over again. And + +450 +00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750 +then you bring them together, and you have 100, + +451 +00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750 +200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still + +452 +00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110 +slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's + +453 +00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670 +not faster. It's a lot faster, because again, + +454 +00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060 +almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have + +455 +00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640 +probably the same amount of time that would take + +456 +00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180 +one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This + +457 +00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900 +is the most important invention here, because it + +458 +00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860 +helped mass production of literature. Mass + +459 +00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140 +production of literature. Do you have any + +460 +00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650 +questions so far? So in brief, in addition to + +461 +00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050 +Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio + +462 +00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310 +Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a + +463 +00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850 +major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's + +464 +00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890 +the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's + +465 +00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960 +about the rapidly changing society about false + +466 +00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160 +knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final + +467 +00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880 +name in Middle English is someone, some poet + +468 +00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500 +called John Skilton. Before we comment on John + +469 +00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760 +Skilton, can someone please read his poem and + +470 +00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320 +raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance. + +471 +00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000 +by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of + +472 +00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260 +cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and + +473 +00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060 +shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance. + +474 +00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800 +Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation. + +475 +00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500 +Exclamation. + +476 +00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420 +Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark? + +477 +00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610 +Yeah, by way of Yes. + +478 +00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650 +Very good. One more. Over there, please. + +479 +00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570 +Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear. + +480 +00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920 +Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on + +481 +00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840 +the whole nation of cats wild and + +482 +00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080 +tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send + +483 +00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610 +them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By + +484 +00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210 +the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that + +485 +00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550 +is written probably around these times, right? + +486 +00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970 +Because the text is about cats. Someone is + +487 +00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310 +complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat + +488 +00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650 +or a mouse. What does the text communicate with + +489 +00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990 +you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text? + +490 +00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430 +It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main + +491 +00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070 +character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero, + +492 +00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550 +no longer a man even. New characters, new themes, + +493 +00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630 +new people started to appear. This is a bird, a + +494 +00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170 +pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's + +495 +00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730 +complaining about all cats, not only wild cats, + +496 +00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950 +but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's + +497 +00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510 +wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this + +498 +00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250 +prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer + +499 +00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970 +for you to be good and to go to paradise, to + +500 +00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830 +heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame. + +501 +00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340 +This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny + +502 +00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220 +text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry + +503 +00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500 +should be the texts, the literature of the elite, + +504 +00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340 +the high class. Only important educated people, + +505 +00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900 +the king, the queen, the palace, serious language, + +506 +00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860 +serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle + +507 +00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960 +English era people who started to change this, to + +508 +00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220 +include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I + +509 +00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100 +think this is a text that was written for + +510 +00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480 +children, for kids, to challenge again the idea + +511 +00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980 +that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich + +512 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300 +people, the famous people, the educated people. + +513 +00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600 +This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling + +514 +00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710 +us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about + +515 +00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330 +anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly + +516 +00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670 +sophisticated or difficult language. It could be + +517 +00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470 +anything. Another explanation could be the fact + +518 +00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410 +that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism + +519 +00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410 +when you use animals instead of people or an + +520 +00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330 +allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop + +521 +00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620 +when the mouse and the lion We love these stories. + +522 +00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180 +We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember + +523 +00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820 +them. But we also learn some values. We learn some + +524 +00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780 +lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a + +525 +00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160 +person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining + +526 +00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120 +about the rich people, the king, the church, the + +527 +00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040 +government maybe? + +528 +00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460 +But cats still? + +529 +00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050 +can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end + +530 +00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650 +here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton + +531 +00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670 +is one of the late Middle English poets. He + +532 +00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190 +brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and + +533 +00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110 +fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about + +534 +00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410 +everything. It doesn't have to be about battles + +535 +00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850 +and wars and irony and knights. It could be about + +536 +00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550 +cats and birds. + +537 +00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790 +Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most + +538 +00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830 +important conclusion here, he shows the perfect + +539 +00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690 +example of strong sense of English language and + +540 +00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890 +English identity in literature, in language, in + +541 +00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980 +thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free + +542 +00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700 +itself from the influences of Europe and European + +543 +00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560 +countries like Italy and France and Germany and + +544 +00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700 +Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on. + +545 +00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280 +Does cats and birds symbolize something specific + +546 +00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700 +or the right of children? What do you think? Do + +547 +00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920 +cats here symbolize Something, does the bird + +548 +00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540 +symbolize something? Think of this. We probably + +549 +00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680 +can talk about this later on. But like, we have + +550 +00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600 +this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for + +551 +00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220 +Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for + +552 +00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900 +kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there + +553 +00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720 +is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna + +554 +00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750 +yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political + +555 +00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990 +message against the British occupation of Egypt at + +556 +00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930 +that time. But why would people use symbolism and + +557 +00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350 +animals instead of using real characters? + +558 +00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450 +Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to + +559 +00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030 +make it easier for people to remember and + +560 +00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650 +memorize, to understand this unimplied message + +561 +00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150 +here, finally. + +562 +00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370 +He wants his poem to be published. If he + +563 +00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670 +criticizes the political establishment, + +564 +00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090 +they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK, + +565 +00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270 +thank you very much. We stop here. We end our + +566 +00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850 +discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next + +567 +00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930 +time, we do Renaissance literature and + +568 +00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290 +Shakespeare. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec87769fb39ba8502b5b86ebea138e1d287fda60 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2272 @@ +1 +00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,810 +Hello everyone. Welcome back to English + +2 +00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:26,330 +Literature, Introduction to English Literature + +3 +00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:31,530 +course at the Islamic University. Last time we had + +4 +00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,210 +a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a + +5 +00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:41,770 +major Middle English figure whom we described as + +6 +00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:45,470 +the father of English literature. His name is + +7 +00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:51,840 +Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary + +8 +00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,960 +figure in the Middle English literary traditions. + +9 +00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:59,680 +Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by + +10 +00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,260 +several European, mainly Italian and French + +11 +00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:08,770 +writers. But in time, he realized that he has to + +12 +00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:12,030 +work on something more significant than imitating + +13 +00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,710 +European writers, which is the British identity, + +14 +00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:20,150 +the English identity. And his major text, as we + +15 +00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:24,550 +said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury. + +16 +00:01:25,550 --> 00:01:30,630 +The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name. + +17 +00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,270 +The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of + +18 +00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:41,110 +24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We + +19 +00:01:41,110 --> 00:01:44,410 +discussed some extracts from the poem, and we + +20 +00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:49,910 +reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in + +21 +00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:55,640 +a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles. + +22 +00:01:56,300 --> 00:01:59,500 +We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman + +23 +00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:05,960 +is trying to challenge her community by not + +24 +00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,740 +following the rules of the church, as we probably + +25 +00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:13,940 +guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the + +26 +00:02:13,940 --> 00:02:17,180 +knight we read about in Old English. He's no + +27 +00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,900 +longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man + +28 +00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:27,760 +for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen + +29 +00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,560 +how the philosopher is more interested in + +30 +00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,180 +collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer + +31 +00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:38,360 +uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English. + +32 +00:02:39,250 --> 00:02:41,790 +The English language started to be shaped. The + +33 +00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,650 +English, as we know it now, started from Middle + +34 +00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:45,750 +English. When we look at the Middle English text, + +35 +00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:48,350 +we can figure it out. The spelling is different, + +36 +00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:52,690 +but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke + +37 +00:02:52,690 --> 00:02:56,170 +about new themes. Cultural, British cultural, + +38 +00:02:56,290 --> 00:02:59,790 +English cultural, issues started to materialize in + +39 +00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:02,810 +a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new + +40 +00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:05,130 +people, especially again women started to appear + +41 +00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:07,830 +in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of + +42 +00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:11,870 +desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen + +43 +00:03:11,870 --> 00:03:14,630 +how the nun was in a way or another showing women + +44 +00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:18,450 +how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her + +45 +00:03:18,450 --> 00:03:23,050 +identity as a woman rather than as a character of + +46 +00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:28,770 +desire or someone controlled by a man. So going + +47 +00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,830 +back to that class, we see again the major themes, + +48 +00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:38,350 +major issues. Number one, the old English hero has + +49 +00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:43,510 +become A man of love, a man of romance. A man + +50 +00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,850 +interested in, again, collecting money. A man + +51 +00:03:46,850 --> 00:03:50,350 +interested in improving his own personal status + +52 +00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:54,230 +rather than sacrificing himself for the society, + +53 +00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:59,430 +for the people. And then old values of religious + +54 +00:03:59,430 --> 00:04:05,110 +idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we + +55 +00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:10,260 +must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic + +56 +00:04:10,260 --> 00:04:13,180 +religious values have started to change, and + +57 +00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:17,440 +people started to look for worldly gains. Women + +58 +00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,260 +started to appear first as objects of desire, but + +59 +00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:24,660 +later on, sometimes once in a while, there were + +60 +00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:28,580 +strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself. + +61 +00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,640 +At the beginning, again, remember, there has + +62 +00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,220 +always been European influence. But at this time, + +63 +00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:41,300 +England was working hard to shape its own + +64 +00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,300 +identity. When I speak about the English identity, + +65 +00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,920 +it's like what it takes to make an English text + +66 +00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,760 +English. Not only the language, but also the + +67 +00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,080 +culture and the setting maybe takes place in + +68 +00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,600 +England. It talks about English themes and + +69 +00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:05,300 +lifestyles. And again, important poets, important + +70 +00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:08,800 +figures like Chaucer started to work on the + +71 +00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,820 +national identity, to create a sense of national + +72 +00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:15,440 +identity. People now can identify as English and + +73 +00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,900 +be proud of this identity. Literature did a great + +74 +00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:26,500 +deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest + +75 +00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:29,710 +national myths of that time we'll come back to + +76 +00:05:29,710 --> 00:05:32,910 +this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round + +77 +00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:35,570 +Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur + +78 +00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,450 +is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries + +79 +00:05:39,450 --> 00:05:41,690 +around this time. It was an oral tradition. And + +80 +00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:44,570 +later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was + +81 +00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:48,090 +written down. The story tells of King Arthur. + +82 +00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,630 +We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably + +83 +00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,770 +there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had + +84 +00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,760 +knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those + +85 +00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,260 +fighters always stood against evil, always stood + +86 +00:06:04,260 --> 00:06:07,940 +for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur + +87 +00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:11,500 +still, in a way or another, like once in a while, + +88 +00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:14,640 +shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry. + +89 +00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,960 +These are significant English names. We speak + +90 +00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,020 +about the rapidly changing society and how English + +91 +00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:27,900 +as a language and a culture was developing at that + +92 +00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:31,540 +time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas + +93 +00:06:31,540 --> 00:06:34,620 +about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major + +94 +00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:36,580 +issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time, + +95 +00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:40,860 +ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes, + +96 +00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,760 +please, one. He was an excellent poet, an + +97 +00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:50,080 +important figure, okay? He was the father of + +98 +00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:54,280 +English literature. What did he do? What features + +99 +00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:55,920 +does his poetry have? + +100 +00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,800 +A wide picture of the English life. His poetry + +101 +00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220 +describes the life mainly the middle class, the + +102 +00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:11,160 +ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had + +103 +00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,540 +to be a religious person or a hero to be in + +104 +00:07:13,540 --> 00:07:16,540 +poetry. But now more and more people started to + +105 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,750 +show up. Yes. + +106 +00:07:21,590 --> 00:07:25,690 +Important point here. Irony started to be used as + +107 +00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,270 +a tool where you say something and you mean the + +108 +00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:30,610 +opposite. You say something and you mean something + +109 +00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,190 +else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher + +110 +00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,930 +has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we + +111 +00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:41,590 +pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a + +112 +00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:44,370 +little gold. But then we remember that a + +113 +00:07:44,370 --> 00:07:48,310 +philosopher is supposed to be interested in + +114 +00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:48,670 +knowledge. + +115 +00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,550 +And a little gold is still probably a lot of + +116 +00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:57,850 +money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh, + +117 +00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:01,530 +interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions. + +118 +00:08:02,930 --> 00:08:05,550 +Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about + +119 +00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,390 +what things he did, what he introduced to English + +120 +00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:15,810 +literature, please? He used + +121 +00:08:15,810 --> 00:08:18,770 +rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there. + +122 +00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:21,590 +In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and + +123 +00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,290 +rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the + +124 +00:08:23,290 --> 00:08:26,130 +alliteration. But he also continued using the + +125 +00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,870 +musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and + +126 +00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:33,750 +the music. More? Please. He wanted. + +127 +00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:40,570 +OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an + +128 +00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:44,370 +uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120 + +129 +00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:50,130 +stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan + +130 +00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:56,770 +for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer + +131 +00:08:56,770 --> 00:09:02,120 +brings more and more women to his poetry. And + +132 +00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,260 +we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong + +133 +00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,600 +character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is. + +134 +00:09:09,620 --> 00:09:12,660 +It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to + +135 +00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:15,640 +particular rules of the church, rules mainly + +136 +00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,780 +devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender + +137 +00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:25,980 +heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess + +138 +00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:32,550 +that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting + +139 +00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:35,530 +these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be + +140 +00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:42,130 +modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we + +141 +00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:46,730 +have a nun who is all sentiment, all about + +142 +00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:51,430 +emotions and love and feelings. This could be, + +143 +00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,590 +again, part of the problem in the society he's + +144 +00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:57,270 +discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how + +145 +00:09:57,270 --> 00:10:00,130 +people claim to be one thing, but in reality they + +146 +00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:04,450 +are another. But could this tell us more about the + +147 +00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:08,510 +nun trying to change the image of women? Probably. + +148 +00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:16,670 +Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more + +149 +00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,780 +English texts, more English poetry. But we're not + +150 +00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,140 +going to go in detail here, just in brief. The + +151 +00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,280 +first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called + +152 +00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:35,460 +John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not + +153 +00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:39,720 +English. In English, this means a confession or + +154 +00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,680 +the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And + +155 +00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,300 +this, again, shows how the writer is affected very + +156 +00:10:49,300 --> 00:10:54,730 +good, is influenced by by other European + +157 +00:10:54,730 --> 00:10:59,230 +literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably + +158 +00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:04,570 +German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how + +159 +00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:11,290 +long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33 + +160 +00:11:11,290 --> 00:11:16,510 +,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text. + +161 +00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:23,370 +Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now, + +162 +00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:28,570 +as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a + +163 +00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,170 +person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing + +164 +00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:35,830 +women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting + +165 +00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:37,990 +their enemies. Again, this is the changing society + +166 +00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:42,490 +here, but chasing women in a way or another. And + +167 +00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:46,230 +at one point in the poem, the main character + +168 +00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,100 +decides to give up love. He says, I've done too + +169 +00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,080 +much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be + +170 +00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,900 +a different human being. Which is good. OK? + +171 +00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,460 +Probably we think he's going to be a reformed + +172 +00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:10,360 +person. But then we realize that he only does this + +173 +00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:15,700 +because he's a very, very old man. So he only + +174 +00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,380 +gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100 + +175 +00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:24,530 +maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we + +176 +00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:28,090 +say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of + +177 +00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:31,530 +it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love + +178 +00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:34,150 +because you are a very old man, not because you + +179 +00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:36,750 +want to. And again, this is another use of iron + +180 +00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:42,310 +here, where people are made fun of. In a way, + +181 +00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,530 +we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good + +182 +00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:48,610 +man because he stops doing something that is not + +183 +00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,160 +Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't + +184 +00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,320 +stop because he wants to, but because he's an old + +185 +00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,480 +man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text + +186 +00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:07,800 +is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland. + +187 +00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:16,220 +This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also, + +188 +00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,180 +I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long + +189 +00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:25,760 +poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman, + +190 +00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,260 +he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in + +191 +00:13:30,260 --> 00:13:33,900 +early English, old English, we had little irony + +192 +00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,600 +and more religion, more heroism. But here, people + +193 +00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:42,100 +started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now, + +194 +00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:45,000 +it's easy to criticize people because people are + +195 +00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,000 +selfish, hypocritical. + +196 +00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,100 +And remember the dream vision we spoke about + +197 +00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,460 +before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this + +198 +00:13:57,460 --> 00:14:00,580 +story is told, this poem is part dream, part + +199 +00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:05,480 +reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a + +200 +00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,040 +poem that feels like someone is dreaming or + +201 +00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,580 +someone telling us a dream. So these are two main + +202 +00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:19,980 +texts from two main poems from Middle English. The + +203 +00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:25,880 +last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop + +204 +00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,760 +for a moment here to talk about Sargawen. + +205 +00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:37,780 +Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a + +206 +00:14:37,780 --> 00:14:43,500 +very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500 + +207 +00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:49,180 +lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The + +208 +00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,720 +author is anonymous. + +209 +00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,040 +The author is anonymous. + +210 +00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,820 +Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it + +211 +00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:07,880 +is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the + +212 +00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:14,200 +round table. Remember the round table? of King + +213 +00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,980 +Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first + +214 +00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:23,060 +moment we hear the word knight, we remember very + +215 +00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:27,940 +quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a + +216 +00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:32,180 +knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's + +217 +00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:37,180 +supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless. + +218 +00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:41,690 +a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of + +219 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,210 +others to protect others, to bring safety, like + +220 +00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:48,010 +Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King + +221 +00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:52,550 +Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now, + +222 +00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:55,830 +what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500 + +223 +00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:02,450 +lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight, + +224 +00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:07,490 +dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a + +225 +00:16:07,490 --> 00:16:11,530 +knight, on a green horse shows up at the place + +226 +00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:16,830 +where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge + +227 +00:16:16,830 --> 00:16:21,970 +any one of you to a duel, to a fight. + +228 +00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:33,380 +This challenge includes someone to cut the green + +229 +00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:39,360 +knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only + +230 +00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,900 +killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage + +231 +00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,680 +to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a + +232 +00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,500 +year and a day, I will come back and I will cut + +233 +00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,860 +your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to. + +234 +00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,390 +See how changed the knights are? And then King + +235 +00:16:59,390 --> 00:17:04,610 +Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a + +236 +00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:07,450 +relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK, + +237 +00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:10,770 +I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green + +238 +00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:16,310 +knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's + +239 +00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,570 +not dead because he uses magic. And this is a + +240 +00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:23,260 +myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far, + +241 +00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:25,540 +so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's + +242 +00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:29,740 +brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King + +243 +00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:33,140 +Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears, + +244 +00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:38,040 +Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He + +245 +00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:42,700 +finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in + +246 +00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100 +a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by + +247 +00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830 +the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him, + +248 +00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310 +tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her. + +249 +00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810 +Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay + +250 +00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750 +the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised, + +251 +00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000 +and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a + +252 +00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460 +long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt + +253 +00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060 +by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this, + +254 +00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620 +if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No + +255 +00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040 +one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now + +256 +00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940 +originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will + +257 +00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240 +not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He + +258 +00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680 +shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He + +259 +00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960 +doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching + +260 +00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380 +for the green knight, and the green knight tries + +261 +00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080 +to kill him, but he fails. + +262 +00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710 +And then at the end, we realize that the green + +263 +00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590 +knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's + +264 +00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190 +the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So + +265 +00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070 +he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers + +266 +00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270 +this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly + +267 +00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030 +embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell + +268 +00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010 +people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't + +269 +00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040 +defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry + +270 +00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820 +I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the + +271 +00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130 +green knight forgives him. He goes back to King + +272 +00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010 +Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa. + +273 +00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650 +Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he + +274 +00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690 +cut off the head a year ago, and his head should + +275 +00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950 +be cut by now. But when he comes back, people + +276 +00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870 +think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man + +277 +00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830 +that cuts off the head of the knight, and the + +278 +00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270 +knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated + +279 +00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430 +as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as + +280 +00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110 +readers, as audience, we know that he is a + +281 +00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010 +deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is, + +282 +00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310 +who is the main character in this poem, this long + +283 +00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310 +poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main + +284 +00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850 +character is the character who takes a lot of + +285 +00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270 +space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he + +286 +00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170 +do? Does he achieve something? Does he do + +287 +00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420 +something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a + +288 +00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440 +main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false + +289 +00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440 +hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book. + +290 +00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480 +He's an anti-hero. + +291 +00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660 +An important term we should know. In modern + +292 +00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080 +literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many + +293 +00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640 +anti-heroes. The main character who basically does + +294 +00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920 +nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of + +295 +00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520 +English literature is probably Segaway. + +296 +00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860 +And see how people at that time were thinking + +297 +00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540 +ahead of their time. This is something new and + +298 +00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360 +modern, where a main character is not the hero. So + +299 +00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240 +what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a + +300 +00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360 +main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf, + +301 +00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480 +doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do + +302 +00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220 +important things. Later on, this will be a major + +303 +00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520 +theme and a major technique in English literature + +304 +00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620 +and world literature, and even in movies in the + +305 +00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320 +20th century. What does this tell us again about + +306 +00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520 +the time? It tells us how the society was + +307 +00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330 +changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they + +308 +00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450 +started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get + +309 +00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410 +to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief, + +310 +00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930 +Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest + +311 +00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950 +and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable? + +312 +00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090 +He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He + +313 +00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470 +basically does nothing. And Segawin is the + +314 +00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630 +antihero, perhaps the first in English literature. + +315 +00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000 +We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to + +316 +00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340 +go into detail here because we'll focus on + +317 +00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500 +Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic + +318 +00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560 +things about medieval drama is that it was highly + +319 +00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220 +biblical drama. + +320 +00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160 +The stories of the drama of that age were taken + +321 +00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860 +from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to + +322 +00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320 +know. So they would take a story of some saint, a + +323 +00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980 +story of certain prophets or certain people, bad + +324 +00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620 +or good, from the Bible, and they would be + +325 +00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200 +performed either in the church or around the + +326 +00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940 +church. Don't forget the Bible was in what + +327 +00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940 +language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So + +328 +00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340 +perhaps the actors will be talking about + +329 +00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560 +something, and the audience, the English people, + +330 +00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100 +would be like, huh? What's going on? But again, + +331 +00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000 +because of the drama, because of the drama and the + +332 +00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800 +performance, it's easier. The difference between + +333 +00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880 +poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even + +334 +00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180 +until the 17th century. Drama was written in + +335 +00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200 +verse, in poetry. But the difference between + +336 +00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120 +poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to + +337 +00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920 +be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage + +338 +00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080 +and poetry was written basically to be sung. But + +339 +00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540 +both are written in poetry. The drama of this time + +340 +00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540 +is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of + +341 +00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880 +the terms, because they would take miraculous and + +342 +00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020 +mysterious events or people from the Bible, and + +343 +00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860 +they would act them. The purpose is to teach + +344 +00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480 +people good values, religious values, how to be + +345 +00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310 +good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this + +346 +00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210 +an act of literary expression? Could be. But it + +347 +00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450 +was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach + +348 +00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750 +people the Christian values. And again, we go back + +349 +00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310 +how the church itself took care, wrote down many + +350 +00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270 +old English texts. And now the church is also part + +351 +00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810 +of the development of the play. Now, a very + +352 +00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890 +important, probably the most important + +353 +00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260 +Invention in the history of literature in general + +354 +00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940 +and production and writing and books is the + +355 +00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340 +invention of the printing press. What is the + +356 +00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600 +printing press? + +357 +00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140 +What is the printing press? Okay. It's the + +358 +00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040 +invention of the machine. + +359 +00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660 +Okay, how do you think people made books before + +360 +00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420 +this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down. + +361 +00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500 +Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to + +362 +00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620 +watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took + +363 +00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500 +over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One + +364 +00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260 +year. I'm not sure how many people would it take. + +365 +00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980 +Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend + +366 +00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940 +one whole year copying a book. That is why books + +367 +00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900 +were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to + +368 +00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400 +produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them. + +369 +00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060 +Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous + +370 +00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500 +man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests, + +371 +00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990 +he's German. Although some people say, no, it + +372 +00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070 +wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing + +373 +00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670 +press. But it's a very important invention. Why is + +374 +00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470 +it important? Because now there is mass production + +375 +00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290 +of books. You don't just make one, two, ten + +376 +00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510 +copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies. + +377 +00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990 +Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying + +378 +00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010 +the book by hand. So the printing press was the + +379 +00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770 +invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg. + +380 +00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150 +He's a German man. What we care about is what + +381 +00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110 +William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the + +382 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390 +1470s, in the second half of the 15th century. + +383 +00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500 +That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the + +384 +00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240 +printing press to London, to England. And soon + +385 +00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140 +after, the first book that was published, was + +386 +00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500 +printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It + +387 +00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420 +is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made + +388 +00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140 +100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years. + +389 +00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200 +We just said that probably it takes more than one + +390 +00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480 +year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible. + +391 +00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240 +Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster. + +392 +00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320 +And that's the most important thing. This is what + +393 +00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380 +we call mass production. We'll talk about the + +394 +00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920 +technique in a bit. But this is what we care about + +395 +00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100 +more here. William Caxton, a very famous name. + +396 +00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860 +Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing + +397 +00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740 +press. He brought it to England. And the first + +398 +00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320 +book naturally to be printed is the Bible. + +399 +00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780 +Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the + +400 +00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200 +Knights of the Round Table. It was the first + +401 +00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340 +literature book to be printed by... + +402 +00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040 +In England. And the first literary book. In + +403 +00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740 +Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other + +404 +00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700 +books that were, of course, printed at that time, + +405 +00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550 +Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget + +406 +00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510 +this. Let's see this video, this very short video + +407 +00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810 +of the printing press. Now, again, look at this, + +408 +00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310 +watch and we'll comment on this video. + +409 +00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250 +The apprentice here is shown operating a replica + +410 +00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150 +of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of + +411 +00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490 +printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than + +412 +00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130 +hand copying books. In just under two years, + +413 +00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490 +Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin + +414 +00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010 +Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same + +415 +00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530 +amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this + +416 +00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780 +press in action at passages. The exhibit is + +417 +00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940 +currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK. + +418 +00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320 +So basically, the printing press at that time + +419 +00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660 +would, again, very quickly replace handwriting, + +420 +00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100 +hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the + +421 +00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820 +Bible in two years, the same period that would + +422 +00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720 +take one person to copy one copy. Now generally, + +423 +00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720 +the idea was to have so many letters of the + +424 +00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460 +alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital, + +425 +00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680 +and small, and to have as many letters as possible + +426 +00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660 +in middle. And then you put the letters. If you + +427 +00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380 +want to write a particular page, whatever the page + +428 +00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820 +is, you arrange the letters to give you this text. + +429 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640 +OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's + +430 +00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700 +say, assume, because this text was not already + +431 +00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660 +written by then. But April is the cruelest month. + +432 +00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080 +So what they do is they bring people to arrange + +433 +00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580 +the letters to produce this whole page. You have a + +434 +00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260 +whole text written, as we saw in the video, and + +435 +00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740 +they bring the letters to make the text they have + +436 +00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840 +on a particular page. Could be one page, could be + +437 +00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020 +two pages. And what happens is that they solve + +438 +00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860 +this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they + +439 +00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040 +bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And + +440 +00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920 +they start to make, for example, this is when they + +441 +00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060 +arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to + +442 +00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740 +arrange the letters of one page, one day, two + +443 +00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920 +days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once + +444 +00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890 +you have the text here of a particular page, And + +445 +00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870 +the ink, you make as many copies of this as + +446 +00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010 +possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred + +447 +00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870 +copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it + +448 +00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970 +aside and you go to the second page and you + +449 +00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890 +scramble the letters and you start over again. And + +450 +00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750 +then you bring them together, and you have 100, + +451 +00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750 +200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still + +452 +00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110 +slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's + +453 +00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670 +not faster. It's a lot faster, because again, + +454 +00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060 +almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have + +455 +00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640 +probably the same amount of time that would take + +456 +00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180 +one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This + +457 +00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900 +is the most important invention here, because it + +458 +00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860 +helped mass production of literature. Mass + +459 +00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140 +production of literature. Do you have any + +460 +00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650 +questions so far? So in brief, in addition to + +461 +00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050 +Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio + +462 +00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310 +Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a + +463 +00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850 +major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's + +464 +00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890 +the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's + +465 +00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960 +about the rapidly changing society about false + +466 +00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160 +knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final + +467 +00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880 +name in Middle English is someone, some poet + +468 +00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500 +called John Skilton. Before we comment on John + +469 +00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760 +Skilton, can someone please read his poem and + +470 +00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320 +raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance. + +471 +00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000 +by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of + +472 +00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260 +cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and + +473 +00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060 +shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance. + +474 +00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800 +Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation. + +475 +00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500 +Exclamation. + +476 +00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420 +Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark? + +477 +00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610 +Yeah, by way of Yes. + +478 +00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650 +Very good. One more. Over there, please. + +479 +00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570 +Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear. + +480 +00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920 +Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on + +481 +00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840 +the whole nation of cats wild and + +482 +00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080 +tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send + +483 +00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610 +them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By + +484 +00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210 +the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that + +485 +00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550 +is written probably around these times, right? + +486 +00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970 +Because the text is about cats. Someone is + +487 +00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310 +complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat + +488 +00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650 +or a mouse. What does the text communicate with + +489 +00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990 +you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text? + +490 +00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430 +It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main + +491 +00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070 +character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero, + +492 +00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550 +no longer a man even. New characters, new themes, + +493 +00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630 +new people started to appear. This is a bird, a + +494 +00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170 +pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's + +495 +00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730 +complaining about all cats, not only wild cats, + +496 +00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950 +but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's + +497 +00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510 +wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this + +498 +00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250 +prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer + +499 +00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970 +for you to be good and to go to paradise, to + +500 +00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830 +heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame. + +501 +00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340 +This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny + +502 +00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220 +text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry + +503 +00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500 +should be the texts, the literature of the elite, + +504 +00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340 +the high class. Only important educated people, + +505 +00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900 +the king, the queen, the palace, serious language, + +506 +00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860 +serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle + +507 +00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960 +English era people who started to change this, to + +508 +00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220 +include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I + +509 +00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100 +think this is a text that was written for + +510 +00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480 +children, for kids, to challenge again the idea + +511 +00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980 +that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich + +512 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300 +people, the famous people, the educated people. + +513 +00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600 +This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling + +514 +00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710 +us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about + +515 +00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330 +anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly + +516 +00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670 +sophisticated or difficult language. It could be + +517 +00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470 +anything. Another explanation could be the fact + +518 +00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410 +that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism + +519 +00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410 +when you use animals instead of people or an + +520 +00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330 +allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop + +521 +00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620 +when the mouse and the lion We love these stories. + +522 +00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180 +We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember + +523 +00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820 +them. But we also learn some values. We learn some + +524 +00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780 +lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a + +525 +00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160 +person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining + +526 +00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120 +about the rich people, the king, the church, the + +527 +00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040 +government maybe? + +528 +00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460 +But cats still? + +529 +00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050 +can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end + +530 +00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650 +here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton + +531 +00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670 +is one of the late Middle English poets. He + +532 +00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190 +brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and + +533 +00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110 +fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about + +534 +00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410 +everything. It doesn't have to be about battles + +535 +00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850 +and wars and irony and knights. It could be about + +536 +00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550 +cats and birds. + +537 +00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790 +Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most + +538 +00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830 +important conclusion here, he shows the perfect + +539 +00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690 +example of strong sense of English language and + +540 +00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890 +English identity in literature, in language, in + +541 +00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980 +thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free + +542 +00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700 +itself from the influences of Europe and European + +543 +00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560 +countries like Italy and France and Germany and + +544 +00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700 +Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on. + +545 +00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280 +Does cats and birds symbolize something specific + +546 +00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700 +or the right of children? What do you think? Do + +547 +00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920 +cats here symbolize Something, does the bird + +548 +00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540 +symbolize something? Think of this. We probably + +549 +00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680 +can talk about this later on. But like, we have + +550 +00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600 +this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for + +551 +00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220 +Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for + +552 +00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900 +kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there + +553 +00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720 +is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna + +554 +00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750 +yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political + +555 +00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990 +message against the British occupation of Egypt at + +556 +00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930 +that time. But why would people use symbolism and + +557 +00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350 +animals instead of using real characters? + +558 +00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450 +Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to + +559 +00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030 +make it easier for people to remember and + +560 +00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650 +memorize, to understand this unimplied message + +561 +00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150 +here, finally. + +562 +00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370 +He wants his poem to be published. If he + +563 +00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670 +criticizes the political establishment, + +564 +00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090 +they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK, + +565 +00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270 +thank you very much. We stop here. We end our + +566 +00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850 +discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next + +567 +00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930 +time, we do Renaissance literature and + +568 +00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290 +Shakespeare. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9ae15c2387a8f25d08085ea3c1f9dc3dc8a631f --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2294 @@ + +1 +00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990 +Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to + +2 +00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810 +have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and + +3 +00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930 +we have a surprise because there are two women + +4 +00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610 +poets today to talk about and at the same time we + +5 +00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070 +have two of your classmates here doing + +6 +00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590 +presentations which is always an amazing thing. So + +7 +00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010 +let's see the presentations and then go back to + +8 +00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550 +the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind. + +9 +00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490 +Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today, + +10 +00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850 +inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical + +11 +00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370 +poetry tree. We can describe metaphysical poetry tree as + +12 +00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720 +a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the + +13 +00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280 +metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a + +14 +00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860 +group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the + +15 +00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260 +17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the + +16 +00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100 +metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta + +17 +00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580 +means beyond and physics means physical nature. + +18 +00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340 +Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental + +19 +00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420 +problems of the nature or replacing life. + +20 +00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360 +John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical + +21 +00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280 +poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different + +22 +00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280 +way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given + +23 +00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300 +by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he + +24 +00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340 +wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The + +25 +00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840 +Lives of the Poets, but he used it in a negative sense + +26 +00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900 +to criticize the poetry of Donne. + +27 +00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260 +Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry + +28 +00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100 +difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge, + +29 +00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280 +science, architecture, geography, history, + +30 +00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480 +astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry, + +31 +00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360 +mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For + +32 +00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050 +example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea + +33 +00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190 +marked by this flea and marking this how little + +34 +00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690 +that which that denies to me is. It sucked me + +35 +00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690 +first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two + +36 +00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790 +blood mingled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be + +37 +00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350 +said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead. + +38 +00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880 +This is taken from the field of biology. + +39 +00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340 +This poetry is taken from the field of biology and the + +40 +00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500 +flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks + +41 +00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520 +blood from the human body. This insect used here as a + +42 +00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780 +theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To + +43 +00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980 +conclude on the flea, the flea uses a conceit as + +44 +00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220 +a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The + +45 +00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300 +flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure. + +46 +00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820 +Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the + +47 +00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840 +woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of + +48 +00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660 +the speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between + +49 +00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300 +the couple. + +50 +00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370 +of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image + +51 +00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690 +can be stretched to accommodate a range of + +52 +00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590 +meanings and association. They show the thrilling + +53 +00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610 +possibilities of language, but to political use. + +54 +00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790 +Thank you, this is my presentation. + +55 +00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550 +Some of you find the metaphysical poetry + +56 +00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970 +interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I + +57 +00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190 +disagreed in the description that metaphysical + +58 +00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630 +poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical + +59 +00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250 +poetry or even speaking analyzing the word + +60 +00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870 +metaphysical itself because in our discussion we + +61 +00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390 +came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't + +62 +00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390 +necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say + +63 +00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320 +that those people are bad. The poetry is not about + +64 +00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820 +metaphysicality generally, it's different. They + +65 +00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150 +were writing against the current. I was also + +66 +00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330 +hoping for some commentary on the woman here in + +67 +00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830 +the text. Generally, we said so far, the society has + +68 +00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190 +been anti-feminist where women are presented as + +69 +00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430 +less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual + +70 +00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410 +compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John + +71 +00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430 +Donne treating the woman in the poem the same? + +72 +00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050 +That is an interesting question. Someone else can + +73 +00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290 +probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I + +74 +00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430 +can tell you that the 20th century's greatest + +75 +00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170 +feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne. + +76 +00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070 +She's the same critic who praised Aphra Behn. So, if + +77 +00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990 +a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing + +78 +00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670 +something to empower women, to give them a voice. + +79 +00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830 +Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's + +80 +00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070 +trying to be different and be with women, not to + +81 +00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890 +be against women like other poets. And this is + +82 +00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330 +something new. This is something experimental. + +83 +00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970 +People were not used to women having a voice. + +84 +00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570 +Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his + +85 +00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150 +beloved that you and me and the flea are one in + +86 +00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830 +this crazy, it's in a way similar to the guy who + +87 +00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990 +told, actually, we'll study this someone who wants + +88 +00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370 +to deceive the woman to trick her to take her + +89 +00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830 +money here, in a way, he wants to take something + +90 +00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090 +else but the poet is saying, we are the same and + +91 +00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210 +the woman is not tricked, he doesn't deceive her + +92 +00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550 +because what does she do? She kills the flea, he + +93 +00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030 +acts, he takes action exactly. So, he's telling her + +94 +00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730 +because, listen when we speak about three, we speak + +95 +00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890 +about trinity, you know, in Christianity so he's + +96 +00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350 +telling her, this is a sacred creature now because + +97 +00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290 +it has the blood of three, it's like Jesus Christ, + +98 +00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280 +God, and everything, she's like, she kills the flea. + +99 +00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060 +This, simply, an act of action. The woman might not + +100 +00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440 +speak here, but she takes action. She does the + +101 +00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840 +most significant thing in the poem. And this is + +102 +00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440 +generally what a woman does in Donne. Next, we + +103 +00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540 +have Hanin with another presentation. Hello + +104 +00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480 +everyone. My name is Hanin. Today, I will talk + +105 +00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480 +about satire. So, firstly, what is satire? + +106 +00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210 +Satire is a technique employed by writers to + +107 +00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170 +criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an + +108 +00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790 +individual or a society. + +109 +00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +Satirical writing is usually funny. So, the main + +110 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750 +purpose of satire is not to humor, but to + +111 +00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270 +criticize corruption. There are four techniques to + +112 +00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950 +produce satire. The first one is reversal. When + +113 +00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690 +normal rules or order are reversed. The second one + +114 +00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850 +is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated + +115 +00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790 +imitation. The third one is incongruity. It is + +116 +00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570 +something that seems out of place or out of + +117 +00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690 +character. The last one is exaggeration. It's + +118 +00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290 +giving an impression that something is greater or + +119 +00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160 +larger than it really is. So using humor is more + +120 +00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600 +effective than if you want to say this is wrong. + +121 +00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560 +But if you use humor, this is something that will be + +122 +00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600 +more effective than if you say this is wrong. + +123 +00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060 +So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read + +124 +00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790 +it? "I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything + +125 +00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730 +but that vain animal who is so proud of being + +126 +00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550 +rational." Yes. This is satire in general. Satire + +127 +00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850 +in general by John Wilmot. And the second one + +128 +00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450 +is... Who can read it? Yes. "Lots true or false are + +129 +00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010 +necessary things to raise up commonwealth's + +130 +00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530 +enduring kings." This is an extract by Dryden and + +131 +00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310 +this one is more specific than the first one. + +132 +00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760 +The last one is, but who can read? + +133 +00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520 +This extract + +134 +00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070 +is to satirize someone who is called Shadwell. Shadwell, + +135 +00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310 +Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the + +136 +00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590 +master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And + +137 +00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750 +this is an extract, this is satire, personal satire. + +138 +00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190 +This is personal satire. And this was our lesson + +139 +00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970 +about satire. Thank you. + +140 +00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030 +Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try + +141 +00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510 +to bring texts from outside the course so we can + +142 +00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690 +learn extra things? This is the one significant + +143 +00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890 +thing about the presentation. So, we want to see + +144 +00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910 +what you do with extra texts, with texts from + +145 +00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580 +outside the course. Okay, so, it would be a lot + +146 +00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640 +better, but this is really interesting. I like + +147 +00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080 +that you like satire, and you also mentioned parody + +148 +00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520 +and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go + +149 +00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820 +back to our class, the + +150 +00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620 +Augustan Age is actually generally named the + +151 +00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350 +Augustan Age because it was followed by major critics + +152 +00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510 +like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope. But, before + +153 +00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310 +I speak about Augustan poetry, Alexander Pope, Mary + +154 +00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490 +Montague, and Mary Leapor, I want to say something + +155 +00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590 +about parody. We spoke about + +156 +00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960 +And, most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she + +157 +00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180 +said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you + +158 +00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820 +open most dictionaries, they will always mention + +159 +00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020 +the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny + +160 +00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740 +imitation of something, a funny representation of + +161 +00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820 +something that already existed, whether it is a + +162 +00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640 +person or a book. + +163 +00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610 +I believe that this is not accurate. This is not + +164 +00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170 +100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are + +165 +00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590 +you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay, + +166 +00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830 +so today, again, before I go to Augustan Poetry, + +167 +00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870 +I want to say something about parody. And I have + +168 +00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430 +to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally, + +169 +00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890 +most books tell you that parody is funny, comic, + +170 +00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450 +humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody + +171 +00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370 +imitates, because the word parody means to copy or + +172 +00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980 +to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always + +173 +00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900 +humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my + +174 +00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160 +point now. I think, no, it's not, because sometimes + +175 +00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100 +it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun + +176 +00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580 +of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I + +177 +00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160 +could say that. But there is one thing. It's about + +178 +00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080 +criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change. + +179 +00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500 +Why would I parody somebody? Because, yes, I want + +180 +00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540 +to make fun of them. But, sometimes, I don't want to + +181 +00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200 +make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes, it's + +182 +00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340 +tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their + +183 +00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760 +weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their + +184 +00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560 +corruption, by imitating them in a way that makes + +185 +00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300 +people pay attention. My point is, + +186 +00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280 +If this is like the English canon, you know, the + +187 +00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820 +English canon, the bulk of the most important, + +188 +00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600 +most anthologized literary works, where the + +189 +00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960 +mainstream critics and writers reside most of the + +190 +00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930 +time. So, if this is the canon. This is the bubble, + +191 +00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530 +this is the core. Some people live here in the + +192 +00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570 +margin, you know, the margin. Some people are + +193 +00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350 +marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but + +194 +00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030 +they're usually not mentioned and studied and + +195 +00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110 +researched. They're pushed by critics to the + +196 + +223 +00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810 +parody him, it's like you're telling people that + +224 +00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710 +he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can + +225 +00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170 +talk about him in a particular way. In order to do + +226 +00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030 +this, those people outside the canon, they usually + +227 +00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320 +resort to parody. parody, metafiction, + +228 +00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860 +metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in + +229 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740 +John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And + +230 +00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340 +we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary + +231 +00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440 +people would be, you know, the idealism of the + +232 +00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600 +Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a + +233 +00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900 +new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why + +234 +00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240 +some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And + +235 +00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640 +you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world + +236 +00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790 +of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John + +237 +00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090 +Donne is doing. So when those people use parody, + +238 +00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050 +who usually does the criticism? The male critics, + +239 +00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490 +people in the canon, people who create the canon. + +240 +00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210 +So are they going to be happy with the parody? + +241 +00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050 +They're not. Are they going to be happy with the + +242 +00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690 +parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel + +243 +00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670 +Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I + +244 +00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530 +think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he + +245 +00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570 +says that parody is less serious, less important + +246 +00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430 +art than the original text. And it's interesting + +247 +00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930 +how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke + +248 +00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210 +about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A + +249 +00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070 +pun is a play on words, when you play with words. + +250 +00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490 +So those people even don't want us to play with + +251 +00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510 +words because they want us to follow the + +252 +00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430 +definitions in the dictionary. But always there + +253 +00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990 +have always been poets who wanted to do things + +254 +00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890 +differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't + +255 +00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450 +like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John + +256 +00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770 +Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because + +257 +00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810 +they believed in the rules of the Quran. In + +258 +00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030 +following particular rules in order to write what + +259 +00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370 +they call a great book. So you mean that the + +260 +00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670 +people who are kicked out of the canon are turning + +261 +00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300 +to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are + +262 +00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500 +these people going to define parody? Favorably or + +263 +00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760 +unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the + +264 +00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980 +dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is + +265 +00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860 +humor in parody. But not always. When you read, + +266 +00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160 +come live with me and be my love, and we will some + +267 +00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120 +new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We + +268 +00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670 +don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan + +269 +00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090 +attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the + +270 +00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710 +fact that there is another world different from + +271 +00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710 +the world, the idealistic world of Christopher + +272 +00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970 +Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to + +273 +00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370 +speak. So going back here today to Augustine + +274 +00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990 +poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope, + +275 +00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470 +Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women. + +276 +00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790 +And these are the first women poets to study. And + +277 +00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870 +this is the 18th century. And that's very + +278 +00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450 +interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and + +279 +00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430 +culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1 + +280 +00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350 +,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab + +281 +00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950 +poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong + +282 +00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370 +with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to + +283 +00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310 +write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's + +284 +00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870 +something wrong with the way the society deals + +285 +00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010 +with women, frames women, and marginalizes women. + +286 +00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210 +So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist + +287 +00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650 +critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit + +288 +00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800 +about him, Here is one of his famous heroic + +289 +00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260 +couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on + +290 +00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860 +criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about + +291 +00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900 +criticism, about poetry writing. And he says, + +292 +00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100 +those rules, the rules of writing, classification, + +293 +00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140 +of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending + +294 +00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440 +the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are + +295 +00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600 +nature, so those + +296 +00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380 +They are nature still, but nature methodized, + +297 +00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540 +systematized, organized. This is something like + +298 +00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240 +the likes of John Donne would disagree with + +299 +00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280 +because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of + +300 +00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280 +poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them + +301 +00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980 +out there in nature exactly like we find a planet + +302 +00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860 +or some stars or some galaxies out there or some + +303 +00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740 +new species or birds or some type of fish. + +304 +00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410 +And this is, again, very interesting, because for + +305 +00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130 +them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't + +306 +00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690 +mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no, + +307 +00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530 +no. According to those people, the greatest poetry + +308 +00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370 +was written centuries ago, when man was not + +309 +00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910 +corrupted, when man didn't go even to university, + +310 +00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110 +was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go + +311 +00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290 +to study Arabic or English to be able to write + +312 +00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350 +poetry, right? But those people didn't learn + +313 +00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040 +poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired. + +314 +00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140 +For those critics, this inspiration could be from + +315 +00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800 +nature or from God. So God teaches you how to + +316 +00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840 +write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write + +317 +00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360 +poetry. When you look at nature, you find + +318 +00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500 +everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look + +319 +00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560 +at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees + +320 +00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020 +or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are + +321 +00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600 +shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know + +322 +00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960 +what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced. + +323 +00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380 +Everything is organized. So the rules of writing, + +324 +00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160 +like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus, + +325 +00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660 +like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, + +326 +00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160 +they're generally taken from where? Inspired from + +327 +00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760 +nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They + +328 +00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550 +were discovered from If you count the syllables + +329 +00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530 +here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a + +330 +00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590 +thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five + +331 +00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850 +feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict + +332 +00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310 +about following. And this is a couplet. Why is + +333 +00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650 +this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander + +334 +00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510 +Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet. + +335 +00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450 +And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like + +336 +00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050 +when you define a paragraph, you're studying + +337 +00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990 +writing now. A paragraph is a group of related + +338 +00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550 +sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two + +339 +00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910 +rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten + +340 +00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410 +syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander + +341 +00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690 +Pope was one of the major poets who followed the + +342 +00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970 +rules of the Quran. They were adopted + +343 +00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310 +whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the + +344 +00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020 +rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules + +345 +00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580 +of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules + +346 +00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440 +different from the other rules? The old rules? You + +347 +00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240 +know, we took that the other, the old rules of the + +348 +00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100 +Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson, + +349 +00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540 +Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who + +350 +00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500 +was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of + +351 +00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280 +us people believe good poetry is good imitation, + +352 +00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240 +to imitate nature, because nature has everything + +353 +00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620 +there for us. Something that John Donne, for + +354 +00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100 +example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it. + +355 +00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040 +And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or + +356 +00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740 +three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander + +357 +00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550 +Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say, + +358 +00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750 +you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say + +359 +00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090 +it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with + +360 +00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370 +poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not + +361 +00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450 +prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful. + +362 +00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530 +This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a + +363 +00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290 +little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep + +364 +00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270 +or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a + +365 +00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850 +heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article + +366 +00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890 +and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with + +367 +00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210 +the sentence, except the fact that this is not an + +368 +00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050 +article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the + +369 +00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030 +name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets. + +370 +00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730 +He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be + +371 +00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390 +about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran, + +372 +00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710 +literature has to teach and delight. When you read + +373 +00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730 +a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom, + +374 +00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260 +a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a + +375 +00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200 +dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this + +376 +00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820 +before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way. + +377 +00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420 +Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a + +378 +00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500 +dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing, + +379 +00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300 +if you read only, you know, we have this type of + +380 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720 +people all the time. People who read two books and + +381 +00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280 +they think they are knowledgeable and will read. + +382 +00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840 +Or people who read, like, the introductions to a + +383 +00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230 +hundred pages and hope they will be So he's + +384 +00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490 +criticizing those people. He's saying a little + +385 +00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350 +learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a + +386 +00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770 +lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't + +387 +00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290 +learn, generally you might admit that you are + +388 +00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030 +uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books + +389 +00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070 +and you think you are a poet or a writer or a + +390 +00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170 +political analyst, your analysis and everything + +391 +00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090 +might not be good or something. So what is his + +392 +00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930 +advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring. + +393 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450 +You know what does spring mean? + +394 +00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550 +Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring + +395 +00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490 +mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is + +396 +00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910 +written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the + +397 +00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500 +full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like + +398 +00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380 +spring, like summer and spring? + +399 +00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020 +Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring. + +400 +00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620 +Spring is a place where water flows. + +401 +00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220 +No. Spring. + +402 +00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480 +There's something called hot springs where hot + +403 +00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690 +water springs from the spring. So either you, the + +404 +00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030 +Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of + +405 +00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770 +knowledge, education and everything. So you have + +406 +00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450 +two choices. You either drink deep, study hard, + +407 +00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770 +become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea. + +408 +00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760 +This is the advice. It's like I usually say this + +409 +00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640 +to my students. When you study English, you have + +410 +00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820 +to work very hard. If you finish four years of + +411 +00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800 +studying English and your English is still bad, + +412 +00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560 +it's really sad. So study + +445 +00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210 +Beowulf, always very long, about serious issues in + +446 +00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850 +the community. But in this poem, very long poem, + +447 +00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830 +I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long, + +448 +00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330 +Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things + +449 +00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200 +of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we + +450 +00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440 +have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40 + +451 +00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160 +year battle over you know two camels, was it two + +452 +00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500 +camels or two horses or something. In this story + +453 +00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640 +someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then + +454 +00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060 +all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and + +455 +00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990 +fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing + +456 +00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450 +in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the + +457 +00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350 +trivial things in the society, this fake self + +458 +00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020 +-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but + +459 +00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560 +in reality, they are all only fighting about + +460 +00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080 +trivial things. There are no heroes in this age. + +461 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860 +There are no battles in this age. It's all fake, + +462 +00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000 +like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70 + +463 +00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900 +years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book. + +464 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780 +So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long + +465 +00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760 +poem about heroism. + +466 +00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280 +An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's + +467 +00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300 +a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock + +468 +00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300 +something, to make fun of something. But there's + +469 +00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220 +also this when you do an exam, when you don't do + +470 +00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460 +the original, like sometimes you have to do a + +471 +00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860 +trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test. + +472 +00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990 +So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic. + +473 +00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330 +Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it + +474 +00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610 +about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or + +475 +00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710 +someone fighting, killing many people because they + +476 +00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090 +stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We + +477 +00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010 +have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people + +478 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350 +who would fight and do horrible things only + +479 +00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600 +because someone It's something trivial and stupid. + +480 +00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160 +And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem + +481 +00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880 +to read about. Let's move to the more interesting + +482 +00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780 +poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary + +483 +00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760 +Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife + +484 +00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660 +of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany. + +485 +00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100 +Her name is Mary Montagu. + +486 +00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900 +So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very + +487 +00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940 +muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a + +488 +00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580 +poet. It is said here, it says in the book that + +489 +00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040 +she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became + +490 +00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080 +his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds + +491 +00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010 +interesting. But it's also interesting that + +492 +00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690 +Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the + +493 +00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910 +ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in + +494 +00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990 +this age. They wanted to be close to the + +495 +00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770 +royalties, to the court, to the people in power. + +496 +00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950 +In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that + +497 +00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080 +satire should like a polished razor keen. What's a + +498 +00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340 +razor? When men shave their beard, so they use + +499 +00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260 +razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp + +500 +00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100 +knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire + +501 +00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960 +should be sharp like a razor. This is called a + +502 +00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540 +simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it + +503 +00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870 +uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a + +504 +00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990 +verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with + +505 +00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190 +a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is + +506 +00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510 +scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You + +507 +00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270 +shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that + +508 +00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050 +satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If + +509 +00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950 +you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing + +510 +00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930 +me or what is she saying here? And this is + +511 +00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990 +something that comes from a woman. In a way, if + +512 +00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950 +you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was + +513 +00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570 +written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell + +514 +00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330 +this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use + +515 +00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730 +words. No. Which proves the idea that women can + +516 +00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760 +write poetry like men exactly. There was this + +517 +00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660 +novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first + +518 +00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840 +paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the + +519 +00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500 +writer is a woman or a man. And there was an + +520 +00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140 +uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are + +521 +00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980 +similarities. There are differences. But if you + +522 +00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700 +say women don't write as good as well as women, + +523 +00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980 +that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way + +524 +00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560 +and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So + +525 +00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260 +three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper. + +526 +00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020 +Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the + +527 +00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800 +age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah + +528 +00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800 +she still became famous for some time. Maybe she + +529 +00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060 +became famous after her death? Generally yes. + +530 +00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340 +Generally yes. Her poems were published post + +531 +00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280 +-humously. This is a good word to know. You know + +532 +00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340 +post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre + +533 +00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980 +-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John + +534 +00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700 +Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his + +535 +00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080 +death. You can say after his death or her death. + +536 +00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360 +But when you use the word posthumously, you sound + +537 +00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560 +like a sophisticated person who knows big words. + +538 +00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700 +I'm knowledgeable. Yeah? + +539 +00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020 +Listen, the book says she was influenced by Pope. + +540 +00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620 +And my question is, do you agree or do you + +541 +00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360 +disagree? She was influenced by, the book says, + +542 +00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040 +Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I + +543 +00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720 +want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem + +544 +00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220 +by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see + +545 +00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740 +similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or + +546 +00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780 +not. I'll give you one minute. + +547 +00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970 +a form, a theme. + +548 +00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030 +The speaker is a man by the way, but the author, + +549 +00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290 +the poet is a woman. + +550 +00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310 +Can you + +551 +00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670 +read someone? + +552 +00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520 +Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round, + +553 +00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060 +I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +554 +00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220 +try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet + +555 +00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420 +for your own sake, secured, + +556 +00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590 +I hope your house is too insured. Insured. + +557 +00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750 +Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back. + +558 +00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970 +Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your + +559 +00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930 +voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back, + +560 +00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350 +I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then + +561 +00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570 +as I step on your house, give me your best and + +562 +00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590 +then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe + +563 +00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910 +and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure. + +564 +00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290 +Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your + +565 +00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490 +voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I + +566 +00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770 +hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +567 +00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970 +truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold, + +568 +00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710 +yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your + +569 +00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280 +house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker + +570 +00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600 +is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling + +571 +00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600 +her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's + +572 +00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280 +saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000 + +573 +00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820 +pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your + +574 +00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800 +person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh, + +575 +00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770 +what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So + +576 +00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130 +there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell + +577 +00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910 +her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's + +578 +00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730 +vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit. + +579 +00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470 +He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman + +580 +00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170 +is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes + +581 +00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530 +around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning, + +582 +00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950 +figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a + +583 +00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870 +lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold, + +584 +00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670 +give me your person because a woman generally was + +585 +00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990 +treated as an object, something to own. Give me + +586 +00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810 +your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's + +587 +00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050 +not for me. I don't want the money. I want you + +588 +00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430 +weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people + +589 +00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810 +will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money. + +590 +00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850 +I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they + +591 +00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620 +give you the idea. How much money have you given + +592 +00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920 +your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's + +593 +00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040 +gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll + +594 +00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440 +secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to + +595 +00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220 +protect you. A woman can't live without a man's + +596 +00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380 +protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have + +597 +00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740 +houses and that they are insured or I can take + +598 +00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400 +them to make sure that they are safe. This is + +599 +00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500 +again satire from a woman to not only to one man + +600 +00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060 +but also to men in general and how they treat + +601 +00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520 +women, how they think women are not smart, are not + +602 +00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680 +intelligent, but that they always need a man to + +603 +00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400 +protect them, to save them, to make that + +604 +00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500 +everything they have is secure. The theme is women + +605 +00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700 +being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to + +606 +00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260 +women like Aphra Behn. She's empowering women like + +607 +00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240 +Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as + +608 +00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200 +smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is + +609 +00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040 +different from Alexander Pope. So this is a woman + +610 +00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840 +writing for women about women issues. Do we have + +611 +00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620 +the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking, + +612 +00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840 +this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license + +613 +00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580 +for the rhyme. + +614 +00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200 +Is it + +615 +00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160 +a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four? + +616 +00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610 +not following, if she is influenced by Alexander + +617 +00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330 +Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent. + +618 +00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950 +What is the conclusion here? Women have always + +619 +00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170 +written excellent literature. If they were + +620 +00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490 +published later on, it wasn't their fault. There + +621 +00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630 +must have been poets earlier, probably during + +622 +00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810 +Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years. + +623 +00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430 +But usually, the society would ignore them, would + +624 +00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790 +neglect them. One, because they are women. Two, + +625 +00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650 +because generally women, like we've seen here, are + +626 +00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030 +harsh critics of male superiority. So here, + +627 +00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850 +generally when you speak about the woman, how they + +628 +00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850 +explore new ideas, how they centralize and + +629 +00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010 +criticize and attack men all the time, and most + +630 +00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370 +importantly, how they would usually be critical of + +631 +00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350 +male superiority, fake male superiority in the + +632 +00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430 +society. And perhaps that's \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e96f3dbd5f1f03aac60a3e0b27a336ffc8769bee --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2660 @@ +1 +00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990 +Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to + +2 +00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810 +have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and + +3 +00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930 +we have a surprise because there are two women + +4 +00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610 +poets today to talk about and at the same time we + +5 +00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070 +have two of your classmates here doing + +6 +00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590 +presentations which is always an amazing thing. So + +7 +00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010 +let's see the presentations and then go back to + +8 +00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550 +the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind. + +9 +00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490 +Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today, + +10 +00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850 +inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical + +11 +00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370 +boy tree. We can describe metaphysical boy tree as + +12 +00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720 +a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the + +13 +00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280 +metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a + +14 +00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860 +group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the + +15 +00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260 +17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the + +16 +00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100 +metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta + +17 +00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580 +means beyond and physics means physical nature. + +18 +00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340 +Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental + +19 +00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420 +problems of the nature or replacing life. + +20 +00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360 +John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical + +21 +00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280 +poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different + +22 +00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280 +way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given + +23 +00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300 +by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he + +24 +00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340 +wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The + +25 +00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840 +Lives of Boys, but he used it in a negative sense + +26 +00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900 +to criticize the poetry of Donne. + +27 +00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260 +Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry + +28 +00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100 +difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge, + +29 +00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280 +science, architecture, geography, history, + +30 +00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480 +astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry, + +31 +00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360 +mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For + +32 +00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050 +example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea + +33 +00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190 +marked by this flea and marking this how little + +34 +00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690 +that which that denies to me is. It sucked me + +35 +00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690 +first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two + +36 +00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790 +blood mangled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be + +37 +00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350 +said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead. + +38 +00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880 +This is taken from field of biology. + +39 +00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340 +This poetry is taken from field of biology and the + +40 +00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500 +flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks + +41 +00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520 +blood from human body. This insect used here as a + +42 +00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780 +theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To + +43 +00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980 +conclusion of the flea, the flea uses a conceit as + +44 +00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220 +a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The + +45 +00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300 +flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure. + +46 +00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820 +Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the + +47 +00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840 +woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of + +48 +00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660 +speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between + +49 +00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300 +the couple. + +50 +00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370 +of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image + +51 +00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690 +can be stretched to accommodate a range of + +52 +00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590 +meanings and association. They show the thrilling + +53 +00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610 +possibilities of language, but to politic use. + +54 +00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790 +Thank you, this is my presentation. + +55 +00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550 +Some of you find the metaphysical poetry + +56 +00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970 +interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I + +57 +00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190 +disagreed in the description that metaphysical + +58 +00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630 +poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical + +59 +00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250 +poetry or even speaking analyzing the word + +60 +00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870 +metaphysical itself because in our discussion we + +61 +00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390 +came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't + +62 +00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390 +necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say + +63 +00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320 +that those people are bad. The poetry is not about + +64 +00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820 +metaphysicality generally, it's different. They + +65 +00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150 +were writing against the current. I was also + +66 +00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330 +hoping for some commentary on the woman here in + +67 +00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830 +the text. Generally we said so far the society has + +68 +00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190 +been anti-feminist where women are presented as + +69 +00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430 +less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual + +70 +00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410 +compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John + +71 +00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430 +Donne treating the woman in the poem the same? + +72 +00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050 +That is an interesting question. Someone else can + +73 +00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290 +probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I + +74 +00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430 +can tell you that the 20th century greatest + +75 +00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170 +feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne. + +76 +00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070 +She's the same critic who praised Afra Binn. So if + +77 +00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990 +a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing + +78 +00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670 +something to empower women, to give them a voice. + +79 +00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830 +Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's + +80 +00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070 +trying to be different and be with women, not to + +81 +00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890 +be against women like other poets. And this is + +82 +00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330 +something new. This is something experimental. + +83 +00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970 +People were not used to women having a voice. + +84 +00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570 +Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his + +85 +00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150 +beloved that you and me and the flea are one in + +86 +00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830 +this crazy it's in a way similar to the guy who + +87 +00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990 +told actually we'll study this someone who wants + +88 +00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370 +to deceive the woman to trick her to take her + +89 +00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830 +money here in a way he wants to take something + +90 +00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090 +else but the poet is saying we are the same and + +91 +00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210 +the woman is not tricked he doesn't deceive her + +92 +00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550 +because what does she do she kills the flea He + +93 +00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030 +acts, he takes action exactly. So he's telling her + +94 +00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730 +because listen when we speak about three we speak + +95 +00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890 +about trinity you know in christianity so he's + +96 +00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350 +telling her this is a sacred creature now because + +97 +00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290 +it has the blood of three it's like jesus christ + +98 +00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280 +god and everything she's like She kills the flame. + +99 +00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060 +This simply, an act of action. The woman might not + +100 +00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440 +speak here, but she takes action. She does the + +101 +00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840 +most significant thing in the poem. And this is + +102 +00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440 +generally what a woman does in Jonda. Next, we + +103 +00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540 +have Hanin with another presentation. Hello + +104 +00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480 +everyone. My name is Hanin. Today I will talk + +105 +00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480 +about satire. So firstly, what is satire? + +106 +00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210 +Satire is a technique employed by writers to + +107 +00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170 +criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an + +108 +00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790 +individual or a society. + +109 +00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +Satirical writing is usually funny. So the main + +110 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750 +purpose of satire is not to humor, but to + +111 +00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270 +criticize corruption. There are four techniques to + +112 +00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950 +produce satire. The first one is reversal. When + +113 +00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690 +normal rules or order are reversed. The second one + +114 +00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850 +is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated + +115 +00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790 +imitation. The third one is incongruity. is + +116 +00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570 +something that seems out of place or out of + +117 +00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690 +character. The last one is exaggeration. It's + +118 +00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290 +giving an impression that something is greater or + +119 +00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160 +larger than it really is. So using humor is more + +120 +00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600 +effective than if you want to say this is wrong. + +121 +00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560 +But if you use humor, this is something will be + +122 +00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600 +more effective than if you say this is wrong. + +123 +00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060 +So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read + +124 +00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790 +it? I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything + +125 +00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730 +but that vain animal who is so proud of being + +126 +00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550 +rational. Yes. This is a satire in general. Satire + +127 +00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850 +in general by John Wilmot. And the second one + +128 +00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450 +is... Who can read it? Yes. Lots true or false are + +129 +00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010 +necessary things to raise up commonwealth's + +130 +00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530 +enduring kings. This is an extract by Dryden and + +131 +00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310 +this one is more specific than the first one. + +132 +00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760 +The last one is, but who can read? + +133 +00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520 +This extract + +134 +00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070 +to satire someone who called Shadwell. Shadwell, + +135 +00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310 +Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the + +136 +00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590 +master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And + +137 +00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750 +this is extract, this is setire, personal setire. + +138 +00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190 +This is personal setire. And this was our lesson + +139 +00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970 +about setire. Thank you. + +140 +00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030 +Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try + +141 +00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510 +to bring texts from outside the course so we can + +142 +00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690 +learn extra things? This is the one significant + +143 +00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890 +thing about the presentation. So we want to see + +144 +00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910 +what you do with extra texts, with texts from + +145 +00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580 +outside the course. Okay, so it would be a lot + +146 +00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640 +better, but this is really interesting. I like + +147 +00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080 +that you like satire and you also mentioned Parody + +148 +00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520 +and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go + +149 +00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820 +back to our class The + +150 +00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620 +Augustan Age is actually generally named the + +151 +00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350 +Augustan Age because followed by major critics + +152 +00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510 +like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Poe. But before + +153 +00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310 +I speak about Augustin Poetry, Alexander Poe, Mary + +154 +00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490 +Montague, and Mary Liver, I want to say something + +155 +00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590 +about parody. We spoke about + +156 +00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960 +And most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she + +157 +00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180 +said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you + +158 +00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820 +open most dictionaries, they will always mention + +159 +00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020 +the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny + +160 +00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740 +imitation of something, a funny representation of + +161 +00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820 +something that already existed, whether it is a + +162 +00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640 +person or a book. + +163 +00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610 +I believe that this is not accurate. This is not + +164 +00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170 +100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are + +165 +00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590 +you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay, + +166 +00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830 +so today, again, before I go to Augustine Poetry, + +167 +00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870 +I want to say something about parody. And I have + +168 +00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430 +to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally, + +169 +00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890 +most books tell you that parody is funny, comic, + +170 +00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450 +humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody + +171 +00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370 +imitates, because the word parody means to copy or + +172 +00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980 +to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always + +173 +00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900 +humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my + +174 +00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160 +point now. I think no, it's not because sometimes + +175 +00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100 +it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun + +176 +00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580 +of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I + +177 +00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160 +could say that. But there is one thing. It's about + +178 +00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080 +criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change. + +179 +00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500 +Why would I parody somebody? Because yes, I want + +180 +00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540 +to make fun of them. But sometimes I don't want to + +181 +00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200 +make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes it's + +182 +00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340 +tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their + +183 +00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760 +weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their + +184 +00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560 +corruption by imitating them in a way that makes + +185 +00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300 +people pay attention. My point is + +186 +00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280 +If this is like the English canon, you know the + +187 +00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820 +English canon, the bulk of the most important, + +188 +00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600 +most anthologized literary works, where the + +189 +00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960 +mainstream critics and writers reside most of the + +190 +00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930 +time. So if this is the canon, This is the bubble, + +191 +00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530 +this is the core. Some people live here in the + +192 +00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570 +margin, you know, the margin. Some people are + +193 +00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350 +marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but + +194 +00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030 +they're usually not mentioned and studied and + +195 +00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110 +researched. They're pushed by critics to the + +196 +00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,350 +margins of the society, of the canon. But some + +197 +00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:14,390 +poets, we say, were kicked even outside. They're + +198 +00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:16,970 +not in the margin, or on the margin. They are + +199 +00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:20,960 +here. outside. We mentioned Dunford for example. + +200 +00:14:21,980 --> 00:14:26,940 +Johnson criticized him. 50 years later Dryden + +201 +00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:28,960 +criticized him. Almost a hundred years later + +202 +00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,820 +Johnson criticized him. And then what? Even after + +203 +00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:34,960 +his death many people were threatened by people + +204 +00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,280 +who would write differently. Afrabin was also + +205 +00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:43,540 +considered to be of less importance. And marrying + +206 +00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:46,400 +manly also was considered scandalous and + +207 +00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:49,280 +objectionable and controversial in many ways. So + +208 +00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:54,220 +people here, outside the canon, sometimes want to + +209 +00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:59,160 +challenge, right? To engage in dialogue. + +210 +00:15:02,090 --> 00:15:05,810 +to engage in dialogue. Sometimes they want to + +211 +00:15:05,810 --> 00:15:09,730 +defy. Sometimes they want to criticize. Sometimes + +212 +00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,570 +they want to subvert. You know what subvert is? + +213 +00:15:13,610 --> 00:15:16,930 +When you subvert somebody's authority, you shake + +214 +00:15:16,930 --> 00:15:19,350 +somebody's authority. So the king, remember the + +215 +00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:21,530 +king is the king, the most important, God's + +216 +00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,330 +representative on earth. If you parody the king, + +217 +00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:27,310 +it's as if you're telling people that the king is + +218 +00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,550 +an ordinary person. He can be criticized. To shake + +219 +00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,110 +his place. He can be ridiculed. To shake the idea. + +220 +00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:36,510 +Because people think that the king, the president, + +221 +00:15:36,730 --> 00:15:40,850 +is a person fearful. Untouchable. Untouchable. You + +222 +00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:42,970 +can't touch him. You can't criticize him. When you + +223 +00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810 +parody him, it's like you're telling people that + +224 +00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710 +he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can + +225 +00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170 +talk about him in a particular way. In order to do + +226 +00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030 +this, those people outside the canon, they usually + +227 +00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320 +resort to parody. parody, metafiction, + +228 +00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860 +metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in + +229 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740 +John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And + +230 +00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340 +we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary + +231 +00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440 +people would be, you know, the idealism of the + +232 +00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600 +Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a + +233 +00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900 +new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why + +234 +00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240 +some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And + +235 +00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640 +you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world + +236 +00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790 +of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John + +237 +00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090 +Donne is doing. So when those people use parody, + +238 +00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050 +who usually does the criticism? The male critics, + +239 +00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490 +people in the canon, people who create the canon. + +240 +00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210 +So are they going to be happy with the parody? + +241 +00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050 +They're not. Are they going to be happy with the + +242 +00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690 +parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel + +243 +00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670 +Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I + +244 +00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530 +think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he + +245 +00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570 +says that parody is less serious, less important + +246 +00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430 +art than the original text. And it's interesting + +247 +00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930 +how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke + +248 +00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210 +about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A + +249 +00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070 +pun is a play on words, when you play with words. + +250 +00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490 +So those people even don't want us to play with + +251 +00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510 +words because they want us to follow the + +252 +00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430 +definitions in the dictionary. But always there + +253 +00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990 +have always been poets who wanted to do things + +254 +00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890 +differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't + +255 +00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450 +like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John + +256 +00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770 +Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because + +257 +00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810 +they believed in the rules of the Quran. In + +258 +00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030 +following particular rules in order to write what + +259 +00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370 +they call a great book. So you mean that the + +260 +00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670 +people who are kicked out of the canon are turning + +261 +00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300 +to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are + +262 +00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500 +these people going to define parody? Favorably or + +263 +00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760 +unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the + +264 +00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980 +dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is + +265 +00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860 +humor in parody. But not always. When you read, + +266 +00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160 +come live with me and be my love, and we will some + +267 +00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120 +new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We + +268 +00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670 +don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan + +269 +00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090 +attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the + +270 +00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710 +fact that there is another world different from + +271 +00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710 +the world, the idealistic world of Christopher + +272 +00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970 +Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to + +273 +00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370 +speak. So going back here today to Augustine + +274 +00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990 +poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope, + +275 +00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470 +Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women. + +276 +00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790 +And these are the first women poets to study. And + +277 +00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870 +this is the 18th century. And that's very + +278 +00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450 +interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and + +279 +00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430 +culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1 + +280 +00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350 +,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab + +281 +00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950 +poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong + +282 +00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370 +with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to + +283 +00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310 +write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's + +284 +00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870 +something wrong with the way the society deals + +285 +00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010 +with women, frames women, and marginalizes women. + +286 +00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210 +So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist + +287 +00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650 +critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit + +288 +00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800 +about him, Here is one of his famous heroic + +289 +00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260 +couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on + +290 +00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860 +criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about + +291 +00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900 +criticism, about poetry writing. And he says, + +292 +00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100 +those rules, the rules of writing, classification, + +293 +00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140 +of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending + +294 +00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440 +the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are + +295 +00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600 +nature, so those + +296 +00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380 +They are nature still, but nature methodized, + +297 +00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540 +systematized, organized. This is something like + +298 +00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240 +the likes of John Donne would disagree with + +299 +00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280 +because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of + +300 +00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280 +poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them + +301 +00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980 +out there in nature exactly like we find a planet + +302 +00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860 +or some stars or some galaxies out there or some + +303 +00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740 +new species or birds or some type of fish. + +304 +00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410 +And this is, again, very interesting, because for + +305 +00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130 +them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't + +306 +00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690 +mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no, + +307 +00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530 +no. According to those people, the greatest poetry + +308 +00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370 +was written centuries ago, when man was not + +309 +00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910 +corrupted, when man didn't go even to university, + +310 +00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110 +was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go + +311 +00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290 +to study Arabic or English to be able to write + +312 +00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350 +poetry, right? But those people didn't learn + +313 +00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040 +poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired. + +314 +00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140 +For those critics, this inspiration could be from + +315 +00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800 +nature or from God. So God teaches you how to + +316 +00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840 +write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write + +317 +00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360 +poetry. When you look at nature, you find + +318 +00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500 +everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look + +319 +00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560 +at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees + +320 +00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020 +or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are + +321 +00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600 +shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know + +322 +00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960 +what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced. + +323 +00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380 +Everything is organized. So the rules of writing, + +324 +00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160 +like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus, + +325 +00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660 +like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, + +326 +00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160 +they're generally taken from where? Inspired from + +327 +00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760 +nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They + +328 +00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550 +were discovered from If you count the syllables + +329 +00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530 +here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a + +330 +00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590 +thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five + +331 +00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850 +feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict + +332 +00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310 +about following. And this is a couplet. Why is + +333 +00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650 +this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander + +334 +00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510 +Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet. + +335 +00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450 +And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like + +336 +00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050 +when you define a paragraph, you're studying + +337 +00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990 +writing now. A paragraph is a group of related + +338 +00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550 +sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two + +339 +00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910 +rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten + +340 +00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410 +syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander + +341 +00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690 +Pope was one of the major poets who followed the + +342 +00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970 +rules of the Quran. They were adopted + +343 +00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310 +whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the + +344 +00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020 +rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules + +345 +00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580 +of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules + +346 +00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440 +different from the other rules? The old rules? You + +347 +00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240 +know, we took that the other, the old rules of the + +348 +00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100 +Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson, + +349 +00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540 +Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who + +350 +00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500 +was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of + +351 +00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280 +us people believe good poetry is good imitation, + +352 +00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240 +to imitate nature, because nature has everything + +353 +00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620 +there for us. Something that John Donne, for + +354 +00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100 +example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it. + +355 +00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040 +And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or + +356 +00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740 +three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander + +357 +00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550 +Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say, + +358 +00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750 +you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say + +359 +00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090 +it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with + +360 +00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370 +poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not + +361 +00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450 +prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful. + +362 +00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530 +This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a + +363 +00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290 +little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep + +364 +00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270 +or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a + +365 +00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850 +heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article + +366 +00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890 +and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with + +367 +00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210 +the sentence, except the fact that this is not an + +368 +00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050 +article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the + +369 +00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030 +name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets. + +370 +00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730 +He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be + +371 +00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390 +about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran, + +372 +00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710 +literature has to teach and delight. When you read + +373 +00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730 +a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom, + +374 +00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260 +a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a + +375 +00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200 +dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this + +376 +00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820 +before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way. + +377 +00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420 +Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a + +378 +00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500 +dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing, + +379 +00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300 +if you read only, you know, we have this type of + +380 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720 +people all the time. People who read two books and + +381 +00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280 +they think they are knowledgeable and will read. + +382 +00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840 +Or people who read, like, the introductions to a + +383 +00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230 +hundred pages and hope they will be So he's + +384 +00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490 +criticizing those people. He's saying a little + +385 +00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350 +learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a + +386 +00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770 +lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't + +387 +00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290 +learn, generally you might admit that you are + +388 +00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030 +uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books + +389 +00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070 +and you think you are a poet or a writer or a + +390 +00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170 +political analyst, your analysis and everything + +391 +00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090 +might not be good or something. So what is his + +392 +00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930 +advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring. + +393 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450 +You know what does spring mean? + +394 +00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550 +Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring + +395 +00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490 +mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is + +396 +00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910 +written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the + +397 +00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500 +full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like + +398 +00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380 +spring, like summer and spring? + +399 +00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020 +Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring. + +400 +00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620 +Spring is a place where water flows. + +401 +00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220 +No. Spring. + +402 +00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480 +There's something called hot springs where hot + +403 +00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690 +water springs from the spring. So either you, the + +404 +00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030 +Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of + +405 +00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770 +knowledge, education and everything. So you have + +406 +00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450 +two choices. You either drink deep, study hard, + +407 +00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770 +become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea. + +408 +00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760 +This is the advice. It's like I usually say this + +409 +00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640 +to my students. When you study English, you have + +410 +00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820 +to work very hard. If you finish four years of + +411 +00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800 +studying English and your English is still bad, + +412 +00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560 +it's really sad. So study hard. Drink deep from + +413 +00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,100 +the Pyrene spring. And look at the perfect rhyme, + +414 +00:27:37,220 --> 00:27:40,540 +the couplet. If you count this, 10 syllables, 10 + +415 +00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:44,720 +syllables, five feet, five feet. Pop was very + +416 +00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:49,220 +famous for satire also. Many people wrote satire + +417 +00:27:49,220 --> 00:27:56,800 +in the Yugoslavia. And like his friend Dryden, he + +418 +00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,660 +criticized his poetic writer. Two texts here I was + +419 +00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:05,860 +examining today. Number one is Don Siegert. Yeah, + +420 +00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:07,160 +Don Siegert. + +421 +00:28:09,740 --> 00:28:11,400 +Just one little thing about Don Siegert. + +422 +00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:19,670 +in which he criticizes his friend, his literary + +423 +00:28:19,670 --> 00:28:23,510 +rival. It's the same. In this poem, there is + +424 +00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:28,950 +satire and attack on the dullness of his literary + +425 +00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:32,550 +rivals. But remember, it doesn't necessarily mean + +426 +00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,250 +that his rivals are bad or dull. It means that + +427 +00:28:36,250 --> 00:28:40,050 +Alexander Pope does not like them. Because he said + +428 +00:28:40,050 --> 00:28:42,750 +the craziest thing about John Donne. He has no + +429 +00:28:42,750 --> 00:28:46,480 +imagination. Yeah. And even like John Donne was + +430 +00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,200 +criticized by Johnson, by Dryden, by Samuel + +431 +00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,320 +Johnson. Everyone agreed that John Donne has this + +432 +00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:57,280 +weird, crazy imagination. He's a witty poet. And + +433 +00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,980 +Alexander Poe was like, no. He doesn't even have + +434 +00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:04,560 +an imagination. He's not imaginative. Is he + +435 +00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,720 +correct? Is he right? I don't think so. So don't + +436 +00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,340 +take everything for granted. Think for yourself. + +437 +00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:15,820 +His most famous work here is The Rape of the Lock. + +438 +00:29:17,380 --> 00:29:20,880 +We spoke about rape in the past, but rape here + +439 +00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,800 +means stealing something. We speak about the rape + +440 +00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,580 +of Palestine, how Palestine was stolen, was + +441 +00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:34,500 +occupied by. Lock is a lock of hair. A lock of + +442 +00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:40,350 +hair, yeah. The Rape of the Log is a mock-epic + +443 +00:29:40,350 --> 00:29:42,790 +satire. You know what an epic poem is, remember? + +444 +00:29:43,830 --> 00:29:47,370 +Bewolf, about heroes, battles, heroism, like + +445 +00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210 +Bewolf, always very long, about serious issues in + +446 +00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850 +the community. But in this poem, very long poem, + +447 +00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830 +I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long, + +448 +00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330 +Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things + +449 +00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200 +of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we + +450 +00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440 +have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40 + +451 +00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160 +year battle over you know two camels, was it two + +452 +00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500 +camels or two horses or something. In this story + +453 +00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640 +someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then + +454 +00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060 +all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and + +455 +00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990 +fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing + +456 +00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450 +in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the + +457 +00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350 +trivial things in the society, this fake self + +458 +00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020 +-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but + +459 +00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560 +in reality, they are all only fighting about + +460 +00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080 +trivial things. There are no heroes in this age. + +461 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860 +There are no battles in this age. It's all fake, + +462 +00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000 +like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70 + +463 +00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900 +years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book. + +464 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780 +So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long + +465 +00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760 +poem about heroism. + +466 +00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280 +An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's + +467 +00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300 +a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock + +468 +00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300 +something, to make fun of something. But there's + +469 +00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220 +also this when you do an exam, when you don't do + +470 +00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460 +the original, like sometimes you have to do a + +471 +00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860 +trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test. + +472 +00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990 +So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic. + +473 +00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330 +Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it + +474 +00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610 +about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or + +475 +00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710 +someone fighting, killing many people because they + +476 +00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090 +stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We + +477 +00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010 +have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people + +478 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350 +who would fight and do horrible things only + +479 +00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600 +because someone It's something trivial and stupid. + +480 +00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160 +And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem + +481 +00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880 +to read about. Let's move to the more interesting + +482 +00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780 +poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary + +483 +00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760 +Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife + +484 +00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660 +of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany. + +485 +00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100 +Her name is Mary Montagio. + +486 +00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900 +So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very + +487 +00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940 +muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a + +488 +00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580 +poet. It is said here, it says in the book that + +489 +00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040 +she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became + +490 +00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080 +his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds + +491 +00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010 +interesting. But it's also interesting that + +492 +00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690 +Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the + +493 +00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910 +ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in + +494 +00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990 +this age. They wanted to be close to the + +495 +00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770 +royalties, to the court, to the people in power. + +496 +00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950 +In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that + +497 +00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080 +satire should like a polished razor key. What's a + +498 +00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340 +razor? When men shave their beard, so they use + +499 +00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260 +razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp + +500 +00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100 +knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire + +501 +00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960 +should be sharp like a razor. This is called a + +502 +00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540 +simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it + +503 +00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870 +uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a + +504 +00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990 +verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with + +505 +00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190 +a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is + +506 +00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510 +scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You + +507 +00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270 +shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that + +508 +00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050 +satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If + +509 +00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950 +you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing + +510 +00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930 +me or what is she saying here? And this is + +511 +00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990 +something that comes from a woman. In a way, if + +512 +00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950 +you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was + +513 +00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570 +written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell + +514 +00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330 +this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use + +515 +00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730 +words. No. Which proves the idea that women can + +516 +00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760 +write poetry like men exactly. There was this + +517 +00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660 +novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first + +518 +00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840 +paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the + +519 +00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500 +writer is a woman or a man. And there was an + +520 +00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140 +uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are + +521 +00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980 +similarities. There are differences. But if you + +522 +00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700 +say women don't write as good as well as women, + +523 +00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980 +that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way + +524 +00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560 +and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So + +525 +00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260 +three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper. + +526 +00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020 +Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the + +527 +00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800 +age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah + +528 +00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800 +she still became famous for some time. Maybe she + +529 +00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060 +became famous after her death? Generally yes. + +530 +00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340 +Generally yes. Her poems were published post + +531 +00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280 +-Muslim. This is a good word to know. You know + +532 +00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340 +post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre + +533 +00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980 +-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John + +534 +00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700 +Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his + +535 +00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080 +death. You can say after his death or her death. + +536 +00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360 +But when you use the word posthumously, you sound + +537 +00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560 +like a sophisticated person who knows big words. + +538 +00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700 +I'm knowledgeable. Yeah? + +539 +00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020 +Listen, the book says she was influenced by Bob. + +540 +00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620 +And my question is, do you agree or do you + +541 +00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360 +disagree? She was influenced by, the book says, + +542 +00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040 +Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I + +543 +00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720 +want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem + +544 +00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220 +by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see + +545 +00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740 +similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or + +546 +00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780 +not. I'll give you one minute. + +547 +00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970 +a form, a theme. + +548 +00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030 +The speaker is a man by the way, but the author, + +549 +00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290 +the poet is a woman. + +550 +00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310 +Can you + +551 +00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670 +read someone? + +552 +00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520 +Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round, + +553 +00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060 +I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +554 +00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220 +try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet + +555 +00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420 +for your own sake, secured, + +556 +00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590 +I hope your house is too insured. Insured. + +557 +00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750 +Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back. + +558 +00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970 +Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your + +559 +00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930 +voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back, + +560 +00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350 +I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then + +561 +00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570 +as I step on your house, give me your best and + +562 +00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590 +then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe + +563 +00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910 +and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure. + +564 +00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290 +Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your + +565 +00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490 +voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I + +566 +00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770 +hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +567 +00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970 +truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold, + +568 +00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710 +yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your + +569 +00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280 +house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker + +570 +00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600 +is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling + +571 +00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600 +her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's + +572 +00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280 +saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000 + +573 +00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820 +pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your + +574 +00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800 +person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh, + +575 +00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770 +what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So + +576 +00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130 +there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell + +577 +00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910 +her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's + +578 +00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730 +vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit. + +579 +00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470 +He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman + +580 +00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170 +is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes + +581 +00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530 +around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning, + +582 +00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950 +figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a + +583 +00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870 +lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold, + +584 +00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670 +give me your person because a woman generally was + +585 +00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990 +treated as an object, something to own. Give me + +586 +00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810 +your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's + +587 +00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050 +not for me. I don't want the money. I want you + +588 +00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430 +weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people + +589 +00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810 +will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money. + +590 +00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850 +I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they + +591 +00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620 +give you the idea. How much money have you given + +592 +00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920 +your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's + +593 +00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040 +gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll + +594 +00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440 +secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to + +595 +00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220 +protect you. A woman can't live without a man's + +596 +00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380 +protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have + +597 +00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740 +houses and that they are insured or I can take + +598 +00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400 +them to make sure that they are safe. This is + +599 +00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500 +again satire from a woman to not only to one man + +600 +00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060 +but also to men in general and how they treat + +601 +00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520 +women, how they think women are not smart, are not + +602 +00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680 +intelligent, but that they always need a man to + +603 +00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400 +protect them, to save them, to make that + +604 +00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500 +everything they have is secure. The theme is women + +605 +00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700 +being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to + +606 +00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260 +women like Afrobin. She's empowering women like + +607 +00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240 +Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as + +608 +00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200 +smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is + +609 +00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040 +different from Alexander Poe. So this is a woman + +610 +00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840 +writing for women about women issues. Do we have + +611 +00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620 +the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking, + +612 +00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840 +this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license + +613 +00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580 +for the rhyme. + +614 +00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200 +Is it + +615 +00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160 +a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four? + +616 +00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610 +not following, if she is influenced by Alexander + +617 +00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330 +Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent. + +618 +00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950 +What is the conclusion here? Women have always + +619 +00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170 +written excellent literature. If they were + +620 +00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490 +published later on, it wasn't their fault. There + +621 +00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630 +must have been poets earlier, probably during + +622 +00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810 +Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years. + +623 +00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430 +But usually, the society would ignore them, would + +624 +00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790 +neglect them. One, because they are women. Two, + +625 +00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650 +because generally women, like we've seen here, are + +626 +00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030 +harsh criticals of and male superiority. So here, + +627 +00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850 +generally when you speak about the woman, how they + +628 +00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850 +explore new ideas, how they centralize and + +629 +00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010 +criticize and attack men all the time, and most + +630 +00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370 +importantly, how they would usually be critical of + +631 +00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350 +male superiority, fake male superiority in the + +632 +00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430 +society. And perhaps that's a good logic. That is + +633 +00:43:00,430 --> 00:43:03,390 +one reason why Not because they were writing bad + +634 +00:43:03,390 --> 00:43:07,010 +poetry, not because they're not good poets, but + +635 +00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:11,170 +because the main critics ignored them altogether + +636 +00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:15,410 +for their critical poetry. Please. I want to add a + +637 +00:43:15,410 --> 00:43:18,590 +comment. You said that in Old English mainly most + +638 +00:43:18,590 --> 00:43:21,890 +poets were religious or heroic because they wrote + +639 +00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:24,550 +them. The monks chose to write them. So we can say + +640 +00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:29,750 +that Women wrote poetry for a long time but they + +641 +00:43:29,750 --> 00:43:33,070 +did not practice or did not have it now? Yeah, + +642 +00:43:33,150 --> 00:43:35,810 +probably yes. They didn't want to show it to their + +643 +00:43:35,810 --> 00:43:38,190 +parents or family or anybody because remember + +644 +00:43:38,190 --> 00:43:40,770 +during 16 women were not allowed to perform on + +645 +00:43:40,770 --> 00:43:44,000 +stage. That's why we speak later on at the end of + +646 +00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,440 +this course about Virginia Woolf, the feminist + +647 +00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:49,760 +critic who said, a woman has to have dependence on + +648 +00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,780 +herself, a room of one's own. There's an article + +649 +00:43:52,780 --> 00:43:54,840 +called A Room of One's Own. It could be stupid, + +650 +00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,500 +the idea, but she says you have to have your own + +651 +00:43:57,500 --> 00:43:59,920 +freedom and privacy and independence. If you have + +652 +00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:03,590 +your own room, If you share a room with your + +653 +00:44:03,590 --> 00:44:07,170 +brothers or sisters, sometimes you're going to + +654 +00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:09,390 +hide your talents. If you write poetry, you're + +655 +00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:11,090 +going to hide it. Because if somebody sees it, + +656 +00:44:11,110 --> 00:44:13,390 +it's going, ah, fine. She writes poetry. She + +657 +00:44:13,390 --> 00:44:15,050 +thinks she's a poet. And then they're going to + +658 +00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:18,050 +destroy you for life. But if you have your own + +659 +00:44:18,050 --> 00:44:21,890 +room, which symbolizes freedom and independence + +660 +00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:26,260 +and privacy, you can do the talents you like. You + +661 +00:44:26,260 --> 00:44:30,580 +can grow, you can develop. I'll stop here and if + +662 +00:44:30,580 --> 00:44:35,160 +you have any question, you're free to ask. And + +663 +00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,700 +after this, by the way, we're going to start the + +664 +00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:40,280 +Romantic Age. We're going to jump to the Romantic + +665 +00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:40,660 +Age. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e96f3dbd5f1f03aac60a3e0b27a336ffc8769bee --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2660 @@ +1 +00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990 +Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to + +2 +00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810 +have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and + +3 +00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930 +we have a surprise because there are two women + +4 +00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610 +poets today to talk about and at the same time we + +5 +00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070 +have two of your classmates here doing + +6 +00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590 +presentations which is always an amazing thing. So + +7 +00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010 +let's see the presentations and then go back to + +8 +00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550 +the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind. + +9 +00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490 +Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today, + +10 +00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850 +inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical + +11 +00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370 +boy tree. We can describe metaphysical boy tree as + +12 +00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720 +a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the + +13 +00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280 +metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a + +14 +00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860 +group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the + +15 +00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260 +17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the + +16 +00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100 +metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta + +17 +00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580 +means beyond and physics means physical nature. + +18 +00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340 +Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental + +19 +00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420 +problems of the nature or replacing life. + +20 +00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360 +John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical + +21 +00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280 +poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different + +22 +00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280 +way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given + +23 +00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300 +by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he + +24 +00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340 +wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The + +25 +00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840 +Lives of Boys, but he used it in a negative sense + +26 +00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900 +to criticize the poetry of Donne. + +27 +00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260 +Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry + +28 +00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100 +difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge, + +29 +00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280 +science, architecture, geography, history, + +30 +00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480 +astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry, + +31 +00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360 +mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For + +32 +00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050 +example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea + +33 +00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190 +marked by this flea and marking this how little + +34 +00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690 +that which that denies to me is. It sucked me + +35 +00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690 +first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two + +36 +00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790 +blood mangled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be + +37 +00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350 +said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead. + +38 +00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880 +This is taken from field of biology. + +39 +00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340 +This poetry is taken from field of biology and the + +40 +00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500 +flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks + +41 +00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520 +blood from human body. This insect used here as a + +42 +00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780 +theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To + +43 +00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980 +conclusion of the flea, the flea uses a conceit as + +44 +00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220 +a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The + +45 +00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300 +flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure. + +46 +00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820 +Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the + +47 +00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840 +woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of + +48 +00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660 +speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between + +49 +00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300 +the couple. + +50 +00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370 +of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image + +51 +00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690 +can be stretched to accommodate a range of + +52 +00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590 +meanings and association. They show the thrilling + +53 +00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610 +possibilities of language, but to politic use. + +54 +00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790 +Thank you, this is my presentation. + +55 +00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550 +Some of you find the metaphysical poetry + +56 +00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970 +interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I + +57 +00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190 +disagreed in the description that metaphysical + +58 +00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630 +poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical + +59 +00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250 +poetry or even speaking analyzing the word + +60 +00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870 +metaphysical itself because in our discussion we + +61 +00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390 +came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't + +62 +00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390 +necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say + +63 +00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320 +that those people are bad. The poetry is not about + +64 +00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820 +metaphysicality generally, it's different. They + +65 +00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150 +were writing against the current. I was also + +66 +00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330 +hoping for some commentary on the woman here in + +67 +00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830 +the text. Generally we said so far the society has + +68 +00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190 +been anti-feminist where women are presented as + +69 +00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430 +less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual + +70 +00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410 +compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John + +71 +00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430 +Donne treating the woman in the poem the same? + +72 +00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050 +That is an interesting question. Someone else can + +73 +00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290 +probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I + +74 +00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430 +can tell you that the 20th century greatest + +75 +00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170 +feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne. + +76 +00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070 +She's the same critic who praised Afra Binn. So if + +77 +00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990 +a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing + +78 +00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670 +something to empower women, to give them a voice. + +79 +00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830 +Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's + +80 +00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070 +trying to be different and be with women, not to + +81 +00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890 +be against women like other poets. And this is + +82 +00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330 +something new. This is something experimental. + +83 +00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970 +People were not used to women having a voice. + +84 +00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570 +Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his + +85 +00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150 +beloved that you and me and the flea are one in + +86 +00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830 +this crazy it's in a way similar to the guy who + +87 +00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990 +told actually we'll study this someone who wants + +88 +00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370 +to deceive the woman to trick her to take her + +89 +00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830 +money here in a way he wants to take something + +90 +00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090 +else but the poet is saying we are the same and + +91 +00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210 +the woman is not tricked he doesn't deceive her + +92 +00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550 +because what does she do she kills the flea He + +93 +00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030 +acts, he takes action exactly. So he's telling her + +94 +00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730 +because listen when we speak about three we speak + +95 +00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890 +about trinity you know in christianity so he's + +96 +00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350 +telling her this is a sacred creature now because + +97 +00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290 +it has the blood of three it's like jesus christ + +98 +00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280 +god and everything she's like She kills the flame. + +99 +00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060 +This simply, an act of action. The woman might not + +100 +00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440 +speak here, but she takes action. She does the + +101 +00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840 +most significant thing in the poem. And this is + +102 +00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440 +generally what a woman does in Jonda. Next, we + +103 +00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540 +have Hanin with another presentation. Hello + +104 +00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480 +everyone. My name is Hanin. Today I will talk + +105 +00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480 +about satire. So firstly, what is satire? + +106 +00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210 +Satire is a technique employed by writers to + +107 +00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170 +criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an + +108 +00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790 +individual or a society. + +109 +00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +Satirical writing is usually funny. So the main + +110 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750 +purpose of satire is not to humor, but to + +111 +00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270 +criticize corruption. There are four techniques to + +112 +00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950 +produce satire. The first one is reversal. When + +113 +00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690 +normal rules or order are reversed. The second one + +114 +00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850 +is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated + +115 +00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790 +imitation. The third one is incongruity. is + +116 +00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570 +something that seems out of place or out of + +117 +00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690 +character. The last one is exaggeration. It's + +118 +00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290 +giving an impression that something is greater or + +119 +00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160 +larger than it really is. So using humor is more + +120 +00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600 +effective than if you want to say this is wrong. + +121 +00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560 +But if you use humor, this is something will be + +122 +00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600 +more effective than if you say this is wrong. + +123 +00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060 +So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read + +124 +00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790 +it? I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything + +125 +00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730 +but that vain animal who is so proud of being + +126 +00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550 +rational. Yes. This is a satire in general. Satire + +127 +00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850 +in general by John Wilmot. And the second one + +128 +00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450 +is... Who can read it? Yes. Lots true or false are + +129 +00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010 +necessary things to raise up commonwealth's + +130 +00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530 +enduring kings. This is an extract by Dryden and + +131 +00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310 +this one is more specific than the first one. + +132 +00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760 +The last one is, but who can read? + +133 +00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520 +This extract + +134 +00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070 +to satire someone who called Shadwell. Shadwell, + +135 +00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310 +Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the + +136 +00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590 +master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And + +137 +00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750 +this is extract, this is setire, personal setire. + +138 +00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190 +This is personal setire. And this was our lesson + +139 +00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970 +about setire. Thank you. + +140 +00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030 +Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try + +141 +00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510 +to bring texts from outside the course so we can + +142 +00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690 +learn extra things? This is the one significant + +143 +00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890 +thing about the presentation. So we want to see + +144 +00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910 +what you do with extra texts, with texts from + +145 +00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580 +outside the course. Okay, so it would be a lot + +146 +00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640 +better, but this is really interesting. I like + +147 +00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080 +that you like satire and you also mentioned Parody + +148 +00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520 +and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go + +149 +00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820 +back to our class The + +150 +00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620 +Augustan Age is actually generally named the + +151 +00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350 +Augustan Age because followed by major critics + +152 +00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510 +like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Poe. But before + +153 +00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310 +I speak about Augustin Poetry, Alexander Poe, Mary + +154 +00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490 +Montague, and Mary Liver, I want to say something + +155 +00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590 +about parody. We spoke about + +156 +00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960 +And most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she + +157 +00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180 +said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you + +158 +00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820 +open most dictionaries, they will always mention + +159 +00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020 +the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny + +160 +00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740 +imitation of something, a funny representation of + +161 +00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820 +something that already existed, whether it is a + +162 +00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640 +person or a book. + +163 +00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610 +I believe that this is not accurate. This is not + +164 +00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170 +100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are + +165 +00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590 +you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay, + +166 +00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830 +so today, again, before I go to Augustine Poetry, + +167 +00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870 +I want to say something about parody. And I have + +168 +00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430 +to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally, + +169 +00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890 +most books tell you that parody is funny, comic, + +170 +00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450 +humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody + +171 +00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370 +imitates, because the word parody means to copy or + +172 +00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980 +to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always + +173 +00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900 +humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my + +174 +00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160 +point now. I think no, it's not because sometimes + +175 +00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100 +it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun + +176 +00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580 +of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I + +177 +00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160 +could say that. But there is one thing. It's about + +178 +00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080 +criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change. + +179 +00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500 +Why would I parody somebody? Because yes, I want + +180 +00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540 +to make fun of them. But sometimes I don't want to + +181 +00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200 +make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes it's + +182 +00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340 +tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their + +183 +00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760 +weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their + +184 +00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560 +corruption by imitating them in a way that makes + +185 +00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300 +people pay attention. My point is + +186 +00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280 +If this is like the English canon, you know the + +187 +00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820 +English canon, the bulk of the most important, + +188 +00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600 +most anthologized literary works, where the + +189 +00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960 +mainstream critics and writers reside most of the + +190 +00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930 +time. So if this is the canon, This is the bubble, + +191 +00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530 +this is the core. Some people live here in the + +192 +00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570 +margin, you know, the margin. Some people are + +193 +00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350 +marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but + +194 +00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030 +they're usually not mentioned and studied and + +195 +00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110 +researched. They're pushed by critics to the + +196 +00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,350 +margins of the society, of the canon. But some + +197 +00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:14,390 +poets, we say, were kicked even outside. They're + +198 +00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:16,970 +not in the margin, or on the margin. They are + +199 +00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:20,960 +here. outside. We mentioned Dunford for example. + +200 +00:14:21,980 --> 00:14:26,940 +Johnson criticized him. 50 years later Dryden + +201 +00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:28,960 +criticized him. Almost a hundred years later + +202 +00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,820 +Johnson criticized him. And then what? Even after + +203 +00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:34,960 +his death many people were threatened by people + +204 +00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,280 +who would write differently. Afrabin was also + +205 +00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:43,540 +considered to be of less importance. And marrying + +206 +00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:46,400 +manly also was considered scandalous and + +207 +00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:49,280 +objectionable and controversial in many ways. So + +208 +00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:54,220 +people here, outside the canon, sometimes want to + +209 +00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:59,160 +challenge, right? To engage in dialogue. + +210 +00:15:02,090 --> 00:15:05,810 +to engage in dialogue. Sometimes they want to + +211 +00:15:05,810 --> 00:15:09,730 +defy. Sometimes they want to criticize. Sometimes + +212 +00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,570 +they want to subvert. You know what subvert is? + +213 +00:15:13,610 --> 00:15:16,930 +When you subvert somebody's authority, you shake + +214 +00:15:16,930 --> 00:15:19,350 +somebody's authority. So the king, remember the + +215 +00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:21,530 +king is the king, the most important, God's + +216 +00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,330 +representative on earth. If you parody the king, + +217 +00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:27,310 +it's as if you're telling people that the king is + +218 +00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,550 +an ordinary person. He can be criticized. To shake + +219 +00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,110 +his place. He can be ridiculed. To shake the idea. + +220 +00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:36,510 +Because people think that the king, the president, + +221 +00:15:36,730 --> 00:15:40,850 +is a person fearful. Untouchable. Untouchable. You + +222 +00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:42,970 +can't touch him. You can't criticize him. When you + +223 +00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810 +parody him, it's like you're telling people that + +224 +00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710 +he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can + +225 +00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170 +talk about him in a particular way. In order to do + +226 +00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030 +this, those people outside the canon, they usually + +227 +00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320 +resort to parody. parody, metafiction, + +228 +00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860 +metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in + +229 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740 +John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And + +230 +00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340 +we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary + +231 +00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440 +people would be, you know, the idealism of the + +232 +00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600 +Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a + +233 +00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900 +new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why + +234 +00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240 +some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And + +235 +00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640 +you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world + +236 +00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790 +of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John + +237 +00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090 +Donne is doing. So when those people use parody, + +238 +00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050 +who usually does the criticism? The male critics, + +239 +00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490 +people in the canon, people who create the canon. + +240 +00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210 +So are they going to be happy with the parody? + +241 +00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050 +They're not. Are they going to be happy with the + +242 +00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690 +parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel + +243 +00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670 +Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I + +244 +00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530 +think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he + +245 +00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570 +says that parody is less serious, less important + +246 +00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430 +art than the original text. And it's interesting + +247 +00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930 +how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke + +248 +00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210 +about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A + +249 +00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070 +pun is a play on words, when you play with words. + +250 +00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490 +So those people even don't want us to play with + +251 +00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510 +words because they want us to follow the + +252 +00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430 +definitions in the dictionary. But always there + +253 +00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990 +have always been poets who wanted to do things + +254 +00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890 +differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't + +255 +00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450 +like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John + +256 +00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770 +Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because + +257 +00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810 +they believed in the rules of the Quran. In + +258 +00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030 +following particular rules in order to write what + +259 +00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370 +they call a great book. So you mean that the + +260 +00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670 +people who are kicked out of the canon are turning + +261 +00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300 +to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are + +262 +00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500 +these people going to define parody? Favorably or + +263 +00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760 +unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the + +264 +00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980 +dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is + +265 +00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860 +humor in parody. But not always. When you read, + +266 +00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160 +come live with me and be my love, and we will some + +267 +00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120 +new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We + +268 +00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670 +don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan + +269 +00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090 +attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the + +270 +00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710 +fact that there is another world different from + +271 +00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710 +the world, the idealistic world of Christopher + +272 +00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970 +Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to + +273 +00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370 +speak. So going back here today to Augustine + +274 +00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990 +poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope, + +275 +00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470 +Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women. + +276 +00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790 +And these are the first women poets to study. And + +277 +00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870 +this is the 18th century. And that's very + +278 +00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450 +interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and + +279 +00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430 +culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1 + +280 +00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350 +,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab + +281 +00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950 +poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong + +282 +00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370 +with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to + +283 +00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310 +write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's + +284 +00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870 +something wrong with the way the society deals + +285 +00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010 +with women, frames women, and marginalizes women. + +286 +00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210 +So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist + +287 +00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650 +critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit + +288 +00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800 +about him, Here is one of his famous heroic + +289 +00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260 +couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on + +290 +00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860 +criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about + +291 +00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900 +criticism, about poetry writing. And he says, + +292 +00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100 +those rules, the rules of writing, classification, + +293 +00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140 +of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending + +294 +00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440 +the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are + +295 +00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600 +nature, so those + +296 +00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380 +They are nature still, but nature methodized, + +297 +00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540 +systematized, organized. This is something like + +298 +00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240 +the likes of John Donne would disagree with + +299 +00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280 +because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of + +300 +00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280 +poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them + +301 +00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980 +out there in nature exactly like we find a planet + +302 +00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860 +or some stars or some galaxies out there or some + +303 +00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740 +new species or birds or some type of fish. + +304 +00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410 +And this is, again, very interesting, because for + +305 +00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130 +them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't + +306 +00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690 +mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no, + +307 +00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530 +no. According to those people, the greatest poetry + +308 +00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370 +was written centuries ago, when man was not + +309 +00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910 +corrupted, when man didn't go even to university, + +310 +00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110 +was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go + +311 +00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290 +to study Arabic or English to be able to write + +312 +00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350 +poetry, right? But those people didn't learn + +313 +00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040 +poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired. + +314 +00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140 +For those critics, this inspiration could be from + +315 +00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800 +nature or from God. So God teaches you how to + +316 +00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840 +write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write + +317 +00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360 +poetry. When you look at nature, you find + +318 +00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500 +everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look + +319 +00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560 +at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees + +320 +00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020 +or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are + +321 +00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600 +shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know + +322 +00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960 +what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced. + +323 +00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380 +Everything is organized. So the rules of writing, + +324 +00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160 +like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus, + +325 +00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660 +like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, + +326 +00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160 +they're generally taken from where? Inspired from + +327 +00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760 +nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They + +328 +00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550 +were discovered from If you count the syllables + +329 +00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530 +here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a + +330 +00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590 +thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five + +331 +00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850 +feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict + +332 +00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310 +about following. And this is a couplet. Why is + +333 +00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650 +this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander + +334 +00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510 +Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet. + +335 +00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450 +And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like + +336 +00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050 +when you define a paragraph, you're studying + +337 +00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990 +writing now. A paragraph is a group of related + +338 +00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550 +sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two + +339 +00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910 +rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten + +340 +00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410 +syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander + +341 +00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690 +Pope was one of the major poets who followed the + +342 +00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970 +rules of the Quran. They were adopted + +343 +00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310 +whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the + +344 +00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020 +rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules + +345 +00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580 +of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules + +346 +00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440 +different from the other rules? The old rules? You + +347 +00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240 +know, we took that the other, the old rules of the + +348 +00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100 +Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson, + +349 +00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540 +Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who + +350 +00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500 +was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of + +351 +00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280 +us people believe good poetry is good imitation, + +352 +00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240 +to imitate nature, because nature has everything + +353 +00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620 +there for us. Something that John Donne, for + +354 +00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100 +example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it. + +355 +00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040 +And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or + +356 +00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740 +three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander + +357 +00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550 +Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say, + +358 +00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750 +you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say + +359 +00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090 +it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with + +360 +00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370 +poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not + +361 +00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450 +prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful. + +362 +00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530 +This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a + +363 +00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290 +little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep + +364 +00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270 +or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a + +365 +00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850 +heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article + +366 +00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890 +and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with + +367 +00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210 +the sentence, except the fact that this is not an + +368 +00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050 +article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the + +369 +00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030 +name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets. + +370 +00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730 +He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be + +371 +00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390 +about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran, + +372 +00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710 +literature has to teach and delight. When you read + +373 +00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730 +a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom, + +374 +00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260 +a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a + +375 +00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200 +dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this + +376 +00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820 +before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way. + +377 +00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420 +Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a + +378 +00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500 +dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing, + +379 +00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300 +if you read only, you know, we have this type of + +380 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720 +people all the time. People who read two books and + +381 +00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280 +they think they are knowledgeable and will read. + +382 +00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840 +Or people who read, like, the introductions to a + +383 +00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230 +hundred pages and hope they will be So he's + +384 +00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490 +criticizing those people. He's saying a little + +385 +00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350 +learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a + +386 +00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770 +lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't + +387 +00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290 +learn, generally you might admit that you are + +388 +00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030 +uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books + +389 +00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070 +and you think you are a poet or a writer or a + +390 +00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170 +political analyst, your analysis and everything + +391 +00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090 +might not be good or something. So what is his + +392 +00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930 +advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring. + +393 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450 +You know what does spring mean? + +394 +00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550 +Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring + +395 +00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490 +mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is + +396 +00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910 +written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the + +397 +00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500 +full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like + +398 +00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380 +spring, like summer and spring? + +399 +00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020 +Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring. + +400 +00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620 +Spring is a place where water flows. + +401 +00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220 +No. Spring. + +402 +00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480 +There's something called hot springs where hot + +403 +00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690 +water springs from the spring. So either you, the + +404 +00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030 +Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of + +405 +00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770 +knowledge, education and everything. So you have + +406 +00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450 +two choices. You either drink deep, study hard, + +407 +00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770 +become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea. + +408 +00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760 +This is the advice. It's like I usually say this + +409 +00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640 +to my students. When you study English, you have + +410 +00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820 +to work very hard. If you finish four years of + +411 +00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800 +studying English and your English is still bad, + +412 +00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560 +it's really sad. So study hard. Drink deep from + +413 +00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,100 +the Pyrene spring. And look at the perfect rhyme, + +414 +00:27:37,220 --> 00:27:40,540 +the couplet. If you count this, 10 syllables, 10 + +415 +00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:44,720 +syllables, five feet, five feet. Pop was very + +416 +00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:49,220 +famous for satire also. Many people wrote satire + +417 +00:27:49,220 --> 00:27:56,800 +in the Yugoslavia. And like his friend Dryden, he + +418 +00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,660 +criticized his poetic writer. Two texts here I was + +419 +00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:05,860 +examining today. Number one is Don Siegert. Yeah, + +420 +00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:07,160 +Don Siegert. + +421 +00:28:09,740 --> 00:28:11,400 +Just one little thing about Don Siegert. + +422 +00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:19,670 +in which he criticizes his friend, his literary + +423 +00:28:19,670 --> 00:28:23,510 +rival. It's the same. In this poem, there is + +424 +00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:28,950 +satire and attack on the dullness of his literary + +425 +00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:32,550 +rivals. But remember, it doesn't necessarily mean + +426 +00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,250 +that his rivals are bad or dull. It means that + +427 +00:28:36,250 --> 00:28:40,050 +Alexander Pope does not like them. Because he said + +428 +00:28:40,050 --> 00:28:42,750 +the craziest thing about John Donne. He has no + +429 +00:28:42,750 --> 00:28:46,480 +imagination. Yeah. And even like John Donne was + +430 +00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,200 +criticized by Johnson, by Dryden, by Samuel + +431 +00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,320 +Johnson. Everyone agreed that John Donne has this + +432 +00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:57,280 +weird, crazy imagination. He's a witty poet. And + +433 +00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,980 +Alexander Poe was like, no. He doesn't even have + +434 +00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:04,560 +an imagination. He's not imaginative. Is he + +435 +00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,720 +correct? Is he right? I don't think so. So don't + +436 +00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,340 +take everything for granted. Think for yourself. + +437 +00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:15,820 +His most famous work here is The Rape of the Lock. + +438 +00:29:17,380 --> 00:29:20,880 +We spoke about rape in the past, but rape here + +439 +00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,800 +means stealing something. We speak about the rape + +440 +00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,580 +of Palestine, how Palestine was stolen, was + +441 +00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:34,500 +occupied by. Lock is a lock of hair. A lock of + +442 +00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:40,350 +hair, yeah. The Rape of the Log is a mock-epic + +443 +00:29:40,350 --> 00:29:42,790 +satire. You know what an epic poem is, remember? + +444 +00:29:43,830 --> 00:29:47,370 +Bewolf, about heroes, battles, heroism, like + +445 +00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210 +Bewolf, always very long, about serious issues in + +446 +00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850 +the community. But in this poem, very long poem, + +447 +00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830 +I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long, + +448 +00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330 +Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things + +449 +00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200 +of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we + +450 +00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440 +have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40 + +451 +00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160 +year battle over you know two camels, was it two + +452 +00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500 +camels or two horses or something. In this story + +453 +00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640 +someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then + +454 +00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060 +all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and + +455 +00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990 +fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing + +456 +00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450 +in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the + +457 +00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350 +trivial things in the society, this fake self + +458 +00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020 +-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but + +459 +00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560 +in reality, they are all only fighting about + +460 +00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080 +trivial things. There are no heroes in this age. + +461 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860 +There are no battles in this age. It's all fake, + +462 +00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000 +like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70 + +463 +00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900 +years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book. + +464 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780 +So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long + +465 +00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760 +poem about heroism. + +466 +00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280 +An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's + +467 +00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300 +a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock + +468 +00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300 +something, to make fun of something. But there's + +469 +00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220 +also this when you do an exam, when you don't do + +470 +00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460 +the original, like sometimes you have to do a + +471 +00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860 +trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test. + +472 +00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990 +So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic. + +473 +00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330 +Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it + +474 +00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610 +about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or + +475 +00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710 +someone fighting, killing many people because they + +476 +00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090 +stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We + +477 +00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010 +have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people + +478 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350 +who would fight and do horrible things only + +479 +00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600 +because someone It's something trivial and stupid. + +480 +00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160 +And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem + +481 +00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880 +to read about. Let's move to the more interesting + +482 +00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780 +poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary + +483 +00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760 +Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife + +484 +00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660 +of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany. + +485 +00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100 +Her name is Mary Montagio. + +486 +00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900 +So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very + +487 +00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940 +muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a + +488 +00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580 +poet. It is said here, it says in the book that + +489 +00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040 +she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became + +490 +00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080 +his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds + +491 +00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010 +interesting. But it's also interesting that + +492 +00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690 +Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the + +493 +00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910 +ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in + +494 +00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990 +this age. They wanted to be close to the + +495 +00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770 +royalties, to the court, to the people in power. + +496 +00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950 +In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that + +497 +00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080 +satire should like a polished razor key. What's a + +498 +00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340 +razor? When men shave their beard, so they use + +499 +00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260 +razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp + +500 +00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100 +knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire + +501 +00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960 +should be sharp like a razor. This is called a + +502 +00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540 +simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it + +503 +00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870 +uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a + +504 +00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990 +verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with + +505 +00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190 +a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is + +506 +00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510 +scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You + +507 +00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270 +shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that + +508 +00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050 +satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If + +509 +00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950 +you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing + +510 +00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930 +me or what is she saying here? And this is + +511 +00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990 +something that comes from a woman. In a way, if + +512 +00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950 +you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was + +513 +00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570 +written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell + +514 +00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330 +this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use + +515 +00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730 +words. No. Which proves the idea that women can + +516 +00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760 +write poetry like men exactly. There was this + +517 +00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660 +novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first + +518 +00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840 +paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the + +519 +00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500 +writer is a woman or a man. And there was an + +520 +00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140 +uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are + +521 +00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980 +similarities. There are differences. But if you + +522 +00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700 +say women don't write as good as well as women, + +523 +00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980 +that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way + +524 +00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560 +and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So + +525 +00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260 +three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper. + +526 +00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020 +Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the + +527 +00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800 +age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah + +528 +00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800 +she still became famous for some time. Maybe she + +529 +00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060 +became famous after her death? Generally yes. + +530 +00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340 +Generally yes. Her poems were published post + +531 +00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280 +-Muslim. This is a good word to know. You know + +532 +00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340 +post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre + +533 +00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980 +-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John + +534 +00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700 +Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his + +535 +00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080 +death. You can say after his death or her death. + +536 +00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360 +But when you use the word posthumously, you sound + +537 +00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560 +like a sophisticated person who knows big words. + +538 +00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700 +I'm knowledgeable. Yeah? + +539 +00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020 +Listen, the book says she was influenced by Bob. + +540 +00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620 +And my question is, do you agree or do you + +541 +00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360 +disagree? She was influenced by, the book says, + +542 +00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040 +Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I + +543 +00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720 +want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem + +544 +00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220 +by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see + +545 +00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740 +similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or + +546 +00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780 +not. I'll give you one minute. + +547 +00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970 +a form, a theme. + +548 +00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030 +The speaker is a man by the way, but the author, + +549 +00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290 +the poet is a woman. + +550 +00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310 +Can you + +551 +00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670 +read someone? + +552 +00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520 +Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round, + +553 +00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060 +I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +554 +00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220 +try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet + +555 +00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420 +for your own sake, secured, + +556 +00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590 +I hope your house is too insured. Insured. + +557 +00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750 +Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back. + +558 +00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970 +Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your + +559 +00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930 +voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back, + +560 +00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350 +I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then + +561 +00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570 +as I step on your house, give me your best and + +562 +00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590 +then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe + +563 +00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910 +and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure. + +564 +00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290 +Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your + +565 +00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490 +voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I + +566 +00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770 +hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I + +567 +00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970 +truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold, + +568 +00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710 +yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your + +569 +00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280 +house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker + +570 +00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600 +is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling + +571 +00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600 +her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's + +572 +00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280 +saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000 + +573 +00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820 +pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your + +574 +00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800 +person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh, + +575 +00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770 +what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So + +576 +00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130 +there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell + +577 +00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910 +her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's + +578 +00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730 +vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit. + +579 +00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470 +He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman + +580 +00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170 +is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes + +581 +00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530 +around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning, + +582 +00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950 +figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a + +583 +00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870 +lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold, + +584 +00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670 +give me your person because a woman generally was + +585 +00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990 +treated as an object, something to own. Give me + +586 +00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810 +your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's + +587 +00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050 +not for me. I don't want the money. I want you + +588 +00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430 +weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people + +589 +00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810 +will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money. + +590 +00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850 +I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they + +591 +00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620 +give you the idea. How much money have you given + +592 +00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920 +your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's + +593 +00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040 +gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll + +594 +00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440 +secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to + +595 +00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220 +protect you. A woman can't live without a man's + +596 +00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380 +protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have + +597 +00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740 +houses and that they are insured or I can take + +598 +00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400 +them to make sure that they are safe. This is + +599 +00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500 +again satire from a woman to not only to one man + +600 +00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060 +but also to men in general and how they treat + +601 +00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520 +women, how they think women are not smart, are not + +602 +00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680 +intelligent, but that they always need a man to + +603 +00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400 +protect them, to save them, to make that + +604 +00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500 +everything they have is secure. The theme is women + +605 +00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700 +being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to + +606 +00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260 +women like Afrobin. She's empowering women like + +607 +00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240 +Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as + +608 +00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200 +smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is + +609 +00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040 +different from Alexander Poe. So this is a woman + +610 +00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840 +writing for women about women issues. Do we have + +611 +00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620 +the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking, + +612 +00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840 +this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license + +613 +00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580 +for the rhyme. + +614 +00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200 +Is it + +615 +00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160 +a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four? + +616 +00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610 +not following, if she is influenced by Alexander + +617 +00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330 +Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent. + +618 +00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950 +What is the conclusion here? Women have always + +619 +00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170 +written excellent literature. If they were + +620 +00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490 +published later on, it wasn't their fault. There + +621 +00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630 +must have been poets earlier, probably during + +622 +00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810 +Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years. + +623 +00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430 +But usually, the society would ignore them, would + +624 +00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790 +neglect them. One, because they are women. Two, + +625 +00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650 +because generally women, like we've seen here, are + +626 +00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030 +harsh criticals of and male superiority. So here, + +627 +00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850 +generally when you speak about the woman, how they + +628 +00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850 +explore new ideas, how they centralize and + +629 +00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010 +criticize and attack men all the time, and most + +630 +00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370 +importantly, how they would usually be critical of + +631 +00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350 +male superiority, fake male superiority in the + +632 +00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430 +society. And perhaps that's a good logic. That is + +633 +00:43:00,430 --> 00:43:03,390 +one reason why Not because they were writing bad + +634 +00:43:03,390 --> 00:43:07,010 +poetry, not because they're not good poets, but + +635 +00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:11,170 +because the main critics ignored them altogether + +636 +00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:15,410 +for their critical poetry. Please. I want to add a + +637 +00:43:15,410 --> 00:43:18,590 +comment. You said that in Old English mainly most + +638 +00:43:18,590 --> 00:43:21,890 +poets were religious or heroic because they wrote + +639 +00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:24,550 +them. The monks chose to write them. So we can say + +640 +00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:29,750 +that Women wrote poetry for a long time but they + +641 +00:43:29,750 --> 00:43:33,070 +did not practice or did not have it now? Yeah, + +642 +00:43:33,150 --> 00:43:35,810 +probably yes. They didn't want to show it to their + +643 +00:43:35,810 --> 00:43:38,190 +parents or family or anybody because remember + +644 +00:43:38,190 --> 00:43:40,770 +during 16 women were not allowed to perform on + +645 +00:43:40,770 --> 00:43:44,000 +stage. That's why we speak later on at the end of + +646 +00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,440 +this course about Virginia Woolf, the feminist + +647 +00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:49,760 +critic who said, a woman has to have dependence on + +648 +00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,780 +herself, a room of one's own. There's an article + +649 +00:43:52,780 --> 00:43:54,840 +called A Room of One's Own. It could be stupid, + +650 +00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,500 +the idea, but she says you have to have your own + +651 +00:43:57,500 --> 00:43:59,920 +freedom and privacy and independence. If you have + +652 +00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:03,590 +your own room, If you share a room with your + +653 +00:44:03,590 --> 00:44:07,170 +brothers or sisters, sometimes you're going to + +654 +00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:09,390 +hide your talents. If you write poetry, you're + +655 +00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:11,090 +going to hide it. Because if somebody sees it, + +656 +00:44:11,110 --> 00:44:13,390 +it's going, ah, fine. She writes poetry. She + +657 +00:44:13,390 --> 00:44:15,050 +thinks she's a poet. And then they're going to + +658 +00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:18,050 +destroy you for life. But if you have your own + +659 +00:44:18,050 --> 00:44:21,890 +room, which symbolizes freedom and independence + +660 +00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:26,260 +and privacy, you can do the talents you like. You + +661 +00:44:26,260 --> 00:44:30,580 +can grow, you can develop. I'll stop here and if + +662 +00:44:30,580 --> 00:44:35,160 +you have any question, you're free to ask. And + +663 +00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,700 +after this, by the way, we're going to start the + +664 +00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:40,280 +Romantic Age. We're going to jump to the Romantic + +665 +00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:40,660 +Age. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac98c5177e02657eb7d0065bfe7fa9a8be3ae02b --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@ +1 +00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:25,470 +Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished + +2 +00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:28,750 +speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its + +3 +00:00:28,750 --> 00:00:31,950 +poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about + +4 +00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:36,550 +another important era or age, if I can say that, + +5 +00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,030 +in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in + +6 +00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,850 +politics, society, but most importantly about the + +7 +00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:49,880 +literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An + +8 +00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,640 +era expanding from the middle of the 17th century + +9 +00:00:53,640 --> 00:01:01,200 +to the early 18th century. These are actually two + +10 +00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,040 +things related very much to each other. The first + +11 +00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880 +one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. + +12 +00:01:09,540 --> 00:01:13,530 +And the second part is called Restoration. + +13 +00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,570 +Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally, + +14 +00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,790 +commonwealth refers to countries that were + +15 +00:01:20,790 --> 00:01:24,930 +occupied, colonized by England. So any country + +16 +00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,430 +that was occupied by England at one particular + +17 +00:01:27,430 --> 00:01:30,790 +time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the + +18 +00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,670 +Francophone countries, countries that were + +19 +00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:36,530 +occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to + +20 +00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,130 +a very important period in the history of England. + +21 +00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:43,710 +And then it was followed soon after by, this is + +22 +00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:47,190 +very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it + +23 +00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:50,370 +was restored, followed by something called + +24 +00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:54,990 +restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the + +25 +00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,590 +restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we + +26 +00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:06,090 +have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end + +27 +00:02:06,090 --> 00:02:10,510 +of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The + +28 +00:02:10,510 --> 00:02:13,150 +Puritans, as a religious group, they were also + +29 +00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:17,390 +political group. They were becoming more and more + +30 +00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:20,370 +powerful. They closed the theater. But more + +31 +00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,530 +important than closing the theater, they killed + +32 +00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,590 +the king. Because there was a huge political + +33 +00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,290 +division in the English society between the + +34 +00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,760 +Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans + +35 +00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:40,240 +fought against the king because of the corruption, + +36 +00:02:40,540 --> 00:02:43,400 +the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the + +37 +00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,280 +drama, they said in a way or another about the + +38 +00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,000 +political system, about the monarchy. And there + +39 +00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,320 +was a huge war, something that we refer to + +40 +00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,120 +generally as civil war. You know what a civil war? + +41 +00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:00,390 +groups in the same society, same country fight, + +42 +00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,710 +civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of + +43 +00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:08,570 +death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When + +44 +00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:12,070 +the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to + +45 +00:03:12,070 --> 00:03:15,230 +win a civil war, what did they do the first thing? + +46 +00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:20,470 +They executed the king. And this is England. + +47 +00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,630 +Again, this is, remember we said the king was the + +48 +00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,210 +most important person, God's representative on + +49 +00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:31,990 +Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was + +50 +00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:35,550 +holy, sacred. The English people lived with the + +51 +00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:38,350 +king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably + +52 +00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:44,580 +1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is + +53 +00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,560 +crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be + +54 +00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,000 +bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen + +55 +00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,840 +as crucial, vital, important to the stability of + +56 +00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,440 +the society and the benefit of the interest of the + +57 +00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,590 +individual. And now what we saw in literature, and + +58 +00:04:00,590 --> 00:04:02,650 +this is very interesting, how literature prepares + +59 +00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:05,670 +our minds to certain events, how literature + +60 +00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:10,170 +creates life, creates, changes life in a + +61 +00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,010 +particular way. We've seen the king die before, + +62 +00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:16,710 +but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another + +63 +00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:21,110 +place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or + +64 +00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:25,090 +another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the + +65 +00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:28,490 +death of the king in the literary works turned + +66 +00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,150 +life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was + +67 +00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:34,650 +turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is + +68 +00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,090 +fair. But here, for the first time, the king is + +69 +00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,170 +executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened + +70 +00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:49,130 +next. But this era, this period that saw the king + +71 +00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:55,470 +executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver + +72 +00:04:55,470 --> 00:04:59,910 +Cromwell, a very important name, is called the + +73 +00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:05,250 +Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The + +74 +00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,630 +monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen, + +75 +00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:11,750 +no more royal family in so many ways. And they + +76 +00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:15,690 +wanted the parliament to rule with election, with + +77 +00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:20,790 +democracy, more democratic processes here. Now, + +78 +00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:23,490 +Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader + +79 +00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:27,660 +of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king + +80 +00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:30,620 +was executed, and he had so many important things + +81 +00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:33,740 +to do to create the commonwealth, the countries + +82 +00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:38,580 +that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland + +83 +00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:42,760 +and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he + +84 +00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,960 +fought battles, and he was also a man of peace + +85 +00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,200 +because he wanted to negotiate and involve in + +86 +00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,420 +dialogue between different countries around him. + +87 +00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,720 +Again, history is important here, how literature + +88 +00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,120 +influences life and history, and how history also + +89 +00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,280 +influences, in a way or another, literature. But + +90 +00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:06,500 +we don't want to speak a lot about history. But + +91 +00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:09,340 +really, this is interesting to read. Now, when + +92 +00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,960 +this man died about ten years later, sometimes + +93 +00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,460 +it's so sad that some important people die very + +94 +00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,360 +quickly, and people who are really horrible, they + +95 +00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,650 +just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies, + +96 +00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:28,470 +what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What + +97 +00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:28,950 +does it mean? + +98 +00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,450 +So, if he is followed by his son, what does this + +99 +00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:40,750 +mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again. + +100 +00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,560 +What's wrong with the king, other than the + +101 +00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,380 +corruption and everything? It's that someone, + +102 +00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:51,980 +because he was born to a particular family, is + +103 +00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:54,180 +more important than us, can rule us, can control + +104 +00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:00,380 +us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell + +105 +00:07:00,380 --> 00:07:07,850 +became the protector of England, He earned this + +106 +00:07:07,850 --> 00:07:12,250 +because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a + +107 +00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:15,010 +smart politician. But if his son takes it, + +108 +00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:19,030 +succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in + +109 +00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:22,690 +many ways, this is the English mentality, because + +110 +00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:27,340 +they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by + +111 +00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:30,640 +a particular family because they have been trained + +112 +00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840 +all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds + +113 +00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,640 +of years that the king is crucial to the + +114 +00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:41,060 +stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth + +115 +00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,150 +II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine + +116 +00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:50,250 +politics and many things in England. But she's a + +117 +00:07:50,250 --> 00:07:52,890 +symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite + +118 +00:07:52,890 --> 00:07:57,530 +the fact that the royal family spends millions and + +119 +00:07:57,530 --> 00:08:00,790 +millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many + +120 +00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,430 +people feel it's necessary to have a royal family. + +121 +00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,590 +Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his + +122 +00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:12,710 +son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again, + +123 +00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,690 +Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth. + +124 +00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:18,930 +He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not + +125 +00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:25,580 +strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant + +126 +00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:29,100 +something to the people there. Because during this + +127 +00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,940 +period of 15 years or so or less, the English + +128 +00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:37,200 +people generally were like, when you want to do + +129 +00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400 +something, but you can't do it because you want to + +130 +00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,000 +try something new. And then finally, you just say, + +131 +00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:46,380 +OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they + +132 +00:08:46,380 --> 00:08:53,170 +said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is + +133 +00:08:53,170 --> 00:08:56,890 +how much the English people love the not I can't + +134 +00:08:56,890 --> 00:08:59,690 +generalize of course especially the high class + +135 +00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:03,290 +because many people had like benefited a lot from + +136 +00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:07,870 +having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth + +137 +00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:13,570 +ended by bringing another king. King, remember, + +138 +00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:18,690 +King Charles I was executed, and they came, they + +139 +00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,770 +invited, they brought King Charles II from France. + +140 +00:09:25,510 --> 00:09:26,870 +This is called the Restoration. What is the + +141 +00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:31,300 +Restoration? When the king was restored. That's + +142 +00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:34,800 +it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and + +143 +00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,660 +Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another. + +144 +00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:45,840 +So in 1660, we have what is called the + +145 +00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,360 +Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and + +146 +00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,500 +the man, Charles II, was brought from France. + +147 +00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:57,720 +Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out + +148 +00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,730 +in a way or another. Now again, it shows how + +149 +00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,590 +significant the monarchy is for the English + +150 +00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:10,600 +people. But something remained. that couldn't + +151 +00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:14,160 +change in a way or another. The monarchy itself + +152 +00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,020 +and its powers and privileges were declining, were + +153 +00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:22,180 +diminishing, were reduced because the parliament + +154 +00:10:22,180 --> 00:10:25,000 +and politicians and people who were elected by + +155 +00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:29,360 +people become more and more powerful. So yes, the + +156 +00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,040 +king was restored, but the powers The privileges, + +157 +00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:37,880 +the authority, they were never the same. Until + +158 +00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,840 +this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy. + +159 +00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,300 +The queen sometimes signs particular papers, + +160 +00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:48,540 +approves particular cabinets by particular + +161 +00:10:51,460 --> 00:10:54,400 +political parties like the Labour Party and the + +162 +00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,480 +Tories. So politics is very important in this age. + +163 +00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,640 +But here we're not only talking, remember in the + +164 +00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,480 +past we were speaking about nationalism, the + +165 +00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,200 +strong sense of the English identity, Queen, + +166 +00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:09,910 +England being the saviour and the protector. And + +167 +00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:13,970 +about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I + +168 +00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,570 +end my song. The English people were all proud of + +169 +00:11:16,570 --> 00:11:19,670 +everything English. But now this changed from + +170 +00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:22,530 +nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to + +171 +00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,660 +political division. So some people supported this + +172 +00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:28,680 +political party, and others supported this + +173 +00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:30,620 +political party. And this creates what we call + +174 +00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,860 +political division. And this is politics more than + +175 +00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,440 +nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving + +176 +00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,380 +everything about your country, supporting, + +177 +00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:42,760 +believing in your country. But being political + +178 +00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,600 +generally here in this sense means that you + +179 +00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500 +support one political party over the others + +180 +00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,660 +because of something. Now, something very funny + +181 +00:11:51,660 --> 00:11:55,800 +happened later on. King James II, remember we had + +182 +00:11:55,800 --> 00:12:00,960 +King James I in 1603, the man who translated the + +183 +00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,400 +Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the + +184 +00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,420 +man who loved theater and literature, who had the + +185 +00:12:05,420 --> 00:12:10,200 +mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King + +186 +00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,200 +James II did something that could be considered + +187 +00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,240 +stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember + +188 +00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:23,070 +England is? A Protestant country now because of + +189 +00:12:23,070 --> 00:12:27,050 +King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the + +190 +00:12:27,050 --> 00:12:30,090 +Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and + +191 +00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:32,850 +churches, and he executed so many Catholic people. + +192 +00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,990 +Because England changed its religion. Still + +193 +00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:39,410 +Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are + +194 +00:12:39,410 --> 00:12:43,410 +Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King + +195 +00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:49,100 +James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember, + +196 +00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,920 +so many people were not happy with King Charles I. + +197 +00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,580 +What happened? Fighting, political division, civil + +198 +00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,640 +war, death, blood. But now, and this is really + +199 +00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,260 +interesting, the English people seem to have + +200 +00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:06,920 +learned from their own experience. They have + +201 +00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,020 +learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We + +202 +00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:13,420 +kill each other. And then later on, we bring the + +203 +00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:16,400 +king again. So they learned something that nobody + +204 +00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,960 +in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many + +205 +00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,580 +kings were executed, and revolutions after + +206 +00:13:22,580 --> 00:13:26,040 +revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60 + +207 +00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,260 +years ago in Spain. And even today, there are + +208 +00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:33,260 +still some troubles and problems here and there. + +209 +00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:37,110 +But the English learned this lesson. very quickly + +210 +00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,110 +in many ways. So when this king converted to + +211 +00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:45,130 +Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they + +212 +00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:48,490 +kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they + +213 +00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:51,790 +fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again, + +214 +00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:55,210 +they came to him and said, sorry, this is a + +215 +00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:58,170 +Protestant country. You need to go. And they + +216 +00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:03,070 +removed the king without shedding any drop of + +217 +00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:06,980 +blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless + +218 +00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:10,820 +revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The + +219 +00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,020 +revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood. + +220 +00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:18,000 +Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the + +221 +00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620 +glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in + +222 +00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:25,640 +Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak + +223 +00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,660 +about two important things later on. Number one, + +224 +00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,570 +The middle class are number two literature and + +225 +00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:44,410 +politics. So what we care about here as literature + +226 +00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:48,100 +students It's good to know this brief history, is + +227 +00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800 +the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll + +228 +00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,820 +speak about the rise of the middle class in every + +229 +00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,060 +age, every era. And then politics and literature, + +230 +00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:01,280 +and literature and politics. But what did the + +231 +00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,980 +English people learn from this? They learned many + +232 +00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,760 +things. Number one, that stability is important. + +233 +00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,740 +Stability is crucial. You know stability? You + +234 +00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,520 +don't want to change the situation. You can + +235 +00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,040 +improve it. And if you want to change it, you + +236 +00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,820 +change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy, + +237 +00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,300 +by politics. So people wanted to avoid another + +238 +00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:27,300 +revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the + +239 +00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,640 +blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by + +240 +00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,740 +the way. And that's why this is a very interesting + +241 +00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:35,940 +history. + +242 +00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,080 +Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we + +243 +00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:46,080 +speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come. + +244 +00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,140 +People were... In the Renaissance, people were + +245 +00:15:50,140 --> 00:15:53,080 +more about exploring. You know, the geographical + +246 +00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,500 +discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers. + +247 +00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,720 +They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted + +248 +00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,360 +to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed + +249 +00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,010 +and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay, + +250 +00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,130 +wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think + +251 +00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,390 +more carefully about what we do, where we go. So + +252 +00:16:12,390 --> 00:16:16,190 +the sense of exploration and experimentation in a + +253 +00:16:16,190 --> 00:16:20,990 +way was replaced by a sense of reason and + +254 +00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:26,870 +stability. And this is very smart because the + +255 +00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,010 +political system created something, an image that + +256 +00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,120 +made people believe the stability of the country, + +257 +00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,860 +if you have a stable, and even today, you know, + +258 +00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:39,760 +Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she + +259 +00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,640 +speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable. + +260 +00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:43,680 +They're making fun of her statement, the + +261 +00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,080 +catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We + +262 +00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,340 +want a strong and stable country. It started from + +263 +00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:52,880 +here. They said a strong country is a stable + +264 +00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:56,120 +country. And a stable country, government, means + +265 +00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:01,680 +more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an + +266 +00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,840 +individual, if you want to achieve your own + +267 +00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:08,100 +growth, material growth, if you want to get + +268 +00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,380 +wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to + +269 +00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:14,120 +achieve the stability for all the society, the + +270 +00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:16,820 +community. That's why there's something I usually + +271 +00:17:16,820 --> 00:17:21,420 +like to say here. The individual became political, + +272 +00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,320 +and the political became individual. What is good + +273 +00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,570 +for the community? It's good for, for me, the + +274 +00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:32,390 +individual. We'll see how this is reflected on + +275 +00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:38,470 +literature. So we have more growth in science, in + +276 +00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:40,710 +commercial growth, in trade, in geographical + +277 +00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,030 +discoveries, in British imperialism, in + +278 +00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:48,330 +colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many + +279 +00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:51,670 +excellent things happened. And we speak about the + +280 +00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:56,840 +English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now, + +281 +00:17:56,920 --> 00:17:59,540 +before I move to speak about literature, look at + +282 +00:17:59,540 --> 00:18:04,960 +this sentence. In the book, it says there was a + +283 +00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,320 +union. There was a unity between England and + +284 +00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:14,340 +Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the + +285 +00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,300 +problem. This is what the book says exactly. It + +286 +00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,800 +says Ireland was still the problem. + +287 +00:18:27,950 --> 00:18:34,610 +was still a problem. What do you think? And that's + +288 +00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:39,450 +why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not + +289 +00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,810 +stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem + +290 +00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890 +to the United Kingdom. + +291 +00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:51,230 +Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You + +292 +00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090 +know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland. + +293 +00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:56,790 +We have Wales. We have England, the United + +294 +00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,590 +Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please. + +295 +00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290 +Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not + +296 +00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:09,210 +many people were forced to convert to becoming + +297 +00:19:09,210 --> 00:19:13,390 +Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it + +298 +00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:19,270 +mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you + +299 +00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950 +mean? Can you explain? + +300 +00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450 +Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is + +301 +00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870 +out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay. + +302 +00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430 +That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There + +303 +00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850 +is also whitewashing here. England was the + +304 +00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310 +problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel + +305 +00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070 +says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is + +306 +00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800 +the problem. So the book here presents it as if + +307 +00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250 +Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For + +308 +00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830 +England, while England is occupying and colonizing + +309 +00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770 +Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people, + +310 +00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370 +yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until + +311 +00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190 +this very day, there's still this trouble between + +312 +00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,530 +Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So + +313 +00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310 +interesting how the book presents this. And I told + +314 +00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570 +you before, be careful when you read any book, + +315 +00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990 +especially books written by by white Europeans who + +316 +00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410 +believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is + +317 +00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650 +not only against Asia and Africa and the + +318 +00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130 +Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like + +319 +00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130 +in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying + +320 +00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190 +this. This is called whitewashing. + +321 +00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260 +Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a + +322 +00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280 +movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems, + +323 +00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040 +the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present + +324 +00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980 +things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a + +325 +00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220 +movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza + +326 +00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920 +and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And + +327 +00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,500 +you read the whole book. You watch the whole + +328 +00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580 +movie. And there are no references to the Israeli + +329 +00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300 +occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of + +330 +00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920 +occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring + +331 +00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260 +to Israel here, this is called whitewashing. + +332 +00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180 +Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and + +333 +00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900 +wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong + +334 +00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280 +with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel + +335 +00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400 +and describes Israel, how Israel is the only + +336 +00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110 +democracy in the Middle East, or the only + +337 +00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130 +democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very + +338 +00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270 +significant research haven, technology, cancer + +339 +00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010 +research, without referring to the fact that there + +340 +00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950 +is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black + +341 +00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970 +people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades + +342 +00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150 +of occupation of colonialism, this is + +343 +00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180 +whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we + +344 +00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800 +spoke about this also when the writer here, two + +345 +00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380 +writers actually, when they depicted colonialism + +346 +00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800 +as glory. It's not glory because it caused the + +347 +00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200 +deaths of millions and millions of people. So + +348 +00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660 +yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing. + +349 +00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620 +OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this + +350 +00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570 +era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel. + +351 +00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890 +Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But + +352 +00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950 +he was also a politician, a member of the + +353 +00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150 +parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who? + +354 +00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110 +Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and + +355 +00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690 +celebrating Cromwell. + +356 +00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000 +It's called an oration. There could be an N here. + +357 +00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460 +If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An + +358 +00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640 +oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from + +359 +00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500 +Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize + +360 +00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520 +this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet? + +361 +00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180 +Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what + +362 +00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280 +poetry we had in the past? About society, love + +363 +00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040 +poetry, religion. Are we going to see new + +364 +00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700 +concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues + +365 +00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340 +here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease. + +366 +00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520 +Cease. + +367 +00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130 +in the glorious arts of peace, but through a + +368 +00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690 +treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled + +369 +00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810 +us up of all the civil war, where his were not the + +370 +00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790 +deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says + +371 +00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630 +in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars, + +372 +00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590 +sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So, + +373 +00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250 +is this crumble? + +374 +00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180 +in glorious art of peace, urged + +375 +00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740 +his active star where + +376 +00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220 +his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet + +377 +00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000 +saying? What's going on here? + +378 +00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670 +He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say + +379 +00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470 +something like prime minister, but he wasn't a + +380 +00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870 +king. But more or less, he was like a king, + +381 +00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270 +because he was succeeded by his son when he died. + +382 +00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970 +So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler, + +383 +00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950 +protector of England. + +384 +00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110 +Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker + +385 +00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360 +could be Marvel. The difference between the poet, + +386 +00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900 +the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly, + +387 +00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960 +it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising + +388 +00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940 +and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and + +389 +00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180 +peace. + +390 +00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520 +So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't + +391 +00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200 +rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have + +392 +00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500 +this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time. + +393 +00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760 +We have poets praising the rulers, the governors, + +394 +00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200 +the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't + +395 +00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940 +cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during + +396 +00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960 +peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics, + +397 +00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200 +diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most. + +398 +00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360 +So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations, + +399 +00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780 +but also when there are battles and fighting and + +400 +00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700 +wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also + +401 +00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580 +fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can + +402 +00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600 +balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways, + +403 +00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010 +this is a political poem. Because who's being + +404 +00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410 +prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem? + +405 +00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390 +God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of + +406 +00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810 +England. So when you write a poem for your + +407 +00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590 +president, the prime minister, this is politics. + +408 +00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630 +And during this era, politics became a huge part + +409 +00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470 +of literature. Political themes. Political, + +410 +00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210 +political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel + +411 +00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850 +was supporting the Commonwealth against the king. + +412 +00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790 +Later on, he became a politician and became a + +413 +00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710 +member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the + +414 +00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670 +unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of + +415 +00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290 +poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote + +416 +00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070 +several poems praising Cromwell and his life and + +417 +00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330 +his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me + +418 +00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260 +of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the + +419 +00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500 +greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his + +420 +00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040 +poetry is like this, celebrates a particular + +421 +00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520 +person. It's really beautiful how there are + +422 +00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520 +similarities, but at the same time there are + +423 +00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560 +dissimilarities. Many people would read this and + +424 +00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300 +say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because + +425 +00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840 +poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have + +426 +00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540 +much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we + +427 +00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750 +don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is + +428 +00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690 +poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in + +429 +00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190 +themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me + +430 +00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290 +of something probably I quoted before. Al + +431 +00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610 +-Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying + +432 +00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530 +how courageous he is. So to describe someone as + +433 +00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690 +courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active + +434 +00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230 +star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He + +435 +00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780 +doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says, + +436 +00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320 +praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti + +437 +00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860 +shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa + +438 +00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600 +naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi. + +439 +00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220 +Meaning, you were in a position where anyone + +440 +00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660 +standing would die. But you, because you're + +441 +00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300 +courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying. + +442 +00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840 +Look at this simile. There is a personification of + +443 +00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260 +death here, where death is like a sleeping person. + +444 +00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300 +And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the + +445 +00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360 +eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing + +446 +00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640 +here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he + +447 +00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520 +claims is you. But you don't care because you are + +448 +00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940 +powerful. + +449 +00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390 +This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your + +450 +00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170 +enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's + +451 +00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830 +praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights + +452 +00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690 +heroes. And while he's doing this during the war + +453 +00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480 +and the fighting, Because in war, we're all + +454 +00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680 +worried, and sweating, and terrified, and + +455 +00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240 +terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But + +456 +00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220 +because you are a fearless leader during war, like + +457 +00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680 +this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is + +458 +00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000 +more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when + +459 +00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020 +probably when you finish doing a BA in English + +460 +00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800 +literature, you could do a comparison. You study + +461 +00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420 +comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and + +462 +00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260 +Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember + +463 +00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200 +Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say + +464 +00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960 +before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't + +465 +00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430 +look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know, + +466 +00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550 +he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone + +467 +00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890 +walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage. + +468 +00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210 +I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to + +469 +00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770 +memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's + +470 +00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100 +really good to know. Makes you confident and proud + +471 +00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120 +of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English + +472 +00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160 +poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to + +473 +00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140 +Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So + +474 +00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900 +this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or + +475 +00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520 +it's his woman that he calls by different names. + +476 +00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220 +He uses attractive names. Going to the wars. + +477 +00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460 +Again, a political poem. Going to the wars. + +478 +00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320 +Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the + +479 +00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080 +individual is public. It's a really very + +480 +00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120 +interesting poem. But we're going to study only + +481 +00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420 +one extract here. Someone read, please. + +482 +00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450 +Very good. Someone else? Please. + +483 +00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790 +Unkind. Kind, unkind. + +484 +00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750 +Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest, + +485 +00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950 +breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed, + +486 +00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610 +unflagged. What is he saying? What do you + +487 +00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330 +understand from this? No, + +488 +00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350 +English, of course. He's brave. + +489 +00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030 +From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to? + +490 +00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710 +His beloved. What is he saying to her? + +491 +00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430 +Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we + +492 +00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370 +can probably explain why there are brackets here. + +493 +00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950 +Because officially, remember, this coin is comma, + +494 +00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970 +lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as + +495 +00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810 +if he's putting her in prison. Like tying, + +496 +00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090 +chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run + +497 +00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610 +away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's + +498 +00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890 +controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman + +499 +00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030 +he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't + +500 +00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030 +he run away? He can't, because there are walls + +501 +00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050 +against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to + +502 +00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350 +come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her + +503 +00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390 +behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for + +504 +00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270 +Marlow, the woman was the most important thing. + +505 +00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250 +The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now + +506 +00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350 +here, we have something more important than the + +507 +00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850 +woman. It's the love of your country. And that's, + +508 +00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450 +again, how the individual becomes public. He's + +509 +00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010 +telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I + +510 +00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450 +can't love you if I don't love my country more. If + +511 +00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890 +I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight + +512 +00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550 +to protect my country. And this is political. This + +513 +00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030 +is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not, + +514 +00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850 +sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being + +515 +00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590 +unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the + +516 +00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230 +nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like + +517 +00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590 +how he describes her physical appearance and + +518 +00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500 +describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an + +519 +00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660 +upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was + +520 +00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520 +absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come + +521 +00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820 +live with me and be my love. But here, the woman + +522 +00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100 +is using your unkind. And there is her mind is + +523 +00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860 +praised. Some people might say no, because he + +524 +00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940 +still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good + +525 +00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160 +for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not + +526 +00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660 +perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous + +527 +00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720 +age, where the woman's mind has a place in the + +528 +00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760 +poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence, + +529 +00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040 +more and more strong roles by women. So to war, + +530 +00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360 +arms could be a pun here. + +531 +00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440 +Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons. + +532 +00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920 +Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So + +533 +00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460 +he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is + +534 +00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600 +he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he + +535 +00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680 +running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't + +536 +00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920 +walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to + +537 +00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680 +defend his country, to fight for the thing he + +538 +00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120 +loves the most. It's his country. And that's + +539 +00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640 +different poetry from the one we studied before. + +540 +00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060 +So what's going on here again? The poet here is + +541 +00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560 +showing us how the individual, his love to his + +542 +00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800 +wife, is less important than his love to his + +543 +00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660 +country. Because defending the country means + +544 +00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820 +safety, stability, security to you, to your wife, + +545 +00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840 +to all individuals in the society. This is a + +546 +00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630 +political power. in which the country is more + +547 +00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030 +important than the woman you love. This is called + +548 +00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150 +political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to + +549 +00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650 +the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first + +550 +00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110 +line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or + +551 +00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590 +he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her. + +552 +00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480 +She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem + +553 +00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640 +in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world + +554 +00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000 +enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So + +555 +00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540 +this is when you call for somebody in English, you + +556 +00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470 +use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He + +557 +00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470 +uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying + +558 +00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350 +to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait + +559 +00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450 +for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be + +560 +00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510 +back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of + +561 +00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590 +the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So + +562 +00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310 +don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not + +563 +00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170 +sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet + +564 +00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590 +wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm + +565 +00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690 +leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I + +566 +00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370 +love more, the country. And the safety of the + +567 +00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330 +country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem. + +568 +00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230 +You can Google it and read more about it. And the + +569 +00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580 +rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B, + +570 +00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080 +A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect + +571 +00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880 +rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not + +572 +00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580 +perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be + +573 +00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620 +something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously + +574 +00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520 +flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help, + +575 +00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690 +doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final + +576 +00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210 +text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to + +577 +00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770 +Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the + +578 +00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830 +Restoration Age. So again, we have the + +579 +00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140 +Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The + +580 +00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280 +restoration also politics politics. It doesn't + +581 +00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920 +mean everything about literature was politics. It + +582 +00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020 +means politics became a crucial part in + +583 +00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320 +literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell + +584 +00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640 +grew very old, + +585 +00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480 +and he was tired of politics and the city and + +586 +00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400 +London and the corruption and the civil war and + +587 +00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220 +the fighting and prisons and threats and + +588 +00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470 +diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote + +589 +00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690 +several poems, one of them really lovely poem + +590 +00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790 +called The Garden. In many ways, this is a + +591 +00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890 +romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature. + +592 +00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450 +In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the + +593 +00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310 +city and life in the countryside, in + +594 +00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790 +the village. + +595 +00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720 +What is he saying? Fair quiet. + +596 +00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620 +Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister + +597 +00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440 +dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city. + +598 +00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640 +In busy companies of men. Society, the city, + +599 +00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730 +London, society is all but rude. to this delicious + +600 +00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810 +solitude. + +601 +00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130 +You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you + +602 +00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210 +describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out + +603 +00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370 +this word and I asked you to complete, you're + +604 +00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430 +going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious + +605 +00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390 +cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is + +606 +00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130 +some kind of You know, personifying something or + +607 +00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010 +changing. There's a metaphor here. You know + +608 +00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750 +solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means + +609 +00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010 +alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But + +610 +00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950 +it's loneliness that you choose to be alone + +611 +00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810 +because you want to be far away from corruption in + +612 +00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550 +the city. So again, he's personifying quiet. + +613 +00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220 +Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally, + +614 +00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500 +I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In + +615 +00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820 +the village. Where? In the city. And innocence, + +616 +00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100 +another personification, thy sister. So innocence + +617 +00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340 +is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters. + +618 +00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820 +They're not human beings, but it's like their + +619 +00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560 +company. This is the company he likes, not the + +620 +00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710 +company of politicians. in the city mistaken long + +621 +00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610 +I sought you then I thought that I would find + +622 +00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770 +innocence and quiet in the city in the busy + +623 +00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350 +companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is + +624 +00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530 +someone confessing his mistake not like the king + +625 +00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370 +when he said for you have but mistook me right + +626 +00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370 +society here is city why doesn't he use city Two + +627 +00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890 +things. Number one, society is four syllables. So + +628 +00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910 +it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here, + +629 +00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410 +the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't + +630 +00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090 +mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very + +631 +00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070 +much. The people in the city. The society, the + +632 +00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110 +community there is all but rude. And there is + +633 +00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130 +another personification. Rude is a word to + +634 +00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610 +describe people. The life itself is rude in the + +635 +00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310 +city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's + +636 +00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650 +innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this + +637 +00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090 +delicious solitude in the village. So what's going + +638 +00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210 +on here? We have a poet who's running away from + +639 +00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470 +the city. A poet who's escaping politics and + +640 +00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200 +corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude, + +641 +00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760 +innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city + +642 +00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780 +because of the politicians and politics and + +643 +00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260 +corruption, but in the countryside. These are + +644 +00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660 +three examples from the poetry of this age, and we + +645 +00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240 +summarize everything here. This is a long slide. + +646 +00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800 +Don't write down. You'll find this online. So + +647 +00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960 +politics, political side of literature became very + +648 +00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640 +important during the Commonwealth and Restoration. + +649 +00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580 +We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's + +650 +00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860 +poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there + +651 +00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340 +is this thing about governments and political + +652 +00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040 +parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet + +653 +00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760 +laureate during Commonwealth because he praised + +654 +00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300 +him most of the time. He also in another poem, In + +655 +00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440 +the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the + +656 +00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690 +city, and The countryside where there is peace and + +657 +00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310 +quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the + +658 +00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870 +stable values. What's stable values? What's + +659 +00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370 +stability? It's like, let's not do another + +660 +00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450 +revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and + +661 +00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730 +work for the stability of the country. Now, when + +662 +00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850 +Cromwell died and his son was removed, + +663 +00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110 +Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and + +664 +00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750 +imprisoned because of the political, because he + +665 +00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330 +supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a + +666 +00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990 +politician, a member of the parliament, and he + +667 +00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890 +became a member of the parliament. We'll speak + +668 +00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630 +about another poet next class. John Milton, one of + +669 +00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730 +the most significant English poets of all times. + +670 +00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850 +He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer + +671 +00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110 +and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because + +672 +00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630 +he also supported Cromwell. The only person who + +673 +00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150 +saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So + +674 +00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700 +poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were + +675 +00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400 +connected in so many ways during this age. And + +676 +00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840 +this will change forever, the way poetry and + +677 +00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280 +literature is written and introduced to us. I'll + +678 +00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880 +stop here. If you have a question, feel free to + +679 +00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140 +ask. + +680 +00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630 +Okay thank you very much and next class we have a + +681 +00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490 +review session for the midterm exam please prepare + +682 +00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690 +and if you have questions again bring them along + +683 +00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930 +and see you soon. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac98c5177e02657eb7d0065bfe7fa9a8be3ae02b --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@ +1 +00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:25,470 +Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished + +2 +00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:28,750 +speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its + +3 +00:00:28,750 --> 00:00:31,950 +poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about + +4 +00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:36,550 +another important era or age, if I can say that, + +5 +00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,030 +in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in + +6 +00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,850 +politics, society, but most importantly about the + +7 +00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:49,880 +literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An + +8 +00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,640 +era expanding from the middle of the 17th century + +9 +00:00:53,640 --> 00:01:01,200 +to the early 18th century. These are actually two + +10 +00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,040 +things related very much to each other. The first + +11 +00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880 +one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth. + +12 +00:01:09,540 --> 00:01:13,530 +And the second part is called Restoration. + +13 +00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,570 +Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally, + +14 +00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,790 +commonwealth refers to countries that were + +15 +00:01:20,790 --> 00:01:24,930 +occupied, colonized by England. So any country + +16 +00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,430 +that was occupied by England at one particular + +17 +00:01:27,430 --> 00:01:30,790 +time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the + +18 +00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,670 +Francophone countries, countries that were + +19 +00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:36,530 +occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to + +20 +00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,130 +a very important period in the history of England. + +21 +00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:43,710 +And then it was followed soon after by, this is + +22 +00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:47,190 +very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it + +23 +00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:50,370 +was restored, followed by something called + +24 +00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:54,990 +restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the + +25 +00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,590 +restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we + +26 +00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:06,090 +have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end + +27 +00:02:06,090 --> 00:02:10,510 +of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The + +28 +00:02:10,510 --> 00:02:13,150 +Puritans, as a religious group, they were also + +29 +00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:17,390 +political group. They were becoming more and more + +30 +00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:20,370 +powerful. They closed the theater. But more + +31 +00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,530 +important than closing the theater, they killed + +32 +00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,590 +the king. Because there was a huge political + +33 +00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,290 +division in the English society between the + +34 +00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,760 +Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans + +35 +00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:40,240 +fought against the king because of the corruption, + +36 +00:02:40,540 --> 00:02:43,400 +the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the + +37 +00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,280 +drama, they said in a way or another about the + +38 +00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,000 +political system, about the monarchy. And there + +39 +00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,320 +was a huge war, something that we refer to + +40 +00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,120 +generally as civil war. You know what a civil war? + +41 +00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:00,390 +groups in the same society, same country fight, + +42 +00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,710 +civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of + +43 +00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:08,570 +death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When + +44 +00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:12,070 +the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to + +45 +00:03:12,070 --> 00:03:15,230 +win a civil war, what did they do the first thing? + +46 +00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:20,470 +They executed the king. And this is England. + +47 +00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,630 +Again, this is, remember we said the king was the + +48 +00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,210 +most important person, God's representative on + +49 +00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:31,990 +Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was + +50 +00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:35,550 +holy, sacred. The English people lived with the + +51 +00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:38,350 +king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably + +52 +00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:44,580 +1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is + +53 +00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,560 +crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be + +54 +00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,000 +bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen + +55 +00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,840 +as crucial, vital, important to the stability of + +56 +00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,440 +the society and the benefit of the interest of the + +57 +00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,590 +individual. And now what we saw in literature, and + +58 +00:04:00,590 --> 00:04:02,650 +this is very interesting, how literature prepares + +59 +00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:05,670 +our minds to certain events, how literature + +60 +00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:10,170 +creates life, creates, changes life in a + +61 +00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,010 +particular way. We've seen the king die before, + +62 +00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:16,710 +but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another + +63 +00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:21,110 +place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or + +64 +00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:25,090 +another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the + +65 +00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:28,490 +death of the king in the literary works turned + +66 +00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,150 +life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was + +67 +00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:34,650 +turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is + +68 +00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,090 +fair. But here, for the first time, the king is + +69 +00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,170 +executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened + +70 +00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:49,130 +next. But this era, this period that saw the king + +71 +00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:55,470 +executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver + +72 +00:04:55,470 --> 00:04:59,910 +Cromwell, a very important name, is called the + +73 +00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:05,250 +Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The + +74 +00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,630 +monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen, + +75 +00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:11,750 +no more royal family in so many ways. And they + +76 +00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:15,690 +wanted the parliament to rule with election, with + +77 +00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:20,790 +democracy, more democratic processes here. Now, + +78 +00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:23,490 +Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader + +79 +00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:27,660 +of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king + +80 +00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:30,620 +was executed, and he had so many important things + +81 +00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:33,740 +to do to create the commonwealth, the countries + +82 +00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:38,580 +that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland + +83 +00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:42,760 +and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he + +84 +00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,960 +fought battles, and he was also a man of peace + +85 +00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,200 +because he wanted to negotiate and involve in + +86 +00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,420 +dialogue between different countries around him. + +87 +00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,720 +Again, history is important here, how literature + +88 +00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,120 +influences life and history, and how history also + +89 +00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,280 +influences, in a way or another, literature. But + +90 +00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:06,500 +we don't want to speak a lot about history. But + +91 +00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:09,340 +really, this is interesting to read. Now, when + +92 +00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,960 +this man died about ten years later, sometimes + +93 +00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,460 +it's so sad that some important people die very + +94 +00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,360 +quickly, and people who are really horrible, they + +95 +00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,650 +just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies, + +96 +00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:28,470 +what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What + +97 +00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:28,950 +does it mean? + +98 +00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,450 +So, if he is followed by his son, what does this + +99 +00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:40,750 +mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again. + +100 +00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,560 +What's wrong with the king, other than the + +101 +00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,380 +corruption and everything? It's that someone, + +102 +00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:51,980 +because he was born to a particular family, is + +103 +00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:54,180 +more important than us, can rule us, can control + +104 +00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:00,380 +us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell + +105 +00:07:00,380 --> 00:07:07,850 +became the protector of England, He earned this + +106 +00:07:07,850 --> 00:07:12,250 +because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a + +107 +00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:15,010 +smart politician. But if his son takes it, + +108 +00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:19,030 +succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in + +109 +00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:22,690 +many ways, this is the English mentality, because + +110 +00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:27,340 +they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by + +111 +00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:30,640 +a particular family because they have been trained + +112 +00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840 +all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds + +113 +00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,640 +of years that the king is crucial to the + +114 +00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:41,060 +stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth + +115 +00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,150 +II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine + +116 +00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:50,250 +politics and many things in England. But she's a + +117 +00:07:50,250 --> 00:07:52,890 +symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite + +118 +00:07:52,890 --> 00:07:57,530 +the fact that the royal family spends millions and + +119 +00:07:57,530 --> 00:08:00,790 +millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many + +120 +00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,430 +people feel it's necessary to have a royal family. + +121 +00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,590 +Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his + +122 +00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:12,710 +son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again, + +123 +00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,690 +Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth. + +124 +00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:18,930 +He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not + +125 +00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:25,580 +strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant + +126 +00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:29,100 +something to the people there. Because during this + +127 +00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,940 +period of 15 years or so or less, the English + +128 +00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:37,200 +people generally were like, when you want to do + +129 +00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400 +something, but you can't do it because you want to + +130 +00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,000 +try something new. And then finally, you just say, + +131 +00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:46,380 +OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they + +132 +00:08:46,380 --> 00:08:53,170 +said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is + +133 +00:08:53,170 --> 00:08:56,890 +how much the English people love the not I can't + +134 +00:08:56,890 --> 00:08:59,690 +generalize of course especially the high class + +135 +00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:03,290 +because many people had like benefited a lot from + +136 +00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:07,870 +having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth + +137 +00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:13,570 +ended by bringing another king. King, remember, + +138 +00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:18,690 +King Charles I was executed, and they came, they + +139 +00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,770 +invited, they brought King Charles II from France. + +140 +00:09:25,510 --> 00:09:26,870 +This is called the Restoration. What is the + +141 +00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:31,300 +Restoration? When the king was restored. That's + +142 +00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:34,800 +it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and + +143 +00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,660 +Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another. + +144 +00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:45,840 +So in 1660, we have what is called the + +145 +00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,360 +Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and + +146 +00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,500 +the man, Charles II, was brought from France. + +147 +00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:57,720 +Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out + +148 +00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,730 +in a way or another. Now again, it shows how + +149 +00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,590 +significant the monarchy is for the English + +150 +00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:10,600 +people. But something remained. that couldn't + +151 +00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:14,160 +change in a way or another. The monarchy itself + +152 +00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,020 +and its powers and privileges were declining, were + +153 +00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:22,180 +diminishing, were reduced because the parliament + +154 +00:10:22,180 --> 00:10:25,000 +and politicians and people who were elected by + +155 +00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:29,360 +people become more and more powerful. So yes, the + +156 +00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,040 +king was restored, but the powers The privileges, + +157 +00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:37,880 +the authority, they were never the same. Until + +158 +00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,840 +this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy. + +159 +00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,300 +The queen sometimes signs particular papers, + +160 +00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:48,540 +approves particular cabinets by particular + +161 +00:10:51,460 --> 00:10:54,400 +political parties like the Labour Party and the + +162 +00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,480 +Tories. So politics is very important in this age. + +163 +00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,640 +But here we're not only talking, remember in the + +164 +00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,480 +past we were speaking about nationalism, the + +165 +00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,200 +strong sense of the English identity, Queen, + +166 +00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:09,910 +England being the saviour and the protector. And + +167 +00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:13,970 +about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I + +168 +00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,570 +end my song. The English people were all proud of + +169 +00:11:16,570 --> 00:11:19,670 +everything English. But now this changed from + +170 +00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:22,530 +nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to + +171 +00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,660 +political division. So some people supported this + +172 +00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:28,680 +political party, and others supported this + +173 +00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:30,620 +political party. And this creates what we call + +174 +00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,860 +political division. And this is politics more than + +175 +00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,440 +nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving + +176 +00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,380 +everything about your country, supporting, + +177 +00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:42,760 +believing in your country. But being political + +178 +00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,600 +generally here in this sense means that you + +179 +00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500 +support one political party over the others + +180 +00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,660 +because of something. Now, something very funny + +181 +00:11:51,660 --> 00:11:55,800 +happened later on. King James II, remember we had + +182 +00:11:55,800 --> 00:12:00,960 +King James I in 1603, the man who translated the + +183 +00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,400 +Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the + +184 +00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,420 +man who loved theater and literature, who had the + +185 +00:12:05,420 --> 00:12:10,200 +mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King + +186 +00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,200 +James II did something that could be considered + +187 +00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,240 +stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember + +188 +00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:23,070 +England is? A Protestant country now because of + +189 +00:12:23,070 --> 00:12:27,050 +King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the + +190 +00:12:27,050 --> 00:12:30,090 +Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and + +191 +00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:32,850 +churches, and he executed so many Catholic people. + +192 +00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,990 +Because England changed its religion. Still + +193 +00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:39,410 +Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are + +194 +00:12:39,410 --> 00:12:43,410 +Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King + +195 +00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:49,100 +James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember, + +196 +00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,920 +so many people were not happy with King Charles I. + +197 +00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,580 +What happened? Fighting, political division, civil + +198 +00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,640 +war, death, blood. But now, and this is really + +199 +00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,260 +interesting, the English people seem to have + +200 +00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:06,920 +learned from their own experience. They have + +201 +00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,020 +learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We + +202 +00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:13,420 +kill each other. And then later on, we bring the + +203 +00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:16,400 +king again. So they learned something that nobody + +204 +00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,960 +in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many + +205 +00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,580 +kings were executed, and revolutions after + +206 +00:13:22,580 --> 00:13:26,040 +revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60 + +207 +00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,260 +years ago in Spain. And even today, there are + +208 +00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:33,260 +still some troubles and problems here and there. + +209 +00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:37,110 +But the English learned this lesson. very quickly + +210 +00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,110 +in many ways. So when this king converted to + +211 +00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:45,130 +Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they + +212 +00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:48,490 +kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they + +213 +00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:51,790 +fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again, + +214 +00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:55,210 +they came to him and said, sorry, this is a + +215 +00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:58,170 +Protestant country. You need to go. And they + +216 +00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:03,070 +removed the king without shedding any drop of + +217 +00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:06,980 +blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless + +218 +00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:10,820 +revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The + +219 +00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,020 +revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood. + +220 +00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:18,000 +Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the + +221 +00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620 +glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in + +222 +00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:25,640 +Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak + +223 +00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,660 +about two important things later on. Number one, + +224 +00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,570 +The middle class are number two literature and + +225 +00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:44,410 +politics. So what we care about here as literature + +226 +00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:48,100 +students It's good to know this brief history, is + +227 +00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800 +the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll + +228 +00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,820 +speak about the rise of the middle class in every + +229 +00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,060 +age, every era. And then politics and literature, + +230 +00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:01,280 +and literature and politics. But what did the + +231 +00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,980 +English people learn from this? They learned many + +232 +00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,760 +things. Number one, that stability is important. + +233 +00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,740 +Stability is crucial. You know stability? You + +234 +00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,520 +don't want to change the situation. You can + +235 +00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,040 +improve it. And if you want to change it, you + +236 +00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,820 +change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy, + +237 +00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,300 +by politics. So people wanted to avoid another + +238 +00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:27,300 +revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the + +239 +00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,640 +blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by + +240 +00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,740 +the way. And that's why this is a very interesting + +241 +00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:35,940 +history. + +242 +00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,080 +Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we + +243 +00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:46,080 +speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come. + +244 +00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,140 +People were... In the Renaissance, people were + +245 +00:15:50,140 --> 00:15:53,080 +more about exploring. You know, the geographical + +246 +00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,500 +discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers. + +247 +00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,720 +They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted + +248 +00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,360 +to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed + +249 +00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,010 +and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay, + +250 +00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,130 +wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think + +251 +00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,390 +more carefully about what we do, where we go. So + +252 +00:16:12,390 --> 00:16:16,190 +the sense of exploration and experimentation in a + +253 +00:16:16,190 --> 00:16:20,990 +way was replaced by a sense of reason and + +254 +00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:26,870 +stability. And this is very smart because the + +255 +00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,010 +political system created something, an image that + +256 +00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,120 +made people believe the stability of the country, + +257 +00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,860 +if you have a stable, and even today, you know, + +258 +00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:39,760 +Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she + +259 +00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,640 +speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable. + +260 +00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:43,680 +They're making fun of her statement, the + +261 +00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,080 +catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We + +262 +00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,340 +want a strong and stable country. It started from + +263 +00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:52,880 +here. They said a strong country is a stable + +264 +00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:56,120 +country. And a stable country, government, means + +265 +00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:01,680 +more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an + +266 +00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,840 +individual, if you want to achieve your own + +267 +00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:08,100 +growth, material growth, if you want to get + +268 +00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,380 +wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to + +269 +00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:14,120 +achieve the stability for all the society, the + +270 +00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:16,820 +community. That's why there's something I usually + +271 +00:17:16,820 --> 00:17:21,420 +like to say here. The individual became political, + +272 +00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,320 +and the political became individual. What is good + +273 +00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,570 +for the community? It's good for, for me, the + +274 +00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:32,390 +individual. We'll see how this is reflected on + +275 +00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:38,470 +literature. So we have more growth in science, in + +276 +00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:40,710 +commercial growth, in trade, in geographical + +277 +00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,030 +discoveries, in British imperialism, in + +278 +00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:48,330 +colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many + +279 +00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:51,670 +excellent things happened. And we speak about the + +280 +00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:56,840 +English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now, + +281 +00:17:56,920 --> 00:17:59,540 +before I move to speak about literature, look at + +282 +00:17:59,540 --> 00:18:04,960 +this sentence. In the book, it says there was a + +283 +00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,320 +union. There was a unity between England and + +284 +00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:14,340 +Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the + +285 +00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,300 +problem. This is what the book says exactly. It + +286 +00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,800 +says Ireland was still the problem. + +287 +00:18:27,950 --> 00:18:34,610 +was still a problem. What do you think? And that's + +288 +00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:39,450 +why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not + +289 +00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,810 +stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem + +290 +00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890 +to the United Kingdom. + +291 +00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:51,230 +Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You + +292 +00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090 +know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland. + +293 +00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:56,790 +We have Wales. We have England, the United + +294 +00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,590 +Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please. + +295 +00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290 +Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not + +296 +00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:09,210 +many people were forced to convert to becoming + +297 +00:19:09,210 --> 00:19:13,390 +Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it + +298 +00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:19,270 +mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you + +299 +00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950 +mean? Can you explain? + +300 +00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450 +Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is + +301 +00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870 +out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay. + +302 +00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430 +That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There + +303 +00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850 +is also whitewashing here. England was the + +304 +00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310 +problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel + +305 +00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070 +says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is + +306 +00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800 +the problem. So the book here presents it as if + +307 +00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250 +Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For + +308 +00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830 +England, while England is occupying and colonizing + +309 +00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770 +Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people, + +310 +00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370 +yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until + +311 +00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190 +this very day, there's still this trouble between + +312 +00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,530 +Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So + +313 +00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310 +interesting how the book presents this. And I told + +314 +00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570 +you before, be careful when you read any book, + +315 +00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990 +especially books written by by white Europeans who + +316 +00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410 +believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is + +317 +00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650 +not only against Asia and Africa and the + +318 +00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130 +Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like + +319 +00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130 +in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying + +320 +00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190 +this. This is called whitewashing. + +321 +00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260 +Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a + +322 +00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280 +movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems, + +323 +00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040 +the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present + +324 +00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980 +things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a + +325 +00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220 +movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza + +326 +00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920 +and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And + +327 +00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,500 +you read the whole book. You watch the whole + +328 +00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580 +movie. And there are no references to the Israeli + +329 +00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300 +occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of + +330 +00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920 +occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring + +331 +00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260 +to Israel here, this is called whitewashing. + +332 +00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180 +Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and + +333 +00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900 +wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong + +334 +00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280 +with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel + +335 +00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400 +and describes Israel, how Israel is the only + +336 +00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110 +democracy in the Middle East, or the only + +337 +00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130 +democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very + +338 +00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270 +significant research haven, technology, cancer + +339 +00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010 +research, without referring to the fact that there + +340 +00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950 +is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black + +341 +00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970 +people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades + +342 +00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150 +of occupation of colonialism, this is + +343 +00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180 +whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we + +344 +00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800 +spoke about this also when the writer here, two + +345 +00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380 +writers actually, when they depicted colonialism + +346 +00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800 +as glory. It's not glory because it caused the + +347 +00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200 +deaths of millions and millions of people. So + +348 +00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660 +yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing. + +349 +00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620 +OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this + +350 +00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570 +era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel. + +351 +00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890 +Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But + +352 +00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950 +he was also a politician, a member of the + +353 +00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150 +parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who? + +354 +00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110 +Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and + +355 +00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690 +celebrating Cromwell. + +356 +00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000 +It's called an oration. There could be an N here. + +357 +00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460 +If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An + +358 +00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640 +oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from + +359 +00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500 +Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize + +360 +00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520 +this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet? + +361 +00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180 +Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what + +362 +00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280 +poetry we had in the past? About society, love + +363 +00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040 +poetry, religion. Are we going to see new + +364 +00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700 +concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues + +365 +00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340 +here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease. + +366 +00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520 +Cease. + +367 +00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130 +in the glorious arts of peace, but through a + +368 +00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690 +treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled + +369 +00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810 +us up of all the civil war, where his were not the + +370 +00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790 +deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says + +371 +00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630 +in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars, + +372 +00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590 +sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So, + +373 +00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250 +is this crumble? + +374 +00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180 +in glorious art of peace, urged + +375 +00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740 +his active star where + +376 +00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220 +his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet + +377 +00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000 +saying? What's going on here? + +378 +00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670 +He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say + +379 +00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470 +something like prime minister, but he wasn't a + +380 +00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870 +king. But more or less, he was like a king, + +381 +00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270 +because he was succeeded by his son when he died. + +382 +00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970 +So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler, + +383 +00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950 +protector of England. + +384 +00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110 +Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker + +385 +00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360 +could be Marvel. The difference between the poet, + +386 +00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900 +the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly, + +387 +00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960 +it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising + +388 +00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940 +and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and + +389 +00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180 +peace. + +390 +00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520 +So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't + +391 +00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200 +rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have + +392 +00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500 +this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time. + +393 +00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760 +We have poets praising the rulers, the governors, + +394 +00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200 +the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't + +395 +00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940 +cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during + +396 +00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960 +peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics, + +397 +00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200 +diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most. + +398 +00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360 +So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations, + +399 +00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780 +but also when there are battles and fighting and + +400 +00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700 +wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also + +401 +00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580 +fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can + +402 +00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600 +balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways, + +403 +00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010 +this is a political poem. Because who's being + +404 +00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410 +prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem? + +405 +00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390 +God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of + +406 +00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810 +England. So when you write a poem for your + +407 +00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590 +president, the prime minister, this is politics. + +408 +00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630 +And during this era, politics became a huge part + +409 +00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470 +of literature. Political themes. Political, + +410 +00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210 +political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel + +411 +00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850 +was supporting the Commonwealth against the king. + +412 +00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790 +Later on, he became a politician and became a + +413 +00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710 +member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the + +414 +00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670 +unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of + +415 +00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290 +poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote + +416 +00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070 +several poems praising Cromwell and his life and + +417 +00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330 +his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me + +418 +00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260 +of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the + +419 +00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500 +greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his + +420 +00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040 +poetry is like this, celebrates a particular + +421 +00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520 +person. It's really beautiful how there are + +422 +00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520 +similarities, but at the same time there are + +423 +00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560 +dissimilarities. Many people would read this and + +424 +00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300 +say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because + +425 +00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840 +poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have + +426 +00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540 +much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we + +427 +00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750 +don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is + +428 +00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690 +poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in + +429 +00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190 +themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me + +430 +00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290 +of something probably I quoted before. Al + +431 +00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610 +-Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying + +432 +00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530 +how courageous he is. So to describe someone as + +433 +00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690 +courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active + +434 +00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230 +star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He + +435 +00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780 +doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says, + +436 +00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320 +praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti + +437 +00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860 +shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa + +438 +00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600 +naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi. + +439 +00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220 +Meaning, you were in a position where anyone + +440 +00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660 +standing would die. But you, because you're + +441 +00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300 +courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying. + +442 +00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840 +Look at this simile. There is a personification of + +443 +00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260 +death here, where death is like a sleeping person. + +444 +00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300 +And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the + +445 +00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360 +eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing + +446 +00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640 +here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he + +447 +00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520 +claims is you. But you don't care because you are + +448 +00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940 +powerful. + +449 +00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390 +This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your + +450 +00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170 +enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's + +451 +00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830 +praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights + +452 +00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690 +heroes. And while he's doing this during the war + +453 +00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480 +and the fighting, Because in war, we're all + +454 +00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680 +worried, and sweating, and terrified, and + +455 +00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240 +terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But + +456 +00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220 +because you are a fearless leader during war, like + +457 +00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680 +this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is + +458 +00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000 +more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when + +459 +00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020 +probably when you finish doing a BA in English + +460 +00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800 +literature, you could do a comparison. You study + +461 +00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420 +comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and + +462 +00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260 +Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember + +463 +00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200 +Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say + +464 +00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960 +before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't + +465 +00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430 +look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know, + +466 +00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550 +he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone + +467 +00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890 +walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage. + +468 +00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210 +I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to + +469 +00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770 +memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's + +470 +00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100 +really good to know. Makes you confident and proud + +471 +00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120 +of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English + +472 +00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160 +poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to + +473 +00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140 +Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So + +474 +00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900 +this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or + +475 +00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520 +it's his woman that he calls by different names. + +476 +00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220 +He uses attractive names. Going to the wars. + +477 +00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460 +Again, a political poem. Going to the wars. + +478 +00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320 +Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the + +479 +00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080 +individual is public. It's a really very + +480 +00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120 +interesting poem. But we're going to study only + +481 +00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420 +one extract here. Someone read, please. + +482 +00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450 +Very good. Someone else? Please. + +483 +00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790 +Unkind. Kind, unkind. + +484 +00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750 +Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest, + +485 +00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950 +breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed, + +486 +00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610 +unflagged. What is he saying? What do you + +487 +00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330 +understand from this? No, + +488 +00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350 +English, of course. He's brave. + +489 +00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030 +From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to? + +490 +00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710 +His beloved. What is he saying to her? + +491 +00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430 +Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we + +492 +00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370 +can probably explain why there are brackets here. + +493 +00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950 +Because officially, remember, this coin is comma, + +494 +00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970 +lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as + +495 +00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810 +if he's putting her in prison. Like tying, + +496 +00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090 +chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run + +497 +00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610 +away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's + +498 +00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890 +controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman + +499 +00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030 +he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't + +500 +00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030 +he run away? He can't, because there are walls + +501 +00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050 +against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to + +502 +00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350 +come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her + +503 +00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390 +behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for + +504 +00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270 +Marlow, the woman was the most important thing. + +505 +00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250 +The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now + +506 +00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350 +here, we have something more important than the + +507 +00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850 +woman. It's the love of your country. And that's, + +508 +00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450 +again, how the individual becomes public. He's + +509 +00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010 +telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I + +510 +00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450 +can't love you if I don't love my country more. If + +511 +00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890 +I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight + +512 +00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550 +to protect my country. And this is political. This + +513 +00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030 +is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not, + +514 +00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850 +sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being + +515 +00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590 +unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the + +516 +00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230 +nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like + +517 +00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590 +how he describes her physical appearance and + +518 +00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500 +describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an + +519 +00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660 +upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was + +520 +00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520 +absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come + +521 +00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820 +live with me and be my love. But here, the woman + +522 +00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100 +is using your unkind. And there is her mind is + +523 +00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860 +praised. Some people might say no, because he + +524 +00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940 +still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good + +525 +00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160 +for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not + +526 +00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660 +perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous + +527 +00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720 +age, where the woman's mind has a place in the + +528 +00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760 +poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence, + +529 +00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040 +more and more strong roles by women. So to war, + +530 +00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360 +arms could be a pun here. + +531 +00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440 +Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons. + +532 +00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920 +Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So + +533 +00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460 +he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is + +534 +00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600 +he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he + +535 +00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680 +running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't + +536 +00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920 +walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to + +537 +00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680 +defend his country, to fight for the thing he + +538 +00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120 +loves the most. It's his country. And that's + +539 +00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640 +different poetry from the one we studied before. + +540 +00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060 +So what's going on here again? The poet here is + +541 +00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560 +showing us how the individual, his love to his + +542 +00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800 +wife, is less important than his love to his + +543 +00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660 +country. Because defending the country means + +544 +00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820 +safety, stability, security to you, to your wife, + +545 +00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840 +to all individuals in the society. This is a + +546 +00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630 +political power. in which the country is more + +547 +00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030 +important than the woman you love. This is called + +548 +00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150 +political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to + +549 +00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650 +the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first + +550 +00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110 +line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or + +551 +00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590 +he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her. + +552 +00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480 +She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem + +553 +00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640 +in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world + +554 +00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000 +enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So + +555 +00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540 +this is when you call for somebody in English, you + +556 +00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470 +use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He + +557 +00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470 +uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying + +558 +00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350 +to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait + +559 +00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450 +for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be + +560 +00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510 +back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of + +561 +00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590 +the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So + +562 +00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310 +don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not + +563 +00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170 +sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet + +564 +00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590 +wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm + +565 +00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690 +leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I + +566 +00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370 +love more, the country. And the safety of the + +567 +00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330 +country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem. + +568 +00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230 +You can Google it and read more about it. And the + +569 +00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580 +rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B, + +570 +00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080 +A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect + +571 +00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880 +rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not + +572 +00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580 +perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be + +573 +00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620 +something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously + +574 +00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520 +flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help, + +575 +00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690 +doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final + +576 +00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210 +text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to + +577 +00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770 +Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the + +578 +00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830 +Restoration Age. So again, we have the + +579 +00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140 +Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The + +580 +00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280 +restoration also politics politics. It doesn't + +581 +00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920 +mean everything about literature was politics. It + +582 +00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020 +means politics became a crucial part in + +583 +00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320 +literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell + +584 +00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640 +grew very old, + +585 +00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480 +and he was tired of politics and the city and + +586 +00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400 +London and the corruption and the civil war and + +587 +00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220 +the fighting and prisons and threats and + +588 +00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470 +diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote + +589 +00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690 +several poems, one of them really lovely poem + +590 +00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790 +called The Garden. In many ways, this is a + +591 +00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890 +romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature. + +592 +00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450 +In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the + +593 +00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310 +city and life in the countryside, in + +594 +00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790 +the village. + +595 +00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720 +What is he saying? Fair quiet. + +596 +00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620 +Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister + +597 +00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440 +dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city. + +598 +00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640 +In busy companies of men. Society, the city, + +599 +00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730 +London, society is all but rude. to this delicious + +600 +00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810 +solitude. + +601 +00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130 +You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you + +602 +00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210 +describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out + +603 +00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370 +this word and I asked you to complete, you're + +604 +00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430 +going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious + +605 +00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390 +cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is + +606 +00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130 +some kind of You know, personifying something or + +607 +00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010 +changing. There's a metaphor here. You know + +608 +00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750 +solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means + +609 +00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010 +alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But + +610 +00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950 +it's loneliness that you choose to be alone + +611 +00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810 +because you want to be far away from corruption in + +612 +00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550 +the city. So again, he's personifying quiet. + +613 +00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220 +Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally, + +614 +00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500 +I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In + +615 +00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820 +the village. Where? In the city. And innocence, + +616 +00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100 +another personification, thy sister. So innocence + +617 +00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340 +is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters. + +618 +00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820 +They're not human beings, but it's like their + +619 +00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560 +company. This is the company he likes, not the + +620 +00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710 +company of politicians. in the city mistaken long + +621 +00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610 +I sought you then I thought that I would find + +622 +00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770 +innocence and quiet in the city in the busy + +623 +00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350 +companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is + +624 +00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530 +someone confessing his mistake not like the king + +625 +00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370 +when he said for you have but mistook me right + +626 +00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370 +society here is city why doesn't he use city Two + +627 +00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890 +things. Number one, society is four syllables. So + +628 +00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910 +it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here, + +629 +00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410 +the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't + +630 +00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090 +mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very + +631 +00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070 +much. The people in the city. The society, the + +632 +00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110 +community there is all but rude. And there is + +633 +00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130 +another personification. Rude is a word to + +634 +00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610 +describe people. The life itself is rude in the + +635 +00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310 +city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's + +636 +00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650 +innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this + +637 +00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090 +delicious solitude in the village. So what's going + +638 +00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210 +on here? We have a poet who's running away from + +639 +00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470 +the city. A poet who's escaping politics and + +640 +00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200 +corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude, + +641 +00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760 +innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city + +642 +00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780 +because of the politicians and politics and + +643 +00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260 +corruption, but in the countryside. These are + +644 +00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660 +three examples from the poetry of this age, and we + +645 +00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240 +summarize everything here. This is a long slide. + +646 +00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800 +Don't write down. You'll find this online. So + +647 +00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960 +politics, political side of literature became very + +648 +00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640 +important during the Commonwealth and Restoration. + +649 +00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580 +We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's + +650 +00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860 +poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there + +651 +00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340 +is this thing about governments and political + +652 +00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040 +parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet + +653 +00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760 +laureate during Commonwealth because he praised + +654 +00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300 +him most of the time. He also in another poem, In + +655 +00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440 +the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the + +656 +00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690 +city, and The countryside where there is peace and + +657 +00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310 +quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the + +658 +00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870 +stable values. What's stable values? What's + +659 +00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370 +stability? It's like, let's not do another + +660 +00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450 +revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and + +661 +00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730 +work for the stability of the country. Now, when + +662 +00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850 +Cromwell died and his son was removed, + +663 +00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110 +Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and + +664 +00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750 +imprisoned because of the political, because he + +665 +00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330 +supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a + +666 +00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990 +politician, a member of the parliament, and he + +667 +00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890 +became a member of the parliament. We'll speak + +668 +00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630 +about another poet next class. John Milton, one of + +669 +00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730 +the most significant English poets of all times. + +670 +00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850 +He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer + +671 +00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110 +and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because + +672 +00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630 +he also supported Cromwell. The only person who + +673 +00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150 +saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So + +674 +00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700 +poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were + +675 +00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400 +connected in so many ways during this age. And + +676 +00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840 +this will change forever, the way poetry and + +677 +00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280 +literature is written and introduced to us. I'll + +678 +00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880 +stop here. If you have a question, feel free to + +679 +00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140 +ask. + +680 +00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630 +Okay thank you very much and next class we have a + +681 +00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490 +review session for the midterm exam please prepare + +682 +00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690 +and if you have questions again bring them along + +683 +00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930 +and see you soon. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/7_adsLi2XpM_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/7_adsLi2XpM_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a364fa6091c3233c181053ae8a35787cb8e13c20 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/7_adsLi2XpM_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2604 @@ +1 +00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,860 +Assalamualaikum again nice to have you here + +2 +00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:29,600 +despite the rain and the thunderstorm outside We + +3 +00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:33,820 +continue our journey into Shakespeare and + +4 +00:00:33,820 --> 00:00:38,320 +Shakespeare's world. Last time we had a discussion + +5 +00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:43,620 +about some Shakespearean ideas. We mentioned how + +6 +00:00:43,620 --> 00:00:46,640 +Shakespeare, for example, wants to be careful when + +7 +00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,520 +he depicts the English kings. He doesn't want to + +8 +00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:54,340 +offend them. He doesn't want to be punished in a + +9 +00:00:54,340 --> 00:00:57,200 +way or another like many people were punished at + +10 +00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,420 +that time. However, that's not the whole story + +11 +00:00:59,420 --> 00:01:01,780 +because sometimes Shakespeare implicitly, + +12 +00:01:02,540 --> 00:01:05,700 +indirectly, he criticizes kings. He presents them + +13 +00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:09,740 +as weak, as sometimes as strong, sometimes as + +14 +00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,020 +weak, sometimes as clever, sometimes as not so + +15 +00:01:12,020 --> 00:01:15,160 +clever, sometimes as villains, sometimes as evil. + +16 +00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:19,130 +In a way, he presents the king to us as human + +17 +00:01:19,130 --> 00:01:22,650 +beings with flaws, with weaknesses, and also with + +18 +00:01:22,650 --> 00:01:29,510 +strengths. The king is no longer the figure, the + +19 +00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,350 +godlike figure to be feared. Shakespeare changed + +20 +00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:37,530 +this image and introduced us to someone who, a + +21 +00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,910 +person, a king who is a person like us, who has, + +22 +00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:45,190 +again, flaws, hopes, wishes, and fears. Let's see, + +23 +00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:48,470 +before we begin today, talking about Shakespeare + +24 +00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:53,310 +tragedies and some of his comedies, let's see two + +25 +00:01:53,310 --> 00:01:57,110 +students here performing something from + +26 +00:01:57,110 --> 00:01:58,090 +Shakespeare. + +27 +00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:01,810 +Yeah, yeah, please. + +28 +00:02:05,550 --> 00:02:09,250 +All the walls are staged, and all the men and + +29 +00:02:09,250 --> 00:02:13,410 +women merely players. They have their exits and + +30 +00:02:13,410 --> 00:02:16,880 +their entrances. And one man his time plays many + +31 +00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:22,100 +parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, the + +32 +00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:25,760 +infant, mewling and puking in the nurse's arms. + +33 +00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:30,720 +And then, the whiny schoolboy, with his statues + +34 +00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:34,560 +and shiny morning face, creeping like a snail, + +35 +00:02:35,420 --> 00:02:39,220 +unwillingly to school. And then, the lover, + +36 +00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,200 +signing like fairness, with a wolf of paddock made + +37 +00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:47,720 +to his Mistress's eyeglass. And then the soldier, + +38 +00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:52,420 +full of strange oaths and bearded like the bard, + +39 +00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:55,460 +jealous and honored, sudden and quick and curled, + +40 +00:02:55,940 --> 00:02:59,720 +seeking the bubble, reputation, even in the cone + +41 +00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:05,180 +of his mouth. And then the justice. In fair and + +42 +00:03:05,180 --> 00:03:08,580 +billy with good cable lines, with eyes severe and + +43 +00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:11,600 +beard of formal cut, full of wise souls and modern + +44 +00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:16,390 +instances. And so he plays his part. The sixth age + +45 +00:03:16,390 --> 00:03:19,790 +shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloon with + +46 +00:03:19,790 --> 00:03:23,390 +spectacles on nose and pouch on side. His youthful + +47 +00:03:23,390 --> 00:03:25,890 +holes will save the world too wild for his + +48 +00:03:25,890 --> 00:03:31,090 +charming child. And his big manly voice turning + +49 +00:03:31,090 --> 00:03:34,650 +again towards childish children pipes and whistles + +50 +00:03:34,650 --> 00:03:40,870 +in his sound. Last scene of all, the end that ends + +51 +00:03:40,870 --> 00:03:46,500 +this Strange, eventfully history, in sound + +52 +00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:52,440 +childishness and mere oblivion. Sense teeth, sense + +53 +00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:56,460 +eyes, sense taste, sense everything. + +54 +00:03:59,810 --> 00:04:03,850 +Very good. I love this dissertation of all the + +55 +00:04:03,850 --> 00:04:06,150 +world's stage. We mentioned this probably briefly + +56 +00:04:06,150 --> 00:04:08,070 +before but Shakespeare was one of the most + +57 +00:04:08,070 --> 00:04:14,310 +important poets and playwrights to present life as + +58 +00:04:14,310 --> 00:04:18,120 +a stage. So this is all the world's stage. The + +59 +00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,500 +whole world is a stage. And in Macbeth, we'll see + +60 +00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:25,680 +how he talks about life being a tale told by an + +61 +00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,860 +idiot. So very good. Probably you can do something + +62 +00:04:29,860 --> 00:04:33,420 +like this, the rest of you. We have one more + +63 +00:04:33,420 --> 00:04:40,820 +reading of For God's Sake. Go on. Do you want to + +64 +00:04:40,820 --> 00:04:46,380 +stand on the chair? OK. For God's sake. Can you + +65 +00:04:46,380 --> 00:04:49,420 +speak up? For God's sake, let us sit upon the + +66 +00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:52,460 +ground until sad stories of the different kings, + +67 +00:04:53,140 --> 00:04:55,960 +how some have been deposed, some slain in war, + +68 +00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,880 +some hunted by the ghosts they have deposed, some + +69 +00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:04,040 +poisoned by their wives, some sleeping killed or + +70 +00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:09,320 +murdered. That's for within the hollow crown that + +71 +00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,140 +rounds the mortal temples of a king, keeps dead + +72 +00:05:13,140 --> 00:05:17,880 +his court. And their auntie said, scuffing his + +73 +00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,920 +state and greening at his palm, allowing him to + +74 +00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:26,560 +breathe, a little seen, to moralize, to be free, + +75 +00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:32,020 +brave, and kill with lux, infusing him with self + +76 +00:05:32,020 --> 00:05:37,720 +and vain conceit. As if this flesh, which walls + +77 +00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:42,200 +about our life, we embrace impregnable and humored + +78 +00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:46,440 +thus. Comes at the last and with a little pain. + +79 +00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:51,660 +Bros throw his castle, castle wall, and for will + +80 +00:05:51,660 --> 00:05:56,280 +kings and very well king. Cover your heads and + +81 +00:05:56,280 --> 00:06:00,620 +mock not flesh and blood with solemn reverence. + +82 +00:06:01,540 --> 00:06:05,140 +Throw away respect, tradition, firm and + +83 +00:06:05,140 --> 00:06:10,210 +ceremonies, duty. For you have ought to stop me + +84 +00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:14,350 +all this while. I love good friend like you. Feel + +85 +00:06:14,350 --> 00:06:18,750 +want, taste free, need friends, subjective + +86 +00:06:18,750 --> 00:06:24,660 +thoughts. How can you say to Very good. Very + +87 +00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:26,780 +beautiful. Thank you. No, I'll keep it. Thank you. + +88 +00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:31,000 +So again, we have this king portrayed by + +89 +00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:35,080 +Shakespeare as weak, someone begging people to sit + +90 +00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,020 +up on the ground and tell sad stories of the death + +91 +00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:39,840 +of kings. We said that this is one of the kings + +92 +00:06:39,840 --> 00:06:42,900 +that Shakespeare presents as maybe humble, maybe + +93 +00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:46,720 +honest, maybe modest in a way. But remember when + +94 +00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,320 +we discussed the text, the portrait itself, We + +95 +00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:54,420 +said there could be something hiding behind where + +96 +00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:57,940 +the king is not genuine, is not truthful in his + +97 +00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,160 +begging because the language reveals someone who + +98 +00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,800 +is still arrogant, someone who is still a king, + +99 +00:07:05,020 --> 00:07:07,100 +someone who's distancing himself from the people, + +100 +00:07:07,220 --> 00:07:11,440 +someone pointing the finger of accusation at the + +101 +00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:13,900 +people themselves rather than at his own + +102 +00:07:13,900 --> 00:07:16,820 +shortcomings. We have one more recitation. Come + +103 +00:07:16,820 --> 00:07:23,380 +here please. For God's sake, go on. On your + +104 +00:07:23,380 --> 00:07:30,920 +mobile, okay. Can you speak up? For God's sake, + +105 +00:07:31,620 --> 00:07:36,500 +let us sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of + +106 +00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:40,460 +the death of kings, how some have been exposed, + +107 +00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:45,060 +some slain more. Some hunted by the ghosts they + +108 +00:07:45,060 --> 00:07:50,000 +have deposed. Some poisoned by their wives. Some + +109 +00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,780 +sleeping count. All murders for within the whole + +110 +00:07:53,780 --> 00:07:59,960 +crown that round the mortal temples of a king. + +111 +00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:06,420 +Keep this his court and the antique sites. + +112 +00:08:07,540 --> 00:08:12,900 +Scoffing his state and grinning and running at his + +113 +00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:17,220 +palm, allowing him a breath, a little sense, to + +114 +00:08:17,220 --> 00:08:21,600 +marchize, be afraid, and kill with locks, infusing + +115 +00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:27,320 +hell with self and vain consent, as if this flesh + +116 +00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,880 +which walls about our life were breath, + +117 +00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:37,800 +impregnable, and hammered thus, comes at the last + +118 +00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:42,050 +of with a little pen, Portray through his castle, + +119 +00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:46,830 +wall, and frail-willed king. Cover your head and + +120 +00:08:46,830 --> 00:08:50,810 +muck nutty flesh and blood with salmon reverence. + +121 +00:08:51,210 --> 00:08:54,770 +Throw away respect, tradition, throne, and + +122 +00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:59,270 +salmon's beauty. For you have but mistook me all + +123 +00:08:59,270 --> 00:09:03,010 +this while. I live with a pride like you. Feel + +124 +00:09:03,010 --> 00:09:06,970 +want. Taste grief. Need a friend subjected thus. + +125 +00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:11,900 +How can you say to me I am a king? Thank you, + +126 +00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,620 +really thank you. So we go back to Shakespeare + +127 +00:09:15,620 --> 00:09:19,700 +today in class three. Remember we spoke about + +128 +00:09:19,700 --> 00:09:23,280 +Shakespeare and his tragedies and comedies and + +129 +00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:28,400 +hysteries. Generally again, a tragedy is a play in + +130 +00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,220 +which the main character or major characters die + +131 +00:09:31,220 --> 00:09:34,220 +at the end. The themes are serious themes of + +132 +00:09:34,220 --> 00:09:39,170 +death, of destruction, of hope, of ambition. And + +133 +00:09:39,170 --> 00:09:42,790 +the comedies, on the other hand, are plays where + +134 +00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:47,510 +nobody dies. And then they live happily ever + +135 +00:09:47,510 --> 00:09:51,810 +after. However, it doesn't mean the comedies are + +136 +00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,730 +less important than the tragedies. Because the + +137 +00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:58,350 +themes entered in comedies too can also be about + +138 +00:09:58,350 --> 00:10:02,510 +love, about death, about power, about jealousy, + +139 +00:10:02,710 --> 00:10:05,450 +about important themes, about identity, especially + +140 +00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:10,840 +mistaken. identity. So sometimes Shakespeare would + +141 +00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:14,100 +use a comedy because comedy generally makes people + +142 +00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:17,760 +laugh at their own shortcomings with no one + +143 +00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:23,860 +bleeding or getting hurt during the like really + +144 +00:10:23,860 --> 00:10:25,580 +seriously getting hurt because sometimes there + +145 +00:10:25,580 --> 00:10:29,460 +could be some chaos in the play but then things go + +146 +00:10:29,460 --> 00:10:34,780 +back to normal. Shakespeare's four great tragedies + +147 +00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,700 +are Hamlet, we already mentioned Hamlet, King + +148 +00:10:38,700 --> 00:10:43,200 +Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. They're called the + +149 +00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:45,600 +four great tragedies because they're the most + +150 +00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:50,380 +famous of all tragedies. Now, the themes again are + +151 +00:10:50,380 --> 00:10:54,380 +about identity, asking what it means to be a man, + +152 +00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:56,640 +what it means to be a king, what it means to be a + +153 +00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:01,600 +human being, questions about jealousy, family, + +154 +00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:06,900 +ambition, and revenge. I can't basically say, for + +155 +00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:09,020 +example, Hamlet is about revenge, because Hamlet + +156 +00:11:09,020 --> 00:11:13,000 +is about many things, but revenge is there. The + +157 +00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,940 +same with Othello. There is jealousy, but there's + +158 +00:11:14,940 --> 00:11:17,860 +also revenge, and there's also racism, and there's + +159 +00:11:17,860 --> 00:11:21,680 +also a family here. King Lear is family and + +160 +00:11:21,680 --> 00:11:25,680 +revenge and many things about identity. So these + +161 +00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:29,600 +issues that the tragedies discuss in Shakespeare + +162 +00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,250 +are serious themes. are very important themes, + +163 +00:11:34,330 --> 00:11:37,010 +usually including the king and the queen and the + +164 +00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:38,770 +royal family. + +165 +00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:44,590 +When we speak about the tragedies, we also speak + +166 +00:11:44,590 --> 00:11:49,490 +about how in the play, man, the character, the + +167 +00:11:49,490 --> 00:11:52,090 +king or the prince usually tries to go beyond the + +168 +00:11:52,090 --> 00:11:53,750 +limits of what it means to be a human being. + +169 +00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:56,490 +Remember when we spoke about Renaissance, we said + +170 +00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:57,350 +in the Renaissance, + +171 +00:12:00,610 --> 00:12:03,030 +The issue of what it means to be a man, humanism, + +172 +00:12:03,690 --> 00:12:07,390 +was something important. And this is what it means + +173 +00:12:07,390 --> 00:12:10,430 +to be a man. Nobody can, by the way, answer this, + +174 +00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:12,750 +give a satisfactory answer to this question. + +175 +00:12:13,070 --> 00:12:16,050 +Shakespeare asks this question so many times. Now + +176 +00:12:16,050 --> 00:12:21,110 +in these plays, man tries to go beyond, not to be + +177 +00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:27,430 +a human being, but to be a superman. And because + +178 +00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:30,430 +man is not perfect, is anybody perfect here? Is + +179 +00:12:30,430 --> 00:12:34,450 +anybody perfect there? No. For example, Macbeth + +180 +00:12:34,450 --> 00:12:37,710 +kills the king so he can be the good king, right? + +181 +00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:42,610 +Or Hamlet's uncle. But everybody fails because no + +182 +00:12:42,610 --> 00:12:46,190 +one is perfect. Nobody succeeds in going beyond + +183 +00:12:46,190 --> 00:12:50,690 +the limits of a human being. So mankind itself is + +184 +00:12:50,690 --> 00:12:57,510 +not perfect. So what happens? Failure. Failure. In + +185 +00:12:57,510 --> 00:12:59,950 +Macbeth, for example, in brief, I don't want to go + +186 +00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,770 +in much detail here. Shakespeare's Macbeth is a + +187 +00:13:04,770 --> 00:13:10,650 +play in which three witches, three witches like + +188 +00:13:10,650 --> 00:13:14,310 +magicians or wizards come face to face with + +189 +00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:19,150 +Macbeth and tell him three prophecies. They tell + +190 +00:13:19,150 --> 00:13:25,070 +him the future. From these prophecies, Macbeth is + +191 +00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:28,490 +told that he is going to be a king. He's not a + +192 +00:13:28,490 --> 00:13:32,690 +king now. He's not a king. He will be a king. What + +193 +00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:34,770 +does he do? He tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, he + +194 +00:13:34,770 --> 00:13:37,330 +goes back and then, maybe I should kill the king. + +195 +00:13:37,690 --> 00:13:40,650 +His wife was like, yeah, kill the king. And he + +196 +00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:45,750 +kills the king. Now, does it end there? Again, + +197 +00:13:45,850 --> 00:13:48,590 +remember how serious it is to hurt the king, to + +198 +00:13:48,590 --> 00:13:50,830 +question the king, to kill the king at that time. + +199 +00:13:51,530 --> 00:13:53,850 +He kills the king and everything goes upside down. + +200 +00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,320 +And the king, he kills more people and more + +201 +00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:02,300 +people, even his friends, even his kids and women + +202 +00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:06,240 +are slaughtered because of Macbeth. Now, Macbeth, + +203 +00:14:06,740 --> 00:14:09,780 +at some time, is told that his wife, Lady Macbeth, + +204 +00:14:09,820 --> 00:14:13,300 +who supported him, dies. But he is at a moment + +205 +00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:17,920 +when he has given up on life. He is just hopeless. + +206 +00:14:19,180 --> 00:14:23,880 +Yes, he wants power. He's ambitious. But when his + +207 +00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:27,380 +wife dies, he doesn't care that much. Maybe + +208 +00:14:27,380 --> 00:14:29,780 +because, again, he has given up on hope. Or maybe + +209 +00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:34,380 +because she pushed him to do this murder. And we + +210 +00:14:34,380 --> 00:14:39,780 +come to this amazing part from Macbeth, when he + +211 +00:14:39,780 --> 00:14:42,800 +again realizes that all his murders, all his + +212 +00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,980 +crimes were useless. They're not going to make him + +213 +00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:51,490 +a superman. And that's tomorrow and tomorrow and + +214 +00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:55,110 +tomorrow. Very famous quote from Akbar. Creeps in + +215 +00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:57,370 +this petty pace from day to day to the last + +216 +00:14:57,370 --> 00:15:00,930 +syllable of recorded time out, out brief candle. + +217 +00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:04,210 +Even light, even a candle, even the light of a + +218 +00:15:04,210 --> 00:15:06,990 +candle is now something negative for him because + +219 +00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:09,730 +he wants to live in darkness. Because he brought + +220 +00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,630 +darkness upon himself. Because he killed the king + +221 +00:15:12,630 --> 00:15:17,050 +and he destroyed the harmony. in the world. Out, + +222 +00:15:17,150 --> 00:15:20,390 +out, brief candle. Life's but a walking shadow. + +223 +00:15:20,530 --> 00:15:23,390 +Remember just now we said Shakespeare uses the + +224 +00:15:23,390 --> 00:15:26,770 +metaphor of life as a stage? All the world's a + +225 +00:15:26,770 --> 00:15:29,670 +stage. And here, life is a shadow. What's life? + +226 +00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:33,790 +What's man? What do we want? It's a shadow. You + +227 +00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:37,170 +kill and kill and kill and you lose people. But + +228 +00:15:37,170 --> 00:15:42,230 +what do you achieve? Nothing. Except the cold + +229 +00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:46,680 +grave. Lives but a walking shadow, a poor player. + +230 +00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:50,080 +We go back to the metaphor of the stage. Poor + +231 +00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:53,840 +player means... What does player mean here in this + +232 +00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:59,680 +context? Exactly, an actor. Not a football player. + +233 +00:16:00,140 --> 00:16:04,720 +It means an actor here. A poor player that struts + +234 +00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:07,360 +and frets his hour up on the stage, going back to + +235 +00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,700 +the stage. So how long do we live? It's only one + +236 +00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:12,840 +hour. No matter what you do, how powerful, how + +237 +00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:17,580 +strong, no matter how many crimes you commit, it's + +238 +00:16:17,580 --> 00:16:22,960 +all one hour. That's life. That's life upon the + +239 +00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:26,100 +stage. And then Nizhad, no more. It's a tale. It's + +240 +00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,700 +a story. Tale. Again, a tale. Who's the narrator + +241 +00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:35,370 +of the tale? An idiot. Imagine a story told to you + +242 +00:16:35,370 --> 00:16:38,410 +by a crazy person, an insane person. Is it going + +243 +00:16:38,410 --> 00:16:40,690 +to be? Probably you wouldn't believe it. Probably + +244 +00:16:40,690 --> 00:16:44,450 +you're going to just be shocked, confused because + +245 +00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:47,070 +things are not connected, are not related because + +246 +00:16:47,070 --> 00:16:50,570 +the storyteller is incoherent, doesn't understand. + +247 +00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:57,200 +told by an idiot full of sound and fury signifying + +248 +00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,560 +nothing. What does it mean? Nothing. You kill and + +249 +00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,380 +you kill and kill. And at the end of the day, you + +250 +00:17:03,380 --> 00:17:05,400 +don't achieve anything. And this is, again, a + +251 +00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,060 +concern by Shakespeare at that time. People were + +252 +00:17:08,060 --> 00:17:10,980 +asking these questions. What does it mean to be a + +253 +00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:14,080 +man? What does it mean to go beyond the limit of + +254 +00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:20,080 +man? It means nothing. Because it's a tale told by + +255 +00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,970 +an idiot. because we have a poor player that + +256 +00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:28,630 +spends one hour and then is heard no more. You've + +257 +00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:33,430 +gone forever. Okay, beautiful story, beautiful + +258 +00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:35,930 +play, Macbeth, one of the most beautifully written + +259 +00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:38,550 +plays by Shakespeare. Probably you can go to + +260 +00:17:38,550 --> 00:17:42,110 +YouTube and watch some productions of this. I'll + +261 +00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:45,370 +leave the story here. I'm not going to spoil it + +262 +00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,830 +for you. + +263 +00:17:48,660 --> 00:17:52,260 +Now, generally, what happens in tragedies at the + +264 +00:17:52,260 --> 00:17:57,640 +end is again death and destruction and chaos. So + +265 +00:17:57,640 --> 00:17:59,660 +what does it mean here? It means that there is + +266 +00:17:59,660 --> 00:18:05,900 +darkness, there's pessimism, there's hopelessness + +267 +00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,020 +and helplessness, there's despair, there's + +268 +00:18:09,020 --> 00:18:12,500 +sadness. Now, generally, even in tragedy, + +269 +00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:15,480 +Shakespeare gives us some hope for the future. + +270 +00:18:17,060 --> 00:18:19,860 +Remember Hamlet? How many people died in Hamlet? + +271 +00:18:20,780 --> 00:18:28,220 +Almost everyone. Except his friend, Horatio, to + +272 +00:18:28,220 --> 00:18:30,940 +tell the story. Remember? Shakespeare loves + +273 +00:18:30,940 --> 00:18:35,620 +stories and storytelling. Horatio wanted to drink + +274 +00:18:35,620 --> 00:18:38,780 +the poison. He said, no, don't tell my story. And + +275 +00:18:38,780 --> 00:18:41,720 +then there is a new king. So even in tragedies + +276 +00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:45,850 +where almost everybody dies, There is hope for the + +277 +00:18:45,850 --> 00:18:48,730 +future. Someone to tell the story. Or there is + +278 +00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:51,770 +usually a young person, a young king in + +279 +00:18:51,770 --> 00:18:55,170 +particular, or young people. We have this in + +280 +00:18:55,170 --> 00:18:57,890 +Macbeth, new king. We have this in Hamlet. We have + +281 +00:18:57,890 --> 00:19:00,630 +this like in many other plays. However, there's + +282 +00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:07,430 +one very dark, very bleak, very, very, very gloomy + +283 +00:19:07,430 --> 00:19:11,130 +play by Shakespeare. One described by some critics + +284 +00:19:11,130 --> 00:19:16,460 +as the most pessimistic, and the darkest. And this + +285 +00:19:16,460 --> 00:19:18,620 +play is King Lear. + +286 +00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,620 +There are many things to say here, but let's just + +287 +00:19:24,620 --> 00:19:28,500 +focus on what we have to say in the book. King + +288 +00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:31,880 +Lear, at the beginning of the play, he decides to + +289 +00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:34,200 +give up his kingdom and his power to his + +290 +00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,790 +daughters. But he says, OK, if you love me, Tell + +291 +00:19:37,790 --> 00:19:40,570 +me how much you love me and I'll give you that + +292 +00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:44,890 +much you share. And to the daughters, General and + +293 +00:19:44,890 --> 00:19:48,890 +Reagan, they say we love you the most, more than + +294 +00:19:48,890 --> 00:19:52,170 +the waves and the stars and bigger than the sea + +295 +00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:55,790 +and the oceans and we love you because you are the + +296 +00:19:55,790 --> 00:20:00,640 +best in the world. But Cordelia, the honest, He + +297 +00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:05,220 +says the truth. He says, I love you as much as any + +298 +00:20:05,220 --> 00:20:08,120 +ordinary daughter loves her father. You're good to + +299 +00:20:08,120 --> 00:20:13,400 +me and I love you. And he was like, go. He disowns + +300 +00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,960 +her. He kicks her out. Long story short, at the + +301 +00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:22,220 +end of the play, fast forward, we have King Lear + +302 +00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:26,750 +in one of the last scenes. with his misunderstood + +303 +00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:32,210 +daughter Cordelia dead, lifeless in his arms. + +304 +00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:39,610 +That's how it ends. When he realizes he has been a + +305 +00:20:39,610 --> 00:20:42,090 +fool all along. Remember in the play there is a + +306 +00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:45,150 +fool character, a gesture. He's wiser than the + +307 +00:20:45,150 --> 00:20:47,090 +king. That's again Shakespeare trying to say that + +308 +00:20:47,090 --> 00:20:50,870 +sometimes a fool can be better than, wiser, + +309 +00:20:51,390 --> 00:20:55,470 +smarter than the king. And this is one of the last + +310 +00:20:55,470 --> 00:21:00,470 +scenes, very heartbreaking, very sad in so many + +311 +00:21:00,470 --> 00:21:07,090 +ways. No, no, no, no life. Why should a dog, a + +312 +00:21:07,090 --> 00:21:11,950 +horse, a rat have life? And thou, no breath at + +313 +00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:17,570 +all, thou will come no more. Never, never, never, + +314 +00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:18,730 +never. + +315 +00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:27,190 +Can someone read? Try to depict the sadness here, + +316 +00:21:27,270 --> 00:21:32,230 +please. No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a + +317 +00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:35,810 +horse, a rat have life? And dog, no brain at all. + +318 +00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:39,410 +There's cow, no horn. Never, never, never, never, + +319 +00:21:39,550 --> 00:21:43,620 +never. You forgot one never, I guess. You + +320 +00:21:43,620 --> 00:21:46,800 +shouldn't be laughing. This is, this is sad. I + +321 +00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,480 +shouldn't be cracking jokes even. Speak up, + +322 +00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:52,920 +please. No, no, no. Like, why? Okay, no, no, no. + +323 +00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,480 +Can we get the sadness and the frustration and the + +324 +00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,780 +pessimism and the hopelessness? Like, no, no. No + +325 +00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:07,440 +life. Why should a rat, why should a dog, a horse, + +326 +00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,360 +a rat have life and thou no breath at all thou + +327 +00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:19,920 +will come no more? Never, never, never, never. + +328 +00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,780 +You shouldn't be laughing. I'm not gonna act it + +329 +00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:30,560 +that good, but okay. Try. No, no, no life. Why + +330 +00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:35,020 +should a dog, a horse, a rat have a life? And + +331 +00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:38,060 +thou, and thou, no breath at all. Thou come no + +332 +00:22:38,060 --> 00:22:42,360 +more. Never, never, never, never, never. Please. + +333 +00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:49,020 +No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a horse, a rat + +334 +00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:53,650 +have life? And thou, no breath at all. You forgot + +335 +00:22:53,650 --> 00:22:57,790 +one never. + +336 +00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:04,880 +You forgot two nevers? It's lesson. Now this is a + +337 +00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:07,460 +king who committed a foolish mistake. Why would + +338 +00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:09,820 +you give up your... Why wouldn't you understand if + +339 +00:23:09,820 --> 00:23:13,040 +a king doesn't understand his daughters? In a way + +340 +00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,740 +he deserves this but we feel sad, we feel sorry + +341 +00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:20,640 +for him because again of the lifeless body of + +342 +00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:24,620 +Cordelia. See the emphasis on no, no, no, never, + +343 +00:23:24,860 --> 00:23:30,180 +never, never. How dark. Regression. The ending is + +344 +00:23:30,180 --> 00:23:35,120 +very depressing, very sad. The pessimism is + +345 +00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:38,320 +overwhelming there. Why should it unfair? Life is + +346 +00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:41,880 +unfair because you, the king, you are unfair. You + +347 +00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,840 +were unfair. You didn't treat your daughter + +348 +00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:49,700 +justly. Again, what does thou mean? Thou? The. + +349 +00:23:50,140 --> 00:23:54,820 +Thou? That. Thou means? You. Thou. Thou. What does + +350 +00:23:54,820 --> 00:24:00,380 +it mean? You. That. Thou means you. Thou, here + +351 +00:24:00,380 --> 00:24:07,120 +thou well. You well. So far we had thou in Middle + +352 +00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:13,240 +English meaning you. And thee meaning also you but + +353 +00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,840 +for object. So shall I compare thee to a summer's + +354 +00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:21,120 +day? Shall I compare thee? And the second line + +355 +00:24:21,120 --> 00:24:26,030 +says thou art, you are. You are. You are. Yes + +356 +00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:32,070 +please. I can't understand. He said that I'll give + +357 +00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:36,110 +you how much you love me and I'll give you an + +358 +00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:38,650 +equal amount. She said that I love you like a + +359 +00:24:38,650 --> 00:24:41,430 +normal daughter that loves her father. He should + +360 +00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:46,370 +have gave her what he sees that is fair not to get + +361 +00:24:46,370 --> 00:24:50,600 +her out. And now he's being punished? But the + +362 +00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,460 +punishment is like when you take candy from + +363 +00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:56,800 +somebody when you just don't give them extra + +364 +00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,930 +marks. But this is the punishment he has, so + +365 +00:24:59,930 --> 00:25:03,810 +heartbreaking, because it includes death. Now, + +366 +00:25:04,290 --> 00:25:07,850 +when we move from King Lear to Othello, again, + +367 +00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:11,210 +remember, King Lear is said to be one of the + +368 +00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:13,070 +darkest, most pessimistic, because there's no + +369 +00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:17,290 +hope. Everybody dies. Heartbreaking. Now, Othello, + +370 +00:25:17,430 --> 00:25:21,490 +in brief, is one of the major black characters in + +371 +00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:23,750 +Shakespeare. In all English literature, by the + +372 +00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:28,020 +way. He isn't the first. Black. He's originally + +373 +00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:31,500 +from Africa. And when we say he is a black + +374 +00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:37,040 +character here, it brings issues of race. Listen, + +375 +00:25:37,140 --> 00:25:40,420 +we believe wholeheartedly that all people are + +376 +00:25:40,420 --> 00:25:43,240 +equal regardless of their color, of their origin, + +377 +00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:45,840 +of their race, of anything. We treat people as + +378 +00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:50,610 +human beings. The worst thing It's for anybody to + +379 +00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,950 +be racist, to hate somebody, to dislike somebody + +380 +00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:55,550 +because of their color, sometimes how they speak, + +381 +00:25:55,670 --> 00:26:00,510 +where they are from, or their religion. And this + +382 +00:26:00,510 --> 00:26:03,990 +is what literature teaches us. We learn about + +383 +00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:08,250 +these experiences from literature. Now, Othello is + +384 +00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:11,110 +a Christian. He becomes a Christian. And he's a + +385 +00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:15,350 +leader in the army in Venice. And he marries the + +386 +00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:19,810 +most beautiful white lady in Venice. He deserves + +387 +00:26:19,810 --> 00:26:22,570 +this because he works hard for it. He's a strong + +388 +00:26:22,570 --> 00:26:27,490 +fighter. But Iago, the villain, the antagonist, + +389 +00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:31,630 +hates him mainly because of his color. And again, + +390 +00:26:31,730 --> 00:26:34,470 +this is Shakespeare 400 years ago discussing + +391 +00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:35,530 +racism. + +392 +00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:41,330 +And because you treat somebody unfairly, unjustly, + +393 +00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:45,620 +because of his color, We have one of the, again, + +394 +00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:50,400 +really darkest tragedies of all. In Othello, + +395 +00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:53,320 +again, harmony is lost. And that's why harmony, + +396 +00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:56,120 +you know, because we should be treating each other + +397 +00:26:56,120 --> 00:27:00,940 +equally. But because someone is mistreated only + +398 +00:27:00,940 --> 00:27:04,780 +because of the color of his skin, and this causes + +399 +00:27:04,780 --> 00:27:09,540 +a lot of destruction and death. He kills his wife, + +400 +00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:14,430 +his Demona, Othello. Because he was jealous. + +401 +00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:18,950 +Because Iago made him think that she was cheating + +402 +00:27:18,950 --> 00:27:22,370 +on him. And then Iago kills his wife. And then + +403 +00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:25,490 +he's killed himself. And then Othello dies at the + +404 +00:27:25,490 --> 00:27:29,750 +end. So he says, chaos has come again. You know + +405 +00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:35,180 +chaos? Chaos, destruction. It is said that there's + +406 +00:27:35,180 --> 00:27:36,900 +the Big Bang theory. I'm not sure if you studied + +407 +00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:39,580 +this in school, Big Bang theory, how the world + +408 +00:27:39,580 --> 00:27:42,600 +created by a Big Bang. And before the Big Bang, + +409 +00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:46,260 +there was chaos. There was nothing. And the theory + +410 +00:27:46,260 --> 00:27:49,280 +says that the world is going to end in a Big Bang. + +411 +00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:54,920 +So chaos has come again. Life has no meaning when + +412 +00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:58,420 +someone is mistreated because of his religion or + +413 +00:27:58,420 --> 00:28:03,170 +something. So why does Iago hate Othello? Because + +414 +00:28:03,170 --> 00:28:07,210 +only because, yes, he took up the position, but he + +415 +00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:10,270 +deserves it because he is a black man who married + +416 +00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:14,030 +the white beautiful lady, Desdemona. And Iago is + +417 +00:28:14,030 --> 00:28:19,010 +said to be the scariest character in Shakespeare. + +418 +00:28:22,330 --> 00:28:25,670 +Now, we move from Othello to The Merchant of + +419 +00:28:25,670 --> 00:28:27,270 +Venice. Now, listen, The Merchant of Venice is not + +420 +00:28:27,270 --> 00:28:30,520 +a tragedy. I'll tell you in brief what it is + +421 +00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:33,680 +about. But when I speak about Othello and speak + +422 +00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,500 +about race, because Othello is an outsider, you + +423 +00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:40,120 +know outsider? We speak about Europe, all white, + +424 +00:28:40,340 --> 00:28:44,240 +all Christian, all European, right? Now Othello is + +425 +00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:47,460 +an intruder, is an outsider. Now in the merchant + +426 +00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:52,120 +of Venice, there is also an outsider and his name + +427 +00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:53,960 +is Shylock. + +428 +00:28:56,150 --> 00:28:59,070 +The Merchant of Venice. I'll briefly tell you what + +429 +00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:00,950 +what goes on in The Merchant of Venice and + +430 +00:29:00,950 --> 00:29:03,210 +probably read this and stop and comment next + +431 +00:29:03,210 --> 00:29:06,770 +class. Now The Merchant of Venice is a story about + +432 +00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:11,090 +Antonio and his friend Bassanio. Bassanio wants to + +433 +00:29:11,090 --> 00:29:15,020 +marry Portia. Bassanio doesn't have the money. He + +434 +00:29:15,020 --> 00:29:17,740 +goes to the merchant of Venice, Antonio, to give + +435 +00:29:17,740 --> 00:29:21,280 +him money. But he doesn't have much money now + +436 +00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:25,240 +because all his money is at sea doing, you know, + +437 +00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,780 +abroad business and trade. So where does he go? + +438 +00:29:31,660 --> 00:29:36,730 +Where does he go to lend, to borrow money? He goes + +439 +00:29:36,730 --> 00:29:41,730 +to Shylock. Who's Shylock? A Jewish money lender, + +440 +00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:46,510 +a Jewish guy, again an outsider. So there is also + +441 +00:29:46,510 --> 00:29:50,070 +another issue, theme of humanity and race here. + +442 +00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,780 +And then Shylock says okay okay Antonio you want + +443 +00:29:54,780 --> 00:29:58,500 +me to give you money Antonio you always insult me + +444 +00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:02,500 +you always spit on my face you always tell people + +445 +00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:06,120 +not to take money from me Antonio now you want the + +446 +00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,100 +money I will give you the money Antonio because I + +447 +00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:14,720 +am good now Shylock is a money lender he gives you + +448 +00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:18,890 +money and you return the money with extra this is + +449 +00:30:18,890 --> 00:30:22,670 +called interest you know extra money when you + +450 +00:30:22,670 --> 00:30:27,650 +borrow money from from like a bank now and he says + +451 +00:30:27,650 --> 00:30:31,130 +okay let's sign a contract in the contract he says + +452 +00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:34,190 +I want to give you the money if you don't pay it + +453 +00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:37,630 +back in some time I think two months I will take a + +454 +00:30:37,630 --> 00:30:43,280 +pound of flesh A pound of flesh, a piece of your + +455 +00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:47,180 +body, of your flesh. Pound is like half a kilo. + +456 +00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,900 +That's a lot, right? And then Anthony was like, + +457 +00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,840 +what? He said, don't worry. This is Mary's fault. + +458 +00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:58,120 +It's just for fun. It's just for fun. And then he + +459 +00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:04,200 +signs. And then when the time comes, give me my + +460 +00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,800 +money back. He says, my ships were destroyed. I + +461 +00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:11,930 +lost all my money. Okay, give you my money. Let's + +462 +00:31:11,930 --> 00:31:13,910 +go to court." And now everyone was like, Oh, + +463 +00:31:14,030 --> 00:31:17,070 +Shiloh, you shouldn't wait for him. Forgive him, + +464 +00:31:17,210 --> 00:31:19,290 +Shiloh. He said, why should I forgive him? He has + +465 +00:31:19,290 --> 00:31:22,930 +always treated me like crap. He's always + +466 +00:31:22,930 --> 00:31:26,970 +mistreated me. He insults me. He spits in me only + +467 +00:31:26,970 --> 00:31:30,850 +because I am a Jew. And now that I have the right, + +468 +00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:35,610 +the time to take revenge. Now he's saying no, and + +469 +00:31:35,610 --> 00:31:40,640 +they go to the court. At this time, Bassanio and + +470 +00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,280 +his wife Portia know about the story, and Portia + +471 +00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,760 +dresses up as a man, as a lawyer. Remember, in + +472 +00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:50,480 +Shakespeare, women were not allowed to be on + +473 +00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:56,460 +stage. Only men. Because they didn't have a big + +474 +00:31:56,460 --> 00:31:59,380 +role at that time. Women didn't have many rights. + +475 +00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:04,160 +So who plays women characters? A man, a beardless + +476 +00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:07,390 +man with a soft voice. So imagine this, how + +477 +00:32:07,390 --> 00:32:10,050 +Shakespeare is doing this. So who's playing + +478 +00:32:10,050 --> 00:32:14,030 +Portia? A man dressed up as Portia for the play. + +479 +00:32:15,030 --> 00:32:18,710 +And now Portia dresses up as a man, as a lawyer. + +480 +00:32:18,730 --> 00:32:21,270 +Not only a man, but a lawyer. Women were not + +481 +00:32:21,270 --> 00:32:23,910 +allowed to be lawyers at that time, because many + +482 +00:32:23,910 --> 00:32:26,570 +believed that women are less intelligent, less + +483 +00:32:26,570 --> 00:32:28,870 +intellectual than men. And Shakespeare is changing + +484 +00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:32,870 +this, is making fun of this concept. Because she + +485 +00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:36,450 +comes to the court and she says, OK, wait. Oh, + +486 +00:32:36,790 --> 00:32:39,890 +this contract is valid. It's correct. Is this your + +487 +00:32:39,890 --> 00:32:42,990 +signature? Yeah. So yeah, give him the money. I + +488 +00:32:42,990 --> 00:32:45,430 +don't have the money. And then she tries to beg + +489 +00:32:45,430 --> 00:32:48,910 +Shylock. Shylock, please forgive him. We'll give + +490 +00:32:48,910 --> 00:32:50,750 +you your money. He says, no, I'll give you double + +491 +00:32:50,750 --> 00:32:52,690 +the amount, triple the amount. And Shylock says, + +492 +00:32:52,750 --> 00:32:57,630 +no, I want a pound of flesh. She says, OK, go on, + +493 +00:32:57,930 --> 00:33:02,600 +go on. And he starts sharpening the knife. And in + +494 +00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:07,340 +a very ugly scene, he doesn't use probably a brick + +495 +00:33:07,340 --> 00:33:12,000 +or the wall. He uses his shoe to sharpen the + +496 +00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,960 +knife. Disgusting, ugly act of revenge. And when + +497 +00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:20,440 +he approaches Anthony just to take probably from + +498 +00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:27,370 +near his heart, Portia says, wait. Take the pound + +499 +00:33:27,370 --> 00:33:30,790 +of flesh, not less, not more. And when you do, + +500 +00:33:31,230 --> 00:33:37,210 +don't drop any blood, not even one tiny drop of + +501 +00:33:37,210 --> 00:33:41,850 +blood. Is it possible? No, no. So he feels that, + +502 +00:33:42,070 --> 00:33:45,650 +oh, I can't. And then he says, OK, OK, give me the + +503 +00:33:45,650 --> 00:33:48,270 +triple amount. You just said no. Give me the + +504 +00:33:48,270 --> 00:33:50,870 +double amount of money. He says no. OK, give me my + +505 +00:33:50,870 --> 00:33:55,400 +money. You just said no. He says OK. God forgive + +506 +00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,660 +you Anthony and peace be upon you. They say wait a + +507 +00:33:57,660 --> 00:34:02,600 +minute, wait a minute, come back. In Venice, if + +508 +00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,380 +someone, if an outsider tries to kill a Venetian, + +509 +00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:12,800 +his money has to be taken away and he has to + +510 +00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:17,880 +convert to Christianity. So at the end, Shylock, + +511 +00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,300 +like earlier, lost his daughter. She became a + +512 +00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,240 +Christian. Now he lost all his money. And of + +513 +00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:25,740 +course the good white Christian Antonio says, + +514 +00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:29,690 +okay, I don't want my half. take it back and he + +515 +00:34:29,690 --> 00:34:33,530 +loses most of his money he loses his right to take + +516 +00:34:33,530 --> 00:34:37,610 +revenge and he becomes a christian he is forced to + +517 +00:34:37,610 --> 00:34:40,490 +become a christian but for portia bassani and + +518 +00:34:40,490 --> 00:34:44,370 +antonio they live happily ever after now in the + +519 +00:34:44,370 --> 00:34:47,110 +past this was considered a comedy because the + +520 +00:34:47,110 --> 00:34:51,290 +european white people are victorious but is it a + +521 +00:34:51,290 --> 00:34:54,250 +comedy for shylock no Is it a comedy of a child? + +522 +00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:58,250 +It's not. He lost his daughter. He lost his + +523 +00:34:58,250 --> 00:35:00,790 +religion. He lost most of his money. That's why + +524 +00:35:00,790 --> 00:35:05,330 +now people consider this a dark comedy, tragic + +525 +00:35:05,330 --> 00:35:08,790 +comedy, serious comedy, trouble comedy, whatever, + +526 +00:35:09,350 --> 00:35:13,350 +because there are issues of race and anti-Semitism + +527 +00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,270 +here. Now, in the middle of the play, when they + +528 +00:35:16,270 --> 00:35:19,770 +were begging Shylock not to take the pound of + +529 +00:35:19,770 --> 00:35:23,380 +flesh, He says this, one of the most beautiful + +530 +00:35:23,380 --> 00:35:27,720 +things in Shakespeare. Maybe some of you can read + +531 +00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:30,680 +it next time. They tell him, what do you want to + +532 +00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,480 +do with a pound of flesh for God's sake? What do + +533 +00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,740 +you want to do with the flesh? You can't eat it. + +534 +00:35:36,460 --> 00:35:38,020 +And he says, I don't care. I want to feed it to + +535 +00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,890 +the fish. I don't care. When he insulted me, when + +536 +00:35:41,890 --> 00:35:44,750 +he spat on my face, when he told people not to + +537 +00:35:44,750 --> 00:35:47,010 +take money from me, nobody interfered, nobody told + +538 +00:35:47,010 --> 00:35:49,550 +him no. Don't do that, Antonio. Now that I have + +539 +00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:51,470 +the chance to take revenge, you're telling me + +540 +00:35:51,470 --> 00:35:55,990 +don't? So to bait fish with it, if it will feed + +541 +00:35:55,990 --> 00:36:01,080 +nothing, it will feed my revenge. He hath + +542 +00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,360 +disgraced me and hindered me half a million, + +543 +00:36:03,540 --> 00:36:06,580 +laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned + +544 +00:36:06,580 --> 00:36:09,620 +my nation, my nation because he's a Jew, thwarted + +545 +00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:12,300 +my bargains, cooled my friends, heated my enemies. + +546 +00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:16,840 +And what's his reason? I am a Jew. There's no + +547 +00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:19,240 +reason. It's not because I'm bad. It's because of + +548 +00:36:19,240 --> 00:36:22,260 +my religion. Like Othello, it's because of his I + +549 +00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:27,210 +am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes. What's had? Has. + +550 +00:36:28,110 --> 00:36:31,010 +Has not as you see how beautiful it is. Has not as + +551 +00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,150 +you eyes. Has not as you hands, organs, + +552 +00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:39,270 +dimensions, senses, affections, passions, fit with + +553 +00:36:39,270 --> 00:36:42,310 +the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject + +554 +00:36:42,310 --> 00:36:46,130 +to the same diseases, healed by the same means, + +555 +00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:49,650 +warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer. + +556 +00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:55,980 +As a Christian, the answer is yes. The second + +557 +00:36:55,980 --> 00:37:01,000 +part, if you prick us, if you injure us, do we not + +558 +00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:06,840 +bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? You tell + +559 +00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:10,320 +jokes, crack jokes, do we not laugh? If you poison + +560 +00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:16,300 +us, do we not die? We're humans. Again, shared + +561 +00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:20,160 +humanity as a theme, Shakespeare. And if you wrong + +562 +00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:24,050 +us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in + +563 +00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,650 +the rest, we will resemble you in that if a Jew + +564 +00:37:27,650 --> 00:37:29,910 +wronged a Christian, what is the humility? + +565 +00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:33,710 +Revenge. If a Christian wronged a Jew, what should + +566 +00:37:33,710 --> 00:37:36,810 +his sufferance be by a Christian example? Why + +567 +00:37:36,810 --> 00:37:42,390 +revenge? The villainy The villainy, you teach me, + +568 +00:37:42,570 --> 00:37:45,810 +I will execute and execute, and it shall go hard, + +569 +00:37:46,250 --> 00:37:49,170 +but I will better the instruction. I learned this + +570 +00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:53,030 +bad deed, this bad deed. I learned this villainy + +571 +00:37:53,030 --> 00:37:57,610 +from you, from Antonio. I will treat you the same. + +572 +00:37:58,150 --> 00:38:01,550 +You made me the man I am. But I will better the + +573 +00:38:01,550 --> 00:38:05,190 +instruction. I will better the instruction. + +574 +00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:09,050 +Wonderful. Yes. In a way, many people accuse + +575 +00:38:09,050 --> 00:38:14,710 +Shakespeare of being anti-Semitic. Did I write + +576 +00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:17,170 +anti-Semitism here? Can you see the term, this + +577 +00:38:17,170 --> 00:38:22,710 +term? Anti-Semitism. Semitic from Sam. The Jews + +578 +00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:26,790 +and many Muslims are originally the son of Sam, + +579 +00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:31,870 +son of Noah. So we are sematic, sematic, sematic, + +580 +00:38:31,930 --> 00:38:33,370 +sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, + +581 +00:38:33,370 --> 00:38:34,570 +sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, + +582 +00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:37,390 +sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, + +583 +00:38:37,410 --> 00:38:40,050 +sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, + +584 +00:38:40,050 --> 00:38:41,450 +sematic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +585 +00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:46,290 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +586 +00:38:46,430 --> 00:38:49,230 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +587 +00:38:49,230 --> 00:38:49,530 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +588 +00:38:49,530 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +589 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +590 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +591 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +592 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +593 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870 +semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, + +594 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:53,260 +semiatic I would say many Jews support Israeli + +595 +00:38:53,260 --> 00:38:56,500 +occupation and the disposition of Palestinians, + +596 +00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:01,340 +but not all Jews are supportive of Israel. That's + +597 +00:39:01,340 --> 00:39:04,820 +why we speak about the Zionist regime, the Zionist + +598 +00:39:04,820 --> 00:39:07,280 +project, the Zionists, the Israelis. As + +599 +00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:13,660 +Palestinians, we don't hate Jews because they are + +600 +00:39:13,660 --> 00:39:16,700 +Jews. We hate those people because they occupy us, + +601 +00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,480 +kill us, humiliate us, deprive us of our rights. + +602 +00:39:21,790 --> 00:39:24,650 +Even if the occupiers of Palestine are Muslims, we + +603 +00:39:24,650 --> 00:39:28,570 +will fight them and resist them the same. So it's + +604 +00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:30,450 +not a matter of Jews and Muslims. This is not a + +605 +00:39:30,450 --> 00:39:34,050 +war between Jews and Muslims. It's, again, a + +606 +00:39:34,050 --> 00:39:36,930 +legitimate fight. Palestinians occupied, + +607 +00:39:37,390 --> 00:39:39,930 +oppressed, colonized against the colonizers who + +608 +00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,730 +happen to be Jews. Okay? So in this play, is + +609 +00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:49,730 +Shakespeare depicting Shylock as evil? As ugly? + +610 +00:39:49,850 --> 00:39:51,710 +Probably yes. Some people say yes. Some people + +611 +00:39:51,710 --> 00:39:55,930 +hate Shakespeare because he is anti-semitic. Or he + +612 +00:39:55,930 --> 00:39:59,130 +is anti-feminist. Remember feminism? Feminism? + +613 +00:39:59,810 --> 00:40:03,190 +Anti-feminist. Or because he's a racist. But some + +614 +00:40:03,190 --> 00:40:06,170 +critics say no, no, no, no. Shakespeare wasn't + +615 +00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:10,330 +being racist or anti-semitic. Or anti-feminist. He + +616 +00:40:10,330 --> 00:40:14,270 +was reflecting a society that was racist, anti + +617 +00:40:14,270 --> 00:40:18,450 +-feminist, and probably anti-semitic. So we can + +618 +00:40:18,450 --> 00:40:21,650 +find solutions. We can find answers for this. We + +619 +00:40:21,650 --> 00:40:26,270 +can look for answers. The Merchant of Venice is a + +620 +00:40:26,270 --> 00:40:29,410 +play about shared humanity. about what it means to + +621 +00:40:29,410 --> 00:40:33,170 +be a human being, about racism, about anti + +622 +00:40:33,170 --> 00:40:35,470 +-Semitism. And Shakespeare, now these are + +623 +00:40:35,470 --> 00:40:38,070 +important questions now here in the 20th, 21st + +624 +00:40:38,070 --> 00:40:42,430 +centuries. But Shakespeare discussed this over 40, + +625 +00:40:42,590 --> 00:40:45,050 +100 years ago. And this is how beautiful, how + +626 +00:40:45,050 --> 00:40:48,330 +amazing Shakespeare is. If you have any question, + +627 +00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:50,690 +please ask and we can continue the discussion next + +628 +00:40:50,690 --> 00:40:53,810 +class. You want to say something? You want to add + +629 +00:40:53,810 --> 00:40:59,040 +something? Do you want to read some of this? for + +630 +00:40:59,040 --> 00:41:01,900 +next time can you prepare two or three of you can + +631 +00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:06,520 +you prepare doing this reading this here okay so + +632 +00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:09,700 +we'll start next class from again Shylock and his + +633 +00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:12,520 +speech but before we do this do you notice + +634 +00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:18,280 +anything about the text okay + +635 +00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:21,600 +look at this this is tomorrow and tomorrow and + +636 +00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:28,450 +tomorrow okay and then there is No, no, no life. + +637 +00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:32,090 +And then there is this. Do you notice something + +638 +00:41:32,090 --> 00:41:35,370 +different between the anything? + +639 +00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:42,530 +Oh, thank you very much. This is poetry. In + +640 +00:41:42,530 --> 00:41:47,210 +poetry, we capitalize every line, the beginning of + +641 +00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:49,070 +every line, the first letter from every line, + +642 +00:41:49,230 --> 00:41:51,590 +capital, capital, capital. This is a rule in + +643 +00:41:51,590 --> 00:41:57,570 +poetry. But here, this is what? It's a paragraph, + +644 +00:41:57,770 --> 00:41:59,970 +it's prose, thank you. Remember Shakespeare's + +645 +00:41:59,970 --> 00:42:03,750 +plays were mostly written in verse. But sometimes + +646 +00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:06,770 +there are prose characters, characters who only + +647 +00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:10,890 +speak prose. Shylock is one of them. Unimportant + +648 +00:42:10,890 --> 00:42:13,690 +characters, messengers, you know, bad people + +649 +00:42:13,690 --> 00:42:17,830 +usually speak prose. Not verse. We can talk + +650 +00:42:17,830 --> 00:42:20,810 +probably more about this. Thank you very much. If + +651 +00:42:20,810 --> 00:42:22,030 +you have a question, please do ask. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ff5297bc87e10983b83f7bd633e9bf930afbf7b --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2920 @@ +1 +00:00:21,330 --> 00:00:25,690 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we + +2 +00:00:25,690 --> 00:00:29,650 +continue speaking about the commonwealth and the + +3 +00:00:29,650 --> 00:00:36,010 +restoration. In terms of politics, this is an age, + +4 +00:00:36,650 --> 00:00:43,020 +an era that is so restless. that is so messed up + +5 +00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:46,480 +in so many ways, because for the first time in the + +6 +00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:50,020 +history of modern England, we see the king + +7 +00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:57,620 +executed. And for the first time, England is ruled + +8 +00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:02,420 +not by a king, + +9 +00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:12,780 +but by a ruler who does the job probably maybe he + +10 +00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:16,920 +was better than the king in many ways But again, + +11 +00:01:17,020 --> 00:01:20,720 +politically speaking, historically speaking, the + +12 +00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:23,140 +removal of the king, the execution, he wasn't only + +13 +00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:25,360 +removed, he was executed. Remember, we've seen + +14 +00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:26,880 +this in literature, we've seen this in + +15 +00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,100 +Shakespeare. And this is how interesting how + +16 +00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:33,540 +literature prepares people, fiction creates + +17 +00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:36,980 +reality in a way or another, prepares. But no + +18 +00:01:36,980 --> 00:01:39,300 +matter how many times you see the king dead, + +19 +00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:45,020 +killed, On stage, when it happened, people were + +20 +00:01:45,020 --> 00:01:47,380 +shocked in so many ways because the idea of the + +21 +00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:50,300 +king and the monarchy was deeply rooted in the + +22 +00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:52,960 +mentalities, in the mindsets, in the minds of the + +23 +00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,660 +English people. Cromwell rules for about 10 years. + +24 +00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,680 +He was successful, powerful. We've seen people + +25 +00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:08,070 +praise him. Marvel, and also John Milton, and many + +26 +00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,590 +other people wrote good poetry about him, praised + +27 +00:02:11,590 --> 00:02:14,830 +him in a way that, again, people praised the kings + +28 +00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:17,190 +and the queens before. + +29 +00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:26,010 +When he was old, when he passed away, when he + +30 +00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,170 +died, he was followed, again, ironically, by his + +31 +00:02:29,170 --> 00:02:35,000 +own son. That's funny. Remember I said in a way + +32 +00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,220 +it's ironic because you remove the king because of + +33 +00:02:39,220 --> 00:02:42,040 +corruption and sins and vices and deterioration + +34 +00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,900 +and breakdown of many things. But when a ruler + +35 +00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:49,740 +comes, this should help pave the way, prepare the + +36 +00:02:49,740 --> 00:02:52,960 +people to a democratic process of choosing their + +37 +00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:58,420 +own leaders and their own rulers. However, His son + +38 +00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:02,780 +came after him and he was so weak. I think no + +39 +00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:05,880 +matter how good he was, he wouldn't be good enough + +40 +00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,500 +because he can't be compared to his father. And + +41 +00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:14,440 +that's called the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell + +42 +00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:19,160 +and then his son about 11, 12 years. However, he + +43 +00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,120 +was followed with the death of Cromwell and the + +44 +00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:27,760 +rule of his son ended abruptly because the people + +45 +00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,280 +decided to bring the king back again. So Oliver's + +46 +00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,620 +son, I don't know his name, excuse me, just go. We + +47 +00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:38,860 +want the king. We can't live without the king + +48 +00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:42,220 +because the king gives us security and safety, + +49 +00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:45,280 +provides us with protection, and because the king + +50 +00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,600 +is part of our culture and tradition and + +51 +00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,340 +literature and society and life and mentality and + +52 +00:03:50,340 --> 00:03:53,940 +many things. We said in this era, literature has + +53 +00:03:53,940 --> 00:03:59,370 +become highly political. Remember there was + +54 +00:03:59,370 --> 00:04:01,230 +nationalism, the strong sense of the English + +55 +00:04:01,230 --> 00:04:03,310 +identity and nationalism in poetry before where + +56 +00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:05,670 +you love England, you love the Thames, you love + +57 +00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:07,790 +the Queen, you praise the Queen. We've seen + +58 +00:04:07,790 --> 00:04:11,370 +Spencer praising, you know, the fairy queen. But + +59 +00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,190 +now there's political division. Poetry is + +60 +00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:16,250 +political in the sense that there are two + +61 +00:04:16,250 --> 00:04:19,270 +political parties and you side with one against + +62 +00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:22,710 +the other. Now imagine this. Many people, + +63 +00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:25,250 +including poets and intellectuals, sided with the + +64 +00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:25,670 +Commonwealth, + +65 +00:04:29,030 --> 00:04:33,150 +with Oliver Cromwell. When he died and the king + +66 +00:04:33,150 --> 00:04:37,910 +was restored, they were in trouble. They were in + +67 +00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:40,010 +real trouble. Some of them were arrested, some of + +68 +00:04:40,010 --> 00:04:45,380 +them were punished in one way or another. We spoke + +69 +00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:49,520 +about Andrew Marvell before. Andrew Marvell became + +70 +00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:51,980 +a politician himself. He started as a poet, but + +71 +00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:54,160 +later on he ran for president. He was a member of + +72 +00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,120 +the parliament. And although he was a member of + +73 +00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,260 +the parliament, he was almost arrested. John + +74 +00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:03,180 +Milton, our friend here today, was arrested + +75 +00:05:03,180 --> 00:05:08,980 +because of his support to the Commonwealth. Some + +76 +00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:11,220 +say he could have been executed, or he could have + +77 +00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:14,780 +spent a lot of time in prison. But it was thanks + +78 +00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:18,140 +to his friend, Andrew Marvell, that helped release + +79 +00:05:18,140 --> 00:05:22,260 +him. And that's not all bad, because in prison he + +80 +00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:25,760 +wrote some really good literature. And Milton, by + +81 +00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,540 +the way, when he grew up, he started to lose his + +82 +00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:33,980 +sight and eventually he went blind. Still, he + +83 +00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:37,240 +wrote some of the best English poetry ever. Today, + +84 +00:05:37,660 --> 00:05:42,300 +we'll spend some time, a journey with John Milton. + +85 +00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:48,300 +A major 17th century poet. A poet who was in many + +86 +00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:52,040 +ways trying to have influence on the whole English + +87 +00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,120 +literature. He wanted to be as famous, as + +88 +00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,840 +influential as Chaucer himself. And interesting + +89 +00:05:57,840 --> 00:06:01,060 +how people always go back to Chaucer just to, if + +90 +00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:05,040 +they want to do great things. And he wanted + +91 +00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,800 +English literature to compete, to be independent + +92 +00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,700 +of Europe in many ways. So he wrote several texts. + +93 +00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,940 +We'll mention some of them. We'll study probably + +94 +00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:20,180 +in a way, in bits and pieces, two of them. The + +95 +00:06:20,180 --> 00:06:27,260 +first one is Paradise Lost. Paradise. You know + +96 +00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:32,560 +paradise? Heaven. Heaven, yeah. What does this + +97 +00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,900 +translate into Arabic? How does it translate into + +98 +00:06:34,900 --> 00:06:37,800 +Arabic? Yeah, Arabic. + +99 +00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:44,800 +It has a poetic translation in Arabic. + +100 +00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:56,500 +Because you're + +101 +00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:59,380 +not studying translation yet. When you do, you + +102 +00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:03,580 +will see how sometimes you change a little bit so + +103 +00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,800 +you give it the poetic sense. And later on, he + +104 +00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,100 +wrote another text called Paradise. + +105 +00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:17,050 +Regained. You know regained? It means restored. + +106 +00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:22,450 +The restoration. And then the third text is called + +107 +00:07:22,450 --> 00:07:23,890 +Samson Agonist. + +108 +00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:34,290 +Have you ever heard of Samson? Samson. Samson. + +109 +00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,970 +Samson. Samson. The text takes place in Gaza by + +110 +00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:42,620 +the way. So the guy is Gazan like us. Yeah, + +111 +00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,380 +Samsung. Samsung. Does it ring a bell? Samsung. + +112 +00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,920 +There's a character in Spongebob. Samsung. + +113 +00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:55,960 +Samsung. Simpsons. No, not the Simpsons. Samsung. + +114 +00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,160 +Shamshoon. Yeah, Shamshoon, that's it. Shamshoon + +115 +00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,820 +Al Jabbar, we know this. Yeah, yes. But we'll talk + +116 +00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:07,200 +about it probably this class, if not the next + +117 +00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,200 +class. John Milton, again, wanted to do something + +118 +00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,360 +great, to write an epic poem. Oh, no, epic poem, a + +119 +00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,000 +very long poem about important issues, important + +120 +00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,060 +themes, important characters, important myths. At + +121 +00:08:21,060 --> 00:08:24,460 +the beginning, he thought of writing something + +122 +00:08:24,460 --> 00:08:29,440 +about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round + +123 +00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,220 +Table. You know why he chose this particular text? + +124 +00:08:32,260 --> 00:08:36,380 +Because everything about it is pure English. I + +125 +00:08:36,380 --> 00:08:38,960 +don't know why, but he dropped that idea. But + +126 +00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,920 +again, notice how he's intentionally, consciously + +127 +00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,940 +planning something, because he wants to write. + +128 +00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:49,440 +This is not a sonnet. It's a poem. Paradise Lost + +129 +00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,560 +is about 10,000 lines. + +130 +00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,700 +10,000 lines, Paradise Lost. That's an epic poem. + +131 +00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,680 +What is it about? Do you have any idea? Paradise. + +132 +00:09:05,020 --> 00:09:06,980 +Who could be the main characters, the characters + +133 +00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:12,280 +in it? Religious? Who? The king. Bigger than them. + +134 +00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:19,600 +He's more ambitious. Adam and Eve. Who else? The + +135 +00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:26,620 +devil. Satan. Angels. Demons. Who else? More + +136 +00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:33,190 +significant. God. This is how ambitious he is. But + +137 +00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:36,090 +it's funny because these are not English people + +138 +00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:39,310 +and the events don't take place in England. But + +139 +00:09:39,310 --> 00:09:42,030 +still this is an English text, a major epic + +140 +00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:46,710 +English text poem, which shows his attempt to do + +141 +00:09:46,710 --> 00:09:51,710 +this. So the major characters in Paradise Lost are + +142 +00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:58,570 +God, Satan, Adam, Eve, you should know, you should + +143 +00:09:58,570 --> 00:10:01,570 +be familiar with these, you know, names. We have + +144 +00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:05,210 +Adam, you know Adam already. And Eve, this is Eve. + +145 +00:10:05,510 --> 00:10:12,910 +You know, Christmas Eve. Eve, God, Satan. And we + +146 +00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:18,370 +have God. And this takes place in heaven, + +147 +00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:27,810 +paradise. There is a garden of Eden. Garden of + +148 +00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:32,190 +Eden, Jannat Adan, right? And then we have the + +149 +00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:33,010 +original sin. + +150 +00:10:35,790 --> 00:10:39,870 +What's the original sin? This is a Christian term, + +151 +00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,390 +by the way. The original sin is when Adam and Eve + +152 +00:10:43,390 --> 00:10:46,590 +disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge. + +153 +00:10:47,950 --> 00:10:49,870 +Tree of knowledge. + +154 +00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:58,310 +In Islam, we're not sure whether this is an apple + +155 +00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:02,770 +tree or what. In Christianity, it's mentioned that + +156 +00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:06,290 +this is an apple tree. In Islam, it's not stated + +157 +00:11:06,290 --> 00:11:09,730 +whether it was Eve who started, you know, munching + +158 +00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:13,810 +at the apple, the fruit. In Christianity, it's not + +159 +00:11:13,810 --> 00:11:17,250 +about that. It's also who you blame more. In + +160 +00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:20,130 +Christianity, it's clear that Eve starts munching + +161 +00:11:20,130 --> 00:11:24,180 +at the apple. Right? That's why there is this + +162 +00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:28,260 +thing that many religious people do this like they + +163 +00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:31,580 +accuse women in general of committing the first + +164 +00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:34,780 +sin and causing the fall of Adam, the fall of + +165 +00:11:34,780 --> 00:11:40,380 +humanity. The fall of humanity from heaven to + +166 +00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,280 +earth, from mercy to sin. Very interesting stuff. + +167 +00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,700 +The fall, you know, fall down because of the + +168 +00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:54,620 +original sin because Now, we know the biblical + +169 +00:11:54,620 --> 00:11:57,640 +story. It's similar to the story we have in Islam, + +170 +00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,440 +with tiny little differences. In Islam, again, + +171 +00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:03,600 +both of them, Adam and Eve, are to blame. And + +172 +00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,820 +sometimes Adam is blamed more. But here, in + +173 +00:12:08,820 --> 00:12:10,900 +Christianity, we have something different. In the + +174 +00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:13,460 +text, he takes the story, but he changes it a + +175 +00:12:13,460 --> 00:12:17,820 +little bit. When you read the story, I'm not sure + +176 +00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:20,340 +if you can read 10,000 lines now that you have + +177 +00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,600 +midterm exams, but who knows? Maybe you can watch + +178 +00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:28,360 +some extracts or a dramatization on YouTube. When + +179 +00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:33,540 +you read the text, you will find that, you will + +180 +00:12:33,540 --> 00:12:37,860 +feel that the author, John Milton, in a way + +181 +00:12:37,860 --> 00:12:42,260 +humanizes Satan. Presents sometimes, presents + +182 +00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:46,820 +Satan as the hero. sometimes equally blaming God, + +183 +00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,520 +Adam, Eve, and Satan equally for what happened. + +184 +00:12:50,460 --> 00:12:53,480 +And that's why the text is controversial. You know + +185 +00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:55,840 +the word controversial? Yes. Controversial, + +186 +00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:58,920 +debatable. Some people don't like it. Some people + +187 +00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,440 +like it. Some people disagree with many things. So + +188 +00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:05,540 +why does it create controversy here? This because? + +189 +00:13:05,780 --> 00:13:08,480 +Because he changes the thoughts and he blames as + +190 +00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,580 +well. He changes the Christian idea by one + +191 +00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,580 +presenting who as the hero. But the antagonist. + +192 +00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:19,080 +The antagonist, Satan. In Islam and in + +193 +00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,260 +Christianity and other religions, Satan is the + +194 +00:13:22,260 --> 00:13:26,220 +embodiment of evil, the pure evil. Yes. But here, + +195 +00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,980 +he's not. He's real. You feel sorry for him. So if + +196 +00:13:28,980 --> 00:13:31,140 +you're reading this and you feel sorry for Satan, + +197 +00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:35,280 +it doesn't mean you are evil. It means the author. + +198 +00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:37,920 +It means the author is smart, is genius. We do + +199 +00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,040 +this. We watch Hollywood movies. Did you watch The + +200 +00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,200 +Sniper? Yeah. Sniper is a horrible movie about an + +201 +00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,780 +American soldier, war criminal actually, who kills + +202 +00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,500 +over 100, around 150 Iraqis. Some of them women, + +203 +00:13:51,620 --> 00:13:53,680 +some of them kids, some of them innocent civilian + +204 +00:13:53,680 --> 00:13:56,700 +people. You watch the movie and you feel sorry for + +205 +00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:02,060 +him. Yeah, you feel sorry for him in a way. You + +206 +00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:03,400 +don't have to feel sorry for him, by the way, + +207 +00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:06,420 +because he's a murderer. But that is how + +208 +00:14:06,420 --> 00:14:10,460 +influential literature is and movie production is. + +209 +00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:16,160 +You know? Change your attitudes and sympathize + +210 +00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:18,620 +with people usually you don't sympathize in real + +211 +00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:22,200 +life. So this created a huge controversy. Still + +212 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,880 +does. Many Christians, for example, don't like + +213 +00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:28,700 +this. Because they see that the author is equally + +214 +00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,600 +blaming not only Zeta, not only Adam and Eve, but + +215 +00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,420 +also God. Like, this shouldn't have happened. Some + +216 +00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,740 +people, by the way, some people read the whole + +217 +00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,360 +thing as an allegory. An allegory of the + +218 +00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,480 +commonwealth and the restoration. So the + +219 +00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,700 +commonwealth is, I don't know, heaven. And because + +220 +00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:54,020 +people don't do a good job after Cromwell, they + +221 +00:14:54,020 --> 00:14:59,120 +fell down. They fall. And then the king is + +222 +00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,740 +restored, where the king, the restoration here + +223 +00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:06,100 +represents earth and sin. Because after that, + +224 +00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:09,620 +after the commonwealth, the guy was not doing a + +225 +00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:14,030 +good job. Later on, in a way, Adam and Eve go down + +226 +00:15:14,030 --> 00:15:19,510 +to Earth to the unknown, to human knowledge. Later + +227 +00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:22,630 +on, he wrote another poem, just so you know. + +228 +00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:27,190 +Paradise Regained. Paradise Regained. In which, + +229 +00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,090 +how would you, in Christianity, how is Paradise + +230 +00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:33,430 +Regained? What do you expect? Maybe Adam and Eve + +231 +00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:37,130 +are God's... No, later on, after Adam and Eve. + +232 +00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:45,160 +How? Who leads humanity to regain paradise? No, + +233 +00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:51,120 +Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ + +234 +00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:55,930 +suffers for humanity. and leads humanity from sin, + +235 +00:15:56,690 --> 00:16:00,930 +corruption, vices, to virtue, to salvation, back + +236 +00:16:00,930 --> 00:16:03,510 +to heaven. And that's why it's regained. At the + +237 +00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:07,690 +end, I'll tell you the story of Samson Agones. So + +238 +00:16:07,690 --> 00:16:12,970 +let's go through Milton's Paradise Lost again, + +239 +00:16:13,390 --> 00:16:17,150 +step by step. Unless someone has a question to + +240 +00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:21,090 +ask. Please. What is the difference between + +241 +00:16:21,090 --> 00:16:25,130 +allegory and symbolism? Generally, an allegory is + +242 +00:16:25,130 --> 00:16:27,770 +a longer story, a bigger story. Like the whole + +243 +00:16:27,770 --> 00:16:30,510 +story could be an allegory. But symbolism could be + +244 +00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:33,450 +part of a story. So this is the basic thing you + +245 +00:16:33,450 --> 00:16:39,670 +need to know. So if you're writing a story, and in + +246 +00:16:39,670 --> 00:16:43,910 +your story there is a dove. The dove symbolizes + +247 +00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:47,810 +peace, love, purity, right? Snow. Snow symbolizes + +248 +00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:51,330 +purity, whiteness, et cetera. But the whole story + +249 +00:16:51,330 --> 00:16:54,770 +could be an allegory. But also, you can describe + +250 +00:16:54,770 --> 00:16:57,730 +it as symbolic, like where, for example, you have + +251 +00:16:57,730 --> 00:17:01,030 +animal characters. But they don't have to be + +252 +00:17:01,030 --> 00:17:03,650 +animal characters. You have characters who refer + +253 +00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:06,430 +to something else. So this could be an allegory, + +254 +00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:10,550 +because everything here could mean something else, + +255 +00:17:10,590 --> 00:17:15,280 +like the Commonwealth and the Restoration. But in + +256 +00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,900 +the story, the apple, the apple or the tree, the + +257 +00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:22,480 +apple here is a symbol of what? Of the forbidden, + +258 +00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:30,100 +of sin maybe, because the moment Eve eats, bites + +259 +00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,460 +the apple, everything turns upside, upside down. + +260 +00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,140 +This is Milton again. In many ways, he links the + +261 +00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:43,340 +Renaissance, the age of Shakespeare, later on with + +262 +00:17:43,340 --> 00:17:46,500 +the Commonwealth and the Restoration. He lived in + +263 +00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,700 +all these turbulent times. He was very ambitious. + +264 +00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:55,400 +Why? Because he wanted to be one of the greatest + +265 +00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,100 +poets in English literature, mainly like Chaucer, + +266 +00:17:59,260 --> 00:18:02,040 +always Chaucer. Someone asked me, why not + +267 +00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,940 +Shakespeare? Shakespeare is the greatest literary + +268 +00:18:04,940 --> 00:18:09,440 +figure probably ever. But Shakespeare is a + +269 +00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,160 +dramatist, and you'll ask, but drama was written + +270 +00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,920 +in verse. So it's a little bit different. That's + +271 +00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:20,420 +yeah, verse, but still as a drama here, okay? + +272 +00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:25,760 +Of course, he was engaged in politics, writing + +273 +00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,020 +essays about religion and many other things. He + +274 +00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:31,620 +became the Latin secretary to Cromwell. This is + +275 +00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:35,740 +how close he was to Cromwell. And it's because of + +276 +00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:38,820 +this he later on was arrested. + +277 +00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,880 +When he was blind, started to be blind, eventually + +278 +00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,420 +he wrote Paradise Lost. I should add the inverted + +279 +00:18:47,420 --> 00:18:52,260 +commas. Don't forget this. He wrote Paradise Lost. + +280 +00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:57,370 +Yeah, I think it took him some time, but + +281 +00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:01,430 +eventually he went blind. And I know many people + +282 +00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:05,090 +who study, you know, in Arabic literature, we have + +283 +00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:06,490 +blind poets also. + +284 +00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:12,690 +Tahseen wasn't a poet. He was a northerner. Bashar + +285 +00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:16,050 +bin Bord, you know? I think. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma + +286 +00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,730 +'ari, was he blind? No. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma'ari? Are + +287 +00:19:18,730 --> 00:19:22,740 +you sure? Anyway, so some, maybe you study + +288 +00:19:22,740 --> 00:19:25,220 +comparative literature in the future, you compare + +289 +00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:27,860 +how blindness does something to literature and + +290 +00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:30,440 +how, because there are so many references to the + +291 +00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,360 +fact that he's blind. There is, I think, a poem he + +292 +00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:38,000 +wrote on his blindness. Okay, so Paradise Lost is + +293 +00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,810 +a major epic poem in English. by John Milton about + +294 +00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:48,210 +God, Adam, Eve, Satan, and the fall of mankind. + +295 +00:19:50,510 --> 00:19:57,270 +Now, the question is, why did Milton write this? + +296 +00:19:57,430 --> 00:20:03,560 +This is actually poetry from Paradise Lost. At the + +297 +00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,000 +beginning, in the opening, he addresses the + +298 +00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,960 +audience. He tells them why he is engaging in + +299 +00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,290 +writing a 10,000-line poem. What do you think? + +300 +00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,910 +He's saying to assert eternal providence. + +301 +00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,790 +Providence means, do you know what providence is? + +302 +00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:22,570 +Providence means basically that there is a God, + +303 +00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,710 +and that God is taking care of us all, and + +304 +00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:27,950 +eventually everything is going to be fine because + +305 +00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,870 +there is a merciful just God. So to assert, to + +306 +00:20:31,870 --> 00:20:35,270 +make sure, to convince people that, to assert + +307 +00:20:35,270 --> 00:20:39,650 +eternal providence and to justify the ways of God + +308 +00:20:39,650 --> 00:20:43,190 +to men. Whose job is it to do this generally in + +309 +00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:46,910 +life? Whose job is it to assert eternal providence + +310 +00:20:46,910 --> 00:20:49,930 +and to justify the ways, the means of God to men? + +311 +00:20:52,770 --> 00:20:57,140 +Prophets, yeah. It's usually a prophet. who does + +312 +00:20:57,140 --> 00:20:59,220 +this to assert eternal prophethood, to tell people + +313 +00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:02,320 +there is a God and God is merciful. Yes, God + +314 +00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:06,940 +sometimes tries us. In a way, we're punished + +315 +00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:09,140 +sometimes. We suffer sometimes. But this is for + +316 +00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:15,560 +our own good, to justify the ways of God to men. + +317 +00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,620 +And this is how ambitious he is. So in a way, he's + +318 +00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,980 +claiming, assuming the role of the prophet. + +319 +00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:26,310 +Prophet. You know what a prophet is? Yes. Like a + +320 +00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:30,430 +messenger. So he knew he's doing something great. + +321 +00:21:30,610 --> 00:21:32,950 +He knew that. And indeed, he's one of the greatest + +322 +00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:37,990 +English poets ever. Okay? Why did... Can you + +323 +00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:39,890 +answer this question? Don't look here. Why did the + +324 +00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,410 +text... I could ask you this in the exam. Why did + +325 +00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:45,510 +Paradise Lost cause controversy? + +326 +00:21:50,350 --> 00:21:55,370 +Please. Very good. He contradicts the Christian + +327 +00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:58,390 +beliefs. How? Can you give examples? Yes? + +328 +00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:05,670 +Sometimes as the hero. How? Because he challenges + +329 +00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:08,970 +God. God tells Satan, kneel. And he says, I don't + +330 +00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,910 +want to kneel. Leave Adam and Eve alone. I don't + +331 +00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:15,910 +want to leave them alone. And he tempts Eve to eat + +332 +00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:19,090 +from the tree of knowledge. What else? There is + +333 +00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:20,550 +another reason here. + +334 +00:22:24,810 --> 00:22:29,430 +Some level of blame. They're all equally to blame, + +335 +00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:36,120 +equally responsible for this. Okay? But there is a + +336 +00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:38,920 +discussion here about freedom of choice and good + +337 +00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,680 +free will, free will and freedom of choice. Are we + +338 +00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,040 +destined to do something or can we choose our own + +339 +00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,920 +destiny? Here, yes, we can choose our own destiny. + +340 +00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:50,500 +At the end of the text, this happens. Someone + +341 +00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,380 +read, please. Yeah, please. + +342 +00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:06,930 +They hand in hand with wandering steps and walk + +343 +00:23:06,930 --> 00:23:13,830 +through Eden took their solitary way. Who's they + +344 +00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:17,970 +here and them? Who are they? Adam and Eve. This is + +345 +00:23:17,970 --> 00:23:21,610 +at the end, eventually, when everything goes as it + +346 +00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:26,570 +goes here in the poem. Adam and Eve walk hand in + +347 +00:23:26,570 --> 00:23:30,330 +hand, not to God's mercy, not back to heaven, to + +348 +00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:35,030 +providence. They go back to human knowledge, to + +349 +00:23:35,030 --> 00:23:39,130 +the unknown. In many ways, this symbolizes the + +350 +00:23:39,130 --> 00:23:41,170 +Renaissance, how the Renaissance was trying to + +351 +00:23:41,170 --> 00:23:43,150 +break the barriers, to break the rules, to push + +352 +00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:46,470 +the barriers, to go perfection, to seek + +353 +00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:48,950 +perfection. We've seen this in Dr. Faustus. He + +354 +00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:53,110 +wanted unlimited access to knowledge. But how did + +355 +00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:55,370 +the whole Renaissance end? It ended in + +356 +00:23:55,370 --> 00:23:59,290 +disillusionment. It ended in decline. It ended in + +357 +00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,430 +criticism. It ended in censorship. It ended with + +358 +00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:05,690 +the execution of the king and the closure of the + +359 +00:24:05,690 --> 00:24:09,750 +theater. Remember by the Puritans? So in a way, + +360 +00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:14,890 +they're going to the unknown. Disobeying God takes + +361 +00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:18,650 +you to the unknown. But in literature, this is + +362 +00:24:18,650 --> 00:24:21,550 +sometimes a good theme because you choose your own + +363 +00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:27,310 +future. So the world was all before them were to + +364 +00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:29,530 +choose. They could have, you know, chosen + +365 +00:24:29,530 --> 00:24:32,950 +differently. Their place of rest, you know, rest, + +366 +00:24:33,090 --> 00:24:37,810 +peace, heaven, and Providence, their guide, they, + +367 +00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:44,410 +however, they hand in hand still stick together + +368 +00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:51,930 +with wandering steps, slow wandering, slow steps, + +369 +00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,900 +through Eden. And this is really heartbreaking. So + +370 +00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,240 +this is like I imagine this way this is like if + +371 +00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:07,020 +this is heaven how they go back down to earth so + +372 +00:25:07,020 --> 00:25:08,960 +they have to cross all the way through heaven + +373 +00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,100 +where they see all beauty and the rest and the + +374 +00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:15,670 +providence and they still They determine, and they + +375 +00:25:15,670 --> 00:25:19,130 +go. That was because of the original scene we saw. + +376 +00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:23,510 +Through Eden, took their solitary way, the + +377 +00:25:23,510 --> 00:25:26,350 +unknown. And this is a theme here, of the theme of + +378 +00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:29,950 +the unknown. Where is humanity going? Where are we + +379 +00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:33,950 +going? We're going to the unknown. This is very + +380 +00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:37,250 +ambitious. And at the same time, very sad, very + +381 +00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,150 +heartbreaking, very risky. + +382 +00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:47,740 +I can't tell whether Milton is promoting this or + +383 +00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,120 +condemning this. What do you think from this? Do + +384 +00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,420 +you think Milton wants us to be this adventurous + +385 +00:25:56,420 --> 00:26:00,000 +and this risky? Or is he telling us, see, if you + +386 +00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,400 +disobey God, if you don't follow the rules, you're + +387 +00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,360 +going to end up with the unknown? Yeah, so? + +388 +00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,430 +He's blaming God, and I think he's saying that you + +389 +00:26:14,430 --> 00:26:20,470 +have to, I don't know. What do you think? You + +390 +00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:22,830 +don't have to know. What do you think, generally? + +391 +00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:27,250 +I think he's, the first place, he blamed God, but + +392 +00:26:27,250 --> 00:26:34,610 +I don't think that he wants us to obey God. He put + +393 +00:26:34,610 --> 00:26:37,430 +God as the antagonist. Okay, but not necessarily, + +394 +00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:39,370 +it doesn't mean, listen, in literature generally, + +395 +00:26:39,530 --> 00:26:43,980 +I said this before, Literature usually, or + +396 +00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:46,860 +sometimes, doesn't seek to give us answers, but to + +397 +00:26:46,860 --> 00:26:49,880 +raise questions. That's one. In literature, we + +398 +00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,280 +don't usually have pure evil or pure good + +399 +00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,080 +characters, because literature is usually focused + +400 +00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,180 +on the gray area. If the text, if the movie is + +401 +00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:03,020 +about a family that is too good, it's boring. Or + +402 +00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380 +too evil, sometimes it's frightening. There's too + +403 +00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:09,100 +much evil there. It's about good people who do bad + +404 +00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:13,470 +things. No? Bad people who do good things. Oh, + +405 +00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:17,050 +interesting. You ask a question, would I do the + +406 +00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:20,170 +same if I were in their position? Would I do the + +407 +00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:24,510 +same? And it's interesting because we see how + +408 +00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:27,310 +people react, how good people sometimes react when + +409 +00:27:27,310 --> 00:27:28,850 +they want to do evil. It's very interesting. + +410 +00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:31,010 +There's a movie I watched. It's called Death + +411 +00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:33,050 +Sentence. You know what it means, death sentence? + +412 +00:27:34,150 --> 00:27:36,510 +sentence in this context what does sentence mean + +413 +00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:40,170 +when you say somebody was sentenced to 10 years in + +414 +00:27:40,170 --> 00:27:44,790 +prison sentence it's a time someone a criminal + +415 +00:27:44,790 --> 00:27:50,330 +spends in prison for life sentence death sentence + +416 +00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,910 +A movie called Death Sentence, really beautiful + +417 +00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190 +movie. It starts with, again, a beautiful family, + +418 +00:27:57,390 --> 00:27:59,650 +the perfect family, the husband, the wife, and the + +419 +00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,430 +two kids. One of them is very promising, very + +420 +00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:06,130 +ambitious. He has a very good job. They're rich. + +421 +00:28:06,210 --> 00:28:10,470 +They're comfortable. And after like 10 or 15 + +422 +00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:14,070 +minutes, the son they loved the most was killed by + +423 +00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:19,270 +a gang member. How would a loving father, a + +424 +00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:21,590 +peaceful father, a father who has never touched a + +425 +00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:26,990 +gun would react in this? I'm not going to spoil + +426 +00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:31,610 +it. It's one of my top movies actually. Try to + +427 +00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:34,320 +watch it. Really interesting stuff. But again, + +428 +00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:38,780 +until this moment, I asked myself, God forbid, how + +429 +00:28:38,780 --> 00:28:41,780 +would a person who's not into revenge and fighting + +430 +00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:45,220 +and everything, movies and literature, give us + +431 +00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:48,680 +these scenarios? And that's why when you see the + +432 +00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,280 +conclusion, the ending, and how it ends, probably + +433 +00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160 +you say, OK, I'll do the same. But it gives you a + +434 +00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,700 +whole story, a whole world in front of you, where + +435 +00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,600 +to choose. What should I do? Should I leave the + +436 +00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,650 +law to take its course? When you lose someone you + +437 +00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:08,190 +love the most, you wouldn't wait for Allah to take + +438 +00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,250 +your revenge. But is that good? If we do this, the + +439 +00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,670 +whole world is going to turn into a jungle. But + +440 +00:29:13,670 --> 00:29:16,650 +you wouldn't be OK if you didn't do this. We + +441 +00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,470 +should. Because yeah, there is this thing in our + +442 +00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:22,490 +hearts about revenge. But literature teaches us to + +443 +00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:26,770 +forgive. You might be the best person on Earth. + +444 +00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:31,750 +But still, it's your right to feel angry and to + +445 +00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:34,940 +want to take revenge. But if you want to kill + +446 +00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:38,280 +somebody because Toronto, like Shylock, if you + +447 +00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,460 +want to do, you know, we discussed this in another + +448 +00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,580 +class, I think. Would you do like Shylock? Would + +449 +00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:45,420 +you insist on taking a pound of flesh to take + +450 +00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,680 +revenge? It's his right, because he was attacked. + +451 +00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:53,260 +He was, you know, many times. But in this case, + +452 +00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,640 +the revenge wouldn't be killing. He might take + +453 +00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,310 +revenge by something else. By slapping him? No, + +454 +00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:04,530 +maybe by doing the same to him. Like what? He + +455 +00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,610 +killed someone, you killed someone? No, I don't + +456 +00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:11,270 +know. Nothing like that. At least like, but that's + +457 +00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,870 +where when we have like, if we have a good legal + +458 +00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,190 +system where criminals can be punished as they + +459 +00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,610 +should be, at least you don't have to go there. + +460 +00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:25,590 +Anyway, think of this, please. I think he's + +461 +00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:30,360 +promoting hearing to unknown. Because he said hand + +462 +00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,940 +in hand with wandering steps. He didn't mention + +463 +00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,640 +that there was any disagreement. And that's the + +464 +00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,240 +best thing about Adam and Eve, by the way. In + +465 +00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,720 +Islam and Christianity, I'm not sure we have this + +466 +00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,280 +in the text. I'll have to go back to it. Adam and + +467 +00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,620 +Eve were the perfect couple, in a way. They're not + +468 +00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,460 +the odd couples that are always fighting, like our + +469 +00:30:51,460 --> 00:30:54,160 +parents sometimes. They're always fighting over + +470 +00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,800 +trivial things. You don't see this, although this + +471 +00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,060 +is the most serious thing. Sometimes you do + +472 +00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,200 +something, and then the wife gets at you. The wife + +473 +00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,260 +does something, and the husband is angry and + +474 +00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:09,590 +everything. What a perfect couple they are. Hand + +475 +00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:13,810 +in hand, slowly wandering, despite the fact that + +476 +00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:17,410 +they lost the most important thing a human person, + +477 +00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:22,130 +humanity has ever lost. Paradise. Providence. + +478 +00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:26,500 +Being close to God. What a perfect, what a good + +479 +00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:28,860 +couple. But they were the only ones on the earth, + +480 +00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,040 +maybe because of that they wouldn't leave each + +481 +00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,080 +other for no reason. Yeah, so if I leave, but + +482 +00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,900 +still you fight a little bit because fighting + +483 +00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:38,860 +doesn't mean end in a war. Maybe they fought. + +484 +00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,760 +Maybe they did, but it's not in the Quran or the + +485 +00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,310 +Bible or in the text. And this is how literature + +486 +00:31:45,310 --> 00:31:47,770 +literature doesn't give us everything. It leaves + +487 +00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:50,430 +gaps for us to think. But yeah, interesting how + +488 +00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:53,150 +you think that at least when they take the + +489 +00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,190 +decision, they take it together, hand in hand. + +490 +00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:59,210 +Adam is not leading him, and she's not pushing + +491 +00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:03,070 +him. They're hand in hand. They are equal to the + +492 +00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:09,290 +other. OK. Now in Paradise Lost, we have a lot of + +493 +00:32:09,290 --> 00:32:14,980 +very memorable lines. So neither Adam nor Eve is + +494 +00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:21,260 +to blame because they are all equally to blame. + +495 +00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,540 +There are several memorable lines and + +496 +00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:31,160 +descriptions, descriptive passages, descriptive + +497 +00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,820 +stanzas and poetry in Paradise Lost. One of them + +498 +00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:37,700 +is a description of hell, hellfire. You know + +499 +00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,380 +dungeon? A dungeon is a dark place like a prison. + +500 +00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,620 +It's where sometimes you describe the prison as a + +501 +00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,620 +dungeon or a particular room. I don't like to sit + +502 +00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,080 +in this room. It's like a dungeon. Dungeon is a + +503 +00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,140 +dark place where you sit in. Could describe a + +504 +00:32:55,140 --> 00:32:57,860 +prison, but here it is used to describe hell + +505 +00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:01,160 +itself. And notice how horrible, how spooky this + +506 +00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,420 +is. This is very close to the Bible and the + +507 +00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,740 +description of the religious text here. So hell + +508 +00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:14,600 +is? Horrible on all sides around as one great + +509 +00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:19,440 +furnace. Do you know furnace? We took it before, + +510 +00:33:19,540 --> 00:33:24,420 +furnace. What is oven? What's an oven? You don't + +511 +00:33:24,420 --> 00:33:29,180 +know an oven? But furnace, where did we come + +512 +00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,920 +across furnace before? All the world's stage. + +513 +00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:36,460 +There was the furnace, the lever, the fighter, ah, + +514 +00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,320 +it's like a furnace. So you know what a furnace + +515 +00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,480 +is. There's fire all over the place. Flame, yit. + +516 +00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,080 +And again, see this paradox. There's a paradox + +517 +00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:51,900 +here. If there is fire, yes, there is heat. It's + +518 +00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,720 +negative in this sense. But fire means warmth. And + +519 +00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:58,660 +sometimes it means what do we have from fire other + +520 +00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:01,600 +than warmth? Light. Thank you very much. But this + +521 +00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:06,210 +is not an ordinary fire. This is hell fire. Yet + +522 +00:34:06,210 --> 00:34:11,750 +from these flames, from the fire, no light, but + +523 +00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,550 +rather darkness visible. It's funny that you say + +524 +00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:19,010 +darkness visible because darkness is darkness. + +525 +00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:25,290 +This is fire that gives darkness not light. + +526 +00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:32,130 +Isn't that the most horrifying thing ever? So when + +527 +00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:34,870 +someone tells you it's dark, OK, I can light some + +528 +00:34:34,870 --> 00:34:37,830 +fire. But fire there doesn't give light. It gives + +529 +00:34:37,830 --> 00:34:44,870 +more darkness. We have this. Usually religious + +530 +00:34:44,870 --> 00:34:53,290 +texts do this all the time. We all + +531 +00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:59,150 +hear about this, the food of the sinners, the + +532 +00:34:59,150 --> 00:35:03,810 +people in hell. In the Quran, there is a simile. + +533 +00:35:04,330 --> 00:35:06,730 +And usually, a simile, a metaphor, brings things + +534 +00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:09,790 +closer to our imagination. So someone tells you, + +535 +00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:13,690 +have you ever tasted or tried cheesecake? Yes. No. + +536 +00:35:14,570 --> 00:35:17,130 +What does it taste like? It's like ice cream, but + +537 +00:35:17,130 --> 00:35:19,410 +it's far, far, far bitter than ice cream. + +538 +00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,350 +Interesting. Delicious. So the tree of Zaqqum was + +539 +00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:28,030 +brought out as if it were a simile. We want to + +540 +00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:36,790 +know. So this A fruit in hell. The fruits there on + +541 +00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:41,290 +the trees look like the heads of devils. We don't + +542 +00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:44,270 +know what they look like originally, right? So + +543 +00:35:44,270 --> 00:35:47,030 +something spooky with something even more + +544 +00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:49,550 +terrifying. And this is religious text. And he's + +545 +00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:54,870 +doing this. So this hellfire is all darkness. It's + +546 +00:35:54,870 --> 00:36:00,300 +a furnace, flame. But do we have light? No. + +547 +00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,240 +There's no light here. Please. I think this stanza + +548 +00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:07,840 +supports the idea that the stanza before this one, + +549 +00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,200 +it supports the idea that he's advising us to obey + +550 +00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,300 +God and listen to him to make you follow his plan. + +551 +00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,500 +Because eventually, if you don't, you're going to + +552 +00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,960 +be there. So he's terrifying us in a way. You have + +553 +00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,640 +to obey God. Another extract I liked is when he + +554 +00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:27,500 +describes + +555 +00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:32,820 +Eve. Maybe someone wants to do a presentation on + +556 +00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,520 +this, how he describes Eve and how he describes + +557 +00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,680 +Adam. You know, you have to do a presentation for + +558 +00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,920 +the course assessment. This is Milton talking + +559 +00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,580 +about Eve. In a way, he's saying Eve is the most + +560 +00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,260 +beautiful woman. At that time, you said this, + +561 +00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:54,440 +there were no women, no men. So of course, she is + +562 +00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,490 +the most beautiful woman on earth. But he compares + +563 +00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,510 +her to even more beautiful creatures. + +564 +00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:09,510 +Soft, she withdrew. Unlike a wood nymph, light. + +565 +00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:11,990 +You know a wood nymph? What's a nymph? A wood? + +566 +00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:16,210 +Nymph? It's like a goddess. Goddesses. Yeah, like + +567 +00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:20,950 +goddesses. Like purely beautiful creatures living + +568 +00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:24,210 +in heaven. Those imaginary creatures, the + +569 +00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:26,790 +creatures we imagine all the time. Perfect + +570 +00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:31,430 +creatures. So she withdrew, she moves, she + +571 +00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:37,610 +behaves, she acts like a nymph. Light. We took her + +572 +00:37:37,610 --> 00:37:41,590 +to the groves, but Delia's self-engaged surpassed + +573 +00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:45,550 +and goddess-like deposed. She looks like? Goddess. + +574 +00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:50,650 +Goddess. She's a goddess. She's a nymph, she's + +575 +00:37:50,650 --> 00:37:56,240 +beautiful, she's perfect. So maybe you want to see + +576 +00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:00,420 +how the text talks about. But here, notice the + +577 +00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:03,360 +description is mainly physical description. Are + +578 +00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,500 +there any references to her mind? Or is this the + +579 +00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,280 +case? A woman has to be beautiful, and that's it. + +580 +00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,660 +More important than her mind and her intellect. + +581 +00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,120 +Look into the text. If someone is interested in + +582 +00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,920 +this, to do a presentation, you can look into + +583 +00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,130 +this. And maybe you can see how Adam is. So maybe + +584 +00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:28,570 +Adam is not described physically. Maybe he's more + +585 +00:38:28,570 --> 00:38:29,350 +into the mind. + +586 +00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:36,850 +The apple, we'll see, yeah. We'll have to go back + +587 +00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:40,810 +to this and see what exactly he said about her, + +588 +00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:46,570 +how she behaved, what she exactly thought. I'll + +589 +00:38:46,570 --> 00:38:51,270 +conclude this with more memorable lines. We have + +590 +00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:56,780 +one. Two and three. Three, again, beautiful, very + +591 +00:38:56,780 --> 00:38:58,520 +memorable. Some of these, by the way, have become + +592 +00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,980 +English proverbs. We use them all the time, and + +593 +00:39:01,980 --> 00:39:04,460 +sometimes we don't know that they are from Milton. + +594 +00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,940 +Sometimes we use so many things from Shakespeare + +595 +00:39:06,940 --> 00:39:08,300 +and Milton and John Donne and everything. + +596 +00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:11,320 +Especially this one. I like using this all the + +597 +00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:16,120 +time. So farewell hope and with hope farewell + +598 +00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:21,140 +fear. So, farewell. You know farewell? Goodbye. + +599 +00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:27,380 +Goodbye to hope. But if somebody loses hope, you + +600 +00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:31,640 +have nothing else to lose. So, you don't fear + +601 +00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:37,280 +anything. And usually they say, you need to fear + +602 +00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,760 +someone who has nothing to fear. Beware of a + +603 +00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:42,640 +person who has nothing to fear. Because if you + +604 +00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,200 +have no family, nobody to love, no home to live, + +605 +00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:48,940 +no country, nothing, everything is threatened, + +606 +00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,320 +everything is taken away by occupations or by + +607 +00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:56,960 +something, this person is very dangerous. Why? + +608 +00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,160 +Because sometimes we want to do stuff, but we are + +609 +00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,520 +afraid maybe we're going to go, we would go to + +610 +00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:05,600 +prison, we'd be arrested because, and then my wife + +611 +00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,860 +and my kids and my family and my job and my + +612 +00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:12,580 +students. But if you have nothing to lose, no one + +613 +00:40:12,580 --> 00:40:16,940 +to love, no family, no job, you would be fearless. + +614 +00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,860 +And it's good in a way and it's also bad in + +615 +00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:25,230 +another way. Number one, Long is the way. Notice + +616 +00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:28,910 +the word order here. The way is long, but that's + +617 +00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:36,430 +poetic. Long is the way. And hard. Some only long, + +618 +00:40:37,250 --> 00:40:41,430 +but also hard. That's life. Life is hard. Life is + +619 +00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:42,710 +so long. + +620 +00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:50,220 +that out of hell leads up to life. It's like the + +621 +00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:54,040 +way to heaven is not an easy way. It's long, it's + +622 +00:40:54,040 --> 00:41:01,000 +hard. It's very difficult. In a way, when you read + +623 +00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,740 +this, you think it's from the Bible, by the way, + +624 +00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,000 +because of the religious nature of the text, + +625 +00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:10,380 +because he assumes this role. Finally, someone + +626 +00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:15,000 +read the last quote, please. Just are the ways of + +627 +00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,780 +God unjustifiable to men unless they're beings who + +628 +00:41:19,780 --> 00:41:23,060 +think not God at all. Okay, someone else, please. + +629 +00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:31,620 +Just are the ways of God unjustifiable to men + +630 +00:41:31,620 --> 00:41:35,640 +unless they're beings who think not God at all. + +631 +00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:58,990 +I think he's talking about prophets, how they give + +632 +00:41:58,990 --> 00:42:03,750 +us the message of God. The ways of God. + +633 +00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,550 +You suffer, but this suffering is good for you, + +634 +00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:20,030 +because eventually God is going to reward you for + +635 +00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:24,730 +this. So generally, remember to assert eternal + +636 +00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,490 +providence and justify the means or the ways of + +637 +00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,630 +God to men. It's too difficult. And again, notice + +638 +00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:34,050 +the word order here. There's emphasis on + +639 +00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,080 +But it's interesting also because if you follow + +640 +00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:45,380 +the path, you will finally go to God. It's the end + +641 +00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:49,300 +of the sentence. If you follow the long and hard + +642 +00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:54,840 +way to heaven, and you know it is just, you trust + +643 +00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,100 +God, you beg God, eventually you will love Him. + +644 +00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,160 +Just are the ways of God. Unjustifiable to men. + +645 +00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:05,840 +It's easy to see that God loves us, even if we + +646 +00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,280 +suffer. However, + +647 +00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:16,390 +People who originally don't believe in God. So if + +648 +00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,350 +you don't believe in God, you will not see + +649 +00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:23,030 +justice. You will not see that even if you suffer + +650 +00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:26,130 +eventually you will be rewarded, whether here or + +651 +00:43:26,130 --> 00:43:33,040 +there, hereafter. OK? So this is, in a way, + +652 +00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,920 +basically in brief. I know because this is an + +653 +00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,500 +introduction to English literature. We take like + +654 +00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,840 +little things about it. But I hope my lectures or + +655 +00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,680 +the lectures or the stuff in the book also helps + +656 +00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,600 +you to see something in literature, to love to do + +657 +00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,740 +something more on literature. + +658 +00:43:56,850 --> 00:43:59,030 +time especially these days with the exams coming + +659 +00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:01,970 +up please contribute you to watch some videos + +660 +00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:06,870 +about these or go google famous quotes from + +661 +00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,950 +paradises you will love what you see you can do + +662 +00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:15,830 +this for your extra portfolio so after this we + +663 +00:44:15,830 --> 00:44:16,990 +have paradise + +664 +00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:22,210 +I have probably two or three minutes to speak + +665 +00:44:22,210 --> 00:44:25,630 +about Samson Agnes. I'll be very brief. Maybe we + +666 +00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:29,110 +can continue this after the class. Samson Agnes + +667 +00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:33,450 +tells the story of an Israelite, Jewish person. + +668 +00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:38,450 +Israelite, not Israeli. Israelite. God sent him to + +669 +00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:40,710 +help the Israelites, because they were sinners, to + +670 +00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:43,790 +protect them against the Philistines. You know + +671 +00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:46,990 +Philistines? It's people who were living in + +672 +00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:50,710 +Palestine at that time. Palestine, the dictionary + +673 +00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:53,290 +is a negative word. It means a certain person who + +674 +00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,430 +doesn't appreciate the heart. And we can hopefully + +675 +00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,210 +talk about this later on. The Philistines were the + +676 +00:45:00,210 --> 00:45:06,250 +enemies of the Jews, the Jewish people. So Samson + +677 +00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:12,610 +was a fearless, powerful person, so strong that he + +678 +00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:18,410 +could sometimes kill 1,000 Philistines with only + +679 +00:45:18,410 --> 00:45:24,010 +something like, I don't know, a rubber. In one + +680 +00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:27,050 +story, he kills all about, I'm not sure how many, + +681 +00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:31,530 +but hundreds of Philistines only with a donkey's + +682 +00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:34,520 +jaw. You know what a jaw is? Jaw. This area is + +683 +00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,700 +called the Jaw. So a dead donkey's jaw, he killed + +684 +00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:43,260 +hundreds of people, armored with swords and with + +685 +00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:47,020 +arrows and everything. One time, he was attacked + +686 +00:45:47,020 --> 00:45:53,640 +by a lion, and with his bare hands, he rips the + +687 +00:45:53,640 --> 00:46:01,300 +lion into pieces. So powerful. And now, one + +688 +00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:16,100 +Palestinian woman from Gaza named Delilah. I know + +689 +00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:17,420 +people all over + +690 +00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,320 +There is a book, someone named, called in the book + +691 +00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:47,280 +Iris in Gaza, taken from this reference and it's + +692 +00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,040 +from the Bible in a way or another. So Delilah, he + +693 +00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:54,320 +shouldn't fall in love with any Palestinian woman, + +694 +00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:57,840 +he shouldn't deal with them. What he does, this is + +695 +00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,540 +a sin in a way. And she was like, Samson, + +696 +00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:06,640 +Samson, she keeps nagging and nagging and nagging + +697 +00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,460 +and nagging and nagging. He doesn't want to tell + +698 +00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:12,000 +anyone, but eventually he does. He tells her it's + +699 +00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,640 +because of my hair. This is Samson and he has this + +700 +00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:19,540 +long curly hair. + +701 +00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:27,680 +He cut him. The Philistines caught him. He was + +702 +00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,080 +asleep, and they cut his hair. He's now hairless. + +703 +00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,440 +They chain him. He tries to break the chains, but + +704 +00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:37,540 +he's powerless now. He loses his power. They + +705 +00:47:37,540 --> 00:47:40,560 +arrest him. They put him in a temple, and they + +706 +00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,560 +gold his eyes. He's now blind. Interesting. A + +707 +00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:47,580 +blind Samson, blind Meltem also. But because the + +708 +00:47:47,580 --> 00:47:49,680 +Philistines are backward and stupid, presented + +709 +00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:53,380 +this way, they forget about him, and his hair + +710 +00:47:53,380 --> 00:47:54,640 +grows white out. + +711 +00:48:06,220 --> 00:48:10,280 +and killing all the Palestinians. And that's the + +712 +00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520 +story of Samson Adams. It's in the Bible, it's + +713 +00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,140 +typical, but it's part myth, part fiction in a + +714 +00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:17,460 +way. Unless you believe that there are people, we + +715 +00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:19,920 +see sometimes people with supernatural powers, + +716 +00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,120 +they can drag, you know, lorries and trucks with + +717 +00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,800 +their teeth. Yes, with their ears. They're + +718 +00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,640 +trained, they were not born. Okay, so this is the + +719 +00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:30,820 +story of Samson Adams. If you are interested in + +720 +00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,160 +doing a presentation about this, maybe you can + +721 +00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:37,660 +think of how the line that's Or how the + +722 +00:48:37,660 --> 00:48:40,660 +Philistines as the others, as the enemies were + +723 +00:48:40,660 --> 00:48:44,560 +represented. Because in a way, they were the + +724 +00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440 +natives here in Gaza, like us here in Gaza. Maybe + +725 +00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,860 +someone wants to do more history research and find + +726 +00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:55,600 +out where this took place in Gaza. I was kidding + +727 +00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,620 +with the other class. I thought that Samson was + +728 +00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,840 +from Syria. Some people say, no, maybe he's from + +729 +00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,660 +there and back or somewhere. So look into this. + +730 +00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,530 +Thank you very much. Good luck. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ff5297bc87e10983b83f7bd633e9bf930afbf7b --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2920 @@ +1 +00:00:21,330 --> 00:00:25,690 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we + +2 +00:00:25,690 --> 00:00:29,650 +continue speaking about the commonwealth and the + +3 +00:00:29,650 --> 00:00:36,010 +restoration. In terms of politics, this is an age, + +4 +00:00:36,650 --> 00:00:43,020 +an era that is so restless. that is so messed up + +5 +00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:46,480 +in so many ways, because for the first time in the + +6 +00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:50,020 +history of modern England, we see the king + +7 +00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:57,620 +executed. And for the first time, England is ruled + +8 +00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:02,420 +not by a king, + +9 +00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:12,780 +but by a ruler who does the job probably maybe he + +10 +00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:16,920 +was better than the king in many ways But again, + +11 +00:01:17,020 --> 00:01:20,720 +politically speaking, historically speaking, the + +12 +00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:23,140 +removal of the king, the execution, he wasn't only + +13 +00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:25,360 +removed, he was executed. Remember, we've seen + +14 +00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:26,880 +this in literature, we've seen this in + +15 +00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,100 +Shakespeare. And this is how interesting how + +16 +00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:33,540 +literature prepares people, fiction creates + +17 +00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:36,980 +reality in a way or another, prepares. But no + +18 +00:01:36,980 --> 00:01:39,300 +matter how many times you see the king dead, + +19 +00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:45,020 +killed, On stage, when it happened, people were + +20 +00:01:45,020 --> 00:01:47,380 +shocked in so many ways because the idea of the + +21 +00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:50,300 +king and the monarchy was deeply rooted in the + +22 +00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:52,960 +mentalities, in the mindsets, in the minds of the + +23 +00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,660 +English people. Cromwell rules for about 10 years. + +24 +00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,680 +He was successful, powerful. We've seen people + +25 +00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:08,070 +praise him. Marvel, and also John Milton, and many + +26 +00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,590 +other people wrote good poetry about him, praised + +27 +00:02:11,590 --> 00:02:14,830 +him in a way that, again, people praised the kings + +28 +00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:17,190 +and the queens before. + +29 +00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:26,010 +When he was old, when he passed away, when he + +30 +00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,170 +died, he was followed, again, ironically, by his + +31 +00:02:29,170 --> 00:02:35,000 +own son. That's funny. Remember I said in a way + +32 +00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,220 +it's ironic because you remove the king because of + +33 +00:02:39,220 --> 00:02:42,040 +corruption and sins and vices and deterioration + +34 +00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,900 +and breakdown of many things. But when a ruler + +35 +00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:49,740 +comes, this should help pave the way, prepare the + +36 +00:02:49,740 --> 00:02:52,960 +people to a democratic process of choosing their + +37 +00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:58,420 +own leaders and their own rulers. However, His son + +38 +00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:02,780 +came after him and he was so weak. I think no + +39 +00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:05,880 +matter how good he was, he wouldn't be good enough + +40 +00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,500 +because he can't be compared to his father. And + +41 +00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:14,440 +that's called the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell + +42 +00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:19,160 +and then his son about 11, 12 years. However, he + +43 +00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,120 +was followed with the death of Cromwell and the + +44 +00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:27,760 +rule of his son ended abruptly because the people + +45 +00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,280 +decided to bring the king back again. So Oliver's + +46 +00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,620 +son, I don't know his name, excuse me, just go. We + +47 +00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:38,860 +want the king. We can't live without the king + +48 +00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:42,220 +because the king gives us security and safety, + +49 +00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:45,280 +provides us with protection, and because the king + +50 +00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,600 +is part of our culture and tradition and + +51 +00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,340 +literature and society and life and mentality and + +52 +00:03:50,340 --> 00:03:53,940 +many things. We said in this era, literature has + +53 +00:03:53,940 --> 00:03:59,370 +become highly political. Remember there was + +54 +00:03:59,370 --> 00:04:01,230 +nationalism, the strong sense of the English + +55 +00:04:01,230 --> 00:04:03,310 +identity and nationalism in poetry before where + +56 +00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:05,670 +you love England, you love the Thames, you love + +57 +00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:07,790 +the Queen, you praise the Queen. We've seen + +58 +00:04:07,790 --> 00:04:11,370 +Spencer praising, you know, the fairy queen. But + +59 +00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,190 +now there's political division. Poetry is + +60 +00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:16,250 +political in the sense that there are two + +61 +00:04:16,250 --> 00:04:19,270 +political parties and you side with one against + +62 +00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:22,710 +the other. Now imagine this. Many people, + +63 +00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:25,250 +including poets and intellectuals, sided with the + +64 +00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:25,670 +Commonwealth, + +65 +00:04:29,030 --> 00:04:33,150 +with Oliver Cromwell. When he died and the king + +66 +00:04:33,150 --> 00:04:37,910 +was restored, they were in trouble. They were in + +67 +00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:40,010 +real trouble. Some of them were arrested, some of + +68 +00:04:40,010 --> 00:04:45,380 +them were punished in one way or another. We spoke + +69 +00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:49,520 +about Andrew Marvell before. Andrew Marvell became + +70 +00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:51,980 +a politician himself. He started as a poet, but + +71 +00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:54,160 +later on he ran for president. He was a member of + +72 +00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,120 +the parliament. And although he was a member of + +73 +00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,260 +the parliament, he was almost arrested. John + +74 +00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:03,180 +Milton, our friend here today, was arrested + +75 +00:05:03,180 --> 00:05:08,980 +because of his support to the Commonwealth. Some + +76 +00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:11,220 +say he could have been executed, or he could have + +77 +00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:14,780 +spent a lot of time in prison. But it was thanks + +78 +00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:18,140 +to his friend, Andrew Marvell, that helped release + +79 +00:05:18,140 --> 00:05:22,260 +him. And that's not all bad, because in prison he + +80 +00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:25,760 +wrote some really good literature. And Milton, by + +81 +00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,540 +the way, when he grew up, he started to lose his + +82 +00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:33,980 +sight and eventually he went blind. Still, he + +83 +00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:37,240 +wrote some of the best English poetry ever. Today, + +84 +00:05:37,660 --> 00:05:42,300 +we'll spend some time, a journey with John Milton. + +85 +00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:48,300 +A major 17th century poet. A poet who was in many + +86 +00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:52,040 +ways trying to have influence on the whole English + +87 +00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,120 +literature. He wanted to be as famous, as + +88 +00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,840 +influential as Chaucer himself. And interesting + +89 +00:05:57,840 --> 00:06:01,060 +how people always go back to Chaucer just to, if + +90 +00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:05,040 +they want to do great things. And he wanted + +91 +00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,800 +English literature to compete, to be independent + +92 +00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,700 +of Europe in many ways. So he wrote several texts. + +93 +00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,940 +We'll mention some of them. We'll study probably + +94 +00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:20,180 +in a way, in bits and pieces, two of them. The + +95 +00:06:20,180 --> 00:06:27,260 +first one is Paradise Lost. Paradise. You know + +96 +00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:32,560 +paradise? Heaven. Heaven, yeah. What does this + +97 +00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,900 +translate into Arabic? How does it translate into + +98 +00:06:34,900 --> 00:06:37,800 +Arabic? Yeah, Arabic. + +99 +00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:44,800 +It has a poetic translation in Arabic. + +100 +00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:56,500 +Because you're + +101 +00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:59,380 +not studying translation yet. When you do, you + +102 +00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:03,580 +will see how sometimes you change a little bit so + +103 +00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,800 +you give it the poetic sense. And later on, he + +104 +00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,100 +wrote another text called Paradise. + +105 +00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:17,050 +Regained. You know regained? It means restored. + +106 +00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:22,450 +The restoration. And then the third text is called + +107 +00:07:22,450 --> 00:07:23,890 +Samson Agonist. + +108 +00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:34,290 +Have you ever heard of Samson? Samson. Samson. + +109 +00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,970 +Samson. Samson. The text takes place in Gaza by + +110 +00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:42,620 +the way. So the guy is Gazan like us. Yeah, + +111 +00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,380 +Samsung. Samsung. Does it ring a bell? Samsung. + +112 +00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,920 +There's a character in Spongebob. Samsung. + +113 +00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:55,960 +Samsung. Simpsons. No, not the Simpsons. Samsung. + +114 +00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,160 +Shamshoon. Yeah, Shamshoon, that's it. Shamshoon + +115 +00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,820 +Al Jabbar, we know this. Yeah, yes. But we'll talk + +116 +00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:07,200 +about it probably this class, if not the next + +117 +00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,200 +class. John Milton, again, wanted to do something + +118 +00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,360 +great, to write an epic poem. Oh, no, epic poem, a + +119 +00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,000 +very long poem about important issues, important + +120 +00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,060 +themes, important characters, important myths. At + +121 +00:08:21,060 --> 00:08:24,460 +the beginning, he thought of writing something + +122 +00:08:24,460 --> 00:08:29,440 +about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round + +123 +00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,220 +Table. You know why he chose this particular text? + +124 +00:08:32,260 --> 00:08:36,380 +Because everything about it is pure English. I + +125 +00:08:36,380 --> 00:08:38,960 +don't know why, but he dropped that idea. But + +126 +00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,920 +again, notice how he's intentionally, consciously + +127 +00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,940 +planning something, because he wants to write. + +128 +00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:49,440 +This is not a sonnet. It's a poem. Paradise Lost + +129 +00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,560 +is about 10,000 lines. + +130 +00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,700 +10,000 lines, Paradise Lost. That's an epic poem. + +131 +00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,680 +What is it about? Do you have any idea? Paradise. + +132 +00:09:05,020 --> 00:09:06,980 +Who could be the main characters, the characters + +133 +00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:12,280 +in it? Religious? Who? The king. Bigger than them. + +134 +00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:19,600 +He's more ambitious. Adam and Eve. Who else? The + +135 +00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:26,620 +devil. Satan. Angels. Demons. Who else? More + +136 +00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:33,190 +significant. God. This is how ambitious he is. But + +137 +00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:36,090 +it's funny because these are not English people + +138 +00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:39,310 +and the events don't take place in England. But + +139 +00:09:39,310 --> 00:09:42,030 +still this is an English text, a major epic + +140 +00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:46,710 +English text poem, which shows his attempt to do + +141 +00:09:46,710 --> 00:09:51,710 +this. So the major characters in Paradise Lost are + +142 +00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:58,570 +God, Satan, Adam, Eve, you should know, you should + +143 +00:09:58,570 --> 00:10:01,570 +be familiar with these, you know, names. We have + +144 +00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:05,210 +Adam, you know Adam already. And Eve, this is Eve. + +145 +00:10:05,510 --> 00:10:12,910 +You know, Christmas Eve. Eve, God, Satan. And we + +146 +00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:18,370 +have God. And this takes place in heaven, + +147 +00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:27,810 +paradise. There is a garden of Eden. Garden of + +148 +00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:32,190 +Eden, Jannat Adan, right? And then we have the + +149 +00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:33,010 +original sin. + +150 +00:10:35,790 --> 00:10:39,870 +What's the original sin? This is a Christian term, + +151 +00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,390 +by the way. The original sin is when Adam and Eve + +152 +00:10:43,390 --> 00:10:46,590 +disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge. + +153 +00:10:47,950 --> 00:10:49,870 +Tree of knowledge. + +154 +00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:58,310 +In Islam, we're not sure whether this is an apple + +155 +00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:02,770 +tree or what. In Christianity, it's mentioned that + +156 +00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:06,290 +this is an apple tree. In Islam, it's not stated + +157 +00:11:06,290 --> 00:11:09,730 +whether it was Eve who started, you know, munching + +158 +00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:13,810 +at the apple, the fruit. In Christianity, it's not + +159 +00:11:13,810 --> 00:11:17,250 +about that. It's also who you blame more. In + +160 +00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:20,130 +Christianity, it's clear that Eve starts munching + +161 +00:11:20,130 --> 00:11:24,180 +at the apple. Right? That's why there is this + +162 +00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:28,260 +thing that many religious people do this like they + +163 +00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:31,580 +accuse women in general of committing the first + +164 +00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:34,780 +sin and causing the fall of Adam, the fall of + +165 +00:11:34,780 --> 00:11:40,380 +humanity. The fall of humanity from heaven to + +166 +00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,280 +earth, from mercy to sin. Very interesting stuff. + +167 +00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,700 +The fall, you know, fall down because of the + +168 +00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:54,620 +original sin because Now, we know the biblical + +169 +00:11:54,620 --> 00:11:57,640 +story. It's similar to the story we have in Islam, + +170 +00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,440 +with tiny little differences. In Islam, again, + +171 +00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:03,600 +both of them, Adam and Eve, are to blame. And + +172 +00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,820 +sometimes Adam is blamed more. But here, in + +173 +00:12:08,820 --> 00:12:10,900 +Christianity, we have something different. In the + +174 +00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:13,460 +text, he takes the story, but he changes it a + +175 +00:12:13,460 --> 00:12:17,820 +little bit. When you read the story, I'm not sure + +176 +00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:20,340 +if you can read 10,000 lines now that you have + +177 +00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,600 +midterm exams, but who knows? Maybe you can watch + +178 +00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:28,360 +some extracts or a dramatization on YouTube. When + +179 +00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:33,540 +you read the text, you will find that, you will + +180 +00:12:33,540 --> 00:12:37,860 +feel that the author, John Milton, in a way + +181 +00:12:37,860 --> 00:12:42,260 +humanizes Satan. Presents sometimes, presents + +182 +00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:46,820 +Satan as the hero. sometimes equally blaming God, + +183 +00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,520 +Adam, Eve, and Satan equally for what happened. + +184 +00:12:50,460 --> 00:12:53,480 +And that's why the text is controversial. You know + +185 +00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:55,840 +the word controversial? Yes. Controversial, + +186 +00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:58,920 +debatable. Some people don't like it. Some people + +187 +00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,440 +like it. Some people disagree with many things. So + +188 +00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:05,540 +why does it create controversy here? This because? + +189 +00:13:05,780 --> 00:13:08,480 +Because he changes the thoughts and he blames as + +190 +00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,580 +well. He changes the Christian idea by one + +191 +00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,580 +presenting who as the hero. But the antagonist. + +192 +00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:19,080 +The antagonist, Satan. In Islam and in + +193 +00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,260 +Christianity and other religions, Satan is the + +194 +00:13:22,260 --> 00:13:26,220 +embodiment of evil, the pure evil. Yes. But here, + +195 +00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,980 +he's not. He's real. You feel sorry for him. So if + +196 +00:13:28,980 --> 00:13:31,140 +you're reading this and you feel sorry for Satan, + +197 +00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:35,280 +it doesn't mean you are evil. It means the author. + +198 +00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:37,920 +It means the author is smart, is genius. We do + +199 +00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,040 +this. We watch Hollywood movies. Did you watch The + +200 +00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,200 +Sniper? Yeah. Sniper is a horrible movie about an + +201 +00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,780 +American soldier, war criminal actually, who kills + +202 +00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,500 +over 100, around 150 Iraqis. Some of them women, + +203 +00:13:51,620 --> 00:13:53,680 +some of them kids, some of them innocent civilian + +204 +00:13:53,680 --> 00:13:56,700 +people. You watch the movie and you feel sorry for + +205 +00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:02,060 +him. Yeah, you feel sorry for him in a way. You + +206 +00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:03,400 +don't have to feel sorry for him, by the way, + +207 +00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:06,420 +because he's a murderer. But that is how + +208 +00:14:06,420 --> 00:14:10,460 +influential literature is and movie production is. + +209 +00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:16,160 +You know? Change your attitudes and sympathize + +210 +00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:18,620 +with people usually you don't sympathize in real + +211 +00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:22,200 +life. So this created a huge controversy. Still + +212 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,880 +does. Many Christians, for example, don't like + +213 +00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:28,700 +this. Because they see that the author is equally + +214 +00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,600 +blaming not only Zeta, not only Adam and Eve, but + +215 +00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,420 +also God. Like, this shouldn't have happened. Some + +216 +00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,740 +people, by the way, some people read the whole + +217 +00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,360 +thing as an allegory. An allegory of the + +218 +00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,480 +commonwealth and the restoration. So the + +219 +00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,700 +commonwealth is, I don't know, heaven. And because + +220 +00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:54,020 +people don't do a good job after Cromwell, they + +221 +00:14:54,020 --> 00:14:59,120 +fell down. They fall. And then the king is + +222 +00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,740 +restored, where the king, the restoration here + +223 +00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:06,100 +represents earth and sin. Because after that, + +224 +00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:09,620 +after the commonwealth, the guy was not doing a + +225 +00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:14,030 +good job. Later on, in a way, Adam and Eve go down + +226 +00:15:14,030 --> 00:15:19,510 +to Earth to the unknown, to human knowledge. Later + +227 +00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:22,630 +on, he wrote another poem, just so you know. + +228 +00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:27,190 +Paradise Regained. Paradise Regained. In which, + +229 +00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,090 +how would you, in Christianity, how is Paradise + +230 +00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:33,430 +Regained? What do you expect? Maybe Adam and Eve + +231 +00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:37,130 +are God's... No, later on, after Adam and Eve. + +232 +00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:45,160 +How? Who leads humanity to regain paradise? No, + +233 +00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:51,120 +Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ + +234 +00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:55,930 +suffers for humanity. and leads humanity from sin, + +235 +00:15:56,690 --> 00:16:00,930 +corruption, vices, to virtue, to salvation, back + +236 +00:16:00,930 --> 00:16:03,510 +to heaven. And that's why it's regained. At the + +237 +00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:07,690 +end, I'll tell you the story of Samson Agones. So + +238 +00:16:07,690 --> 00:16:12,970 +let's go through Milton's Paradise Lost again, + +239 +00:16:13,390 --> 00:16:17,150 +step by step. Unless someone has a question to + +240 +00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:21,090 +ask. Please. What is the difference between + +241 +00:16:21,090 --> 00:16:25,130 +allegory and symbolism? Generally, an allegory is + +242 +00:16:25,130 --> 00:16:27,770 +a longer story, a bigger story. Like the whole + +243 +00:16:27,770 --> 00:16:30,510 +story could be an allegory. But symbolism could be + +244 +00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:33,450 +part of a story. So this is the basic thing you + +245 +00:16:33,450 --> 00:16:39,670 +need to know. So if you're writing a story, and in + +246 +00:16:39,670 --> 00:16:43,910 +your story there is a dove. The dove symbolizes + +247 +00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:47,810 +peace, love, purity, right? Snow. Snow symbolizes + +248 +00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:51,330 +purity, whiteness, et cetera. But the whole story + +249 +00:16:51,330 --> 00:16:54,770 +could be an allegory. But also, you can describe + +250 +00:16:54,770 --> 00:16:57,730 +it as symbolic, like where, for example, you have + +251 +00:16:57,730 --> 00:17:01,030 +animal characters. But they don't have to be + +252 +00:17:01,030 --> 00:17:03,650 +animal characters. You have characters who refer + +253 +00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:06,430 +to something else. So this could be an allegory, + +254 +00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:10,550 +because everything here could mean something else, + +255 +00:17:10,590 --> 00:17:15,280 +like the Commonwealth and the Restoration. But in + +256 +00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,900 +the story, the apple, the apple or the tree, the + +257 +00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:22,480 +apple here is a symbol of what? Of the forbidden, + +258 +00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:30,100 +of sin maybe, because the moment Eve eats, bites + +259 +00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,460 +the apple, everything turns upside, upside down. + +260 +00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,140 +This is Milton again. In many ways, he links the + +261 +00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:43,340 +Renaissance, the age of Shakespeare, later on with + +262 +00:17:43,340 --> 00:17:46,500 +the Commonwealth and the Restoration. He lived in + +263 +00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,700 +all these turbulent times. He was very ambitious. + +264 +00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:55,400 +Why? Because he wanted to be one of the greatest + +265 +00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,100 +poets in English literature, mainly like Chaucer, + +266 +00:17:59,260 --> 00:18:02,040 +always Chaucer. Someone asked me, why not + +267 +00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,940 +Shakespeare? Shakespeare is the greatest literary + +268 +00:18:04,940 --> 00:18:09,440 +figure probably ever. But Shakespeare is a + +269 +00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,160 +dramatist, and you'll ask, but drama was written + +270 +00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,920 +in verse. So it's a little bit different. That's + +271 +00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:20,420 +yeah, verse, but still as a drama here, okay? + +272 +00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:25,760 +Of course, he was engaged in politics, writing + +273 +00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,020 +essays about religion and many other things. He + +274 +00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:31,620 +became the Latin secretary to Cromwell. This is + +275 +00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:35,740 +how close he was to Cromwell. And it's because of + +276 +00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:38,820 +this he later on was arrested. + +277 +00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,880 +When he was blind, started to be blind, eventually + +278 +00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,420 +he wrote Paradise Lost. I should add the inverted + +279 +00:18:47,420 --> 00:18:52,260 +commas. Don't forget this. He wrote Paradise Lost. + +280 +00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:57,370 +Yeah, I think it took him some time, but + +281 +00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:01,430 +eventually he went blind. And I know many people + +282 +00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:05,090 +who study, you know, in Arabic literature, we have + +283 +00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:06,490 +blind poets also. + +284 +00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:12,690 +Tahseen wasn't a poet. He was a northerner. Bashar + +285 +00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:16,050 +bin Bord, you know? I think. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma + +286 +00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,730 +'ari, was he blind? No. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma'ari? Are + +287 +00:19:18,730 --> 00:19:22,740 +you sure? Anyway, so some, maybe you study + +288 +00:19:22,740 --> 00:19:25,220 +comparative literature in the future, you compare + +289 +00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:27,860 +how blindness does something to literature and + +290 +00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:30,440 +how, because there are so many references to the + +291 +00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,360 +fact that he's blind. There is, I think, a poem he + +292 +00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:38,000 +wrote on his blindness. Okay, so Paradise Lost is + +293 +00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,810 +a major epic poem in English. by John Milton about + +294 +00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:48,210 +God, Adam, Eve, Satan, and the fall of mankind. + +295 +00:19:50,510 --> 00:19:57,270 +Now, the question is, why did Milton write this? + +296 +00:19:57,430 --> 00:20:03,560 +This is actually poetry from Paradise Lost. At the + +297 +00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,000 +beginning, in the opening, he addresses the + +298 +00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,960 +audience. He tells them why he is engaging in + +299 +00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,290 +writing a 10,000-line poem. What do you think? + +300 +00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,910 +He's saying to assert eternal providence. + +301 +00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,790 +Providence means, do you know what providence is? + +302 +00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:22,570 +Providence means basically that there is a God, + +303 +00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,710 +and that God is taking care of us all, and + +304 +00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:27,950 +eventually everything is going to be fine because + +305 +00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,870 +there is a merciful just God. So to assert, to + +306 +00:20:31,870 --> 00:20:35,270 +make sure, to convince people that, to assert + +307 +00:20:35,270 --> 00:20:39,650 +eternal providence and to justify the ways of God + +308 +00:20:39,650 --> 00:20:43,190 +to men. Whose job is it to do this generally in + +309 +00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:46,910 +life? Whose job is it to assert eternal providence + +310 +00:20:46,910 --> 00:20:49,930 +and to justify the ways, the means of God to men? + +311 +00:20:52,770 --> 00:20:57,140 +Prophets, yeah. It's usually a prophet. who does + +312 +00:20:57,140 --> 00:20:59,220 +this to assert eternal prophethood, to tell people + +313 +00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:02,320 +there is a God and God is merciful. Yes, God + +314 +00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:06,940 +sometimes tries us. In a way, we're punished + +315 +00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:09,140 +sometimes. We suffer sometimes. But this is for + +316 +00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:15,560 +our own good, to justify the ways of God to men. + +317 +00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,620 +And this is how ambitious he is. So in a way, he's + +318 +00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,980 +claiming, assuming the role of the prophet. + +319 +00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:26,310 +Prophet. You know what a prophet is? Yes. Like a + +320 +00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:30,430 +messenger. So he knew he's doing something great. + +321 +00:21:30,610 --> 00:21:32,950 +He knew that. And indeed, he's one of the greatest + +322 +00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:37,990 +English poets ever. Okay? Why did... Can you + +323 +00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:39,890 +answer this question? Don't look here. Why did the + +324 +00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,410 +text... I could ask you this in the exam. Why did + +325 +00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:45,510 +Paradise Lost cause controversy? + +326 +00:21:50,350 --> 00:21:55,370 +Please. Very good. He contradicts the Christian + +327 +00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:58,390 +beliefs. How? Can you give examples? Yes? + +328 +00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:05,670 +Sometimes as the hero. How? Because he challenges + +329 +00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:08,970 +God. God tells Satan, kneel. And he says, I don't + +330 +00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,910 +want to kneel. Leave Adam and Eve alone. I don't + +331 +00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:15,910 +want to leave them alone. And he tempts Eve to eat + +332 +00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:19,090 +from the tree of knowledge. What else? There is + +333 +00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:20,550 +another reason here. + +334 +00:22:24,810 --> 00:22:29,430 +Some level of blame. They're all equally to blame, + +335 +00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:36,120 +equally responsible for this. Okay? But there is a + +336 +00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:38,920 +discussion here about freedom of choice and good + +337 +00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,680 +free will, free will and freedom of choice. Are we + +338 +00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,040 +destined to do something or can we choose our own + +339 +00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,920 +destiny? Here, yes, we can choose our own destiny. + +340 +00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:50,500 +At the end of the text, this happens. Someone + +341 +00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,380 +read, please. Yeah, please. + +342 +00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:06,930 +They hand in hand with wandering steps and walk + +343 +00:23:06,930 --> 00:23:13,830 +through Eden took their solitary way. Who's they + +344 +00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:17,970 +here and them? Who are they? Adam and Eve. This is + +345 +00:23:17,970 --> 00:23:21,610 +at the end, eventually, when everything goes as it + +346 +00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:26,570 +goes here in the poem. Adam and Eve walk hand in + +347 +00:23:26,570 --> 00:23:30,330 +hand, not to God's mercy, not back to heaven, to + +348 +00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:35,030 +providence. They go back to human knowledge, to + +349 +00:23:35,030 --> 00:23:39,130 +the unknown. In many ways, this symbolizes the + +350 +00:23:39,130 --> 00:23:41,170 +Renaissance, how the Renaissance was trying to + +351 +00:23:41,170 --> 00:23:43,150 +break the barriers, to break the rules, to push + +352 +00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:46,470 +the barriers, to go perfection, to seek + +353 +00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:48,950 +perfection. We've seen this in Dr. Faustus. He + +354 +00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:53,110 +wanted unlimited access to knowledge. But how did + +355 +00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:55,370 +the whole Renaissance end? It ended in + +356 +00:23:55,370 --> 00:23:59,290 +disillusionment. It ended in decline. It ended in + +357 +00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,430 +criticism. It ended in censorship. It ended with + +358 +00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:05,690 +the execution of the king and the closure of the + +359 +00:24:05,690 --> 00:24:09,750 +theater. Remember by the Puritans? So in a way, + +360 +00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:14,890 +they're going to the unknown. Disobeying God takes + +361 +00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:18,650 +you to the unknown. But in literature, this is + +362 +00:24:18,650 --> 00:24:21,550 +sometimes a good theme because you choose your own + +363 +00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:27,310 +future. So the world was all before them were to + +364 +00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:29,530 +choose. They could have, you know, chosen + +365 +00:24:29,530 --> 00:24:32,950 +differently. Their place of rest, you know, rest, + +366 +00:24:33,090 --> 00:24:37,810 +peace, heaven, and Providence, their guide, they, + +367 +00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:44,410 +however, they hand in hand still stick together + +368 +00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:51,930 +with wandering steps, slow wandering, slow steps, + +369 +00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,900 +through Eden. And this is really heartbreaking. So + +370 +00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,240 +this is like I imagine this way this is like if + +371 +00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:07,020 +this is heaven how they go back down to earth so + +372 +00:25:07,020 --> 00:25:08,960 +they have to cross all the way through heaven + +373 +00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,100 +where they see all beauty and the rest and the + +374 +00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:15,670 +providence and they still They determine, and they + +375 +00:25:15,670 --> 00:25:19,130 +go. That was because of the original scene we saw. + +376 +00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:23,510 +Through Eden, took their solitary way, the + +377 +00:25:23,510 --> 00:25:26,350 +unknown. And this is a theme here, of the theme of + +378 +00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:29,950 +the unknown. Where is humanity going? Where are we + +379 +00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:33,950 +going? We're going to the unknown. This is very + +380 +00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:37,250 +ambitious. And at the same time, very sad, very + +381 +00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,150 +heartbreaking, very risky. + +382 +00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:47,740 +I can't tell whether Milton is promoting this or + +383 +00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,120 +condemning this. What do you think from this? Do + +384 +00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,420 +you think Milton wants us to be this adventurous + +385 +00:25:56,420 --> 00:26:00,000 +and this risky? Or is he telling us, see, if you + +386 +00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,400 +disobey God, if you don't follow the rules, you're + +387 +00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,360 +going to end up with the unknown? Yeah, so? + +388 +00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,430 +He's blaming God, and I think he's saying that you + +389 +00:26:14,430 --> 00:26:20,470 +have to, I don't know. What do you think? You + +390 +00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:22,830 +don't have to know. What do you think, generally? + +391 +00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:27,250 +I think he's, the first place, he blamed God, but + +392 +00:26:27,250 --> 00:26:34,610 +I don't think that he wants us to obey God. He put + +393 +00:26:34,610 --> 00:26:37,430 +God as the antagonist. Okay, but not necessarily, + +394 +00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:39,370 +it doesn't mean, listen, in literature generally, + +395 +00:26:39,530 --> 00:26:43,980 +I said this before, Literature usually, or + +396 +00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:46,860 +sometimes, doesn't seek to give us answers, but to + +397 +00:26:46,860 --> 00:26:49,880 +raise questions. That's one. In literature, we + +398 +00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,280 +don't usually have pure evil or pure good + +399 +00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,080 +characters, because literature is usually focused + +400 +00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,180 +on the gray area. If the text, if the movie is + +401 +00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:03,020 +about a family that is too good, it's boring. Or + +402 +00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380 +too evil, sometimes it's frightening. There's too + +403 +00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:09,100 +much evil there. It's about good people who do bad + +404 +00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:13,470 +things. No? Bad people who do good things. Oh, + +405 +00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:17,050 +interesting. You ask a question, would I do the + +406 +00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:20,170 +same if I were in their position? Would I do the + +407 +00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:24,510 +same? And it's interesting because we see how + +408 +00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:27,310 +people react, how good people sometimes react when + +409 +00:27:27,310 --> 00:27:28,850 +they want to do evil. It's very interesting. + +410 +00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:31,010 +There's a movie I watched. It's called Death + +411 +00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:33,050 +Sentence. You know what it means, death sentence? + +412 +00:27:34,150 --> 00:27:36,510 +sentence in this context what does sentence mean + +413 +00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:40,170 +when you say somebody was sentenced to 10 years in + +414 +00:27:40,170 --> 00:27:44,790 +prison sentence it's a time someone a criminal + +415 +00:27:44,790 --> 00:27:50,330 +spends in prison for life sentence death sentence + +416 +00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,910 +A movie called Death Sentence, really beautiful + +417 +00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190 +movie. It starts with, again, a beautiful family, + +418 +00:27:57,390 --> 00:27:59,650 +the perfect family, the husband, the wife, and the + +419 +00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,430 +two kids. One of them is very promising, very + +420 +00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:06,130 +ambitious. He has a very good job. They're rich. + +421 +00:28:06,210 --> 00:28:10,470 +They're comfortable. And after like 10 or 15 + +422 +00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:14,070 +minutes, the son they loved the most was killed by + +423 +00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:19,270 +a gang member. How would a loving father, a + +424 +00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:21,590 +peaceful father, a father who has never touched a + +425 +00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:26,990 +gun would react in this? I'm not going to spoil + +426 +00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:31,610 +it. It's one of my top movies actually. Try to + +427 +00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:34,320 +watch it. Really interesting stuff. But again, + +428 +00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:38,780 +until this moment, I asked myself, God forbid, how + +429 +00:28:38,780 --> 00:28:41,780 +would a person who's not into revenge and fighting + +430 +00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:45,220 +and everything, movies and literature, give us + +431 +00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:48,680 +these scenarios? And that's why when you see the + +432 +00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,280 +conclusion, the ending, and how it ends, probably + +433 +00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160 +you say, OK, I'll do the same. But it gives you a + +434 +00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,700 +whole story, a whole world in front of you, where + +435 +00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,600 +to choose. What should I do? Should I leave the + +436 +00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,650 +law to take its course? When you lose someone you + +437 +00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:08,190 +love the most, you wouldn't wait for Allah to take + +438 +00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,250 +your revenge. But is that good? If we do this, the + +439 +00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,670 +whole world is going to turn into a jungle. But + +440 +00:29:13,670 --> 00:29:16,650 +you wouldn't be OK if you didn't do this. We + +441 +00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,470 +should. Because yeah, there is this thing in our + +442 +00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:22,490 +hearts about revenge. But literature teaches us to + +443 +00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:26,770 +forgive. You might be the best person on Earth. + +444 +00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:31,750 +But still, it's your right to feel angry and to + +445 +00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:34,940 +want to take revenge. But if you want to kill + +446 +00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:38,280 +somebody because Toronto, like Shylock, if you + +447 +00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,460 +want to do, you know, we discussed this in another + +448 +00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,580 +class, I think. Would you do like Shylock? Would + +449 +00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:45,420 +you insist on taking a pound of flesh to take + +450 +00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,680 +revenge? It's his right, because he was attacked. + +451 +00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:53,260 +He was, you know, many times. But in this case, + +452 +00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,640 +the revenge wouldn't be killing. He might take + +453 +00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,310 +revenge by something else. By slapping him? No, + +454 +00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:04,530 +maybe by doing the same to him. Like what? He + +455 +00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,610 +killed someone, you killed someone? No, I don't + +456 +00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:11,270 +know. Nothing like that. At least like, but that's + +457 +00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,870 +where when we have like, if we have a good legal + +458 +00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,190 +system where criminals can be punished as they + +459 +00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,610 +should be, at least you don't have to go there. + +460 +00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:25,590 +Anyway, think of this, please. I think he's + +461 +00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:30,360 +promoting hearing to unknown. Because he said hand + +462 +00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,940 +in hand with wandering steps. He didn't mention + +463 +00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,640 +that there was any disagreement. And that's the + +464 +00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,240 +best thing about Adam and Eve, by the way. In + +465 +00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,720 +Islam and Christianity, I'm not sure we have this + +466 +00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,280 +in the text. I'll have to go back to it. Adam and + +467 +00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,620 +Eve were the perfect couple, in a way. They're not + +468 +00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,460 +the odd couples that are always fighting, like our + +469 +00:30:51,460 --> 00:30:54,160 +parents sometimes. They're always fighting over + +470 +00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,800 +trivial things. You don't see this, although this + +471 +00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,060 +is the most serious thing. Sometimes you do + +472 +00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,200 +something, and then the wife gets at you. The wife + +473 +00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,260 +does something, and the husband is angry and + +474 +00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:09,590 +everything. What a perfect couple they are. Hand + +475 +00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:13,810 +in hand, slowly wandering, despite the fact that + +476 +00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:17,410 +they lost the most important thing a human person, + +477 +00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:22,130 +humanity has ever lost. Paradise. Providence. + +478 +00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:26,500 +Being close to God. What a perfect, what a good + +479 +00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:28,860 +couple. But they were the only ones on the earth, + +480 +00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,040 +maybe because of that they wouldn't leave each + +481 +00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,080 +other for no reason. Yeah, so if I leave, but + +482 +00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,900 +still you fight a little bit because fighting + +483 +00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:38,860 +doesn't mean end in a war. Maybe they fought. + +484 +00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,760 +Maybe they did, but it's not in the Quran or the + +485 +00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,310 +Bible or in the text. And this is how literature + +486 +00:31:45,310 --> 00:31:47,770 +literature doesn't give us everything. It leaves + +487 +00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:50,430 +gaps for us to think. But yeah, interesting how + +488 +00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:53,150 +you think that at least when they take the + +489 +00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,190 +decision, they take it together, hand in hand. + +490 +00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:59,210 +Adam is not leading him, and she's not pushing + +491 +00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:03,070 +him. They're hand in hand. They are equal to the + +492 +00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:09,290 +other. OK. Now in Paradise Lost, we have a lot of + +493 +00:32:09,290 --> 00:32:14,980 +very memorable lines. So neither Adam nor Eve is + +494 +00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:21,260 +to blame because they are all equally to blame. + +495 +00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,540 +There are several memorable lines and + +496 +00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:31,160 +descriptions, descriptive passages, descriptive + +497 +00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,820 +stanzas and poetry in Paradise Lost. One of them + +498 +00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:37,700 +is a description of hell, hellfire. You know + +499 +00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,380 +dungeon? A dungeon is a dark place like a prison. + +500 +00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,620 +It's where sometimes you describe the prison as a + +501 +00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,620 +dungeon or a particular room. I don't like to sit + +502 +00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,080 +in this room. It's like a dungeon. Dungeon is a + +503 +00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,140 +dark place where you sit in. Could describe a + +504 +00:32:55,140 --> 00:32:57,860 +prison, but here it is used to describe hell + +505 +00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:01,160 +itself. And notice how horrible, how spooky this + +506 +00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,420 +is. This is very close to the Bible and the + +507 +00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,740 +description of the religious text here. So hell + +508 +00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:14,600 +is? Horrible on all sides around as one great + +509 +00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:19,440 +furnace. Do you know furnace? We took it before, + +510 +00:33:19,540 --> 00:33:24,420 +furnace. What is oven? What's an oven? You don't + +511 +00:33:24,420 --> 00:33:29,180 +know an oven? But furnace, where did we come + +512 +00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,920 +across furnace before? All the world's stage. + +513 +00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:36,460 +There was the furnace, the lever, the fighter, ah, + +514 +00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,320 +it's like a furnace. So you know what a furnace + +515 +00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,480 +is. There's fire all over the place. Flame, yit. + +516 +00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,080 +And again, see this paradox. There's a paradox + +517 +00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:51,900 +here. If there is fire, yes, there is heat. It's + +518 +00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,720 +negative in this sense. But fire means warmth. And + +519 +00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:58,660 +sometimes it means what do we have from fire other + +520 +00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:01,600 +than warmth? Light. Thank you very much. But this + +521 +00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:06,210 +is not an ordinary fire. This is hell fire. Yet + +522 +00:34:06,210 --> 00:34:11,750 +from these flames, from the fire, no light, but + +523 +00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,550 +rather darkness visible. It's funny that you say + +524 +00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:19,010 +darkness visible because darkness is darkness. + +525 +00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:25,290 +This is fire that gives darkness not light. + +526 +00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:32,130 +Isn't that the most horrifying thing ever? So when + +527 +00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:34,870 +someone tells you it's dark, OK, I can light some + +528 +00:34:34,870 --> 00:34:37,830 +fire. But fire there doesn't give light. It gives + +529 +00:34:37,830 --> 00:34:44,870 +more darkness. We have this. Usually religious + +530 +00:34:44,870 --> 00:34:53,290 +texts do this all the time. We all + +531 +00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:59,150 +hear about this, the food of the sinners, the + +532 +00:34:59,150 --> 00:35:03,810 +people in hell. In the Quran, there is a simile. + +533 +00:35:04,330 --> 00:35:06,730 +And usually, a simile, a metaphor, brings things + +534 +00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:09,790 +closer to our imagination. So someone tells you, + +535 +00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:13,690 +have you ever tasted or tried cheesecake? Yes. No. + +536 +00:35:14,570 --> 00:35:17,130 +What does it taste like? It's like ice cream, but + +537 +00:35:17,130 --> 00:35:19,410 +it's far, far, far bitter than ice cream. + +538 +00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,350 +Interesting. Delicious. So the tree of Zaqqum was + +539 +00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:28,030 +brought out as if it were a simile. We want to + +540 +00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:36,790 +know. So this A fruit in hell. The fruits there on + +541 +00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:41,290 +the trees look like the heads of devils. We don't + +542 +00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:44,270 +know what they look like originally, right? So + +543 +00:35:44,270 --> 00:35:47,030 +something spooky with something even more + +544 +00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:49,550 +terrifying. And this is religious text. And he's + +545 +00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:54,870 +doing this. So this hellfire is all darkness. It's + +546 +00:35:54,870 --> 00:36:00,300 +a furnace, flame. But do we have light? No. + +547 +00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,240 +There's no light here. Please. I think this stanza + +548 +00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:07,840 +supports the idea that the stanza before this one, + +549 +00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,200 +it supports the idea that he's advising us to obey + +550 +00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,300 +God and listen to him to make you follow his plan. + +551 +00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,500 +Because eventually, if you don't, you're going to + +552 +00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,960 +be there. So he's terrifying us in a way. You have + +553 +00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,640 +to obey God. Another extract I liked is when he + +554 +00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:27,500 +describes + +555 +00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:32,820 +Eve. Maybe someone wants to do a presentation on + +556 +00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,520 +this, how he describes Eve and how he describes + +557 +00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,680 +Adam. You know, you have to do a presentation for + +558 +00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,920 +the course assessment. This is Milton talking + +559 +00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,580 +about Eve. In a way, he's saying Eve is the most + +560 +00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,260 +beautiful woman. At that time, you said this, + +561 +00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:54,440 +there were no women, no men. So of course, she is + +562 +00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,490 +the most beautiful woman on earth. But he compares + +563 +00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,510 +her to even more beautiful creatures. + +564 +00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:09,510 +Soft, she withdrew. Unlike a wood nymph, light. + +565 +00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:11,990 +You know a wood nymph? What's a nymph? A wood? + +566 +00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:16,210 +Nymph? It's like a goddess. Goddesses. Yeah, like + +567 +00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:20,950 +goddesses. Like purely beautiful creatures living + +568 +00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:24,210 +in heaven. Those imaginary creatures, the + +569 +00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:26,790 +creatures we imagine all the time. Perfect + +570 +00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:31,430 +creatures. So she withdrew, she moves, she + +571 +00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:37,610 +behaves, she acts like a nymph. Light. We took her + +572 +00:37:37,610 --> 00:37:41,590 +to the groves, but Delia's self-engaged surpassed + +573 +00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:45,550 +and goddess-like deposed. She looks like? Goddess. + +574 +00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:50,650 +Goddess. She's a goddess. She's a nymph, she's + +575 +00:37:50,650 --> 00:37:56,240 +beautiful, she's perfect. So maybe you want to see + +576 +00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:00,420 +how the text talks about. But here, notice the + +577 +00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:03,360 +description is mainly physical description. Are + +578 +00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,500 +there any references to her mind? Or is this the + +579 +00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,280 +case? A woman has to be beautiful, and that's it. + +580 +00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,660 +More important than her mind and her intellect. + +581 +00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,120 +Look into the text. If someone is interested in + +582 +00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,920 +this, to do a presentation, you can look into + +583 +00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,130 +this. And maybe you can see how Adam is. So maybe + +584 +00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:28,570 +Adam is not described physically. Maybe he's more + +585 +00:38:28,570 --> 00:38:29,350 +into the mind. + +586 +00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:36,850 +The apple, we'll see, yeah. We'll have to go back + +587 +00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:40,810 +to this and see what exactly he said about her, + +588 +00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:46,570 +how she behaved, what she exactly thought. I'll + +589 +00:38:46,570 --> 00:38:51,270 +conclude this with more memorable lines. We have + +590 +00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:56,780 +one. Two and three. Three, again, beautiful, very + +591 +00:38:56,780 --> 00:38:58,520 +memorable. Some of these, by the way, have become + +592 +00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,980 +English proverbs. We use them all the time, and + +593 +00:39:01,980 --> 00:39:04,460 +sometimes we don't know that they are from Milton. + +594 +00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,940 +Sometimes we use so many things from Shakespeare + +595 +00:39:06,940 --> 00:39:08,300 +and Milton and John Donne and everything. + +596 +00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:11,320 +Especially this one. I like using this all the + +597 +00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:16,120 +time. So farewell hope and with hope farewell + +598 +00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:21,140 +fear. So, farewell. You know farewell? Goodbye. + +599 +00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:27,380 +Goodbye to hope. But if somebody loses hope, you + +600 +00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:31,640 +have nothing else to lose. So, you don't fear + +601 +00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:37,280 +anything. And usually they say, you need to fear + +602 +00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,760 +someone who has nothing to fear. Beware of a + +603 +00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:42,640 +person who has nothing to fear. Because if you + +604 +00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,200 +have no family, nobody to love, no home to live, + +605 +00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:48,940 +no country, nothing, everything is threatened, + +606 +00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,320 +everything is taken away by occupations or by + +607 +00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:56,960 +something, this person is very dangerous. Why? + +608 +00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,160 +Because sometimes we want to do stuff, but we are + +609 +00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,520 +afraid maybe we're going to go, we would go to + +610 +00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:05,600 +prison, we'd be arrested because, and then my wife + +611 +00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,860 +and my kids and my family and my job and my + +612 +00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:12,580 +students. But if you have nothing to lose, no one + +613 +00:40:12,580 --> 00:40:16,940 +to love, no family, no job, you would be fearless. + +614 +00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,860 +And it's good in a way and it's also bad in + +615 +00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:25,230 +another way. Number one, Long is the way. Notice + +616 +00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:28,910 +the word order here. The way is long, but that's + +617 +00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:36,430 +poetic. Long is the way. And hard. Some only long, + +618 +00:40:37,250 --> 00:40:41,430 +but also hard. That's life. Life is hard. Life is + +619 +00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:42,710 +so long. + +620 +00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:50,220 +that out of hell leads up to life. It's like the + +621 +00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:54,040 +way to heaven is not an easy way. It's long, it's + +622 +00:40:54,040 --> 00:41:01,000 +hard. It's very difficult. In a way, when you read + +623 +00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,740 +this, you think it's from the Bible, by the way, + +624 +00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,000 +because of the religious nature of the text, + +625 +00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:10,380 +because he assumes this role. Finally, someone + +626 +00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:15,000 +read the last quote, please. Just are the ways of + +627 +00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,780 +God unjustifiable to men unless they're beings who + +628 +00:41:19,780 --> 00:41:23,060 +think not God at all. Okay, someone else, please. + +629 +00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:31,620 +Just are the ways of God unjustifiable to men + +630 +00:41:31,620 --> 00:41:35,640 +unless they're beings who think not God at all. + +631 +00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:58,990 +I think he's talking about prophets, how they give + +632 +00:41:58,990 --> 00:42:03,750 +us the message of God. The ways of God. + +633 +00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,550 +You suffer, but this suffering is good for you, + +634 +00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:20,030 +because eventually God is going to reward you for + +635 +00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:24,730 +this. So generally, remember to assert eternal + +636 +00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,490 +providence and justify the means or the ways of + +637 +00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,630 +God to men. It's too difficult. And again, notice + +638 +00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:34,050 +the word order here. There's emphasis on + +639 +00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,080 +But it's interesting also because if you follow + +640 +00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:45,380 +the path, you will finally go to God. It's the end + +641 +00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:49,300 +of the sentence. If you follow the long and hard + +642 +00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:54,840 +way to heaven, and you know it is just, you trust + +643 +00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,100 +God, you beg God, eventually you will love Him. + +644 +00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,160 +Just are the ways of God. Unjustifiable to men. + +645 +00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:05,840 +It's easy to see that God loves us, even if we + +646 +00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,280 +suffer. However, + +647 +00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:16,390 +People who originally don't believe in God. So if + +648 +00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,350 +you don't believe in God, you will not see + +649 +00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:23,030 +justice. You will not see that even if you suffer + +650 +00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:26,130 +eventually you will be rewarded, whether here or + +651 +00:43:26,130 --> 00:43:33,040 +there, hereafter. OK? So this is, in a way, + +652 +00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,920 +basically in brief. I know because this is an + +653 +00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,500 +introduction to English literature. We take like + +654 +00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,840 +little things about it. But I hope my lectures or + +655 +00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,680 +the lectures or the stuff in the book also helps + +656 +00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,600 +you to see something in literature, to love to do + +657 +00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,740 +something more on literature. + +658 +00:43:56,850 --> 00:43:59,030 +time especially these days with the exams coming + +659 +00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:01,970 +up please contribute you to watch some videos + +660 +00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:06,870 +about these or go google famous quotes from + +661 +00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,950 +paradises you will love what you see you can do + +662 +00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:15,830 +this for your extra portfolio so after this we + +663 +00:44:15,830 --> 00:44:16,990 +have paradise + +664 +00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:22,210 +I have probably two or three minutes to speak + +665 +00:44:22,210 --> 00:44:25,630 +about Samson Agnes. I'll be very brief. Maybe we + +666 +00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:29,110 +can continue this after the class. Samson Agnes + +667 +00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:33,450 +tells the story of an Israelite, Jewish person. + +668 +00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:38,450 +Israelite, not Israeli. Israelite. God sent him to + +669 +00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:40,710 +help the Israelites, because they were sinners, to + +670 +00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:43,790 +protect them against the Philistines. You know + +671 +00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:46,990 +Philistines? It's people who were living in + +672 +00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:50,710 +Palestine at that time. Palestine, the dictionary + +673 +00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:53,290 +is a negative word. It means a certain person who + +674 +00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,430 +doesn't appreciate the heart. And we can hopefully + +675 +00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,210 +talk about this later on. The Philistines were the + +676 +00:45:00,210 --> 00:45:06,250 +enemies of the Jews, the Jewish people. So Samson + +677 +00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:12,610 +was a fearless, powerful person, so strong that he + +678 +00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:18,410 +could sometimes kill 1,000 Philistines with only + +679 +00:45:18,410 --> 00:45:24,010 +something like, I don't know, a rubber. In one + +680 +00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:27,050 +story, he kills all about, I'm not sure how many, + +681 +00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:31,530 +but hundreds of Philistines only with a donkey's + +682 +00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:34,520 +jaw. You know what a jaw is? Jaw. This area is + +683 +00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,700 +called the Jaw. So a dead donkey's jaw, he killed + +684 +00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:43,260 +hundreds of people, armored with swords and with + +685 +00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:47,020 +arrows and everything. One time, he was attacked + +686 +00:45:47,020 --> 00:45:53,640 +by a lion, and with his bare hands, he rips the + +687 +00:45:53,640 --> 00:46:01,300 +lion into pieces. So powerful. And now, one + +688 +00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:16,100 +Palestinian woman from Gaza named Delilah. I know + +689 +00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:17,420 +people all over + +690 +00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,320 +There is a book, someone named, called in the book + +691 +00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:47,280 +Iris in Gaza, taken from this reference and it's + +692 +00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,040 +from the Bible in a way or another. So Delilah, he + +693 +00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:54,320 +shouldn't fall in love with any Palestinian woman, + +694 +00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:57,840 +he shouldn't deal with them. What he does, this is + +695 +00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,540 +a sin in a way. And she was like, Samson, + +696 +00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:06,640 +Samson, she keeps nagging and nagging and nagging + +697 +00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,460 +and nagging and nagging. He doesn't want to tell + +698 +00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:12,000 +anyone, but eventually he does. He tells her it's + +699 +00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,640 +because of my hair. This is Samson and he has this + +700 +00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:19,540 +long curly hair. + +701 +00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:27,680 +He cut him. The Philistines caught him. He was + +702 +00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,080 +asleep, and they cut his hair. He's now hairless. + +703 +00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,440 +They chain him. He tries to break the chains, but + +704 +00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:37,540 +he's powerless now. He loses his power. They + +705 +00:47:37,540 --> 00:47:40,560 +arrest him. They put him in a temple, and they + +706 +00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,560 +gold his eyes. He's now blind. Interesting. A + +707 +00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:47,580 +blind Samson, blind Meltem also. But because the + +708 +00:47:47,580 --> 00:47:49,680 +Philistines are backward and stupid, presented + +709 +00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:53,380 +this way, they forget about him, and his hair + +710 +00:47:53,380 --> 00:47:54,640 +grows white out. + +711 +00:48:06,220 --> 00:48:10,280 +and killing all the Palestinians. And that's the + +712 +00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520 +story of Samson Adams. It's in the Bible, it's + +713 +00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,140 +typical, but it's part myth, part fiction in a + +714 +00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:17,460 +way. Unless you believe that there are people, we + +715 +00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:19,920 +see sometimes people with supernatural powers, + +716 +00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,120 +they can drag, you know, lorries and trucks with + +717 +00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,800 +their teeth. Yes, with their ears. They're + +718 +00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,640 +trained, they were not born. Okay, so this is the + +719 +00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:30,820 +story of Samson Adams. If you are interested in + +720 +00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,160 +doing a presentation about this, maybe you can + +721 +00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:37,660 +think of how the line that's Or how the + +722 +00:48:37,660 --> 00:48:40,660 +Philistines as the others, as the enemies were + +723 +00:48:40,660 --> 00:48:44,560 +represented. Because in a way, they were the + +724 +00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440 +natives here in Gaza, like us here in Gaza. Maybe + +725 +00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,860 +someone wants to do more history research and find + +726 +00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:55,600 +out where this took place in Gaza. I was kidding + +727 +00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,620 +with the other class. I thought that Samson was + +728 +00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,840 +from Syria. Some people say, no, maybe he's from + +729 +00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,660 +there and back or somewhere. So look into this. + +730 +00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,530 +Thank you very much. Good luck. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dbcc2f4719a28e1089120ff87b9df36802a47af --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2456 @@ +1 +00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290 +Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome + +2 +00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610 +back to our hopefully beautiful journey into + +3 +00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470 +English literature. Today we move, finally we move + +4 +00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370 +from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism + +5 +00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750 +and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of + +6 +00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010 +the most interesting, one of the most fascinating + +7 +00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710 +literary movements in England. but also in Europe. + +8 +00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130 +But our focus is English literature, so we're + +9 +00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770 +going to be focusing on the romantic poets or + +10 +00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070 +romanticism or romantic literature in England. So + +11 +00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170 +far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many + +12 +00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580 +ways. We've seen how, for example, that men + +13 +00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640 +dominate poetry. Not because there's something + +14 +00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120 +wrong with women, but because the way the society + +15 +00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340 +was treating men and women, we have something + +16 +00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040 +different here. We've seen how, for example, in + +17 +00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120 +the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those + +18 +00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940 +great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other + +19 +00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700 +poets even like Milton, how they preferred to + +20 +00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600 +follow a particular etiquette, a particular + +21 +00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140 +decorum, particular rules in order to write + +22 +00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430 +particular types of poetry? Before these people + +23 +00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590 +were preaching what is called the Rules of + +24 +00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690 +Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Pope + +25 +00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310 +from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was + +26 +00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290 +saying that poetry has to be methodized because + +27 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030 +these rules were discovered from nature, and + +28 +00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410 +that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to + +29 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510 +imitate the great ancient poets in order to + +30 +00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450 +produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was + +31 +00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240 +writing different poetry. And we've seen how he + +32 +00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960 +was hated. He was negatively framed in so many + +33 +00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020 +ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were + +34 +00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340 +really fed up with the classical or neoclassical + +35 +00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320 +Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And + +36 +00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520 +this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic + +37 +00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480 +Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement + +38 +00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920 +that started in the late 18th century, actually + +39 +00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730 +beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we + +40 +00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530 +said this before about the 17th, 18th century, + +41 +00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390 +there were like so many changes taking place. In + +42 +00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030 +the 18th century, in a way or another, it was + +43 +00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030 +called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real + +44 +00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490 +change, radical change. In America, we have the + +45 +00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990 +American Revolution. In France, we have the French + +46 +00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870 +Revolution, in addition to the Industrial + +47 +00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110 +Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of + +48 +00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310 +life. But England did not like to change radically + +49 +00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760 +because After the Commonwealth and the + +50 +00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840 +restoration, they realized that stability is the + +51 +00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500 +best thing we could possibly have. However, some + +52 +00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100 +people said, okay, if we can't do political and + +53 +00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000 +social changes, real changes, at least we can do a + +54 +00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520 +revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is + +55 +00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280 +the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth + +56 +00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480 +and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings, + +57 +00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770 +go to more or less, again these dates are not + +58 +00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830 +clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French + +59 +00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070 +Revolution, the next day people wake up and they + +60 +00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030 +find themselves writing different poetry. It's + +61 +00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630 +gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So + +62 +00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190 +after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all + +63 +00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210 +across America and Europe, England had to do + +64 +00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670 +something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't + +65 +00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990 +do it in other areas. It was literature. And this + +66 +00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450 +is how I usually focus on this, how literature + +67 +00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660 +changes lives. how literature changes societies, + +68 +00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400 +how literature makes us different people, + +69 +00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220 +hopefully better people, affects us, how it + +70 +00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680 +influences us positively. And this is true because + +71 +00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480 +literature addresses the heart and the mind in a + +72 +00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480 +way or another. It's similar to watching a movie. + +73 +00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600 +Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry, + +74 +00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400 +you feel sorry for something or you decide to + +75 +00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880 +change something about your behavior. And this is + +76 +00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500 +the power of literature. So don't undermine the + +77 +00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400 +fact that It was only a revolution in literature + +78 +00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220 +in England. So we speak about the two major + +79 +00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900 +romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend, + +80 +00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440 +his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and + +81 +00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540 +critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and + +82 +00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120 +Coleridge. Together, they published a book they + +83 +00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490 +called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the + +84 +00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670 +lyrical palace. And they were writing totally + +85 +00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630 +radically different poetry from the Augustan + +86 +00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470 +poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules. + +87 +00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670 +The satire where poetry was basically an elite + +88 +00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450 +subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated + +89 +00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150 +language, and it's generally about the court life, + +90 +00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490 +about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here, + +91 +00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110 +everything changed. We'll talk about this in more + +92 +00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630 +details today and in the coming classes. When they + +93 +00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270 +published this book, many people wanted to read + +94 +00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900 +it, and they sold out. So they had to work on + +95 +00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800 +another edition and they added a preface. You know + +96 +00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060 +preface? An introduction to the second edition. + +97 +00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550 +And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic + +98 +00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790 +we know, where the introduction could be more + +99 +00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050 +significant than the book itself in many ways. + +100 +00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550 +Here the preface is so significant because William + +101 +00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810 +Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or + +102 +00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410 +another, they defined poetry. They gave us a + +103 +00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810 +different definition of poetry. And they told us + +104 +00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410 +poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about + +105 +00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620 +this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same + +106 +00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260 +book was republished, but there was an extra + +107 +00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220 +preface, introduction in which they defined poetry + +108 +00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380 +and they told the people what they were doing. The + +109 +00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160 +tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now + +110 +00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740 +one significant point. is the comparison between + +111 +00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480 +the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the + +112 +00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360 +Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the + +113 +00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700 +Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden, + +114 +00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460 +think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander + +115 +00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680 +Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of + +116 +00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240 +decorum, the subject matter that has to be a + +117 +00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570 +particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics + +118 +00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810 +were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age. + +119 +00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950 +This is true. But we have to be careful, again. + +120 +00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770 +This is true, but we need to be careful because we + +121 +00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370 +don't want to give the impression that the + +122 +00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and + +123 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810 +contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own + +124 +00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090 +idea of what poetry means. So what did they + +125 +00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030 +change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past, + +126 +00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450 +poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak + +127 +00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830 +about an important issue in the society using + +128 +00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050 +important, highly sophisticated language. But now, + +129 +00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470 +for the romantics, poetry is an expression of + +130 +00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370 +feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of + +131 +00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390 +the definition, the overflow of emotions, of + +132 +00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750 +powerful emotions. + +133 +00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130 +It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion. + +134 +00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890 +In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you + +135 +00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670 +write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm + +136 +00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640 +writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not + +137 +00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380 +writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to + +138 +00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260 +justify the means of God to man or something. I'm + +139 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460 +not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is + +140 +00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060 +methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature. + +141 +00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860 +I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little + +142 +00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080 +learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing + +143 +00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880 +poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry? + +144 +00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280 +Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and + +145 +00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830 +revolutionary and different. So why would you + +146 +00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050 +write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't + +147 +00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630 +mean that they didn't care about the audience. + +148 +00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930 +They did. But more significant than teaching and + +149 +00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690 +delighting first is to express yourself as an + +150 +00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870 +individual. As an individual. So what is poetry? + +151 +00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310 +It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing + +152 +00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010 +powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of + +153 +00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350 +powerful emotions. + +154 +00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690 +What is the language of poetry? + +155 +00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170 +For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language, + +156 +00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150 +you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished, + +157 +00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470 +highly embellished language where you sometimes + +158 +00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390 +usually you need to check the dictionary to see + +159 +00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730 +what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the + +160 +00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030 +romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common + +161 +00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390 +Language, or the language of everyday man. + +162 +00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390 +What does it mean everyday man? Like the language + +163 +00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710 +we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no, + +164 +00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330 +not slang. General, I don't even want to say + +165 +00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570 +colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go + +166 +00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430 +for the difficult words. One simple thing, when + +167 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070 +students sometimes come to me and say, I want to + +168 +00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990 +write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how + +169 +00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630 +to write English poetry. I always tell them, try + +170 +00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440 +to read something by William Blake. Try to read + +171 +00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640 +these poems by William Wordsworth because + +172 +00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380 +sometimes you would read the whole poem and you + +173 +00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920 +don't even use the dictionary once because you + +174 +00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020 +know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very + +175 +00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620 +easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the + +176 +00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800 +difficult expressions, for the difficult language, + +177 +00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920 +the language that only people who go to + +178 +00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300 +university, they understand. It's a language that + +179 +00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840 +if you say it to anyone, They will understand. + +180 +00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540 +We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is + +181 +00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880 +different. The language of poetry is different. + +182 +00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180 +The subject matter in + +183 +00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740 +the past, remember, was about heroism, about God, + +184 +00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700 +about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy + +185 +00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720 +queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the + +186 +00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350 +subject matter has always been about generally + +187 +00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450 +courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love + +188 +00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610 +poetry about the king and the queen and even about + +189 +00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990 +Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly + +190 +00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630 +issues according to the Augustan definition like + +191 +00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370 +something of importance to the society as a whole. + +192 +00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320 +But now for the romantics they said no. I can't + +193 +00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140 +fix the whole society. I can't make one poem + +194 +00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640 +change the whole society. I can't change one + +195 +00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560 +person at a time. I can't change an individual at + +196 +00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000 +a time. So the subject matter is also taken from + +197 +00: + +223 +00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980 +For example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray. + +224 +00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140 +Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's + +225 +00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060 +an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper, + +226 +00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130 +little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does + +227 +00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590 +this mean? When you change the language, when you + +228 +00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130 +break the rules of decorum, you are certainly + +229 +00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590 +employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken + +230 +00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390 +John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke + +231 +00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210 +the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many + +232 +00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450 +things. But there are different issues. Those + +233 +00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590 +people were focusing more on feelings, emotions, + +234 +00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990 +powerful emotions, personal individual + +235 +00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770 +experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not + +236 +00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030 +in this particular way. And those people were + +237 +00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590 +fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So + +238 +00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330 +like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more + +239 +00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230 +important than the rule. And that's why we'll see + +240 +00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570 +new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short + +241 +00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510 +lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here + +242 +00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450 +or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne, + +243 +00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860 +they would follow the rules unless the rule is + +244 +00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660 +hindering, is not helping the message, so they + +245 +00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760 +break the rule of the Koran. How did the + +246 +00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620 +mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran? + +247 +00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500 +That's a very interesting question. When John + +248 +00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680 +Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of + +249 +00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260 +the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism. + +250 +00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860 +People were writing poetry imitating horrors of + +251 +00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400 +people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So + +252 +00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300 +many people criticized him. But here this came, + +253 +00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800 +this movement naturally came at the end of an era + +254 +00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800 +where people in a way or another were tired of the + +255 +00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420 +same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry + +256 +00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740 +about the same subject matters. People wanted + +257 +00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860 +change, wanted things to be different. And now the + +258 +00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740 +romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people + +259 +00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920 +were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this. + +260 +00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340 +especially after the giants were no longer around. + +261 +00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940 +Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was + +262 +00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480 +dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes + +263 +00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580 +you're lucky to be born in a particular age. + +264 +00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310 +Okay, so important features here. And then for the + +265 +00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150 +romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions, + +266 +00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690 +the feelings. They care more about particular + +267 +00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170 +feelings rather than the mind and the intellect + +268 +00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750 +and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called + +269 +00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130 +the age of reason, where the mind is more + +270 +00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630 +important, more significant. The heart was + +271 +00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610 +dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is + +272 +00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640 +dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the + +273 +00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800 +power of imagination, feelings and imagination are + +274 +00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600 +above reason and intellect. They were encouraging + +275 +00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140 +individual people to just depend, rely, express + +276 +00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080 +themselves, their feelings, rely more on their + +277 +00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150 +hearts, just release and free their imaginations. + +278 +00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330 +In the past, you didn't have the freedom to + +279 +00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210 +express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if + +280 +00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770 +you want to depend on imagination and feelings, + +281 +00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590 +naturally, you will break the rules, because + +282 +00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410 +sometimes the rules would limit your imagination, + +283 +00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970 +right? When I tell you, for example, write me a + +284 +00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830 +Shakespearean sonnet about a particular + +285 +00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450 +experience, you will find yourself tied up. But + +286 +00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150 +here, the experience, the feelings are more + +287 +00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450 +important. So you break the rules in order to fit + +288 +00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210 +your feelings. And nature was the source of + +289 +00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570 +inspiration. Those people hated the city very + +290 +00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470 +much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be + +291 +00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110 +anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They + +292 +00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230 +hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like + +293 +00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290 +the city. They hated the city, but in principle, + +294 +00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150 +Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so + +295 +00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430 +he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and + +296 +00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310 +enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When + +297 +00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450 +we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside + +298 +00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890 +symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity, + +299 +00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510 +innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and + +300 +00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890 +Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we + +301 +00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810 +have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of + +302 +00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070 +people from the countryside and the villages to + +303 +00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510 +work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if + +304 +00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070 +I go to the city, to London, to work in the town, + +305 +00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530 +in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I + +306 +00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710 +will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll + +307 +00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770 +improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving + +308 +00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940 +in masses. But they ended up being slaves to + +309 +00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320 +capitalism, to factories. And the factories were + +310 +00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720 +polluting everything. London was one of the most + +311 +00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640 +polluted cities in the world. There was + +312 +00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280 +corruption, there was poverty, there was death, + +313 +00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820 +there was disease. Only very few people, the + +314 +00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700 +owners, the rich people were getting richer, but + +315 +00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480 +the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary + +316 +00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500 +people would only take the bare minimum just to + +317 +00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460 +keep themselves alive so that they can work. And + +318 +00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020 +this destroyed the relationships in the society. + +319 +00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120 +It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer + +320 +00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600 +a human being. You are no longer a name, a person + +321 +00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860 +with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are + +322 +00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300 +part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK, + +323 +00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940 +nature is our mother. Let's go back to our + +324 +00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380 +innocence and purity. And this is, by the way, + +325 +00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260 +criticized by many people. If there's a problem in + +326 +00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420 +your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you + +327 +00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080 +escape? What do you do if there are a lot of + +328 +00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360 +problems in your society? You either face them or + +329 +00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820 +you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with + +330 +00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380 +them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of + +331 +00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640 +them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They, + +332 +00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160 +that's why some people call them escapists. You + +333 +00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540 +know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped. + +334 +00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260 +When you escape here, it's just you don't want to + +335 +00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420 +deal with the problems at all. + +336 +00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580 +So they are escapists, many of them. They just + +337 +00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080 +want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't + +338 +00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630 +think this is accurate because poetry itself is + +339 +00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470 +change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you + +340 +00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610 +change individuals and people's ways of life and + +341 +00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530 +thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life. + +342 +00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330 +So the city was a source of corruption and vices + +343 +00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890 +and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source + +344 +00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330 +of innocence and inspiration. In the past, + +345 +00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210 +remember all the texts we read before this was + +346 +00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690 +about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to + +347 +00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690 +be seen because they were supposed to be + +348 +00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710 +controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But + +349 +00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950 +for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth + +350 +00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190 +says the child is the father of man. The child is + +351 +00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870 +the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why? + +352 +00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150 +Is the child the father of man in real life? In + +353 +00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490 +real life, no, literally. But how can, + +354 +00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030 +metaphorically speaking, the child be the father + +355 +00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690 +of man? Please. + +356 +00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070 +Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood + +357 +00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510 +influences the way we grow up, defines us as we + +358 +00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170 +grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what + +359 +00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810 +else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from + +360 +00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110 +the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine + +361 +00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170 +was telling me some time ago that he only really + +362 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150 +started appreciating his parents when he had kids. + +363 +00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470 +He then realized that because kids teach us to be + +364 +00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870 +selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard. + +365 +00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520 +In many ways. So childhood was significant and a + +366 +00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240 +source of inspiration. So this is basically the + +367 +00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240 +major features. We'll come to them again and + +368 +00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380 +again, especially when we talk about individual + +369 +00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640 +poets. Any question before we move to William + +370 +00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120 +Blake? + +371 +00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260 +Everything is new, different type of language, + +372 +00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600 +subject matters, structures, poetic forms, + +373 +00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760 +inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature. + +374 +00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380 +Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is + +375 +00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480 +William Blake. Many people describe William Blake + +376 +00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750 +as a pre-romantic, because he was writing poetry + +377 +00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710 +this way before even William Wordsworth and Samuel + +378 +00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350 +Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in + +379 +00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650 +London and he lived in London, and this will see + +380 +00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490 +the difference between him and the other poets who + +381 +00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970 +went to the countryside to live in the village, + +382 +00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230 +you know, among natural elements. Two things to + +383 +00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150 +focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a + +384 +00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710 +particular individual view of the world. And this + +385 +00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690 +individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's + +386 +00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390 +no longer collective. You know the collective + +387 +00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470 +idea? of we must praise God, every individual is + +388 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890 +free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long + +389 +00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630 +as you're following your pure and innocent nature, + +390 +00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020 +your purity, your original pure status. And in his + +391 +00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080 +poetry, we'll see, for example, how this + +392 +00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280 +influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities. + +393 +00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480 +Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the + +394 +00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020 +order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is + +395 +00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100 +a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature + +396 +00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340 +contrasts the order and control of the Augustans. + +397 +00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120 +Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like + +398 +00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080 +Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the + +399 +00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880 +neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit + +400 +00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720 +for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of + +401 +00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140 +symbolism. + +402 +00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520 +What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you + +403 +00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510 +define it? When you use something, to refer to + +404 +00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970 +something else. To inspire a particular idea of + +405 +00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850 +something else. Like how a rose inspires, + +406 +00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590 +symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some + +407 +00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910 +of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to + +408 +00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690 +understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his + +409 +00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510 +symbols are really very personal and not easy to + +410 +00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030 +understand. It doesn't mean like we can't + +411 +00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450 +understand it. It means we can't agree what it + +412 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590 +means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two + +41 + +445 +00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590 +experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's + +446 +00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590 +about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols, + +447 +00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430 +especially in his late poems, are really, again, I + +448 +00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610 +don't want to say complex or difficult to + +449 +00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310 +understand, but they don't easily reveal what they + +450 +00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450 +indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem + +451 +00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230 +and we could have ended up with 10 + +452 +00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070 +interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to? + +453 +00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660 +It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's + +454 +00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460 +very personal. He uses symbols for the first time + +455 +00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600 +that no one else has used them before. Two + +456 +00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240 +examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the + +457 +00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380 +lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In + +458 +00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640 +Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know, + +459 +00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840 +Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we + +460 +00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850 +are like, the people are like the lambs. Little + +461 +00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330 +lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult + +462 +00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930 +words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but + +463 +00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430 +it's also for us because it addresses this state + +464 +00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630 +of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down? + +465 +00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370 +Who created + +466 +00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760 +you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of + +467 +00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580 +the. We have never seen a repetition of the same + +468 +00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260 +word in the previous poetry. Because I think in, + +469 +00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960 +I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you + +470 +00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560 +have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the + +471 +00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900 +end of the line, unless you count like seven + +472 +00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620 +lines. So you say, you can't + +473 +00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560 +repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines + +474 +00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100 +and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before + +475 +00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360 +that, it's a sign of weakness. In English, + +476 +00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200 +definitely there's something similar here. But + +477 +00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320 +here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And + +478 +00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760 +this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much + +479 +00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740 +about the sophistication of the rules as long as + +480 +00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740 +this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a + +481 +00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240 +poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life. + +482 +00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820 +This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust + +483 +00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030 +down, who made the... Even the language, even the + +484 +00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350 +tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very + +485 +00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570 +innocent in. However, when he talks about the + +486 +00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710 +tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read? + +487 +00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990 +Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest + +488 +00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950 +of the night. What immortal hand or eye could + +489 +00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630 +frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone + +490 +00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570 +else, thank you. Hin, please. + +491 +00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750 +Not immoral, + +492 +00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470 +immortal. + +493 +00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370 +Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry. + +494 +00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160 +Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than + +495 +00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730 +this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's + +496 +00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070 +like saying little lamb who made thee but this is + +497 +00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870 +a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go + +498 +00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150 +on very + +499 +00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150 +good + +500 +00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210 +so i think it's more like this tiger look at the + +501 +00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630 +old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the + +502 +00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000 +forest of the night What immortal hand or eye + +503 +00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420 +could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word + +504 +00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940 +fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn + +505 +00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060 +it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the + +506 +00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820 +burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration. + +507 +00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090 +Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the + +508 +00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370 +atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from + +509 +00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430 +innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the + +510 +00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570 +darkness, the complexity, the experience of the + +511 +00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530 +tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count + +512 +00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110 +the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four, + +513 +00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570 +five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One, + +514 +00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430 +two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One, + +515 +00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550 +two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting. + +516 +00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry. + +517 +00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570 +Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three. + +518 +00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870 +Symmetry. + +519 +00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560 +Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a + +520 +00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580 +schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it + +521 +00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480 +symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same + +522 +00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860 +thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A, + +523 +00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760 +A. I think + +524 +00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260 +it's B, B. But it is imperfect. + +525 +00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780 +Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there + +526 +00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680 +is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry, + +527 +00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220 +in literature in general, poetry in particular, + +528 +00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100 +the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an + +529 +00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880 +idea where he or she creates something called + +530 +00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610 +tension. You know tension, something that doesn't + +531 +00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490 +fit, something that is different, something that + +532 +00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950 +doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules. + +533 +00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510 +Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why + +534 +00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990 +did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have + +535 +00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090 +A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect + +536 +00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370 +rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the + +537 +00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730 +poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone + +538 +00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850 +tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra + +539 +00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060 +syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here? + +540 +00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720 +There is always a reason. + +541 +00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260 +Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going + +542 +00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540 +on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count + +543 +00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880 +the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely + +544 +00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160 +can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes, + +545 +00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900 +more. Why? The question is again, why is there an + +546 +00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380 +extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here, + +547 +00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580 +Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's + +548 +00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660 +not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't + +549 +00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140 +break the rules because he wants to break the + +550 +00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160 +rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to + +551 +00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740 +tell us something. What is he telling us? That's + +552 +00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220 +my question, in a way or another. How? + +553 +00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990 +What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion? + +554 +00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590 +Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature. + +555 +00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290 +The dark side of nature. What else? The forest. + +556 +00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310 +The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look. + +557 +00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470 +When you go home today, Google image pictures of + +558 +00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050 +tigers. And look at them. They're really + +559 +00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730 +fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything + +560 +00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670 +is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you + +561 +00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750 +look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It + +562 +00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490 +creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the + +563 +00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090 +tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution. + +564 +00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380 +or the machines, or the factories, or the city + +565 +00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860 +itself. The city sounds... When you look at the + +566 +00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860 +city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city, + +567 +00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280 +but you are in a plane and you look down, they all + +568 +00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340 +sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why + +569 +00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820 +would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if + +570 +00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460 +you paid attention to this, the irony is the word + +571 +00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080 +symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in + +572 +00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560 +Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something + +573 +00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390 +perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not + +574 +00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870 +symmetrical. + +575 +00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510 +The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the + +576 +00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990 +poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it + +577 +00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430 +break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by + +578 +00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300 +the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The + +579 +00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760 +idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying + +580 +00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560 +that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial + +581 +00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400 +Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality, + +582 +00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980 +there is something missing. There is a problem + +583 +00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340 +here. There is something lacking here. This is the + +584 +00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540 +facade. This is just the appearance. But the + +585 +00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160 +essence and the reality, they are lacking. There + +586 +00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340 +is something missing here. How does he do it? by + +587 +00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120 +playing on the rules, playing on the number of + +588 +00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720 +syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the + +589 +00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500 +imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our + +590 +00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460 +friend William Blake. We actually have this one + +591 +00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340 +and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a + +592 +00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440 +poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush. + +593 +00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460 +The inverted commas, never forget the inverted + +594 +00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800 +commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the + +595 +00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560 +title of the poem. It's again and it's a very + +596 +00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480 +short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer + +597 +00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680 +a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no + +598 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860 +longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and + +599 +00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920 +a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read + +600 +00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320 +here, please? + +601 +00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680 +Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are + +602 +00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920 +many difficult words here? + +603 +00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600 +Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red + +604 +00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840 +or pink or something like red. I think other than + +605 +00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660 +this, if you don't know what howling is, and + +606 +00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220 +listen, think of yourself as a native speaker. + +607 +00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340 +Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know + +608 +00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680 +what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose, + +609 +00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400 +there's a personification here. Thou means you + +610 +00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340 +are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The + +611 +00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800 +invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the + +612 +00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320 +characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows, + +613 +00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120 +or the rows, because here he says the sick rose, + +614 +00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120 +here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A + +615 +00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460 +worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And + +616 +00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340 +secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The + +617 +00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620 +invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the + +618 +00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040 +storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah, + +619 +00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660 +the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy, + +620 +00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120 +the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his + +621 +00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880 +refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The + +622 +00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110 +one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick + +623 +00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770 +human being and also the worm is personified as a + +624 +00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690 +woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good, + +625 +00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310 +right? But this is not only secret, but also dark. + +626 +00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750 +It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night, + +627 +00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590 +in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly + +628 +00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190 +trying to take advantage of the rose, making it + +629 +00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390 +sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life, + +630 +00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090 +your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it + +631 +00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690 +about? What does the rose stand for? Can you + +632 +00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350 +guess? Okay, could be about how life was + +667 +00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810 +beautiful and how simple in its language. The + +668 +00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330 +features are there. Simplicity, subject matter, + +669 +00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130 +nature, imagination. + +670 +00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670 +The symbolism, I don't think this is complex. + +671 +00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590 +There are more complex than this. But yeah, there + +672 +00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810 +is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake. + +673 +00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750 +Individual. + +674 +00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110 +Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take + +675 +00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350 +this as how colonizers and imperialists, how + +676 +00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390 +occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy + +677 +00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330 +our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we + +678 +00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690 +care about you. Thank you. It could be many + +679 +00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010 +things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here, + +680 +00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990 +can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I + +681 +00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190 +think this is B but it's still not perfect because + +682 +00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130 +this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye + +683 +00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000 +secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one + +684 +00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180 +imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one, + +685 +00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100 +because the one is the imperfect that destroys + +686 +00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940 +this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in + +687 +00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480 +a way. If you count the, you're not required to do + +688 +00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160 +this, but it's really cool if you start counting + +689 +00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960 +the feet, how many feet we have, and the + +690 +00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760 +syllables, because in my opinion, there is + +691 +00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480 +something here. So if you say one, two, three, + +692 +00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660 +four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one, + +693 +00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900 +two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have + +694 +00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260 +to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful + +695 +00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210 +poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This + +696 +00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650 +is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You + +697 +00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410 +have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so + +698 +00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670 +you have four feet or eight feet in a way or + +699 +00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450 +another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel + +700 +00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610 +Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be + +701 +00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430 +pulling their hair. They would be acting angry + +702 +00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130 +like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have + +703 +00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590 +time for this poem, but we can do it next class. + +704 +00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830 +Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if + +705 +00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490 +you have any questions, do ask. diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e172b0f68c5880867147721c5ea554e05194ec7a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2820 @@ +1 +00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290 +Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome + +2 +00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610 +back to our hopefully beautiful journey into + +3 +00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470 +English literature. Today we move, finally we move + +4 +00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370 +from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism + +5 +00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750 +and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of + +6 +00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010 +the most interesting, one of the most fascinating + +7 +00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710 +literary movements in England. but also in Europe. + +8 +00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130 +But our focus is English literature, so we're + +9 +00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770 +going to be focusing on the romantic poets or + +10 +00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070 +romanticism or romantic literature in England. So + +11 +00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170 +far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many + +12 +00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580 +ways. We've seen how, for example, that men + +13 +00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640 +dominate poetry. Not because there's something + +14 +00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120 +wrong with women, but because the way the society + +15 +00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340 +was treating men and women, we have something + +16 +00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040 +different here. We've seen how, for example, in + +17 +00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120 +the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those + +18 +00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940 +great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other + +19 +00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700 +poets even like Milton, how they preferred to + +20 +00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600 +follow a particular etiquette, a particular + +21 +00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140 +decorum, particular rules in order to write + +22 +00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430 +particular types of poetry? Before these people + +23 +00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590 +were preaching what is called the Rules of + +24 +00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690 +Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Poppe + +25 +00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310 +from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was + +26 +00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290 +saying that poetry has to be methodized because + +27 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030 +these rules were discovered from nature, and + +28 +00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410 +that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to + +29 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510 +imitate the great ancient poets in order to + +30 +00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450 +produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was + +31 +00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240 +writing different poetry. And we've seen how he + +32 +00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960 +was hated. He was negatively framed in so many + +33 +00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020 +ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were + +34 +00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340 +really fed up with the classical or neoclassical + +35 +00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320 +Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And + +36 +00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520 +this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic + +37 +00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480 +Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement + +38 +00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920 +that started in the late 18th century, actually + +39 +00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730 +beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we + +40 +00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530 +said this before about the 17th, 18th century, + +41 +00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390 +there were like so many changes taking place. In + +42 +00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030 +the 18th century, in a way or another, it was + +43 +00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030 +called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real + +44 +00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490 +change, radical change. In America, we have the + +45 +00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990 +American Revolution. In France, we have the French + +46 +00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870 +Revolution, in addition to the Industrial + +47 +00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110 +Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of + +48 +00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310 +life. But England did not like to change radically + +49 +00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760 +because After the Commonwealth and the + +50 +00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840 +restoration, they realized that stability is the + +51 +00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500 +best thing we could possibly have. However, some + +52 +00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100 +people said, okay, if we can't do political and + +53 +00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000 +social changes, real changes, at least we can do a + +54 +00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520 +revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is + +55 +00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280 +the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth + +56 +00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480 +and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings, + +57 +00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770 +go to more or less, again these dates are not + +58 +00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830 +clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French + +59 +00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070 +Revolution, the next day people wake up and they + +60 +00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030 +find themselves writing different poetry. It's + +61 +00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630 +gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So + +62 +00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190 +after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all + +63 +00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210 +across America and Europe, England had to do + +64 +00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670 +something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't + +65 +00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990 +do it in other areas. It was literature. And this + +66 +00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450 +is how I usually focus on this, how literature + +67 +00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660 +changes lives. how literature changes societies, + +68 +00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400 +how literature makes us different people, + +69 +00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220 +hopefully better people, affects us, how it + +70 +00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680 +influences us positively. And this is true because + +71 +00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480 +literature addresses the heart and the mind in a + +72 +00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480 +way or another. It's similar to watching a movie. + +73 +00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600 +Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry, + +74 +00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400 +you feel sorry for something or you decide to + +75 +00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880 +change something about your behavior. And this is + +76 +00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500 +the power of literature. So don't undermine the + +77 +00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400 +fact that It was only a revolution in literature + +78 +00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220 +in England. So we speak about the two major + +79 +00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900 +romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend, + +80 +00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440 +his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and + +81 +00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540 +critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and + +82 +00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120 +Coleridge. Together, they published a book they + +83 +00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490 +called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the + +84 +00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670 +lyrical palace. And they were writing totally + +85 +00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630 +radically different poetry from the Augustan + +86 +00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470 +poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules. + +87 +00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670 +The satire where poetry was basically an elite + +88 +00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450 +subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated + +89 +00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150 +language, and it's generally about the court life, + +90 +00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490 +about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here, + +91 +00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110 +everything changed. We'll talk about this in more + +92 +00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630 +details today and in the coming classes. When they + +93 +00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270 +published this book, many people wanted to read + +94 +00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900 +it, and they sold out. So they had to work on + +95 +00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800 +another edition and they added a preface. You know + +96 +00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060 +preface? An introduction to the second edition. + +97 +00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550 +And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic + +98 +00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790 +we know, where the introduction could be more + +99 +00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050 +significant than the book itself in many ways. + +100 +00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550 +Here the preface is so significant because William + +101 +00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810 +Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or + +102 +00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410 +another, they defined poetry. They gave us a + +103 +00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810 +different definition of poetry. And they told us + +104 +00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410 +poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about + +105 +00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620 +this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same + +106 +00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260 +book was republished, but there was an extra + +107 +00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220 +preface, introduction in which they defined poetry + +108 +00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380 +and they told the people what they were doing. The + +109 +00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160 +tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now + +110 +00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740 +one significant point. is the comparison between + +111 +00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480 +the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the + +112 +00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360 +Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the + +113 +00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700 +Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden, + +114 +00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460 +think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander + +115 +00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680 +Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of + +116 +00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240 +decorum, the subject matter that has to be a + +117 +00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570 +particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics + +118 +00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810 +were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age. + +119 +00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950 +This is true. But we have to be careful, again. + +120 +00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770 +This is true, but we need to be careful because we + +121 +00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370 +don't want to give the impression that the + +122 +00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and + +123 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810 +contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own + +124 +00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090 +idea of what poetry means. So what did they + +125 +00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030 +change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past, + +126 +00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450 +poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak + +127 +00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830 +about an important issue in the society using + +128 +00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050 +important, highly sophisticated language. But now, + +129 +00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470 +for the romantics, poetry is an expression of + +130 +00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370 +feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of + +131 +00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390 +the definition, the overflow of emotions, of + +132 +00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750 +powerful emotions. + +133 +00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130 +It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion. + +134 +00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890 +In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you + +135 +00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670 +write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm + +136 +00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640 +writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not + +137 +00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380 +writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to + +138 +00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260 +justify the means of God to man or something. I'm + +139 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460 +not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is + +140 +00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060 +methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature. + +141 +00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860 +I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little + +142 +00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080 +learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing + +143 +00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880 +poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry? + +144 +00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280 +Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and + +145 +00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830 +revolutionary and different. So why would you + +146 +00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050 +write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't + +147 +00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630 +mean that they didn't care about the audience. + +148 +00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930 +They did. But more significant than teaching and + +149 +00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690 +delighting first is to express yourself as an + +150 +00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870 +individual. As an individual. So what is poetry? + +151 +00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310 +It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing + +152 +00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010 +powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of + +153 +00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350 +powerful emotions. + +154 +00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690 +What is the language of poetry? + +155 +00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170 +For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language, + +156 +00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150 +you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished, + +157 +00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470 +highly embellished language where you sometimes + +158 +00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390 +usually you need to check the dictionary to see + +159 +00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730 +what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the + +160 +00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030 +romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common + +161 +00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390 +Language, or the language of everyday man. + +162 +00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390 +What does it mean everyday man? Like the language + +163 +00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710 +we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no, + +164 +00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330 +not slang. General, I don't even want to say + +165 +00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570 +colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go + +166 +00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430 +for the difficult words. One simple thing, when + +167 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070 +students sometimes come to me and say, I want to + +168 +00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990 +write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how + +169 +00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630 +to write English poetry. I always tell them, try + +170 +00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440 +to read something by William Blake. Try to read + +171 +00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640 +these poems by William Wordsworth because + +172 +00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380 +sometimes you would read the whole poem and you + +173 +00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920 +don't even use the dictionary once because you + +174 +00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020 +know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very + +175 +00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620 +easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the + +176 +00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800 +difficult expressions, for the difficult language, + +177 +00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920 +the language that only people who go to + +178 +00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300 +university, they understand. It's a language that + +179 +00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840 +if you say it to anyone, They will understand. + +180 +00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540 +We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is + +181 +00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880 +different. The language of poetry is different. + +182 +00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180 +The subject matter in + +183 +00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740 +the past, remember, was about heroism, about God, + +184 +00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700 +about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy + +185 +00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720 +queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the + +186 +00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350 +subject matter has always been about generally + +187 +00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450 +courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love + +188 +00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610 +poetry about the king and the queen and even about + +189 +00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990 +Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly + +190 +00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630 +issues according to the Augustan definition like + +191 +00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370 +something of importance to the society as a whole. + +192 +00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320 +But now for the romantics they said no. I can't + +193 +00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140 +fix the whole society. I can't make one poem + +194 +00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640 +change the whole society. I can't change one + +195 +00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560 +person at a time. I can't change an individual at + +196 +00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000 +a time. So the subject matter is also taken from + +197 +00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:28,880 +common life. Simple and + +198 +00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:31,320 +generally about ordinary people. + +199 +00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:42,020 +Sometimes, The people take even the title of the + +200 +00:12:42,020 --> 00:12:45,560 +book, the poem. We'll find a poem called, for + +201 +00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:48,560 +example, Chimney Sweeper. Lucy Gray. Who's Lucy + +202 +00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:53,620 +Gray? Is she the queen? Is she a princess? She's a + +203 +00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:58,280 +poor little girl. A poem called Sick Rose. will + +204 +00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:03,120 +find a lot of nature. So basically, everything we + +205 +00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,260 +learned about the Augustans was changed. Poetry is + +206 +00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:12,800 +no longer written in order to please the king or + +207 +00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,320 +the court or important, highly educated people. + +208 +00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:18,100 +It's to please, to address, to communicate + +209 +00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:22,070 +internal powerful emotions with the masses. with + +210 +00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:25,330 +the individuals, with the individuals. Simple + +211 +00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:29,510 +language, subject matters are taken from ordinary + +212 +00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,290 +life, from nature mainly. The romantics were + +213 +00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:34,970 +fascinated with nature. + +214 +00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:40,360 +I'll come back to this many times, especially when + +215 +00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:45,720 +I talk about William Wordsworth. So the general + +216 +00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,980 +features of the romantic poetry, these are very + +217 +00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:51,500 +significant. We have general features for the + +218 +00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,340 +whole school, and we have each individual poet has + +219 +00:13:55,340 --> 00:14:00,120 +extra particular features. We'll see William Blake + +220 +00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:03,000 +in a bit. So the romantics, number one, they use + +221 +00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:08,520 +simple language. And then also simple subject + +222 +00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,320 +matter from common life, common daily life. For + +223 +00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980 +example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray. + +224 +00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140 +Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's + +225 +00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060 +an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper, + +226 +00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130 +little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does + +227 +00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590 +this mean? When you change the language, when you + +228 +00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130 +break the rules of decorum, you are certainly + +229 +00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590 +employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken + +230 +00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390 +John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke + +231 +00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210 +the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many + +232 +00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450 +things. But there are different issues. Those + +233 +00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590 +people were focusing more on feelings, emotions, + +234 +00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990 +powerful emotions, personal individual + +235 +00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770 +experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not + +236 +00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030 +in this particular way. And those people were + +237 +00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590 +fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So + +238 +00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330 +like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more + +239 +00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230 +important than the rule. And that's why we'll see + +240 +00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570 +new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short + +241 +00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510 +lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here + +242 +00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450 +or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne, + +243 +00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860 +they would follow the rules unless The rule is + +244 +00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660 +hindering, is not helping the message, so they + +245 +00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760 +break the rule of the Koran. How did the + +246 +00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620 +mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran? + +247 +00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500 +That's a very interesting question. When John + +248 +00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680 +Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of + +249 +00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260 +the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism. + +250 +00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860 +People were writing poetry imitating horrors of + +251 +00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400 +people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So + +252 +00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300 +many people criticized him. But here this came, + +253 +00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800 +this movement naturally came at the end of an era + +254 +00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800 +where people in a way or another were tired of the + +255 +00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420 +same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry + +256 +00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740 +about the same subject matters. People wanted + +257 +00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860 +change, wanted things to be different. And now the + +258 +00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740 +romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people + +259 +00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920 +were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this. + +260 +00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340 +especially after the giants were no longer around. + +261 +00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940 +Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was + +262 +00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480 +dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes + +263 +00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580 +you're lucky to be born in a particular age. + +264 +00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310 +Okay, so important features here. And then for the + +265 +00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150 +romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions, + +266 +00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690 +the feelings. They care more about particular + +267 +00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170 +feelings rather than the mind and the intellect + +268 +00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750 +and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called + +269 +00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130 +the age of reason, where the mind is more + +270 +00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630 +important, more significant. The heart was + +271 +00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610 +dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is + +272 +00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640 +dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the + +273 +00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800 +power of imagination, feelings and imagination are + +274 +00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600 +above reason and intellect. They were encouraging + +275 +00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140 +individual people to just depend, rely, express + +276 +00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080 +themselves, their feelings, rely more on their + +277 +00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150 +hearts, just release and free their imaginations. + +278 +00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330 +In the past, you didn't have the freedom to + +279 +00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210 +express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if + +280 +00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770 +you want to depend on imagination and feelings, + +281 +00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590 +naturally, you will break the rules, because + +282 +00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410 +sometimes the rules would limit your imagination, + +283 +00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970 +right? When I tell you, for example, write me a + +284 +00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830 +Shakespearean sonnet about a particular + +285 +00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450 +experience, you will find yourself tied up. But + +286 +00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150 +here, the experience, the feelings are more + +287 +00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450 +important. So you break the rules in order to fit + +288 +00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210 +your feelings. And nature was the source of + +289 +00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570 +inspiration. Those people hated the city very + +290 +00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470 +much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be + +291 +00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110 +anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They + +292 +00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230 +hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like + +293 +00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290 +the city. They hated the city, but in principle, + +294 +00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150 +Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so + +295 +00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430 +he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and + +296 +00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310 +enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When + +297 +00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450 +we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside + +298 +00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890 +symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity, + +299 +00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510 +innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and + +300 +00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890 +Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we + +301 +00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810 +have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of + +302 +00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070 +people from the countryside and the villages to + +303 +00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510 +work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if + +304 +00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070 +I go to the city, to London, to work in the town, + +305 +00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530 +in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I + +306 +00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710 +will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll + +307 +00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770 +improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving + +308 +00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940 +in masses. But they ended up being slaves to + +309 +00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320 +capitalism, to factories. And the factories were + +310 +00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720 +polluting everything. London was one of the most + +311 +00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640 +polluted cities in the world. There was + +312 +00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280 +corruption, there was poverty, there was death, + +313 +00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820 +there was disease. Only very few people, the + +314 +00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700 +owners, the rich people were getting richer, but + +315 +00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480 +the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary + +316 +00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500 +people would only take the bare minimum just to + +317 +00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460 +keep themselves alive so that they can work. And + +318 +00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020 +this destroyed the relationships in the society. + +319 +00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120 +It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer + +320 +00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600 +a human being. You are no longer a name, a person + +321 +00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860 +with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are + +322 +00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300 +part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK, + +323 +00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940 +nature is our mother. Let's go back to our + +324 +00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380 +innocence and purity. And this is, by the way, + +325 +00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260 +criticized by many people. If there's a problem in + +326 +00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420 +your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you + +327 +00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080 +escape? What do you do if there are a lot of + +328 +00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360 +problems in your society? You either face them or + +329 +00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820 +you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with + +330 +00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380 +them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of + +331 +00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640 +them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They, + +332 +00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160 +that's why some people call them escapists. You + +333 +00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540 +know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped. + +334 +00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260 +When you escape here, it's just you don't want to + +335 +00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420 +deal with the problems at all. + +336 +00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580 +So they are escapists, many of them. They just + +337 +00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080 +want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't + +338 +00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630 +think this is accurate because Poetry itself is + +339 +00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470 +change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you + +340 +00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610 +change individuals and people's ways of life and + +341 +00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530 +thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life. + +342 +00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330 +So the city was a source of corruption and vices + +343 +00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890 +and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source + +344 +00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330 +of innocence and inspiration. In the past, + +345 +00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210 +remember all the texts we read before this was + +346 +00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690 +about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to + +347 +00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690 +be seen because they were supposed to be + +348 +00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710 +controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But + +349 +00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950 +for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth + +350 +00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190 +says the child is the father of man. The child is + +351 +00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870 +the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why? + +352 +00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150 +Is the child the father of man in real life? In + +353 +00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490 +real life, no, literally. But how can, + +354 +00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030 +metaphorically speaking, the child be the father + +355 +00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690 +of man? Please. + +356 +00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070 +Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood + +357 +00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510 +influences the way we grow up, defines us as we + +358 +00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170 +grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what + +359 +00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810 +else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from + +360 +00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110 +the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine + +361 +00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170 +was telling me some time ago that he only really + +362 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150 +started appreciating his parents when he had kids. + +363 +00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470 +He then realized that because kids teach us to be + +364 +00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870 +selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard. + +365 +00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520 +In many ways. So childhood was significant and a + +366 +00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240 +source of inspiration. So this is basically the + +367 +00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240 +major features. We'll come to them again and + +368 +00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380 +again, especially when we talk about individual + +369 +00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640 +poets. Any question before we move to William + +370 +00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120 +Blake? + +371 +00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260 +Everything is new, different type of language, + +372 +00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600 +subject matters, structures, poetic forms, + +373 +00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760 +inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature. + +374 +00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380 +Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is + +375 +00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480 +William Blake. Many people describe William Blake + +376 +00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750 +as a pre-romantic. because he was writing poetry + +377 +00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710 +this way before even William Wadsworth and Samuel + +378 +00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350 +Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in + +379 +00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650 +London and he lived in London, and this will see + +380 +00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490 +the difference between him and the other poets who + +381 +00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970 +went to the countryside to live in the village, + +382 +00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230 +you know, among natural elements. Two things to + +383 +00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150 +focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a + +384 +00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710 +particular individual view of the world. And this + +385 +00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690 +individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's + +386 +00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390 +no longer collective. You know the collective + +387 +00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470 +idea? of we must praise God, every individual is + +388 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890 +free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long + +389 +00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630 +as you're following your pure and innocent nature, + +390 +00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020 +your purity, your original pure status. And in his + +391 +00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080 +poetry, we'll see, for example, how this + +392 +00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280 +influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities. + +393 +00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480 +Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the + +394 +00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020 +order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is + +395 +00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100 +a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature + +396 +00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340 +contrasts the order and control of the Augustans. + +397 +00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120 +Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like + +398 +00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080 +Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the + +399 +00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880 +neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit + +400 +00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720 +for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of + +401 +00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140 +symbolism. + +402 +00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520 +What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you + +403 +00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510 +define it? When you use something, To refer to + +404 +00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970 +something else. To inspire a particular idea of + +405 +00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850 +something else. Like how a rose inspires, + +406 +00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590 +symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some + +407 +00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910 +of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to + +408 +00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690 +understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his + +409 +00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510 +symbols are really very personal and not easy to + +410 +00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030 +understand. It doesn't mean like we can't + +411 +00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450 +understand it. It means we can't agree what it + +412 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590 +means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two + +413 +00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:17,930 +collections. The first one is called Songs of + +414 +00:26:17,930 --> 00:26:22,870 +Innocence. Songs of Innocence. Even the name + +415 +00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:26,950 +suggests purity and innocence. And the other one + +416 +00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:29,910 +is Songs of Experience. Experience doesn't + +417 +00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:31,810 +necessarily mean like when you work and have a job + +418 +00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:33,650 +and work for two, three, five years and then you + +419 +00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:35,770 +have a lot of experience. Here it means the + +420 +00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:39,150 +opposite of innocence. It's like corruption in a + +421 +00:26:39,150 --> 00:26:43,610 +way. So most of his poems, you will have the poem + +422 +00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:48,450 +and its contrast, a state of innocence when you + +423 +00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,630 +are pure, when you are good, when you are a child. + +424 +00:26:51,330 --> 00:26:54,270 +But for him, innocence is not necessarily for + +425 +00:26:54,270 --> 00:26:58,110 +children. But most children are almost always + +426 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:02,240 +innocent. You can grow up. keeping and protecting + +427 +00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760 +this state of innocence, and you are still + +428 +00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,500 +innocent. But some people will be corrupted by + +429 +00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,720 +life, by society, by the city. And he exposes this + +430 +00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:17,760 +in the songs of experience. Songs of experience. + +431 +00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:22,320 +Let's see the examples here. So this is taking us + +432 +00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:23,500 +back to the symbolism issue. + +433 +00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:29,450 +So, generally, two types of symbols for William + +434 +00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:33,030 +Blake. What are they? Number one, simple, direct + +435 +00:27:33,030 --> 00:27:39,590 +symbols. Simple and? Simple. And direct. Like, you + +436 +00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:43,050 +can see where he's going. Like, for example, he + +437 +00:27:43,050 --> 00:27:47,110 +uses the lamb. You know the little lamb? The lamb? + +438 +00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:51,890 +Yes. Silent B here? Lamb, silent B? Yes, lamb. The + +439 +00:27:51,890 --> 00:27:54,630 +lamb, the little lamb, the little sheep. Yes. What + +440 +00:27:54,630 --> 00:27:55,390 +does it symbolize? + +441 +00:27:59,090 --> 00:28:04,690 +Innocence, purity, simple life, simplicity, right? + +442 +00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:10,970 +But what if the poem is tiger? It's going to be + +443 +00:28:10,970 --> 00:28:16,270 +more. It's about more than simplicity and + +444 +00:28:16,270 --> 00:28:18,070 +innocence. It's about complexity. It's about + +445 +00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590 +experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's + +446 +00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590 +about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols, + +447 +00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430 +especially in his late poems, are really, again, I + +448 +00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610 +don't want to say complex or difficult to + +449 +00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310 +understand, but they don't easily reveal what they + +450 +00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450 +indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem + +451 +00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230 +and we could have ended up with 10 + +452 +00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070 +interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to? + +453 +00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660 +It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's + +454 +00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460 +very personal. He uses symbols for the first time + +455 +00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600 +that no one else has used them before. Two + +456 +00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240 +examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the + +457 +00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380 +lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In + +458 +00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640 +Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know, + +459 +00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840 +Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we + +460 +00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850 +are like, the people are like the lambs. Little + +461 +00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330 +lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult + +462 +00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930 +words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but + +463 +00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430 +it's also for us because it addresses this state + +464 +00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630 +of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down? + +465 +00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370 +Who created + +466 +00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760 +you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of + +467 +00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580 +the. We have never seen a repetition of the same + +468 +00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260 +word in the previous poetry. Because I think in, + +469 +00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960 +I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you + +470 +00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560 +have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the + +471 +00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900 +end of the line, unless you count like seven + +472 +00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620 +lines. So you say, you can't + +473 +00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560 +repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines + +474 +00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100 +and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before + +475 +00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360 +that, it's a sign of weakness. In English, + +476 +00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200 +definitely there's something similar here. But + +477 +00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320 +here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And + +478 +00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760 +this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much + +479 +00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740 +about the sophistication of the rules as long as + +480 +00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740 +this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a + +481 +00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240 +poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life. + +482 +00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820 +This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust + +483 +00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030 +down, who made the... Even the language, even the + +484 +00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350 +tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very + +485 +00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570 +innocent in. However, when he talks about the + +486 +00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710 +tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read? + +487 +00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990 +Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest + +488 +00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950 +of the night. What immortal hand or eye could + +489 +00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630 +frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone + +490 +00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570 +else, thank you. Hin, please. + +491 +00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750 +Not immoral, + +492 +00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470 +immortal. + +493 +00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370 +Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry. + +494 +00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160 +Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than + +495 +00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730 +this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's + +496 +00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070 +like saying little lamb who made thee but this is + +497 +00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870 +a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go + +498 +00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150 +on very + +499 +00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150 +good + +500 +00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210 +so i think it's more like this tiger look at the + +501 +00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630 +old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the + +502 +00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000 +forest of the night What immortal hand or eye + +503 +00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420 +could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word + +504 +00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940 +fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn + +505 +00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060 +it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the + +506 +00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820 +burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration. + +507 +00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090 +Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the + +508 +00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370 +atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from + +509 +00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430 +innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the + +510 +00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570 +darkness, the complexity, the experience of the + +511 +00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530 +tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count + +512 +00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110 +the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four, + +513 +00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570 +five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One, + +514 +00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430 +two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One, + +515 +00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550 +two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting. + +516 +00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry. + +517 +00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570 +Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three. + +518 +00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870 +Symmetry. + +519 +00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560 +Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a + +520 +00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580 +schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it + +521 +00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480 +symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same + +522 +00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860 +thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A, + +523 +00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760 +A. I think + +524 +00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260 +it's B, B. But it is imperfect. + +525 +00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780 +Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there + +526 +00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680 +is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry, + +527 +00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220 +in literature in general, poetry in particular, + +528 +00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100 +the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an + +529 +00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880 +idea where he or she creates something called + +530 +00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610 +tension. You know tension, something that doesn't + +531 +00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490 +fit, something that is different, something that + +532 +00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950 +doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules. + +533 +00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510 +Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why + +534 +00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990 +did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have + +535 +00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090 +A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect + +536 +00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370 +rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the + +537 +00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730 +poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone + +538 +00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850 +tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra + +539 +00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060 +syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here? + +540 +00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720 +There is always a reason. + +541 +00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260 +Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going + +542 +00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540 +on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count + +543 +00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880 +the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely + +544 +00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160 +can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes, + +545 +00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900 +more. Why? The question is again, why is there an + +546 +00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380 +extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here, + +547 +00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580 +Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's + +548 +00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660 +not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't + +549 +00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140 +break the rules because he wants to break the + +550 +00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160 +rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to + +551 +00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740 +tell us something. What is he telling us? That's + +552 +00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220 +my question, in a way or another. How? + +553 +00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990 +What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion? + +554 +00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590 +Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature. + +555 +00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290 +The dark side of nature. What else? The forest. + +556 +00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310 +The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look. + +557 +00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470 +When you go home today, Google image pictures of + +558 +00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050 +tigers. And look at them. They're really + +559 +00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730 +fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything + +560 +00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670 +is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you + +561 +00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750 +look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It + +562 +00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490 +creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the + +563 +00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090 +tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution. + +564 +00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380 +or the machines, or the factories, or the city + +565 +00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860 +itself. The city sounds... When you look at the + +566 +00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860 +city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city, + +567 +00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280 +but you are in a plane and you look down, they all + +568 +00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340 +sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why + +569 +00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820 +would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if + +570 +00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460 +you paid attention to this, the irony is the word + +571 +00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080 +symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in + +572 +00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560 +Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something + +573 +00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390 +perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not + +574 +00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870 +symmetrical. + +575 +00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510 +The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the + +576 +00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990 +poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it + +577 +00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430 +break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by + +578 +00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300 +the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The + +579 +00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760 +idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying + +580 +00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560 +that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial + +581 +00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400 +Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality, + +582 +00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980 +there is something missing. There is a problem + +583 +00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340 +here. There is something lacking here. This is the + +584 +00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540 +facade. This is just the appearance. But the + +585 +00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160 +essence and the reality, they are lacking. There + +586 +00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340 +is something missing here. How does he do it? by + +587 +00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120 +playing on the rules, playing on the number of + +588 +00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720 +syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the + +589 +00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500 +imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our + +590 +00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460 +friend William Blake. We actually have this one + +591 +00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340 +and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a + +592 +00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440 +poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush. + +593 +00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460 +The inverted commas, never forget the inverted + +594 +00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800 +commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the + +595 +00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560 +title of the poem. It's again and it's a very + +596 +00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480 +short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer + +597 +00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680 +a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no + +598 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860 +longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and + +599 +00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920 +a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read + +600 +00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320 +here, please? + +601 +00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680 +Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are + +602 +00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920 +many difficult words here? + +603 +00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600 +Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red + +604 +00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840 +or pink or something like red. I think other than + +605 +00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660 +this, if you don't know what howling is, and + +606 +00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220 +listen, think of yourself as a native speaker. + +607 +00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340 +Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know + +608 +00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680 +what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose, + +609 +00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400 +there's a personification here. Thou means you + +610 +00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340 +are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The + +611 +00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800 +invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the + +612 +00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320 +characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows, + +613 +00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120 +or the rows, because here he says the sick rose, + +614 +00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120 +here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A + +615 +00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460 +worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And + +616 +00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340 +secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The + +617 +00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620 +invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the + +618 +00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040 +storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah, + +619 +00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660 +the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy, + +620 +00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120 +the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his + +621 +00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880 +refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The + +622 +00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110 +one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick + +623 +00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770 +human being and also the worm is personified as a + +624 +00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690 +woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good, + +625 +00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310 +right? But this is not only secret, but also dark. + +626 +00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750 +It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night, + +627 +00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590 +in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly + +628 +00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190 +trying to take advantage of the rose, making it + +629 +00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390 +sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life, + +630 +00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090 +your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it + +631 +00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690 +about? What does the rose stand for? Can you + +632 +00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350 +guess? Okay, could be about how life was destroyed + +633 +00:41:50,350 --> 00:41:53,950 +by the industrial revolution, by the city, the + +634 +00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:54,750 +corruption. + +635 +00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:01,790 +Could be. So life was good, was pure, innocent + +636 +00:42:01,790 --> 00:42:05,730 +until Capitalism and Industrial Revolution. Yes. + +637 +00:42:08,090 --> 00:42:13,390 +Thank you very much. This could be a symbol of + +638 +00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:16,210 +women. It could, by the way, it could be a + +639 +00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:20,150 +particular woman. He knows. Or all women + +640 +00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:22,190 +destroyed. What could be about childhood? + +641 +00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:25,710 +Children. How children are destroyed by life, by + +642 +00:42:25,710 --> 00:42:30,310 +parents, by corruption. Or it could be about a + +643 +00:42:30,310 --> 00:42:33,010 +simple rose. It could be about nature. + +644 +00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:38,670 +One of your friends in another group was saying + +645 +00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:42,730 +that this could also be about women nowadays, + +646 +00:42:42,890 --> 00:42:47,120 +today. I said, how? He said, there are many people + +647 +00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,440 +on Facebook, many guys, many dudes, who just go on + +648 +00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:52,580 +Facebook and try to stalk particular girls and + +649 +00:42:52,580 --> 00:42:55,520 +tell her, deceive her, trick her, oh, I like you, + +650 +00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,520 +I love you, something, and then they destroy her + +651 +00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,940 +life. And then they just disappear. I was like, + +652 +00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:05,000 +hmm, interesting. I'm sure William Blake did not + +653 +00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:10,460 +mean this. But as readers here, we can see this + +654 +00:43:10,460 --> 00:43:14,200 +idea in this poem. In my opinion, this poem is + +655 +00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,420 +about everything you said. And it's about the + +656 +00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:20,000 +power of imagination. Remember when we read + +657 +00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,470 +Alexander Pope? The poem was about one thing, + +658 +00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:26,850 +satire. Remember? We had one meaning, one idea, + +659 +00:43:26,930 --> 00:43:29,850 +one interpretation. Don't feel sad for this if a + +660 +00:43:29,850 --> 00:43:33,030 +poem has several interpretations. Because as a + +661 +00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:36,410 +reader or in your exam, you only need to pick one + +662 +00:43:36,410 --> 00:43:38,470 +idea. If you tell me in your exam that I think + +663 +00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:40,390 +this symbolizes nature and you explain it, it's + +664 +00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:42,370 +OK. It's correct. I think this symbolizes + +665 +00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:46,490 +childhood and loss of innocence. Yeah, show me how + +666 +00:43:46,490 --> 00:43:51,050 +in the text. But look at this poem and how + +667 +00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810 +beautiful and how simple in its language. The + +668 +00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330 +features are there. Simplicity, subject matter, + +669 +00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130 +nature, imagination. + +670 +00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670 +The symbolism, I don't think this is complex. + +671 +00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590 +There are more complex than this. But yeah, there + +672 +00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810 +is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake. + +673 +00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750 +Individual. + +674 +00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110 +Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take + +675 +00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350 +this as how colonizers and imperialists, how + +676 +00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390 +occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy + +677 +00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330 +our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we + +678 +00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690 +care about you. Thank you. It could be many + +679 +00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010 +things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here, + +680 +00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990 +can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I + +681 +00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190 +think this is B but it's still not perfect because + +682 +00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130 +this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye + +683 +00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000 +secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one + +684 +00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180 +imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one, + +685 +00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100 +because the one is the imperfect that destroys + +686 +00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940 +this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in + +687 +00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480 +a way. If you count the, you're not required to do + +688 +00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160 +this, but it's really cool if you start counting + +689 +00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960 +the feet, how many feet we have, and the + +690 +00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760 +syllables, because in my opinion, there is + +691 +00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480 +something here. So if you say one, two, three, + +692 +00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660 +four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one, + +693 +00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900 +two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have + +694 +00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260 +to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful + +695 +00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210 +poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This + +696 +00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650 +is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You + +697 +00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410 +have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so + +698 +00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670 +you have four feet or eight feet in a way or + +699 +00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450 +another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel + +700 +00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610 +Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be + +701 +00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430 +pulling their hair. They would be acting angry + +702 +00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130 +like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have + +703 +00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590 +time for this poem, but we can do it next class. + +704 +00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830 +Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if + +705 +00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490 +you have any questions, do ask. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e172b0f68c5880867147721c5ea554e05194ec7a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2820 @@ +1 +00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290 +Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome + +2 +00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610 +back to our hopefully beautiful journey into + +3 +00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470 +English literature. Today we move, finally we move + +4 +00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370 +from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism + +5 +00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750 +and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of + +6 +00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010 +the most interesting, one of the most fascinating + +7 +00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710 +literary movements in England. but also in Europe. + +8 +00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130 +But our focus is English literature, so we're + +9 +00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770 +going to be focusing on the romantic poets or + +10 +00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070 +romanticism or romantic literature in England. So + +11 +00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170 +far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many + +12 +00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580 +ways. We've seen how, for example, that men + +13 +00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640 +dominate poetry. Not because there's something + +14 +00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120 +wrong with women, but because the way the society + +15 +00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340 +was treating men and women, we have something + +16 +00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040 +different here. We've seen how, for example, in + +17 +00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120 +the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those + +18 +00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940 +great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other + +19 +00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700 +poets even like Milton, how they preferred to + +20 +00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600 +follow a particular etiquette, a particular + +21 +00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140 +decorum, particular rules in order to write + +22 +00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430 +particular types of poetry? Before these people + +23 +00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590 +were preaching what is called the Rules of + +24 +00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690 +Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Poppe + +25 +00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310 +from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was + +26 +00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290 +saying that poetry has to be methodized because + +27 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030 +these rules were discovered from nature, and + +28 +00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410 +that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to + +29 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510 +imitate the great ancient poets in order to + +30 +00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450 +produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was + +31 +00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240 +writing different poetry. And we've seen how he + +32 +00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960 +was hated. He was negatively framed in so many + +33 +00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020 +ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were + +34 +00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340 +really fed up with the classical or neoclassical + +35 +00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320 +Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And + +36 +00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520 +this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic + +37 +00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480 +Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement + +38 +00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920 +that started in the late 18th century, actually + +39 +00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730 +beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we + +40 +00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530 +said this before about the 17th, 18th century, + +41 +00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390 +there were like so many changes taking place. In + +42 +00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030 +the 18th century, in a way or another, it was + +43 +00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030 +called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real + +44 +00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490 +change, radical change. In America, we have the + +45 +00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990 +American Revolution. In France, we have the French + +46 +00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870 +Revolution, in addition to the Industrial + +47 +00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110 +Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of + +48 +00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310 +life. But England did not like to change radically + +49 +00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760 +because After the Commonwealth and the + +50 +00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840 +restoration, they realized that stability is the + +51 +00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500 +best thing we could possibly have. However, some + +52 +00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100 +people said, okay, if we can't do political and + +53 +00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000 +social changes, real changes, at least we can do a + +54 +00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520 +revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is + +55 +00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280 +the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth + +56 +00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480 +and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings, + +57 +00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770 +go to more or less, again these dates are not + +58 +00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830 +clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French + +59 +00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070 +Revolution, the next day people wake up and they + +60 +00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030 +find themselves writing different poetry. It's + +61 +00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630 +gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So + +62 +00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190 +after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all + +63 +00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210 +across America and Europe, England had to do + +64 +00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670 +something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't + +65 +00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990 +do it in other areas. It was literature. And this + +66 +00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450 +is how I usually focus on this, how literature + +67 +00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660 +changes lives. how literature changes societies, + +68 +00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400 +how literature makes us different people, + +69 +00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220 +hopefully better people, affects us, how it + +70 +00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680 +influences us positively. And this is true because + +71 +00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480 +literature addresses the heart and the mind in a + +72 +00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480 +way or another. It's similar to watching a movie. + +73 +00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600 +Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry, + +74 +00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400 +you feel sorry for something or you decide to + +75 +00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880 +change something about your behavior. And this is + +76 +00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500 +the power of literature. So don't undermine the + +77 +00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400 +fact that It was only a revolution in literature + +78 +00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220 +in England. So we speak about the two major + +79 +00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900 +romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend, + +80 +00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440 +his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and + +81 +00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540 +critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and + +82 +00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120 +Coleridge. Together, they published a book they + +83 +00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490 +called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the + +84 +00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670 +lyrical palace. And they were writing totally + +85 +00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630 +radically different poetry from the Augustan + +86 +00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470 +poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules. + +87 +00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670 +The satire where poetry was basically an elite + +88 +00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450 +subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated + +89 +00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150 +language, and it's generally about the court life, + +90 +00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490 +about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here, + +91 +00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110 +everything changed. We'll talk about this in more + +92 +00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630 +details today and in the coming classes. When they + +93 +00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270 +published this book, many people wanted to read + +94 +00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900 +it, and they sold out. So they had to work on + +95 +00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800 +another edition and they added a preface. You know + +96 +00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060 +preface? An introduction to the second edition. + +97 +00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550 +And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic + +98 +00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790 +we know, where the introduction could be more + +99 +00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050 +significant than the book itself in many ways. + +100 +00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550 +Here the preface is so significant because William + +101 +00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810 +Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or + +102 +00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410 +another, they defined poetry. They gave us a + +103 +00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810 +different definition of poetry. And they told us + +104 +00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410 +poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about + +105 +00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620 +this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same + +106 +00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260 +book was republished, but there was an extra + +107 +00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220 +preface, introduction in which they defined poetry + +108 +00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380 +and they told the people what they were doing. The + +109 +00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160 +tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now + +110 +00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740 +one significant point. is the comparison between + +111 +00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480 +the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the + +112 +00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360 +Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the + +113 +00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700 +Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden, + +114 +00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460 +think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander + +115 +00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680 +Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of + +116 +00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240 +decorum, the subject matter that has to be a + +117 +00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570 +particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics + +118 +00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810 +were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age. + +119 +00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950 +This is true. But we have to be careful, again. + +120 +00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770 +This is true, but we need to be careful because we + +121 +00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370 +don't want to give the impression that the + +122 +00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730 +romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and + +123 +00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810 +contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own + +124 +00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090 +idea of what poetry means. So what did they + +125 +00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030 +change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past, + +126 +00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450 +poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak + +127 +00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830 +about an important issue in the society using + +128 +00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050 +important, highly sophisticated language. But now, + +129 +00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470 +for the romantics, poetry is an expression of + +130 +00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370 +feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of + +131 +00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390 +the definition, the overflow of emotions, of + +132 +00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750 +powerful emotions. + +133 +00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130 +It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion. + +134 +00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890 +In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you + +135 +00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670 +write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm + +136 +00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640 +writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not + +137 +00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380 +writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to + +138 +00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260 +justify the means of God to man or something. I'm + +139 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460 +not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is + +140 +00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060 +methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature. + +141 +00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860 +I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little + +142 +00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080 +learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing + +143 +00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880 +poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry? + +144 +00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280 +Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and + +145 +00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830 +revolutionary and different. So why would you + +146 +00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050 +write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't + +147 +00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630 +mean that they didn't care about the audience. + +148 +00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930 +They did. But more significant than teaching and + +149 +00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690 +delighting first is to express yourself as an + +150 +00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870 +individual. As an individual. So what is poetry? + +151 +00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310 +It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing + +152 +00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010 +powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of + +153 +00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350 +powerful emotions. + +154 +00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690 +What is the language of poetry? + +155 +00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170 +For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language, + +156 +00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150 +you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished, + +157 +00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470 +highly embellished language where you sometimes + +158 +00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390 +usually you need to check the dictionary to see + +159 +00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730 +what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the + +160 +00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030 +romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common + +161 +00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390 +Language, or the language of everyday man. + +162 +00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390 +What does it mean everyday man? Like the language + +163 +00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710 +we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no, + +164 +00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330 +not slang. General, I don't even want to say + +165 +00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570 +colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go + +166 +00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430 +for the difficult words. One simple thing, when + +167 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070 +students sometimes come to me and say, I want to + +168 +00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990 +write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how + +169 +00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630 +to write English poetry. I always tell them, try + +170 +00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440 +to read something by William Blake. Try to read + +171 +00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640 +these poems by William Wordsworth because + +172 +00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380 +sometimes you would read the whole poem and you + +173 +00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920 +don't even use the dictionary once because you + +174 +00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020 +know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very + +175 +00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620 +easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the + +176 +00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800 +difficult expressions, for the difficult language, + +177 +00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920 +the language that only people who go to + +178 +00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300 +university, they understand. It's a language that + +179 +00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840 +if you say it to anyone, They will understand. + +180 +00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540 +We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is + +181 +00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880 +different. The language of poetry is different. + +182 +00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180 +The subject matter in + +183 +00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740 +the past, remember, was about heroism, about God, + +184 +00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700 +about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy + +185 +00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720 +queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the + +186 +00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350 +subject matter has always been about generally + +187 +00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450 +courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love + +188 +00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610 +poetry about the king and the queen and even about + +189 +00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990 +Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly + +190 +00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630 +issues according to the Augustan definition like + +191 +00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370 +something of importance to the society as a whole. + +192 +00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320 +But now for the romantics they said no. I can't + +193 +00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140 +fix the whole society. I can't make one poem + +194 +00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640 +change the whole society. I can't change one + +195 +00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560 +person at a time. I can't change an individual at + +196 +00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000 +a time. So the subject matter is also taken from + +197 +00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:28,880 +common life. Simple and + +198 +00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:31,320 +generally about ordinary people. + +199 +00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:42,020 +Sometimes, The people take even the title of the + +200 +00:12:42,020 --> 00:12:45,560 +book, the poem. We'll find a poem called, for + +201 +00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:48,560 +example, Chimney Sweeper. Lucy Gray. Who's Lucy + +202 +00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:53,620 +Gray? Is she the queen? Is she a princess? She's a + +203 +00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:58,280 +poor little girl. A poem called Sick Rose. will + +204 +00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:03,120 +find a lot of nature. So basically, everything we + +205 +00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,260 +learned about the Augustans was changed. Poetry is + +206 +00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:12,800 +no longer written in order to please the king or + +207 +00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,320 +the court or important, highly educated people. + +208 +00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:18,100 +It's to please, to address, to communicate + +209 +00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:22,070 +internal powerful emotions with the masses. with + +210 +00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:25,330 +the individuals, with the individuals. Simple + +211 +00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:29,510 +language, subject matters are taken from ordinary + +212 +00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,290 +life, from nature mainly. The romantics were + +213 +00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:34,970 +fascinated with nature. + +214 +00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:40,360 +I'll come back to this many times, especially when + +215 +00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:45,720 +I talk about William Wordsworth. So the general + +216 +00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,980 +features of the romantic poetry, these are very + +217 +00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:51,500 +significant. We have general features for the + +218 +00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,340 +whole school, and we have each individual poet has + +219 +00:13:55,340 --> 00:14:00,120 +extra particular features. We'll see William Blake + +220 +00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:03,000 +in a bit. So the romantics, number one, they use + +221 +00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:08,520 +simple language. And then also simple subject + +222 +00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,320 +matter from common life, common daily life. For + +223 +00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980 +example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray. + +224 +00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140 +Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's + +225 +00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060 +an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper, + +226 +00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130 +little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does + +227 +00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590 +this mean? When you change the language, when you + +228 +00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130 +break the rules of decorum, you are certainly + +229 +00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590 +employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken + +230 +00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390 +John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke + +231 +00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210 +the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many + +232 +00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450 +things. But there are different issues. Those + +233 +00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590 +people were focusing more on feelings, emotions, + +234 +00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990 +powerful emotions, personal individual + +235 +00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770 +experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not + +236 +00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030 +in this particular way. And those people were + +237 +00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590 +fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So + +238 +00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330 +like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more + +239 +00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230 +important than the rule. And that's why we'll see + +240 +00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570 +new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short + +241 +00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510 +lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here + +242 +00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450 +or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne, + +243 +00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860 +they would follow the rules unless The rule is + +244 +00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660 +hindering, is not helping the message, so they + +245 +00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760 +break the rule of the Koran. How did the + +246 +00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620 +mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran? + +247 +00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500 +That's a very interesting question. When John + +248 +00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680 +Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of + +249 +00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260 +the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism. + +250 +00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860 +People were writing poetry imitating horrors of + +251 +00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400 +people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So + +252 +00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300 +many people criticized him. But here this came, + +253 +00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800 +this movement naturally came at the end of an era + +254 +00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800 +where people in a way or another were tired of the + +255 +00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420 +same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry + +256 +00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740 +about the same subject matters. People wanted + +257 +00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860 +change, wanted things to be different. And now the + +258 +00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740 +romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people + +259 +00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920 +were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this. + +260 +00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340 +especially after the giants were no longer around. + +261 +00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940 +Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was + +262 +00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480 +dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes + +263 +00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580 +you're lucky to be born in a particular age. + +264 +00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310 +Okay, so important features here. And then for the + +265 +00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150 +romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions, + +266 +00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690 +the feelings. They care more about particular + +267 +00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170 +feelings rather than the mind and the intellect + +268 +00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750 +and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called + +269 +00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130 +the age of reason, where the mind is more + +270 +00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630 +important, more significant. The heart was + +271 +00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610 +dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is + +272 +00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640 +dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the + +273 +00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800 +power of imagination, feelings and imagination are + +274 +00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600 +above reason and intellect. They were encouraging + +275 +00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140 +individual people to just depend, rely, express + +276 +00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080 +themselves, their feelings, rely more on their + +277 +00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150 +hearts, just release and free their imaginations. + +278 +00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330 +In the past, you didn't have the freedom to + +279 +00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210 +express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if + +280 +00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770 +you want to depend on imagination and feelings, + +281 +00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590 +naturally, you will break the rules, because + +282 +00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410 +sometimes the rules would limit your imagination, + +283 +00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970 +right? When I tell you, for example, write me a + +284 +00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830 +Shakespearean sonnet about a particular + +285 +00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450 +experience, you will find yourself tied up. But + +286 +00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150 +here, the experience, the feelings are more + +287 +00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450 +important. So you break the rules in order to fit + +288 +00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210 +your feelings. And nature was the source of + +289 +00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570 +inspiration. Those people hated the city very + +290 +00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470 +much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be + +291 +00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110 +anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They + +292 +00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230 +hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like + +293 +00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290 +the city. They hated the city, but in principle, + +294 +00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150 +Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so + +295 +00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430 +he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and + +296 +00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310 +enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When + +297 +00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450 +we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside + +298 +00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890 +symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity, + +299 +00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510 +innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and + +300 +00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890 +Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we + +301 +00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810 +have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of + +302 +00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070 +people from the countryside and the villages to + +303 +00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510 +work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if + +304 +00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070 +I go to the city, to London, to work in the town, + +305 +00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530 +in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I + +306 +00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710 +will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll + +307 +00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770 +improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving + +308 +00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940 +in masses. But they ended up being slaves to + +309 +00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320 +capitalism, to factories. And the factories were + +310 +00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720 +polluting everything. London was one of the most + +311 +00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640 +polluted cities in the world. There was + +312 +00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280 +corruption, there was poverty, there was death, + +313 +00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820 +there was disease. Only very few people, the + +314 +00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700 +owners, the rich people were getting richer, but + +315 +00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480 +the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary + +316 +00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500 +people would only take the bare minimum just to + +317 +00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460 +keep themselves alive so that they can work. And + +318 +00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020 +this destroyed the relationships in the society. + +319 +00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120 +It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer + +320 +00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600 +a human being. You are no longer a name, a person + +321 +00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860 +with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are + +322 +00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300 +part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK, + +323 +00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940 +nature is our mother. Let's go back to our + +324 +00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380 +innocence and purity. And this is, by the way, + +325 +00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260 +criticized by many people. If there's a problem in + +326 +00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420 +your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you + +327 +00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080 +escape? What do you do if there are a lot of + +328 +00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360 +problems in your society? You either face them or + +329 +00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820 +you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with + +330 +00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380 +them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of + +331 +00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640 +them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They, + +332 +00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160 +that's why some people call them escapists. You + +333 +00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540 +know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped. + +334 +00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260 +When you escape here, it's just you don't want to + +335 +00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420 +deal with the problems at all. + +336 +00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580 +So they are escapists, many of them. They just + +337 +00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080 +want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't + +338 +00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630 +think this is accurate because Poetry itself is + +339 +00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470 +change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you + +340 +00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610 +change individuals and people's ways of life and + +341 +00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530 +thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life. + +342 +00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330 +So the city was a source of corruption and vices + +343 +00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890 +and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source + +344 +00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330 +of innocence and inspiration. In the past, + +345 +00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210 +remember all the texts we read before this was + +346 +00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690 +about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to + +347 +00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690 +be seen because they were supposed to be + +348 +00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710 +controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But + +349 +00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950 +for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth + +350 +00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190 +says the child is the father of man. The child is + +351 +00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870 +the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why? + +352 +00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150 +Is the child the father of man in real life? In + +353 +00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490 +real life, no, literally. But how can, + +354 +00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030 +metaphorically speaking, the child be the father + +355 +00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690 +of man? Please. + +356 +00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070 +Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood + +357 +00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510 +influences the way we grow up, defines us as we + +358 +00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170 +grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what + +359 +00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810 +else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from + +360 +00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110 +the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine + +361 +00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170 +was telling me some time ago that he only really + +362 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150 +started appreciating his parents when he had kids. + +363 +00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470 +He then realized that because kids teach us to be + +364 +00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870 +selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard. + +365 +00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520 +In many ways. So childhood was significant and a + +366 +00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240 +source of inspiration. So this is basically the + +367 +00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240 +major features. We'll come to them again and + +368 +00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380 +again, especially when we talk about individual + +369 +00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640 +poets. Any question before we move to William + +370 +00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120 +Blake? + +371 +00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260 +Everything is new, different type of language, + +372 +00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600 +subject matters, structures, poetic forms, + +373 +00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760 +inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature. + +374 +00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380 +Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is + +375 +00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480 +William Blake. Many people describe William Blake + +376 +00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750 +as a pre-romantic. because he was writing poetry + +377 +00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710 +this way before even William Wadsworth and Samuel + +378 +00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350 +Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in + +379 +00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650 +London and he lived in London, and this will see + +380 +00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490 +the difference between him and the other poets who + +381 +00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970 +went to the countryside to live in the village, + +382 +00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230 +you know, among natural elements. Two things to + +383 +00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150 +focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a + +384 +00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710 +particular individual view of the world. And this + +385 +00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690 +individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's + +386 +00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390 +no longer collective. You know the collective + +387 +00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470 +idea? of we must praise God, every individual is + +388 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890 +free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long + +389 +00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630 +as you're following your pure and innocent nature, + +390 +00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020 +your purity, your original pure status. And in his + +391 +00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080 +poetry, we'll see, for example, how this + +392 +00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280 +influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities. + +393 +00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480 +Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the + +394 +00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020 +order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is + +395 +00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100 +a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature + +396 +00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340 +contrasts the order and control of the Augustans. + +397 +00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120 +Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like + +398 +00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080 +Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the + +399 +00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880 +neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit + +400 +00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720 +for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of + +401 +00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140 +symbolism. + +402 +00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520 +What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you + +403 +00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510 +define it? When you use something, To refer to + +404 +00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970 +something else. To inspire a particular idea of + +405 +00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850 +something else. Like how a rose inspires, + +406 +00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590 +symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some + +407 +00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910 +of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to + +408 +00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690 +understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his + +409 +00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510 +symbols are really very personal and not easy to + +410 +00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030 +understand. It doesn't mean like we can't + +411 +00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450 +understand it. It means we can't agree what it + +412 +00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590 +means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two + +413 +00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:17,930 +collections. The first one is called Songs of + +414 +00:26:17,930 --> 00:26:22,870 +Innocence. Songs of Innocence. Even the name + +415 +00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:26,950 +suggests purity and innocence. And the other one + +416 +00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:29,910 +is Songs of Experience. Experience doesn't + +417 +00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:31,810 +necessarily mean like when you work and have a job + +418 +00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:33,650 +and work for two, three, five years and then you + +419 +00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:35,770 +have a lot of experience. Here it means the + +420 +00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:39,150 +opposite of innocence. It's like corruption in a + +421 +00:26:39,150 --> 00:26:43,610 +way. So most of his poems, you will have the poem + +422 +00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:48,450 +and its contrast, a state of innocence when you + +423 +00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,630 +are pure, when you are good, when you are a child. + +424 +00:26:51,330 --> 00:26:54,270 +But for him, innocence is not necessarily for + +425 +00:26:54,270 --> 00:26:58,110 +children. But most children are almost always + +426 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:02,240 +innocent. You can grow up. keeping and protecting + +427 +00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760 +this state of innocence, and you are still + +428 +00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,500 +innocent. But some people will be corrupted by + +429 +00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,720 +life, by society, by the city. And he exposes this + +430 +00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:17,760 +in the songs of experience. Songs of experience. + +431 +00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:22,320 +Let's see the examples here. So this is taking us + +432 +00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:23,500 +back to the symbolism issue. + +433 +00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:29,450 +So, generally, two types of symbols for William + +434 +00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:33,030 +Blake. What are they? Number one, simple, direct + +435 +00:27:33,030 --> 00:27:39,590 +symbols. Simple and? Simple. And direct. Like, you + +436 +00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:43,050 +can see where he's going. Like, for example, he + +437 +00:27:43,050 --> 00:27:47,110 +uses the lamb. You know the little lamb? The lamb? + +438 +00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:51,890 +Yes. Silent B here? Lamb, silent B? Yes, lamb. The + +439 +00:27:51,890 --> 00:27:54,630 +lamb, the little lamb, the little sheep. Yes. What + +440 +00:27:54,630 --> 00:27:55,390 +does it symbolize? + +441 +00:27:59,090 --> 00:28:04,690 +Innocence, purity, simple life, simplicity, right? + +442 +00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:10,970 +But what if the poem is tiger? It's going to be + +443 +00:28:10,970 --> 00:28:16,270 +more. It's about more than simplicity and + +444 +00:28:16,270 --> 00:28:18,070 +innocence. It's about complexity. It's about + +445 +00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590 +experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's + +446 +00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590 +about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols, + +447 +00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430 +especially in his late poems, are really, again, I + +448 +00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610 +don't want to say complex or difficult to + +449 +00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310 +understand, but they don't easily reveal what they + +450 +00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450 +indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem + +451 +00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230 +and we could have ended up with 10 + +452 +00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070 +interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to? + +453 +00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660 +It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's + +454 +00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460 +very personal. He uses symbols for the first time + +455 +00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600 +that no one else has used them before. Two + +456 +00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240 +examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the + +457 +00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380 +lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In + +458 +00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640 +Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know, + +459 +00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840 +Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we + +460 +00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850 +are like, the people are like the lambs. Little + +461 +00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330 +lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult + +462 +00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930 +words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but + +463 +00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430 +it's also for us because it addresses this state + +464 +00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630 +of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down? + +465 +00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370 +Who created + +466 +00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760 +you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of + +467 +00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580 +the. We have never seen a repetition of the same + +468 +00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260 +word in the previous poetry. Because I think in, + +469 +00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960 +I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you + +470 +00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560 +have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the + +471 +00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900 +end of the line, unless you count like seven + +472 +00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620 +lines. So you say, you can't + +473 +00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560 +repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines + +474 +00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100 +and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before + +475 +00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360 +that, it's a sign of weakness. In English, + +476 +00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200 +definitely there's something similar here. But + +477 +00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320 +here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And + +478 +00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760 +this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much + +479 +00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740 +about the sophistication of the rules as long as + +480 +00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740 +this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a + +481 +00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240 +poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life. + +482 +00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820 +This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust + +483 +00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030 +down, who made the... Even the language, even the + +484 +00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350 +tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very + +485 +00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570 +innocent in. However, when he talks about the + +486 +00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710 +tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read? + +487 +00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990 +Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest + +488 +00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950 +of the night. What immortal hand or eye could + +489 +00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630 +frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone + +490 +00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570 +else, thank you. Hin, please. + +491 +00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750 +Not immoral, + +492 +00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470 +immortal. + +493 +00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370 +Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry. + +494 +00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160 +Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than + +495 +00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730 +this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's + +496 +00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070 +like saying little lamb who made thee but this is + +497 +00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870 +a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go + +498 +00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150 +on very + +499 +00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150 +good + +500 +00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210 +so i think it's more like this tiger look at the + +501 +00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630 +old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the + +502 +00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000 +forest of the night What immortal hand or eye + +503 +00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420 +could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word + +504 +00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940 +fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn + +505 +00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060 +it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the + +506 +00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820 +burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration. + +507 +00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090 +Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the + +508 +00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370 +atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from + +509 +00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430 +innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the + +510 +00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570 +darkness, the complexity, the experience of the + +511 +00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530 +tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count + +512 +00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110 +the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four, + +513 +00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570 +five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One, + +514 +00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430 +two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One, + +515 +00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550 +two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting. + +516 +00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry. + +517 +00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570 +Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three. + +518 +00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870 +Symmetry. + +519 +00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560 +Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a + +520 +00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580 +schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it + +521 +00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480 +symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same + +522 +00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860 +thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A, + +523 +00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760 +A. I think + +524 +00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260 +it's B, B. But it is imperfect. + +525 +00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780 +Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there + +526 +00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680 +is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry, + +527 +00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220 +in literature in general, poetry in particular, + +528 +00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100 +the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an + +529 +00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880 +idea where he or she creates something called + +530 +00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610 +tension. You know tension, something that doesn't + +531 +00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490 +fit, something that is different, something that + +532 +00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950 +doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules. + +533 +00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510 +Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why + +534 +00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990 +did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have + +535 +00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090 +A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect + +536 +00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370 +rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the + +537 +00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730 +poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone + +538 +00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850 +tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra + +539 +00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060 +syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here? + +540 +00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720 +There is always a reason. + +541 +00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260 +Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going + +542 +00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540 +on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count + +543 +00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880 +the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely + +544 +00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160 +can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes, + +545 +00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900 +more. Why? The question is again, why is there an + +546 +00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380 +extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here, + +547 +00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580 +Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's + +548 +00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660 +not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't + +549 +00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140 +break the rules because he wants to break the + +550 +00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160 +rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to + +551 +00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740 +tell us something. What is he telling us? That's + +552 +00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220 +my question, in a way or another. How? + +553 +00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990 +What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion? + +554 +00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590 +Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature. + +555 +00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290 +The dark side of nature. What else? The forest. + +556 +00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310 +The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look. + +557 +00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470 +When you go home today, Google image pictures of + +558 +00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050 +tigers. And look at them. They're really + +559 +00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730 +fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything + +560 +00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670 +is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you + +561 +00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750 +look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It + +562 +00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490 +creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the + +563 +00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090 +tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution. + +564 +00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380 +or the machines, or the factories, or the city + +565 +00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860 +itself. The city sounds... When you look at the + +566 +00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860 +city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city, + +567 +00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280 +but you are in a plane and you look down, they all + +568 +00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340 +sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why + +569 +00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820 +would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if + +570 +00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460 +you paid attention to this, the irony is the word + +571 +00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080 +symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in + +572 +00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560 +Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something + +573 +00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390 +perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not + +574 +00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870 +symmetrical. + +575 +00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510 +The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the + +576 +00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990 +poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it + +577 +00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430 +break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by + +578 +00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300 +the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The + +579 +00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760 +idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying + +580 +00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560 +that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial + +581 +00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400 +Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality, + +582 +00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980 +there is something missing. There is a problem + +583 +00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340 +here. There is something lacking here. This is the + +584 +00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540 +facade. This is just the appearance. But the + +585 +00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160 +essence and the reality, they are lacking. There + +586 +00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340 +is something missing here. How does he do it? by + +587 +00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120 +playing on the rules, playing on the number of + +588 +00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720 +syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the + +589 +00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500 +imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our + +590 +00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460 +friend William Blake. We actually have this one + +591 +00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340 +and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a + +592 +00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440 +poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush. + +593 +00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460 +The inverted commas, never forget the inverted + +594 +00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800 +commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the + +595 +00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560 +title of the poem. It's again and it's a very + +596 +00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480 +short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer + +597 +00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680 +a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no + +598 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860 +longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and + +599 +00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920 +a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read + +600 +00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320 +here, please? + +601 +00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680 +Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are + +602 +00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920 +many difficult words here? + +603 +00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600 +Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red + +604 +00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840 +or pink or something like red. I think other than + +605 +00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660 +this, if you don't know what howling is, and + +606 +00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220 +listen, think of yourself as a native speaker. + +607 +00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340 +Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know + +608 +00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680 +what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose, + +609 +00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400 +there's a personification here. Thou means you + +610 +00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340 +are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The + +611 +00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800 +invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the + +612 +00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320 +characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows, + +613 +00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120 +or the rows, because here he says the sick rose, + +614 +00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120 +here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A + +615 +00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460 +worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And + +616 +00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340 +secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The + +617 +00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620 +invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the + +618 +00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040 +storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah, + +619 +00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660 +the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy, + +620 +00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120 +the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his + +621 +00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880 +refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The + +622 +00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110 +one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick + +623 +00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770 +human being and also the worm is personified as a + +624 +00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690 +woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good, + +625 +00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310 +right? But this is not only secret, but also dark. + +626 +00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750 +It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night, + +627 +00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590 +in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly + +628 +00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190 +trying to take advantage of the rose, making it + +629 +00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390 +sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life, + +630 +00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090 +your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it + +631 +00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690 +about? What does the rose stand for? Can you + +632 +00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350 +guess? Okay, could be about how life was destroyed + +633 +00:41:50,350 --> 00:41:53,950 +by the industrial revolution, by the city, the + +634 +00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:54,750 +corruption. + +635 +00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:01,790 +Could be. So life was good, was pure, innocent + +636 +00:42:01,790 --> 00:42:05,730 +until Capitalism and Industrial Revolution. Yes. + +637 +00:42:08,090 --> 00:42:13,390 +Thank you very much. This could be a symbol of + +638 +00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:16,210 +women. It could, by the way, it could be a + +639 +00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:20,150 +particular woman. He knows. Or all women + +640 +00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:22,190 +destroyed. What could be about childhood? + +641 +00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:25,710 +Children. How children are destroyed by life, by + +642 +00:42:25,710 --> 00:42:30,310 +parents, by corruption. Or it could be about a + +643 +00:42:30,310 --> 00:42:33,010 +simple rose. It could be about nature. + +644 +00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:38,670 +One of your friends in another group was saying + +645 +00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:42,730 +that this could also be about women nowadays, + +646 +00:42:42,890 --> 00:42:47,120 +today. I said, how? He said, there are many people + +647 +00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,440 +on Facebook, many guys, many dudes, who just go on + +648 +00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:52,580 +Facebook and try to stalk particular girls and + +649 +00:42:52,580 --> 00:42:55,520 +tell her, deceive her, trick her, oh, I like you, + +650 +00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,520 +I love you, something, and then they destroy her + +651 +00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,940 +life. And then they just disappear. I was like, + +652 +00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:05,000 +hmm, interesting. I'm sure William Blake did not + +653 +00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:10,460 +mean this. But as readers here, we can see this + +654 +00:43:10,460 --> 00:43:14,200 +idea in this poem. In my opinion, this poem is + +655 +00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,420 +about everything you said. And it's about the + +656 +00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:20,000 +power of imagination. Remember when we read + +657 +00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,470 +Alexander Pope? The poem was about one thing, + +658 +00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:26,850 +satire. Remember? We had one meaning, one idea, + +659 +00:43:26,930 --> 00:43:29,850 +one interpretation. Don't feel sad for this if a + +660 +00:43:29,850 --> 00:43:33,030 +poem has several interpretations. Because as a + +661 +00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:36,410 +reader or in your exam, you only need to pick one + +662 +00:43:36,410 --> 00:43:38,470 +idea. If you tell me in your exam that I think + +663 +00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:40,390 +this symbolizes nature and you explain it, it's + +664 +00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:42,370 +OK. It's correct. I think this symbolizes + +665 +00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:46,490 +childhood and loss of innocence. Yeah, show me how + +666 +00:43:46,490 --> 00:43:51,050 +in the text. But look at this poem and how + +667 +00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810 +beautiful and how simple in its language. The + +668 +00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330 +features are there. Simplicity, subject matter, + +669 +00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130 +nature, imagination. + +670 +00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670 +The symbolism, I don't think this is complex. + +671 +00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590 +There are more complex than this. But yeah, there + +672 +00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810 +is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake. + +673 +00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750 +Individual. + +674 +00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110 +Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take + +675 +00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350 +this as how colonizers and imperialists, how + +676 +00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390 +occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy + +677 +00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330 +our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we + +678 +00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690 +care about you. Thank you. It could be many + +679 +00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010 +things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here, + +680 +00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990 +can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I + +681 +00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190 +think this is B but it's still not perfect because + +682 +00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130 +this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye + +683 +00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000 +secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one + +684 +00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180 +imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one, + +685 +00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100 +because the one is the imperfect that destroys + +686 +00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940 +this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in + +687 +00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480 +a way. If you count the, you're not required to do + +688 +00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160 +this, but it's really cool if you start counting + +689 +00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960 +the feet, how many feet we have, and the + +690 +00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760 +syllables, because in my opinion, there is + +691 +00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480 +something here. So if you say one, two, three, + +692 +00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660 +four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one, + +693 +00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900 +two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have + +694 +00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260 +to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful + +695 +00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210 +poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This + +696 +00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650 +is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You + +697 +00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410 +have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so + +698 +00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670 +you have four feet or eight feet in a way or + +699 +00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450 +another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel + +700 +00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610 +Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be + +701 +00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430 +pulling their hair. They would be acting angry + +702 +00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130 +like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have + +703 +00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590 +time for this poem, but we can do it next class. + +704 +00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830 +Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if + +705 +00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490 +you have any questions, do ask. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12cc419ae064a88f8a7125271d95419b25779575 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@ +1 +00:00:22,530 --> 00:00:26,690 +Assalamualaikum. Hello back everyone. Thank you + +2 +00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:29,830 +for submitting your homework most of you. If you + +3 +00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:35,190 +didn't already submit your homework It's not good, + +4 +00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:38,670 +but I'll give you a chance until tomorrow at 11 o + +5 +00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:40,450 +'clock. If you don't find me in my office, you + +6 +00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,350 +just slip it under the door. But I will deduct + +7 +00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,730 +marks from you if you are late. Because if you + +8 +00:00:47,730 --> 00:00:49,970 +submit on time, you get the full mark for + +9 +00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:55,950 +submitting on time. So today, we have a review + +10 +00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:03,550 +class. We'll see what questions you have. About + +11 +00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:07,210 +the course. Should I start again? + +12 +00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,510 +Okay. + +13 +00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:15,770 +Should I start again from the beginning? + +14 +00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,990 +Now I want to start again. Come on. + +15 +00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:29,190 +There is no doubt. + +16 +00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,820 +Thank you + +17 +00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,650 +So Assalamu Alaikum again everyone. Thank you for + +18 +00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,150 +submitting your first assignment for this course + +19 +00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:26,490 +and I'm really looking forward to grading them. + +20 +00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:29,270 +I'm sure you did a good job answering questions + +21 +00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:32,730 +about Shakespeare. Today I'll take a chance to + +22 +00:02:32,730 --> 00:02:36,910 +give you a review session. Let's take a break + +23 +00:02:37,850 --> 00:02:41,010 +Let's not begin a new lesson because we're + +24 +00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:44,770 +supposed to start with Marlow and Ben Johnson as + +25 +00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,270 +other Renaissance Elizabethan dramatists and + +26 +00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:52,390 +playwrights and poets also who were contemporary + +27 +00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290 +to Shakespeare. They lived at the time Shakespeare + +28 +00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,490 +was also alive and writing. So today we'll do a + +29 +00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,230 +review. Please feel free to ask any question you + +30 +00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:06,770 +have, and I'll do my best to try to answer the + +31 +00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:11,800 +question. Okay, yes, can you also, everyone if you + +32 +00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:16,800 +want to ask question, please speak up. When two + +33 +00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,120 +lines of verse rhyme, we call them couplets, + +34 +00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,060 +right? Yeah. In the cystic and octave, when the + +35 +00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,460 +eight, does the eight lines have to rhyme, so + +36 +00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,340 +we're gonna call them cystic and octave? Okay, so + +37 +00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:31,460 +when we spoke about the sonnet, remember the + +38 +00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,080 +Italian sonnet? Yes. The sonnet was born in Italy, + +39 +00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:41,090 +with a Y, not I. And we spoke about Dante in + +40 +00:03:41,090 --> 00:03:45,950 +brief. We spoke also about the + +41 +00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:51,050 +other name, the other Italian sonneteer, the + +42 +00:03:51,050 --> 00:03:55,290 +father of the sonnet, Petrarch. + +43 +00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:01,790 +Is it a difficult name? Is it difficult? So + +44 +00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:07,850 +Petrarch, C-H Petrarch, exactly how you spell it. + +45 +00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,840 +Now, Petrarch is said to be the most important + +46 +00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,980 +Italian sonnetier. There are actually other names + +47 +00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:20,720 +in Italy. But this is what we want to focus on, + +48 +00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:26,820 +because of Petrarch, Henry Howard And Sir Thomas + +49 +00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,420 +White, they loved the sonnet. And again, remember, + +50 +00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:33,240 +we always talk about the influence of Europe, of + +51 +00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,020 +Italy, France, mainly Italy and France. Actually, + +52 +00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,020 +the Renaissance started in Italy well before it + +53 +00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:45,050 +started in England. So England was still being + +54 +00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:50,310 +influenced by Europe, especially by Italy. So the + +55 +00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,150 +sonnet, the Italian sonnet, is generally two + +56 +00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:57,950 +parts, remember? The form, the structure of the + +57 +00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:05,790 +sonnet is eight lines and then six lines. Eight + +58 +00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,030 +lines and six lines. The eight lines we called + +59 +00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:10,550 +octave. + +60 +00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:14,600 +And this is the Sestet. + +61 +00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:21,600 +Sestet from six. An octave, you know Octopus + +62 +00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,560 +because of the A. Now the Italian sonnet almost + +63 +00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:39,240 +always rhymes as A B B A A B B A Now this, you're + +64 +00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:43,930 +answering a question. This is in a way Four lines, + +65 +00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:47,730 +remember the four lines, the quadrant? Your + +66 +00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:51,150 +question is, does this count as a rhyme? Sorry, as + +67 +00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,810 +a rhyming couplet? No. You know why? Because + +68 +00:05:55,810 --> 00:05:59,090 +generally this stops here. Even does this count as + +69 +00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,270 +a couplet? No, it's part of the octave or the + +70 +00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:08,960 +group of the stanza or the quadrant. However, if + +71 +00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:12,260 +in your exam or you find two lines somebody likes + +72 +00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:15,120 +just these lines and you look at them in isolation + +73 +00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,900 +you can call them a couplet it's okay you can if + +74 +00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:22,100 +they are in isolation because you don't know the + +75 +00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,440 +context you don't know but generally this is + +76 +00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:29,900 +important generally here they don't give one idea + +77 +00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:32,460 +that's the most important thing about the couplet + +78 +00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:37,460 +remember It's like a paragraph, a prose paragraph. + +79 +00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:40,280 +What is a paragraph? A group of related sentences + +80 +00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:44,800 +about one topic, one idea. Now the couplet, two + +81 +00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,880 +rhyming lines, two rhymes, two lines that rhyme, + +82 +00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:52,740 +And they are about the same thing. Always remember + +83 +00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:55,840 +Shakespeare's couplet at the end. So long as this, + +84 +00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,540 +so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so + +85 +00:06:59,540 --> 00:07:02,560 +long lives this, and this gives life to thee. What + +86 +00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,740 +happens in the first four lines here, the + +87 +00:07:05,740 --> 00:07:09,540 +quatrain, is the author develops an idea. If you + +88 +00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:12,460 +stop here, the idea is not complete. If you stop + +89 +00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:15,180 +here, it's usually not complete. If you stop here, + +90 +00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,990 +it's usually not complete. When you finish the + +91 +00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:21,930 +first four lines, you have a part of an idea that + +92 +00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:26,690 +could give you something. But it's not complete in + +93 +00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:30,130 +the Italian Sunnit until you read the first eight + +94 +00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:33,430 +lines. When you read the first eight lines, you + +95 +00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,110 +realize, oh, OK. So it gives you an idea. The same + +96 +00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:39,790 +with Shakespeare. When we spoke about Shakespeare, + +97 +00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:42,750 +we said Shakespeare's structure is + +98 +00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:50,230 +We have three quadrants, remember? Three, what's a + +99 +00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:55,570 +quadrant? Four lines. From quarter, okay? And a + +100 +00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:58,130 +couplet, plus a couplet. + +101 +00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:06,650 +Now the first four lines usually have one idea, + +102 +00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:13,370 +one image, and then the second quadrant moves to + +103 +00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:15,650 +another idea or image, and the third quadrant + +104 +00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:19,350 +moves to the other idea. But the three quadrants + +105 +00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,910 +have the same theme, the same problem, the same + +106 +00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,950 +crisis. Like in Shall I Compare Thee to A Summer's + +107 +00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:30,010 +Day, he spins almost 12 lines saying, no, life is + +108 +00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:33,190 +not perfect. Every fair from fair sometime + +109 +00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:36,920 +declines. Summer is beautiful, but sometimes there + +110 +00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,980 +is rough winds, right? Summer is beautiful, but + +111 +00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:43,620 +again, the winds do shake the darling buds of May. + +112 +00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:46,420 +Summer is beautiful, but summer is sometimes what? + +113 +00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,260 +Short and hot. Sometimes the clouds destroy the + +114 +00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:55,500 +beauty of this. So he moves from one image to the + +115 +00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,920 +other, like in Sonnet 73, I guess, where he speaks + +116 +00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,380 +in the first quatrain, he speaks about the end of + +117 +00:09:02,380 --> 00:09:06,060 +the year, autumn. What happens in autumn? Yellow + +118 +00:09:06,060 --> 00:09:12,920 +leaves. Right? The end of the circle. In the + +119 +00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,200 +second quadrant we've got the end of the day, the + +120 +00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,960 +sunset. So the day is good. We start active, + +121 +00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,700 +energetic. We have all hopes and dreams. We want + +122 +00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,120 +to go to school, to attend classes, to meet + +123 +00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,130 +friends, to go to the cafeteria, to eat pizza. At + +124 +00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:32,210 +the end of the day, it's like everything comes to + +125 +00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:36,130 +an end. Nothing lasts forever. And then in the + +126 +00:09:36,130 --> 00:09:39,210 +third quarter, he speaks about the end of a fire. + +127 +00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:46,190 +Fires, you know? Fire. But it ends up as ashes. So + +128 +00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:47,910 +what is Shakespeare doing here? He's giving us + +129 +00:09:47,910 --> 00:09:50,110 +three images. The three images about the + +130 +00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:54,030 +inevitability of death. The passing of time. Time + +131 +00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:57,700 +kills everything. In a way this is the crisis. + +132 +00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:02,300 +This is the issue of time. But what does he do in + +133 +00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200 +the couplet? He gives hope. In a way he twists. + +134 +00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:07,600 +There's something called a volta. The volta is a + +135 +00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,600 +twist. Where like in Sonnet 18, again, he says + +136 +00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,680 +something like, I can't remember that couplet, + +137 +00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,960 +like similar to 18, he says that, but my poetry + +138 +00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,860 +will live forever. My poetry doesn't die. My + +139 +00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:26,400 +sonnet doesn't die. Reminding us of, again, how he + +140 +00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,640 +believes in his poetry, giving us some kind of + +141 +00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,030 +hope or closure or ending. So long as men can + +142 +00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:38,730 +breathe, our eyes can see, so long lives this, and + +143 +00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:40,990 +this gives life to thee. So the couplet has one + +144 +00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:44,030 +idea. So again, going back to your question, can + +145 +00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:50,810 +we call this here a couplet? No. Generally, no. If + +146 +00:10:50,810 --> 00:10:55,130 +you find them alone, wandering around, you could + +147 +00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:56,930 +say that, but when you read them, they're not + +148 +00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:01,150 +going to give you a full idea, like the idea of, + +149 +00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:04,030 +so long as men can breathe, our eyes can see, so + +150 +00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,270 +long as this or this gives life to this. In other + +151 +00:11:07,270 --> 00:11:09,230 +words, in your exam I'm not going to give you two + +152 +00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:11,110 +lines from here and ask you whether this is a + +153 +00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:16,050 +couplet I'll give you a full stanza either two + +154 +00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:20,790 +lines if it's complete couplet or quatrain four + +155 +00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:24,490 +lines or six or maybe eight lines but we usually + +156 +00:11:24,490 --> 00:11:27,190 +because you're still beginning to learn English + +157 +00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:30,650 +and English literature I usually only focus on two + +158 +00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:33,450 +-line nouns okay + +159 +00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,080 +Any other question about the sonnet? Does anyone + +160 +00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,280 +want to ask questions about the sonnet, the rhyme + +161 +00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,340 +scheme, the importance of the sonnet, Shakespeare + +162 +00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:46,080 +and the sonnet? + +163 +00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:55,280 +Please, do ask. Sorry? Not the sonnet? So, no more + +164 +00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:55,620 +sonnet? + +165 +00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:06,950 +Okay, I'll ask you a question here. In one stanza + +166 +00:12:06,950 --> 00:12:09,850 +we studied in the other class today, there was, + +167 +00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,850 +okay, don't look at the book, I'll just bring it + +168 +00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:17,570 +myself. There was a line ending in drops and the + +169 +00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,890 +other one ending in box, drops and the other one + +170 +00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:22,750 +ending in box. + +171 +00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,580 +Listen, these words don't rhyme. Do they rhyme? Is + +172 +00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:35,480 +there rhyme here? This doesn't count, generally, + +173 +00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,600 +unless the sounds before it have something similar + +174 +00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:44,140 +to drop, like hops for example, hops, drops and + +175 +00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:49,380 +hops. Okay, but drops and box, they don't rhyme. + +176 +00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,040 +The rhyme is generally not the last sound, usually + +177 +00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,420 +two, sometimes three. We need to look at this + +178 +00:12:55,420 --> 00:12:58,880 +carefully. Another example, what do you think of + +179 +00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:04,820 +this? A very famous poem by Marlow, we'll study + +180 +00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:11,000 +later on. He says, he begins his poem saying, + +181 +00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:21,740 +come, Live with me and be my love and + +182 +00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:28,120 +Notice when you begin a line of verse, you begin + +183 +00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,820 +with capital. That's the rules when you write + +184 +00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:35,520 +poetry. The first word, you capitalize the first + +185 +00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,420 +letter of the first word of each and every line. + +186 +00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,280 +And this is how you distinguish sometimes verse + +187 +00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,500 +from prose in Shakespeare. If it is capitalized, + +188 +00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,080 +then it's poetry. If it's not, it's prose. But + +189 +00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,120 +more important than this is the music. We've seen + +190 +00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,940 +how Shiloh doesn't use poetry and has not a Jew + +191 +00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:01,360 +eyes. And we will, sorry, we will all the + +192 +00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:01,780 +pleasures. + +193 +00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:10,240 +That's a very famous, that's a very famous poem + +194 +00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:19,640 +here. Is it a couplet? No. Okay, we have love and + +195 +00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:26,150 +Prove Not the same sound Okay we have O V E and + +196 +00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:30,690 +also O V E If you know how to do transcription + +197 +00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:37,670 +this is love and this is prove Probably + +198 +00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,130 +next year What do you think of this? Is this a + +199 +00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:45,450 +couplet? Do we have rhyme here? What do you think? + +200 +00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,350 +No it's not a couplet because the sound is + +201 +00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:53,380 +different The sounds are different. We have love, + +202 +00:14:53,920 --> 00:15:03,280 +like dove, cut, hot, but, and this is prove. What + +203 +00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:05,140 +do you think? Does anybody have something? + +204 +00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,920 +If you look at the words, if you look at the + +205 +00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,500 +words, they look similar. They look similar. O V + +206 +00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:22,340 +E, O V E. The V sound is the same, but the one + +207 +00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,660 +before. So if you look at it from a distance, if + +208 +00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:27,480 +you don't know the words, how they are pronounced, + +209 +00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:31,580 +you think they rhyme. But in reality, they don't + +210 +00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:35,800 +perfectly rhyme. They partially rhyme. We call + +211 +00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,840 +this, it has different names. It's called + +212 +00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,160 +imperfect rhyme. Or sometimes it's called I rhyme. + +213 +00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,220 +You know I rhyme? Because you look at it, they + +214 +00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,860 +sound like they would be rhyming but they don't + +215 +00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:53,900 +rhyme perfectly. So what is this? It's still a + +216 +00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,420 +couplet. This is a couplet because it has one + +217 +00:15:56,420 --> 00:15:59,600 +idea. Come live with me and be my love and we will + +218 +00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,020 +all the pleasures prove. Is there a rhyme here? + +219 +00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:09,440 +Yes, but the rhyme is imperfect. Imperfect is + +220 +00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:15,060 +still a rhyme. Now, imperfect rhyme is still a + +221 +00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:18,120 +rhyme. They rhyme, but they don't rhyme 100%. They + +222 +00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,120 +rhyme like what, 60, 50%? Now, there is a + +223 +00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:27,660 +justification for here. Sometimes, the poet uses + +224 +00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:30,020 +imperfect rhyme to tell us there's something wrong + +225 +00:16:30,020 --> 00:16:35,710 +here. Okay, so look at this. This is a poem, a man + +226 +00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:41,090 +inviting his beloved to love him and live with + +227 +00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:44,790 +him. Why? How is he trying to convince her? He's + +228 +00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:49,770 +telling her, we will all the pleasures prove. We + +229 +00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:52,690 +have all the pleasures in the world. In reality, + +230 +00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,090 +no one has all the pleasures in the world. Nobody + +231 +00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,110 +owns all the pleasures in the world. He's + +232 +00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:00,350 +exaggerating. + +233 +00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,930 +In reality, he's not telling the truth. And this + +234 +00:17:05,930 --> 00:17:11,790 +sound here, Prove, is telling us that he's lying. + +235 +00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,980 +Because he's trying to depict life to the woman as + +236 +00:17:16,980 --> 00:17:21,100 +a perfect, you know, perfect life. But even the + +237 +00:17:21,100 --> 00:17:24,080 +rhyme doesn't rhyme perfectly. That's the trick + +238 +00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,760 +here. So the rhyme, the imperfect rhyme here tells + +239 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 +us something about the idea. So there is + +240 +00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,940 +imperfection in the poem and the imperfection is + +241 +00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:38,130 +reflected in the imperfect rhyme. But what is the + +242 +00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:41,370 +poet saying? He's saying, life is perfect. I own + +243 +00:17:41,370 --> 00:17:44,630 +everything. All is fine. I own everything. We can + +244 +00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:47,290 +have all the pleasures in the world. And the sound + +245 +00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:50,550 +of the poem tells us he's lying, because the rhyme + +246 +00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:53,410 +scheme is imperfect. It reflects something + +247 +00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:58,370 +imperfect in the meaning, in the idea. Or simply, + +248 +00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,590 +some people would say, but this is a very unpoetic + +249 +00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,670 +answer, maybe during the time of Shakespeare or + +250 +00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:09,150 +Marlowe, maybe these words Could have the same + +251 +00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:13,030 +rhyme. Could have rhymed in the past, like three, + +252 +00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:16,470 +four hundred years ago, maybe they rhymed. I don't + +253 +00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370 +know how. Which is better to say love and problem + +254 +00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,290 +or love and prove? + +255 +00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:27,810 +Yeah, in my opinion, I think it's harsh to destroy + +256 +00:18:27,810 --> 00:18:32,600 +love saying prove. Maybe you can play with it. But + +257 +00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,060 +I don't know how they pronounce it. Maybe we can + +258 +00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:39,660 +check this later on. So what's the point here? + +259 +00:18:40,340 --> 00:18:44,500 +Sometimes this is not rhyme because the S here + +260 +00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,740 +doesn't make rhyme. You need to check the letter, + +261 +00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,220 +the sound before. Here we check the sound before + +262 +00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,100 +and they don't perfectly rhyme. We call it + +263 +00:18:55,100 --> 00:19:00,480 +imperfect rhyme or I rhyme. Is this important in + +264 +00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,100 +the poem? Yes, because it reveals something about + +265 +00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,300 +the poem, the meaning itself. The poet is saying, + +266 +00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:13,300 +wait a minute. There is music and fun, but here we + +267 +00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,060 +don't have perfect music. We don't have perfect + +268 +00:19:16,060 --> 00:19:18,480 +music because something is wrong. What's wrong + +269 +00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,400 +here? A poet lying to his woman. And the title of + +270 +00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,140 +the poem here is The Shepherds. The shepherd, the + +271 +00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:31,820 +speaker, the character, the man saying, come live + +272 +00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:33,860 +with me and be my love, is a shepherd. And a + +273 +00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:38,560 +shepherd is generally a poor man who takes care of + +274 +00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,140 +sheep. If you are a shepherd, it's impossible for + +275 +00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:48,000 +you to have all the pleasures in life, et cetera. + +276 +00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,510 +OK? No more questions about the sonnet? Please do + +277 +00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:54,910 +ask if you have any. The sonnet, go. So I didn't + +278 +00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,670 +get it clearly, but is a rhyme scheme focused more + +279 +00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:01,710 +on the letters rather than the sound? The sound, + +280 +00:20:01,810 --> 00:20:04,770 +of course. No, the sound. When it comes to the + +281 +00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:11,110 +rhyme, we care about the sound, not the letter. + +282 +00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:17,250 +But verbs and verbs like, clearer than love and + +283 +00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,920 +bruise? This one? No. Yeah, no. Sometimes yes, + +284 +00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:24,660 +like why, why, why wouldn't this rhyme? Like + +285 +00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,360 +because more important, this is an additional + +286 +00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,360 +letter, like it just comes and goes. Drop and + +287 +00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:29,640 +book? + +288 +00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:42,860 +No way. Drop them. Book, book, book. No way. Even + +289 +00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:52,540 +if we say for example, even if we say drop, it's + +290 +00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:56,220 +not drop, it's drop, drop, drop, drop. It still + +291 +00:20:56,220 --> 00:21:00,760 +doesn't rhyme, never rhymes. Drop and box, no way, + +292 +00:21:00,820 --> 00:21:06,600 +there's no rhyme here. But with the S, does it + +293 +00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,250 +rhyme? No, I don't think it rhymes here. But if + +294 +00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,150 +you insist, it's okay, it's not a big deal. Yes? + +295 +00:21:15,470 --> 00:21:18,870 +If there was a text and you asked us to write + +296 +00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:21,510 +rhymes, and there was drops and box, shall we + +297 +00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:25,310 +write drop A and box B? Yeah. But if you don't, + +298 +00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:28,490 +because you're still beginners, it's not the end + +299 +00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:31,510 +of the world. The same with love and hope? No, but + +300 +00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,170 +this one, there is rhyme here. There is rhyme + +301 +00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,340 +here. But it's imperfect. This is clearer than + +302 +00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:44,080 +this in many ways. Good question. So because this + +303 +00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,840 +is not year four, you're not about to graduate, + +304 +00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,120 +you're still starting your life learning English, + +305 +00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800 +English poetry, and you're not native speakers. So + +306 +00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,900 +sometimes there's a lot of flexibility. Yes. Go + +307 +00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:01,480 +on, next. I want to ask something. Are the + +308 +00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,080 +questions about history, for example, who invaded + +309 +00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,020 +England, are they included in the exam? Listen, + +310 +00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,820 +this is a course about... The literature itself or + +311 +00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:17,020 +the situation? Yeah, we're not studying history, + +312 +00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,640 +we're studying literature. This is an introduction + +313 +00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:25,260 +to English literature course for beginners. And I + +314 +00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:27,300 +said at the beginning, we're going to examine the + +315 +00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:32,420 +literary texts in their historical context. We're + +316 +00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,280 +going to study how history, historical events + +317 +00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,560 +influenced literature, and how literature + +318 +00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,720 +influenced life, changed life in a way or another. + +319 +00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,540 +But the focus, 80% of our focus is on the + +320 +00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:50,530 +literature. okay some events in history are very + +321 +00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:52,890 +important like the printing press you should know + +322 +00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:55,750 +this this is a historical this is a scientific + +323 +00:22:55,750 --> 00:23:01,350 +invention it's a historical event did it influence + +324 +00:23:01,350 --> 00:23:05,810 +literature yes of course because you know mass + +325 +00:23:05,810 --> 00:23:11,230 +production mass like people had more and more + +326 +00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:14,910 +copies it took two years to make one copy of the + +327 +00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:21,720 +bible but now One year, 200 copies. For example, + +328 +00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:25,260 +the French invasion, the Normans, when they came + +329 +00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,500 +to England, they influenced the language in the + +330 +00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,900 +literature. So the focus is on the literature, but + +331 +00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,860 +it is important to know the major historical + +332 +00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:39,240 +events. For example, Britain was invaded by many + +333 +00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,540 +people from Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jews. That's + +334 +00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,640 +not included. You should know this. Are you going + +335 +00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:50,180 +to put a question in the exam? Maybe, but the + +336 +00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,860 +question here is in the literary context, in the + +337 +00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:56,960 +sense that, remember, when we spoke about Old + +338 +00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,640 +English, we said At that time, we didn't have a + +339 +00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,100 +clear idea of what England is. Even the literature + +340 +00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,480 +was not pure English in the sense we have now or + +341 +00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,880 +even the sense Shakespeare composed. Because + +342 +00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,380 +people still came from different countries across + +343 +00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:21,180 +Europe and they were using different languages. So + +344 +00:24:21,180 --> 00:24:23,880 +did this, you know the invasions, did this + +345 +00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,420 +influence the culture, the language, the + +346 +00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:29,080 +literature? Yes, and that's the focus. So at that + +347 +00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,060 +time we said England was trying to shape its + +348 +00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,720 +identity. In the Middle Ages, Middle English, + +349 +00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,900 +later on, like three, four, five hundred years + +350 +00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,780 +later, we started speaking about English + +351 +00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,780 +literature, pure English literature when we spoke + +352 +00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:46,580 +about Chaucer. We said in Chaucer, there's always + +353 +00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,880 +this insistence on being different. He began his + +354 +00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,860 +life, by the way, by imitating some Italian and + +355 +00:24:52,860 --> 00:24:56,480 +French authors. But later on, he developed his own + +356 +00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,140 +style. He focused on the Englishness of the + +357 +00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,590 +literature. Because when you have your own + +358 +00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,810 +country, you want to have your own culture and + +359 +00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:08,790 +literature. You want to be different. You want to + +360 +00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:10,930 +create your identity. Remember we spoke about the + +361 +00:25:10,930 --> 00:25:15,070 +English identity when we mentioned Skelton, Philip + +362 +00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:19,610 +Sparrow, vengeance I ask and cry. We said John + +363 +00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:22,510 +Skilton was an important poet at that time because + +364 +00:25:22,510 --> 00:25:26,270 +in a way he was helping shape the English + +365 +00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:29,270 +identity. And in his poetry, we can find poetry + +366 +00:25:29,270 --> 00:25:31,330 +that is different from the poetry of Europe, + +367 +00:25:32,170 --> 00:25:36,710 +mainly Italy and France. In his poetry, there's a + +368 +00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:39,550 +strong sense of the English identity. What is the + +369 +00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,530 +English identity? What it means to be English? + +370 +00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:47,290 +What makes you different from Italians and French? + +371 +00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:56,010 +Number one, your language, right? Number two, your + +372 +00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,910 +literature, your poetry, the stories, the + +373 +00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:02,110 +narratives, the customs, the habits. So they were + +374 +00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:04,910 +focusing on the things that make them different. + +375 +00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:09,070 +So these invasions are important because English + +376 +00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:11,930 +as a language is actually originally from + +377 +00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:16,930 +different languages. There are Latin roots, German + +378 +00:26:16,930 --> 00:26:19,750 +roots, French words, many French words, even Arab + +379 +00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:22,850 +words. English is naturally a very flexible + +380 +00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:28,030 +language. It borrows from all the languages. So + +381 +00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:30,690 +the invasions are important to understand because + +382 +00:26:30,690 --> 00:26:33,770 +this is how England became England. It became + +383 +00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:37,640 +diversity. There is now a strong movement in + +384 +00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,220 +England and in the United States that is described + +385 +00:26:41,220 --> 00:26:45,360 +as white supremacy where people say England is for + +386 +00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:48,540 +the white, only the white people and America is + +387 +00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,940 +for the white people. This is really silly because + +388 +00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:55,410 +Racism. Because of racism, yeah. But also because + +389 +00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:58,410 +England and America, now they started on diversity + +390 +00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:01,010 +in a sense. People from across Europe came there. + +391 +00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:04,070 +People from across Europe went to America. And + +392 +00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:08,090 +there was this reconstructuring of they found a + +393 +00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,550 +body of 10,000 years ago in England. And when they + +394 +00:27:12,550 --> 00:27:15,750 +did experiments and tests, they realized that one, + +395 +00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:21,540 +he's a black man. in England. He was there 10,000 + +396 +00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:24,780 +years ago. And he's considered, I guess, the + +397 +00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,980 +father of 20% of the English people now. So + +398 +00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:33,400 +there's the idea of pure race is a lie. It's not + +399 +00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,880 +true. It's a fabrication. People have always + +400 +00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,840 +coexisted together. Why is this man black man in + +401 +00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,440 +England? Because people crossed borders searching + +402 +00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,460 +for safety, for food, coexisted in a way or + +403 +00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:51,150 +another. Please. Some of the names are really hard + +404 +00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:53,690 +to spell. If you misspell something. No worries + +405 +00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:57,050 +about spelling. But like Machiavelli, for example. + +406 +00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,970 +OK. Not easy to spell, but try to train it to get + +407 +00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030 +as close as possible. Don't give me, for example, + +408 +00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:06,830 +don't spell spaghetti. + +409 +00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:12,210 +Machiavelli is Machiavelli. What difficult names. + +410 +00:28:12,530 --> 00:28:15,130 +But again, most importantly, I don't want you to + +411 +00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:16,090 +misspell Shakespeare. + +412 +00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:22,870 +I feel sad that's shakes you know shake shakes + +413 +00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:27,830 +shaking shake before use yes she shakes the i + +414 +00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:31,510 +don't know the juice before use it's a shake and + +415 +00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:35,470 +then or shake spear i don't know how you would do + +416 +00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:40,150 +this either shake or shakes and then or spear + +417 +00:28:40,150 --> 00:28:42,990 +because spear is another word but this e is extra + +418 +00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:47,200 +Did I tell you that Shakespeare spelled his name, + +419 +00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:53,160 +signed his name in 17 different ways? None of + +420 +00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:59,240 +them, ironically, none of them is this one. And + +421 +00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,340 +this is how crazy life is. So you spell your name + +422 +00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:05,120 +17 different ways, hoping that people would pick + +423 +00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,900 +one of them. Because remember, spelling, there was + +424 +00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:14,170 +no standard for spelling. There were no rules for + +425 +00:29:14,170 --> 00:29:17,630 +spelling. People would spell different ways. Only + +426 +00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:20,370 +in the 18th century, people started to have rules. + +427 +00:29:20,510 --> 00:29:23,850 +Do this, don't do that, drop this, changes. So + +428 +00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:26,790 +this is Shakespeare. You usually forget either + +429 +00:29:26,790 --> 00:29:32,570 +this E or this E. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare. + +430 +00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:39,170 +He's dumb. Maybe he's going to feel sad if you do + +431 +00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:43,410 +that. This, we want to really appreciate + +432 +00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:46,590 +Shakespeare for what he does. What other names do + +433 +00:29:46,590 --> 00:29:52,730 +you find difficult? Bewolf? No, no, no. In The + +434 +00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:57,270 +Chaucer, there is an Italian writings of + +435 +00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:02,430 +Bastastione. Listen, if it is something I skipped, + +436 +00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:08,410 +you just skip it. If I skip names of authors, + +437 +00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,550 +names of texts, you just skip them. But other than + +438 +00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:14,630 +this, the background, the talk, the brief + +439 +00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:16,650 +description about the age, about the writer, about + +440 +00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:19,470 +the texts, please go through them. And I want you + +441 +00:30:19,470 --> 00:30:21,430 +to read what is in the book because this is how + +442 +00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,550 +you improve your writing and your English. + +443 +00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:30,010 +The name, the authors, the texts we study, we + +444 +00:30:30,010 --> 00:30:34,550 +examine, we mention in this class. If I skip + +445 +00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:37,410 +something, any name, any text, you just skip it. + +446 +00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:43,500 +Please. Are we going to be asked to summarize what + +447 +00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,120 +they place on Shakespeare? Generally, no. You + +448 +00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,380 +won't. But maybe, for example, one of your + +449 +00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,760 +questions is going to ask you to contextualize. + +450 +00:30:57,460 --> 00:31:00,060 +Anyway, I shouldn't be speaking about this now + +451 +00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,240 +because we'll talk about this when we approach the + +452 +00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,240 +exams. You know, context. to contextualize a text. + +453 +00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,560 +So I'll ask you for example to bring you five + +454 +00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:18,060 +extracts from poems or texts we studied and I ask + +455 +00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,520 +you to contextualize three or four of them. I + +456 +00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,740 +usually give you more choices so more flexibility. + +457 +00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,380 +Okay question number one is to be or not to be + +458 +00:31:29,380 --> 00:31:33,720 +that is the question. So number one you put it in + +459 +00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,160 +its context you tell me This is by Hamlet from + +460 +00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:47,740 +Hamlet by Shakespeare Hamlet is a tragedy of a + +461 +00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:53,520 +young prince who wanted to take revenge because + +462 +00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:59,920 +his uncle killed his father Most importantly, + +463 +00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,840 +focus on the text I give you. However, because + +464 +00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,660 +Hamlet is a modern man, a university student, he's + +465 +00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:10,980 +in conflict. To kill or not to kill? To be or not + +466 +00:32:10,980 --> 00:32:14,660 +to be? To die or not to die? And this is Hamlet's + +467 +00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:21,000 +tragic flaw. You know tragedy, tragic? His + +468 +00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,890 +weakness is hesitation. Sloth, hesitation. You + +469 +00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:29,450 +know hesitation? To be or not to be. To kill or + +470 +00:32:29,450 --> 00:32:32,070 +not to kill. Play or not to play. Exactly. He + +471 +00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,710 +hesitates. That's it. This is called + +472 +00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:38,910 +contextualization. But although he is a + +473 +00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:44,110 +philosopher, nevertheless, he has a little gold in + +474 +00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:49,330 +his coffer. This is from The Canterbury Tales by + +475 +00:32:49,330 --> 00:32:53,690 +Chaucer. This couplet, this rhyming couplet, + +476 +00:32:53,850 --> 00:32:59,060 +right? Okay, it has irony, but probably before + +477 +00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:02,440 +this, give me the context. It tells the story of a + +478 +00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:07,380 +philosopher who instead of collecting knowledge, + +479 +00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,700 +is collecting money. There is irony here because + +480 +00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,760 +Chaucer is making fun of the new habits of the + +481 +00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:21,380 +society. Short paragraphs like these, okay? Clear? + +482 +00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,040 +Focus on the line. What do we have in the line? + +483 +00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,300 +When you tell me this is a couplet, you save + +484 +00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,160 +yourself a lot of time. Instead of saying the + +485 +00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,240 +rhyme and there is a rhyme in one topic, you say a + +486 +00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:33,520 +couplet. Oh, excellent. + +487 +00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:44,120 +Okay, again, this extract is taken from Canterbury + +488 +00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:49,420 +Tales by Chaucer. That's number one. In this + +489 +00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:52,840 +extract, in this couplet, Chaucer is criticizing + +490 +00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,140 +the new habits of the society. Here, we have a + +491 +00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,780 +philosopher who is interested more in collecting + +492 +00:33:59,780 --> 00:34:06,060 +money than in knowledge. There is irony in a + +493 +00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,280 +little gold, because a little gold is still a lot + +494 +00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:10,720 +of money. + +495 +00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:17,700 +Something like this. This is called + +496 +00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,300 +contextualization. You don't have to memorize the + +497 +00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,640 +lines, but if you do, it will really be fun for + +498 +00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,620 +you. I will not ask you to recite something or + +499 +00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,760 +write a complete line or something. But when you + +500 +00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,920 +memorize lines, does anyone memorize anything? No. + +501 +00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,320 +Other than have not a Jewite or something? You + +502 +00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560 +should, it's really fun. For God's sake, or shall + +503 +00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,980 +I compare thee to summer's day? You feel like, oh + +504 +00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:46,540 +my God, I know more English than anyone else. You + +505 +00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:49,840 +feel proud of yourself. You feel confident. So + +506 +00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:53,140 +long as men can, and listen, very easy. Seriously, + +507 +00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,480 +one of the students was like, the boy was telling + +508 +00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,800 +me the other day that Shakespeare is difficult. I + +509 +00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700 +hate Shakespeare. I said, this is a misconception. + +510 +00:35:01,940 --> 00:35:04,980 +This is a prejudice. Did you study anything about + +511 +00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:06,400 +Shakespeare? Did you read anything about + +512 +00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,280 +Shakespeare? Not much. When you read his poetry, + +513 +00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,620 +to be or not to be, that is the question. Yes, + +514 +00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:15,800 +it's not this simplistic, but it's easy to + +515 +00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,480 +understand. So long as men can breathe, our eyes + +516 +00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,520 +can see. So long lives this, and this gives life + +517 +00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120 +to it. That's why I usually advise my students, + +518 +00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,020 +when you learn things about poetry, Shakespeare, + +519 +00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,540 +go, all of you use social media. Post this on your + +520 +00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:32,260 +Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, Snapchat. Use + +521 +00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,640 +them in your life. Today I want all of you to go + +522 +00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,580 +home and when you have electricity, if you have + +523 +00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:44,060 +electricity, you just type and every fare from + +524 +00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,660 +fare sometime declines. One of the most beautiful + +525 +00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:51,370 +lines ever. Start shifting your life, your + +526 +00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:53,710 +Facebook, your social media, everything into + +527 +00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:57,590 +English. I'm sure you're going to benefit a lot. + +528 +00:35:58,330 --> 00:36:01,050 +So when people ask, what does this mean? Your aunt + +529 +00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,650 +or your uncle will be like, wow, we're proud of + +530 +00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470 +you. When people ask you what it means, you just + +531 +00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,570 +explain it to them. Translating or just + +532 +00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:20,530 +explaining. Yes, more questions. More, please. I + +533 +00:36:20,530 --> 00:36:24,090 +always knew that Shakespeare's style is three + +534 +00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:26,370 +-verse. I never knew that his poems + +535 +00:36:30,220 --> 00:36:35,000 +Shakespeare mainly wrote in verse. His sonnets are + +536 +00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,240 +classical English verse. But his plays, because + +537 +00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:43,280 +when you write a 5000 line play, you can't make + +538 +00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:46,720 +them rhyme in any particular way. So generally + +539 +00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:51,330 +this is called blank verse. What's blank verse? + +540 +00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,910 +It's verse but doesn't rhyme. Generally in the + +541 +00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,370 +play because it's very difficult to make the whole + +542 +00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,490 +play rhyme A B A B or A B C A B C or something. + +543 +00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:06,630 +And this is totally different from, totally + +544 +00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:11,130 +different from free verse. Free verse is something + +545 +00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:14,990 +that appeared probably 200 years ago. Free verse. + +546 +00:37:15,390 --> 00:37:18,510 +Generally in blank verse, we have music, we have + +547 +00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:23,050 +rhythm, but we don't have rhyme. We don't have + +548 +00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:28,970 +rhyme. Free verse, generally no music and no + +549 +00:37:28,970 --> 00:37:33,610 +rhyme. It's the poetry that most people write + +550 +00:37:33,610 --> 00:37:36,590 +nowadays, 20th century, 21st century. + +551 +00:37:39,330 --> 00:37:42,310 +In his plays, Shakespeare and Marlowe, they + +552 +00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:47,450 +adopted blank verse. Because if they want to focus + +553 +00:37:47,450 --> 00:37:52,110 +on the rhyme, it's going to be really very + +554 +00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,650 +restricting in a sense. Last point, one minute, + +555 +00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:54,990 +yes? + +556 +00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,690 +Of course, yeah, of course many and that's why + +557 +00:38:02,690 --> 00:38:04,890 +he's the father of English poetry or English + +558 +00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,850 +literature We're only studying the Canterbury + +559 +00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,850 +tales. I'll stop here. Thank you very much for + +560 +00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:14,230 +these questions if you have more questions, feel + +561 +00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:15,670 +free to ask Thank you + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12cc419ae064a88f8a7125271d95419b25779575 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@ +1 +00:00:22,530 --> 00:00:26,690 +Assalamualaikum. Hello back everyone. Thank you + +2 +00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:29,830 +for submitting your homework most of you. If you + +3 +00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:35,190 +didn't already submit your homework It's not good, + +4 +00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:38,670 +but I'll give you a chance until tomorrow at 11 o + +5 +00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:40,450 +'clock. If you don't find me in my office, you + +6 +00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,350 +just slip it under the door. But I will deduct + +7 +00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,730 +marks from you if you are late. Because if you + +8 +00:00:47,730 --> 00:00:49,970 +submit on time, you get the full mark for + +9 +00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:55,950 +submitting on time. So today, we have a review + +10 +00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:03,550 +class. We'll see what questions you have. About + +11 +00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:07,210 +the course. Should I start again? + +12 +00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,510 +Okay. + +13 +00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:15,770 +Should I start again from the beginning? + +14 +00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,990 +Now I want to start again. Come on. + +15 +00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:29,190 +There is no doubt. + +16 +00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,820 +Thank you + +17 +00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,650 +So Assalamu Alaikum again everyone. Thank you for + +18 +00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,150 +submitting your first assignment for this course + +19 +00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:26,490 +and I'm really looking forward to grading them. + +20 +00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:29,270 +I'm sure you did a good job answering questions + +21 +00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:32,730 +about Shakespeare. Today I'll take a chance to + +22 +00:02:32,730 --> 00:02:36,910 +give you a review session. Let's take a break + +23 +00:02:37,850 --> 00:02:41,010 +Let's not begin a new lesson because we're + +24 +00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:44,770 +supposed to start with Marlow and Ben Johnson as + +25 +00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,270 +other Renaissance Elizabethan dramatists and + +26 +00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:52,390 +playwrights and poets also who were contemporary + +27 +00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290 +to Shakespeare. They lived at the time Shakespeare + +28 +00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,490 +was also alive and writing. So today we'll do a + +29 +00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,230 +review. Please feel free to ask any question you + +30 +00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:06,770 +have, and I'll do my best to try to answer the + +31 +00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:11,800 +question. Okay, yes, can you also, everyone if you + +32 +00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:16,800 +want to ask question, please speak up. When two + +33 +00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,120 +lines of verse rhyme, we call them couplets, + +34 +00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,060 +right? Yeah. In the cystic and octave, when the + +35 +00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,460 +eight, does the eight lines have to rhyme, so + +36 +00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,340 +we're gonna call them cystic and octave? Okay, so + +37 +00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:31,460 +when we spoke about the sonnet, remember the + +38 +00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,080 +Italian sonnet? Yes. The sonnet was born in Italy, + +39 +00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:41,090 +with a Y, not I. And we spoke about Dante in + +40 +00:03:41,090 --> 00:03:45,950 +brief. We spoke also about the + +41 +00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:51,050 +other name, the other Italian sonneteer, the + +42 +00:03:51,050 --> 00:03:55,290 +father of the sonnet, Petrarch. + +43 +00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:01,790 +Is it a difficult name? Is it difficult? So + +44 +00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:07,850 +Petrarch, C-H Petrarch, exactly how you spell it. + +45 +00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,840 +Now, Petrarch is said to be the most important + +46 +00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,980 +Italian sonnetier. There are actually other names + +47 +00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:20,720 +in Italy. But this is what we want to focus on, + +48 +00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:26,820 +because of Petrarch, Henry Howard And Sir Thomas + +49 +00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,420 +White, they loved the sonnet. And again, remember, + +50 +00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:33,240 +we always talk about the influence of Europe, of + +51 +00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,020 +Italy, France, mainly Italy and France. Actually, + +52 +00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,020 +the Renaissance started in Italy well before it + +53 +00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:45,050 +started in England. So England was still being + +54 +00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:50,310 +influenced by Europe, especially by Italy. So the + +55 +00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,150 +sonnet, the Italian sonnet, is generally two + +56 +00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:57,950 +parts, remember? The form, the structure of the + +57 +00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:05,790 +sonnet is eight lines and then six lines. Eight + +58 +00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,030 +lines and six lines. The eight lines we called + +59 +00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:10,550 +octave. + +60 +00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:14,600 +And this is the Sestet. + +61 +00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:21,600 +Sestet from six. An octave, you know Octopus + +62 +00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,560 +because of the A. Now the Italian sonnet almost + +63 +00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:39,240 +always rhymes as A B B A A B B A Now this, you're + +64 +00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:43,930 +answering a question. This is in a way Four lines, + +65 +00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:47,730 +remember the four lines, the quadrant? Your + +66 +00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:51,150 +question is, does this count as a rhyme? Sorry, as + +67 +00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,810 +a rhyming couplet? No. You know why? Because + +68 +00:05:55,810 --> 00:05:59,090 +generally this stops here. Even does this count as + +69 +00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,270 +a couplet? No, it's part of the octave or the + +70 +00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:08,960 +group of the stanza or the quadrant. However, if + +71 +00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:12,260 +in your exam or you find two lines somebody likes + +72 +00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:15,120 +just these lines and you look at them in isolation + +73 +00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,900 +you can call them a couplet it's okay you can if + +74 +00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:22,100 +they are in isolation because you don't know the + +75 +00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,440 +context you don't know but generally this is + +76 +00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:29,900 +important generally here they don't give one idea + +77 +00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:32,460 +that's the most important thing about the couplet + +78 +00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:37,460 +remember It's like a paragraph, a prose paragraph. + +79 +00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:40,280 +What is a paragraph? A group of related sentences + +80 +00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:44,800 +about one topic, one idea. Now the couplet, two + +81 +00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,880 +rhyming lines, two rhymes, two lines that rhyme, + +82 +00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:52,740 +And they are about the same thing. Always remember + +83 +00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:55,840 +Shakespeare's couplet at the end. So long as this, + +84 +00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,540 +so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so + +85 +00:06:59,540 --> 00:07:02,560 +long lives this, and this gives life to thee. What + +86 +00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,740 +happens in the first four lines here, the + +87 +00:07:05,740 --> 00:07:09,540 +quatrain, is the author develops an idea. If you + +88 +00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:12,460 +stop here, the idea is not complete. If you stop + +89 +00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:15,180 +here, it's usually not complete. If you stop here, + +90 +00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,990 +it's usually not complete. When you finish the + +91 +00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:21,930 +first four lines, you have a part of an idea that + +92 +00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:26,690 +could give you something. But it's not complete in + +93 +00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:30,130 +the Italian Sunnit until you read the first eight + +94 +00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:33,430 +lines. When you read the first eight lines, you + +95 +00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,110 +realize, oh, OK. So it gives you an idea. The same + +96 +00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:39,790 +with Shakespeare. When we spoke about Shakespeare, + +97 +00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:42,750 +we said Shakespeare's structure is + +98 +00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:50,230 +We have three quadrants, remember? Three, what's a + +99 +00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:55,570 +quadrant? Four lines. From quarter, okay? And a + +100 +00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:58,130 +couplet, plus a couplet. + +101 +00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:06,650 +Now the first four lines usually have one idea, + +102 +00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:13,370 +one image, and then the second quadrant moves to + +103 +00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:15,650 +another idea or image, and the third quadrant + +104 +00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:19,350 +moves to the other idea. But the three quadrants + +105 +00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,910 +have the same theme, the same problem, the same + +106 +00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,950 +crisis. Like in Shall I Compare Thee to A Summer's + +107 +00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:30,010 +Day, he spins almost 12 lines saying, no, life is + +108 +00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:33,190 +not perfect. Every fair from fair sometime + +109 +00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:36,920 +declines. Summer is beautiful, but sometimes there + +110 +00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,980 +is rough winds, right? Summer is beautiful, but + +111 +00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:43,620 +again, the winds do shake the darling buds of May. + +112 +00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:46,420 +Summer is beautiful, but summer is sometimes what? + +113 +00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,260 +Short and hot. Sometimes the clouds destroy the + +114 +00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:55,500 +beauty of this. So he moves from one image to the + +115 +00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,920 +other, like in Sonnet 73, I guess, where he speaks + +116 +00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,380 +in the first quatrain, he speaks about the end of + +117 +00:09:02,380 --> 00:09:06,060 +the year, autumn. What happens in autumn? Yellow + +118 +00:09:06,060 --> 00:09:12,920 +leaves. Right? The end of the circle. In the + +119 +00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,200 +second quadrant we've got the end of the day, the + +120 +00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,960 +sunset. So the day is good. We start active, + +121 +00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,700 +energetic. We have all hopes and dreams. We want + +122 +00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,120 +to go to school, to attend classes, to meet + +123 +00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,130 +friends, to go to the cafeteria, to eat pizza. At + +124 +00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:32,210 +the end of the day, it's like everything comes to + +125 +00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:36,130 +an end. Nothing lasts forever. And then in the + +126 +00:09:36,130 --> 00:09:39,210 +third quarter, he speaks about the end of a fire. + +127 +00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:46,190 +Fires, you know? Fire. But it ends up as ashes. So + +128 +00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:47,910 +what is Shakespeare doing here? He's giving us + +129 +00:09:47,910 --> 00:09:50,110 +three images. The three images about the + +130 +00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:54,030 +inevitability of death. The passing of time. Time + +131 +00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:57,700 +kills everything. In a way this is the crisis. + +132 +00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:02,300 +This is the issue of time. But what does he do in + +133 +00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200 +the couplet? He gives hope. In a way he twists. + +134 +00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:07,600 +There's something called a volta. The volta is a + +135 +00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,600 +twist. Where like in Sonnet 18, again, he says + +136 +00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,680 +something like, I can't remember that couplet, + +137 +00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,960 +like similar to 18, he says that, but my poetry + +138 +00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,860 +will live forever. My poetry doesn't die. My + +139 +00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:26,400 +sonnet doesn't die. Reminding us of, again, how he + +140 +00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,640 +believes in his poetry, giving us some kind of + +141 +00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,030 +hope or closure or ending. So long as men can + +142 +00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:38,730 +breathe, our eyes can see, so long lives this, and + +143 +00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:40,990 +this gives life to thee. So the couplet has one + +144 +00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:44,030 +idea. So again, going back to your question, can + +145 +00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:50,810 +we call this here a couplet? No. Generally, no. If + +146 +00:10:50,810 --> 00:10:55,130 +you find them alone, wandering around, you could + +147 +00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:56,930 +say that, but when you read them, they're not + +148 +00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:01,150 +going to give you a full idea, like the idea of, + +149 +00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:04,030 +so long as men can breathe, our eyes can see, so + +150 +00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,270 +long as this or this gives life to this. In other + +151 +00:11:07,270 --> 00:11:09,230 +words, in your exam I'm not going to give you two + +152 +00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:11,110 +lines from here and ask you whether this is a + +153 +00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:16,050 +couplet I'll give you a full stanza either two + +154 +00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:20,790 +lines if it's complete couplet or quatrain four + +155 +00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:24,490 +lines or six or maybe eight lines but we usually + +156 +00:11:24,490 --> 00:11:27,190 +because you're still beginning to learn English + +157 +00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:30,650 +and English literature I usually only focus on two + +158 +00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:33,450 +-line nouns okay + +159 +00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,080 +Any other question about the sonnet? Does anyone + +160 +00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,280 +want to ask questions about the sonnet, the rhyme + +161 +00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,340 +scheme, the importance of the sonnet, Shakespeare + +162 +00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:46,080 +and the sonnet? + +163 +00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:55,280 +Please, do ask. Sorry? Not the sonnet? So, no more + +164 +00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:55,620 +sonnet? + +165 +00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:06,950 +Okay, I'll ask you a question here. In one stanza + +166 +00:12:06,950 --> 00:12:09,850 +we studied in the other class today, there was, + +167 +00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,850 +okay, don't look at the book, I'll just bring it + +168 +00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:17,570 +myself. There was a line ending in drops and the + +169 +00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,890 +other one ending in box, drops and the other one + +170 +00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:22,750 +ending in box. + +171 +00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,580 +Listen, these words don't rhyme. Do they rhyme? Is + +172 +00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:35,480 +there rhyme here? This doesn't count, generally, + +173 +00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,600 +unless the sounds before it have something similar + +174 +00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:44,140 +to drop, like hops for example, hops, drops and + +175 +00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:49,380 +hops. Okay, but drops and box, they don't rhyme. + +176 +00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,040 +The rhyme is generally not the last sound, usually + +177 +00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,420 +two, sometimes three. We need to look at this + +178 +00:12:55,420 --> 00:12:58,880 +carefully. Another example, what do you think of + +179 +00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:04,820 +this? A very famous poem by Marlow, we'll study + +180 +00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:11,000 +later on. He says, he begins his poem saying, + +181 +00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:21,740 +come, Live with me and be my love and + +182 +00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:28,120 +Notice when you begin a line of verse, you begin + +183 +00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,820 +with capital. That's the rules when you write + +184 +00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:35,520 +poetry. The first word, you capitalize the first + +185 +00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,420 +letter of the first word of each and every line. + +186 +00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,280 +And this is how you distinguish sometimes verse + +187 +00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,500 +from prose in Shakespeare. If it is capitalized, + +188 +00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,080 +then it's poetry. If it's not, it's prose. But + +189 +00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,120 +more important than this is the music. We've seen + +190 +00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,940 +how Shiloh doesn't use poetry and has not a Jew + +191 +00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:01,360 +eyes. And we will, sorry, we will all the + +192 +00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:01,780 +pleasures. + +193 +00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:10,240 +That's a very famous, that's a very famous poem + +194 +00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:19,640 +here. Is it a couplet? No. Okay, we have love and + +195 +00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:26,150 +Prove Not the same sound Okay we have O V E and + +196 +00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:30,690 +also O V E If you know how to do transcription + +197 +00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:37,670 +this is love and this is prove Probably + +198 +00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,130 +next year What do you think of this? Is this a + +199 +00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:45,450 +couplet? Do we have rhyme here? What do you think? + +200 +00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,350 +No it's not a couplet because the sound is + +201 +00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:53,380 +different The sounds are different. We have love, + +202 +00:14:53,920 --> 00:15:03,280 +like dove, cut, hot, but, and this is prove. What + +203 +00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:05,140 +do you think? Does anybody have something? + +204 +00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,920 +If you look at the words, if you look at the + +205 +00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,500 +words, they look similar. They look similar. O V + +206 +00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:22,340 +E, O V E. The V sound is the same, but the one + +207 +00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,660 +before. So if you look at it from a distance, if + +208 +00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:27,480 +you don't know the words, how they are pronounced, + +209 +00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:31,580 +you think they rhyme. But in reality, they don't + +210 +00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:35,800 +perfectly rhyme. They partially rhyme. We call + +211 +00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,840 +this, it has different names. It's called + +212 +00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,160 +imperfect rhyme. Or sometimes it's called I rhyme. + +213 +00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,220 +You know I rhyme? Because you look at it, they + +214 +00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,860 +sound like they would be rhyming but they don't + +215 +00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:53,900 +rhyme perfectly. So what is this? It's still a + +216 +00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,420 +couplet. This is a couplet because it has one + +217 +00:15:56,420 --> 00:15:59,600 +idea. Come live with me and be my love and we will + +218 +00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,020 +all the pleasures prove. Is there a rhyme here? + +219 +00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:09,440 +Yes, but the rhyme is imperfect. Imperfect is + +220 +00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:15,060 +still a rhyme. Now, imperfect rhyme is still a + +221 +00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:18,120 +rhyme. They rhyme, but they don't rhyme 100%. They + +222 +00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,120 +rhyme like what, 60, 50%? Now, there is a + +223 +00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:27,660 +justification for here. Sometimes, the poet uses + +224 +00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:30,020 +imperfect rhyme to tell us there's something wrong + +225 +00:16:30,020 --> 00:16:35,710 +here. Okay, so look at this. This is a poem, a man + +226 +00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:41,090 +inviting his beloved to love him and live with + +227 +00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:44,790 +him. Why? How is he trying to convince her? He's + +228 +00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:49,770 +telling her, we will all the pleasures prove. We + +229 +00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:52,690 +have all the pleasures in the world. In reality, + +230 +00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,090 +no one has all the pleasures in the world. Nobody + +231 +00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,110 +owns all the pleasures in the world. He's + +232 +00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:00,350 +exaggerating. + +233 +00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,930 +In reality, he's not telling the truth. And this + +234 +00:17:05,930 --> 00:17:11,790 +sound here, Prove, is telling us that he's lying. + +235 +00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,980 +Because he's trying to depict life to the woman as + +236 +00:17:16,980 --> 00:17:21,100 +a perfect, you know, perfect life. But even the + +237 +00:17:21,100 --> 00:17:24,080 +rhyme doesn't rhyme perfectly. That's the trick + +238 +00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,760 +here. So the rhyme, the imperfect rhyme here tells + +239 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 +us something about the idea. So there is + +240 +00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,940 +imperfection in the poem and the imperfection is + +241 +00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:38,130 +reflected in the imperfect rhyme. But what is the + +242 +00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:41,370 +poet saying? He's saying, life is perfect. I own + +243 +00:17:41,370 --> 00:17:44,630 +everything. All is fine. I own everything. We can + +244 +00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:47,290 +have all the pleasures in the world. And the sound + +245 +00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:50,550 +of the poem tells us he's lying, because the rhyme + +246 +00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:53,410 +scheme is imperfect. It reflects something + +247 +00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:58,370 +imperfect in the meaning, in the idea. Or simply, + +248 +00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,590 +some people would say, but this is a very unpoetic + +249 +00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,670 +answer, maybe during the time of Shakespeare or + +250 +00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:09,150 +Marlowe, maybe these words Could have the same + +251 +00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:13,030 +rhyme. Could have rhymed in the past, like three, + +252 +00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:16,470 +four hundred years ago, maybe they rhymed. I don't + +253 +00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370 +know how. Which is better to say love and problem + +254 +00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,290 +or love and prove? + +255 +00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:27,810 +Yeah, in my opinion, I think it's harsh to destroy + +256 +00:18:27,810 --> 00:18:32,600 +love saying prove. Maybe you can play with it. But + +257 +00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,060 +I don't know how they pronounce it. Maybe we can + +258 +00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:39,660 +check this later on. So what's the point here? + +259 +00:18:40,340 --> 00:18:44,500 +Sometimes this is not rhyme because the S here + +260 +00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,740 +doesn't make rhyme. You need to check the letter, + +261 +00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,220 +the sound before. Here we check the sound before + +262 +00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,100 +and they don't perfectly rhyme. We call it + +263 +00:18:55,100 --> 00:19:00,480 +imperfect rhyme or I rhyme. Is this important in + +264 +00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,100 +the poem? Yes, because it reveals something about + +265 +00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,300 +the poem, the meaning itself. The poet is saying, + +266 +00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:13,300 +wait a minute. There is music and fun, but here we + +267 +00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,060 +don't have perfect music. We don't have perfect + +268 +00:19:16,060 --> 00:19:18,480 +music because something is wrong. What's wrong + +269 +00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,400 +here? A poet lying to his woman. And the title of + +270 +00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,140 +the poem here is The Shepherds. The shepherd, the + +271 +00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:31,820 +speaker, the character, the man saying, come live + +272 +00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:33,860 +with me and be my love, is a shepherd. And a + +273 +00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:38,560 +shepherd is generally a poor man who takes care of + +274 +00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,140 +sheep. If you are a shepherd, it's impossible for + +275 +00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:48,000 +you to have all the pleasures in life, et cetera. + +276 +00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,510 +OK? No more questions about the sonnet? Please do + +277 +00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:54,910 +ask if you have any. The sonnet, go. So I didn't + +278 +00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,670 +get it clearly, but is a rhyme scheme focused more + +279 +00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:01,710 +on the letters rather than the sound? The sound, + +280 +00:20:01,810 --> 00:20:04,770 +of course. No, the sound. When it comes to the + +281 +00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:11,110 +rhyme, we care about the sound, not the letter. + +282 +00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:17,250 +But verbs and verbs like, clearer than love and + +283 +00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,920 +bruise? This one? No. Yeah, no. Sometimes yes, + +284 +00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:24,660 +like why, why, why wouldn't this rhyme? Like + +285 +00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,360 +because more important, this is an additional + +286 +00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,360 +letter, like it just comes and goes. Drop and + +287 +00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:29,640 +book? + +288 +00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:42,860 +No way. Drop them. Book, book, book. No way. Even + +289 +00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:52,540 +if we say for example, even if we say drop, it's + +290 +00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:56,220 +not drop, it's drop, drop, drop, drop. It still + +291 +00:20:56,220 --> 00:21:00,760 +doesn't rhyme, never rhymes. Drop and box, no way, + +292 +00:21:00,820 --> 00:21:06,600 +there's no rhyme here. But with the S, does it + +293 +00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,250 +rhyme? No, I don't think it rhymes here. But if + +294 +00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,150 +you insist, it's okay, it's not a big deal. Yes? + +295 +00:21:15,470 --> 00:21:18,870 +If there was a text and you asked us to write + +296 +00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:21,510 +rhymes, and there was drops and box, shall we + +297 +00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:25,310 +write drop A and box B? Yeah. But if you don't, + +298 +00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:28,490 +because you're still beginners, it's not the end + +299 +00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:31,510 +of the world. The same with love and hope? No, but + +300 +00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,170 +this one, there is rhyme here. There is rhyme + +301 +00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,340 +here. But it's imperfect. This is clearer than + +302 +00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:44,080 +this in many ways. Good question. So because this + +303 +00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,840 +is not year four, you're not about to graduate, + +304 +00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,120 +you're still starting your life learning English, + +305 +00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800 +English poetry, and you're not native speakers. So + +306 +00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,900 +sometimes there's a lot of flexibility. Yes. Go + +307 +00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:01,480 +on, next. I want to ask something. Are the + +308 +00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,080 +questions about history, for example, who invaded + +309 +00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,020 +England, are they included in the exam? Listen, + +310 +00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,820 +this is a course about... The literature itself or + +311 +00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:17,020 +the situation? Yeah, we're not studying history, + +312 +00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,640 +we're studying literature. This is an introduction + +313 +00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:25,260 +to English literature course for beginners. And I + +314 +00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:27,300 +said at the beginning, we're going to examine the + +315 +00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:32,420 +literary texts in their historical context. We're + +316 +00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,280 +going to study how history, historical events + +317 +00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,560 +influenced literature, and how literature + +318 +00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,720 +influenced life, changed life in a way or another. + +319 +00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,540 +But the focus, 80% of our focus is on the + +320 +00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:50,530 +literature. okay some events in history are very + +321 +00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:52,890 +important like the printing press you should know + +322 +00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:55,750 +this this is a historical this is a scientific + +323 +00:22:55,750 --> 00:23:01,350 +invention it's a historical event did it influence + +324 +00:23:01,350 --> 00:23:05,810 +literature yes of course because you know mass + +325 +00:23:05,810 --> 00:23:11,230 +production mass like people had more and more + +326 +00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:14,910 +copies it took two years to make one copy of the + +327 +00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:21,720 +bible but now One year, 200 copies. For example, + +328 +00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:25,260 +the French invasion, the Normans, when they came + +329 +00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,500 +to England, they influenced the language in the + +330 +00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,900 +literature. So the focus is on the literature, but + +331 +00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,860 +it is important to know the major historical + +332 +00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:39,240 +events. For example, Britain was invaded by many + +333 +00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,540 +people from Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jews. That's + +334 +00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,640 +not included. You should know this. Are you going + +335 +00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:50,180 +to put a question in the exam? Maybe, but the + +336 +00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,860 +question here is in the literary context, in the + +337 +00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:56,960 +sense that, remember, when we spoke about Old + +338 +00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,640 +English, we said At that time, we didn't have a + +339 +00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,100 +clear idea of what England is. Even the literature + +340 +00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,480 +was not pure English in the sense we have now or + +341 +00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,880 +even the sense Shakespeare composed. Because + +342 +00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,380 +people still came from different countries across + +343 +00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:21,180 +Europe and they were using different languages. So + +344 +00:24:21,180 --> 00:24:23,880 +did this, you know the invasions, did this + +345 +00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,420 +influence the culture, the language, the + +346 +00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:29,080 +literature? Yes, and that's the focus. So at that + +347 +00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,060 +time we said England was trying to shape its + +348 +00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,720 +identity. In the Middle Ages, Middle English, + +349 +00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,900 +later on, like three, four, five hundred years + +350 +00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,780 +later, we started speaking about English + +351 +00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,780 +literature, pure English literature when we spoke + +352 +00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:46,580 +about Chaucer. We said in Chaucer, there's always + +353 +00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,880 +this insistence on being different. He began his + +354 +00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,860 +life, by the way, by imitating some Italian and + +355 +00:24:52,860 --> 00:24:56,480 +French authors. But later on, he developed his own + +356 +00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,140 +style. He focused on the Englishness of the + +357 +00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,590 +literature. Because when you have your own + +358 +00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,810 +country, you want to have your own culture and + +359 +00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:08,790 +literature. You want to be different. You want to + +360 +00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:10,930 +create your identity. Remember we spoke about the + +361 +00:25:10,930 --> 00:25:15,070 +English identity when we mentioned Skelton, Philip + +362 +00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:19,610 +Sparrow, vengeance I ask and cry. We said John + +363 +00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:22,510 +Skilton was an important poet at that time because + +364 +00:25:22,510 --> 00:25:26,270 +in a way he was helping shape the English + +365 +00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:29,270 +identity. And in his poetry, we can find poetry + +366 +00:25:29,270 --> 00:25:31,330 +that is different from the poetry of Europe, + +367 +00:25:32,170 --> 00:25:36,710 +mainly Italy and France. In his poetry, there's a + +368 +00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:39,550 +strong sense of the English identity. What is the + +369 +00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,530 +English identity? What it means to be English? + +370 +00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:47,290 +What makes you different from Italians and French? + +371 +00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:56,010 +Number one, your language, right? Number two, your + +372 +00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,910 +literature, your poetry, the stories, the + +373 +00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:02,110 +narratives, the customs, the habits. So they were + +374 +00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:04,910 +focusing on the things that make them different. + +375 +00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:09,070 +So these invasions are important because English + +376 +00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:11,930 +as a language is actually originally from + +377 +00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:16,930 +different languages. There are Latin roots, German + +378 +00:26:16,930 --> 00:26:19,750 +roots, French words, many French words, even Arab + +379 +00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:22,850 +words. English is naturally a very flexible + +380 +00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:28,030 +language. It borrows from all the languages. So + +381 +00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:30,690 +the invasions are important to understand because + +382 +00:26:30,690 --> 00:26:33,770 +this is how England became England. It became + +383 +00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:37,640 +diversity. There is now a strong movement in + +384 +00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,220 +England and in the United States that is described + +385 +00:26:41,220 --> 00:26:45,360 +as white supremacy where people say England is for + +386 +00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:48,540 +the white, only the white people and America is + +387 +00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,940 +for the white people. This is really silly because + +388 +00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:55,410 +Racism. Because of racism, yeah. But also because + +389 +00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:58,410 +England and America, now they started on diversity + +390 +00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:01,010 +in a sense. People from across Europe came there. + +391 +00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:04,070 +People from across Europe went to America. And + +392 +00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:08,090 +there was this reconstructuring of they found a + +393 +00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,550 +body of 10,000 years ago in England. And when they + +394 +00:27:12,550 --> 00:27:15,750 +did experiments and tests, they realized that one, + +395 +00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:21,540 +he's a black man. in England. He was there 10,000 + +396 +00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:24,780 +years ago. And he's considered, I guess, the + +397 +00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,980 +father of 20% of the English people now. So + +398 +00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:33,400 +there's the idea of pure race is a lie. It's not + +399 +00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,880 +true. It's a fabrication. People have always + +400 +00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,840 +coexisted together. Why is this man black man in + +401 +00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,440 +England? Because people crossed borders searching + +402 +00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,460 +for safety, for food, coexisted in a way or + +403 +00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:51,150 +another. Please. Some of the names are really hard + +404 +00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:53,690 +to spell. If you misspell something. No worries + +405 +00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:57,050 +about spelling. But like Machiavelli, for example. + +406 +00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,970 +OK. Not easy to spell, but try to train it to get + +407 +00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030 +as close as possible. Don't give me, for example, + +408 +00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:06,830 +don't spell spaghetti. + +409 +00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:12,210 +Machiavelli is Machiavelli. What difficult names. + +410 +00:28:12,530 --> 00:28:15,130 +But again, most importantly, I don't want you to + +411 +00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:16,090 +misspell Shakespeare. + +412 +00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:22,870 +I feel sad that's shakes you know shake shakes + +413 +00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:27,830 +shaking shake before use yes she shakes the i + +414 +00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:31,510 +don't know the juice before use it's a shake and + +415 +00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:35,470 +then or shake spear i don't know how you would do + +416 +00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:40,150 +this either shake or shakes and then or spear + +417 +00:28:40,150 --> 00:28:42,990 +because spear is another word but this e is extra + +418 +00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:47,200 +Did I tell you that Shakespeare spelled his name, + +419 +00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:53,160 +signed his name in 17 different ways? None of + +420 +00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:59,240 +them, ironically, none of them is this one. And + +421 +00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,340 +this is how crazy life is. So you spell your name + +422 +00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:05,120 +17 different ways, hoping that people would pick + +423 +00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,900 +one of them. Because remember, spelling, there was + +424 +00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:14,170 +no standard for spelling. There were no rules for + +425 +00:29:14,170 --> 00:29:17,630 +spelling. People would spell different ways. Only + +426 +00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:20,370 +in the 18th century, people started to have rules. + +427 +00:29:20,510 --> 00:29:23,850 +Do this, don't do that, drop this, changes. So + +428 +00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:26,790 +this is Shakespeare. You usually forget either + +429 +00:29:26,790 --> 00:29:32,570 +this E or this E. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare. + +430 +00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:39,170 +He's dumb. Maybe he's going to feel sad if you do + +431 +00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:43,410 +that. This, we want to really appreciate + +432 +00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:46,590 +Shakespeare for what he does. What other names do + +433 +00:29:46,590 --> 00:29:52,730 +you find difficult? Bewolf? No, no, no. In The + +434 +00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:57,270 +Chaucer, there is an Italian writings of + +435 +00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:02,430 +Bastastione. Listen, if it is something I skipped, + +436 +00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:08,410 +you just skip it. If I skip names of authors, + +437 +00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,550 +names of texts, you just skip them. But other than + +438 +00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:14,630 +this, the background, the talk, the brief + +439 +00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:16,650 +description about the age, about the writer, about + +440 +00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:19,470 +the texts, please go through them. And I want you + +441 +00:30:19,470 --> 00:30:21,430 +to read what is in the book because this is how + +442 +00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,550 +you improve your writing and your English. + +443 +00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:30,010 +The name, the authors, the texts we study, we + +444 +00:30:30,010 --> 00:30:34,550 +examine, we mention in this class. If I skip + +445 +00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:37,410 +something, any name, any text, you just skip it. + +446 +00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:43,500 +Please. Are we going to be asked to summarize what + +447 +00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,120 +they place on Shakespeare? Generally, no. You + +448 +00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,380 +won't. But maybe, for example, one of your + +449 +00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,760 +questions is going to ask you to contextualize. + +450 +00:30:57,460 --> 00:31:00,060 +Anyway, I shouldn't be speaking about this now + +451 +00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,240 +because we'll talk about this when we approach the + +452 +00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,240 +exams. You know, context. to contextualize a text. + +453 +00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,560 +So I'll ask you for example to bring you five + +454 +00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:18,060 +extracts from poems or texts we studied and I ask + +455 +00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,520 +you to contextualize three or four of them. I + +456 +00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,740 +usually give you more choices so more flexibility. + +457 +00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,380 +Okay question number one is to be or not to be + +458 +00:31:29,380 --> 00:31:33,720 +that is the question. So number one you put it in + +459 +00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,160 +its context you tell me This is by Hamlet from + +460 +00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:47,740 +Hamlet by Shakespeare Hamlet is a tragedy of a + +461 +00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:53,520 +young prince who wanted to take revenge because + +462 +00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:59,920 +his uncle killed his father Most importantly, + +463 +00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,840 +focus on the text I give you. However, because + +464 +00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,660 +Hamlet is a modern man, a university student, he's + +465 +00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:10,980 +in conflict. To kill or not to kill? To be or not + +466 +00:32:10,980 --> 00:32:14,660 +to be? To die or not to die? And this is Hamlet's + +467 +00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:21,000 +tragic flaw. You know tragedy, tragic? His + +468 +00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,890 +weakness is hesitation. Sloth, hesitation. You + +469 +00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:29,450 +know hesitation? To be or not to be. To kill or + +470 +00:32:29,450 --> 00:32:32,070 +not to kill. Play or not to play. Exactly. He + +471 +00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,710 +hesitates. That's it. This is called + +472 +00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:38,910 +contextualization. But although he is a + +473 +00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:44,110 +philosopher, nevertheless, he has a little gold in + +474 +00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:49,330 +his coffer. This is from The Canterbury Tales by + +475 +00:32:49,330 --> 00:32:53,690 +Chaucer. This couplet, this rhyming couplet, + +476 +00:32:53,850 --> 00:32:59,060 +right? Okay, it has irony, but probably before + +477 +00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:02,440 +this, give me the context. It tells the story of a + +478 +00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:07,380 +philosopher who instead of collecting knowledge, + +479 +00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,700 +is collecting money. There is irony here because + +480 +00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,760 +Chaucer is making fun of the new habits of the + +481 +00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:21,380 +society. Short paragraphs like these, okay? Clear? + +482 +00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,040 +Focus on the line. What do we have in the line? + +483 +00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,300 +When you tell me this is a couplet, you save + +484 +00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,160 +yourself a lot of time. Instead of saying the + +485 +00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,240 +rhyme and there is a rhyme in one topic, you say a + +486 +00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:33,520 +couplet. Oh, excellent. + +487 +00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:44,120 +Okay, again, this extract is taken from Canterbury + +488 +00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:49,420 +Tales by Chaucer. That's number one. In this + +489 +00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:52,840 +extract, in this couplet, Chaucer is criticizing + +490 +00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,140 +the new habits of the society. Here, we have a + +491 +00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,780 +philosopher who is interested more in collecting + +492 +00:33:59,780 --> 00:34:06,060 +money than in knowledge. There is irony in a + +493 +00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,280 +little gold, because a little gold is still a lot + +494 +00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:10,720 +of money. + +495 +00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:17,700 +Something like this. This is called + +496 +00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,300 +contextualization. You don't have to memorize the + +497 +00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,640 +lines, but if you do, it will really be fun for + +498 +00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,620 +you. I will not ask you to recite something or + +499 +00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,760 +write a complete line or something. But when you + +500 +00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,920 +memorize lines, does anyone memorize anything? No. + +501 +00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,320 +Other than have not a Jewite or something? You + +502 +00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560 +should, it's really fun. For God's sake, or shall + +503 +00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,980 +I compare thee to summer's day? You feel like, oh + +504 +00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:46,540 +my God, I know more English than anyone else. You + +505 +00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:49,840 +feel proud of yourself. You feel confident. So + +506 +00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:53,140 +long as men can, and listen, very easy. Seriously, + +507 +00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,480 +one of the students was like, the boy was telling + +508 +00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,800 +me the other day that Shakespeare is difficult. I + +509 +00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700 +hate Shakespeare. I said, this is a misconception. + +510 +00:35:01,940 --> 00:35:04,980 +This is a prejudice. Did you study anything about + +511 +00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:06,400 +Shakespeare? Did you read anything about + +512 +00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,280 +Shakespeare? Not much. When you read his poetry, + +513 +00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,620 +to be or not to be, that is the question. Yes, + +514 +00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:15,800 +it's not this simplistic, but it's easy to + +515 +00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,480 +understand. So long as men can breathe, our eyes + +516 +00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,520 +can see. So long lives this, and this gives life + +517 +00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120 +to it. That's why I usually advise my students, + +518 +00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,020 +when you learn things about poetry, Shakespeare, + +519 +00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,540 +go, all of you use social media. Post this on your + +520 +00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:32,260 +Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, Snapchat. Use + +521 +00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,640 +them in your life. Today I want all of you to go + +522 +00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,580 +home and when you have electricity, if you have + +523 +00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:44,060 +electricity, you just type and every fare from + +524 +00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,660 +fare sometime declines. One of the most beautiful + +525 +00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:51,370 +lines ever. Start shifting your life, your + +526 +00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:53,710 +Facebook, your social media, everything into + +527 +00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:57,590 +English. I'm sure you're going to benefit a lot. + +528 +00:35:58,330 --> 00:36:01,050 +So when people ask, what does this mean? Your aunt + +529 +00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,650 +or your uncle will be like, wow, we're proud of + +530 +00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470 +you. When people ask you what it means, you just + +531 +00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,570 +explain it to them. Translating or just + +532 +00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:20,530 +explaining. Yes, more questions. More, please. I + +533 +00:36:20,530 --> 00:36:24,090 +always knew that Shakespeare's style is three + +534 +00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:26,370 +-verse. I never knew that his poems + +535 +00:36:30,220 --> 00:36:35,000 +Shakespeare mainly wrote in verse. His sonnets are + +536 +00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,240 +classical English verse. But his plays, because + +537 +00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:43,280 +when you write a 5000 line play, you can't make + +538 +00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:46,720 +them rhyme in any particular way. So generally + +539 +00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:51,330 +this is called blank verse. What's blank verse? + +540 +00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,910 +It's verse but doesn't rhyme. Generally in the + +541 +00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,370 +play because it's very difficult to make the whole + +542 +00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,490 +play rhyme A B A B or A B C A B C or something. + +543 +00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:06,630 +And this is totally different from, totally + +544 +00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:11,130 +different from free verse. Free verse is something + +545 +00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:14,990 +that appeared probably 200 years ago. Free verse. + +546 +00:37:15,390 --> 00:37:18,510 +Generally in blank verse, we have music, we have + +547 +00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:23,050 +rhythm, but we don't have rhyme. We don't have + +548 +00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:28,970 +rhyme. Free verse, generally no music and no + +549 +00:37:28,970 --> 00:37:33,610 +rhyme. It's the poetry that most people write + +550 +00:37:33,610 --> 00:37:36,590 +nowadays, 20th century, 21st century. + +551 +00:37:39,330 --> 00:37:42,310 +In his plays, Shakespeare and Marlowe, they + +552 +00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:47,450 +adopted blank verse. Because if they want to focus + +553 +00:37:47,450 --> 00:37:52,110 +on the rhyme, it's going to be really very + +554 +00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,650 +restricting in a sense. Last point, one minute, + +555 +00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:54,990 +yes? + +556 +00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,690 +Of course, yeah, of course many and that's why + +557 +00:38:02,690 --> 00:38:04,890 +he's the father of English poetry or English + +558 +00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,850 +literature We're only studying the Canterbury + +559 +00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,850 +tales. I'll stop here. Thank you very much for + +560 +00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:14,230 +these questions if you have more questions, feel + +561 +00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:15,670 +free to ask Thank you + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2439243c4885941c3a0ed09d994c9659fe37686 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2708 @@ +1 +00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:24,850 +Okay, Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Last class + +2 +00:00:24,850 --> 00:00:28,250 +we started discussing romanticism, romantic + +3 +00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:33,410 +literature and romantic poets. We spoke about the + +4 +00:00:33,410 --> 00:00:36,750 +major features of Romanticism and how different it + +5 +00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,070 +was from the poetry of the Augustan Age, or what + +6 +00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:44,270 +is generally known as the Neoclassical Age or the + +7 +00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:49,030 +Age of Reason. Before I begin, we finished talking + +8 +00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,930 +about William Blake. We can't speak enough about + +9 +00:00:51,930 --> 00:00:56,250 +William Blake. And generally, William Blake was a + +10 +00:00:56,250 --> 00:00:59,230 +pre-romantic. He was writing poetry from London + +11 +00:00:59,230 --> 00:01:01,890 +before, I think, the publication of the lyrical + +12 +00:01:01,890 --> 00:01:06,550 +ballads by the two major romantic figures, Samuel + +13 +00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,490 +Coleridge and William Wadsworth. Today, we'll see + +14 +00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:14,410 +what William Wadsworth has for us. But before I + +15 +00:01:14,410 --> 00:01:17,590 +begin doing this, I want to do some kind of + +16 +00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,420 +revision for last time's class. So could you + +17 +00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:22,660 +please remind me of the major features of + +18 +00:01:22,660 --> 00:01:25,740 +Romanticism? Why is Romantic literature or mainly + +19 +00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:28,800 +Romantic poetry different from the poetry of the + +20 +00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,520 +previous age? Yes. What makes Romantic poetry + +21 +00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:39,020 +romantic? Can you tell me, please? Okay, for the + +22 +00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:45,000 +Romantics, the heart controls the head, not vice + +23 +00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:51,730 +versa. Thank you. Please. So the romantics + +24 +00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:56,790 +advocated simplicity, and mainly simplicity in + +25 +00:01:56,790 --> 00:02:00,770 +diction, in language. You don't have to use elite, + +26 +00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,830 +highly embellished, sophisticated, powerful + +27 +00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:08,490 +language, language that mainly university educated + +28 +00:02:08,490 --> 00:02:13,370 +people would understand. Simple language. And, + +29 +00:02:13,510 --> 00:02:13,910 +please. + +30 +00:02:17,500 --> 00:02:19,860 +Thank you very much. So the subject matter, again, + +31 +00:02:19,980 --> 00:02:22,640 +is no longer about courtly love, the life in the + +32 +00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:25,100 +court and in the palace about God and kings and + +33 +00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:28,720 +queens and the noble families. It's taken + +34 +00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:32,120 +situations from the common life. And that's why + +35 +00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,300 +we'll find many poems about ordinary people, poor + +36 +00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,140 +people, about kids, about poor women, about + +37 +00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:42,580 +unnamed people sometimes. Yes, please. So it's + +38 +00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:45,100 +usually right to express themselves. Okay, so + +39 +00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:49,280 +poetry is now self-expression. It's no longer + +40 +00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:54,060 +didactic. In the sense that before this, following + +41 +00:02:54,060 --> 00:02:56,660 +the rules of decorum literature in general, poetry + +42 +00:02:56,660 --> 00:03:01,880 +had to teach and please, to teach and delight. So + +43 +00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,740 +the significant point is, what influence is your + +44 +00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:08,120 +poetry going to have on the others, on the + +45 +00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,760 +readers, on your audiences? But now poetry is self + +46 +00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:16,120 +-expression. A poet has extra comprehensive + +47 +00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:19,240 +sensibility to use his feelings and his + +48 +00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,760 +imagination in order to convey particular emotions + +49 +00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,760 +and experiences of his own. That's why generally + +50 +00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:33,740 +the speaker in, for example, William Wadsworth's + +51 +00:03:33,740 --> 00:03:36,460 +poetry, the speaker is William Wadsworth himself. + +52 +00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:41,990 +Because the I is the poet. Self-expressive. The + +53 +00:03:41,990 --> 00:03:45,450 +first person narrator. Yes? Nature was a source of + +54 +00:03:45,450 --> 00:03:48,110 +expression unlike the city, which is a source of + +55 +00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:51,190 +corruption. Thank you. Generally, romantic poetry + +56 +00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:55,550 +is poetry that is described as anti-city. Because + +57 +00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,870 +we've seen how the city has become the politics, + +58 +00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:00,930 +the political division, the corruption, the + +59 +00:04:00,930 --> 00:04:02,550 +factories, the industrial revolution, and + +60 +00:04:02,550 --> 00:04:06,450 +everything. So in a way, the romantic said, OK, + +61 +00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:10,210 +This is enough. But instead of fixing the problem, + +62 +00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:15,120 +working on the problems, They make escape. They + +63 +00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:17,040 +kind of escape. And that's why some people + +64 +00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:19,940 +criticize them as escapists. Escapism. Escapism. + +65 +00:04:20,020 --> 00:04:22,740 +Escapism is when you don't have to face the + +66 +00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:24,780 +problem, to come with the problem face to face. + +67 +00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:28,500 +You just leave it somewhere and you go to live + +68 +00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:32,100 +your life somewhere else. So nature was a source + +69 +00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:34,540 +of inspiration. And we've seen nature in + +70 +00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:36,640 +Shakespeare and other poets. But remember + +71 +00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,420 +Shakespeare would like Use, utilize, and exploit + +72 +00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:42,260 +nature. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? + +73 +00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,600 +And then he goes on to speak how his beloved, or + +74 +00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:50,660 +the dark lady, is more beautiful than nature, than + +75 +00:04:50,660 --> 00:04:54,820 +a summer's day. But here, nature is the theme. + +76 +00:04:55,180 --> 00:04:57,700 +Nature is the poem itself. And we'll see William + +77 +00:04:57,700 --> 00:05:03,640 +Wordsworth in a bit. More. Please. Say again? + +78 +00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:04,880 +Childhood. OK. + +79 +00:05:08,810 --> 00:05:12,410 +Inspiration. So we have simplicity, purity, + +80 +00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,890 +innocence. Inspiration can be taken from + +81 +00:05:15,890 --> 00:05:19,570 +childhood. And childhood, even childhood in the + +82 +00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,190 +city was corrupted because kids were also sent to + +83 +00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:26,430 +work in factories here and there and places where + +84 +00:05:26,430 --> 00:05:34,510 +their future, everything was destroyed, ruined. So + +85 +00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:38,470 +those poets believe that the child is the father + +86 +00:05:38,470 --> 00:05:41,590 +of man. And this is actually a line by William + +87 +00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:45,490 +Wadsworth himself, because an adult can learn a + +88 +00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:50,270 +lot from childhood from children. And childhood + +89 +00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:53,370 +doesn't have to be a particular age. It could be a + +90 +00:05:53,370 --> 00:05:56,770 +state of mind, like innocence and experience. It's + +91 +00:05:56,770 --> 00:05:59,930 +a state of mind. You could be innocent. You could + +92 +00:05:59,930 --> 00:06:04,940 +be experienced, depending on the situation, but + +93 +00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:07,260 +generally they were advocating a state of + +94 +00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:11,120 +innocence, which you can find in the countryside. + +95 +00:06:12,780 --> 00:06:18,520 +More, please. For the romantics, the intellect and + +96 +00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:23,220 +reason were dangerous, and like the Augustans, the + +97 +00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:26,760 +imaginations and emotions were dangerous. So for + +98 +00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:30,740 +the romantics, imagination is one of the most + +99 +00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:33,260 +powerful faculties a person could have. And they + +100 +00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,440 +were encouraging us to look more inside our hearts + +101 +00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,460 +and to use our imagination. And this is connected + +102 +00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:45,380 +with feelings and connected with memory. We've + +103 +00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:48,830 +seen, I think, The Sick Rose last class. What is + +104 +00:06:48,830 --> 00:06:52,490 +it about? We came up with like what, ten themes? + +105 +00:06:52,930 --> 00:06:55,950 +Some of the themes could have been meant by the + +106 +00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:59,610 +poet himself. But even now, today, we can give + +107 +00:06:59,610 --> 00:07:02,770 +extra meanings to the text. And that's why the + +108 +00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:05,750 +reader as an individual is significant to the + +109 +00:07:05,750 --> 00:07:10,070 +romantic poet. We are encouraged to use our + +110 +00:07:10,070 --> 00:07:13,330 +imagination to give our own interpretations to to + +111 +00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:15,810 +the poems we read, to the texts we read. In the + +112 +00:07:15,810 --> 00:07:18,010 +Augustan Age, generally, you read a poem and it + +113 +00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:20,910 +has one meaning, generally, one interpretation. + +114 +00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,470 +Because when there's satire, someone is + +115 +00:07:23,470 --> 00:07:25,770 +criticizing someone else, and that's it. But here, + +116 +00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:28,210 +you read a poem. Is it about nature? Is it about a + +117 +00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:30,730 +woman? Is it about a child? Is it about childhood? + +118 +00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:33,900 +Is it about the city, the village, because + +119 +00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,280 +symbolism here gives it layers and layers of + +120 +00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,680 +meanings. And that's why, in a way or another, The + +121 +00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,460 +Sick Rose is a poem about the power of + +122 +00:07:44,460 --> 00:07:48,000 +imagination. Because when you depend on your + +123 +00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,280 +imagination, when you release your imagination, + +124 +00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:58,410 +you can see things differently. break the rules + +125 +00:07:58,410 --> 00:08:00,790 +imposed upon us. In the past, it was like + +126 +00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:02,730 +mathematical. You had to follow the rules, + +127 +00:08:02,790 --> 00:08:05,230 +remember, but a regular rhyme scheme, particular + +128 +00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:07,350 +language, particular subject matters, particular + +129 +00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:10,970 +number of syllables even. So everything was + +130 +00:08:10,970 --> 00:08:15,170 +restricted, was chained, but not for the + +131 +00:08:15,170 --> 00:08:18,880 +romantics. One more. Teacher, please. + +132 +00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,640 +Individualism was also important. And this is + +133 +00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:24,260 +connected with the fact that poetry is self + +134 +00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:26,760 +-expression. You have to express your opinion and + +135 +00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:30,300 +feelings and emotions as an individual, as a + +136 +00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:34,860 +person. And the individual, no matter how poor or + +137 +00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:39,540 +how rich he or she is, is significant. Because in + +138 +00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:45,020 +the city, the individuals were destroyed. People + +139 +00:08:45,020 --> 00:08:47,640 +were like machines, or like slaves. You have to + +140 +00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,260 +work from early hours until late at night for just + +141 +00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:54,860 +little money, money enough to keep you alive, but + +142 +00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:58,280 +also to keep you working hard for the factories. + +143 +00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:00,960 +There's one significant thing I always focus on + +144 +00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:06,980 +here, which is In Augustan age, maybe you can + +145 +00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:10,300 +write a poem, but you may not change the whole + +146 +00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:14,180 +society, but in Romantic, you can write a poem and + +147 +00:09:14,180 --> 00:09:18,060 +you can change the race of itself. Okay, this is + +148 +00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:23,660 +interesting. Can literature change lives? Yes. Can + +149 +00:09:23,660 --> 00:09:27,500 +poetry change lives? Sometimes we watch movies and + +150 +00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:31,290 +we become in a way better people. We read + +151 +00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:33,590 +literature. We read fiction. And sometimes we + +152 +00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:37,490 +learn new experiences. We are influenced. And this + +153 +00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:40,790 +is an issue that needs a lot of discussion. For + +154 +00:09:40,790 --> 00:09:44,250 +the Augustans, poetry aims at teaching and + +155 +00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:47,430 +delighting. So there is this emphasis on changing + +156 +00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:51,290 +people's lives. But in a way, poetry was living + +157 +00:09:51,290 --> 00:09:54,170 +somewhere in ivory towers most of the time, in the + +158 +00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:56,670 +court, in the palace. But here, those people + +159 +00:09:56,670 --> 00:09:59,610 +brought it down, believing that the real change + +160 +00:09:59,610 --> 00:10:01,310 +can happen at the grassroots. You know the + +161 +00:10:01,310 --> 00:10:03,730 +grassroots? The masses, the ordinary people. + +162 +00:10:04,110 --> 00:10:07,570 +Improve people's lives, imaginations, their way, + +163 +00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,150 +their style, the way of living, and you will + +164 +00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:13,290 +definitely have a better society. But again, + +165 +00:10:13,390 --> 00:10:15,270 +remember, many people believe the romantics were + +166 +00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:18,680 +escapists. They were not interested in fixing the + +167 +00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:21,540 +problem. And others say, and I believe in this, + +168 +00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,740 +that writing poetry itself is an act of change. + +169 +00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:27,480 +You don't have to carry weapons or to use + +170 +00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,780 +violence. You could change by nonviolent means. + +171 +00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:36,500 +And the most powerful tool of resistance is + +172 +00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:40,040 +writing and poetry and language, yeah? A final + +173 +00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:46,400 +point, yeah? We just said feelings and emotions. + +174 +00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:51,360 +Something else, something I always focus on. We + +175 +00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:53,120 +said that already. More. + +176 +00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:04,460 +The poetic forms, new poetic forms. Like the + +177 +00:11:04,460 --> 00:11:07,140 +romantics, many people will disagree with me, but + +178 +00:11:07,140 --> 00:11:10,900 +the romantics share common features with the + +179 +00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:13,860 +metaphysicals. But the sensibility is different. + +180 +00:11:14,780 --> 00:11:18,420 +But since John Donne was more into argument, more + +181 +00:11:18,420 --> 00:11:21,700 +into intellectuality, here more into simplicity + +182 +00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:25,340 +and more into feelings and emotions and + +183 +00:11:25,340 --> 00:11:28,360 +imagination. But they share the most significant + +184 +00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:31,960 +issue here, which is new poetic forms. You don't + +185 +00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,160 +have to follow the rules of decorum. You try to + +186 +00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:37,160 +follow them. If they don't help, you just break + +187 +00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:39,920 +the rules. And that's why we'll see so many new + +188 +00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,500 +poetic forms. We already saw some examples, and + +189 +00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,440 +we'll see more as we go on with the romantic. So + +190 +00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,520 +William Wadsworth. is probably the most + +191 +00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,760 +significant romantic poet. Along with his friend + +192 +00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,900 +Samuel Coleridge, they published a book called The + +193 +00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,280 +Lyrical Ballads. We mentioned last time, The + +194 +00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,340 +Lyrical Ballads. And everyone was like amazed, + +195 +00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,900 +fascinated, because people were tired and fed up + +196 +00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,100 +with the Augustan poetry. And they were like, oh, + +197 +00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,080 +We want to know more. What are you doing here? + +198 +00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:15,080 +What is this kind of new poetry? So in the second + +199 +00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:17,980 +edition to the book, they included a preface, a + +200 +00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:21,000 +kind of introduction where they define poetry, and + +201 +00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,940 +they explain their romantic theory of what writing + +202 +00:12:24,940 --> 00:12:27,600 +poetry is. So let's see the definition I mentioned + +203 +00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,900 +last time in brief, and go on for examples from + +204 +00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:32,960 +William Wildsworth. So what is poetry? + +205 +00:12:36,420 --> 00:12:42,200 +is the flow of feelings or emotions. Feelings, + +206 +00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,300 +generally feelings, emotions. But this is not only + +207 +00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,620 +feelings or emotions, it's powerful. And it's not + +208 +00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:53,820 +flow of emotions, it's overflow of powerful + +209 +00:12:53,820 --> 00:12:58,760 +emotions. And this overflow is Spontaneous. So you + +210 +00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,160 +don't have to sit and like, OK, what kind of + +211 +00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:02,920 +poetry should I write about? I think I should + +212 +00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,300 +write something here. And you keep squeezing your + +213 +00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,720 +mind and counting the syllables and checking the + +214 +00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:11,860 +rhyme scheme and using difficult language and + +215 +00:13:11,860 --> 00:13:14,840 +using particular imagery or something. It's + +216 +00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,010 +spontaneous. You know spontaneous? Like you don't + +217 +00:13:19,010 --> 00:13:22,990 +push yourself. You don't pressure yourself to + +218 +00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,710 +write poetry. Poetry just comes out. It overflows. + +219 +00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,410 +The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. + +220 +00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:33,830 +Many people only use this definition for the + +221 +00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,770 +romantics. It's okay, but it's not accurate. + +222 +00:13:37,370 --> 00:13:40,690 +Because the second part is also as significant. + +223 +00:13:41,460 --> 00:13:45,080 +Recollected here means remembered or recalled. You + +224 +00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,580 +know to recall something? To remember something in + +225 +00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:51,380 +tranquility. And this emphasizes memory, + +226 +00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,460 +especially for William Woodworth. Memory as a + +227 +00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:59,300 +theme. Memory as a tool of recollecting something + +228 +00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:02,500 +when you are in tranquility. And this tranquility, + +229 +00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:07,040 +you know tranquility? Tranquility, tranquil. Like + +230 +00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,430 +peace of mind. Like peace of mind, you're living + +231 +00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:16,490 +among the trees in nature, mother nature. You feel + +232 +00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:22,310 +at peace. You're peaceful. There are no troubles, + +233 +00:14:22,750 --> 00:14:26,630 +no problems, no corruption, no city life issues. + +234 +00:14:26,830 --> 00:14:31,810 +You're just in tranquility. That's basically what + +235 +00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:36,450 +tranquility is more or less here. To be alone, in + +236 +00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:40,870 +solitude, all alone, by yourself, somewhere in + +237 +00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:44,910 +nature, among natural elements. So you recollect + +238 +00:14:44,910 --> 00:14:46,770 +this. When you go to the city, you will not be + +239 +00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:49,110 +able to write this kind of poetry according to + +240 +00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:54,210 +William Wordsworth. alone somewhere in nature. So + +241 +00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,150 +when you feel this peace, peace of mind, when you + +242 +00:14:58,150 --> 00:15:01,090 +don't have trouble or problems from life and work + +243 +00:15:01,090 --> 00:15:05,230 +and factories and the industry, you can recollect + +244 +00:15:05,230 --> 00:15:10,410 +all the amazing or at least they can spontaneously + +245 +00:15:10,410 --> 00:15:14,310 +flow these powerful emotions or experiences. So + +246 +00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:17,310 +what is poetry according to William Wordsworth? A + +247 +00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:19,510 +spontaneous of a flow of powerful emotions + +248 +00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:23,260 +recollected in tranquility. Difficult? Big words? + +249 +00:15:25,780 --> 00:15:29,500 +Okay, overflow of powerful emotions recollected in + +250 +00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:34,120 +tranquility, recollected in peace. Now the + +251 +00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:39,010 +diction, the language itself is the real language + +252 +00:15:39,010 --> 00:15:42,790 +of men. Men and women, of course. Don't feel + +253 +00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:47,150 +offended. But this is why English generally was + +254 +00:15:47,150 --> 00:15:50,970 +considered the sexist language because many people + +255 +00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:54,230 +were considering women to be second class and + +256 +00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:56,450 +intellectual. And many people would defend this, + +257 +00:15:56,750 --> 00:16:01,650 +saying that men also includes women. So this is + +258 +00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:04,490 +the language of ordinary people, the masses. My + +259 +00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,650 +language, your language, everyday language, the + +260 +00:16:07,650 --> 00:16:12,130 +masses. And the subject matter includes situations + +261 +00:16:12,130 --> 00:16:16,770 +from common life. Not from the palace, not from + +262 +00:16:16,770 --> 00:16:19,510 +the court, not from the church, not from heaven + +263 +00:16:19,510 --> 00:16:23,370 +even. We've seen Milton go up to heaven, to God + +264 +00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:25,870 +and Adam and Eve and Satan, to the original sin. + +265 +00:16:26,410 --> 00:16:29,130 +So spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions + +266 +00:16:29,130 --> 00:16:34,330 +recollected in tranquility. And the language of + +267 +00:16:34,330 --> 00:16:42,050 +everyday men, situations from common mind. Let's + +268 +00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:48,070 +see this poem and try to examine the definitions. + +269 +00:16:49,310 --> 00:16:54,300 +The features and William Wordsworth. Theory of + +270 +00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,860 +Romanticism. This is a poem, it's called The + +271 +00:16:56,860 --> 00:16:57,400 +Daffodils. + +272 +00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,700 +It has four, I'll post this online, so just please + +273 +00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,340 +pay attention. It has four stanzas, let me read + +274 +00:17:08,340 --> 00:17:11,620 +them and do some commentary later on. The + +275 +00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:15,860 +Daffodils, you know daffodils? The yellow roses, + +276 +00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:22,800 +flowers. I wandered, I wandered lonely as a cloud + +277 +00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:29,500 +that floats on high o'er vales and hills, when all + +278 +00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,240 +at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils + +279 +00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:38,120 +beside the lake beneath the trees, fluttering and + +280 +00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:42,990 +dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars + +281 +00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:46,570 +that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way, they + +282 +00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:49,850 +stretched in never-ending line along the margin of + +283 +00:17:49,850 --> 00:17:53,990 +a bay. Ten thousand saw I at a glance tossing + +284 +00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:59,910 +their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside + +285 +00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:03,990 +them danced, but they outdid the sparkling waves + +286 +00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:07,470 +in glee. A poet could not but be gay in such a + +287 +00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:12,610 +jocund company. I gazed. and gazed but little + +288 +00:18:12,610 --> 00:18:18,370 +thought what wealth the show to me had brought for + +289 +00:18:18,370 --> 00:18:23,790 +oft when on my couch I lie in vacant or in pensive + +290 +00:18:23,790 --> 00:18:29,450 +mood they flash upon that inward eye which is the + +291 +00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:34,590 +bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure + +292 +00:18:34,590 --> 00:18:40,450 +fills and dances with the daffodils And that's a + +293 +00:18:40,450 --> 00:18:44,950 +poem. And that, by the way, this is the most + +294 +00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:47,390 +canonical romantic poem, the most famous romantic + +295 +00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:50,510 +poem. You will study it many times in the future. + +296 +00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:54,150 +Today we're just going to see the major features + +297 +00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:58,550 +of romanticism according to William Wordsworth. So + +298 +00:18:58,550 --> 00:19:02,270 +if you look at the first stanza we have here, + +299 +00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:07,270 +Again, we can see several of the features we're + +300 +00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,490 +talking about here. There's nature here, right? + +301 +00:19:10,810 --> 00:19:13,910 +Individualism, I, personal experience, right? + +302 +00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:18,710 +Nature everywhere, floats. Are these difficult + +303 +00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:23,390 +words? Most of them. Even if you don't know what + +304 +00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:27,150 +it means, you can easily guess from the context. + +305 +00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:29,510 +Or at least you can know that this is a natural + +306 +00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:33,150 +element. So what is he saying? He's saying, I + +307 +00:19:33,150 --> 00:19:38,850 +wandered lonely as a cloud. And remember in the + +308 +00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:43,120 +past, We said there's something called a metaphor + +309 +00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:46,720 +and a simile. A simile is where you say something + +310 +00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,480 +is like or as something. When you use the word is + +311 +00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,820 +or like, this is a simile. And this is how you + +312 +00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:56,960 +write a simile. Where you pronounce the E by the + +313 +00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:00,900 +way. And generally, a simile is easier than a + +314 +00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,580 +metaphor. I know people who do research on the + +315 +00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:06,160 +simile and the metaphor. A metaphor is generally + +316 +00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,200 +not clear. The meaning is implied. You don't know + +317 +00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,900 +when you say, the teacher roared. I'm just being + +318 +00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,720 +very simplistic here. The teacher roared. You + +319 +00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,020 +know, roar is a word you use to describe a lion. + +320 +00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:21,560 +So what does that indicate? He spoke loudly. He + +321 +00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:24,740 +was angry. He was hungry. You just can't make up + +322 +00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:29,990 +your mind. But when you say the teacher ate like a + +323 +00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:33,570 +lion or spoke like a lion, so the word like makes + +324 +00:20:33,570 --> 00:20:36,870 +it easy for you to know where you're going. So he + +325 +00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:40,190 +chooses here a cloud, which is a natural element. + +326 +00:20:40,550 --> 00:20:49,030 +And cloud, he could have said a tree, right? But a + +327 +00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:52,350 +tree doesn't wander, right? It doesn't move just a + +328 +00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:55,290 +little bit. It's fixed. So he doesn't pick this. + +329 +00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:58,710 +Or he could have said, I wandered lonely as a cow, + +330 +00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:05,510 +or as a sheep, or as a bird. But he chooses a + +331 +00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:07,570 +cloud. A cloud. + +332 +00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,800 +Thank you. It's up above. That's one. What else + +333 +00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,700 +about cloud that makes it really interesting for + +334 +00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:21,440 +William Wadsworth? It takes water and gives water. + +335 +00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:22,240 +Thank you. What else? + +336 +00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,760 +It can easily be reached probably also through... + +337 +00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:33,540 +White? It's also wild. White. White probably + +338 +00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:36,600 +signifies, but not always white, but could be gray + +339 +00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,260 +sometimes or dark or black. And sometimes, + +340 +00:21:40,740 --> 00:21:44,380 +generally, it's free. The issue of being free here + +341 +00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:48,940 +is highlighted. It moves freely. No human being + +342 +00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:53,020 +can control it in a way. It's up above from the, + +343 +00:21:53,540 --> 00:21:58,540 +what is going on down, that floats on high ore + +344 +00:21:58,540 --> 00:22:03,940 +veils and hills. The high places, the low places. + +345 +00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,720 +Or the low places, high places. When all at once, + +346 +00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,980 +I, I saw, I also saw, notice the tense here is + +347 +00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:17,390 +past simple, right? I saw a crowd, and a crowd + +348 +00:22:17,390 --> 00:22:19,690 +generally a crowd of people, a crowd of something. + +349 +00:22:20,430 --> 00:22:23,530 +Crowd could be negative, right? If it's crowded, + +350 +00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:27,290 +not always, but if it's crowded, it's bad. There + +351 +00:22:27,290 --> 00:22:29,370 +is a good crowd, like a lot of people are coming. + +352 +00:22:29,970 --> 00:22:32,110 +And then he repeats the same word in other words, + +353 +00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:36,650 +in a more positive word, a host. Someone who hosts + +354 +00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:39,310 +you, someone who takes care of you, hospitability + +355 +00:22:39,310 --> 00:22:44,230 +here. A host of golden daffodils. So the daffodils + +356 +00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:47,650 +are described as golden and they are personified + +357 +00:22:47,650 --> 00:22:53,010 +as welcoming, hosting you. They attract you. They + +358 +00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:56,370 +make you feel at home, at peace, tranquility and + +359 +00:22:56,370 --> 00:23:00,330 +solitude. Where? Where did he see them? Beside the + +360 +00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:03,050 +lake beneath the trees. Although he was up above, + +361 +00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:06,430 +he saw them like the clouds because the power of + +362 +00:23:06,430 --> 00:23:09,150 +imagination, the onward eye, fluttering and + +363 +00:23:09,150 --> 00:23:13,470 +dancing in the breeze. Dancing is also a + +364 +00:23:13,470 --> 00:23:16,450 +personification. Generally, people dance, not + +365 +00:23:16,450 --> 00:23:20,150 +flowers. So what is happening here is the man, the + +366 +00:23:20,150 --> 00:23:27,170 +poet, is depersonified. He is likened to... A + +367 +00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:30,950 +cloud. But nature is personified. And that's an + +368 +00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:35,710 +interesting mixture of exchanging of places. If + +369 +00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:42,470 +you go for the rhyme scheme, it should be A, B, A, + +370 +00:23:42,710 --> 00:23:49,370 +B, C, C. So A, B, A, B, and then we have a couplet + +371 +00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:53,230 +here. Yeah, trees and breeze. So what happens + +372 +00:23:53,230 --> 00:24:00,760 +next? Continuous. So the scene of daffodils were + +373 +00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,900 +continuous as, again, another simile, as the stars + +374 +00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:08,540 +that shine and twinkle in the milky way, they, + +375 +00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,960 +again referring to the daffodils, stretched past + +376 +00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:17,740 +simple never-ending line along the margin of a bay + +377 +00:24:17,740 --> 00:24:23,590 +near the water, 10,000 so high at once. At a + +378 +00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:26,650 +glance? Yeah. Saw I at a glance. Just one glance + +379 +00:24:26,650 --> 00:24:29,670 +and 10,000 daffodils. That's how overwhelmingly + +380 +00:24:29,670 --> 00:24:36,150 +beautiful nature is. 10,000, it should be I saw 10 + +381 +00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:39,650 +,000 at a glance. But the emphasis on the nature + +382 +00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:42,230 +rather than on the man himself seeing this. + +383 +00:24:42,330 --> 00:24:44,970 +Because nature will make you in a way react to + +384 +00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:48,710 +this. Saw I at once at a glance tossing their + +385 +00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:52,270 +heads, emphasizing what? The personification here, + +386 +00:24:52,450 --> 00:24:56,010 +tossing their heads in a sprightly dance again. + +387 +00:24:56,170 --> 00:24:59,870 +And that's how beautiful and pure nature is. The + +388 +00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:03,510 +waves, so because of this scene, the waves were + +389 +00:25:03,510 --> 00:25:08,390 +dancing. The waves beside them danced, also past + +390 +00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:12,510 +simple, but they, referring to the daffodils, + +391 +00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:17,150 +outdid the, also past simple, the sparkling waves + +392 +00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:22,890 +in glee, A poet could not but be gay in such a + +393 +00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:29,150 +jocund company. I gazed and gazed, but little + +394 +00:25:29,150 --> 00:25:31,530 +thought. You remember? The feelings, the senses, + +395 +00:25:31,750 --> 00:25:35,180 +the emotions, the heart just You're looking at the + +396 +00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:38,700 +amazing magical magisterial scene. He didn't + +397 +00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:42,320 +think. If it is an ordinary poet, like an Augustan + +398 +00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:46,520 +poet, they would think more than gazing, like, ah, + +399 +00:25:46,780 --> 00:25:50,980 +what an interesting rose or daffodil or flower. + +400 +00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,900 +Maybe this looks like something. He doesn't care + +401 +00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,260 +about what it looks like. He cares much about the + +402 +00:25:56,260 --> 00:25:59,700 +inspiration, the imagination, the feelings, the + +403 +00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:04,080 +beauty. I gazed and gazed. But little thought what + +404 +00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,820 +wealth the show to me had brought. I didn't care + +405 +00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:10,340 +about what it brought to me. All I cared about was + +406 +00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:14,300 +the scene and gazing and absorbing the beauty of + +407 +00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,300 +nature. Look also at the past simple and past + +408 +00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,140 +simple. Now, if you go to the rhyme scheme, the + +409 +00:26:20,140 --> 00:26:23,540 +rhyme scheme was A, B, A, B, C, C. Second + +410 +00:26:23,540 --> 00:26:26,300 +syllable, second sounds are the same. And here we + +411 +00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:33,780 +have they, B, B, K, Company. Company. Company. + +412 +00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:36,120 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +413 +00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:36,400 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +414 +00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:36,480 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +415 +00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,320 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +416 +00:26:40,060 --> 00:26:42,120 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +417 +00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,140 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +418 +00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,180 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +419 +00:26:42,180 --> 00:26:42,260 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +420 +00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:42,500 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +421 +00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:42,520 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +422 +00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:42,580 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +423 +00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +424 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:43,620 +company. company. company. + +425 +00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:53,820 +company. company. company. company. company. + +426 +00:26:57,760 --> 00:26:58,080 +company. + +427 +00:27:02,060 --> 00:27:03,780 +Because the poet is indicating that there is + +428 +00:27:03,780 --> 00:27:06,540 +something wrong with this symmetry. It looks + +429 +00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,780 +symmetrical and perfect, but in reality it has + +430 +00:27:09,780 --> 00:27:13,580 +trouble. It has problems. The second stanza had + +431 +00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:15,720 +also a perfect rhyme, and the last stanza had a + +432 +00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,400 +perfect rhyme. So this is the only stanza that has + +433 +00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:22,030 +Imperfect rhyme, there could be a reason. But more + +434 +00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:25,030 +interesting to me is the fact that the poet shifts + +435 +00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:31,830 +from I, I, I, I wandered lonely, so I, and then he + +436 +00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:36,110 +moves to say a poet could not but be gay to + +437 +00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:44,850 +generally he or she. Why did he shift from he, + +438 +00:27:45,290 --> 00:27:47,690 +from I to he or to she? + +439 +00:27:54,620 --> 00:27:57,300 +The word gay means happy. So it's not about he's + +440 +00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,020 +ashamed that people will say he's gay. Gay is + +441 +00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:04,720 +happy. In the past, it meant happy. So a poet + +442 +00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,060 +could not, could not, but there's emphasis here. + +443 +00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,180 +In Arabic, we call this hasr wa qasr, right, for + +444 +00:28:10,180 --> 00:28:15,940 +emphasis. So I couldn't but be happy means I am + +445 +00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:19,380 +happy, very happy actually. There's no way I can't + +446 +00:28:19,380 --> 00:28:23,240 +be happy. So there is negative here for emphasis. + +447 +00:28:24,060 --> 00:28:28,440 +There's an imperfect rhyme here. in this area, and + +448 +00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,560 +there is a shift from the first-person narrator to + +449 +00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,120 +the third-person narrator. To show that this + +450 +00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:38,860 +perfect scene could make any person's emotions + +451 +00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:41,560 +especially good because... They have more + +452 +00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,200 +sensitivity. Yes, make him happy. Thank you. + +453 +00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:50,820 +Interesting. Yes? The bias came from B or A? A, B, + +454 +00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:52,060 +A, B. + +455 +00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,860 +They and gay is different. This is the sound. + +456 +00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:03,340 +You will learn how to do the phonemic + +457 +00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:09,590 +transcription hopefully next year. Yes? So we have + +458 +00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:12,950 +a suggestion here, because this is all poets. All + +459 +00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:15,570 +poets, because poets especially have the + +460 +00:29:15,570 --> 00:29:18,310 +sensibility, the emotions, the extra emotions to + +461 +00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,870 +do, to react to this beautiful scene in nature. So + +462 +00:29:21,870 --> 00:29:25,070 +all people, especially poets, will be happy. That + +463 +00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:27,950 +is true, but I think there is more to this. Let me + +464 +00:29:27,950 --> 00:29:31,070 +go back to this after I finish the last sentence, + +465 +00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:34,770 +OK? So we'll go back to a poet could not but be + +466 +00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,640 +gay, because he could have easily said, I was gay. + +467 +00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:43,680 +I was happy. The last stanza, this is how it ends. + +468 +00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,020 +Notice there is a change in what? The first thing. + +469 +00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,420 +He shifts + +470 +00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:58,800 +to the present and also we have something back. We + +471 +00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,780 +have the I back. + +472 +00:30:06,350 --> 00:30:10,430 +Why is, again, the poem is part past simple and + +473 +00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:14,730 +part present simple? So what's going on now? + +474 +00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:18,590 +How? + +475 +00:30:21,410 --> 00:30:23,950 +So how did the story happen? Where is the poet + +476 +00:30:23,950 --> 00:30:27,310 +now? Very now? He's in the present. What is he + +477 +00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:31,710 +doing? Oh, recollecting tranquility. And that's an + +478 +00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:34,190 +interesting romantic issue here. You need to pay + +479 +00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:36,630 +attention to the tenses to know what's going on. + +480 +00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:39,910 +So what is the poet doing? He says, for oft, when + +481 +00:30:39,910 --> 00:30:45,290 +on my couch I lie. When I lie, I lie down. + +482 +00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:48,990 +Remember, tranquility, peace of mind, carefree, + +483 +00:30:49,210 --> 00:30:51,930 +carefree, nothing to bother him, nothing to + +484 +00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:55,410 +trouble him. What happens? Whether he is in vacant + +485 +00:30:55,410 --> 00:31:00,930 +or in pensive mood, They, referring to? The + +486 +00:31:00,930 --> 00:31:05,310 +daffodils. They flash, not something he sees first + +487 +00:31:05,310 --> 00:31:08,810 +experience. They flash upon the inward eye, in his + +488 +00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:13,750 +imagination, inside him. His mind's eye, his + +489 +00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:17,470 +heart's eye, I would say. They flash upon the + +490 +00:31:17,470 --> 00:31:21,630 +inward eye, which is the bliss of solitude. + +491 +00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:24,910 +Solitude from solo. From being alone. Being alone. + +492 +00:31:25,210 --> 00:31:29,830 +Not emotionally, just no one around you. Bliss. + +493 +00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:34,830 +This is a bliss of solitude. This is, as a result, + +494 +00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:38,690 +this is a good advantage of being alone in nature, + +495 +00:31:38,930 --> 00:31:43,570 +individuality. What happens then? How does the + +496 +00:31:43,570 --> 00:31:47,500 +poet, the I, react? His heart with pleasure fills + +497 +00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:52,780 +and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances + +498 +00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:56,480 +with the daffodils. When we speak normally, + +499 +00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,540 +naturally, the determiners, the articles, the + +500 +00:31:59,540 --> 00:32:02,040 +prepositions, the auxiliaries are not generally + +501 +00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:07,120 +stressed. When I say, I went with him. I went with + +502 +00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,000 +her. She came with me. You don't say, she came + +503 +00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,720 +with me. But here, when you count the stressed and + +504 +00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,020 +unstressed syllables, something you'll study later + +505 +00:32:15,020 --> 00:32:19,120 +on, this with is emphasized, is stressed. It + +506 +00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,500 +becomes and dances with the daffodils, because the + +507 +00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:25,600 +theme is withness with nature, togetherness with + +508 +00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:29,160 +nature, unity, melting down, becoming nature, and + +509 +00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,320 +nature overwhelmingly + +510 +00:32:33,430 --> 00:32:35,930 +claiming you, controlling you. So this is the + +511 +00:32:35,930 --> 00:32:39,150 +reaction of the poet. His heart with pleasure + +512 +00:32:39,150 --> 00:32:44,230 +fills. It overflows with pleasure. And he, it's + +513 +00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:48,290 +not clear here whether he says like he himself + +514 +00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:51,570 +dances with the daffodils or his heart, both. But + +515 +00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:55,630 +here it's probably more his heart doing this and + +516 +00:32:55,630 --> 00:32:59,070 +dances with the daffodils. So this is a reaction. + +517 +00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,770 +What is the difference between this reaction and + +518 +00:33:02,770 --> 00:33:06,650 +this reaction. This is a romantic poet, in my + +519 +00:33:06,650 --> 00:33:12,810 +opinion. You just don't react. You just fill your + +520 +00:33:12,810 --> 00:33:17,190 +heart with pleasure, with beauty and innocence of + +521 +00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:20,030 +nature. And as a result, you become a totally + +522 +00:33:20,030 --> 00:33:23,730 +different person. You remember. You recollect. Not + +523 +00:33:23,730 --> 00:33:26,930 +once. Not an instant reaction. You just don't look + +524 +00:33:26,930 --> 00:33:30,150 +at the daffodils and then You react in this + +525 +00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,430 +particular way. A romantic poet generally + +526 +00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:37,170 +encounters something, sees something. They don't + +527 +00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:39,670 +react instantly, because this is going to be + +528 +00:33:39,670 --> 00:33:42,270 +artificial. If you see a beautiful scene, nature, + +529 +00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:45,330 +element, something, and you write poetry + +530 +00:33:45,330 --> 00:33:47,850 +instantly, according to the romantics generally, + +531 +00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:50,050 +this is not good poetry. So you just absorb + +532 +00:33:50,050 --> 00:33:52,550 +everything. You store this. You know store? You + +533 +00:33:52,550 --> 00:33:56,860 +bear it. He used the word bear, actually. There + +534 +00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:00,160 +was bear in this or that was another poem. So he + +535 +00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,280 +keeps it somewhere. When he is in solitude, alone, + +536 +00:34:05,620 --> 00:34:08,320 +in vacant or impulsive mood, when he's lying on + +537 +00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,140 +his couch all alone, he recollects. He remembers. + +538 +00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:17,680 +He recalls this experience and then starts to live + +539 +00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:21,680 +it again. And this is more powerful for the + +540 +00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:25,720 +romantics than reacting to a scene you just see. + +541 +00:34:26,060 --> 00:34:30,280 +So what's going on here? In my opinion, this is a + +542 +00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,240 +direct criticism from William Wordsworth to + +543 +00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:38,140 +classical Augustan poets. He's saying any ordinary + +544 +00:34:38,140 --> 00:34:42,870 +poet would just only feel happy. but not William + +545 +00:34:42,870 --> 00:34:47,370 +Wordsworth, the romantic poet. So a poet, this is + +546 +00:34:47,370 --> 00:34:49,650 +the shift. This is the negative here. And this is + +547 +00:34:49,650 --> 00:34:52,230 +the imperfect trying. This is an imperfect + +548 +00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:55,470 +reaction on nature. If you just react to nature by + +549 +00:34:55,470 --> 00:35:00,110 +being happy, that's not what it, you know, it + +550 +00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,710 +takes more to be a romantic poet, to be like us, + +551 +00:35:04,010 --> 00:35:06,510 +the romantics. And that's why in the end, the poem + +552 +00:35:06,510 --> 00:35:10,570 +ends with, and then, my heart with pleasure fills. + +553 +00:35:11,420 --> 00:35:13,460 +and dances with the daffodils. There is an + +554 +00:35:13,460 --> 00:35:17,160 +interesting fact here. William Wordsworth, when he + +555 +00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,500 +saw the daffodils, he saw them for real. He had + +556 +00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:25,590 +his sister Dorothy with him. And in her diaries, + +557 +00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,350 +you know, diaries, there is an entry where she + +558 +00:35:29,350 --> 00:35:32,230 +tells us something about, I was working with Will, + +559 +00:35:32,590 --> 00:35:35,490 +Willie, or Bill, I don't know what she called him, + +560 +00:35:35,650 --> 00:35:39,230 +but William Wadsworth, and we saw this beautiful, + +561 +00:35:39,630 --> 00:35:42,350 +magical, it was magisterial, the daffodils, + +562 +00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:45,230 +everything. She describes this in prose, very + +563 +00:35:45,230 --> 00:35:50,910 +beautiful. But here, where is she in the poem? Is + +564 +00:35:50,910 --> 00:35:56,410 +she in the poem? He kicks her out because two is a + +565 +00:35:56,410 --> 00:36:00,520 +company. Two is a company, and this is more about + +566 +00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:04,140 +a personal, self-expressive experience about + +567 +00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:07,200 +individuality. Some people would hate him for + +568 +00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,240 +doing this. He's silencing her. Hey, Dorothy, get + +569 +00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:13,020 +out of this, which is an anti-feminist thing. + +570 +00:36:13,740 --> 00:36:15,540 +Maybe you can take it this way, but generally, + +571 +00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:18,040 +because this is what the romanticist is saying, + +572 +00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,660 +his own experience, and the sister can say her own + +573 +00:36:21,660 --> 00:36:28,010 +experience in a way or another. A final point, we + +574 +00:36:28,010 --> 00:36:29,810 +don't have time to go for Lucy Gray, another + +575 +00:36:29,810 --> 00:36:32,230 +beautiful poem, but next class we can do Lucy Gray + +576 +00:36:32,230 --> 00:36:35,430 +and we go back to Blake's London. We'll have time + +577 +00:36:35,430 --> 00:36:39,130 +to do that. One final thing I want to say about + +578 +00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,290 +the romantics is the fact that there's something + +579 +00:36:41,290 --> 00:36:46,030 +called, not baby actually, childlike experience. + +580 +00:36:51,610 --> 00:36:55,470 +Childlike experience. What is this? The romantics + +581 +00:36:55,470 --> 00:36:58,890 +say the most beautiful, important, significant + +582 +00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:01,830 +thing about city, about the romantics themselves, + +583 +00:37:02,490 --> 00:37:07,810 +is they have this romantic childlike reaction to + +584 +00:37:07,810 --> 00:37:13,180 +life. They believe because of corruption and + +585 +00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:15,240 +pollution in the city and the factories and the + +586 +00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:18,080 +industrial revolution, people go out early in the + +587 +00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,160 +morning, they keep working until late hours, and + +588 +00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,600 +they don't have time to appreciate life themselves + +589 +00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,840 +or nature or the environment, right? They're + +590 +00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,340 +always busy. They believe that the city has a + +591 +00:37:31,340 --> 00:37:35,560 +veil. You know what veil is? Veil. Veil, like + +592 +00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:40,680 +hijab. A veil of familiarity. You know familiar? + +593 +00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:44,880 +Familiarity? What is familiarity in Arabic? Ulfa. + +594 +00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,640 +Thank you. Yeah, yeah. So the city life adds a + +595 +00:37:49,640 --> 00:37:52,960 +veil of familiarity. Like here, you for example, + +596 +00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:56,620 +us. We're always rushing and busy and competing + +597 +00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:58,720 +and running. We have classes. We have exams. We + +598 +00:37:58,720 --> 00:38:00,940 +have quizzes. We have to read, right? We have to + +599 +00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:03,420 +do assignments. We have to take a taxi. We care + +600 +00:38:03,420 --> 00:38:06,300 +about our parents and the salaries and the work. + +601 +00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:08,540 +And what should I do when I finish this? There is + +602 +00:38:08,540 --> 00:38:11,440 +a lot. of care here, a lot of trouble, a lot of + +603 +00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,180 +problems, that we don't sometimes stop to + +604 +00:38:14,180 --> 00:38:16,840 +appreciate the moon or appreciate the flowers or + +605 +00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,120 +the roses or even the cats here at campus, right? + +606 +00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,880 +Maybe you play with the cats once in a while, but + +607 +00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,760 +how many times did you stop to appreciate a rose + +608 +00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,590 +or a flower? And even these roses and flowers, + +609 +00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:30,290 +they are artificial. They are man-made in a way + +610 +00:38:30,290 --> 00:38:33,590 +that man controls them and keeps trimming them. If + +611 +00:38:33,590 --> 00:38:36,470 +your friend tells you, hey, look at the moon. + +612 +00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:39,090 +There's a super moon. It's beautiful. Maybe you + +613 +00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:41,680 +don't even see the moon through your window. And + +614 +00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,520 +maybe you don't have the time because you are on + +615 +00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:45,980 +social media spending time and chatting. Maybe + +616 +00:38:45,980 --> 00:38:48,320 +because you only have four hours of electricity + +617 +00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:52,020 +here in Gaza that you just want to do your stuff + +618 +00:38:52,020 --> 00:38:53,640 +that requires electricity, that you don't care + +619 +00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,040 +about nature. So the romantics say life, + +620 +00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:01,560 +especially in the city, has added some sort of + +621 +00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:08,650 +avail of familiarity. where we don't see things as + +622 +00:39:08,650 --> 00:39:12,650 +they should be seen, beautiful and majestic. So + +623 +00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:16,390 +they invite us to have this childlike experience. + +624 +00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:20,410 +Children, they always react to the same thing. + +625 +00:39:20,490 --> 00:39:22,910 +They see the same thing for a hundred times and + +626 +00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,690 +they're like, Wow, this is a childlike reaction. + +627 +00:39:27,130 --> 00:39:29,630 +When kids start learning words, for example, and + +628 +00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:32,130 +they see the lights, they keep referring to it + +629 +00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:36,970 +like a hundred times every day. Right? When they + +630 +00:39:36,970 --> 00:39:39,410 +go out, when you are in a taxi or something, they + +631 +00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:44,670 +see a donkey and they were like, more right like I + +632 +00:39:44,670 --> 00:39:48,970 +know but this is how children generally react to + +633 +00:39:48,970 --> 00:39:52,250 +things they see again and again but for us adults + +634 +00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:57,970 +experience deprives us of this beautiful child not + +635 +00:39:57,970 --> 00:40:02,230 +childish childlike reaction where every time you + +636 +00:40:02,230 --> 00:40:07,350 +see something you just So he shifts from the past + +637 +00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:09,710 +to the present because he's recollecting and + +638 +00:40:09,710 --> 00:40:13,150 +because he's telling us, I relive this beautiful + +639 +00:40:13,150 --> 00:40:19,410 +moment every time I want to relive this. So + +640 +00:40:19,410 --> 00:40:22,810 +beautiful encounter, kind of flashbacking on + +641 +00:40:22,810 --> 00:40:26,810 +something. Please, put this in mind. When I teach + +642 +00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,810 +literature, I always invite my students to + +643 +00:40:29,810 --> 00:40:33,310 +reconsider their lives. This is not about exams. + +644 +00:40:33,870 --> 00:40:36,050 +Yeah, I know you want to get high marks. You + +645 +00:40:36,050 --> 00:40:39,490 +should. And you study. But also think of how + +646 +00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:43,330 +literature can change you, can change your lives, + +647 +00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:45,590 +can make you better human beings, can make you + +648 +00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:50,530 +think, can make you grow. Exactly like movies. And + +649 +00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:53,210 +poetry here invites us to be different, to care + +650 +00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:57,530 +about others, to like, to love. + +651 +00:41:00,240 --> 00:41:01,980 +And this is part of the question you need to + +652 +00:41:01,980 --> 00:41:05,220 +answer. How literature influences life. Literature + +653 +00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:10,040 +is a criticism of life and a tool of empowerment. + +654 +00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,670 +It makes us better people, more powerful people, + +655 +00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:16,750 +especially for people like us here oppressed and + +656 +00:41:16,750 --> 00:41:19,110 +occupied by the Israeli occupation, especially if + +657 +00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:22,070 +we are women and we need to raise our voices and + +658 +00:41:22,070 --> 00:41:24,910 +reach out to people and break the barriers, break + +659 +00:41:24,910 --> 00:41:30,790 +the glass ceiling, break the unfavorable rules + +660 +00:41:30,790 --> 00:41:35,410 +around us here or there. So this is one poem by + +661 +00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:37,910 +William Wordsworth that has almost all the + +662 +00:41:37,910 --> 00:41:40,670 +features of romanticism. Nature, tick. + +663 +00:41:41,410 --> 00:41:44,690 +Individuality, tick. Imagination, tick. Man and + +664 +00:41:44,690 --> 00:41:47,390 +nature, simplicity, tick. I think you'll find two, + +665 +00:41:47,530 --> 00:41:50,530 +three words. Imagine yourself a native speaker in + +666 +00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:53,310 +grade seven in England or America. You will get + +667 +00:41:53,310 --> 00:41:57,670 +most of the words, if not all of them. Subject + +668 +00:41:57,670 --> 00:42:01,750 +matter, common life, flowers from nature, also + +669 +00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:10,470 +tick. What else? Recalling memory, tick. How you + +670 +00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:13,090 +break the rules in order to, you know, sometimes + +671 +00:42:13,090 --> 00:42:16,490 +to get to convey a message with the imperfect + +672 +00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:23,030 +rhyme, also tick. I'll stop here. And if you have + +673 +00:42:23,030 --> 00:42:26,330 +any question, you can definitely ask. Next class, + +674 +00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:29,570 +we'll continue doing Lucy Gray by William + +675 +00:42:29,570 --> 00:42:32,770 +Wordsworth, and we will have time to do London by + +676 +00:42:32,770 --> 00:42:36,670 +William Blake. Thank you very much. And hopefully + +677 +00:42:36,670 --> 00:42:38,610 +this will change something in you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..154bdaf1f1de997eb5b1dc6fdb6dd4f8588f29d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2740 @@ +1 +00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:24,850 +Okay, Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Last class + +2 +00:00:24,850 --> 00:00:28,250 +we started discussing romanticism, romantic + +3 +00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:33,410 +literature and romantic poets. We spoke about the + +4 +00:00:33,410 --> 00:00:36,750 +major features of Romanticism and how different it + +5 +00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,070 +was from the poetry of the Augustan Age, or what + +6 +00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:44,270 +is generally known as the Neoclassical Age or the + +7 +00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:49,030 +Age of Reason. Before I begin, we finished talking + +8 +00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,930 +about William Blake. We can't speak enough about + +9 +00:00:51,930 --> 00:00:56,250 +William Blake. And generally, William Blake was a + +10 +00:00:56,250 --> 00:00:59,230 +pre-romantic. He was writing poetry from London + +11 +00:00:59,230 --> 00:01:01,890 +before, I think, the publication of the lyrical + +12 +00:01:01,890 --> 00:01:06,550 +ballads by the two major romantic figures, Samuel + +13 +00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,490 +Coleridge and William Wadsworth. Today, we'll see + +14 +00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:14,410 +what William Wadsworth has for us. But before I + +15 +00:01:14,410 --> 00:01:17,590 +begin doing this, I want to do some kind of + +16 +00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,420 +revision for last time's class. So could you + +17 +00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:22,660 +please remind me of the major features of + +18 +00:01:22,660 --> 00:01:25,740 +Romanticism? Why is Romantic literature or mainly + +19 +00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:28,800 +Romantic poetry different from the poetry of the + +20 +00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,520 +previous age? Yes. What makes Romantic poetry + +21 +00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:39,020 +romantic? Can you tell me, please? Okay, for the + +22 +00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:45,000 +Romantics, the heart controls the head, not vice + +23 +00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:51,730 +versa. Thank you. Please. So the romantics + +24 +00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:56,790 +advocated simplicity, and mainly simplicity in + +25 +00:01:56,790 --> 00:02:00,770 +diction, in language. You don't have to use elite, + +26 +00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,830 +highly embellished, sophisticated, powerful + +27 +00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:08,490 +language, language that mainly university educated + +28 +00:02:08,490 --> 00:02:13,370 +people would understand. Simple language. And, + +29 +00:02:13,510 --> 00:02:13,910 +please. + +30 +00:02:17,500 --> 00:02:19,860 +Thank you very much. So the subject matter, again, + +31 +00:02:19,980 --> 00:02:22,640 +is no longer about courtly love, the life in the + +32 +00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:25,100 +court and in the palace about God and kings and + +33 +00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:28,720 +queens and the noble families. It's taken + +34 +00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:32,120 +situations from the common life. And that's why + +35 +00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,300 +we'll find many poems about ordinary people, poor + +36 +00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,140 +people, about kids, about poor women, about + +37 +00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:42,580 +unnamed people sometimes. Yes, please. So it's + +38 +00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:45,100 +usually right to express themselves. Okay, so + +39 +00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:49,280 +poetry is now self-expression. It's no longer + +40 +00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:54,060 +didactic. In the sense that before this, following + +41 +00:02:54,060 --> 00:02:56,660 +the rules of decorum literature in general, poetry + +42 +00:02:56,660 --> 00:03:01,880 +had to teach and please, to teach and delight. So + +43 +00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,740 +the significant point is, what influence is your + +44 +00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:08,120 +poetry going to have on the others, on the + +45 +00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,760 +readers, on your audiences? But now poetry is self + +46 +00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:16,120 +-expression. A poet has extra comprehensive + +47 +00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:19,240 +sensibility to use his feelings and his + +48 +00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,760 +imagination in order to convey particular emotions + +49 +00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,760 +and experiences of his own. That's why generally + +50 +00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:33,740 +the speaker in, for example, William Wadsworth's + +51 +00:03:33,740 --> 00:03:36,460 +poetry, the speaker is William Wadsworth himself. + +52 +00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:41,990 +Because the I is the poet. Self-expressive. The + +53 +00:03:41,990 --> 00:03:45,450 +first person narrator. Yes? Nature was a source of + +54 +00:03:45,450 --> 00:03:48,110 +expression unlike the city, which is a source of + +55 +00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:51,190 +corruption. Thank you. Generally, romantic poetry + +56 +00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:55,550 +is poetry that is described as anti-city. Because + +57 +00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,870 +we've seen how the city has become the politics, + +58 +00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:00,930 +the political division, the corruption, the + +59 +00:04:00,930 --> 00:04:02,550 +factories, the industrial revolution, and + +60 +00:04:02,550 --> 00:04:06,450 +everything. So in a way, the romantic said, OK, + +61 +00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:10,210 +This is enough. But instead of fixing the problem, + +62 +00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:15,120 +working on the problems, They make escape. They + +63 +00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:17,040 +kind of escape. And that's why some people + +64 +00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:19,940 +criticize them as escapists. Escapism. Escapism. + +65 +00:04:20,020 --> 00:04:22,740 +Escapism is when you don't have to face the + +66 +00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:24,780 +problem, to come with the problem face to face. + +67 +00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:28,500 +You just leave it somewhere and you go to live + +68 +00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:32,100 +your life somewhere else. So nature was a source + +69 +00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:34,540 +of inspiration. And we've seen nature in + +70 +00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:36,640 +Shakespeare and other poets. But remember + +71 +00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,420 +Shakespeare would like Use, utilize, and exploit + +72 +00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:42,260 +nature. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? + +73 +00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,600 +And then he goes on to speak how his beloved, or + +74 +00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:50,660 +the dark lady, is more beautiful than nature, than + +75 +00:04:50,660 --> 00:04:54,820 +a summer's day. But here, nature is the theme. + +76 +00:04:55,180 --> 00:04:57,700 +Nature is the poem itself. And we'll see William + +77 +00:04:57,700 --> 00:05:03,640 +Wordsworth in a bit. More. Please. Say again? + +78 +00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:04,880 +Childhood. OK. + +79 +00:05:08,810 --> 00:05:12,410 +Inspiration. So we have simplicity, purity, + +80 +00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,890 +innocence. Inspiration can be taken from + +81 +00:05:15,890 --> 00:05:19,570 +childhood. And childhood, even childhood in the + +82 +00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,190 +city was corrupted because kids were also sent to + +83 +00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:26,430 +work in factories here and there and places where + +84 +00:05:26,430 --> 00:05:34,510 +their future, everything was destroyed, ruined. So + +85 +00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:38,470 +those poets believe that the child is the father + +86 +00:05:38,470 --> 00:05:41,590 +of man. And this is actually a line by William + +87 +00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:45,490 +Wadsworth himself, because an adult can learn a + +88 +00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:50,270 +lot from childhood from children. And childhood + +89 +00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:53,370 +doesn't have to be a particular age. It could be a + +90 +00:05:53,370 --> 00:05:56,770 +state of mind, like innocence and experience. It's + +91 +00:05:56,770 --> 00:05:59,930 +a state of mind. You could be innocent. You could + +92 +00:05:59,930 --> 00:06:04,940 +be experienced, depending on the situation, but + +93 +00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:07,260 +generally they were advocating a state of + +94 +00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:11,120 +innocence, which you can find in the countryside. + +95 +00:06:12,780 --> 00:06:18,520 +More, please. For the romantics, the intellect and + +96 +00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:23,220 +reason were dangerous, and like the Augustans, the + +97 +00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:26,760 +imaginations and emotions were dangerous. So for + +98 +00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:30,740 +the romantics, imagination is one of the most + +99 +00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:33,260 +powerful faculties a person could have. And they + +100 +00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,440 +were encouraging us to look more inside our hearts + +101 +00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,460 +and to use our imagination. And this is connected + +102 +00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:45,380 +with feelings and connected with memory. We've + +103 +00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:48,830 +seen, I think, The Sick Rose last class. What is + +104 +00:06:48,830 --> 00:06:52,490 +it about? We came up with like what, ten themes? + +105 +00:06:52,930 --> 00:06:55,950 +Some of the themes could have been meant by the + +106 +00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:59,610 +poet himself. But even now, today, we can give + +107 +00:06:59,610 --> 00:07:02,770 +extra meanings to the text. And that's why the + +108 +00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:05,750 +reader as an individual is significant to the + +109 +00:07:05,750 --> 00:07:10,070 +romantic poet. We are encouraged to use our + +110 +00:07:10,070 --> 00:07:13,330 +imagination to give our own interpretations to to + +111 +00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:15,810 +the poems we read, to the texts we read. In the + +112 +00:07:15,810 --> 00:07:18,010 +Augustan Age, generally, you read a poem and it + +113 +00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:20,910 +has one meaning, generally, one interpretation. + +114 +00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,470 +Because when there's satire, someone is + +115 +00:07:23,470 --> 00:07:25,770 +criticizing someone else, and that's it. But here, + +116 +00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:28,210 +you read a poem. Is it about nature? Is it about a + +117 +00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:30,730 +woman? Is it about a child? Is it about childhood? + +118 +00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:33,900 +Is it about the city, the village, because + +119 +00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,280 +symbolism here gives it layers and layers of + +120 +00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,680 +meanings. And that's why, in a way or another, The + +121 +00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,460 +Sick Rose is a poem about the power of + +122 +00:07:44,460 --> 00:07:48,000 +imagination. Because when you depend on your + +123 +00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,280 +imagination, when you release your imagination, + +124 +00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:58,410 +you can see things differently. break the rules + +125 +00:07:58,410 --> 00:08:00,790 +imposed upon us. In the past, it was like + +126 +00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:02,730 +mathematical. You had to follow the rules, + +127 +00:08:02,790 --> 00:08:05,230 +remember, but a regular rhyme scheme, particular + +128 +00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:07,350 +language, particular subject matters, particular + +129 +00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:10,970 +number of syllables even. So everything was + +130 +00:08:10,970 --> 00:08:15,170 +restricted, was chained, but not for the + +131 +00:08:15,170 --> 00:08:18,880 +romantics. One more. Teacher, please. + +132 +00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,640 +Individualism was also important. And this is + +133 +00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:24,260 +connected with the fact that poetry is self + +134 +00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:26,760 +-expression. You have to express your opinion and + +135 +00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:30,300 +feelings and emotions as an individual, as a + +136 +00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:34,860 +person. And the individual, no matter how poor or + +137 +00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:39,540 +how rich he or she is, is significant. Because in + +138 +00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:45,020 +the city, the individuals were destroyed. People + +139 +00:08:45,020 --> 00:08:47,640 +were like machines, or like slaves. You have to + +140 +00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,260 +work from early hours until late at night for just + +141 +00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:54,860 +little money, money enough to keep you alive, but + +142 +00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:58,280 +also to keep you working hard for the factories. + +143 +00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:00,960 +There's one significant thing I always focus on + +144 +00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:06,980 +here, which is In Augustan age, maybe you can + +145 +00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:10,300 +write a poem, but you may not change the whole + +146 +00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:14,180 +society, but in Romantic, you can write a poem and + +147 +00:09:14,180 --> 00:09:18,060 +you can change the race of itself. Okay, this is + +148 +00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:23,660 +interesting. Can literature change lives? Yes. Can + +149 +00:09:23,660 --> 00:09:27,500 +poetry change lives? Sometimes we watch movies and + +150 +00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:31,290 +we become in a way better people. We read + +151 +00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:33,590 +literature. We read fiction. And sometimes we + +152 +00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:37,490 +learn new experiences. We are influenced. And this + +153 +00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:40,790 +is an issue that needs a lot of discussion. For + +154 +00:09:40,790 --> 00:09:44,250 +the Augustans, poetry aims at teaching and + +155 +00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:47,430 +delighting. So there is this emphasis on changing + +156 +00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:51,290 +people's lives. But in a way, poetry was living + +157 +00:09:51,290 --> 00:09:54,170 +somewhere in ivory towers most of the time, in the + +158 +00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:56,670 +court, in the palace. But here, those people + +159 +00:09:56,670 --> 00:09:59,610 +brought it down, believing that the real change + +160 +00:09:59,610 --> 00:10:01,310 +can happen at the grassroots. You know the + +161 +00:10:01,310 --> 00:10:03,730 +grassroots? The masses, the ordinary people. + +162 +00:10:04,110 --> 00:10:07,570 +Improve people's lives, imaginations, their way, + +163 +00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,150 +their style, the way of living, and you will + +164 +00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:13,290 +definitely have a better society. But again, + +165 +00:10:13,390 --> 00:10:15,270 +remember, many people believe the romantics were + +166 +00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:18,680 +escapists. They were not interested in fixing the + +167 +00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:21,540 +problem. And others say, and I believe in this, + +168 +00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,740 +that writing poetry itself is an act of change. + +169 +00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:27,480 +You don't have to carry weapons or to use + +170 +00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,780 +violence. You could change by nonviolent means. + +171 +00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:36,500 +And the most powerful tool of resistance is + +172 +00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:40,040 +writing and poetry and language, yeah? A final + +173 +00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:46,400 +point, yeah? We just said feelings and emotions. + +174 +00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:51,360 +Something else, something I always focus on. We + +175 +00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:53,120 +said that already. More. + +176 +00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:04,460 +The poetic forms, new poetic forms. Like the + +177 +00:11:04,460 --> 00:11:07,140 +romantics, many people will disagree with me, but + +178 +00:11:07,140 --> 00:11:10,900 +the romantics share common features with the + +179 +00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:13,860 +metaphysicals. But the sensibility is different. + +180 +00:11:14,780 --> 00:11:18,420 +But since John Donne was more into argument, more + +181 +00:11:18,420 --> 00:11:21,700 +into intellectuality, here more into simplicity + +182 +00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:25,340 +and more into feelings and emotions and + +183 +00:11:25,340 --> 00:11:28,360 +imagination. But they share the most significant + +184 +00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:31,960 +issue here, which is new poetic forms. You don't + +185 +00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,160 +have to follow the rules of decorum. You try to + +186 +00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:37,160 +follow them. If they don't help, you just break + +187 +00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:39,920 +the rules. And that's why we'll see so many new + +188 +00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,500 +poetic forms. We already saw some examples, and + +189 +00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,440 +we'll see more as we go on with the romantic. So + +190 +00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,520 +William Wadsworth. is probably the most + +191 +00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,760 +significant romantic poet. Along with his friend + +192 +00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,900 +Samuel Coleridge, they published a book called The + +193 +00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,280 +Lyrical Ballads. We mentioned last time, The + +194 +00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,340 +Lyrical Ballads. And everyone was like amazed, + +195 +00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,900 +fascinated, because people were tired and fed up + +196 +00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,100 +with the Augustan poetry. And they were like, oh, + +197 +00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,080 +We want to know more. What are you doing here? + +198 +00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:15,080 +What is this kind of new poetry? So in the second + +199 +00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:17,980 +edition to the book, they included a preface, a + +200 +00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:21,000 +kind of introduction where they define poetry, and + +201 +00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,940 +they explain their romantic theory of what writing + +202 +00:12:24,940 --> 00:12:27,600 +poetry is. So let's see the definition I mentioned + +203 +00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,900 +last time in brief, and go on for examples from + +204 +00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:32,960 +William Wildsworth. So what is poetry? + +205 +00:12:36,420 --> 00:12:42,200 +is the flow of feelings or emotions. Feelings, + +206 +00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,300 +generally feelings, emotions. But this is not only + +207 +00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,620 +feelings or emotions, it's powerful. And it's not + +208 +00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:53,820 +flow of emotions, it's overflow of powerful + +209 +00:12:53,820 --> 00:12:58,760 +emotions. And this overflow is Spontaneous. So you + +210 +00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,160 +don't have to sit and like, OK, what kind of + +211 +00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:02,920 +poetry should I write about? I think I should + +212 +00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,300 +write something here. And you keep squeezing your + +213 +00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,720 +mind and counting the syllables and checking the + +214 +00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:11,860 +rhyme scheme and using difficult language and + +215 +00:13:11,860 --> 00:13:14,840 +using particular imagery or something. It's + +216 +00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,010 +spontaneous. You know spontaneous? Like you don't + +217 +00:13:19,010 --> 00:13:22,990 +push yourself. You don't pressure yourself to + +218 +00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,710 +write poetry. Poetry just comes out. It overflows. + +219 +00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,410 +The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings. + +220 +00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:33,830 +Many people only use this definition for the + +221 +00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,770 +romantics. It's okay, but it's not accurate. + +222 +00:13:37,370 --> 00:13:40,690 +Because the second part is also as significant. + +223 +00:13:41,460 --> 00:13:45,080 +Recollected here means remembered or recalled. You + +224 +00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,580 +know to recall something? To remember something in + +225 +00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:51,380 +tranquility. And this emphasizes memory, + +226 +00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,460 +especially for William Woodworth. Memory as a + +227 +00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:59,300 +theme. Memory as a tool of recollecting something + +228 +00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:02,500 +when you are in tranquility. And this tranquility, + +229 +00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:07,040 +you know tranquility? Tranquility, tranquil. Like + +230 +00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,430 +peace of mind. Like peace of mind, you're living + +231 +00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:16,490 +among the trees in nature, mother nature. You feel + +232 +00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:22,310 +at peace. You're peaceful. There are no troubles, + +233 +00:14:22,750 --> 00:14:26,630 +no problems, no corruption, no city life issues. + +234 +00:14:26,830 --> 00:14:31,810 +You're just in tranquility. That's basically what + +235 +00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:36,450 +tranquility is more or less here. To be alone, in + +236 +00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:40,870 +solitude, all alone, by yourself, somewhere in + +237 +00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:44,910 +nature, among natural elements. So you recollect + +238 +00:14:44,910 --> 00:14:46,770 +this. When you go to the city, you will not be + +239 +00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:49,110 +able to write this kind of poetry according to + +240 +00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:54,210 +William Wordsworth. alone somewhere in nature. So + +241 +00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,150 +when you feel this peace, peace of mind, when you + +242 +00:14:58,150 --> 00:15:01,090 +don't have trouble or problems from life and work + +243 +00:15:01,090 --> 00:15:05,230 +and factories and the industry, you can recollect + +244 +00:15:05,230 --> 00:15:10,410 +all the amazing or at least they can spontaneously + +245 +00:15:10,410 --> 00:15:14,310 +flow these powerful emotions or experiences. So + +246 +00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:17,310 +what is poetry according to William Wordsworth? A + +247 +00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:19,510 +spontaneous of a flow of powerful emotions + +248 +00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:23,260 +recollected in tranquility. Difficult? Big words? + +249 +00:15:25,780 --> 00:15:29,500 +Okay, overflow of powerful emotions recollected in + +250 +00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:34,120 +tranquility, recollected in peace. Now the + +251 +00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:39,010 +diction, the language itself is the real language + +252 +00:15:39,010 --> 00:15:42,790 +of men. Men and women, of course. Don't feel + +253 +00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:47,150 +offended. But this is why English generally was + +254 +00:15:47,150 --> 00:15:50,970 +considered the sexist language because many people + +255 +00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:54,230 +were considering women to be second class and + +256 +00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:56,450 +intellectual. And many people would defend this, + +257 +00:15:56,750 --> 00:16:01,650 +saying that men also includes women. So this is + +258 +00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:04,490 +the language of ordinary people, the masses. My + +259 +00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,650 +language, your language, everyday language, the + +260 +00:16:07,650 --> 00:16:12,130 +masses. And the subject matter includes situations + +261 +00:16:12,130 --> 00:16:16,770 +from common life. Not from the palace, not from + +262 +00:16:16,770 --> 00:16:19,510 +the court, not from the church, not from heaven + +263 +00:16:19,510 --> 00:16:23,370 +even. We've seen Milton go up to heaven, to God + +264 +00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:25,870 +and Adam and Eve and Satan, to the original sin. + +265 +00:16:26,410 --> 00:16:29,130 +So spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions + +266 +00:16:29,130 --> 00:16:34,330 +recollected in tranquility. And the language of + +267 +00:16:34,330 --> 00:16:42,050 +everyday men, situations from common mind. Let's + +268 +00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:48,070 +see this poem and try to examine the definitions. + +269 +00:16:49,310 --> 00:16:54,300 +The features and William Wordsworth. Theory of + +270 +00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,860 +Romanticism. This is a poem, it's called The + +271 +00:16:56,860 --> 00:16:57,400 +Daffodils. + +272 +00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,700 +It has four, I'll post this online, so just please + +273 +00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,340 +pay attention. It has four stanzas, let me read + +274 +00:17:08,340 --> 00:17:11,620 +them and do some commentary later on. The + +275 +00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:15,860 +Daffodils, you know daffodils? The yellow roses, + +276 +00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:22,800 +flowers. I wandered, I wandered lonely as a cloud + +277 +00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:29,500 +that floats on high o'er vales and hills, when all + +278 +00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,240 +at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils + +279 +00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:38,120 +beside the lake beneath the trees, fluttering and + +280 +00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:42,990 +dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars + +281 +00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:46,570 +that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way, they + +282 +00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:49,850 +stretched in never-ending line along the margin of + +283 +00:17:49,850 --> 00:17:53,990 +a bay. Ten thousand saw I at a glance tossing + +284 +00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:59,910 +their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside + +285 +00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:03,990 +them danced, but they outdid the sparkling waves + +286 +00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:07,470 +in glee. A poet could not but be gay in such a + +287 +00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:12,610 +jocund company. I gazed. and gazed but little + +288 +00:18:12,610 --> 00:18:18,370 +thought what wealth the show to me had brought for + +289 +00:18:18,370 --> 00:18:23,790 +oft when on my couch I lie in vacant or in pensive + +290 +00:18:23,790 --> 00:18:29,450 +mood they flash upon that inward eye which is the + +291 +00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:34,590 +bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure + +292 +00:18:34,590 --> 00:18:40,450 +fills and dances with the daffodils And that's a + +293 +00:18:40,450 --> 00:18:44,950 +poem. And that, by the way, this is the most + +294 +00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:47,390 +canonical romantic poem, the most famous romantic + +295 +00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:50,510 +poem. You will study it many times in the future. + +296 +00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:54,150 +Today we're just going to see the major features + +297 +00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:58,550 +of romanticism according to William Wordsworth. So + +298 +00:18:58,550 --> 00:19:02,270 +if you look at the first stanza we have here, + +299 +00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:07,270 +Again, we can see several of the features we're + +300 +00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,490 +talking about here. There's nature here, right? + +301 +00:19:10,810 --> 00:19:13,910 +Individualism, I, personal experience, right? + +302 +00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:18,710 +Nature everywhere, floats. Are these difficult + +303 +00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:23,390 +words? Most of them. Even if you don't know what + +304 +00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:27,150 +it means, you can easily guess from the context. + +305 +00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:29,510 +Or at least you can know that this is a natural + +306 +00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:33,150 +element. So what is he saying? He's saying, I + +307 +00:19:33,150 --> 00:19:38,850 +wandered lonely as a cloud. And remember in the + +308 +00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:43,120 +past, We said there's something called a metaphor + +309 +00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:46,720 +and a simile. A simile is where you say something + +310 +00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,480 +is like or as something. When you use the word is + +311 +00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,820 +or like, this is a simile. And this is how you + +312 +00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:56,960 +write a simile. Where you pronounce the E by the + +313 +00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:00,900 +way. And generally, a simile is easier than a + +314 +00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,580 +metaphor. I know people who do research on the + +315 +00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:06,160 +simile and the metaphor. A metaphor is generally + +316 +00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,200 +not clear. The meaning is implied. You don't know + +317 +00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,900 +when you say, the teacher roared. I'm just being + +318 +00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,720 +very simplistic here. The teacher roared. You + +319 +00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,020 +know, roar is a word you use to describe a lion. + +320 +00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:21,560 +So what does that indicate? He spoke loudly. He + +321 +00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:24,740 +was angry. He was hungry. You just can't make up + +322 +00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:29,990 +your mind. But when you say the teacher ate like a + +323 +00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:33,570 +lion or spoke like a lion, so the word like makes + +324 +00:20:33,570 --> 00:20:36,870 +it easy for you to know where you're going. So he + +325 +00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:40,190 +chooses here a cloud, which is a natural element. + +326 +00:20:40,550 --> 00:20:49,030 +And cloud, he could have said a tree, right? But a + +327 +00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:52,350 +tree doesn't wander, right? It doesn't move just a + +328 +00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:55,290 +little bit. It's fixed. So he doesn't pick this. + +329 +00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:58,710 +Or he could have said, I wandered lonely as a cow, + +330 +00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:05,510 +or as a sheep, or as a bird. But he chooses a + +331 +00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:07,570 +cloud. A cloud. + +332 +00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,800 +Thank you. It's up above. That's one. What else + +333 +00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,700 +about cloud that makes it really interesting for + +334 +00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:21,440 +William Wadsworth? It takes water and gives water. + +335 +00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:22,240 +Thank you. What else? + +336 +00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,760 +It can easily be reached probably also through... + +337 +00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:33,540 +White? It's also wild. White. White probably + +338 +00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:36,600 +signifies, but not always white, but could be gray + +339 +00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,260 +sometimes or dark or black. And sometimes, + +340 +00:21:40,740 --> 00:21:44,380 +generally, it's free. The issue of being free here + +341 +00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:48,940 +is highlighted. It moves freely. No human being + +342 +00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:53,020 +can control it in a way. It's up above from the, + +343 +00:21:53,540 --> 00:21:58,540 +what is going on down, that floats on high ore + +344 +00:21:58,540 --> 00:22:03,940 +veils and hills. The high places, the low places. + +345 +00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,720 +Or the low places, high places. When all at once, + +346 +00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,980 +I, I saw, I also saw, notice the tense here is + +347 +00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:17,390 +past simple, right? I saw a crowd, and a crowd + +348 +00:22:17,390 --> 00:22:19,690 +generally a crowd of people, a crowd of something. + +349 +00:22:20,430 --> 00:22:23,530 +Crowd could be negative, right? If it's crowded, + +350 +00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:27,290 +not always, but if it's crowded, it's bad. There + +351 +00:22:27,290 --> 00:22:29,370 +is a good crowd, like a lot of people are coming. + +352 +00:22:29,970 --> 00:22:32,110 +And then he repeats the same word in other words, + +353 +00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:36,650 +in a more positive word, a host. Someone who hosts + +354 +00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:39,310 +you, someone who takes care of you, hospitability + +355 +00:22:39,310 --> 00:22:44,230 +here. A host of golden daffodils. So the daffodils + +356 +00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:47,650 +are described as golden and they are personified + +357 +00:22:47,650 --> 00:22:53,010 +as welcoming, hosting you. They attract you. They + +358 +00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:56,370 +make you feel at home, at peace, tranquility and + +359 +00:22:56,370 --> 00:23:00,330 +solitude. Where? Where did he see them? Beside the + +360 +00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:03,050 +lake beneath the trees. Although he was up above, + +361 +00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:06,430 +he saw them like the clouds because the power of + +362 +00:23:06,430 --> 00:23:09,150 +imagination, the onward eye, fluttering and + +363 +00:23:09,150 --> 00:23:13,470 +dancing in the breeze. Dancing is also a + +364 +00:23:13,470 --> 00:23:16,450 +personification. Generally, people dance, not + +365 +00:23:16,450 --> 00:23:20,150 +flowers. So what is happening here is the man, the + +366 +00:23:20,150 --> 00:23:27,170 +poet, is depersonified. He is likened to... A + +367 +00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:30,950 +cloud. But nature is personified. And that's an + +368 +00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:35,710 +interesting mixture of exchanging of places. If + +369 +00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:42,470 +you go for the rhyme scheme, it should be A, B, A, + +370 +00:23:42,710 --> 00:23:49,370 +B, C, C. So A, B, A, B, and then we have a couplet + +371 +00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:53,230 +here. Yeah, trees and breeze. So what happens + +372 +00:23:53,230 --> 00:24:00,760 +next? Continuous. So the scene of daffodils were + +373 +00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,900 +continuous as, again, another simile, as the stars + +374 +00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:08,540 +that shine and twinkle in the milky way, they, + +375 +00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,960 +again referring to the daffodils, stretched past + +376 +00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:17,740 +simple never-ending line along the margin of a bay + +377 +00:24:17,740 --> 00:24:23,590 +near the water, 10,000 so high at once. At a + +378 +00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:26,650 +glance? Yeah. Saw I at a glance. Just one glance + +379 +00:24:26,650 --> 00:24:29,670 +and 10,000 daffodils. That's how overwhelmingly + +380 +00:24:29,670 --> 00:24:36,150 +beautiful nature is. 10,000, it should be I saw 10 + +381 +00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:39,650 +,000 at a glance. But the emphasis on the nature + +382 +00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:42,230 +rather than on the man himself seeing this. + +383 +00:24:42,330 --> 00:24:44,970 +Because nature will make you in a way react to + +384 +00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:48,710 +this. Saw I at once at a glance tossing their + +385 +00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:52,270 +heads, emphasizing what? The personification here, + +386 +00:24:52,450 --> 00:24:56,010 +tossing their heads in a sprightly dance again. + +387 +00:24:56,170 --> 00:24:59,870 +And that's how beautiful and pure nature is. The + +388 +00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:03,510 +waves, so because of this scene, the waves were + +389 +00:25:03,510 --> 00:25:08,390 +dancing. The waves beside them danced, also past + +390 +00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:12,510 +simple, but they, referring to the daffodils, + +391 +00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:17,150 +outdid the, also past simple, the sparkling waves + +392 +00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:22,890 +in glee, A poet could not but be gay in such a + +393 +00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:29,150 +jocund company. I gazed and gazed, but little + +394 +00:25:29,150 --> 00:25:31,530 +thought. You remember? The feelings, the senses, + +395 +00:25:31,750 --> 00:25:35,180 +the emotions, the heart just You're looking at the + +396 +00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:38,700 +amazing magical magisterial scene. He didn't + +397 +00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:42,320 +think. If it is an ordinary poet, like an Augustan + +398 +00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:46,520 +poet, they would think more than gazing, like, ah, + +399 +00:25:46,780 --> 00:25:50,980 +what an interesting rose or daffodil or flower. + +400 +00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,900 +Maybe this looks like something. He doesn't care + +401 +00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,260 +about what it looks like. He cares much about the + +402 +00:25:56,260 --> 00:25:59,700 +inspiration, the imagination, the feelings, the + +403 +00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:04,080 +beauty. I gazed and gazed. But little thought what + +404 +00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,820 +wealth the show to me had brought. I didn't care + +405 +00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:10,340 +about what it brought to me. All I cared about was + +406 +00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:14,300 +the scene and gazing and absorbing the beauty of + +407 +00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,300 +nature. Look also at the past simple and past + +408 +00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,140 +simple. Now, if you go to the rhyme scheme, the + +409 +00:26:20,140 --> 00:26:23,540 +rhyme scheme was A, B, A, B, C, C. Second + +410 +00:26:23,540 --> 00:26:26,300 +syllable, second sounds are the same. And here we + +411 +00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:33,780 +have they, B, B, K, Company. Company. Company. + +412 +00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:36,120 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +413 +00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:36,400 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +414 +00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:36,480 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +415 +00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,320 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +416 +00:26:40,060 --> 00:26:42,120 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +417 +00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,120 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +418 +00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,140 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +419 +00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,140 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +420 +00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,180 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +421 +00:26:42,180 --> 00:26:42,260 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +422 +00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:42,500 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +423 +00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:42,520 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +424 +00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:42,580 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +425 +00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,580 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +426 +00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +427 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +428 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +429 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +430 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. Company. Company. Company. + +431 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600 +Company. Company. company. company. company. + +432 +00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:43,620 +company. company. company. + +433 +00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:53,820 +company. company. company. company. company. + +434 +00:26:57,760 --> 00:26:58,080 +company. + +435 +00:27:02,060 --> 00:27:03,780 +Because the poet is indicating that there is + +436 +00:27:03,780 --> 00:27:06,540 +something wrong with this symmetry. It looks + +437 +00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,780 +symmetrical and perfect, but in reality it has + +438 +00:27:09,780 --> 00:27:13,580 +trouble. It has problems. The second stanza had + +439 +00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:15,720 +also a perfect rhyme, and the last stanza had a + +440 +00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,400 +perfect rhyme. So this is the only stanza that has + +441 +00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:22,030 +Imperfect rhyme, there could be a reason. But more + +442 +00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:25,030 +interesting to me is the fact that the poet shifts + +443 +00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:31,830 +from I, I, I, I wandered lonely, so I, and then he + +444 +00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:36,110 +moves to say a poet could not but be gay to + +445 +00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:44,850 +generally he or she. Why did he shift from he, + +446 +00:27:45,290 --> 00:27:47,690 +from I to he or to she? + +447 +00:27:54,620 --> 00:27:57,300 +The word gay means happy. So it's not about he's + +448 +00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,020 +ashamed that people will say he's gay. Gay is + +449 +00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:04,720 +happy. In the past, it meant happy. So a poet + +450 +00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,060 +could not, could not, but there's emphasis here. + +451 +00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,180 +In Arabic, we call this hasr wa qasr, right, for + +452 +00:28:10,180 --> 00:28:15,940 +emphasis. So I couldn't but be happy means I am + +453 +00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:19,380 +happy, very happy actually. There's no way I can't + +454 +00:28:19,380 --> 00:28:23,240 +be happy. So there is negative here for emphasis. + +455 +00:28:24,060 --> 00:28:28,440 +There's an imperfect rhyme here. in this area, and + +456 +00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,560 +there is a shift from the first-person narrator to + +457 +00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,120 +the third-person narrator. To show that this + +458 +00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:38,860 +perfect scene could make any person's emotions + +459 +00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:41,560 +especially good because... They have more + +460 +00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,200 +sensitivity. Yes, make him happy. Thank you. + +461 +00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:50,820 +Interesting. Yes? The bias came from B or A? A, B, + +462 +00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:52,060 +A, B. + +463 +00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,860 +They and gay is different. This is the sound. + +464 +00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:03,340 +You will learn how to do the phonemic + +465 +00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:09,590 +transcription hopefully next year. Yes? So we have + +466 +00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:12,950 +a suggestion here, because this is all poets. All + +467 +00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:15,570 +poets, because poets especially have the + +468 +00:29:15,570 --> 00:29:18,310 +sensibility, the emotions, the extra emotions to + +469 +00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,870 +do, to react to this beautiful scene in nature. So + +470 +00:29:21,870 --> 00:29:25,070 +all people, especially poets, will be happy. That + +471 +00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:27,950 +is true, but I think there is more to this. Let me + +472 +00:29:27,950 --> 00:29:31,070 +go back to this after I finish the last sentence, + +473 +00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:34,770 +OK? So we'll go back to a poet could not but be + +474 +00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,640 +gay, because he could have easily said, I was gay. + +475 +00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:43,680 +I was happy. The last stanza, this is how it ends. + +476 +00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,020 +Notice there is a change in what? The first thing. + +477 +00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,420 +He shifts + +478 +00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:58,800 +to the present and also we have something back. We + +479 +00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,780 +have the I back. + +480 +00:30:06,350 --> 00:30:10,430 +Why is, again, the poem is part past simple and + +481 +00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:14,730 +part present simple? So what's going on now? + +482 +00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:18,590 +How? + +483 +00:30:21,410 --> 00:30:23,950 +So how did the story happen? Where is the poet + +484 +00:30:23,950 --> 00:30:27,310 +now? Very now? He's in the present. What is he + +485 +00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:31,710 +doing? Oh, recollecting tranquility. And that's an + +486 +00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:34,190 +interesting romantic issue here. You need to pay + +487 +00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:36,630 +attention to the tenses to know what's going on. + +488 +00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:39,910 +So what is the poet doing? He says, for oft, when + +489 +00:30:39,910 --> 00:30:45,290 +on my couch I lie. When I lie, I lie down. + +490 +00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:48,990 +Remember, tranquility, peace of mind, carefree, + +491 +00:30:49,210 --> 00:30:51,930 +carefree, nothing to bother him, nothing to + +492 +00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:55,410 +trouble him. What happens? Whether he is in vacant + +493 +00:30:55,410 --> 00:31:00,930 +or in pensive mood, They, referring to? The + +494 +00:31:00,930 --> 00:31:05,310 +daffodils. They flash, not something he sees first + +495 +00:31:05,310 --> 00:31:08,810 +experience. They flash upon the inward eye, in his + +496 +00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:13,750 +imagination, inside him. His mind's eye, his + +497 +00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:17,470 +heart's eye, I would say. They flash upon the + +498 +00:31:17,470 --> 00:31:21,630 +inward eye, which is the bliss of solitude. + +499 +00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:24,910 +Solitude from solo. From being alone. Being alone. + +500 +00:31:25,210 --> 00:31:29,830 +Not emotionally, just no one around you. Bliss. + +501 +00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:34,830 +This is a bliss of solitude. This is, as a result, + +502 +00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:38,690 +this is a good advantage of being alone in nature, + +503 +00:31:38,930 --> 00:31:43,570 +individuality. What happens then? How does the + +504 +00:31:43,570 --> 00:31:47,500 +poet, the I, react? His heart with pleasure fills + +505 +00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:52,780 +and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances + +506 +00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:56,480 +with the daffodils. When we speak normally, + +507 +00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,540 +naturally, the determiners, the articles, the + +508 +00:31:59,540 --> 00:32:02,040 +prepositions, the auxiliaries are not generally + +509 +00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:07,120 +stressed. When I say, I went with him. I went with + +510 +00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,000 +her. She came with me. You don't say, she came + +511 +00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,720 +with me. But here, when you count the stressed and + +512 +00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,020 +unstressed syllables, something you'll study later + +513 +00:32:15,020 --> 00:32:19,120 +on, this with is emphasized, is stressed. It + +514 +00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,500 +becomes and dances with the daffodils, because the + +515 +00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:25,600 +theme is withness with nature, togetherness with + +516 +00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:29,160 +nature, unity, melting down, becoming nature, and + +517 +00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,320 +nature overwhelmingly + +518 +00:32:33,430 --> 00:32:35,930 +claiming you, controlling you. So this is the + +519 +00:32:35,930 --> 00:32:39,150 +reaction of the poet. His heart with pleasure + +520 +00:32:39,150 --> 00:32:44,230 +fills. It overflows with pleasure. And he, it's + +521 +00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:48,290 +not clear here whether he says like he himself + +522 +00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:51,570 +dances with the daffodils or his heart, both. But + +523 +00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:55,630 +here it's probably more his heart doing this and + +524 +00:32:55,630 --> 00:32:59,070 +dances with the daffodils. So this is a reaction. + +525 +00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,770 +What is the difference between this reaction and + +526 +00:33:02,770 --> 00:33:06,650 +this reaction. This is a romantic poet, in my + +527 +00:33:06,650 --> 00:33:12,810 +opinion. You just don't react. You just fill your + +528 +00:33:12,810 --> 00:33:17,190 +heart with pleasure, with beauty and innocence of + +529 +00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:20,030 +nature. And as a result, you become a totally + +530 +00:33:20,030 --> 00:33:23,730 +different person. You remember. You recollect. Not + +531 +00:33:23,730 --> 00:33:26,930 +once. Not an instant reaction. You just don't look + +532 +00:33:26,930 --> 00:33:30,150 +at the daffodils and then You react in this + +533 +00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,430 +particular way. A romantic poet generally + +534 +00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:37,170 +encounters something, sees something. They don't + +535 +00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:39,670 +react instantly, because this is going to be + +536 +00:33:39,670 --> 00:33:42,270 +artificial. If you see a beautiful scene, nature, + +537 +00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:45,330 +element, something, and you write poetry + +538 +00:33:45,330 --> 00:33:47,850 +instantly, according to the romantics generally, + +539 +00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:50,050 +this is not good poetry. So you just absorb + +540 +00:33:50,050 --> 00:33:52,550 +everything. You store this. You know store? You + +541 +00:33:52,550 --> 00:33:56,860 +bear it. He used the word bear, actually. There + +542 +00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:00,160 +was bear in this or that was another poem. So he + +543 +00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,280 +keeps it somewhere. When he is in solitude, alone, + +544 +00:34:05,620 --> 00:34:08,320 +in vacant or impulsive mood, when he's lying on + +545 +00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,140 +his couch all alone, he recollects. He remembers. + +546 +00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:17,680 +He recalls this experience and then starts to live + +547 +00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:21,680 +it again. And this is more powerful for the + +548 +00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:25,720 +romantics than reacting to a scene you just see. + +549 +00:34:26,060 --> 00:34:30,280 +So what's going on here? In my opinion, this is a + +550 +00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,240 +direct criticism from William Wordsworth to + +551 +00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:38,140 +classical Augustan poets. He's saying any ordinary + +552 +00:34:38,140 --> 00:34:42,870 +poet would just only feel happy. but not William + +553 +00:34:42,870 --> 00:34:47,370 +Wordsworth, the romantic poet. So a poet, this is + +554 +00:34:47,370 --> 00:34:49,650 +the shift. This is the negative here. And this is + +555 +00:34:49,650 --> 00:34:52,230 +the imperfect trying. This is an imperfect + +556 +00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:55,470 +reaction on nature. If you just react to nature by + +557 +00:34:55,470 --> 00:35:00,110 +being happy, that's not what it, you know, it + +558 +00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,710 +takes more to be a romantic poet, to be like us, + +559 +00:35:04,010 --> 00:35:06,510 +the romantics. And that's why in the end, the poem + +560 +00:35:06,510 --> 00:35:10,570 +ends with, and then, my heart with pleasure fills. + +561 +00:35:11,420 --> 00:35:13,460 +and dances with the daffodils. There is an + +562 +00:35:13,460 --> 00:35:17,160 +interesting fact here. William Wordsworth, when he + +563 +00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,500 +saw the daffodils, he saw them for real. He had + +564 +00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:25,590 +his sister Dorothy with him. And in her diaries, + +565 +00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,350 +you know, diaries, there is an entry where she + +566 +00:35:29,350 --> 00:35:32,230 +tells us something about, I was working with Will, + +567 +00:35:32,590 --> 00:35:35,490 +Willie, or Bill, I don't know what she called him, + +568 +00:35:35,650 --> 00:35:39,230 +but William Wadsworth, and we saw this beautiful, + +569 +00:35:39,630 --> 00:35:42,350 +magical, it was magisterial, the daffodils, + +570 +00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:45,230 +everything. She describes this in prose, very + +571 +00:35:45,230 --> 00:35:50,910 +beautiful. But here, where is she in the poem? Is + +572 +00:35:50,910 --> 00:35:56,410 +she in the poem? He kicks her out because two is a + +573 +00:35:56,410 --> 00:36:00,520 +company. Two is a company, and this is more about + +574 +00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:04,140 +a personal, self-expressive experience about + +575 +00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:07,200 +individuality. Some people would hate him for + +576 +00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,240 +doing this. He's silencing her. Hey, Dorothy, get + +577 +00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:13,020 +out of this, which is an anti-feminist thing. + +578 +00:36:13,740 --> 00:36:15,540 +Maybe you can take it this way, but generally, + +579 +00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:18,040 +because this is what the romanticist is saying, + +580 +00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,660 +his own experience, and the sister can say her own + +581 +00:36:21,660 --> 00:36:28,010 +experience in a way or another. A final point, we + +582 +00:36:28,010 --> 00:36:29,810 +don't have time to go for Lucy Gray, another + +583 +00:36:29,810 --> 00:36:32,230 +beautiful poem, but next class we can do Lucy Gray + +584 +00:36:32,230 --> 00:36:35,430 +and we go back to Blake's London. We'll have time + +585 +00:36:35,430 --> 00:36:39,130 +to do that. One final thing I want to say about + +586 +00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,290 +the romantics is the fact that there's something + +587 +00:36:41,290 --> 00:36:46,030 +called, not baby actually, childlike experience. + +588 +00:36:51,610 --> 00:36:55,470 +Childlike experience. What is this? The romantics + +589 +00:36:55,470 --> 00:36:58,890 +say the most beautiful, important, significant + +590 +00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:01,830 +thing about city, about the romantics themselves, + +591 +00:37:02,490 --> 00:37:07,810 +is they have this romantic childlike reaction to + +592 +00:37:07,810 --> 00:37:13,180 +life. They believe because of corruption and + +593 +00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:15,240 +pollution in the city and the factories and the + +594 +00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:18,080 +industrial revolution, people go out early in the + +595 +00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,160 +morning, they keep working until late hours, and + +596 +00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,600 +they don't have time to appreciate life themselves + +597 +00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,840 +or nature or the environment, right? They're + +598 +00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,340 +always busy. They believe that the city has a + +599 +00:37:31,340 --> 00:37:35,560 +veil. You know what veil is? Veil. Veil, like + +600 +00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:40,680 +hijab. A veil of familiarity. You know familiar? + +601 +00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:44,880 +Familiarity? What is familiarity in Arabic? Ulfa. + +602 +00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,640 +Thank you. Yeah, yeah. So the city life adds a + +603 +00:37:49,640 --> 00:37:52,960 +veil of familiarity. Like here, you for example, + +604 +00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:56,620 +us. We're always rushing and busy and competing + +605 +00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:58,720 +and running. We have classes. We have exams. We + +606 +00:37:58,720 --> 00:38:00,940 +have quizzes. We have to read, right? We have to + +607 +00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:03,420 +do assignments. We have to take a taxi. We care + +608 +00:38:03,420 --> 00:38:06,300 +about our parents and the salaries and the work. + +609 +00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:08,540 +And what should I do when I finish this? There is + +610 +00:38:08,540 --> 00:38:11,440 +a lot. of care here, a lot of trouble, a lot of + +611 +00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,180 +problems, that we don't sometimes stop to + +612 +00:38:14,180 --> 00:38:16,840 +appreciate the moon or appreciate the flowers or + +613 +00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,120 +the roses or even the cats here at campus, right? + +614 +00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,880 +Maybe you play with the cats once in a while, but + +615 +00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,760 +how many times did you stop to appreciate a rose + +616 +00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,590 +or a flower? And even these roses and flowers, + +617 +00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:30,290 +they are artificial. They are man-made in a way + +618 +00:38:30,290 --> 00:38:33,590 +that man controls them and keeps trimming them. If + +619 +00:38:33,590 --> 00:38:36,470 +your friend tells you, hey, look at the moon. + +620 +00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:39,090 +There's a super moon. It's beautiful. Maybe you + +621 +00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:41,680 +don't even see the moon through your window. And + +622 +00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,520 +maybe you don't have the time because you are on + +623 +00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:45,980 +social media spending time and chatting. Maybe + +624 +00:38:45,980 --> 00:38:48,320 +because you only have four hours of electricity + +625 +00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:52,020 +here in Gaza that you just want to do your stuff + +626 +00:38:52,020 --> 00:38:53,640 +that requires electricity, that you don't care + +627 +00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,040 +about nature. So the romantics say life, + +628 +00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:01,560 +especially in the city, has added some sort of + +629 +00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:08,650 +avail of familiarity. where we don't see things as + +630 +00:39:08,650 --> 00:39:12,650 +they should be seen, beautiful and majestic. So + +631 +00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:16,390 +they invite us to have this childlike experience. + +632 +00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:20,410 +Children, they always react to the same thing. + +633 +00:39:20,490 --> 00:39:22,910 +They see the same thing for a hundred times and + +634 +00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,690 +they're like, Wow, this is a childlike reaction. + +635 +00:39:27,130 --> 00:39:29,630 +When kids start learning words, for example, and + +636 +00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:32,130 +they see the lights, they keep referring to it + +637 +00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:36,970 +like a hundred times every day. Right? When they + +638 +00:39:36,970 --> 00:39:39,410 +go out, when you are in a taxi or something, they + +639 +00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:44,670 +see a donkey and they were like, more right like I + +640 +00:39:44,670 --> 00:39:48,970 +know but this is how children generally react to + +641 +00:39:48,970 --> 00:39:52,250 +things they see again and again but for us adults + +642 +00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:57,970 +experience deprives us of this beautiful child not + +643 +00:39:57,970 --> 00:40:02,230 +childish childlike reaction where every time you + +644 +00:40:02,230 --> 00:40:07,350 +see something you just So he shifts from the past + +645 +00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:09,710 +to the present because he's recollecting and + +646 +00:40:09,710 --> 00:40:13,150 +because he's telling us, I relive this beautiful + +647 +00:40:13,150 --> 00:40:19,410 +moment every time I want to relive this. So + +648 +00:40:19,410 --> 00:40:22,810 +beautiful encounter, kind of flashbacking on + +649 +00:40:22,810 --> 00:40:26,810 +something. Please, put this in mind. When I teach + +650 +00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,810 +literature, I always invite my students to + +651 +00:40:29,810 --> 00:40:33,310 +reconsider their lives. This is not about exams. + +652 +00:40:33,870 --> 00:40:36,050 +Yeah, I know you want to get high marks. You + +653 +00:40:36,050 --> 00:40:39,490 +should. And you study. But also think of how + +654 +00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:43,330 +literature can change you, can change your lives, + +655 +00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:45,590 +can make you better human beings, can make you + +656 +00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:50,530 +think, can make you grow. Exactly like movies. And + +657 +00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:53,210 +poetry here invites us to be different, to care + +658 +00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:57,530 +about others, to like, to love. + +659 +00:41:00,240 --> 00:41:01,980 +And this is part of the question you need to + +660 +00:41:01,980 --> 00:41:05,220 +answer. How literature influences life. Literature + +661 +00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:10,040 +is a criticism of life and a tool of empowerment. + +662 +00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,670 +It makes us better people, more powerful people, + +663 +00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:16,750 +especially for people like us here oppressed and + +664 +00:41:16,750 --> 00:41:19,110 +occupied by the Israeli occupation, especially if + +665 +00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:22,070 +we are women and we need to raise our voices and + +666 +00:41:22,070 --> 00:41:24,910 +reach out to people and break the barriers, break + +667 +00:41:24,910 --> 00:41:30,790 +the glass ceiling, break the unfavorable rules + +668 +00:41:30,790 --> 00:41:35,410 +around us here or there. So this is one poem by + +669 +00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:37,910 +William Wordsworth that has almost all the + +670 +00:41:37,910 --> 00:41:40,670 +features of romanticism. Nature, tick. + +671 +00:41:41,410 --> 00:41:44,690 +Individuality, tick. Imagination, tick. Man and + +672 +00:41:44,690 --> 00:41:47,390 +nature, simplicity, tick. I think you'll find two, + +673 +00:41:47,530 --> 00:41:50,530 +three words. Imagine yourself a native speaker in + +674 +00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:53,310 +grade seven in England or America. You will get + +675 +00:41:53,310 --> 00:41:57,670 +most of the words, if not all of them. Subject + +676 +00:41:57,670 --> 00:42:01,750 +matter, common life, flowers from nature, also + +677 +00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:10,470 +tick. What else? Recalling memory, tick. How you + +678 +00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:13,090 +break the rules in order to, you know, sometimes + +679 +00:42:13,090 --> 00:42:16,490 +to get to convey a message with the imperfect + +680 +00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:23,030 +rhyme, also tick. I'll stop here. And if you have + +681 +00:42:23,030 --> 00:42:26,330 +any question, you can definitely ask. Next class, + +682 +00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:29,570 +we'll continue doing Lucy Gray by William + +683 +00:42:29,570 --> 00:42:32,770 +Wordsworth, and we will have time to do London by + +684 +00:42:32,770 --> 00:42:36,670 +William Blake. Thank you very much. And hopefully + +685 +00:42:36,670 --> 00:42:38,610 +this will change something in you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c428d9f9a2574e644ff07d6dc559c3610d8cc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@ +1 +00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:26,740 +Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we + +2 +00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:33,540 +move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major + +3 +00:00:33,540 --> 00:00:37,320 +issues in the 20th century, major names and major + +4 +00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,060 +literary texts. We are about to close this course. + +5 +00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,570 +And I want you always to imagine how the journey + +6 +00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,930 +of English literature moved from the oral Old + +7 +00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,130 +English tradition and then to Middle English, and + +8 +00:00:53,130 --> 00:00:55,070 +then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel, + +9 +00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,490 +and prose, and then the 20th century. This has + +10 +00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:02,250 +been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again, + +11 +00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:05,390 +to speak about everything in English literature in + +12 +00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:10,370 +just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully, + +13 +00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,450 +you will be studying more literature courses, and + +14 +00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:17,430 +you will go in-depth into more issues than we + +15 +00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:22,350 +discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to + +16 +00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:25,430 +show you how literature and life interact, how + +17 +00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:27,830 +life influences literature, and how literature + +18 +00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:32,170 +also creates particular things in life in the + +19 +00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:35,690 +sense that it empowers people. It suggests new + +20 +00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:40,030 +ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And + +21 +00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:42,830 +how literature has always been used by the + +22 +00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:45,730 +marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the + +23 +00:01:45,730 --> 00:01:49,210 +outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking + +24 +00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:53,370 +truth to power of expressing themselves in the + +25 +00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:56,730 +sense that literature is revolution and can cause + +26 +00:01:56,730 --> 00:02:01,910 +revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a + +27 +00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,550 +fascinating era to speak about in all issues, + +28 +00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:10,170 +whether we speak about technology, technological + +29 +00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:15,850 +advancements, industry, society, philosophy, + +30 +00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:21,830 +literature, arts, relationships, how the world has + +31 +00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:25,650 +become a really tiny village, especially with the + +32 +00:02:25,650 --> 00:02:30,380 +internet in the late 20th century. Now when we + +33 +00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,000 +speak about, before we speak about the literature, + +34 +00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,100 +I want just to mention the major issues here. I + +35 +00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:40,040 +can't cover everything again, but we'll have an + +36 +00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:45,760 +idea. So remember how people were lamenting the + +37 +00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,620 +loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were + +38 +00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:52,380 +sad, expressing their sadness because people were + +39 +00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,040 +no longer the people who used to be close, who + +40 +00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,840 +loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or + +41 +00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,420 +another living in a society in harmony. And how + +42 +00:03:03,420 --> 00:03:05,660 +this society, because of the city and the + +43 +00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:09,100 +Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing + +44 +00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:13,140 +and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented + +45 +00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:15,840 +this in literature, especially in the poetry of + +46 +00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,200 +the late Victorian period. And we've seen the + +47 +00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,400 +crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem + +48 +00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:29,520 +Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little + +49 +00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,000 +tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to + +50 +00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,200 +one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth. + +51 +00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,700 +and beauty are all important things that can at + +52 +00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,680 +least unite us despite the differences. Now, when + +53 +00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,840 +people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or + +54 +00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,100 +the First World War broke out. And millions and + +55 +00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,060 +millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how + +56 +00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:58,040 +many, but I think like over 20 million people were + +57 +00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,700 +killed. And most of them were white European + +58 +00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:05,300 +Christians. So I remember in literature we have + +59 +00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,880 +always this idea of the Western man being more + +60 +00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,860 +superior than the native Africans or Asians, being + +61 +00:04:11,860 --> 00:04:15,180 +smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden, + +62 +00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,820 +The Europeans among themselves, the Christians, + +63 +00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,060 +the white people are massacring each other for + +64 +00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:24,780 +more or less trivial things. Could be political + +65 +00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:28,720 +issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of + +66 +00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:35,220 +how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And + +67 +00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,380 +this was the final blow that people lost hope. So + +68 +00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:42,800 +many people lost hope. So the period between the + +69 +00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,380 +First World War and the Second World War, + +70 +00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,540 +especially in the 30s, is called the lost + +71 +00:04:46,540 --> 00:04:48,980 +generation, where people lost not only hope, but + +72 +00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:52,140 +everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope + +73 +00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:54,140 +they had of maybe this is the Western + +74 +00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:57,460 +civilization. It's going to be the best. history + +75 +00:04:57,460 --> 00:05:00,720 +has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war + +76 +00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040 +and another war, and tens of millions of people, + +77 +00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,200 +over 50, around 60 million people were massacred. + +78 +00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,960 +Because in a way or another, there's no hope. + +79 +00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,960 +Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the + +80 +00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,180 +positivism of George Eliot that humanity is + +81 +00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,940 +advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come. + +82 +00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:29,490 +This proved that Many things were not true. Now, + +83 +00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:33,610 +the British Empire started to fall apart, to be + +84 +00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,270 +torn into pieces because of the liberation + +85 +00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:41,190 +movements and the resistance by the colonized + +86 +00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:44,650 +around the world. So England was shrinking. The + +87 +00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:49,670 +British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now + +88 +00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:54,140 +only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority + +89 +00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,600 +here and there. In the 20th century, we speak + +90 +00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:01,180 +about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism. + +91 +00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:05,630 +like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what + +92 +00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,470 +humanity has given, especially in modern history, + +93 +00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:12,490 +is fascism and Nazism, when people considered + +94 +00:06:12,490 --> 00:06:14,590 +themselves to be bitter just because of the color + +95 +00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,050 +of their skin, to be more superior, and to give + +96 +00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:19,590 +themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of + +97 +00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:23,290 +people just because they believe that we are the + +98 +00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:28,030 +chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or + +99 +00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:31,300 +Nazism could have ended with the fall or the + +100 +00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:35,440 +defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and + +101 +00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,960 +Nazis are still alive and kicking around the + +102 +00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,300 +world. And fascists are also still alive and + +103 +00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:42,800 +kicking around the world. There are still many + +104 +00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,300 +people who believe that, for example, the white + +105 +00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,980 +people are the best, the most superior, and this + +106 +00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,960 +is called white supremacy. So no matter what + +107 +00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600 +people do, like sometimes you say, why are people + +108 +00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,940 +like this? Why is it that this person hate me + +109 +00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,580 +because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what + +110 +00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:04,560 +I think, or how I look. Horrible people will + +111 +00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,400 +always be around, no matter what we do, no matter + +112 +00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,260 +how good we are, okay? So when we speak about + +113 +00:07:11,260 --> 00:07:13,320 +literature, because this is a literature course, + +114 +00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,440 +we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about + +115 +00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,120 +John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said + +116 +00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,680 +these were, in a way or another, modernist poets. + +117 +00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,860 +When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence + +118 +00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,650 +Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a + +119 +00:07:31,650 --> 00:07:34,710 +modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary + +120 +00:07:34,710 --> 00:07:36,950 +Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are + +121 +00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:39,970 +modernist elements. Some people think that + +122 +00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:43,030 +modernism started in the 20th century. It's not + +123 +00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:45,990 +accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular + +124 +00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,100 +time. But the majority of modernist artistic + +125 +00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:54,500 +creation took place in the 20th century. So I + +126 +00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,020 +always give this funny example of, I say if + +127 +00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,220 +modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it + +128 +00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:04,260 +happened before the 20th century. Examples, John + +129 +00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:08,020 +Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have + +130 +00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,700 +generally experimental issues. When we speak about + +131 +00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,800 +modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new + +132 +00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,200 +forms of expression, new literary forms, how you + +133 +00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:20,880 +try to break the rules and the barriers of what + +134 +00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080 +you have to do and you just do something new. + +135 +00:08:23,420 --> 00:08:27,000 +That's basically what it is. When we speak also + +136 +00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,380 +about literature, we speak about literary theory. + +137 +00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:33,020 +So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago + +138 +00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:36,460 +or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you + +139 +00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:40,930 +know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke + +140 +00:08:40,930 --> 00:08:45,220 +about literature and they tried to give an idea to + +141 +00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:48,180 +help us understand literature. So it was + +142 +00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:50,580 +basically, if you follow these particular rules, + +143 +00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,680 +you're going to write great literature. And great + +144 +00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,620 +literature is great because of one, two, three, + +145 +00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:58,860 +four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand + +146 +00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:01,300 +a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the + +147 +00:09:01,300 --> 00:09:03,560 +criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great + +148 +00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,640 +text because one, two, one, two, three. And we + +149 +00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:08,980 +spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on + +150 +00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:13,130 +criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander + +151 +00:09:13,130 --> 00:09:16,330 +Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and + +152 +00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:19,630 +literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I + +153 +00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,610 +don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just + +154 +00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:25,670 +to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or + +155 +00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:29,050 +literary theories, they are a set of theories to + +156 +00:09:29,050 --> 00:09:31,950 +help us, to guide us how to understand literature. + +157 +00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:37,090 +I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we + +158 +00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:39,970 +mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the + +159 +00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,610 +movement, the literary theory that locks a text + +160 +00:09:43,610 --> 00:09:46,190 +from the perspective of a woman, how women are + +161 +00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:49,450 +treated. It's basically a movement that says women + +162 +00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,250 +are equal to men or are different in their own + +163 +00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:55,470 +way, not worse. Some people say they are better + +164 +00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:00,570 +than men. It depends on how you take it. So + +165 +00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:03,070 +feminism goes to the literary text and tries to + +166 +00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:06,510 +see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this + +167 +00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:08,630 +way? Why are you representing this woman in this + +168 +00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:11,890 +way? Why do most women die in their literatics? + +169 +00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:15,110 +This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the + +170 +00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:17,110 +woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism. + +171 +00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:20,170 +And women should have their own rights to speak, + +172 +00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:23,850 +to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to + +173 +00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:27,150 +act. This was a significant thing that empowered + +174 +00:10:27,150 --> 00:10:29,390 +women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we + +175 +00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:31,710 +also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also + +176 +00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,090 +post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we + +177 +00:10:34,090 --> 00:10:39,530 +mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post + +178 +00:10:39,530 --> 00:10:42,430 +-colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name? + +179 +00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:47,170 +Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said + +180 +00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:50,130 +is said to be, although he's quoted by some people + +181 +00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:52,370 +that say, like, no, I didn't invent post + +182 +00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:55,230 +-colonialism. But it is generally attributed to + +183 +00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:58,270 +Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post + +184 +00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:01,470 +-colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the + +185 +00:11:01,470 --> 00:11:03,770 +relationship between the East and the West, the + +186 +00:11:03,770 --> 00:11:08,950 +imperial powers of Europe and the colonized + +187 +00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:13,830 +oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the + +188 +00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:17,390 +world. So both of these theories invite us to + +189 +00:11:17,390 --> 00:11:21,550 +question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So + +190 +00:11:21,550 --> 00:11:25,190 +remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of + +191 +00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:28,450 +the most important... Writings, literary works, + +192 +00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,070 +whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check + +193 +00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:34,830 +this again, thanks to these theories, they say, + +194 +00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,390 +okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men? + +195 +00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:42,110 +White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically. + +196 +00:11:42,250 --> 00:11:44,650 +No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong + +197 +00:11:44,650 --> 00:11:48,610 +with this. So we reread the canon in a way or + +198 +00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:53,140 +whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said, + +199 +00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:56,080 +Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism + +200 +00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,400 +figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and + +201 +00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,020 +critic. I'll give you examples from three major + +202 +00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,660 +literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a + +203 +00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:11,480 +poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will + +204 +00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,740 +break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to + +205 +00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:18,180 +show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly + +206 +00:12:18,180 --> 00:12:24,270 +and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be + +207 +00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:30,490 +the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His + +208 +00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:34,970 +famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally + +209 +00:12:34,970 --> 00:12:39,650 +translated into Arabic as... Okay, + +210 +00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:46,270 +so notice it's two words here, not one word. So + +211 +00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:47,170 +The Wasteland, + +212 +00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:57,120 +So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S. + +213 +00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:02,000 +Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem + +214 +00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,920 +in the 20th century. It is one of the most really + +215 +00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:11,260 +fascinating poems of all time. And when you read + +216 +00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:15,690 +it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read + +217 +00:13:15,690 --> 00:13:18,490 +it, I understand you're still, you know, taking + +218 +00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,610 +the first steps into English literature and + +219 +00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:23,030 +English language. But give it a shot. At least + +220 +00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:25,510 +listen to poetry. The most significant thing about + +221 +00:13:25,510 --> 00:13:27,150 +poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant + +222 +00:13:27,150 --> 00:13:29,850 +to be recited. Listen to the recitation on + +223 +00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:34,590 +YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the + +224 +00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:37,110 +title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So + +225 +00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,750 +it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient + +226 +00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:47,970 +myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you + +227 +00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:50,190 +know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the + +228 +00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:53,710 +stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods + +229 +00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:56,950 +and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories + +230 +00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:01,630 +similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by + +231 +00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:06,310 +someone, like, + +232 +00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:12,230 +You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And + +233 +00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:14,290 +anything you wish, you will be granted. + +234 +00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,370 +Interesting, right? So what would you ask for? + +235 +00:14:17,410 --> 00:14:20,610 +What would you ask for now here? To read people's + +236 +00:14:20,610 --> 00:14:25,850 +minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time. + +237 +00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:29,690 +Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What + +238 +00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:34,470 +else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on. + +239 +00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:39,620 +That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So + +240 +00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:44,700 +what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life. + +241 +00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,960 +She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone + +242 +00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,980 +wants to live forever. However, and this is where + +243 +00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:54,400 +the famous saying comes from. In English, they + +244 +00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,580 +say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want + +245 +00:14:57,580 --> 00:15:01,900 +the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell + +246 +00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,020 +you, careful what you wish for, because it could + +247 +00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:07,490 +be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for + +248 +00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,430 +you if you write paragraphs, because you're + +249 +00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:11,550 +trained to write and express yourself. But true or + +250 +00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:14,870 +false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and + +251 +00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:18,450 +white, right? She forgot. She should have asked + +252 +00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:23,210 +for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness, + +253 +00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:28,350 +but means death eventually. So she asked for + +254 +00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:34,210 +eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And + +255 +00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:36,910 +what happens here is that she grew very old and + +256 +00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,610 +very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and + +257 +00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,870 +shrinking to the extent that she became like a + +258 +00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:46,230 +tiny little creature, like a little bird. And + +259 +00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:49,330 +people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds + +260 +00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910 +of years later, the kids would be teasing her and + +261 +00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:54,470 +making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want? + +262 +00:15:54,810 --> 00:15:56,650 +So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want + +263 +00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,780 +eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He + +264 +00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,740 +wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is + +265 +00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:07,280 +40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th + +266 +00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:09,120 +century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't + +267 +00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260 +even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes + +268 +00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,340 +from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He + +269 +00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640 +doesn't write in English this. And then he + +270 +00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,380 +dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet + +271 +00:16:22,380 --> 00:16:27,280 +and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So + +272 +00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:33,820 +Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a + +273 +00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:36,640 +subheading for this section of the poem called, + +274 +00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,320 +The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also + +275 +00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,060 +taken from the Bible. So what is he writing? + +276 +00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:43,320 +There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when + +277 +00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,760 +we read, April is the cruelest month, we say, + +278 +00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,340 +finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart + +279 +00:16:51,340 --> 00:16:54,920 +enough, I think you are, you will remember that. + +280 +00:16:55,820 --> 00:17:02,090 +Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's + +281 +00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,870 +Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the + +282 +00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:08,510 +poem praising April. What does April generally + +283 +00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:14,170 +symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection, + +284 +00:17:14,450 --> 00:17:17,430 +new beginning, new world, new experiences, new + +285 +00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:20,710 +ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has + +286 +00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710 +been the case in English literature. So spring + +287 +00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710 +always represents new life, rebirth. But here, + +288 +00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350 +what is bringing to England, to the West, to + +289 +00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770 +Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people + +290 +00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:37,150 +dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my + +291 +00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,720 +understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called + +292 +00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400 +allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a + +293 +00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520 +text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if + +294 +00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360 +he's going back in history. Remember we said + +295 +00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,540 +Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's + +296 +00:17:53,540 --> 00:17:56,960 +like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the + +297 +00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,680 +hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by + +298 +00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,460 +the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the + +299 +00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:06,260 +20th century, and telling us all it's all been a + +300 +00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:10,530 +lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all + +301 +00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:13,790 +going to die. And even when we want to die, we + +302 +00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:18,390 +can't. Because April is not a beautiful month. + +303 +00:18:19,650 --> 00:18:26,350 +April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of + +304 +00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:31,110 +the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees + +305 +00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:35,810 +and the plants spring beneath this millions of + +306 +00:18:35,810 --> 00:18:40,370 +dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and + +307 +00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630 +desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain. + +308 +00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:46,530 +Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go + +309 +00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:50,230 +out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth + +310 +00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:53,030 +in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with + +311 +00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030 +dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this + +312 +00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430 +text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some + +313 +00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890 +ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek, + +314 +00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330 +Italian, German language, French language. He uses + +315 +00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450 +Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies, + +316 +00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830 +ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read + +317 +00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970 +this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't + +318 +00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460 +understand basically Everything. So later on, he + +319 +00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460 +published something, and he added notes. He says, + +320 +00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800 +OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and + +321 +00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360 +here I mean this and that. But all just we need + +322 +00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920 +here for the class is this, like April is the + +323 +00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180 +cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th + +324 +00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020 +century became more self-aware about itself. There + +325 +00:19:39,020 --> 00:19:41,240 +is a lot of metafictional elements here, like + +326 +00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680 +always taking you outside of the text. If you look + +327 +00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500 +at the structure here, you'll see that it's not + +328 +00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100 +like the classical poetry. This is experimental. + +329 +00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060 +This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that + +330 +00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640 +doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no + +331 +00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,940 +surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne + +332 +00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580 +and showed how important he is. In a way, he + +333 +00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000 +followed, he learned something from John Donne. + +334 +00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960 +Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at + +335 +00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,640 +even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring, + +336 +00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,880 +grain like. It's almost the same in a way or + +337 +00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780 +another. Does this make it less poetic than any + +338 +00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940 +other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the + +339 +00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220 +20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson + +340 +00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:26,920 +and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair + +341 +00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100 +right now. Because for them, You have to follow + +342 +00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200 +the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or + +343 +00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840 +another. So this is basically what we need to know + +344 +00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980 +about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month. + +345 +00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380 +And then I'll give you an example from the novel. + +346 +00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:49,080 +Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work + +347 +00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740 +in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the + +348 +00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660 +major trend, the most important famous trend, + +349 +00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900 +modernist literature, although many people were + +350 +00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860 +writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and + +351 +00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280 +stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses? + +352 +00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:08,160 +I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer, + +353 +00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280 +from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other + +354 +00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040 +poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text, + +355 +00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860 +Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about + +356 +00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840 +someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is + +357 +00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,020 +usually this allusion and metafictional element. + +358 +00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,260 +Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts + +359 +00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,480 +from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses + +360 +00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,320 +the famous stream of consciousness technique of + +361 +00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000 +narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one + +362 +00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630 +of the first people to use this. where you get + +363 +00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450 +inside the mind, the thoughts of the character, + +364 +00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850 +and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as + +365 +00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:02,330 +they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he + +366 +00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450 +also mixes between first person and third person + +367 +00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,960 +narrators. Very experimental power. The text + +368 +00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500 +covers only 18 hours in the life of the author. + +369 +00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,380 +And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages, + +370 +00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600 +30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and + +371 +00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620 +write your own diaries, you write everything that + +372 +00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500 +happened with you and even every thought that you + +373 +00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:32,770 +thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages, + +374 +00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830 +50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how + +375 +00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710 +imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000 + +376 +00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130 +pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the + +377 +00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110 +stream of consciousness technique. This novel is + +378 +00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370 +considered... Many people hated this poem, by the + +379 +00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170 +way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are + +380 +00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250 +you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know + +381 +00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170 +who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects + +382 +00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910 +something about the 20th century, the + +383 +00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730 +difficulties, the new experimentations, the new + +384 +00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110 +intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to + +385 +00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750 +break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here + +386 +00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530 +in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go + +387 +00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510 +read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff. + +388 +00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320 +For example, in one of his novels, the main + +389 +00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880 +character wakes up and finds himself to be a + +390 +00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440 +beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes + +391 +00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160 +out to work to the outside world as a small + +392 +00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300 +insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah, + +393 +00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620 +you have to have this idea about what modernism + +394 +00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460 +and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact + +395 +00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360 +about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no + +396 +00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800 +punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no + +397 +00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620 +punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this? + +398 +00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640 +Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there + +399 +00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360 +is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a + +400 +00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280 +reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a + +401 +00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800 +reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that + +402 +00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260 +he's a good writer and he has a different type of + +403 +00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320 +style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about + +404 +00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040 +only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being + +405 +00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480 +different. But why would you write a whole page + +406 +00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880 +sometimes or two or three pages without + +407 +00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940 +punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of + +408 +00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620 +chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos, + +409 +00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560 +some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of + +410 +00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940 +grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But + +411 +00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500 +there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is + +412 +00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020 +his new way of writing. + +413 +00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500 +Like what? + +414 +00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470 +It's like just It's like they say, no matter how + +415 +00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330 +big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this + +416 +00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170 +is just something that crosses your mind. No time + +417 +00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750 +for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the + +418 +00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610 +narrative style? What is dream of consciousness? + +419 +00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660 +Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and + +420 +00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560 +we see the ideas and how they develop, how they + +421 +00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160 +go, how they move, how they become, how they come + +422 +00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300 +out. When you think, you don't think with + +423 +00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760 +punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe + +424 +00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500 +daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish, + +425 +00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140 +exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking + +426 +00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420 +for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing + +427 +00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180 +Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do + +428 +00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440 +something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do + +429 +00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640 +this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay + +430 +00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060 +attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait + +431 +00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020 +a minute. I thought using the past simple, I + +432 +00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260 +should be using the present perfect. We don't do + +433 +00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020 +this. So this is reflecting the stream of + +434 +00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820 +consciousness technique. Unless you want to think + +435 +00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960 +using grammar, it's up to you. Another example + +436 +00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440 +from the 20th century. This time it's a play. + +437 +00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960 +Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot, + +438 +00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960 +and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not + +439 +00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920 +Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's + +440 +00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300 +like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But + +441 +00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360 +does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say + +442 +00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260 +yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And + +443 +00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010 +the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each + +444 +00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390 +act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five, + +445 +00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490 +seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number + +446 +00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110 +three has the climax and the top, the peak. And + +447 +00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070 +after that, things go down for the resolution. So + +448 +00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130 +the complication, the plot moves this way. So this + +449 +00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570 +is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play, + +450 +00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650 +Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But + +451 +00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550 +let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous + +452 +00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650 +playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for + +453 +00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570 +Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the + +454 +00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550 +two acts mirror each other. What happens in the + +455 +00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350 +first one basically happens in the second one. The + +456 +00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860 +story of the play is that two people are Two + +457 +00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920 +people were just waiting for someone named Godo. + +458 +00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120 +Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him + +459 +00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140 +before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't + +460 +00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340 +come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a + +461 +00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800 +famous expression. What are you doing here? You + +462 +00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260 +could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of + +463 +00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280 +the department, waiting for something, for the + +464 +00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720 +electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting + +465 +00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060 +for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is + +466 +00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090 +not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the + +467 +00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090 +characters describes, summarizes even the whole, + +468 +00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170 +in a way or another, the whole play saying, + +469 +00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670 +nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the + +470 +00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030 +first act or seen, they're just waiting and + +471 +00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150 +spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid + +472 +00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230 +things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the + +473 +00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550 +carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties + +474 +00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190 +it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing + +475 +00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700 +They're just gossiping about the most trivial, + +476 +00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920 +unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a + +477 +00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680 +boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not + +478 +00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040 +coming today. God is going to come next day, + +479 +00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880 +tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move. + +480 +00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520 +The curtains are closed. The second act, same + +481 +00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870 +people again, and they speak about Like, we + +482 +00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510 +realize that there's trouble with their memories + +483 +00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830 +in a way or another. They can't remember basically + +484 +00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810 +everything. And we don't know whether this is the + +485 +00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250 +second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years, + +486 +00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370 +basically like a couple of months or years later + +487 +00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030 +on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot. + +488 +00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590 +We have new extra characters, also minor + +489 +00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130 +characters. But basically at the end, the boy + +490 +00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890 +shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr. + +491 +00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910 +Godot told me to tell you he won't come this + +492 +00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640 +evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say, + +493 +00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580 +OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains + +494 +00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180 +are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What + +495 +00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220 +is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about? + +496 +00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120 +Many people were like, come on. This is absurd. + +497 +00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320 +Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater + +498 +00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200 +was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath. + +499 +00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550 +Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous. + +500 +00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730 +But some people believe that this is the most + +501 +00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450 +significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this + +502 +00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110 +is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a + +503 +00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010 +significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is + +504 +00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590 +different and insignificant. The text could be + +505 +00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590 +about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes + +506 +00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090 +our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for + +507 +00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940 +something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've + +508 +00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880 +been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been + +509 +00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180 +waiting for Israel to understand that we need our + +510 +00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900 +rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're + +511 +00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080 +waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a + +512 +00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940 +day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for + +513 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140 +the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the + +514 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480 +occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah + +515 +00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940 +crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend + +516 +00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640 +all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good + +517 +00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220 +things to come, for hope, for a better life. But + +518 +00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800 +nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for? + +519 +00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620 +We're waiting for Godot. You could write an + +520 +00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000 +article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot. + +521 +00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540 +Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like, + +522 +00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000 +we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the + +523 +00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800 +20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had + +524 +00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000 +a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing. + +525 +00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200 +God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I + +526 +00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240 +don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little + +527 +00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440 +boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely + +528 +00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220 +tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this + +529 +00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220 +is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the + +530 +00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580 +loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of + +531 +00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980 +purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very + +532 +00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220 +existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has + +533 +00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480 +other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess, + +534 +00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200 +as far as I can remember, the main characters, + +535 +00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440 +there are four characters, all dead, all in the + +536 +00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380 +grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many + +537 +00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660 +other plays. But again, remember this. + +538 +00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020 +The fact that this is different from Shakespeare + +539 +00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520 +and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad + +540 +00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620 +literature. Many people love this experimental + +541 +00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220 +literature. I know many people like movies with, + +542 +00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200 +you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle + +543 +00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340 +and ending, and it ends happily and you love the + +544 +00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660 +movie. But many people love movies and texts that + +545 +00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660 +shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask + +546 +00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800 +questions about ourselves, about life. What are we + +547 +00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050 +doing here? What's going on? So this is another + +548 +00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170 +example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for + +549 +00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470 +Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show + +550 +00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570 +up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th + +551 +00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270 +-century literature examples. I'll give you an + +552 +00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050 +idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and + +553 +00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030 +critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend + +554 +00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690 +and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our + +555 +00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190 +neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian + +556 +00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570 +intellectual and critic Edward Said in + +557 +00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650 +Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said + +558 +00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890 +is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over + +559 +00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990 +the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist, + +560 +00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270 +one of the early 20th century feminists. She + +561 +00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510 +lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s, + +562 +00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950 +something. I don't care. But she was one of the + +563 +00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930 +leaders of the feminist movement who called for + +564 +00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110 +not only human, but political, intellectual, and + +565 +00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870 +all rights for women. She said women are even + +566 +00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130 +better than men in many ways. Why? Because if + +567 +00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450 +everything, all the odds are against you, your + +568 +00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570 +parents are against you, your brothers are against + +569 +00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470 +you, your society is against you, everything is + +570 +00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830 +against you, if you manage despite all these + +571 +00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110 +difficulties to write, to produce, to do + +572 +00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370 +something, then you are amazing. Because + +573 +00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490 +everything is against you. Like us, we are + +574 +00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330 +Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do + +575 +00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650 +anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest, + +576 +00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560 +right? So when you manage to succeed and become a + +577 +00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820 +success story, that's an amazing thing because + +578 +00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020 +people around the world don't have, like have so + +579 +00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080 +many things. We don't have 1% of what they have. + +580 +00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540 +So in here, famous article, a collection of + +581 +00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610 +articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically + +582 +00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390 +discusses not only literary figures like Aphra + +583 +00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110 +Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She + +584 +00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670 +also discusses fictional women, like how women + +585 +00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910 +were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare, + +586 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380 +and later on. So the idea is that you can't + +587 +00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260 +separate fact from fiction, because literature + +588 +00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720 +also empowers us. I said this before. When you + +589 +00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200 +read a text about a particular person who + +590 +00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980 +struggles in a particular way, it influences you. + +591 +00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100 +It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it + +592 +00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520 +in your own way. So basically, she explores both + +593 +00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900 +women as writers and characters. The most + +594 +00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980 +interesting thing is that she discusses Many + +595 +00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180 +people, many male critics, many men generally + +596 +00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500 +would believe that it would have been impossible + +597 +00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100 +for any woman to have written the plays that + +598 +00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920 +Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they + +599 +00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260 +would be saying, because they are women, because + +600 +00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780 +women can't write, can't express, can't explore + +601 +00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400 +what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers + +602 +00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100 +can explore. That's simple. And this is anti + +603 +00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760 +-feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK, + +604 +00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360 +I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible + +605 +00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570 +completely and entirely for any woman to have + +606 +00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110 +written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of + +607 +00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930 +Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She + +608 +00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010 +imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives + +609 +00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190 +him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So, + +610 +00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230 +Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented + +611 +00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420 +by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why + +612 +00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600 +does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have + +613 +00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500 +a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that + +614 +00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960 +Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as + +615 +00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580 +Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as + +616 +00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520 +interested in art and literature and writing and + +617 +00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980 +studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take + +618 +00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280 +the journey together and see what her father would + +619 +00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280 +do to her, what her mother would do to her, what + +620 +00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440 +the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's + +621 +00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120 +not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good, + +622 +00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360 +or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because + +623 +00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360 +the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here? + +624 +00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960 +Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his + +625 +00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240 +extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose, + +626 +00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740 +remained at home. She was as adventurous, as + +627 +00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460 +imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was. + +628 +00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260 +But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes + +629 +00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560 +to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of + +630 +00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540 +learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar + +631 +00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780 +school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot + +632 +00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520 +of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil. + +633 +00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000 +Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are + +634 +00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460 +generally careless and they throw, toss their + +635 +00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080 +books around here. So she finds a book by + +636 +00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490 +Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study + +637 +00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410 +the night before the exam. So she's like, oh, + +638 +00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170 +maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can + +639 +00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870 +learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is + +640 +00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090 +like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or + +641 +00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350 +something. now and then, one of her brothers + +642 +00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690 +perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her + +643 +00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790 +parents came in and told her to mend the stockings + +644 +00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750 +or mine the stew and not moon about with the book. + +645 +00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060 +You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This + +646 +00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520 +is not for you. Women are supposed to help around + +647 +00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680 +at the house, to get married, have kids, spend + +648 +00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480 +their time at home taking care of the husband and + +649 +00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920 +the kids and making food. And that's it. This is + +650 +00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000 +the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she, + +651 +00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320 +here referring to Judith, the fictional character, + +652 +00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840 +fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by + +653 +00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220 +Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on, + +654 +00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640 +what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because + +655 +00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940 +he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and + +656 +00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560 +goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced + +657 +00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140 +into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's + +658 +00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440 +beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her, + +659 +00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980 +if you don't get married to this man I picked for + +660 +00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220 +you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already + +661 +00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940 +said yes to the family or to the father or to the + +662 +00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000 +person himself. So this is what would happen. So + +663 +00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480 +if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs + +664 +00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760 +away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for + +665 +00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410 +example, at the door of the stage. Telling people, + +666 +00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730 +I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I + +667 +00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930 +can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her + +668 +00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150 +and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he + +669 +00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790 +said, could possibly be an actress. It's + +670 +00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090 +impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because + +671 +00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270 +women didn't want to, but because they weren't + +672 +00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390 +allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she + +673 +00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510 +would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant + +674 +00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330 +with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere + +675 +00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300 +in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So + +676 +00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080 +basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it + +677 +00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690 +like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know + +678 +00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750 +what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the + +679 +00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470 +title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She + +680 +00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730 +says, a woman has to have financial independence. + +681 +00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570 +If you have your own house or your own room, you + +682 +00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750 +can be independent, you can express yourself, you + +683 +00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810 +can write. But as long as you're living in a house + +684 +00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410 +that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will + +685 +00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830 +not be able to... In the other class, I told the + +686 +00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050 +students, at least if you have so many family + +687 +00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210 +members here in Gaza, like houses would be having + +688 +00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110 +10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your + +689 +00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690 +own drawer where you keep your own talent, your + +690 +00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970 +own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw. + +691 +00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550 +And it's very easy because of social media. Now + +692 +00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610 +you can have your own account. You can use a pin + +693 +00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630 +name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook + +694 +00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470 +page under a pin name where you can write. whether + +695 +00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570 +in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she + +696 +00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590 +praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra + +697 +00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650 +Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one + +698 +00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270 +of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the + +699 +00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610 +women how? To speak their minds. That's why all + +700 +00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870 +women all together ought to let flowers fall upon + +701 +00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410 +the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way + +702 +00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900 +or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism. + +703 +00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360 +This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know + +704 +00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160 +Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic? + +705 +00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060 +Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism. + +706 +00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860 +Orientalism. + +707 +00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660 +Generally, what Western people, the studies + +708 +00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440 +they're involved in, in order to understand the + +709 +00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760 +east. It's called Orientalism. + +710 +00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390 +So he again exposes how the West controls the + +711 +00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590 +East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West + +712 +00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970 +always misinterprets the East, how generally, + +713 +00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390 +especially Europe, for example, looks down upon + +714 +00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030 +the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses + +715 +00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450 +them, steals their raw materials, their resources, + +716 +00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730 +and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you + +717 +00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810 +know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide + +718 +00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490 +and rule. So even when England, the British Empire + +719 +00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770 +withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because + +720 +00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170 +of the division it created. So according to the + +721 +00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890 +faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and + +722 +00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430 +colonialism. Like he says, English and Western + +723 +00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570 +literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of + +724 +00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190 +the Western people to invade the world, colonize + +725 +00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950 +the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this + +726 +00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430 +in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson + +727 +00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850 +Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote + +728 +00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990 +from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism. + +729 +00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170 +The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe + +730 +00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860 +or the West. That's good, right? But not in its + +731 +00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590 +good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if + +732 +00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290 +the West is superior, the East is inferior. + +733 +00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190 +Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward. + +734 +00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810 +Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific, + +735 +00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550 +intellectual, superstitious. So the East has + +736 +00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310 +always been looked at as a contrasting image. We + +737 +00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790 +are always the negative opposite. The other side + +738 +00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500 +of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward + +739 +00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640 +Said brings the text and he tries to examine the + +740 +00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320 +relationship between the East and the West. Like + +741 +00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020 +we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello. + +742 +00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200 +In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say + +743 +00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550 +that Basically, there's a lot of racism here. + +744 +00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570 +Basically, because the European white Christian + +745 +00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230 +people there are racist, they consider themselves + +746 +00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630 +to be more superior to Othello, not because they + +747 +00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250 +are smarter or better or more powerful, but + +748 +00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670 +because he's black, because he's originally an + +749 +00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840 +African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So + +750 +00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020 +he tries to understand this unique relationship. + +751 +00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360 +You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the + +752 +00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060 +relationship, why is Friday always there to be + +753 +00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440 +cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us? + +754 +00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660 +Because of his origin and his color. He will + +755 +00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080 +never, no matter what happens, be considered to be + +756 +00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400 +a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this + +757 +00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560 +is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the + +758 +00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580 +book, the last example, just one minute. I want + +759 +00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300 +you all to go to page 154. This is an example of + +760 +00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420 +how Edward Said would be, for example, studying + +761 +00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920 +this text. Kipling is an English novelist, + +762 +00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420 +Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He + +763 +00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660 +wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a + +764 +00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880 +novel. + +765 +00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580 +According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid, + +766 +00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920 +Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel. + +767 +00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080 +When I say, remember when I said an allegory of + +768 +00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200 +imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it + +769 +00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200 +shows the West that they are better, superior, + +770 +00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850 +more civilized. And the East? It's a very + +771 +00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470 +contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is + +772 +00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670 +Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study + +773 +00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770 +the colonial interaction between the colonized and + +774 +00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950 +the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love + +775 +00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170 +this book. I say this many times. But this is an + +776 +00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910 +example of the worst whitewashing I have read in + +777 +00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940 +my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows + +778 +00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420 +in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The + +779 +00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120 +story is about an English boy who grows up in + +780 +00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320 +India, and he works for the Secret Service, for + +781 +00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760 +the British Secret Service, to gather information + +782 +00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260 +and intelligence to help empower the British + +783 +00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760 +Empire. That's basically it. So here he says, + +784 +00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080 +Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the + +785 +00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620 +Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I + +786 +00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260 +understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling + +787 +00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460 +saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east + +788 +00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060 +is the east, and the west is the west, and never + +789 +00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900 +the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this + +790 +00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420 +is racism. + +791 +00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140 +He's saying the east is the east, the west is the + +792 +00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000 +west, they will never meet. Because the east is + +793 +00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540 +the east, and because the west is the west. + +794 +00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100 +Because the east is civilization, modernity, what + +795 +00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920 +else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific, + +796 +00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560 +all the technological and industrial advancement. + +797 +00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240 +And the East is what? + +798 +00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040 +Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or + +799 +00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200 +another. So the book comments here, and this is + +800 +00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280 +infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his + +801 +00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430 +hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and + +802 +00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990 +fretting in his grave because of this explanation. + +803 +00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250 +So the book says the British Empire had tried to + +804 +00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690 +make them meet, to make them east and west. and + +805 +00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130 +become part of one whole. But in the new century, + +806 +00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430 +a new process started, and things began to fall to + +807 +00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310 +pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years + +808 +00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370 +of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of + +809 +00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870 +massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're + +810 +00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370 +describing this as England trying to make the East + +811 +00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650 +and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure, + +812 +00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320 +again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is + +813 +00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920 +whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says + +814 +00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820 +here in the book that the British Empire tried to + +815 +00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200 +bring India and Africa and Europe together. This + +816 +00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220 +is not true. The British Empire is about + +817 +00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900 +occupation and imperialism. It's about control. + +818 +00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410 +It's about supremacy. And it describes here the + +819 +00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910 +new process. This is the movements of liberation + +820 +00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950 +and independence. This is fighting back. This is + +821 +00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850 +the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's + +822 +00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590 +described as something like a process. And began + +823 +00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370 +to fall. What began to fall into pieces? + +824 +00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650 +Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice. + +825 +00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100 +Do you mean that they used this line to show that + +826 +00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320 +they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the + +827 +00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200 +book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's + +828 +00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000 +line that the East is the East and the West is the + +829 +00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680 +West and they will never meet again, saying that + +830 +00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340 +the British Empire tried to make the East and the + +831 +00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320 +West meet. They didn't. They went for control. + +832 +00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500 +They went for control, to take, to assume + +833 +00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910 +everything as theirs. And this is an example of + +834 +00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310 +how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to + +835 +00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270 +reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us + +836 +00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670 +to reread literature in a particular way. I'll + +837 +00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990 +stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more + +838 +00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670 +class, and then we will do a review class on + +839 +00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930 +Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c428d9f9a2574e644ff07d6dc559c3610d8cc8f --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@ +1 +00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:26,740 +Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we + +2 +00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:33,540 +move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major + +3 +00:00:33,540 --> 00:00:37,320 +issues in the 20th century, major names and major + +4 +00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,060 +literary texts. We are about to close this course. + +5 +00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,570 +And I want you always to imagine how the journey + +6 +00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,930 +of English literature moved from the oral Old + +7 +00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,130 +English tradition and then to Middle English, and + +8 +00:00:53,130 --> 00:00:55,070 +then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel, + +9 +00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,490 +and prose, and then the 20th century. This has + +10 +00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:02,250 +been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again, + +11 +00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:05,390 +to speak about everything in English literature in + +12 +00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:10,370 +just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully, + +13 +00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,450 +you will be studying more literature courses, and + +14 +00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:17,430 +you will go in-depth into more issues than we + +15 +00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:22,350 +discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to + +16 +00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:25,430 +show you how literature and life interact, how + +17 +00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:27,830 +life influences literature, and how literature + +18 +00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:32,170 +also creates particular things in life in the + +19 +00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:35,690 +sense that it empowers people. It suggests new + +20 +00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:40,030 +ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And + +21 +00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:42,830 +how literature has always been used by the + +22 +00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:45,730 +marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the + +23 +00:01:45,730 --> 00:01:49,210 +outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking + +24 +00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:53,370 +truth to power of expressing themselves in the + +25 +00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:56,730 +sense that literature is revolution and can cause + +26 +00:01:56,730 --> 00:02:01,910 +revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a + +27 +00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,550 +fascinating era to speak about in all issues, + +28 +00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:10,170 +whether we speak about technology, technological + +29 +00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:15,850 +advancements, industry, society, philosophy, + +30 +00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:21,830 +literature, arts, relationships, how the world has + +31 +00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:25,650 +become a really tiny village, especially with the + +32 +00:02:25,650 --> 00:02:30,380 +internet in the late 20th century. Now when we + +33 +00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,000 +speak about, before we speak about the literature, + +34 +00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,100 +I want just to mention the major issues here. I + +35 +00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:40,040 +can't cover everything again, but we'll have an + +36 +00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:45,760 +idea. So remember how people were lamenting the + +37 +00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,620 +loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were + +38 +00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:52,380 +sad, expressing their sadness because people were + +39 +00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,040 +no longer the people who used to be close, who + +40 +00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,840 +loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or + +41 +00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,420 +another living in a society in harmony. And how + +42 +00:03:03,420 --> 00:03:05,660 +this society, because of the city and the + +43 +00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:09,100 +Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing + +44 +00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:13,140 +and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented + +45 +00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:15,840 +this in literature, especially in the poetry of + +46 +00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,200 +the late Victorian period. And we've seen the + +47 +00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,400 +crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem + +48 +00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:29,520 +Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little + +49 +00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,000 +tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to + +50 +00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,200 +one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth. + +51 +00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,700 +and beauty are all important things that can at + +52 +00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,680 +least unite us despite the differences. Now, when + +53 +00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,840 +people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or + +54 +00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,100 +the First World War broke out. And millions and + +55 +00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,060 +millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how + +56 +00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:58,040 +many, but I think like over 20 million people were + +57 +00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,700 +killed. And most of them were white European + +58 +00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:05,300 +Christians. So I remember in literature we have + +59 +00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,880 +always this idea of the Western man being more + +60 +00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,860 +superior than the native Africans or Asians, being + +61 +00:04:11,860 --> 00:04:15,180 +smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden, + +62 +00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,820 +The Europeans among themselves, the Christians, + +63 +00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,060 +the white people are massacring each other for + +64 +00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:24,780 +more or less trivial things. Could be political + +65 +00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:28,720 +issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of + +66 +00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:35,220 +how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And + +67 +00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,380 +this was the final blow that people lost hope. So + +68 +00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:42,800 +many people lost hope. So the period between the + +69 +00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,380 +First World War and the Second World War, + +70 +00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,540 +especially in the 30s, is called the lost + +71 +00:04:46,540 --> 00:04:48,980 +generation, where people lost not only hope, but + +72 +00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:52,140 +everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope + +73 +00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:54,140 +they had of maybe this is the Western + +74 +00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:57,460 +civilization. It's going to be the best. history + +75 +00:04:57,460 --> 00:05:00,720 +has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war + +76 +00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040 +and another war, and tens of millions of people, + +77 +00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,200 +over 50, around 60 million people were massacred. + +78 +00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,960 +Because in a way or another, there's no hope. + +79 +00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,960 +Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the + +80 +00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,180 +positivism of George Eliot that humanity is + +81 +00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,940 +advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come. + +82 +00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:29,490 +This proved that Many things were not true. Now, + +83 +00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:33,610 +the British Empire started to fall apart, to be + +84 +00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,270 +torn into pieces because of the liberation + +85 +00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:41,190 +movements and the resistance by the colonized + +86 +00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:44,650 +around the world. So England was shrinking. The + +87 +00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:49,670 +British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now + +88 +00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:54,140 +only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority + +89 +00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,600 +here and there. In the 20th century, we speak + +90 +00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:01,180 +about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism. + +91 +00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:05,630 +like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what + +92 +00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,470 +humanity has given, especially in modern history, + +93 +00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:12,490 +is fascism and Nazism, when people considered + +94 +00:06:12,490 --> 00:06:14,590 +themselves to be bitter just because of the color + +95 +00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,050 +of their skin, to be more superior, and to give + +96 +00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:19,590 +themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of + +97 +00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:23,290 +people just because they believe that we are the + +98 +00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:28,030 +chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or + +99 +00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:31,300 +Nazism could have ended with the fall or the + +100 +00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:35,440 +defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and + +101 +00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,960 +Nazis are still alive and kicking around the + +102 +00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,300 +world. And fascists are also still alive and + +103 +00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:42,800 +kicking around the world. There are still many + +104 +00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,300 +people who believe that, for example, the white + +105 +00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,980 +people are the best, the most superior, and this + +106 +00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,960 +is called white supremacy. So no matter what + +107 +00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600 +people do, like sometimes you say, why are people + +108 +00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,940 +like this? Why is it that this person hate me + +109 +00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,580 +because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what + +110 +00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:04,560 +I think, or how I look. Horrible people will + +111 +00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,400 +always be around, no matter what we do, no matter + +112 +00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,260 +how good we are, okay? So when we speak about + +113 +00:07:11,260 --> 00:07:13,320 +literature, because this is a literature course, + +114 +00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,440 +we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about + +115 +00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,120 +John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said + +116 +00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,680 +these were, in a way or another, modernist poets. + +117 +00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,860 +When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence + +118 +00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,650 +Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a + +119 +00:07:31,650 --> 00:07:34,710 +modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary + +120 +00:07:34,710 --> 00:07:36,950 +Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are + +121 +00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:39,970 +modernist elements. Some people think that + +122 +00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:43,030 +modernism started in the 20th century. It's not + +123 +00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:45,990 +accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular + +124 +00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,100 +time. But the majority of modernist artistic + +125 +00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:54,500 +creation took place in the 20th century. So I + +126 +00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,020 +always give this funny example of, I say if + +127 +00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,220 +modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it + +128 +00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:04,260 +happened before the 20th century. Examples, John + +129 +00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:08,020 +Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have + +130 +00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,700 +generally experimental issues. When we speak about + +131 +00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,800 +modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new + +132 +00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,200 +forms of expression, new literary forms, how you + +133 +00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:20,880 +try to break the rules and the barriers of what + +134 +00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080 +you have to do and you just do something new. + +135 +00:08:23,420 --> 00:08:27,000 +That's basically what it is. When we speak also + +136 +00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,380 +about literature, we speak about literary theory. + +137 +00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:33,020 +So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago + +138 +00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:36,460 +or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you + +139 +00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:40,930 +know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke + +140 +00:08:40,930 --> 00:08:45,220 +about literature and they tried to give an idea to + +141 +00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:48,180 +help us understand literature. So it was + +142 +00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:50,580 +basically, if you follow these particular rules, + +143 +00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,680 +you're going to write great literature. And great + +144 +00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,620 +literature is great because of one, two, three, + +145 +00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:58,860 +four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand + +146 +00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:01,300 +a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the + +147 +00:09:01,300 --> 00:09:03,560 +criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great + +148 +00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,640 +text because one, two, one, two, three. And we + +149 +00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:08,980 +spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on + +150 +00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:13,130 +criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander + +151 +00:09:13,130 --> 00:09:16,330 +Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and + +152 +00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:19,630 +literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I + +153 +00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,610 +don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just + +154 +00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:25,670 +to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or + +155 +00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:29,050 +literary theories, they are a set of theories to + +156 +00:09:29,050 --> 00:09:31,950 +help us, to guide us how to understand literature. + +157 +00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:37,090 +I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we + +158 +00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:39,970 +mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the + +159 +00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,610 +movement, the literary theory that locks a text + +160 +00:09:43,610 --> 00:09:46,190 +from the perspective of a woman, how women are + +161 +00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:49,450 +treated. It's basically a movement that says women + +162 +00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,250 +are equal to men or are different in their own + +163 +00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:55,470 +way, not worse. Some people say they are better + +164 +00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:00,570 +than men. It depends on how you take it. So + +165 +00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:03,070 +feminism goes to the literary text and tries to + +166 +00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:06,510 +see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this + +167 +00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:08,630 +way? Why are you representing this woman in this + +168 +00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:11,890 +way? Why do most women die in their literatics? + +169 +00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:15,110 +This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the + +170 +00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:17,110 +woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism. + +171 +00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:20,170 +And women should have their own rights to speak, + +172 +00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:23,850 +to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to + +173 +00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:27,150 +act. This was a significant thing that empowered + +174 +00:10:27,150 --> 00:10:29,390 +women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we + +175 +00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:31,710 +also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also + +176 +00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,090 +post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we + +177 +00:10:34,090 --> 00:10:39,530 +mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post + +178 +00:10:39,530 --> 00:10:42,430 +-colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name? + +179 +00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:47,170 +Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said + +180 +00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:50,130 +is said to be, although he's quoted by some people + +181 +00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:52,370 +that say, like, no, I didn't invent post + +182 +00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:55,230 +-colonialism. But it is generally attributed to + +183 +00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:58,270 +Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post + +184 +00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:01,470 +-colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the + +185 +00:11:01,470 --> 00:11:03,770 +relationship between the East and the West, the + +186 +00:11:03,770 --> 00:11:08,950 +imperial powers of Europe and the colonized + +187 +00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:13,830 +oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the + +188 +00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:17,390 +world. So both of these theories invite us to + +189 +00:11:17,390 --> 00:11:21,550 +question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So + +190 +00:11:21,550 --> 00:11:25,190 +remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of + +191 +00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:28,450 +the most important... Writings, literary works, + +192 +00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,070 +whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check + +193 +00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:34,830 +this again, thanks to these theories, they say, + +194 +00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,390 +okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men? + +195 +00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:42,110 +White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically. + +196 +00:11:42,250 --> 00:11:44,650 +No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong + +197 +00:11:44,650 --> 00:11:48,610 +with this. So we reread the canon in a way or + +198 +00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:53,140 +whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said, + +199 +00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:56,080 +Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism + +200 +00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,400 +figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and + +201 +00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,020 +critic. I'll give you examples from three major + +202 +00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,660 +literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a + +203 +00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:11,480 +poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will + +204 +00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,740 +break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to + +205 +00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:18,180 +show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly + +206 +00:12:18,180 --> 00:12:24,270 +and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be + +207 +00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:30,490 +the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His + +208 +00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:34,970 +famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally + +209 +00:12:34,970 --> 00:12:39,650 +translated into Arabic as... Okay, + +210 +00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:46,270 +so notice it's two words here, not one word. So + +211 +00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:47,170 +The Wasteland, + +212 +00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:57,120 +So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S. + +213 +00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:02,000 +Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem + +214 +00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,920 +in the 20th century. It is one of the most really + +215 +00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:11,260 +fascinating poems of all time. And when you read + +216 +00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:15,690 +it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read + +217 +00:13:15,690 --> 00:13:18,490 +it, I understand you're still, you know, taking + +218 +00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,610 +the first steps into English literature and + +219 +00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:23,030 +English language. But give it a shot. At least + +220 +00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:25,510 +listen to poetry. The most significant thing about + +221 +00:13:25,510 --> 00:13:27,150 +poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant + +222 +00:13:27,150 --> 00:13:29,850 +to be recited. Listen to the recitation on + +223 +00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:34,590 +YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the + +224 +00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:37,110 +title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So + +225 +00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,750 +it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient + +226 +00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:47,970 +myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you + +227 +00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:50,190 +know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the + +228 +00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:53,710 +stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods + +229 +00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:56,950 +and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories + +230 +00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:01,630 +similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by + +231 +00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:06,310 +someone, like, + +232 +00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:12,230 +You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And + +233 +00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:14,290 +anything you wish, you will be granted. + +234 +00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,370 +Interesting, right? So what would you ask for? + +235 +00:14:17,410 --> 00:14:20,610 +What would you ask for now here? To read people's + +236 +00:14:20,610 --> 00:14:25,850 +minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time. + +237 +00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:29,690 +Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What + +238 +00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:34,470 +else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on. + +239 +00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:39,620 +That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So + +240 +00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:44,700 +what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life. + +241 +00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,960 +She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone + +242 +00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,980 +wants to live forever. However, and this is where + +243 +00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:54,400 +the famous saying comes from. In English, they + +244 +00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,580 +say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want + +245 +00:14:57,580 --> 00:15:01,900 +the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell + +246 +00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,020 +you, careful what you wish for, because it could + +247 +00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:07,490 +be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for + +248 +00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,430 +you if you write paragraphs, because you're + +249 +00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:11,550 +trained to write and express yourself. But true or + +250 +00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:14,870 +false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and + +251 +00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:18,450 +white, right? She forgot. She should have asked + +252 +00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:23,210 +for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness, + +253 +00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:28,350 +but means death eventually. So she asked for + +254 +00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:34,210 +eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And + +255 +00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:36,910 +what happens here is that she grew very old and + +256 +00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,610 +very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and + +257 +00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,870 +shrinking to the extent that she became like a + +258 +00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:46,230 +tiny little creature, like a little bird. And + +259 +00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:49,330 +people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds + +260 +00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910 +of years later, the kids would be teasing her and + +261 +00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:54,470 +making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want? + +262 +00:15:54,810 --> 00:15:56,650 +So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want + +263 +00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,780 +eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He + +264 +00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,740 +wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is + +265 +00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:07,280 +40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th + +266 +00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:09,120 +century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't + +267 +00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260 +even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes + +268 +00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,340 +from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He + +269 +00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640 +doesn't write in English this. And then he + +270 +00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,380 +dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet + +271 +00:16:22,380 --> 00:16:27,280 +and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So + +272 +00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:33,820 +Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a + +273 +00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:36,640 +subheading for this section of the poem called, + +274 +00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,320 +The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also + +275 +00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,060 +taken from the Bible. So what is he writing? + +276 +00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:43,320 +There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when + +277 +00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,760 +we read, April is the cruelest month, we say, + +278 +00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,340 +finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart + +279 +00:16:51,340 --> 00:16:54,920 +enough, I think you are, you will remember that. + +280 +00:16:55,820 --> 00:17:02,090 +Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's + +281 +00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,870 +Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the + +282 +00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:08,510 +poem praising April. What does April generally + +283 +00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:14,170 +symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection, + +284 +00:17:14,450 --> 00:17:17,430 +new beginning, new world, new experiences, new + +285 +00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:20,710 +ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has + +286 +00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710 +been the case in English literature. So spring + +287 +00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710 +always represents new life, rebirth. But here, + +288 +00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350 +what is bringing to England, to the West, to + +289 +00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770 +Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people + +290 +00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:37,150 +dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my + +291 +00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,720 +understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called + +292 +00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400 +allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a + +293 +00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520 +text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if + +294 +00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360 +he's going back in history. Remember we said + +295 +00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,540 +Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's + +296 +00:17:53,540 --> 00:17:56,960 +like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the + +297 +00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,680 +hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by + +298 +00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,460 +the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the + +299 +00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:06,260 +20th century, and telling us all it's all been a + +300 +00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:10,530 +lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all + +301 +00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:13,790 +going to die. And even when we want to die, we + +302 +00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:18,390 +can't. Because April is not a beautiful month. + +303 +00:18:19,650 --> 00:18:26,350 +April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of + +304 +00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:31,110 +the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees + +305 +00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:35,810 +and the plants spring beneath this millions of + +306 +00:18:35,810 --> 00:18:40,370 +dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and + +307 +00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630 +desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain. + +308 +00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:46,530 +Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go + +309 +00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:50,230 +out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth + +310 +00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:53,030 +in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with + +311 +00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030 +dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this + +312 +00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430 +text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some + +313 +00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890 +ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek, + +314 +00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330 +Italian, German language, French language. He uses + +315 +00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450 +Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies, + +316 +00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830 +ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read + +317 +00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970 +this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't + +318 +00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460 +understand basically Everything. So later on, he + +319 +00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460 +published something, and he added notes. He says, + +320 +00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800 +OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and + +321 +00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360 +here I mean this and that. But all just we need + +322 +00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920 +here for the class is this, like April is the + +323 +00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180 +cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th + +324 +00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020 +century became more self-aware about itself. There + +325 +00:19:39,020 --> 00:19:41,240 +is a lot of metafictional elements here, like + +326 +00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680 +always taking you outside of the text. If you look + +327 +00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500 +at the structure here, you'll see that it's not + +328 +00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100 +like the classical poetry. This is experimental. + +329 +00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060 +This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that + +330 +00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640 +doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no + +331 +00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,940 +surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne + +332 +00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580 +and showed how important he is. In a way, he + +333 +00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000 +followed, he learned something from John Donne. + +334 +00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960 +Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at + +335 +00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,640 +even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring, + +336 +00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,880 +grain like. It's almost the same in a way or + +337 +00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780 +another. Does this make it less poetic than any + +338 +00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940 +other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the + +339 +00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220 +20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson + +340 +00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:26,920 +and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair + +341 +00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100 +right now. Because for them, You have to follow + +342 +00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200 +the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or + +343 +00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840 +another. So this is basically what we need to know + +344 +00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980 +about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month. + +345 +00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380 +And then I'll give you an example from the novel. + +346 +00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:49,080 +Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work + +347 +00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740 +in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the + +348 +00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660 +major trend, the most important famous trend, + +349 +00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900 +modernist literature, although many people were + +350 +00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860 +writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and + +351 +00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280 +stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses? + +352 +00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:08,160 +I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer, + +353 +00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280 +from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other + +354 +00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040 +poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text, + +355 +00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860 +Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about + +356 +00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840 +someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is + +357 +00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,020 +usually this allusion and metafictional element. + +358 +00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,260 +Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts + +359 +00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,480 +from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses + +360 +00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,320 +the famous stream of consciousness technique of + +361 +00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000 +narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one + +362 +00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630 +of the first people to use this. where you get + +363 +00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450 +inside the mind, the thoughts of the character, + +364 +00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850 +and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as + +365 +00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:02,330 +they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he + +366 +00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450 +also mixes between first person and third person + +367 +00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,960 +narrators. Very experimental power. The text + +368 +00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500 +covers only 18 hours in the life of the author. + +369 +00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,380 +And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages, + +370 +00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600 +30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and + +371 +00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620 +write your own diaries, you write everything that + +372 +00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500 +happened with you and even every thought that you + +373 +00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:32,770 +thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages, + +374 +00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830 +50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how + +375 +00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710 +imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000 + +376 +00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130 +pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the + +377 +00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110 +stream of consciousness technique. This novel is + +378 +00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370 +considered... Many people hated this poem, by the + +379 +00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170 +way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are + +380 +00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250 +you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know + +381 +00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170 +who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects + +382 +00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910 +something about the 20th century, the + +383 +00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730 +difficulties, the new experimentations, the new + +384 +00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110 +intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to + +385 +00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750 +break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here + +386 +00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530 +in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go + +387 +00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510 +read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff. + +388 +00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320 +For example, in one of his novels, the main + +389 +00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880 +character wakes up and finds himself to be a + +390 +00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440 +beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes + +391 +00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160 +out to work to the outside world as a small + +392 +00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300 +insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah, + +393 +00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620 +you have to have this idea about what modernism + +394 +00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460 +and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact + +395 +00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360 +about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no + +396 +00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800 +punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no + +397 +00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620 +punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this? + +398 +00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640 +Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there + +399 +00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360 +is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a + +400 +00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280 +reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a + +401 +00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800 +reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that + +402 +00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260 +he's a good writer and he has a different type of + +403 +00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320 +style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about + +404 +00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040 +only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being + +405 +00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480 +different. But why would you write a whole page + +406 +00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880 +sometimes or two or three pages without + +407 +00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940 +punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of + +408 +00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620 +chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos, + +409 +00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560 +some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of + +410 +00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940 +grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But + +411 +00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500 +there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is + +412 +00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020 +his new way of writing. + +413 +00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500 +Like what? + +414 +00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470 +It's like just It's like they say, no matter how + +415 +00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330 +big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this + +416 +00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170 +is just something that crosses your mind. No time + +417 +00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750 +for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the + +418 +00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610 +narrative style? What is dream of consciousness? + +419 +00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660 +Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and + +420 +00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560 +we see the ideas and how they develop, how they + +421 +00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160 +go, how they move, how they become, how they come + +422 +00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300 +out. When you think, you don't think with + +423 +00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760 +punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe + +424 +00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500 +daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish, + +425 +00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140 +exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking + +426 +00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420 +for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing + +427 +00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180 +Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do + +428 +00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440 +something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do + +429 +00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640 +this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay + +430 +00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060 +attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait + +431 +00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020 +a minute. I thought using the past simple, I + +432 +00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260 +should be using the present perfect. We don't do + +433 +00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020 +this. So this is reflecting the stream of + +434 +00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820 +consciousness technique. Unless you want to think + +435 +00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960 +using grammar, it's up to you. Another example + +436 +00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440 +from the 20th century. This time it's a play. + +437 +00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960 +Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot, + +438 +00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960 +and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not + +439 +00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920 +Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's + +440 +00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300 +like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But + +441 +00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360 +does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say + +442 +00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260 +yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And + +443 +00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010 +the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each + +444 +00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390 +act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five, + +445 +00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490 +seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number + +446 +00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110 +three has the climax and the top, the peak. And + +447 +00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070 +after that, things go down for the resolution. So + +448 +00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130 +the complication, the plot moves this way. So this + +449 +00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570 +is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play, + +450 +00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650 +Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But + +451 +00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550 +let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous + +452 +00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650 +playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for + +453 +00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570 +Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the + +454 +00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550 +two acts mirror each other. What happens in the + +455 +00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350 +first one basically happens in the second one. The + +456 +00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860 +story of the play is that two people are Two + +457 +00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920 +people were just waiting for someone named Godo. + +458 +00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120 +Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him + +459 +00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140 +before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't + +460 +00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340 +come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a + +461 +00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800 +famous expression. What are you doing here? You + +462 +00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260 +could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of + +463 +00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280 +the department, waiting for something, for the + +464 +00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720 +electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting + +465 +00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060 +for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is + +466 +00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090 +not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the + +467 +00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090 +characters describes, summarizes even the whole, + +468 +00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170 +in a way or another, the whole play saying, + +469 +00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670 +nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the + +470 +00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030 +first act or seen, they're just waiting and + +471 +00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150 +spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid + +472 +00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230 +things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the + +473 +00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550 +carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties + +474 +00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190 +it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing + +475 +00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700 +They're just gossiping about the most trivial, + +476 +00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920 +unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a + +477 +00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680 +boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not + +478 +00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040 +coming today. God is going to come next day, + +479 +00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880 +tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move. + +480 +00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520 +The curtains are closed. The second act, same + +481 +00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870 +people again, and they speak about Like, we + +482 +00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510 +realize that there's trouble with their memories + +483 +00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830 +in a way or another. They can't remember basically + +484 +00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810 +everything. And we don't know whether this is the + +485 +00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250 +second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years, + +486 +00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370 +basically like a couple of months or years later + +487 +00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030 +on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot. + +488 +00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590 +We have new extra characters, also minor + +489 +00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130 +characters. But basically at the end, the boy + +490 +00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890 +shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr. + +491 +00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910 +Godot told me to tell you he won't come this + +492 +00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640 +evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say, + +493 +00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580 +OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains + +494 +00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180 +are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What + +495 +00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220 +is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about? + +496 +00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120 +Many people were like, come on. This is absurd. + +497 +00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320 +Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater + +498 +00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200 +was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath. + +499 +00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550 +Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous. + +500 +00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730 +But some people believe that this is the most + +501 +00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450 +significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this + +502 +00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110 +is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a + +503 +00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010 +significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is + +504 +00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590 +different and insignificant. The text could be + +505 +00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590 +about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes + +506 +00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090 +our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for + +507 +00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940 +something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've + +508 +00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880 +been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been + +509 +00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180 +waiting for Israel to understand that we need our + +510 +00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900 +rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're + +511 +00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080 +waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a + +512 +00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940 +day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for + +513 +00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140 +the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the + +514 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480 +occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah + +515 +00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940 +crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend + +516 +00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640 +all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good + +517 +00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220 +things to come, for hope, for a better life. But + +518 +00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800 +nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for? + +519 +00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620 +We're waiting for Godot. You could write an + +520 +00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000 +article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot. + +521 +00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540 +Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like, + +522 +00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000 +we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the + +523 +00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800 +20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had + +524 +00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000 +a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing. + +525 +00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200 +God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I + +526 +00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240 +don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little + +527 +00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440 +boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely + +528 +00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220 +tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this + +529 +00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220 +is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the + +530 +00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580 +loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of + +531 +00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980 +purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very + +532 +00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220 +existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has + +533 +00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480 +other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess, + +534 +00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200 +as far as I can remember, the main characters, + +535 +00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440 +there are four characters, all dead, all in the + +536 +00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380 +grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many + +537 +00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660 +other plays. But again, remember this. + +538 +00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020 +The fact that this is different from Shakespeare + +539 +00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520 +and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad + +540 +00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620 +literature. Many people love this experimental + +541 +00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220 +literature. I know many people like movies with, + +542 +00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200 +you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle + +543 +00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340 +and ending, and it ends happily and you love the + +544 +00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660 +movie. But many people love movies and texts that + +545 +00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660 +shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask + +546 +00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800 +questions about ourselves, about life. What are we + +547 +00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050 +doing here? What's going on? So this is another + +548 +00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170 +example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for + +549 +00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470 +Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show + +550 +00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570 +up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th + +551 +00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270 +-century literature examples. I'll give you an + +552 +00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050 +idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and + +553 +00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030 +critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend + +554 +00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690 +and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our + +555 +00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190 +neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian + +556 +00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570 +intellectual and critic Edward Said in + +557 +00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650 +Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said + +558 +00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890 +is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over + +559 +00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990 +the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist, + +560 +00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270 +one of the early 20th century feminists. She + +561 +00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510 +lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s, + +562 +00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950 +something. I don't care. But she was one of the + +563 +00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930 +leaders of the feminist movement who called for + +564 +00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110 +not only human, but political, intellectual, and + +565 +00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870 +all rights for women. She said women are even + +566 +00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130 +better than men in many ways. Why? Because if + +567 +00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450 +everything, all the odds are against you, your + +568 +00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570 +parents are against you, your brothers are against + +569 +00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470 +you, your society is against you, everything is + +570 +00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830 +against you, if you manage despite all these + +571 +00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110 +difficulties to write, to produce, to do + +572 +00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370 +something, then you are amazing. Because + +573 +00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490 +everything is against you. Like us, we are + +574 +00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330 +Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do + +575 +00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650 +anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest, + +576 +00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560 +right? So when you manage to succeed and become a + +577 +00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820 +success story, that's an amazing thing because + +578 +00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020 +people around the world don't have, like have so + +579 +00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080 +many things. We don't have 1% of what they have. + +580 +00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540 +So in here, famous article, a collection of + +581 +00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610 +articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically + +582 +00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390 +discusses not only literary figures like Aphra + +583 +00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110 +Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She + +584 +00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670 +also discusses fictional women, like how women + +585 +00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910 +were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare, + +586 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380 +and later on. So the idea is that you can't + +587 +00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260 +separate fact from fiction, because literature + +588 +00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720 +also empowers us. I said this before. When you + +589 +00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200 +read a text about a particular person who + +590 +00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980 +struggles in a particular way, it influences you. + +591 +00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100 +It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it + +592 +00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520 +in your own way. So basically, she explores both + +593 +00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900 +women as writers and characters. The most + +594 +00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980 +interesting thing is that she discusses Many + +595 +00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180 +people, many male critics, many men generally + +596 +00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500 +would believe that it would have been impossible + +597 +00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100 +for any woman to have written the plays that + +598 +00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920 +Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they + +599 +00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260 +would be saying, because they are women, because + +600 +00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780 +women can't write, can't express, can't explore + +601 +00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400 +what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers + +602 +00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100 +can explore. That's simple. And this is anti + +603 +00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760 +-feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK, + +604 +00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360 +I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible + +605 +00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570 +completely and entirely for any woman to have + +606 +00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110 +written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of + +607 +00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930 +Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She + +608 +00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010 +imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives + +609 +00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190 +him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So, + +610 +00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230 +Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented + +611 +00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420 +by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why + +612 +00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600 +does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have + +613 +00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500 +a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that + +614 +00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960 +Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as + +615 +00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580 +Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as + +616 +00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520 +interested in art and literature and writing and + +617 +00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980 +studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take + +618 +00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280 +the journey together and see what her father would + +619 +00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280 +do to her, what her mother would do to her, what + +620 +00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440 +the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's + +621 +00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120 +not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good, + +622 +00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360 +or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because + +623 +00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360 +the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here? + +624 +00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960 +Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his + +625 +00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240 +extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose, + +626 +00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740 +remained at home. She was as adventurous, as + +627 +00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460 +imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was. + +628 +00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260 +But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes + +629 +00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560 +to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of + +630 +00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540 +learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar + +631 +00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780 +school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot + +632 +00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520 +of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil. + +633 +00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000 +Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are + +634 +00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460 +generally careless and they throw, toss their + +635 +00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080 +books around here. So she finds a book by + +636 +00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490 +Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study + +637 +00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410 +the night before the exam. So she's like, oh, + +638 +00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170 +maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can + +639 +00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870 +learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is + +640 +00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090 +like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or + +641 +00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350 +something. now and then, one of her brothers + +642 +00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690 +perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her + +643 +00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790 +parents came in and told her to mend the stockings + +644 +00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750 +or mine the stew and not moon about with the book. + +645 +00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060 +You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This + +646 +00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520 +is not for you. Women are supposed to help around + +647 +00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680 +at the house, to get married, have kids, spend + +648 +00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480 +their time at home taking care of the husband and + +649 +00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920 +the kids and making food. And that's it. This is + +650 +00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000 +the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she, + +651 +00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320 +here referring to Judith, the fictional character, + +652 +00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840 +fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by + +653 +00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220 +Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on, + +654 +00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640 +what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because + +655 +00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940 +he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and + +656 +00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560 +goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced + +657 +00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140 +into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's + +658 +00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440 +beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her, + +659 +00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980 +if you don't get married to this man I picked for + +660 +00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220 +you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already + +661 +00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940 +said yes to the family or to the father or to the + +662 +00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000 +person himself. So this is what would happen. So + +663 +00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480 +if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs + +664 +00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760 +away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for + +665 +00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410 +example, at the door of the stage. Telling people, + +666 +00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730 +I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I + +667 +00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930 +can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her + +668 +00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150 +and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he + +669 +00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790 +said, could possibly be an actress. It's + +670 +00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090 +impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because + +671 +00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270 +women didn't want to, but because they weren't + +672 +00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390 +allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she + +673 +00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510 +would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant + +674 +00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330 +with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere + +675 +00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300 +in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So + +676 +00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080 +basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it + +677 +00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690 +like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know + +678 +00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750 +what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the + +679 +00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470 +title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She + +680 +00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730 +says, a woman has to have financial independence. + +681 +00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570 +If you have your own house or your own room, you + +682 +00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750 +can be independent, you can express yourself, you + +683 +00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810 +can write. But as long as you're living in a house + +684 +00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410 +that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will + +685 +00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830 +not be able to... In the other class, I told the + +686 +00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050 +students, at least if you have so many family + +687 +00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210 +members here in Gaza, like houses would be having + +688 +00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110 +10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your + +689 +00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690 +own drawer where you keep your own talent, your + +690 +00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970 +own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw. + +691 +00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550 +And it's very easy because of social media. Now + +692 +00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610 +you can have your own account. You can use a pin + +693 +00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630 +name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook + +694 +00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470 +page under a pin name where you can write. whether + +695 +00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570 +in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she + +696 +00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590 +praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra + +697 +00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650 +Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one + +698 +00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270 +of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the + +699 +00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610 +women how? To speak their minds. That's why all + +700 +00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870 +women all together ought to let flowers fall upon + +701 +00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410 +the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way + +702 +00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900 +or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism. + +703 +00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360 +This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know + +704 +00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160 +Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic? + +705 +00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060 +Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism. + +706 +00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860 +Orientalism. + +707 +00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660 +Generally, what Western people, the studies + +708 +00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440 +they're involved in, in order to understand the + +709 +00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760 +east. It's called Orientalism. + +710 +00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390 +So he again exposes how the West controls the + +711 +00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590 +East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West + +712 +00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970 +always misinterprets the East, how generally, + +713 +00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390 +especially Europe, for example, looks down upon + +714 +00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030 +the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses + +715 +00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450 +them, steals their raw materials, their resources, + +716 +00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730 +and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you + +717 +00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810 +know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide + +718 +00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490 +and rule. So even when England, the British Empire + +719 +00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770 +withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because + +720 +00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170 +of the division it created. So according to the + +721 +00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890 +faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and + +722 +00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430 +colonialism. Like he says, English and Western + +723 +00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570 +literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of + +724 +00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190 +the Western people to invade the world, colonize + +725 +00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950 +the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this + +726 +00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430 +in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson + +727 +00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850 +Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote + +728 +00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990 +from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism. + +729 +00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170 +The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe + +730 +00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860 +or the West. That's good, right? But not in its + +731 +00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590 +good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if + +732 +00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290 +the West is superior, the East is inferior. + +733 +00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190 +Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward. + +734 +00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810 +Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific, + +735 +00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550 +intellectual, superstitious. So the East has + +736 +00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310 +always been looked at as a contrasting image. We + +737 +00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790 +are always the negative opposite. The other side + +738 +00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500 +of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward + +739 +00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640 +Said brings the text and he tries to examine the + +740 +00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320 +relationship between the East and the West. Like + +741 +00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020 +we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello. + +742 +00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200 +In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say + +743 +00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550 +that Basically, there's a lot of racism here. + +744 +00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570 +Basically, because the European white Christian + +745 +00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230 +people there are racist, they consider themselves + +746 +00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630 +to be more superior to Othello, not because they + +747 +00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250 +are smarter or better or more powerful, but + +748 +00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670 +because he's black, because he's originally an + +749 +00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840 +African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So + +750 +00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020 +he tries to understand this unique relationship. + +751 +00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360 +You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the + +752 +00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060 +relationship, why is Friday always there to be + +753 +00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440 +cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us? + +754 +00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660 +Because of his origin and his color. He will + +755 +00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080 +never, no matter what happens, be considered to be + +756 +00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400 +a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this + +757 +00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560 +is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the + +758 +00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580 +book, the last example, just one minute. I want + +759 +00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300 +you all to go to page 154. This is an example of + +760 +00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420 +how Edward Said would be, for example, studying + +761 +00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920 +this text. Kipling is an English novelist, + +762 +00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420 +Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He + +763 +00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660 +wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a + +764 +00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880 +novel. + +765 +00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580 +According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid, + +766 +00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920 +Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel. + +767 +00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080 +When I say, remember when I said an allegory of + +768 +00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200 +imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it + +769 +00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200 +shows the West that they are better, superior, + +770 +00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850 +more civilized. And the East? It's a very + +771 +00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470 +contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is + +772 +00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670 +Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study + +773 +00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770 +the colonial interaction between the colonized and + +774 +00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950 +the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love + +775 +00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170 +this book. I say this many times. But this is an + +776 +00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910 +example of the worst whitewashing I have read in + +777 +00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940 +my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows + +778 +00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420 +in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The + +779 +00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120 +story is about an English boy who grows up in + +780 +00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320 +India, and he works for the Secret Service, for + +781 +00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760 +the British Secret Service, to gather information + +782 +00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260 +and intelligence to help empower the British + +783 +00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760 +Empire. That's basically it. So here he says, + +784 +00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080 +Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the + +785 +00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620 +Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I + +786 +00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260 +understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling + +787 +00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460 +saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east + +788 +00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060 +is the east, and the west is the west, and never + +789 +00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900 +the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this + +790 +00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420 +is racism. + +791 +00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140 +He's saying the east is the east, the west is the + +792 +00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000 +west, they will never meet. Because the east is + +793 +00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540 +the east, and because the west is the west. + +794 +00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100 +Because the east is civilization, modernity, what + +795 +00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920 +else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific, + +796 +00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560 +all the technological and industrial advancement. + +797 +00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240 +And the East is what? + +798 +00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040 +Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or + +799 +00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200 +another. So the book comments here, and this is + +800 +00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280 +infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his + +801 +00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430 +hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and + +802 +00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990 +fretting in his grave because of this explanation. + +803 +00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250 +So the book says the British Empire had tried to + +804 +00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690 +make them meet, to make them east and west. and + +805 +00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130 +become part of one whole. But in the new century, + +806 +00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430 +a new process started, and things began to fall to + +807 +00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310 +pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years + +808 +00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370 +of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of + +809 +00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870 +massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're + +810 +00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370 +describing this as England trying to make the East + +811 +00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650 +and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure, + +812 +00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320 +again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is + +813 +00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920 +whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says + +814 +00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820 +here in the book that the British Empire tried to + +815 +00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200 +bring India and Africa and Europe together. This + +816 +00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220 +is not true. The British Empire is about + +817 +00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900 +occupation and imperialism. It's about control. + +818 +00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410 +It's about supremacy. And it describes here the + +819 +00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910 +new process. This is the movements of liberation + +820 +00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950 +and independence. This is fighting back. This is + +821 +00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850 +the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's + +822 +00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590 +described as something like a process. And began + +823 +00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370 +to fall. What began to fall into pieces? + +824 +00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650 +Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice. + +825 +00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100 +Do you mean that they used this line to show that + +826 +00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320 +they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the + +827 +00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200 +book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's + +828 +00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000 +line that the East is the East and the West is the + +829 +00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680 +West and they will never meet again, saying that + +830 +00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340 +the British Empire tried to make the East and the + +831 +00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320 +West meet. They didn't. They went for control. + +832 +00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500 +They went for control, to take, to assume + +833 +00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910 +everything as theirs. And this is an example of + +834 +00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310 +how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to + +835 +00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270 +reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us + +836 +00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670 +to reread literature in a particular way. I'll + +837 +00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990 +stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more + +838 +00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670 +class, and then we will do a review class on + +839 +00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930 +Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0295654138c3cefd9c9659451a1e968b1e5eec4d --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2860 @@ +1 +00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:25,070 +Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to + +2 +00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:28,530 +continue our journey into this course, an + +3 +00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:32,650 +introduction to English literature for Palestinian + +4 +00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,310 +students at the English department at the Islamic + +5 +00:00:35,310 --> 00:00:40,060 +University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces + +6 +00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:45,260 +us to major literary movements, major literary + +7 +00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:48,260 +events, major literary texts, and major literary + +8 +00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,460 +figures in English. We understand these texts. We + +9 +00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:56,320 +study them in their historical context. And again, + +10 +00:00:56,340 --> 00:01:00,620 +I have to repeat this because this is a literature + +11 +00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:05,410 +course. literature in its historical context + +12 +00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:07,590 +because we need to understand the relationship + +13 +00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,810 +between history and literature. And I said this + +14 +00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:15,010 +before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people + +15 +00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:18,630 +only think that literature influences history, but + +16 +00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:22,990 +we here also examine how literature influences + +17 +00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:27,580 +life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a + +18 +00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:31,300 +way or another. We finished last time talking + +19 +00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,000 +about Middle English. We've seen how England + +20 +00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,740 +started to become the England we know now, how the + +21 +00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:41,420 +English language was developing, how English + +22 +00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:45,220 +literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey + +23 +00:01:45,220 --> 00:01:48,280 +Chaucer, how they were looking for the English + +24 +00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,300 +identity because they wanted to be special in a + +25 +00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:55,450 +way different from other European countries. Today + +26 +00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:59,410 +we move to speak about one of the major eras in + +27 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,210 +the history of English literature. It's the + +28 +00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:05,620 +Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many + +29 +00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,540 +things to speak about. But in general, the + +30 +00:02:08,540 --> 00:02:12,480 +subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The + +31 +00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,140 +Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and + +32 +00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:19,700 +see what the Renaissance means to England, to the + +33 +00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:22,440 +United Kingdom, and to English literature. And + +34 +00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,380 +then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet + +35 +00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:31,190 +as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can + +36 +00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:33,570 +see, it is said that the Renaissance started + +37 +00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,810 +earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England + +38 +00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:43,070 +followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th + +39 +00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,910 +century to the mid-17th century is considered the + +40 +00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,270 +Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means + +41 +00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:55,150 +renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's + +42 +00:02:55,150 --> 00:03:00,810 +New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English + +43 +00:03:00,810 --> 00:03:06,570 +texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the + +44 +00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:08,950 +Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they + +45 +00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:11,030 +say all good things about England, about the + +46 +00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:14,930 +United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear + +47 +00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:19,610 +and read all these important, fascinating + +48 +00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:22,730 +discoveries, inventions, and technological, + +49 +00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:27,340 +scientific advances. which all these are in a way + +50 +00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,280 +or another are true. But usually these books that + +51 +00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680 +speak about how England became England usually + +52 +00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,200 +forget something very important. Remember, England + +53 +00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,980 +became, you know, the British Empire, right? The + +54 +00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:47,940 +British Empire that controlled large areas around + +55 +00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:50,800 +the world. England became the most powerful + +56 +00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,300 +country in the world. London became not only the + +57 +00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,800 +capital of Britain, of England, but it became the + +58 +00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,380 +most important city in the world. What does that + +59 +00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,380 +mean? It means the English people in a way became + +60 +00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:10,460 +richer. They discovered new areas. They reached + +61 +00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:15,990 +different areas around the world. Again, however, + +62 +00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,110 +when we speak about this, when English books speak + +63 +00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:21,450 +about this, they usually forget two important + +64 +00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:25,150 +things. And I will focus on these things. In a + +65 +00:04:25,150 --> 00:04:27,070 +way, they are interchangeable. They are + +66 +00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:31,600 +imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and + +67 +00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,780 +colonialism. What does it mean? What is + +68 +00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,120 +imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me + +69 +00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,280 +someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have + +70 +00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:43,580 +you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial, + +71 +00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:50,480 +colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you + +72 +00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,180 +have any idea? + +73 +00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:55,120 +Yes. + +74 +00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:07,470 +OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part + +75 +00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:13,410 +of imperialism, the British Empire, where a + +76 +00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:17,030 +country generally controls another country, + +77 +00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:20,090 +politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera. + +78 +00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,630 +Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized + +79 +00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:29,660 +to occupy. When we speak about the British + +80 +00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:34,300 +colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts + +81 +00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:40,620 +of America, it becomes part of the British Empire, + +82 +00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:45,340 +not by right, but by force. So what happens in + +83 +00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,480 +colonialism is that the British Empire sends its + +84 +00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,580 +armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the + +85 +00:05:52,580 --> 00:05:55,560 +world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy, + +86 +00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:57,420 +what happens to this country? What happens to + +87 +00:05:57,420 --> 00:05:59,740 +Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to + +88 +00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:03,000 +India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the + +89 +00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,520 +British Empire takes all the good things, the raw + +90 +00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,380 +materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings + +91 +00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:13,140 +money. It brings riches to the English people in + +92 +00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,680 +England. But what happens to the natives? What + +93 +00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,420 +happens to the colonizers? It's something that + +94 +00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,980 +this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay + +95 +00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:24,120 +attention to this. It means colonialism means if + +96 +00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,540 +England was getting richer and richer, Africa and + +97 +00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:31,700 +Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means + +98 +00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,860 +oppression. It means the destruction of these + +99 +00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:37,580 +countries. It means that these countries are + +100 +00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:41,120 +massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions + +101 +00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,360 +and millions of people were massacred. Because of + +102 +00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:46,800 +the British Empire, countries even today as + +103 +00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,780 +Palestinians, we were for some time under the + +104 +00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,540 +British mandate of colonialism. And because of the + +105 +00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:57,640 +British Empire, we're still paying this heavy + +106 +00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:04,340 +price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists. + +107 +00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,320 +And we're still suffering now. Most of the + +108 +00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,860 +problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and + +109 +00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:15,380 +Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British + +110 +00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:18,810 +Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English + +111 +00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,690 +book praising again the advancements, the + +112 +00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:25,450 +achievements of the British Empire, don't always, + +113 +00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:28,490 +don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the + +114 +00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,610 +other people that colonized paid the heaviest + +115 +00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:33,610 +price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their + +116 +00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,890 +countries, their nations are destroyed for + +117 +00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,490 +centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we + +118 +00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:42,750 +still pay for this. So one interesting thing is + +119 +00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:45,270 +that these new worlds that were discovered are not + +120 +00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:48,430 +actually, in fact, new. Because look at America, + +121 +00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,310 +for example, the Native Americans. There were + +122 +00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:54,610 +Native Americans that the Europeans called Red + +123 +00:07:54,610 --> 00:07:56,310 +Indians because they thought they were discovering + +124 +00:07:56,310 --> 00:08:04,430 +India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is + +125 +00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:06,750 +mentioned here as an achievement, right? + +126 +00:08:07,410 --> 00:08:10,590 +Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started + +127 +00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,530 +migrating to America and made America. But this + +128 +00:08:15,530 --> 00:08:18,050 +doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions + +129 +00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,610 +were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally + +130 +00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:22,730 +destroyed and massacred. + +131 +00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:27,750 +their land and everything. They had their land, + +132 +00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:30,950 +their life, their futures, and everything. So + +133 +00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:32,990 +that's number one. So the Renaissance is + +134 +00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:36,350 +characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the + +135 +00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,010 +world. But we know these are not new, because + +136 +00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,670 +there were people already there. The lands + +137 +00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:44,670 +belonged to other people. And everything else + +138 +00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,950 +belonged to those people. So that's number one. + +139 +00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,770 +And then when we speak about religion during this + +140 +00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:54,800 +era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in + +141 +00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,740 +Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in + +142 +00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,240 +Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man + +143 +00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:09,700 +in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He + +144 +00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:13,160 +gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for + +145 +00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,300 +things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he + +146 +00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,700 +gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he + +147 +00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:24,640 +says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother + +148 +00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,320 +died, he succeeded him. He became the king of + +149 +00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,160 +England. He married his brother's wife. And he + +150 +00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,580 +didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said, + +151 +00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:38,340 +OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can + +152 +00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:43,100 +you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't. + +153 +00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,000 +It's for eternity. + +154 +00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:52,910 +Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what + +155 +00:09:52,910 --> 00:09:56,410 +should the king do here? Should he listen to the + +156 +00:09:56,410 --> 00:09:58,670 +Pope? Because England, again, remember England was + +157 +00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:01,910 +working very hard to be different, to gain its own + +158 +00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:05,730 +identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank + +159 +00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:10,150 +you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we + +160 +00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:12,530 +started something called the Church of England. + +161 +00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,100 +And who's the head of this church? The king. The + +162 +00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:21,240 +king became the most important man in England. He + +163 +00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,240 +was God's person, God's representative on earth. + +164 +00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:29,820 +Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again + +165 +00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:33,260 +about the Church of England. Religion was, in a + +166 +00:10:33,260 --> 00:10:36,280 +way, becoming different. And here we have, we can + +167 +00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,540 +speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and + +168 +00:10:38,540 --> 00:10:42,550 +Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a + +169 +00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:45,010 +Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the + +170 +00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:47,310 +word to protest because they were protesting some + +171 +00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:53,890 +teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is + +172 +00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,890 +important to our understanding of literature and + +173 +00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:02,290 +English history here because New ways of thinking + +174 +00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:04,650 +in terms of religion and God and man means new + +175 +00:11:04,650 --> 00:11:08,150 +thinking about life, about how to write, how you + +176 +00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,590 +understand life. Now, a very important point here + +177 +00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:17,370 +is what is called the great chain of being. Look + +178 +00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,770 +at this. + +179 +00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:27,110 +This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know + +180 +00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:29,730 +as the great chain of people, where people were + +181 +00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,250 +ranked according to their importance. God is the + +182 +00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:37,470 +creator, but here we have, who's here? The king. + +183 +00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:41,620 +The king of England. He became God's spokesperson, + +184 +00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:44,740 +the most important person, which means everything + +185 +00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:47,960 +the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey + +186 +00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,640 +the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash + +187 +00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,660 +the king. And then probably the royal family, the + +188 +00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:56,780 +church people, important people, rich people, et + +189 +00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:59,280 +cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor + +190 +00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,560 +people. And at the end, we have insects, animals, + +191 +00:12:02,980 --> 00:12:06,970 +and everything else. So man became important. But + +192 +00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:10,270 +who's the most important man? The king. He became + +193 +00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,290 +God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So + +194 +00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:17,530 +this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought, + +195 +00:12:17,930 --> 00:12:23,570 +three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas, + +196 +00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:26,210 +new thoughts about life, about man, about the + +197 +00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:28,430 +relationship between man and God and man and man. + +198 +00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:32,530 +Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a + +199 +00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,540 +Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with + +200 +00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:40,880 +this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism + +201 +00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,880 +is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man, + +202 +00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:48,400 +man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the + +203 +00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,000 +world. Man, not anything else, became the most + +204 +00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,100 +crucial person in the world. People started to + +205 +00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:59,140 +realize that man is not only because of his + +206 +00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:02,860 +intelligence, but also because of man's ability to + +207 +00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:06,760 +distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or + +208 +00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,040 +evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart. + +209 +00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,220 +Man is the center of the world, can control his + +210 +00:13:14,220 --> 00:13:17,240 +fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not + +211 +00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:21,700 +to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement, + +212 +00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,920 +this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of + +213 +00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:30,860 +the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as + +214 +00:13:30,860 --> 00:13:32,820 +the center of the world, as the most important + +215 +00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:35,700 +center figure in the world, more important than + +216 +00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,120 +any other creatures. In addition, it talks about + +217 +00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,480 +man's ability to change. to the better, to choose + +218 +00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,840 +the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we + +219 +00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,160 +speak about changes in politics, in economics, + +220 +00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,420 +intellectualism and life and religion and God, + +221 +00:13:55,040 --> 00:14:00,380 +necessarily there is what? Change in literature. + +222 +00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:05,260 +So whether literature is adapting, to include more + +223 +00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:08,780 +characters and more themes and more issues. Or + +224 +00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:13,820 +life is influencing literature. Or literature + +225 +00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,800 +influencing life is, again, a matter of + +226 +00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,520 +discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But + +227 +00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,840 +again, literature is so important that it also + +228 +00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,620 +makes a difference. It also creates a difference + +229 +00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,840 +and makes a difference. This is our major point. + +230 +00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:32,690 +Literature during the Renaissance And when we + +231 +00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:34,390 +speak about literature at that time, we speak + +232 +00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:37,330 +about the most important genre. Remember, so far, + +233 +00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:43,310 +we only have poetry and then some drama, the + +234 +00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,530 +miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in + +235 +00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,970 +the Middle Ages. And now drama became more + +236 +00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:54,210 +important because there were theaters and people + +237 +00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,050 +would go pay money to watch actors act on the + +238 +00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,680 +stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was + +239 +00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:07,740 +written also in verse. Here, it was written in + +240 +00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:11,200 +poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in + +241 +00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840 +poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry. + +242 +00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,480 +But the major difference between poetry and drama + +243 +00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:23,440 +is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs + +244 +00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,520 +in a way. But drama was written to be acted on + +245 +00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,390 +stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of + +246 +00:15:30,390 --> 00:15:33,850 +Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they + +247 +00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:37,450 +wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage. + +248 +00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,690 +This is important. That's why sometimes you love + +249 +00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:44,770 +the play more when you watch it. Because it comes + +250 +00:15:44,770 --> 00:15:47,870 +to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is + +251 +00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:55,110 +performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare, + +252 +00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:55,750 +Shakespeare. + +253 +00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:02,330 +What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great + +254 +00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:09,030 +writer. He wrote plays and poems. + +255 +00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,330 +What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the + +256 +00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,810 +impression you already have about Shakespeare? He + +257 +00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:18,130 +wrote 37 plays. + +258 +00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,440 +More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and + +259 +00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,980 +histories. There are other divisions, but we'll + +260 +00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:30,340 +come to this later on. What do you know about + +261 +00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:32,500 +Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and + +262 +00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,420 +Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The + +263 +00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:41,280 +most famous line in English history, in English + +264 +00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,800 +literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet. + +265 +00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,340 +From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know + +266 +00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:47,860 +about Shakespeare? + +267 +00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,240 +He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150 + +268 +00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:59,240 +sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a + +269 +00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:02,500 +sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for + +270 +00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:08,560 +the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay, + +271 +00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:13,720 +good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But + +272 +00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,160 +he moved to London because London... Remember, + +273 +00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,940 +London was the most important city in the world. + +274 +00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,560 +So he moved to London because London is the city + +275 +00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,640 +of culture, of literature, of politics, of + +276 +00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,580 +economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the + +277 +00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:33,920 +theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa + +278 +00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,860 +papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his + +279 +00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:45,620 +tragedies and then the people... Even the queen + +280 +00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,620 +would watch some of his plays. He has his own + +281 +00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:54,640 +theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a + +282 +00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,120 +little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now + +283 +00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,100 +Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the + +284 +00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,800 +age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got + +285 +00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,400 +married to a woman older than him. He had some + +286 +00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,480 +kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then + +287 +00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,130 +he moved to London because He wanted to act, he + +288 +00:18:12,130 --> 00:18:14,470 +wanted to do something, to write literature, to be + +289 +00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:18,170 +part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it + +290 +00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810 +is said that he went to a grammar school where he + +291 +00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:25,850 +learned some grammar, language, probably he read + +292 +00:18:25,850 --> 00:18:29,710 +something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek + +293 +00:18:29,710 --> 00:18:35,160 +literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he + +294 +00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,060 +didn't go to university, he didn't go to college, + +295 +00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,760 +so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent + +296 +00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:44,000 +him to university to learn. And this is something + +297 +00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,540 +we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his + +298 +00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:53,900 +37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most + +299 +00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:58,430 +important people throughout history. He's + +300 +00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:00,430 +important. He's everywhere. His books were + +301 +00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090 +translated. His plays were translated into almost + +302 +00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450 +every language around the world. Everybody knows + +303 +00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270 +Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare. + +304 +00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710 +Whatever you want to talk about, you find + +305 +00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650 +Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare. + +306 +00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650 +Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use + +307 +00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970 +Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not + +308 +00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250 +only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only + +309 +00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390 +about his stories. His stories are amazing. + +310 +00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:25,010 +Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people, + +311 +00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910 +the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare, + +312 +00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:33,370 +the stories are usually taken from some book he + +313 +00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:36,070 +read. But it's the language, it's the depiction, + +314 +00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:39,810 +it's bringing the people and bringing the events + +315 +00:19:39,810 --> 00:19:44,010 +alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400 + +316 +00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490 +years later, and we feel that he belongs to this + +317 +00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910 +age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life + +318 +00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,390 +today, the way he talks to us, the way he + +319 +00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430 +discusses his issues, the concerns, his + +320 +00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,570 +characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see + +321 +00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:07,730 +Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about + +322 +00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:10,390 +Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most + +323 +00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890 +important figure in world literature is important + +324 +00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,790 +because that's why we're studying Shakespeare + +325 +00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750 +here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all + +326 +00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890 +times and all places. As students of the English + +327 +00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,950 +department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I + +328 +00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,310 +know some of you might have a bad impression about + +329 +00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:32,590 +Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't. + +330 +00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190 +Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any + +331 +00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690 +topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship, + +332 +00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290 +sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers, + +333 +00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750 +writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look + +334 +00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430 +up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy, + +335 +00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530 +you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about + +336 +00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330 +everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to + +337 +00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450 +look for information about the relationships, + +338 +00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710 +Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is + +339 +00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870 +there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know. + +340 +00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450 +Like there are references to the planets, to the + +341 +00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180 +stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching, + +342 +00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780 +to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how + +343 +00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580 +learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some + +344 +00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000 +people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside + +345 +00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640 +London who only went to a grammar school be this + +346 +00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,690 +knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this + +347 +00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310 +conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not + +348 +00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430 +Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have + +349 +00:21:41,430 --> 00:21:47,410 +37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's + +350 +00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830 +translated to almost every main language around + +351 +00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750 +the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly + +352 +00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690 +experimenting. Because literature, for example, + +353 +00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750 +the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from + +354 +00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,300 +Italy. But he changed something. He added + +355 +00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,740 +something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and + +356 +00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860 +he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man + +357 +00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800 +himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way, + +358 +00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,860 +one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no, + +359 +00:22:14,940 --> 00:22:18,400 +this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another + +360 +00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020 +picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi + +361 +00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560 +of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an + +362 +00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480 +Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because + +363 +00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:41,020 +Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is + +364 +00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280 +Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair. + +365 +00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660 +Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the + +366 +00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100 +language and be this? efficient this professional + +367 +00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810 +this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable, + +368 +00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270 +unlikely. But it's interesting that people around + +369 +00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270 +the world want to claim Shakespeare for + +370 +00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150 +themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't + +371 +00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:14,670 +Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because + +372 +00:23:14,670 --> 00:23:17,810 +we don't know much about his life. Some claim that + +373 +00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770 +a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim + +374 +00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310 +Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe. + +375 +00:23:24,030 --> 00:23:26,010 +Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because + +376 +00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,830 +Christopher Marlowe died young, and he + +377 +00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860 +disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't + +378 +00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800 +die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another + +379 +00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100 +people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford. + +380 +00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360 +This theory is interesting. Those people, it's + +381 +00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960 +called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's + +382 +00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680 +a very famous university. Of course. So they claim + +383 +00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860 +that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford. + +384 +00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:59,630 +that there's no way only a grammar school boy + +385 +00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,790 +could write this. It has to be someone who went to + +386 +00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570 +university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a + +387 +00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670 +great background, a noble person with knowledge + +388 +00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340 +and experience. This is interesting. Some people + +389 +00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720 +support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has + +390 +00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140 +some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows + +391 +00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400 +arrogance because they believe that only important + +392 +00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960 +people, royal family, elite people, educated + +393 +00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240 +people can produce this amazing literature. See + +394 +00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340 +this? Okay? And some people even believe that + +395 +00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160 +Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if + +396 +00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070 +not the King James himself. I don't know. But some + +397 +00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290 +people in their reality did not want to be + +398 +00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730 +attached with producing plays because this, in a + +399 +00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350 +way, belongs to other people. And another + +400 +00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690 +interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there + +401 +00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210 +was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years + +402 +00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250 +ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish + +403 +00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490 +woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a + +404 +00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820 +Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many + +405 +00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220 +people want to claim Shakespeare for them. + +406 +00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380 +Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a + +407 +00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300 +discussion with this interesting guy who believed + +408 +00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480 +that Shakespeare could probably be a group of + +409 +00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560 +people. Because again, there is profound knowledge + +410 +00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700 +about the universe, the stars, the planets, + +411 +00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180 +peoples, histories, other cultures, language, + +412 +00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290 +chemistry, science, everything. So probably a + +413 +00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970 +group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing + +414 +00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330 +language skills put this together. We don't know. + +415 +00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430 +We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here, + +416 +00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410 +we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him + +417 +00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780 +as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more + +418 +00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740 +important than Shakespeare and his life and what + +419 +00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120 +he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you + +420 +00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840 +very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's + +421 +00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790 +funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this + +422 +00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370 +play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that + +423 +00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710 +we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by + +424 +00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670 +someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So + +425 +00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550 +if the author changes, if somebody realizes that + +426 +00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890 +Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from + +427 +00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630 +Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who + +428 +00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030 +left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went + +429 +00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070 +to England and became the most famous person in + +430 +00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790 +England, Still, the text is more important. It's + +431 +00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970 +interesting to know something about the life of + +432 +00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770 +this person. Now, let's study in brief again + +433 +00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630 +Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important + +434 +00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890 +play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet. + +435 +00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670 +See the character map here. Or probably before we + +436 +00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390 +do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we + +437 +00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350 +agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around + +438 +00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370 +the world. Now look at this interesting critic who + +439 +00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770 +said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again, + +440 +00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770 +this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone + +441 +00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610 +the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again, + +442 +00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290 +indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of + +443 +00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370 +the day, someone somewhere around the world is + +444 +00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730 +talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying + +445 +00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930 +Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet, + +446 +00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010 +quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet, + +447 +00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650 +writing about Hamlet, answering questions about + +448 +00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970 +Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I + +449 +00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570 +don't know, anything, like so many things. And + +450 +00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030 +here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged + +451 +00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250 +and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're + +452 +00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570 +studying Shakespeare because of how significant + +453 +00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570 +this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he + +454 +00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730 +belongs to every time and every place. + +455 +00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170 +Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has + +456 +00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370 +modern thoughts + +457 +00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810 +and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we + +458 +00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430 +can relate to. His problems are problems of today + +459 +00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410 +and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also + +460 +00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030 +an individual. When we read Hamlet, the + +461 +00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650 +relationship between him and his dad, his uncle, + +462 +00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610 +his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies, + +463 +00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090 +everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us. + +464 +00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890 +And that's why many people identify with Hamlet. + +465 +00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670 +Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's + +466 +00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010 +interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet. + +467 +00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750 +Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take + +468 +00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830 +Hamlet and make the character You know, like a + +469 +00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670 +black African or in China, Chinese man. And there + +470 +00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390 +is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name, + +471 +00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370 +where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century + +472 +00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510 +businessman from New York. But again, he has to + +473 +00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270 +come face to face with all these problems of the + +474 +00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470 +modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man + +475 +00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530 +who goes to university, University of Wittenberg. + +476 +00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680 +By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The + +477 +00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180 +story could have happened in a way or another, but + +478 +00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260 +Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a + +479 +00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440 +prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed + +480 +00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800 +to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news + +481 +00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560 +that his father died, passed away. He comes back + +482 +00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300 +sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle + +483 +00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070 +becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his + +484 +00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010 +father. His uncle becomes the king. And his + +485 +00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890 +mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It + +486 +00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050 +wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is + +487 +00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150 +the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can + +488 +00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310 +say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the + +489 +00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950 +pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a + +490 +00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390 +sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's + +491 +00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800 +a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a + +492 +00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680 +university student. As we don't believe in ghosts, + +493 +00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160 +do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he, + +494 +00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680 +because he was desperate, he goes out with his + +495 +00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080 +friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face + +496 +00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640 +with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him + +497 +00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060 +alone and he tells them, I was killed by your + +498 +00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500 +uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And + +499 +00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520 +Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's + +500 +00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260 +something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king. + +501 +00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780 +To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a + +502 +00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160 +modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes + +503 +00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740 +to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way + +504 +00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820 +belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who + +505 +00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560 +kills you, in modern life, you go to court now. + +506 +00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340 +You go to court. You go to the police or whatever + +507 +00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640 +represents the police here. So what happens is + +508 +00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300 +that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and + +509 +00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600 +hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he + +510 +00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300 +kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or + +511 +00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600 +is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But + +512 +00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310 +Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes + +513 +00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170 +tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in + +514 +00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450 +love. They're a really cool couple. But because + +515 +00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670 +the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents, + +516 +00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630 +by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father. + +517 +00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150 +So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for + +518 +00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010 +Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How + +519 +00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170 +much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her + +520 +00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670 +parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And + +521 +00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830 +Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills + +522 +00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150 +Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king, + +523 +00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050 +was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him. + +524 +00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550 +Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out. + +525 +00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290 +Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And + +526 +00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710 +then she kills herself or dies accidentally. + +527 +00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270 +Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries + +528 +00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410 +to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel. + +529 +00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610 +Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to + +530 +00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070 +be or not to be. That is the question. Because + +531 +00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270 +Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old + +532 +00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350 +age, or should I belong to the modern age? What + +533 +00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210 +should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill + +534 +00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930 +the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king + +535 +00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690 +is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this. + +536 +00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620 +To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I + +537 +00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960 +just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy + +538 +00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680 +is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be? + +539 +00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700 +That is the question. And then they agree on a + +540 +00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820 +duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or + +541 +00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040 +dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I + +542 +00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960 +steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land + +543 +00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560 +back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the + +544 +00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380 +land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I + +545 +00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540 +kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now, + +546 +00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330 +Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the + +547 +00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690 +king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's + +548 +00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610 +uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet. + +549 +00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310 +He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's + +550 +00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050 +sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a + +551 +00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970 +glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison + +552 +00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810 +inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting, + +553 +00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670 +heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts + +554 +00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290 +Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and + +555 +00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350 +stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes + +556 +00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790 +he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead. + +557 +00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580 +The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During + +558 +00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480 +this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother + +559 +00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760 +wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared + +560 +00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320 +for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for + +561 +00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380 +the first time, she decides to disobey him. + +562 +00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100 +It's interesting how she proves herself, but when + +563 +00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260 +she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no, + +564 +00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940 +I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the + +565 +00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030 +poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that + +566 +00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470 +story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle. + +567 +00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470 +He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no + +568 +00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950 +to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet + +569 +00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030 +dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies. + +570 +00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490 +Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main + +571 +00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490 +characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy. + +572 +00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730 +It's a tragedy where all the main characters die. + +573 +00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570 +However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future. + +574 +00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850 +His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet + +575 +00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390 +tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a + +576 +00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670 +novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new + +577 +00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250 +king is crowned. + +578 +00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720 +And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy. + +579 +00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040 +But if you think this is cool, the story, you need + +580 +00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280 +to read the language. Really beautiful. Really + +581 +00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040 +amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on + +582 +00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280 +Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here + +583 +00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380 +is to be or not to be. So this is the character + +584 +00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660 +map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the + +585 +00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210 +ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So + +586 +00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010 +why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person. + +587 +00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570 +When I don't use inverted commas, it means the + +588 +00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470 +character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns, + +589 +00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950 +love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood, + +590 +00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870 +friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the + +591 +00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050 +old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the + +592 +00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020 +old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many + +593 +00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140 +until this very day identify with him. When you + +594 +00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660 +read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He + +595 +00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380 +looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could + +596 +00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500 +be like a Palestinian young man living under + +597 +00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080 +occupation with the society, the rules, and the + +598 +00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740 +siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy + +599 +00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580 +because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So + +600 +00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420 +sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is + +601 +00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280 +the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy, + +602 +00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380 +basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy? + +603 +00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660 +You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo, + +604 +00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960 +soliloquy. + +605 +00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400 +Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk + +606 +00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980 +to myself. + +607 +00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360 +Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical + +608 +00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300 +device from drama, dramatical device where one of + +609 +00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040 +the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the + +610 +00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400 +main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on + +611 +00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920 +the stage. + +612 +00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460 +On the stage. What does he do? He talks to + +613 +00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600 +himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm + +614 +00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380 +sure some of you are talking to But here, because + +615 +00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220 +this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the + +616 +00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160 +audience, the people in the audience are very + +617 +00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920 +important, they are part of the drama. So in a + +618 +00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260 +way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner + +619 +00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480 +conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he + +620 +00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620 +doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes + +621 +00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660 +it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't + +622 +00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840 +move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this + +623 +00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000 +is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be, + +624 +00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300 +that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the + +625 +00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560 +mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous + +626 +00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920 +fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble, + +627 +00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780 +and by opposing in them to die, to sleep, + +628 +00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300 +When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or + +629 +00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040 +seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience + +630 +00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160 +directly. What does that indicate? What does that + +631 +00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980 +mean? How important is the soliloquy for the + +632 +00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480 +audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's + +633 +00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880 +assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the + +634 +00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280 +stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just + +635 +00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600 +talking with other people before, I come closer in + +636 +00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680 +a way to the audience and I speak to the people + +637 +00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060 +next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What + +638 +00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320 +does this make the people I come closer to feel? + +639 +00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760 +How does it feel to them? + +640 +00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590 +Very good. So they will know, try to understand + +641 +00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850 +the struggle and probably they will feel some of + +642 +00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370 +this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you, + +643 +00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130 +he becomes your friend, it's like someone + +644 +00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230 +whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets, + +645 +00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170 +his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us + +646 +00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240 +secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust + +647 +00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600 +us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for + +648 +00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300 +them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it + +649 +00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120 +makes the audience part of the play. It attracts + +650 +00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960 +the audience. And the audience, the people, they + +651 +00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320 +identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God, + +652 +00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960 +this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns + +653 +00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880 +or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have + +654 +00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920 +soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In + +655 +00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960 +Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies. + +656 +00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060 +There's another thing to talk about here. It's an + +657 +00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620 +aside. + +658 +00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600 +We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so + +659 +00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060 +again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device + +660 +00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260 +when the actor is all alone on stage and directs, + +661 +00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010 +in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is + +662 +00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490 +the importance of the soliloquy? To share + +663 +00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110 +feelings, to attract the audience, to make them + +664 +00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010 +grab attention, make them identify with you, feel, + +665 +00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790 +understand? Now the aside is also a literary + +666 +00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870 +device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is + +667 +00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980 +usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the + +668 +00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580 +soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the + +669 +00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380 +actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there + +670 +00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260 +are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are + +671 +00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100 +other actors. What happens here is that in + +672 +00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060 +Anasite, there are other people here, and the + +673 +00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280 +character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to + +674 +00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500 +someone here, he does this, and he says something. + +675 +00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690 +Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a + +676 +00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630 +soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor + +677 +00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070 +is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and + +678 +00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750 +there are other actors on the stage who are not + +679 +00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830 +supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay, + +680 +00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130 +I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or + +681 +00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750 +something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to + +682 +00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650 +the audience, but not to the other characters. The + +683 +00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550 +significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy + +684 +00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390 +is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that + +685 +00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650 +is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind + +686 +00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070 +to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous + +687 +00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270 +fortune, + +688 +00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080 +or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and + +689 +00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940 +bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The + +690 +00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520 +most important line or verse in English + +691 +00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120 +literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside. + +692 +00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820 +And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's + +693 +00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480 +The Globe. + +694 +00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740 +I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look + +695 +00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930 +here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And + +696 +00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190 +these are the people near the stage that can talk + +697 +00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650 +to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more + +698 +00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690 +money, and you sit here above. Here, you're + +699 +00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930 +usually standing. This is not the globe itself, + +700 +00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010 +but something similar to it. So this is the stage. + +701 +00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310 +People are very close. So the soliloquy is + +702 +00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110 +significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But + +703 +00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690 +if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked + +704 +00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310 +down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And + +705 +00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090 +finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous + +706 +00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910 +picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And + +707 +00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310 +this is the picture that recently has been + +708 +00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770 +recently discovered, where people say this is the + +709 +00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950 +real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare? + +710 +00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730 +Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish + +711 +00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600 +woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not + +712 +00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980 +sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we + +713 +00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280 +don't care. All we care is about the texts, the + +714 +00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020 +plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll + +715 +00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760 +stop here. If you have questions, please do ask. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0295654138c3cefd9c9659451a1e968b1e5eec4d --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2860 @@ +1 +00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:25,070 +Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to + +2 +00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:28,530 +continue our journey into this course, an + +3 +00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:32,650 +introduction to English literature for Palestinian + +4 +00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,310 +students at the English department at the Islamic + +5 +00:00:35,310 --> 00:00:40,060 +University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces + +6 +00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:45,260 +us to major literary movements, major literary + +7 +00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:48,260 +events, major literary texts, and major literary + +8 +00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,460 +figures in English. We understand these texts. We + +9 +00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:56,320 +study them in their historical context. And again, + +10 +00:00:56,340 --> 00:01:00,620 +I have to repeat this because this is a literature + +11 +00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:05,410 +course. literature in its historical context + +12 +00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:07,590 +because we need to understand the relationship + +13 +00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,810 +between history and literature. And I said this + +14 +00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:15,010 +before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people + +15 +00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:18,630 +only think that literature influences history, but + +16 +00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:22,990 +we here also examine how literature influences + +17 +00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:27,580 +life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a + +18 +00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:31,300 +way or another. We finished last time talking + +19 +00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,000 +about Middle English. We've seen how England + +20 +00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,740 +started to become the England we know now, how the + +21 +00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:41,420 +English language was developing, how English + +22 +00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:45,220 +literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey + +23 +00:01:45,220 --> 00:01:48,280 +Chaucer, how they were looking for the English + +24 +00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,300 +identity because they wanted to be special in a + +25 +00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:55,450 +way different from other European countries. Today + +26 +00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:59,410 +we move to speak about one of the major eras in + +27 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,210 +the history of English literature. It's the + +28 +00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:05,620 +Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many + +29 +00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,540 +things to speak about. But in general, the + +30 +00:02:08,540 --> 00:02:12,480 +subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The + +31 +00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,140 +Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and + +32 +00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:19,700 +see what the Renaissance means to England, to the + +33 +00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:22,440 +United Kingdom, and to English literature. And + +34 +00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,380 +then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet + +35 +00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:31,190 +as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can + +36 +00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:33,570 +see, it is said that the Renaissance started + +37 +00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,810 +earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England + +38 +00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:43,070 +followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th + +39 +00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,910 +century to the mid-17th century is considered the + +40 +00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,270 +Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means + +41 +00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:55,150 +renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's + +42 +00:02:55,150 --> 00:03:00,810 +New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English + +43 +00:03:00,810 --> 00:03:06,570 +texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the + +44 +00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:08,950 +Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they + +45 +00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:11,030 +say all good things about England, about the + +46 +00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:14,930 +United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear + +47 +00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:19,610 +and read all these important, fascinating + +48 +00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:22,730 +discoveries, inventions, and technological, + +49 +00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:27,340 +scientific advances. which all these are in a way + +50 +00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,280 +or another are true. But usually these books that + +51 +00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680 +speak about how England became England usually + +52 +00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,200 +forget something very important. Remember, England + +53 +00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,980 +became, you know, the British Empire, right? The + +54 +00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:47,940 +British Empire that controlled large areas around + +55 +00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:50,800 +the world. England became the most powerful + +56 +00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,300 +country in the world. London became not only the + +57 +00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,800 +capital of Britain, of England, but it became the + +58 +00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,380 +most important city in the world. What does that + +59 +00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,380 +mean? It means the English people in a way became + +60 +00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:10,460 +richer. They discovered new areas. They reached + +61 +00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:15,990 +different areas around the world. Again, however, + +62 +00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,110 +when we speak about this, when English books speak + +63 +00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:21,450 +about this, they usually forget two important + +64 +00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:25,150 +things. And I will focus on these things. In a + +65 +00:04:25,150 --> 00:04:27,070 +way, they are interchangeable. They are + +66 +00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:31,600 +imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and + +67 +00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,780 +colonialism. What does it mean? What is + +68 +00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,120 +imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me + +69 +00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,280 +someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have + +70 +00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:43,580 +you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial, + +71 +00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:50,480 +colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you + +72 +00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,180 +have any idea? + +73 +00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:55,120 +Yes. + +74 +00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:07,470 +OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part + +75 +00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:13,410 +of imperialism, the British Empire, where a + +76 +00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:17,030 +country generally controls another country, + +77 +00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:20,090 +politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera. + +78 +00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,630 +Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized + +79 +00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:29,660 +to occupy. When we speak about the British + +80 +00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:34,300 +colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts + +81 +00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:40,620 +of America, it becomes part of the British Empire, + +82 +00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:45,340 +not by right, but by force. So what happens in + +83 +00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,480 +colonialism is that the British Empire sends its + +84 +00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,580 +armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the + +85 +00:05:52,580 --> 00:05:55,560 +world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy, + +86 +00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:57,420 +what happens to this country? What happens to + +87 +00:05:57,420 --> 00:05:59,740 +Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to + +88 +00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:03,000 +India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the + +89 +00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,520 +British Empire takes all the good things, the raw + +90 +00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,380 +materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings + +91 +00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:13,140 +money. It brings riches to the English people in + +92 +00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,680 +England. But what happens to the natives? What + +93 +00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,420 +happens to the colonizers? It's something that + +94 +00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,980 +this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay + +95 +00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:24,120 +attention to this. It means colonialism means if + +96 +00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,540 +England was getting richer and richer, Africa and + +97 +00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:31,700 +Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means + +98 +00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,860 +oppression. It means the destruction of these + +99 +00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:37,580 +countries. It means that these countries are + +100 +00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:41,120 +massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions + +101 +00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,360 +and millions of people were massacred. Because of + +102 +00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:46,800 +the British Empire, countries even today as + +103 +00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,780 +Palestinians, we were for some time under the + +104 +00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,540 +British mandate of colonialism. And because of the + +105 +00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:57,640 +British Empire, we're still paying this heavy + +106 +00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:04,340 +price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists. + +107 +00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,320 +And we're still suffering now. Most of the + +108 +00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,860 +problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and + +109 +00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:15,380 +Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British + +110 +00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:18,810 +Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English + +111 +00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,690 +book praising again the advancements, the + +112 +00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:25,450 +achievements of the British Empire, don't always, + +113 +00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:28,490 +don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the + +114 +00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,610 +other people that colonized paid the heaviest + +115 +00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:33,610 +price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their + +116 +00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,890 +countries, their nations are destroyed for + +117 +00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,490 +centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we + +118 +00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:42,750 +still pay for this. So one interesting thing is + +119 +00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:45,270 +that these new worlds that were discovered are not + +120 +00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:48,430 +actually, in fact, new. Because look at America, + +121 +00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,310 +for example, the Native Americans. There were + +122 +00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:54,610 +Native Americans that the Europeans called Red + +123 +00:07:54,610 --> 00:07:56,310 +Indians because they thought they were discovering + +124 +00:07:56,310 --> 00:08:04,430 +India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is + +125 +00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:06,750 +mentioned here as an achievement, right? + +126 +00:08:07,410 --> 00:08:10,590 +Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started + +127 +00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,530 +migrating to America and made America. But this + +128 +00:08:15,530 --> 00:08:18,050 +doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions + +129 +00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,610 +were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally + +130 +00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:22,730 +destroyed and massacred. + +131 +00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:27,750 +their land and everything. They had their land, + +132 +00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:30,950 +their life, their futures, and everything. So + +133 +00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:32,990 +that's number one. So the Renaissance is + +134 +00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:36,350 +characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the + +135 +00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,010 +world. But we know these are not new, because + +136 +00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,670 +there were people already there. The lands + +137 +00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:44,670 +belonged to other people. And everything else + +138 +00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,950 +belonged to those people. So that's number one. + +139 +00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,770 +And then when we speak about religion during this + +140 +00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:54,800 +era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in + +141 +00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,740 +Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in + +142 +00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,240 +Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man + +143 +00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:09,700 +in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He + +144 +00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:13,160 +gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for + +145 +00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,300 +things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he + +146 +00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,700 +gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he + +147 +00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:24,640 +says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother + +148 +00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,320 +died, he succeeded him. He became the king of + +149 +00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,160 +England. He married his brother's wife. And he + +150 +00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,580 +didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said, + +151 +00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:38,340 +OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can + +152 +00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:43,100 +you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't. + +153 +00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,000 +It's for eternity. + +154 +00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:52,910 +Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what + +155 +00:09:52,910 --> 00:09:56,410 +should the king do here? Should he listen to the + +156 +00:09:56,410 --> 00:09:58,670 +Pope? Because England, again, remember England was + +157 +00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:01,910 +working very hard to be different, to gain its own + +158 +00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:05,730 +identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank + +159 +00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:10,150 +you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we + +160 +00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:12,530 +started something called the Church of England. + +161 +00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,100 +And who's the head of this church? The king. The + +162 +00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:21,240 +king became the most important man in England. He + +163 +00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,240 +was God's person, God's representative on earth. + +164 +00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:29,820 +Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again + +165 +00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:33,260 +about the Church of England. Religion was, in a + +166 +00:10:33,260 --> 00:10:36,280 +way, becoming different. And here we have, we can + +167 +00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,540 +speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and + +168 +00:10:38,540 --> 00:10:42,550 +Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a + +169 +00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:45,010 +Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the + +170 +00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:47,310 +word to protest because they were protesting some + +171 +00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:53,890 +teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is + +172 +00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,890 +important to our understanding of literature and + +173 +00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:02,290 +English history here because New ways of thinking + +174 +00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:04,650 +in terms of religion and God and man means new + +175 +00:11:04,650 --> 00:11:08,150 +thinking about life, about how to write, how you + +176 +00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,590 +understand life. Now, a very important point here + +177 +00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:17,370 +is what is called the great chain of being. Look + +178 +00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,770 +at this. + +179 +00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:27,110 +This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know + +180 +00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:29,730 +as the great chain of people, where people were + +181 +00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,250 +ranked according to their importance. God is the + +182 +00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:37,470 +creator, but here we have, who's here? The king. + +183 +00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:41,620 +The king of England. He became God's spokesperson, + +184 +00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:44,740 +the most important person, which means everything + +185 +00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:47,960 +the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey + +186 +00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,640 +the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash + +187 +00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,660 +the king. And then probably the royal family, the + +188 +00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:56,780 +church people, important people, rich people, et + +189 +00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:59,280 +cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor + +190 +00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,560 +people. And at the end, we have insects, animals, + +191 +00:12:02,980 --> 00:12:06,970 +and everything else. So man became important. But + +192 +00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:10,270 +who's the most important man? The king. He became + +193 +00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,290 +God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So + +194 +00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:17,530 +this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought, + +195 +00:12:17,930 --> 00:12:23,570 +three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas, + +196 +00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:26,210 +new thoughts about life, about man, about the + +197 +00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:28,430 +relationship between man and God and man and man. + +198 +00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:32,530 +Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a + +199 +00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,540 +Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with + +200 +00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:40,880 +this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism + +201 +00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,880 +is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man, + +202 +00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:48,400 +man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the + +203 +00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,000 +world. Man, not anything else, became the most + +204 +00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,100 +crucial person in the world. People started to + +205 +00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:59,140 +realize that man is not only because of his + +206 +00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:02,860 +intelligence, but also because of man's ability to + +207 +00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:06,760 +distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or + +208 +00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,040 +evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart. + +209 +00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,220 +Man is the center of the world, can control his + +210 +00:13:14,220 --> 00:13:17,240 +fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not + +211 +00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:21,700 +to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement, + +212 +00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,920 +this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of + +213 +00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:30,860 +the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as + +214 +00:13:30,860 --> 00:13:32,820 +the center of the world, as the most important + +215 +00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:35,700 +center figure in the world, more important than + +216 +00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,120 +any other creatures. In addition, it talks about + +217 +00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,480 +man's ability to change. to the better, to choose + +218 +00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,840 +the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we + +219 +00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,160 +speak about changes in politics, in economics, + +220 +00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,420 +intellectualism and life and religion and God, + +221 +00:13:55,040 --> 00:14:00,380 +necessarily there is what? Change in literature. + +222 +00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:05,260 +So whether literature is adapting, to include more + +223 +00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:08,780 +characters and more themes and more issues. Or + +224 +00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:13,820 +life is influencing literature. Or literature + +225 +00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,800 +influencing life is, again, a matter of + +226 +00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,520 +discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But + +227 +00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,840 +again, literature is so important that it also + +228 +00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,620 +makes a difference. It also creates a difference + +229 +00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,840 +and makes a difference. This is our major point. + +230 +00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:32,690 +Literature during the Renaissance And when we + +231 +00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:34,390 +speak about literature at that time, we speak + +232 +00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:37,330 +about the most important genre. Remember, so far, + +233 +00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:43,310 +we only have poetry and then some drama, the + +234 +00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,530 +miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in + +235 +00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,970 +the Middle Ages. And now drama became more + +236 +00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:54,210 +important because there were theaters and people + +237 +00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,050 +would go pay money to watch actors act on the + +238 +00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,680 +stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was + +239 +00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:07,740 +written also in verse. Here, it was written in + +240 +00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:11,200 +poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in + +241 +00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840 +poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry. + +242 +00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,480 +But the major difference between poetry and drama + +243 +00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:23,440 +is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs + +244 +00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,520 +in a way. But drama was written to be acted on + +245 +00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,390 +stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of + +246 +00:15:30,390 --> 00:15:33,850 +Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they + +247 +00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:37,450 +wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage. + +248 +00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,690 +This is important. That's why sometimes you love + +249 +00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:44,770 +the play more when you watch it. Because it comes + +250 +00:15:44,770 --> 00:15:47,870 +to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is + +251 +00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:55,110 +performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare, + +252 +00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:55,750 +Shakespeare. + +253 +00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:02,330 +What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great + +254 +00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:09,030 +writer. He wrote plays and poems. + +255 +00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,330 +What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the + +256 +00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,810 +impression you already have about Shakespeare? He + +257 +00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:18,130 +wrote 37 plays. + +258 +00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,440 +More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and + +259 +00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,980 +histories. There are other divisions, but we'll + +260 +00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:30,340 +come to this later on. What do you know about + +261 +00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:32,500 +Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and + +262 +00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,420 +Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The + +263 +00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:41,280 +most famous line in English history, in English + +264 +00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,800 +literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet. + +265 +00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,340 +From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know + +266 +00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:47,860 +about Shakespeare? + +267 +00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,240 +He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150 + +268 +00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:59,240 +sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a + +269 +00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:02,500 +sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for + +270 +00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:08,560 +the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay, + +271 +00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:13,720 +good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But + +272 +00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,160 +he moved to London because London... Remember, + +273 +00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,940 +London was the most important city in the world. + +274 +00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,560 +So he moved to London because London is the city + +275 +00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,640 +of culture, of literature, of politics, of + +276 +00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,580 +economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the + +277 +00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:33,920 +theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa + +278 +00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,860 +papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his + +279 +00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:45,620 +tragedies and then the people... Even the queen + +280 +00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,620 +would watch some of his plays. He has his own + +281 +00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:54,640 +theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a + +282 +00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,120 +little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now + +283 +00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,100 +Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the + +284 +00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,800 +age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got + +285 +00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,400 +married to a woman older than him. He had some + +286 +00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,480 +kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then + +287 +00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,130 +he moved to London because He wanted to act, he + +288 +00:18:12,130 --> 00:18:14,470 +wanted to do something, to write literature, to be + +289 +00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:18,170 +part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it + +290 +00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810 +is said that he went to a grammar school where he + +291 +00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:25,850 +learned some grammar, language, probably he read + +292 +00:18:25,850 --> 00:18:29,710 +something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek + +293 +00:18:29,710 --> 00:18:35,160 +literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he + +294 +00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,060 +didn't go to university, he didn't go to college, + +295 +00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,760 +so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent + +296 +00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:44,000 +him to university to learn. And this is something + +297 +00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,540 +we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his + +298 +00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:53,900 +37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most + +299 +00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:58,430 +important people throughout history. He's + +300 +00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:00,430 +important. He's everywhere. His books were + +301 +00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090 +translated. His plays were translated into almost + +302 +00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450 +every language around the world. Everybody knows + +303 +00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270 +Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare. + +304 +00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710 +Whatever you want to talk about, you find + +305 +00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650 +Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare. + +306 +00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650 +Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use + +307 +00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970 +Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not + +308 +00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250 +only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only + +309 +00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390 +about his stories. His stories are amazing. + +310 +00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:25,010 +Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people, + +311 +00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910 +the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare, + +312 +00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:33,370 +the stories are usually taken from some book he + +313 +00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:36,070 +read. But it's the language, it's the depiction, + +314 +00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:39,810 +it's bringing the people and bringing the events + +315 +00:19:39,810 --> 00:19:44,010 +alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400 + +316 +00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490 +years later, and we feel that he belongs to this + +317 +00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910 +age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life + +318 +00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,390 +today, the way he talks to us, the way he + +319 +00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430 +discusses his issues, the concerns, his + +320 +00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,570 +characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see + +321 +00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:07,730 +Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about + +322 +00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:10,390 +Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most + +323 +00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890 +important figure in world literature is important + +324 +00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,790 +because that's why we're studying Shakespeare + +325 +00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750 +here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all + +326 +00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890 +times and all places. As students of the English + +327 +00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,950 +department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I + +328 +00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,310 +know some of you might have a bad impression about + +329 +00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:32,590 +Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't. + +330 +00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190 +Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any + +331 +00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690 +topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship, + +332 +00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290 +sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers, + +333 +00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750 +writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look + +334 +00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430 +up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy, + +335 +00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530 +you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about + +336 +00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330 +everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to + +337 +00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450 +look for information about the relationships, + +338 +00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710 +Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is + +339 +00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870 +there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know. + +340 +00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450 +Like there are references to the planets, to the + +341 +00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180 +stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching, + +342 +00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780 +to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how + +343 +00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580 +learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some + +344 +00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000 +people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside + +345 +00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640 +London who only went to a grammar school be this + +346 +00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,690 +knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this + +347 +00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310 +conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not + +348 +00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430 +Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have + +349 +00:21:41,430 --> 00:21:47,410 +37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's + +350 +00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830 +translated to almost every main language around + +351 +00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750 +the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly + +352 +00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690 +experimenting. Because literature, for example, + +353 +00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750 +the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from + +354 +00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,300 +Italy. But he changed something. He added + +355 +00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,740 +something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and + +356 +00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860 +he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man + +357 +00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800 +himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way, + +358 +00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,860 +one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no, + +359 +00:22:14,940 --> 00:22:18,400 +this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another + +360 +00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020 +picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi + +361 +00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560 +of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an + +362 +00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480 +Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because + +363 +00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:41,020 +Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is + +364 +00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280 +Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair. + +365 +00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660 +Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the + +366 +00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100 +language and be this? efficient this professional + +367 +00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810 +this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable, + +368 +00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270 +unlikely. But it's interesting that people around + +369 +00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270 +the world want to claim Shakespeare for + +370 +00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150 +themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't + +371 +00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:14,670 +Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because + +372 +00:23:14,670 --> 00:23:17,810 +we don't know much about his life. Some claim that + +373 +00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770 +a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim + +374 +00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310 +Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe. + +375 +00:23:24,030 --> 00:23:26,010 +Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because + +376 +00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,830 +Christopher Marlowe died young, and he + +377 +00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860 +disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't + +378 +00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800 +die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another + +379 +00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100 +people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford. + +380 +00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360 +This theory is interesting. Those people, it's + +381 +00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960 +called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's + +382 +00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680 +a very famous university. Of course. So they claim + +383 +00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860 +that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford. + +384 +00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:59,630 +that there's no way only a grammar school boy + +385 +00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,790 +could write this. It has to be someone who went to + +386 +00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570 +university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a + +387 +00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670 +great background, a noble person with knowledge + +388 +00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340 +and experience. This is interesting. Some people + +389 +00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720 +support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has + +390 +00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140 +some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows + +391 +00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400 +arrogance because they believe that only important + +392 +00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960 +people, royal family, elite people, educated + +393 +00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240 +people can produce this amazing literature. See + +394 +00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340 +this? Okay? And some people even believe that + +395 +00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160 +Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if + +396 +00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070 +not the King James himself. I don't know. But some + +397 +00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290 +people in their reality did not want to be + +398 +00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730 +attached with producing plays because this, in a + +399 +00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350 +way, belongs to other people. And another + +400 +00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690 +interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there + +401 +00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210 +was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years + +402 +00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250 +ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish + +403 +00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490 +woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a + +404 +00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820 +Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many + +405 +00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220 +people want to claim Shakespeare for them. + +406 +00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380 +Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a + +407 +00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300 +discussion with this interesting guy who believed + +408 +00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480 +that Shakespeare could probably be a group of + +409 +00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560 +people. Because again, there is profound knowledge + +410 +00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700 +about the universe, the stars, the planets, + +411 +00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180 +peoples, histories, other cultures, language, + +412 +00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290 +chemistry, science, everything. So probably a + +413 +00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970 +group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing + +414 +00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330 +language skills put this together. We don't know. + +415 +00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430 +We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here, + +416 +00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410 +we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him + +417 +00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780 +as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more + +418 +00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740 +important than Shakespeare and his life and what + +419 +00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120 +he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you + +420 +00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840 +very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's + +421 +00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790 +funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this + +422 +00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370 +play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that + +423 +00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710 +we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by + +424 +00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670 +someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So + +425 +00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550 +if the author changes, if somebody realizes that + +426 +00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890 +Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from + +427 +00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630 +Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who + +428 +00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030 +left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went + +429 +00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070 +to England and became the most famous person in + +430 +00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790 +England, Still, the text is more important. It's + +431 +00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970 +interesting to know something about the life of + +432 +00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770 +this person. Now, let's study in brief again + +433 +00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630 +Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important + +434 +00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890 +play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet. + +435 +00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670 +See the character map here. Or probably before we + +436 +00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390 +do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we + +437 +00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350 +agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around + +438 +00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370 +the world. Now look at this interesting critic who + +439 +00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770 +said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again, + +440 +00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770 +this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone + +441 +00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610 +the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again, + +442 +00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290 +indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of + +443 +00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370 +the day, someone somewhere around the world is + +444 +00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730 +talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying + +445 +00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930 +Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet, + +446 +00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010 +quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet, + +447 +00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650 +writing about Hamlet, answering questions about + +448 +00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970 +Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I + +449 +00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570 +don't know, anything, like so many things. And + +450 +00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030 +here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged + +451 +00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250 +and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're + +452 +00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570 +studying Shakespeare because of how significant + +453 +00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570 +this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he + +454 +00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730 +belongs to every time and every place. + +455 +00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170 +Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has + +456 +00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370 +modern thoughts + +457 +00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810 +and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we + +458 +00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430 +can relate to. His problems are problems of today + +459 +00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410 +and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also + +460 +00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030 +an individual. When we read Hamlet, the + +461 +00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650 +relationship between him and his dad, his uncle, + +462 +00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610 +his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies, + +463 +00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090 +everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us. + +464 +00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890 +And that's why many people identify with Hamlet. + +465 +00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670 +Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's + +466 +00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010 +interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet. + +467 +00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750 +Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take + +468 +00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830 +Hamlet and make the character You know, like a + +469 +00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670 +black African or in China, Chinese man. And there + +470 +00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390 +is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name, + +471 +00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370 +where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century + +472 +00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510 +businessman from New York. But again, he has to + +473 +00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270 +come face to face with all these problems of the + +474 +00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470 +modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man + +475 +00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530 +who goes to university, University of Wittenberg. + +476 +00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680 +By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The + +477 +00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180 +story could have happened in a way or another, but + +478 +00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260 +Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a + +479 +00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440 +prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed + +480 +00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800 +to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news + +481 +00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560 +that his father died, passed away. He comes back + +482 +00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300 +sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle + +483 +00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070 +becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his + +484 +00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010 +father. His uncle becomes the king. And his + +485 +00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890 +mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It + +486 +00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050 +wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is + +487 +00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150 +the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can + +488 +00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310 +say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the + +489 +00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950 +pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a + +490 +00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390 +sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's + +491 +00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800 +a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a + +492 +00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680 +university student. As we don't believe in ghosts, + +493 +00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160 +do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he, + +494 +00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680 +because he was desperate, he goes out with his + +495 +00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080 +friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face + +496 +00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640 +with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him + +497 +00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060 +alone and he tells them, I was killed by your + +498 +00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500 +uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And + +499 +00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520 +Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's + +500 +00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260 +something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king. + +501 +00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780 +To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a + +502 +00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160 +modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes + +503 +00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740 +to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way + +504 +00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820 +belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who + +505 +00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560 +kills you, in modern life, you go to court now. + +506 +00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340 +You go to court. You go to the police or whatever + +507 +00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640 +represents the police here. So what happens is + +508 +00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300 +that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and + +509 +00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600 +hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he + +510 +00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300 +kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or + +511 +00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600 +is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But + +512 +00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310 +Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes + +513 +00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170 +tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in + +514 +00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450 +love. They're a really cool couple. But because + +515 +00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670 +the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents, + +516 +00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630 +by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father. + +517 +00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150 +So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for + +518 +00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010 +Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How + +519 +00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170 +much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her + +520 +00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670 +parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And + +521 +00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830 +Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills + +522 +00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150 +Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king, + +523 +00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050 +was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him. + +524 +00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550 +Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out. + +525 +00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290 +Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And + +526 +00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710 +then she kills herself or dies accidentally. + +527 +00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270 +Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries + +528 +00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410 +to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel. + +529 +00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610 +Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to + +530 +00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070 +be or not to be. That is the question. Because + +531 +00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270 +Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old + +532 +00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350 +age, or should I belong to the modern age? What + +533 +00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210 +should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill + +534 +00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930 +the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king + +535 +00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690 +is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this. + +536 +00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620 +To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I + +537 +00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960 +just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy + +538 +00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680 +is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be? + +539 +00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700 +That is the question. And then they agree on a + +540 +00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820 +duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or + +541 +00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040 +dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I + +542 +00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960 +steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land + +543 +00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560 +back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the + +544 +00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380 +land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I + +545 +00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540 +kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now, + +546 +00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330 +Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the + +547 +00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690 +king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's + +548 +00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610 +uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet. + +549 +00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310 +He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's + +550 +00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050 +sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a + +551 +00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970 +glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison + +552 +00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810 +inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting, + +553 +00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670 +heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts + +554 +00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290 +Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and + +555 +00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350 +stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes + +556 +00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790 +he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead. + +557 +00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580 +The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During + +558 +00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480 +this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother + +559 +00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760 +wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared + +560 +00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320 +for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for + +561 +00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380 +the first time, she decides to disobey him. + +562 +00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100 +It's interesting how she proves herself, but when + +563 +00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260 +she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no, + +564 +00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940 +I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the + +565 +00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030 +poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that + +566 +00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470 +story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle. + +567 +00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470 +He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no + +568 +00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950 +to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet + +569 +00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030 +dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies. + +570 +00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490 +Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main + +571 +00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490 +characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy. + +572 +00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730 +It's a tragedy where all the main characters die. + +573 +00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570 +However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future. + +574 +00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850 +His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet + +575 +00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390 +tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a + +576 +00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670 +novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new + +577 +00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250 +king is crowned. + +578 +00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720 +And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy. + +579 +00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040 +But if you think this is cool, the story, you need + +580 +00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280 +to read the language. Really beautiful. Really + +581 +00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040 +amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on + +582 +00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280 +Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here + +583 +00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380 +is to be or not to be. So this is the character + +584 +00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660 +map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the + +585 +00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210 +ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So + +586 +00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010 +why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person. + +587 +00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570 +When I don't use inverted commas, it means the + +588 +00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470 +character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns, + +589 +00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950 +love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood, + +590 +00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870 +friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the + +591 +00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050 +old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the + +592 +00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020 +old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many + +593 +00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140 +until this very day identify with him. When you + +594 +00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660 +read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He + +595 +00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380 +looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could + +596 +00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500 +be like a Palestinian young man living under + +597 +00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080 +occupation with the society, the rules, and the + +598 +00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740 +siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy + +599 +00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580 +because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So + +600 +00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420 +sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is + +601 +00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280 +the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy, + +602 +00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380 +basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy? + +603 +00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660 +You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo, + +604 +00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960 +soliloquy. + +605 +00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400 +Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk + +606 +00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980 +to myself. + +607 +00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360 +Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical + +608 +00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300 +device from drama, dramatical device where one of + +609 +00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040 +the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the + +610 +00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400 +main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on + +611 +00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920 +the stage. + +612 +00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460 +On the stage. What does he do? He talks to + +613 +00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600 +himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm + +614 +00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380 +sure some of you are talking to But here, because + +615 +00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220 +this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the + +616 +00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160 +audience, the people in the audience are very + +617 +00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920 +important, they are part of the drama. So in a + +618 +00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260 +way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner + +619 +00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480 +conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he + +620 +00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620 +doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes + +621 +00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660 +it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't + +622 +00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840 +move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this + +623 +00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000 +is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be, + +624 +00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300 +that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the + +625 +00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560 +mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous + +626 +00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920 +fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble, + +627 +00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780 +and by opposing in them to die, to sleep, + +628 +00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300 +When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or + +629 +00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040 +seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience + +630 +00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160 +directly. What does that indicate? What does that + +631 +00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980 +mean? How important is the soliloquy for the + +632 +00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480 +audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's + +633 +00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880 +assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the + +634 +00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280 +stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just + +635 +00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600 +talking with other people before, I come closer in + +636 +00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680 +a way to the audience and I speak to the people + +637 +00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060 +next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What + +638 +00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320 +does this make the people I come closer to feel? + +639 +00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760 +How does it feel to them? + +640 +00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590 +Very good. So they will know, try to understand + +641 +00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850 +the struggle and probably they will feel some of + +642 +00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370 +this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you, + +643 +00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130 +he becomes your friend, it's like someone + +644 +00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230 +whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets, + +645 +00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170 +his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us + +646 +00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240 +secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust + +647 +00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600 +us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for + +648 +00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300 +them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it + +649 +00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120 +makes the audience part of the play. It attracts + +650 +00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960 +the audience. And the audience, the people, they + +651 +00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320 +identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God, + +652 +00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960 +this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns + +653 +00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880 +or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have + +654 +00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920 +soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In + +655 +00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960 +Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies. + +656 +00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060 +There's another thing to talk about here. It's an + +657 +00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620 +aside. + +658 +00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600 +We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so + +659 +00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060 +again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device + +660 +00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260 +when the actor is all alone on stage and directs, + +661 +00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010 +in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is + +662 +00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490 +the importance of the soliloquy? To share + +663 +00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110 +feelings, to attract the audience, to make them + +664 +00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010 +grab attention, make them identify with you, feel, + +665 +00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790 +understand? Now the aside is also a literary + +666 +00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870 +device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is + +667 +00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980 +usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the + +668 +00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580 +soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the + +669 +00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380 +actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there + +670 +00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260 +are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are + +671 +00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100 +other actors. What happens here is that in + +672 +00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060 +Anasite, there are other people here, and the + +673 +00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280 +character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to + +674 +00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500 +someone here, he does this, and he says something. + +675 +00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690 +Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a + +676 +00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630 +soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor + +677 +00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070 +is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and + +678 +00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750 +there are other actors on the stage who are not + +679 +00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830 +supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay, + +680 +00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130 +I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or + +681 +00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750 +something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to + +682 +00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650 +the audience, but not to the other characters. The + +683 +00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550 +significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy + +684 +00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390 +is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that + +685 +00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650 +is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind + +686 +00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070 +to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous + +687 +00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270 +fortune, + +688 +00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080 +or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and + +689 +00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940 +bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The + +690 +00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520 +most important line or verse in English + +691 +00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120 +literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside. + +692 +00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820 +And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's + +693 +00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480 +The Globe. + +694 +00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740 +I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look + +695 +00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930 +here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And + +696 +00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190 +these are the people near the stage that can talk + +697 +00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650 +to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more + +698 +00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690 +money, and you sit here above. Here, you're + +699 +00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930 +usually standing. This is not the globe itself, + +700 +00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010 +but something similar to it. So this is the stage. + +701 +00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310 +People are very close. So the soliloquy is + +702 +00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110 +significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But + +703 +00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690 +if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked + +704 +00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310 +down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And + +705 +00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090 +finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous + +706 +00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910 +picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And + +707 +00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310 +this is the picture that recently has been + +708 +00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770 +recently discovered, where people say this is the + +709 +00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950 +real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare? + +710 +00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730 +Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish + +711 +00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600 +woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not + +712 +00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980 +sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we + +713 +00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280 +don't care. All we care is about the texts, the + +714 +00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020 +plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll + +715 +00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760 +stop here. If you have questions, please do ask. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f366244bcc3f8c1f1c6cf5df029905bb3fa4134c --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2828 @@ +1 +00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:23,340 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English + +2 +00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,800 +literature class at the Islamic University English + +3 +00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,580 +department. As you all know part of your class + +4 +00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,920 +assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic, + +5 +00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,020 +an issue, a literary issue of your own choice. + +6 +00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,980 +Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an + +7 +00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,600 +interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's + +8 +00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,440 +spend some quality time enjoying this + +9 +00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,580 +presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start + +10 +00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:58,710 +talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of + +11 +00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:01,130 +George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the + +12 +00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:06,130 +picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and + +13 +00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:13,030 +she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real + +14 +00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:17,450 +name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she + +15 +00:01:17,450 --> 00:01:22,050 +changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work + +16 +00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,770 +would be noticed, because in the Victorian age, + +17 +00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:31,150 +the male gender role was more significant. + +18 +00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:37,510 +I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet + +19 +00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:40,490 +Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her + +20 +00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:43,210 +love, and she's talking about their love story. + +21 +00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:49,570 +The explanation of the title is when considering + +22 +00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,270 +love, most sweet things happen in relations, but + +23 +00:01:52,270 --> 00:01:55,470 +they will eventually fade. Things in a + +24 +00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:58,730 +relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the + +25 +00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:02,350 +end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It + +26 +00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:04,010 +doesn't stay the same for a while. + +27 +00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:10,650 +That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then + +28 +00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:14,770 +I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She + +29 +00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:17,310 +started in Spanish words, then she turned into... + +30 +00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:19,290 +You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it. + +31 +00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:24,250 +Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche + +32 +00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:30,790 +viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás + +33 +00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:36,490 +más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the + +34 +00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,430 +English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They + +35 +00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:44,410 +come and went for your. This evening of our life + +36 +00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:46,330 +love shall go and come no more. + +37 +00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:52,110 +When we have passed away, love, all things will + +38 +00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,010 +keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love, + +39 +00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:00,410 +with ours will be the same. The daisies will be + +40 +00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:04,630 +there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I + +41 +00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:08,310 +shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands + +42 +00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:12,050 +in thine. A better time will come, love, and + +43 +00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:15,230 +better souls be born. I would not be the best, + +44 +00:03:15,510 --> 00:03:19,350 +love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read, + +45 +00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:22,770 +please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish, + +46 +00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:26,930 +please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet + +47 +00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:29,690 +evenings come and go. They come in an advent of + +48 +00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,650 +pure. This evening our life's love shall go and + +49 +00:03:32,650 --> 00:03:36,530 +come no more. When we have passed away, love, all + +50 +00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,510 +things will keep their name. But yet no life on + +51 +00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:43,870 +earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days + +52 +00:03:43,870 --> 00:03:46,990 +will be their love, the stars in heaven will + +53 +00:03:46,990 --> 00:03:51,650 +shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw + +54 +00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:55,350 +my hand in kind. A better time will come, love, + +55 +00:03:55,570 --> 00:03:58,550 +and better souls depart. I would not be the best + +56 +00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,350 +love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear, + +57 +00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:07,810 +I want to just say this word means for a long + +58 +00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:13,550 +time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also, + +59 +00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:20,630 +This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right? + +60 +00:04:21,230 --> 00:04:24,730 +Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone. + +61 +00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:33,930 +Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is + +62 +00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,950 +the Spanish part. It's translated into English. + +63 +00:04:37,330 --> 00:04:40,750 +The good night is coming. The good night goes away + +64 +00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:46,680 +and will go and we will not be back anymore. This + +65 +00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,200 +is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is + +66 +00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,700 +expressing to her love that their love has to end. + +67 +00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:58,940 +It has to become, it has to end for some time. + +68 +00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,540 +She's really attached to him, she loves him very + +69 +00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,740 +much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks + +70 +00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:12,460 +that she needs time to, in their future, it's best + +71 +00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:13,320 +for them to be apart. + +72 +00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,800 +The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means + +73 +00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,120 +that good things will last forever. The second + +74 +00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,560 +line talks about that the stars in heaven will + +75 +00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,000 +shine. She's saying that there's something in our + +76 +00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,200 +relationship that will always rise, that will + +77 +00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,480 +always be remembered, that will never be + +78 +00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:34,860 +forgotten. + +79 +00:05:38,490 --> 00:05:42,630 +Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that + +80 +00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:47,050 +they would never wish to be back together, but + +81 +00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,590 +they're looking forward to be in a relationship + +82 +00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:52,010 +with other people, with another person. She would + +83 +00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,190 +go with another person, but she's saying that it + +84 +00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:57,390 +would never be the same with their relationship. + +85 +00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:03,770 +Also, she's saying that they won't want what they + +86 +00:06:03,770 --> 00:06:06,730 +had, but they will value the moments that they + +87 +00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:11,190 +share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's + +88 +00:06:11,190 --> 00:06:13,350 +talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings + +89 +00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,710 +they had together, the meetings, the nights they + +90 +00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:20,630 +spent together. She's saying that they will never + +91 +00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,770 +be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings + +92 +00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:26,930 +were less. They had less connections between each + +93 +00:06:26,930 --> 00:06:29,190 +other. They sat together, but with less + +94 +00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:31,610 +connections. Okay. + +95 +00:06:35,900 --> 00:06:39,060 +Here she's saying that the young love was awesome, + +96 +00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:42,900 +but when they grew older, their love grew with + +97 +00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:44,960 +them. They had difficult times, they had difficult + +98 +00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:45,400 +problems. + +99 +00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:51,230 +And she's saying here that better times will come. + +100 +00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:54,370 +She will go with another person. She will meet + +101 +00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:57,810 +other people, but her love will never be the same, + +102 +00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,750 +and she will have a bad time being alone without + +103 +00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:04,890 +him. But she's saying that she has to go see a + +104 +00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:07,990 +new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now + +105 +00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:13,550 +I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay, + +106 +00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:17,970 +here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem? + +107 +00:07:19,140 --> 00:07:19,680 +The mood. + +108 +00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:26,540 +Mood, memories, okay. + +109 +00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:32,900 +Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they + +110 +00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:36,680 +spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels + +111 +00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,640 +lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a + +112 +00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560 +personification in these lines. Can someone get it + +113 +00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,010 +out? Personification. + +114 +00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:57,950 +Yeah, that is one, but there's another one. + +115 +00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:14,440 +Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The + +116 +00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,600 +souls that are not born, they live in us. They + +117 +00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,720 +don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme + +118 +00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,100 +scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme. + +119 +00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,700 +Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to + +120 +00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:36,560 +come out here? A, B, C, D. + +121 +00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,300 +Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the + +122 +00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,660 +English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C, + +123 +00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:56,600 +D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you + +124 +00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,780 +can start over again with every new standard. + +125 +00:08:58,780 --> 00:09:02,780 +Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A, + +126 +00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,920 +B. I did it a different way. + +127 +00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:13,870 +My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a + +128 +00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,810 +long poem, start over every stanza. Because we + +129 +00:09:16,810 --> 00:09:18,810 +don't have a hundred English letters, because + +130 +00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,690 +there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So + +131 +00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:24,670 +with every stanza, especially when there is a + +132 +00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,290 +clear break in the stanza, you can start over to + +133 +00:09:27,290 --> 00:09:30,930 +make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A, + +134 +00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:37,550 +B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The + +135 +00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:41,990 +poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about + +136 +00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:44,630 +the relationship, but the other stands that she's + +137 +00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:48,340 +saying that she has to move on. Let me read it, + +138 +00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,900 +okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts + +139 +00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:55,080 +appear in line four. She started her poem by + +140 +00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:57,880 +saying that she has to move on and these things, + +141 +00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:01,440 +but then she tells their love that their love + +142 +00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,340 +shall not continue. She goes on to tell the + +143 +00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:06,560 +positive things. She talks about the positive + +144 +00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:09,380 +things they did in their relationship. Also in + +145 +00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:13,280 +line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood, + +146 +00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,740 +but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be + +147 +00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:19,300 +left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the + +148 +00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,200 +rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E, + +149 +00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,840 +D. But if you have like a hundred lines here, + +150 +00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,440 +where would you go? There is a solution for this, + +151 +00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:33,060 +but if you have to go for each + +152 +00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,500 +Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent + +153 +00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,900 +presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very + +154 +00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000 +proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You + +155 +00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,440 +discussed interesting issues, especially that a + +156 +00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,560 +woman had to choose a man's name so that he can + +157 +00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,160 +publish. What does that tell about the society and + +158 +00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,360 +about publications and the canon and the + +159 +00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:14,190 +mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I + +160 +00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,450 +told you you have five maximum seven minutes + +161 +00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:18,610 +because we have so many students we can't you know + +162 +00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:21,490 +okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the + +163 +00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:24,270 +class in the future we can give you more and more + +164 +00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,410 +time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text + +165 +00:11:27,410 --> 00:11:29,690 +if you want to discuss a text just one issue one + +166 +00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:33,030 +thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20 + +167 +00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,900 +minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in + +168 +00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,220 +this text, and how it reflects the author of the + +169 +00:11:40,220 --> 00:11:44,900 +theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female + +170 +00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:49,700 +text, rather than, because all the poems we read + +171 +00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,360 +so far here, the extracts, were written by men. + +172 +00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:56,550 +But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does + +173 +00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,470 +this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in + +174 +00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:01,590 +the text, the female poet is doing in the text to + +175 +00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,370 +break the rules determined by man, to break all + +176 +00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:09,190 +these rules imposed on people, especially on women + +177 +00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:14,250 +by male critics? I think we can trace some of + +178 +00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:18,510 +this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme. + +179 +00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,430 +The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates + +180 +00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:29,270 +that she wants to break away with the rules of + +181 +00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,930 +decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your, + +182 +00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:39,550 +love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then + +183 +00:12:39,550 --> 00:12:41,450 +there's something new. We've never seen this + +184 +00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:43,790 +before. The fact that + +185 +00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:50,350 +times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's + +186 +00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,390 +repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's + +187 +00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:56,890 +talking to, addressing love in her particular way. + +188 +00:12:57,210 --> 00:12:59,570 +But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you + +189 +00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:02,850 +repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like + +190 +00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,650 +seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In + +191 +00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:08,610 +Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical + +192 +00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:12,510 +Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion, + +193 +00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,550 +she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's + +194 +00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:18,350 +writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way + +195 +00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:21,450 +she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is + +196 +00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:25,890 +really interesting. Thank you. My last point is + +197 +00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:28,430 +that try when you do a presentation in the future, + +198 +00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,750 +go for official slides like white, black text, + +199 +00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:38,470 +white background, black text. Try not to crowd + +200 +00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:42,210 +your slide with a lot of information and colors + +201 +00:13:42,210 --> 00:13:44,790 +and everything. This is the rule that says seven + +202 +00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,810 +by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I + +203 +00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:49,970 +don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a + +204 +00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:53,170 +teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to + +205 +00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:55,910 +the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better + +206 +00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:57,690 +for you and for your audience to + +207 +00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,840 +And again, thank you for engaging your classmates, + +208 +00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,220 +your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go + +209 +00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:13,560 +back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting + +210 +00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,480 +thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most + +211 +00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,720 +interesting topics so far because we discussed for + +212 +00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,640 +the first time women writers, authors. + +213 +00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,480 +We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the + +214 +00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,340 +people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is + +215 +00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,800 +significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What + +216 +00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:50,700 +is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to + +217 +00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,580 +speak, they were the mothers of the English novel. + +218 +00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,120 +In a way, they started the English novel. They + +219 +00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,340 +started the first steps of the English novel. What + +220 +00:14:58,340 --> 00:15:01,750 +else? What else did they do to literature, to + +221 +00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:03,850 +English, to women, to feminism, to the movement? + +222 +00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:09,830 +Mary talked about the rights of women. She + +223 +00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:14,740 +discussed the idea of rape being against men. So + +224 +00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:18,340 +they were spokeswomen for all the women in the + +225 +00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:22,580 +world. They spoke about men's violence against + +226 +00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:25,820 +women in the society. They exposed the vices of + +227 +00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:28,980 +men, especially the violence and discrimination + +228 +00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:33,680 +against women. And they said that her writings + +229 +00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,580 +were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When + +230 +00:15:36,580 --> 00:15:40,460 +you read literature books, sometimes you'll find + +231 +00:15:40,460 --> 00:15:43,880 +people describing especially Mary mainly as + +232 +00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,040 +scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But + +233 +00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:50,640 +always remember, always go a step or two back. + +234 +00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:53,140 +When you read something in a book, don't take it + +235 +00:15:53,140 --> 00:15:57,360 +for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this? + +236 +00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,480 +Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then + +237 +00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:05,900 +we realize here that critics of that time most of + +238 +00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:09,520 +the time are generally men. So this is a man + +239 +00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,140 +judging a woman. And generally there will be some + +240 +00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,740 +kind of discrimination against women only for + +241 +00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:23,560 +being So these were daring, brave women, brave + +242 +00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,380 +writers because they wanted to speak for the women + +243 +00:16:27,380 --> 00:16:29,440 +in their communities. And that's why Virginia + +244 +00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600 +Woolf later on praised them, especially she + +245 +00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,540 +praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something + +246 +00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,960 +like, all the women in the world should put roses + +247 +00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,670 +on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it + +248 +00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:45,430 +is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and + +249 +00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:48,770 +hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan + +250 +00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730 +Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel + +251 +00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:58,250 +Defoe as the father of the English novel. The + +252 +00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:02,770 +first real novel is classically, we don't + +253 +00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:06,050 +necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's + +254 +00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:09,310 +Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe. + +255 +00:17:12,260 --> 00:17:17,540 +Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe + +256 +00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,600 +himself was a journalist. He started his life as a + +257 +00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,280 +journalist. And this influenced the way he write, + +258 +00:17:22,380 --> 00:17:27,900 +of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a + +259 +00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700 +man, an English person, who wanted to get richer, + +260 +00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:41,590 +to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that + +261 +00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:45,070 +time, the easiest way for any person to change his + +262 +00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:50,130 +life is to go out to travel to the new world, to + +263 +00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:54,090 +the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being + +264 +00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:58,410 +developed here in a way or another. So his parents + +265 +00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,710 +were not okay with this because they represent the + +266 +00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:04,010 +older generation and he's the younger generation, + +267 +00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:09,670 +adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen + +268 +00:18:09,670 --> 00:18:13,430 +to them. He goes with some people to work on a + +269 +00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,330 +ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World. + +270 +00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:22,790 +On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed + +271 +00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:28,870 +by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson + +272 +00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100 +himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this + +273 +00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560 +rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a + +274 +00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300 +movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on + +275 +00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,600 +a desert island in the middle of the sea where + +276 +00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:52,850 +there are no people there. no society, no + +277 +00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,330 +community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get + +278 +00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:58,930 +out as soon as possible, people come and save him, + +279 +00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,130 +rescue him, and then he was... he passed through + +280 +00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150 +so many stages of hope and despair, belief and + +281 +00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170 +disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30 + +282 +00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:14,140 +years on the island that's really tough being + +283 +00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:18,620 +alone cut out isolated but because this is the + +284 +00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280 +white christian european english man he always has + +285 +00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740 +the ability to do what to create a civilization + +286 +00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240 +and that's that's one theme here it's the power of + +287 +00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230 +the white man how a European person, how an + +288 +00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990 +English person can go anywhere in the world and be + +289 +00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430 +the master and control. And he indeed begins his + +290 +00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250 +own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I + +291 +00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450 +am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my + +292 +00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930 +island. Similar to what we had before in The + +293 +00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510 +Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island. + +294 +00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:53,190 +It's not his island. But a white man has always + +295 +00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370 +been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he + +296 +00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340 +doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island + +297 +00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200 +he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was + +298 +00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180 +terrified because he met some cannibals. You know + +299 +00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780 +what a cannibal is? People who + +300 +00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330 +eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat + +301 +00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630 +human flesh was terrified because at the beginning + +302 +00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770 +he saw one footprint not two not three just one + +303 +00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570 +and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw + +304 +00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350 +a group of people and he saved a person he was + +305 +00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130 +about to be eaten he saved him physically + +306 +00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510 +literally and of course metaphorically he named + +307 +00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910 +him friday Very funny name. No offense for people + +308 +00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410 +whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny + +309 +00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250 +because this is in a way in English at least in + +310 +00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470 +Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't + +311 +00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190 +know many people. We have May. You know, some + +312 +00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830 +people named May after May, the month, but not + +313 +00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790 +after the days. And the funny thing is that when + +314 +00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930 +he goes back to England after years, he realizes + +315 +00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170 +that when he was keeping record of the days and + +316 +00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610 +the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably + +317 +00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790 +he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or + +318 +00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910 +whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have + +319 +00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050 +Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other + +320 +00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450 +character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly + +321 +00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270 +is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is? + +322 +00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050 +The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very, + +323 +00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410 +listen, a very interesting community here. + +324 +00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630 +Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him. + +325 +00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270 +It's like property. Because he isn't, he's + +326 +00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890 +inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not + +327 +00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330 +Christian, he's not English, so he controls him. + +328 +00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410 +He tries to cure his religion + +329 +00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690 +because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to + +330 +00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900 +civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because + +331 +00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600 +it's taken for granted that the English way of + +332 +00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700 +life is the best English, the best way in life. + +333 +00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780 +Now this relationship between Robinson and the + +334 +00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920 +parrot and Robinson and Friday is very + +335 +00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420 +interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always + +336 +00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580 +like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen + +337 +00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710 +to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird + +338 +00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730 +that repeats what you say is interesting because + +339 +00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030 +the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But + +340 +00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550 +the bird is someone who only parrots because + +341 +00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250 +parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to + +342 +00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770 +repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is + +343 +00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190 +significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master, + +344 +00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230 +as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist, + +345 +00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540 +as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He + +346 +00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160 +wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He + +347 +00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020 +wanted people just to repeat what he says word for + +348 +00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480 +word. In my understanding here of the novel, + +349 +00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500 +I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go + +350 +00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280 +back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly, + +351 +00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240 +I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's + +352 +00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640 +number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna. + +353 +00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780 +The most significant thing here for me is that + +354 +00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540 +when Friday speaks, although he was cured and + +355 +00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480 +civilized by the master, his English was still + +356 +00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900 +broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He + +357 +00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820 +can't understand that man can have the irregular + +358 +00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260 +plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this. + +359 +00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820 +So he says man. + +360 +00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230 +He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally. + +361 +00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030 +He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me, + +362 +00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970 +like always in the object. He can't be a subject. + +363 +00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930 +He can't be the person who does things. He only + +364 +00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870 +follows, et cetera. However, very, very + +365 +00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890 +interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot, + +366 +00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310 +When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost + +367 +00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790 +Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed + +368 +00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810 +that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we + +369 +00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270 +generally don't use. I have been ranting for life + +370 +00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970 +for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past + +371 +00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640 +perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But + +372 +00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000 +this bird is so smart that it can tell the + +373 +00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460 +difference between two actions and which action + +374 +00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380 +happened first, right? But Friday doesn't, + +375 +00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080 +although he's the human being. So in my opinion, + +376 +00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120 +this is how the book is presenting the white man + +377 +00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120 +as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and + +378 +00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790 +the others. the people of the black people people + +379 +00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090 +of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages + +380 +00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870 +who need to be civilized and educated and that's + +381 +00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170 +why people like Edward Said would look at this + +382 +00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790 +book as + +383 +00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850 +and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to + +384 +00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150 +post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The + +385 +00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110 +book could be about many things. It could be + +386 +00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090 +about, again, about imperialism and how you can + +387 +00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790 +get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow + +388 +00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870 +rich when you own land and people. It could be + +389 +00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070 +about the power of white people and white men and + +390 +00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470 +how white men can civilize people and create + +391 +00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230 +society and civilization. It can be about that. It + +392 +00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730 +can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory + +393 +00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450 +about survival, how people can survive despite + +394 +00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630 +everything if they try, if they struggle. But it + +395 +00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070 +also can be about how the white people, the + +396 +00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570 +English people, the Europeans, the Christians of + +397 +00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590 +that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy, + +398 +00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920 +colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak. + +399 +00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020 +So many things about this book. I'm not saying + +400 +00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380 +this book is a bad read. It's really interesting. + +401 +00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180 +It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could + +402 +00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140 +start reading this book. But warning, you have to + +403 +00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780 +really be patient with these books. + +404 +00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040 +What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe + +405 +00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020 +being represented to us as a man, as a fable of + +406 +00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940 +survival, of praise to the white human, but also + +407 +00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340 +in particular to white European spirit of + +408 +00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340 +survival, that nothing can crush this spirit. + +409 +00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570 +There is an interesting thing here also in the in + +410 +00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910 +the novel to show how a capitalist society works + +411 +00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430 +and functions and money is more important than + +412 +00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630 +anything and materialism is more you know what + +413 +00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750 +capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital + +414 +00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070 +your capital your capital is your money the money + +415 +00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090 +you have you the property capitalism + +416 +00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430 +Capitalism where you work for your own, you + +417 +00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350 +collect as much money as possible, you want to be + +418 +00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670 +as rich as possible regardless of what people + +419 +00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610 +around you do. So that's very simplistic terms. + +420 +00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170 +When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of + +421 +00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450 +400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets + +422 +00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180 +married, how long does it take? One page. In a + +423 +00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500 +way, this is significant. I think there is also + +424 +00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000 +another example where he buys some cows and horses + +425 +00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780 +and it takes more pages than when he gets married. + +426 +00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860 +So relationships are not as important as riches, + +427 +00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360 +as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism + +428 +00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900 +here. How did he get back to his land? He was + +429 +00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420 +saved. Some people came to the island and then he + +430 +00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700 +went back to England and he brought more people + +431 +00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120 +and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay? + +432 +00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680 +So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you + +433 +00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740 +know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian + +434 +00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360 +intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one + +435 +00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960 +person behind an important theory called post + +436 +00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260 +-colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or + +437 +00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300 +the literature that reacted to a colonial + +438 +00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620 +occupation of those countries. Friday, part of + +439 +00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760 +this, Friday was presented as uncivilized, + +440 +00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520 +inferior, not only inferior to his master, because + +441 +00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220 +he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly. + +442 +00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110 +How? We examine the language. But there are other + +443 +00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270 +things you can read about Friday. Very + +444 +00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290 +interesting, very interesting thing. Another text + +445 +00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270 +by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the + +446 +00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150 +pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry, + +447 +00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070 +Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a + +448 +00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510 +person. So many books of this age, the 18th + +449 +00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530 +century, took, many novels took their titles from + +450 +00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320 +the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe + +451 +00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360 +tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of + +452 +00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380 +troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the + +453 +00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940 +life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion + +454 +00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920 +of readership in the 18th century probably were + +455 +00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160 +women. So as authors, you wanted to write things + +456 +00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300 +for them, because they would buy. More than men, + +457 +00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060 +actually. So this is about a woman. This woman, + +458 +00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760 +Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented + +459 +00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760 +as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many + +460 +00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660 +vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She + +461 +00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600 +goes to prison. She does so many horrible things. + +462 +00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000 +However, when she tells the story, she is already + +463 +00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080 +reformed. She has already changed her life to the + +464 +00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060 +better. And this is a major theme of the 18th + +465 +00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380 +century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's + +466 +00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920 +difficult. You have to struggle. And this is + +467 +00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360 +capitalism. You have to work for your own self. + +468 +00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970 +And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you + +469 +00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430 +work hard, your life work is going to improve. The + +470 +00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290 +same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel, + +471 +00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990 +Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily + +472 +00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670 +because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it + +473 +00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770 +makes a moral point here about ways of living. The + +474 +00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880 +reader shares her experience. And I, in a way, + +475 +00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280 +identify with her. How does the reader share + +476 +00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980 +somebody's experience? Because generally, when you + +477 +00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960 +read a text, you sometimes find common things + +478 +00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460 +between you and the characters. When you watch a + +479 +00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020 +movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet? + +480 +00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040 +Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock? + +481 +00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670 +Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or + +482 +00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370 +another, there are so many ways for you to + +483 +00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310 +identify, so many techniques the authors employ to + +484 +00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410 +make you part of the text. The most important + +485 +00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030 +technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first + +486 +00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810 +-person narrator. We'll speak about this probably + +487 +00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370 +in two classes. The first person narrator. + +488 +00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210 +When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were + +489 +00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510 +no narrators. The drama is generally largely based + +490 +00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950 +on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or + +491 +00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450 +soliloquies, right? People just talk to each + +492 +00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590 +other, and as the audience, we just watch and + +493 +00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410 +judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's + +494 +00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510 +always someone, usually not the author, who tells + +495 +00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790 +the story. It could be either, number one, a first + +496 +00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360 +-person narrator where One character sometimes, or + +497 +00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120 +usually the main character, uses I. Not always, + +498 +00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520 +but usually the main character, the protagonist, + +499 +00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680 +who tells us the story. So you open the first + +500 +00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940 +book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents, + +501 +00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260 +I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked. + +502 +00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880 +This is a first person narrator. What happens + +503 +00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460 +here, a first person narrator is an interesting + +504 +00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420 +way to tell stories because when you read the + +505 +00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540 +first page and the second and the third you keep + +506 +00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400 +reading you find a lot of you in the text no + +507 +00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720 +matter what no matter because humans share a lot + +508 +00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880 +you have a lot in common when you find a lot in + +509 +00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860 +common between you and this character using the I + +510 +00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500 +I U sometimes largely or in part become the + +511 +00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120 +character. You see yourself in this character, a + +512 +00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460 +man or a woman. So this is one way for you to + +513 +00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500 +identify. I'll elaborate on this later on, + +514 +00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060 +probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The + +515 +00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060 +other type of narrative is the third person + +516 +00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860 +narrator. + +517 +00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200 +What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious. + +518 +00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240 +Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a + +519 +00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900 +story told to us from somebody, generally from + +520 +00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400 +outside the text, where he refers to people as he, + +521 +00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190 +she, and things it and they. So talking about + +522 +00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210 +people, the third person, in the third person. So + +523 +00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470 +Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept + +524 +00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950 +this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to + +525 +00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810 +attend. And I don't have time to have my + +526 +00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250 +breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to + +527 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140 +rush because I have to do a presentation. This is + +528 +00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280 +my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody. + +529 +00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600 +I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch. + +530 +00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300 +I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem + +531 +00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500 +and entered first person. But if it is like this, + +532 +00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840 +it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was + +533 +00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880 +supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to + +534 +00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940 +wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be + +535 +00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800 +seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her + +536 +00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140 +mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she, + +537 +00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360 +she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator. + +538 +00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000 +So because he started his life as a journalist, + +539 +00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120 +Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person + +540 +00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840 +narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders. + +541 +00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520 +Your question. I just wanted to comment that the + +542 +00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540 +first person could be so boring and you could feel + +543 +00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120 +like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer + +544 +00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640 +should balance between telling the story and + +545 +00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350 +telling about himself. That's a very interesting + +546 +00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110 +point. But it depends, because things are + +547 +00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130 +relative. What is boring for me could be + +548 +00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730 +interesting for someone. Like football, for + +549 +00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330 +example. I love watching football matches. But + +550 +00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150 +some of you might hate them. Your friend could be + +551 +00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770 +into football, but you could be like, come on. How + +552 +00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030 +would you spend an hour and a half watching people + +553 +00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590 +kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative, + +554 +00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790 +this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who + +555 +00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360 +doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you + +556 +00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340 +need to always think of. When you read this book, + +557 +00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540 +you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember, + +558 +00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960 +this was written in the early 18th century. And + +559 +00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060 +people were like, whoa, this was a huge success. + +560 +00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380 +Even today, this is a huge success. It's a + +561 +00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040 +classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to + +562 +00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090 +speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan + +563 +00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330 +Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one + +564 +00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090 +of them today. The first one is Gulliver's + +565 +00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950 +Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's + +566 +00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770 +Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days + +567 +00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370 +of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned + +568 +00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810 +into a cartoon. I remember watching this many + +569 +00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520 +times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was + +570 +00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560 +also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's + +571 +00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300 +Travels, as the name suggests, also we have + +572 +00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560 +traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver. + +573 +00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060 +So this man is known, very famous for his satire + +574 +00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920 +and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of + +575 +00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900 +the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as + +576 +00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860 +people in a library and the old box and the new + +577 +00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780 +box are fighting. Interesting. But his most + +578 +00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860 +significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is + +579 +00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780 +one of the most powerful satires of all time. He + +580 +00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520 +criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes + +581 +00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110 +politics. Religion, science, everything. But in + +582 +00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070 +particular, he openly attacks the English society. + +583 +00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270 +He attacks English colonialism and imperialism + +584 +00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050 +because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about + +585 +00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650 +Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem, + +586 +00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050 +remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he + +587 +00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210 +exposes all these faults and vices of the English + +588 +00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970 +society. There are actually four parts in the + +589 +00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690 +book, four books, four sections. Book number one, + +590 +00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530 +he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput. + +591 +00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750 +in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've + +592 +00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410 +seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man + +593 +00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770 +like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny + +594 +00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270 +people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm + +595 +00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570 +also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the + +596 +00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290 +trick. So when he landed, when he just went there, + +597 +00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800 +arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was + +598 +00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840 +sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and + +599 +00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440 +then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this + +600 +00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180 +big. And it's interesting how he tells us how + +601 +00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360 +everything shifts from the perspective of a normal + +602 +00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720 +human being to a giant treating people. The next + +603 +00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560 +book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I + +604 +00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120 +don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me + +605 +00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480 +time. + +606 +00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020 +It's not the same in the book. I think I made a + +607 +00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780 +mistake here. + +608 +00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080 +So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't + +609 +00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660 +write it wrong. + +610 +00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440 +Okay, + +611 +00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620 +so the first book, he meets these small people. + +612 +00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500 +The second book, he meets giants. + +613 +00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720 +Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small. + +614 +00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060 +See, the perspective changes. It puts you + +615 +00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380 +sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a + +616 +00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580 +tiny little person. It's a very interesting + +617 +00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400 +experience here. Now when he tells he attacks + +618 +00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960 +religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and + +619 +00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260 +especially the English society. In one scene, for + +620 +00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480 +example, he was talking to the king of + +621 +00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070 +Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when + +622 +00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050 +he described, Gulliver told him how England, + +623 +00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850 +the English people, they're living this way and + +624 +00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550 +that way, telling him about the politics, about + +625 +00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330 +the religion, about many things. And the man was + +626 +00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770 +like, your natives, the English people at that + +627 +00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050 +time, are the most pernicious race of little + +628 +00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850 +odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl + +629 +00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100 +upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst, + +630 +00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800 +horrible, horrible people. What a life you're + +631 +00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320 +living. There's no justice, there's no logic, + +632 +00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880 +there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is + +633 +00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040 +in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a + +634 +00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240 +direct attack against the English society at that + +635 +00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460 +time. The natives, the most pernicious race of + +636 +00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480 +little odious families. You're filth, you're + +637 +00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800 +trash. you're not civilized you are the very + +638 +00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320 +opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to + +639 +00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840 +a place where he criticizes science. Everything + +640 +00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880 +was being experimented on. There is a lot of + +641 +00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420 +detail here to speak about, but he attacks science + +642 +00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820 +and the scientific scientists of his age who + +643 +00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600 +wanted to experiment on many things. I think there + +644 +00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740 +was a scene where someone was trying to generate + +645 +00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780 +electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and + +646 +00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140 +years. He failed, but he still continued to + +647 +00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780 +experiment on this. And finally, he in book four, + +648 +00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680 +he meets, this is probably the most satirical of + +649 +00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160 +all the books. He goes to a place where the main + +650 +00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180 +characters, the civilized characters are horses. + +651 +00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980 +They live in a place called, can you read this + +652 +00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390 +anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like + +653 +00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530 +similar to this, like the neighing of the horses. + +654 +00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530 +Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are + +655 +00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150 +civilized. The animals are civilized. And the + +656 +00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750 +human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos, + +657 +00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510 +you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You + +658 +00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750 +do? That was like a long time ago. You must be + +659 +00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110 +very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so + +660 +00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290 +they represent humanity. So animals are more + +661 +00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390 +civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a + +662 +00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850 +dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear, + +663 +00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610 +but not a human being. The person who said rat was + +664 +00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990 +King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses + +665 +00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270 +satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong. + +666 +00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490 +He criticizes everything openly, directly in the + +667 +00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230 +book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's + +668 +00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030 +Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's + +669 +00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390 +Travels was because this is still a name of a book + +670 +00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330 +despite the plural. It soon turned into a + +671 +00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590 +children's story, a story for kids. like huh + +672 +00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290 +nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the + +673 +00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930 +kids do some illustrations some pictures and let + +674 +00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030 +the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started + +675 +00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310 +reading at that time but why would you turn a + +676 +00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690 +serious powerful satirical book into a book for + +677 +00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240 +kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I + +678 +00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640 +think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of + +679 +00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860 +the English people. So the English people were + +680 +00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080 +like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to + +681 +00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110 +the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my + +682 +00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330 +opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he + +683 +00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570 +wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class, + +684 +00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070 +probably we can speak about Swift's Modest + +685 +00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750 +Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please. + +686 +00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490 +One more minute. His last text here, it's actually + +687 +00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950 +an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest + +688 +00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470 +Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest + +689 +00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650 +proposal is + +690 +00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090 +an article where he suggests a solution for the + +691 +00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810 +many kids that the Irish families had. What is his + +692 +00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850 +suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We + +693 +00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970 +have too many kids. I think the best way is to + +694 +00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050 +sell them for the English people where they can + +695 +00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930 +eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of + +696 +00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390 +eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were + +697 +00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350 +like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So + +698 +00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390 +it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly + +699 +00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840 +and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this + +700 +00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220 +book, he was criticizing the Irish families for + +701 +00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060 +having too many kids, and he was also criticizing + +702 +00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340 +the English people, the colonizers, who were in a + +703 +00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960 +way or another causing the starvation and the + +704 +00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460 +famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping + +705 +00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120 +you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a + +706 +00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040 +question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank + +707 +00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280 +you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f366244bcc3f8c1f1c6cf5df029905bb3fa4134c --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2828 @@ +1 +00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:23,340 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English + +2 +00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,800 +literature class at the Islamic University English + +3 +00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,580 +department. As you all know part of your class + +4 +00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,920 +assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic, + +5 +00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,020 +an issue, a literary issue of your own choice. + +6 +00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,980 +Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an + +7 +00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,600 +interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's + +8 +00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,440 +spend some quality time enjoying this + +9 +00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,580 +presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start + +10 +00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:58,710 +talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of + +11 +00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:01,130 +George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the + +12 +00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:06,130 +picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and + +13 +00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:13,030 +she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real + +14 +00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:17,450 +name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she + +15 +00:01:17,450 --> 00:01:22,050 +changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work + +16 +00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,770 +would be noticed, because in the Victorian age, + +17 +00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:31,150 +the male gender role was more significant. + +18 +00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:37,510 +I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet + +19 +00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:40,490 +Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her + +20 +00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:43,210 +love, and she's talking about their love story. + +21 +00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:49,570 +The explanation of the title is when considering + +22 +00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,270 +love, most sweet things happen in relations, but + +23 +00:01:52,270 --> 00:01:55,470 +they will eventually fade. Things in a + +24 +00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:58,730 +relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the + +25 +00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:02,350 +end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It + +26 +00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:04,010 +doesn't stay the same for a while. + +27 +00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:10,650 +That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then + +28 +00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:14,770 +I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She + +29 +00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:17,310 +started in Spanish words, then she turned into... + +30 +00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:19,290 +You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it. + +31 +00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:24,250 +Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche + +32 +00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:30,790 +viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás + +33 +00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:36,490 +más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the + +34 +00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,430 +English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They + +35 +00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:44,410 +come and went for your. This evening of our life + +36 +00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:46,330 +love shall go and come no more. + +37 +00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:52,110 +When we have passed away, love, all things will + +38 +00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,010 +keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love, + +39 +00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:00,410 +with ours will be the same. The daisies will be + +40 +00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:04,630 +there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I + +41 +00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:08,310 +shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands + +42 +00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:12,050 +in thine. A better time will come, love, and + +43 +00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:15,230 +better souls be born. I would not be the best, + +44 +00:03:15,510 --> 00:03:19,350 +love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read, + +45 +00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:22,770 +please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish, + +46 +00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:26,930 +please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet + +47 +00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:29,690 +evenings come and go. They come in an advent of + +48 +00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,650 +pure. This evening our life's love shall go and + +49 +00:03:32,650 --> 00:03:36,530 +come no more. When we have passed away, love, all + +50 +00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,510 +things will keep their name. But yet no life on + +51 +00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:43,870 +earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days + +52 +00:03:43,870 --> 00:03:46,990 +will be their love, the stars in heaven will + +53 +00:03:46,990 --> 00:03:51,650 +shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw + +54 +00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:55,350 +my hand in kind. A better time will come, love, + +55 +00:03:55,570 --> 00:03:58,550 +and better souls depart. I would not be the best + +56 +00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,350 +love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear, + +57 +00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:07,810 +I want to just say this word means for a long + +58 +00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:13,550 +time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also, + +59 +00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:20,630 +This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right? + +60 +00:04:21,230 --> 00:04:24,730 +Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone. + +61 +00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:33,930 +Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is + +62 +00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,950 +the Spanish part. It's translated into English. + +63 +00:04:37,330 --> 00:04:40,750 +The good night is coming. The good night goes away + +64 +00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:46,680 +and will go and we will not be back anymore. This + +65 +00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,200 +is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is + +66 +00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,700 +expressing to her love that their love has to end. + +67 +00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:58,940 +It has to become, it has to end for some time. + +68 +00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,540 +She's really attached to him, she loves him very + +69 +00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,740 +much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks + +70 +00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:12,460 +that she needs time to, in their future, it's best + +71 +00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:13,320 +for them to be apart. + +72 +00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,800 +The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means + +73 +00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,120 +that good things will last forever. The second + +74 +00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,560 +line talks about that the stars in heaven will + +75 +00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,000 +shine. She's saying that there's something in our + +76 +00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,200 +relationship that will always rise, that will + +77 +00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,480 +always be remembered, that will never be + +78 +00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:34,860 +forgotten. + +79 +00:05:38,490 --> 00:05:42,630 +Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that + +80 +00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:47,050 +they would never wish to be back together, but + +81 +00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,590 +they're looking forward to be in a relationship + +82 +00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:52,010 +with other people, with another person. She would + +83 +00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,190 +go with another person, but she's saying that it + +84 +00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:57,390 +would never be the same with their relationship. + +85 +00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:03,770 +Also, she's saying that they won't want what they + +86 +00:06:03,770 --> 00:06:06,730 +had, but they will value the moments that they + +87 +00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:11,190 +share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's + +88 +00:06:11,190 --> 00:06:13,350 +talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings + +89 +00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,710 +they had together, the meetings, the nights they + +90 +00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:20,630 +spent together. She's saying that they will never + +91 +00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,770 +be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings + +92 +00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:26,930 +were less. They had less connections between each + +93 +00:06:26,930 --> 00:06:29,190 +other. They sat together, but with less + +94 +00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:31,610 +connections. Okay. + +95 +00:06:35,900 --> 00:06:39,060 +Here she's saying that the young love was awesome, + +96 +00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:42,900 +but when they grew older, their love grew with + +97 +00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:44,960 +them. They had difficult times, they had difficult + +98 +00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:45,400 +problems. + +99 +00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:51,230 +And she's saying here that better times will come. + +100 +00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:54,370 +She will go with another person. She will meet + +101 +00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:57,810 +other people, but her love will never be the same, + +102 +00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,750 +and she will have a bad time being alone without + +103 +00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:04,890 +him. But she's saying that she has to go see a + +104 +00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:07,990 +new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now + +105 +00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:13,550 +I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay, + +106 +00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:17,970 +here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem? + +107 +00:07:19,140 --> 00:07:19,680 +The mood. + +108 +00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:26,540 +Mood, memories, okay. + +109 +00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:32,900 +Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they + +110 +00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:36,680 +spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels + +111 +00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,640 +lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a + +112 +00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560 +personification in these lines. Can someone get it + +113 +00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,010 +out? Personification. + +114 +00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:57,950 +Yeah, that is one, but there's another one. + +115 +00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:14,440 +Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The + +116 +00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,600 +souls that are not born, they live in us. They + +117 +00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,720 +don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme + +118 +00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,100 +scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme. + +119 +00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,700 +Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to + +120 +00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:36,560 +come out here? A, B, C, D. + +121 +00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,300 +Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the + +122 +00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,660 +English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C, + +123 +00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:56,600 +D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you + +124 +00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,780 +can start over again with every new standard. + +125 +00:08:58,780 --> 00:09:02,780 +Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A, + +126 +00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,920 +B. I did it a different way. + +127 +00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:13,870 +My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a + +128 +00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,810 +long poem, start over every stanza. Because we + +129 +00:09:16,810 --> 00:09:18,810 +don't have a hundred English letters, because + +130 +00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,690 +there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So + +131 +00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:24,670 +with every stanza, especially when there is a + +132 +00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,290 +clear break in the stanza, you can start over to + +133 +00:09:27,290 --> 00:09:30,930 +make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A, + +134 +00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:37,550 +B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The + +135 +00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:41,990 +poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about + +136 +00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:44,630 +the relationship, but the other stands that she's + +137 +00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:48,340 +saying that she has to move on. Let me read it, + +138 +00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,900 +okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts + +139 +00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:55,080 +appear in line four. She started her poem by + +140 +00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:57,880 +saying that she has to move on and these things, + +141 +00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:01,440 +but then she tells their love that their love + +142 +00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,340 +shall not continue. She goes on to tell the + +143 +00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:06,560 +positive things. She talks about the positive + +144 +00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:09,380 +things they did in their relationship. Also in + +145 +00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:13,280 +line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood, + +146 +00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,740 +but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be + +147 +00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:19,300 +left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the + +148 +00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,200 +rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E, + +149 +00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,840 +D. But if you have like a hundred lines here, + +150 +00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,440 +where would you go? There is a solution for this, + +151 +00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:33,060 +but if you have to go for each + +152 +00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,500 +Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent + +153 +00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,900 +presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very + +154 +00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000 +proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You + +155 +00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,440 +discussed interesting issues, especially that a + +156 +00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,560 +woman had to choose a man's name so that he can + +157 +00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,160 +publish. What does that tell about the society and + +158 +00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,360 +about publications and the canon and the + +159 +00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:14,190 +mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I + +160 +00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,450 +told you you have five maximum seven minutes + +161 +00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:18,610 +because we have so many students we can't you know + +162 +00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:21,490 +okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the + +163 +00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:24,270 +class in the future we can give you more and more + +164 +00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,410 +time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text + +165 +00:11:27,410 --> 00:11:29,690 +if you want to discuss a text just one issue one + +166 +00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:33,030 +thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20 + +167 +00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,900 +minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in + +168 +00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,220 +this text, and how it reflects the author of the + +169 +00:11:40,220 --> 00:11:44,900 +theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female + +170 +00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:49,700 +text, rather than, because all the poems we read + +171 +00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,360 +so far here, the extracts, were written by men. + +172 +00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:56,550 +But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does + +173 +00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,470 +this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in + +174 +00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:01,590 +the text, the female poet is doing in the text to + +175 +00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,370 +break the rules determined by man, to break all + +176 +00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:09,190 +these rules imposed on people, especially on women + +177 +00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:14,250 +by male critics? I think we can trace some of + +178 +00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:18,510 +this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme. + +179 +00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,430 +The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates + +180 +00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:29,270 +that she wants to break away with the rules of + +181 +00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,930 +decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your, + +182 +00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:39,550 +love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then + +183 +00:12:39,550 --> 00:12:41,450 +there's something new. We've never seen this + +184 +00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:43,790 +before. The fact that + +185 +00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:50,350 +times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's + +186 +00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,390 +repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's + +187 +00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:56,890 +talking to, addressing love in her particular way. + +188 +00:12:57,210 --> 00:12:59,570 +But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you + +189 +00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:02,850 +repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like + +190 +00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,650 +seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In + +191 +00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:08,610 +Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical + +192 +00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:12,510 +Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion, + +193 +00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,550 +she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's + +194 +00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:18,350 +writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way + +195 +00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:21,450 +she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is + +196 +00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:25,890 +really interesting. Thank you. My last point is + +197 +00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:28,430 +that try when you do a presentation in the future, + +198 +00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,750 +go for official slides like white, black text, + +199 +00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:38,470 +white background, black text. Try not to crowd + +200 +00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:42,210 +your slide with a lot of information and colors + +201 +00:13:42,210 --> 00:13:44,790 +and everything. This is the rule that says seven + +202 +00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,810 +by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I + +203 +00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:49,970 +don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a + +204 +00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:53,170 +teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to + +205 +00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:55,910 +the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better + +206 +00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:57,690 +for you and for your audience to + +207 +00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,840 +And again, thank you for engaging your classmates, + +208 +00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,220 +your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go + +209 +00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:13,560 +back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting + +210 +00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,480 +thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most + +211 +00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,720 +interesting topics so far because we discussed for + +212 +00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,640 +the first time women writers, authors. + +213 +00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,480 +We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the + +214 +00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,340 +people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is + +215 +00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,800 +significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What + +216 +00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:50,700 +is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to + +217 +00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,580 +speak, they were the mothers of the English novel. + +218 +00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,120 +In a way, they started the English novel. They + +219 +00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,340 +started the first steps of the English novel. What + +220 +00:14:58,340 --> 00:15:01,750 +else? What else did they do to literature, to + +221 +00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:03,850 +English, to women, to feminism, to the movement? + +222 +00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:09,830 +Mary talked about the rights of women. She + +223 +00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:14,740 +discussed the idea of rape being against men. So + +224 +00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:18,340 +they were spokeswomen for all the women in the + +225 +00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:22,580 +world. They spoke about men's violence against + +226 +00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:25,820 +women in the society. They exposed the vices of + +227 +00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:28,980 +men, especially the violence and discrimination + +228 +00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:33,680 +against women. And they said that her writings + +229 +00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,580 +were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When + +230 +00:15:36,580 --> 00:15:40,460 +you read literature books, sometimes you'll find + +231 +00:15:40,460 --> 00:15:43,880 +people describing especially Mary mainly as + +232 +00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,040 +scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But + +233 +00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:50,640 +always remember, always go a step or two back. + +234 +00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:53,140 +When you read something in a book, don't take it + +235 +00:15:53,140 --> 00:15:57,360 +for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this? + +236 +00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,480 +Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then + +237 +00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:05,900 +we realize here that critics of that time most of + +238 +00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:09,520 +the time are generally men. So this is a man + +239 +00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,140 +judging a woman. And generally there will be some + +240 +00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,740 +kind of discrimination against women only for + +241 +00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:23,560 +being So these were daring, brave women, brave + +242 +00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,380 +writers because they wanted to speak for the women + +243 +00:16:27,380 --> 00:16:29,440 +in their communities. And that's why Virginia + +244 +00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600 +Woolf later on praised them, especially she + +245 +00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,540 +praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something + +246 +00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,960 +like, all the women in the world should put roses + +247 +00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,670 +on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it + +248 +00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:45,430 +is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and + +249 +00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:48,770 +hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan + +250 +00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730 +Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel + +251 +00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:58,250 +Defoe as the father of the English novel. The + +252 +00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:02,770 +first real novel is classically, we don't + +253 +00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:06,050 +necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's + +254 +00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:09,310 +Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe. + +255 +00:17:12,260 --> 00:17:17,540 +Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe + +256 +00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,600 +himself was a journalist. He started his life as a + +257 +00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,280 +journalist. And this influenced the way he write, + +258 +00:17:22,380 --> 00:17:27,900 +of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a + +259 +00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700 +man, an English person, who wanted to get richer, + +260 +00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:41,590 +to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that + +261 +00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:45,070 +time, the easiest way for any person to change his + +262 +00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:50,130 +life is to go out to travel to the new world, to + +263 +00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:54,090 +the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being + +264 +00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:58,410 +developed here in a way or another. So his parents + +265 +00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,710 +were not okay with this because they represent the + +266 +00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:04,010 +older generation and he's the younger generation, + +267 +00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:09,670 +adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen + +268 +00:18:09,670 --> 00:18:13,430 +to them. He goes with some people to work on a + +269 +00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,330 +ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World. + +270 +00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:22,790 +On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed + +271 +00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:28,870 +by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson + +272 +00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100 +himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this + +273 +00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560 +rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a + +274 +00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300 +movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on + +275 +00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,600 +a desert island in the middle of the sea where + +276 +00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:52,850 +there are no people there. no society, no + +277 +00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,330 +community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get + +278 +00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:58,930 +out as soon as possible, people come and save him, + +279 +00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,130 +rescue him, and then he was... he passed through + +280 +00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150 +so many stages of hope and despair, belief and + +281 +00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170 +disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30 + +282 +00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:14,140 +years on the island that's really tough being + +283 +00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:18,620 +alone cut out isolated but because this is the + +284 +00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280 +white christian european english man he always has + +285 +00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740 +the ability to do what to create a civilization + +286 +00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240 +and that's that's one theme here it's the power of + +287 +00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230 +the white man how a European person, how an + +288 +00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990 +English person can go anywhere in the world and be + +289 +00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430 +the master and control. And he indeed begins his + +290 +00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250 +own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I + +291 +00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450 +am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my + +292 +00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930 +island. Similar to what we had before in The + +293 +00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510 +Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island. + +294 +00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:53,190 +It's not his island. But a white man has always + +295 +00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370 +been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he + +296 +00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340 +doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island + +297 +00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200 +he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was + +298 +00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180 +terrified because he met some cannibals. You know + +299 +00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780 +what a cannibal is? People who + +300 +00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330 +eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat + +301 +00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630 +human flesh was terrified because at the beginning + +302 +00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770 +he saw one footprint not two not three just one + +303 +00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570 +and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw + +304 +00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350 +a group of people and he saved a person he was + +305 +00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130 +about to be eaten he saved him physically + +306 +00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510 +literally and of course metaphorically he named + +307 +00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910 +him friday Very funny name. No offense for people + +308 +00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410 +whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny + +309 +00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250 +because this is in a way in English at least in + +310 +00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470 +Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't + +311 +00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190 +know many people. We have May. You know, some + +312 +00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830 +people named May after May, the month, but not + +313 +00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790 +after the days. And the funny thing is that when + +314 +00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930 +he goes back to England after years, he realizes + +315 +00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170 +that when he was keeping record of the days and + +316 +00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610 +the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably + +317 +00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790 +he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or + +318 +00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910 +whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have + +319 +00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050 +Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other + +320 +00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450 +character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly + +321 +00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270 +is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is? + +322 +00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050 +The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very, + +323 +00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410 +listen, a very interesting community here. + +324 +00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630 +Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him. + +325 +00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270 +It's like property. Because he isn't, he's + +326 +00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890 +inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not + +327 +00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330 +Christian, he's not English, so he controls him. + +328 +00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410 +He tries to cure his religion + +329 +00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690 +because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to + +330 +00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900 +civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because + +331 +00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600 +it's taken for granted that the English way of + +332 +00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700 +life is the best English, the best way in life. + +333 +00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780 +Now this relationship between Robinson and the + +334 +00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920 +parrot and Robinson and Friday is very + +335 +00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420 +interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always + +336 +00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580 +like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen + +337 +00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710 +to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird + +338 +00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730 +that repeats what you say is interesting because + +339 +00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030 +the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But + +340 +00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550 +the bird is someone who only parrots because + +341 +00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250 +parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to + +342 +00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770 +repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is + +343 +00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190 +significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master, + +344 +00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230 +as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist, + +345 +00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540 +as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He + +346 +00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160 +wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He + +347 +00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020 +wanted people just to repeat what he says word for + +348 +00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480 +word. In my understanding here of the novel, + +349 +00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500 +I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go + +350 +00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280 +back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly, + +351 +00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240 +I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's + +352 +00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640 +number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna. + +353 +00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780 +The most significant thing here for me is that + +354 +00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540 +when Friday speaks, although he was cured and + +355 +00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480 +civilized by the master, his English was still + +356 +00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900 +broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He + +357 +00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820 +can't understand that man can have the irregular + +358 +00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260 +plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this. + +359 +00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820 +So he says man. + +360 +00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230 +He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally. + +361 +00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030 +He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me, + +362 +00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970 +like always in the object. He can't be a subject. + +363 +00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930 +He can't be the person who does things. He only + +364 +00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870 +follows, et cetera. However, very, very + +365 +00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890 +interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot, + +366 +00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310 +When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost + +367 +00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790 +Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed + +368 +00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810 +that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we + +369 +00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270 +generally don't use. I have been ranting for life + +370 +00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970 +for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past + +371 +00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640 +perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But + +372 +00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000 +this bird is so smart that it can tell the + +373 +00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460 +difference between two actions and which action + +374 +00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380 +happened first, right? But Friday doesn't, + +375 +00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080 +although he's the human being. So in my opinion, + +376 +00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120 +this is how the book is presenting the white man + +377 +00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120 +as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and + +378 +00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790 +the others. the people of the black people people + +379 +00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090 +of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages + +380 +00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870 +who need to be civilized and educated and that's + +381 +00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170 +why people like Edward Said would look at this + +382 +00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790 +book as + +383 +00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850 +and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to + +384 +00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150 +post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The + +385 +00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110 +book could be about many things. It could be + +386 +00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090 +about, again, about imperialism and how you can + +387 +00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790 +get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow + +388 +00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870 +rich when you own land and people. It could be + +389 +00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070 +about the power of white people and white men and + +390 +00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470 +how white men can civilize people and create + +391 +00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230 +society and civilization. It can be about that. It + +392 +00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730 +can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory + +393 +00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450 +about survival, how people can survive despite + +394 +00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630 +everything if they try, if they struggle. But it + +395 +00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070 +also can be about how the white people, the + +396 +00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570 +English people, the Europeans, the Christians of + +397 +00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590 +that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy, + +398 +00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920 +colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak. + +399 +00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020 +So many things about this book. I'm not saying + +400 +00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380 +this book is a bad read. It's really interesting. + +401 +00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180 +It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could + +402 +00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140 +start reading this book. But warning, you have to + +403 +00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780 +really be patient with these books. + +404 +00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040 +What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe + +405 +00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020 +being represented to us as a man, as a fable of + +406 +00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940 +survival, of praise to the white human, but also + +407 +00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340 +in particular to white European spirit of + +408 +00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340 +survival, that nothing can crush this spirit. + +409 +00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570 +There is an interesting thing here also in the in + +410 +00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910 +the novel to show how a capitalist society works + +411 +00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430 +and functions and money is more important than + +412 +00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630 +anything and materialism is more you know what + +413 +00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750 +capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital + +414 +00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070 +your capital your capital is your money the money + +415 +00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090 +you have you the property capitalism + +416 +00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430 +Capitalism where you work for your own, you + +417 +00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350 +collect as much money as possible, you want to be + +418 +00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670 +as rich as possible regardless of what people + +419 +00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610 +around you do. So that's very simplistic terms. + +420 +00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170 +When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of + +421 +00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450 +400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets + +422 +00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180 +married, how long does it take? One page. In a + +423 +00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500 +way, this is significant. I think there is also + +424 +00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000 +another example where he buys some cows and horses + +425 +00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780 +and it takes more pages than when he gets married. + +426 +00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860 +So relationships are not as important as riches, + +427 +00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360 +as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism + +428 +00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900 +here. How did he get back to his land? He was + +429 +00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420 +saved. Some people came to the island and then he + +430 +00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700 +went back to England and he brought more people + +431 +00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120 +and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay? + +432 +00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680 +So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you + +433 +00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740 +know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian + +434 +00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360 +intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one + +435 +00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960 +person behind an important theory called post + +436 +00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260 +-colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or + +437 +00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300 +the literature that reacted to a colonial + +438 +00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620 +occupation of those countries. Friday, part of + +439 +00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760 +this, Friday was presented as uncivilized, + +440 +00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520 +inferior, not only inferior to his master, because + +441 +00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220 +he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly. + +442 +00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110 +How? We examine the language. But there are other + +443 +00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270 +things you can read about Friday. Very + +444 +00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290 +interesting, very interesting thing. Another text + +445 +00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270 +by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the + +446 +00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150 +pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry, + +447 +00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070 +Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a + +448 +00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510 +person. So many books of this age, the 18th + +449 +00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530 +century, took, many novels took their titles from + +450 +00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320 +the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe + +451 +00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360 +tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of + +452 +00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380 +troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the + +453 +00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940 +life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion + +454 +00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920 +of readership in the 18th century probably were + +455 +00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160 +women. So as authors, you wanted to write things + +456 +00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300 +for them, because they would buy. More than men, + +457 +00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060 +actually. So this is about a woman. This woman, + +458 +00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760 +Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented + +459 +00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760 +as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many + +460 +00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660 +vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She + +461 +00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600 +goes to prison. She does so many horrible things. + +462 +00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000 +However, when she tells the story, she is already + +463 +00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080 +reformed. She has already changed her life to the + +464 +00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060 +better. And this is a major theme of the 18th + +465 +00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380 +century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's + +466 +00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920 +difficult. You have to struggle. And this is + +467 +00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360 +capitalism. You have to work for your own self. + +468 +00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970 +And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you + +469 +00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430 +work hard, your life work is going to improve. The + +470 +00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290 +same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel, + +471 +00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990 +Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily + +472 +00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670 +because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it + +473 +00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770 +makes a moral point here about ways of living. The + +474 +00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880 +reader shares her experience. And I, in a way, + +475 +00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280 +identify with her. How does the reader share + +476 +00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980 +somebody's experience? Because generally, when you + +477 +00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960 +read a text, you sometimes find common things + +478 +00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460 +between you and the characters. When you watch a + +479 +00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020 +movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet? + +480 +00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040 +Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock? + +481 +00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670 +Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or + +482 +00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370 +another, there are so many ways for you to + +483 +00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310 +identify, so many techniques the authors employ to + +484 +00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410 +make you part of the text. The most important + +485 +00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030 +technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first + +486 +00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810 +-person narrator. We'll speak about this probably + +487 +00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370 +in two classes. The first person narrator. + +488 +00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210 +When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were + +489 +00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510 +no narrators. The drama is generally largely based + +490 +00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950 +on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or + +491 +00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450 +soliloquies, right? People just talk to each + +492 +00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590 +other, and as the audience, we just watch and + +493 +00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410 +judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's + +494 +00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510 +always someone, usually not the author, who tells + +495 +00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790 +the story. It could be either, number one, a first + +496 +00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360 +-person narrator where One character sometimes, or + +497 +00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120 +usually the main character, uses I. Not always, + +498 +00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520 +but usually the main character, the protagonist, + +499 +00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680 +who tells us the story. So you open the first + +500 +00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940 +book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents, + +501 +00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260 +I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked. + +502 +00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880 +This is a first person narrator. What happens + +503 +00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460 +here, a first person narrator is an interesting + +504 +00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420 +way to tell stories because when you read the + +505 +00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540 +first page and the second and the third you keep + +506 +00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400 +reading you find a lot of you in the text no + +507 +00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720 +matter what no matter because humans share a lot + +508 +00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880 +you have a lot in common when you find a lot in + +509 +00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860 +common between you and this character using the I + +510 +00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500 +I U sometimes largely or in part become the + +511 +00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120 +character. You see yourself in this character, a + +512 +00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460 +man or a woman. So this is one way for you to + +513 +00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500 +identify. I'll elaborate on this later on, + +514 +00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060 +probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The + +515 +00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060 +other type of narrative is the third person + +516 +00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860 +narrator. + +517 +00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200 +What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious. + +518 +00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240 +Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a + +519 +00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900 +story told to us from somebody, generally from + +520 +00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400 +outside the text, where he refers to people as he, + +521 +00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190 +she, and things it and they. So talking about + +522 +00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210 +people, the third person, in the third person. So + +523 +00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470 +Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept + +524 +00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950 +this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to + +525 +00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810 +attend. And I don't have time to have my + +526 +00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250 +breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to + +527 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140 +rush because I have to do a presentation. This is + +528 +00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280 +my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody. + +529 +00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600 +I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch. + +530 +00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300 +I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem + +531 +00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500 +and entered first person. But if it is like this, + +532 +00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840 +it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was + +533 +00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880 +supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to + +534 +00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940 +wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be + +535 +00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800 +seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her + +536 +00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140 +mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she, + +537 +00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360 +she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator. + +538 +00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000 +So because he started his life as a journalist, + +539 +00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120 +Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person + +540 +00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840 +narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders. + +541 +00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520 +Your question. I just wanted to comment that the + +542 +00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540 +first person could be so boring and you could feel + +543 +00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120 +like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer + +544 +00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640 +should balance between telling the story and + +545 +00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350 +telling about himself. That's a very interesting + +546 +00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110 +point. But it depends, because things are + +547 +00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130 +relative. What is boring for me could be + +548 +00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730 +interesting for someone. Like football, for + +549 +00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330 +example. I love watching football matches. But + +550 +00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150 +some of you might hate them. Your friend could be + +551 +00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770 +into football, but you could be like, come on. How + +552 +00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030 +would you spend an hour and a half watching people + +553 +00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590 +kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative, + +554 +00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790 +this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who + +555 +00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360 +doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you + +556 +00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340 +need to always think of. When you read this book, + +557 +00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540 +you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember, + +558 +00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960 +this was written in the early 18th century. And + +559 +00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060 +people were like, whoa, this was a huge success. + +560 +00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380 +Even today, this is a huge success. It's a + +561 +00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040 +classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to + +562 +00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090 +speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan + +563 +00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330 +Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one + +564 +00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090 +of them today. The first one is Gulliver's + +565 +00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950 +Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's + +566 +00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770 +Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days + +567 +00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370 +of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned + +568 +00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810 +into a cartoon. I remember watching this many + +569 +00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520 +times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was + +570 +00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560 +also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's + +571 +00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300 +Travels, as the name suggests, also we have + +572 +00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560 +traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver. + +573 +00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060 +So this man is known, very famous for his satire + +574 +00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920 +and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of + +575 +00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900 +the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as + +576 +00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860 +people in a library and the old box and the new + +577 +00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780 +box are fighting. Interesting. But his most + +578 +00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860 +significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is + +579 +00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780 +one of the most powerful satires of all time. He + +580 +00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520 +criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes + +581 +00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110 +politics. Religion, science, everything. But in + +582 +00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070 +particular, he openly attacks the English society. + +583 +00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270 +He attacks English colonialism and imperialism + +584 +00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050 +because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about + +585 +00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650 +Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem, + +586 +00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050 +remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he + +587 +00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210 +exposes all these faults and vices of the English + +588 +00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970 +society. There are actually four parts in the + +589 +00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690 +book, four books, four sections. Book number one, + +590 +00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530 +he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput. + +591 +00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750 +in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've + +592 +00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410 +seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man + +593 +00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770 +like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny + +594 +00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270 +people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm + +595 +00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570 +also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the + +596 +00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290 +trick. So when he landed, when he just went there, + +597 +00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800 +arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was + +598 +00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840 +sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and + +599 +00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440 +then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this + +600 +00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180 +big. And it's interesting how he tells us how + +601 +00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360 +everything shifts from the perspective of a normal + +602 +00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720 +human being to a giant treating people. The next + +603 +00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560 +book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I + +604 +00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120 +don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me + +605 +00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480 +time. + +606 +00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020 +It's not the same in the book. I think I made a + +607 +00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780 +mistake here. + +608 +00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080 +So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't + +609 +00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660 +write it wrong. + +610 +00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440 +Okay, + +611 +00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620 +so the first book, he meets these small people. + +612 +00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500 +The second book, he meets giants. + +613 +00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720 +Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small. + +614 +00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060 +See, the perspective changes. It puts you + +615 +00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380 +sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a + +616 +00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580 +tiny little person. It's a very interesting + +617 +00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400 +experience here. Now when he tells he attacks + +618 +00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960 +religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and + +619 +00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260 +especially the English society. In one scene, for + +620 +00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480 +example, he was talking to the king of + +621 +00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070 +Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when + +622 +00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050 +he described, Gulliver told him how England, + +623 +00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850 +the English people, they're living this way and + +624 +00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550 +that way, telling him about the politics, about + +625 +00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330 +the religion, about many things. And the man was + +626 +00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770 +like, your natives, the English people at that + +627 +00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050 +time, are the most pernicious race of little + +628 +00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850 +odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl + +629 +00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100 +upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst, + +630 +00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800 +horrible, horrible people. What a life you're + +631 +00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320 +living. There's no justice, there's no logic, + +632 +00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880 +there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is + +633 +00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040 +in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a + +634 +00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240 +direct attack against the English society at that + +635 +00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460 +time. The natives, the most pernicious race of + +636 +00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480 +little odious families. You're filth, you're + +637 +00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800 +trash. you're not civilized you are the very + +638 +00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320 +opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to + +639 +00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840 +a place where he criticizes science. Everything + +640 +00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880 +was being experimented on. There is a lot of + +641 +00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420 +detail here to speak about, but he attacks science + +642 +00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820 +and the scientific scientists of his age who + +643 +00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600 +wanted to experiment on many things. I think there + +644 +00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740 +was a scene where someone was trying to generate + +645 +00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780 +electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and + +646 +00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140 +years. He failed, but he still continued to + +647 +00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780 +experiment on this. And finally, he in book four, + +648 +00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680 +he meets, this is probably the most satirical of + +649 +00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160 +all the books. He goes to a place where the main + +650 +00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180 +characters, the civilized characters are horses. + +651 +00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980 +They live in a place called, can you read this + +652 +00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390 +anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like + +653 +00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530 +similar to this, like the neighing of the horses. + +654 +00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530 +Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are + +655 +00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150 +civilized. The animals are civilized. And the + +656 +00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750 +human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos, + +657 +00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510 +you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You + +658 +00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750 +do? That was like a long time ago. You must be + +659 +00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110 +very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so + +660 +00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290 +they represent humanity. So animals are more + +661 +00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390 +civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a + +662 +00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850 +dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear, + +663 +00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610 +but not a human being. The person who said rat was + +664 +00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990 +King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses + +665 +00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270 +satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong. + +666 +00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490 +He criticizes everything openly, directly in the + +667 +00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230 +book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's + +668 +00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030 +Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's + +669 +00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390 +Travels was because this is still a name of a book + +670 +00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330 +despite the plural. It soon turned into a + +671 +00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590 +children's story, a story for kids. like huh + +672 +00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290 +nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the + +673 +00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930 +kids do some illustrations some pictures and let + +674 +00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030 +the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started + +675 +00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310 +reading at that time but why would you turn a + +676 +00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690 +serious powerful satirical book into a book for + +677 +00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240 +kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I + +678 +00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640 +think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of + +679 +00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860 +the English people. So the English people were + +680 +00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080 +like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to + +681 +00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110 +the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my + +682 +00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330 +opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he + +683 +00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570 +wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class, + +684 +00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070 +probably we can speak about Swift's Modest + +685 +00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750 +Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please. + +686 +00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490 +One more minute. His last text here, it's actually + +687 +00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950 +an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest + +688 +00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470 +Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest + +689 +00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650 +proposal is + +690 +00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090 +an article where he suggests a solution for the + +691 +00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810 +many kids that the Irish families had. What is his + +692 +00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850 +suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We + +693 +00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970 +have too many kids. I think the best way is to + +694 +00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050 +sell them for the English people where they can + +695 +00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930 +eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of + +696 +00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390 +eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were + +697 +00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350 +like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So + +698 +00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390 +it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly + +699 +00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840 +and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this + +700 +00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220 +book, he was criticizing the Irish families for + +701 +00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060 +having too many kids, and he was also criticizing + +702 +00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340 +the English people, the colonizers, who were in a + +703 +00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960 +way or another causing the starvation and the + +704 +00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460 +famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping + +705 +00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120 +you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a + +706 +00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040 +question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank + +707 +00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280 +you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a09e8fc8556095297fd990de332ddf6683eeff6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2480 @@ +1 +00:00:22,850 --> 00:00:28,110 +Today we start something probably different, + +2 +00:00:29,030 --> 00:00:33,750 +something new, related but still something new. + +3 +00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,150 +Last time we finished speaking about major + +4 +00:00:38,150 --> 00:00:42,090 +Renaissance poets and before that we studied major + +5 +00:00:42,090 --> 00:00:46,910 +Renaissance dramatists. We spoke about several + +6 +00:00:46,910 --> 00:00:50,570 +terms that we needed to understand and we still + +7 +00:00:50,570 --> 00:00:54,950 +do. We spoke about censorship, patronage, and we + +8 +00:00:54,950 --> 00:01:01,110 +also spoke about the canon, and last time, the + +9 +00:01:01,110 --> 00:01:06,320 +rules of Decorum. What do you know about the rules + +10 +00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:08,920 +of decorum? Did you read more stuff about the + +11 +00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,400 +rules of decorum? What does the term rules of + +12 +00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,400 +decorum mean in the context of literature here? + +13 +00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:22,220 +Rules of decorum, yes, please. The rules of + +14 +00:01:22,220 --> 00:01:26,880 +decorum are the rules that the poet has to have in + +15 +00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,160 +his personality or in his style of writing to be + +16 +00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:36,040 +in the group of canon. To write great poetry, you + +17 +00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:41,040 +had to follow certain rules, specific rules. And + +18 +00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,480 +many of these rules were strict. You had to follow + +19 +00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,560 +them. What topic to choose? Universal truths, + +20 +00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:52,220 +remember? The language itself. Not everything can + +21 +00:01:52,220 --> 00:01:55,120 +be poetic. Only highly embellished poetic + +22 +00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,560 +language. And then the form itself. You had to + +23 +00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,850 +follow a particular structure. a highly organized + +24 +00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:08,890 +form of poetry. And in the 17th century and 18th + +25 +00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:12,770 +century, this became even more famous than now, + +26 +00:02:12,870 --> 00:02:17,010 +more common than now. But during the time of + +27 +00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:21,050 +Elizabeth and later on, we have a group of poets + +28 +00:02:21,050 --> 00:02:24,750 +who did not follow the rules of the Quran, who did + +29 +00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:28,930 +not want to obey these ancient rules of writing + +30 +00:02:28,930 --> 00:02:33,590 +poetry, of versification. Before I explain things, + +31 +00:02:33,790 --> 00:02:36,910 +I'll give you examples from their poetry, and I'll + +32 +00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:42,010 +let you come to certain conclusions yourself. Look + +33 +00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:45,830 +at this poem. And again, I'm not mentioning the + +34 +00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:48,930 +name of the poet, because we care more about the + +35 +00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:52,150 +text itself. We need to appreciate the text + +36 +00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:57,130 +regardless of who the poet is. This is a poem, The + +37 +00:02:57,130 --> 00:03:01,530 +Sun Rising. Look at the shape of the poem and tell + +38 +00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,330 +me what you think. + +39 +00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:13,930 +Please. How do you know? Did you count the lines? + +40 +00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:21,410 +How many lines? This is not a sonnet. Ten lines, + +41 +00:03:21,790 --> 00:03:23,970 +not fourteen. So it's not definitely not. By the + +42 +00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:27,530 +way, this is the first stanza of a poem consisting + +43 +00:03:27,530 --> 00:03:33,540 +of Three stanzas. So the sun rising, number one. + +44 +00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:35,960 +Okay, you noticed very quickly the rhyme scheme. + +45 +00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:40,140 +Good, very good of you. And you think it has in + +46 +00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:43,240 +part something from the Italian sonnet Petrarca. + +47 +00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:48,280 +Something clearer than this, please. Oh, remember + +48 +00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,040 +the poems before when we studied the sonnets? More + +49 +00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,500 +or less they were like this. Oh, sorry. They were + +50 +00:03:53,500 --> 00:03:57,940 +like this. Remember five feet, five feet, five + +51 +00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:00,120 +feet, five feet, ten syllables, ten syllables, ten + +52 +00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:02,960 +syllables. Sometimes four feet, four feet, four + +53 +00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:04,620 +feet, like eight syllables, eight syllables, eight + +54 +00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:07,480 +syllables. So you read a whole poem, a long poem. + +55 +00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,120 +And I said this about Shakespeare's sonnet. We + +56 +00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:16,600 +have over 150. Sonnets, and almost all the lines + +57 +00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,440 +consist of 10 syllables, because this is the rules + +58 +00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,160 +of decorum, this strict, rigid form of poetry in + +59 +00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:26,220 +general, but of the sonnet in particular. So the + +60 +00:04:26,220 --> 00:04:29,840 +first thing we notice is that this poem, this was + +61 +00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:35,240 +written again in the Elizabethan Age. Clearly the + +62 +00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:40,430 +shape is not following the rules of decorum. If + +63 +00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:42,630 +you count the syllables, how many syllables do we + +64 +00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:46,750 +have in the first line? How many syllables in + +65 +00:04:46,750 --> 00:04:55,050 +busy? Busy, happy, two. Okay, one, two, three, + +66 +00:04:55,210 --> 00:04:58,930 +four, five, six, seven, eight. So four feet. + +67 +00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:11,130 +Unruly three. Unruly, like happy, two. Happiness, + +68 +00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:18,390 +three. Happily, three. Ha, pi, li, three. The + +69 +00:05:18,390 --> 00:05:22,050 +syllable depends on how many vowel sounds we have. + +70 +00:05:22,430 --> 00:05:28,870 +And then, why dost thou thus? How do you know the + +71 +00:05:28,870 --> 00:05:32,850 +number of feet generally? You divide the number + +72 +00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:38,970 +seven by two. And then, through windows and + +73 +00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:43,590 +through curtains call on us. One, two, three, + +74 +00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:51,470 +four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Come on. + +75 +00:05:53,310 --> 00:05:58,250 +Clearly there is an intention to change, to be + +76 +00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:02,570 +different. An intention to not follow the rules. + +77 +00:06:03,230 --> 00:06:07,650 +Not write a poem with strictly the same number of + +78 +00:06:07,650 --> 00:06:09,110 +syllables and the same number of feet. + +79 +00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:15,330 +If you code more, you'll find again, I think this + +80 +00:06:15,330 --> 00:06:20,450 +is also 10. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 1, 2, + +81 +00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:25,330 +3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and then 5 feet, 4 feet. So + +82 +00:06:25,330 --> 00:06:32,120 +number one, we notice the irregular form. The + +83 +00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:37,480 +number of lines, the number of feet in the first + +84 +00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:40,460 +line is not the same, second, third, etc. What + +85 +00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,980 +about the rhyme scheme? Can someone do the rhyme + +86 +00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:48,620 +scheme? Can you come here please? Yes? + +87 +00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:05,070 +Sun A Y, tell them why. The first sound takes the + +88 +00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:12,450 +first letter of the alphabet. Okay. Why B? Why not + +89 +00:07:12,450 --> 00:07:17,210 +A? It's different. It's not the same. So we go to + +90 +00:07:17,210 --> 00:07:19,850 +the second letter of the alphabet, which is B. + +91 +00:07:21,470 --> 00:07:22,830 +Okay. A. + +92 +00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,830 +New sound, we go to the next letter. + +93 +00:07:39,450 --> 00:07:45,530 +Parenthesis, C? No, definitely not. This is thus, + +94 +00:07:46,530 --> 00:07:50,970 +us, this is parenthesis. This is D. + +95 +00:08:00,010 --> 00:08:01,050 +Offices, parentheses? + +96 +00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:12,850 +No way. This is M. This is D. Not the same sound. + +97 +00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:16,930 +Definitely not the same sound. It's a couplet. + +98 +00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:24,190 +Thank you very much. Thank you. Is it regular? How + +99 +00:08:24,190 --> 00:08:27,010 +can we tell? Is it musical? Does it make a musical + +100 +00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:34,270 +pattern? A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, E. It is. It is + +101 +00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:36,770 +musical. But we can double check when we look at + +102 +00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:39,910 +the other stanzas. So this is stanza number one, + +103 +00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:42,650 +this is stanza number two. Strong? Someone do it + +104 +00:08:42,650 --> 00:08:46,070 +quickly. Someone. The rhyme scheme. Yeah, quickly + +105 +00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:53,430 +Also + +106 +00:08:53,430 --> 00:09:01,090 +D + +107 +00:09:01,090 --> 00:09:09,570 +E E So the same go here. It's the same. So this is + +108 +00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:12,210 +a regular rhyme scheme regular rhyme scheme + +109 +00:09:12,210 --> 00:09:18,340 +musical but The number of feet in each line is not + +110 +00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:22,660 +the same. But does that mean this is not musical? + +111 +00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,500 +Let's read the poem. Someone read the poem. The + +112 +00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:32,600 +first one, someone, please. Yeah, go on. The sun + +113 +00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:36,380 +rising, busy old fool and lonely sun. Why does + +114 +00:09:36,380 --> 00:09:41,940 +thou thus throw windows and throw curtains calm on + +115 +00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:49,880 +us? Must desire motions lovers seasons run saucy + +116 +00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:56,960 +saucy pedantic rich rich gosh child life is cool + +117 +00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,100 +boys and princesses princesses princesses go + +118 +00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:05,520 +talker handsome handsome handsome man that the + +119 +00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,860 +king will ride cold country ants to harvest + +120 +00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:15,320 +offices. Love all life, no season, no clime, nor + +121 +00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:21,200 +hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. I + +122 +00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,160 +think there is some music to this. Can you do it? + +123 +00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:24,720 +Yeah? OK. + +124 +00:10:28,770 --> 00:10:32,730 +It's not throw, + +125 +00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:41,450 +it's like you throwing windows, through windows. + +126 +00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:52,930 +So are apprentices. + +127 +00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,220 +Beautiful reading. Thank you very much. Let's see + +128 +00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,100 +what the poet is saying here. What is he talking + +129 +00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,100 +to? Who is he talking to? Who's he addressing? + +130 +00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:32,980 +Okay, who's that? Is he talking to a woman, to a + +131 +00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:37,980 +person? Yeah, he's talking to the sun. A + +132 +00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:41,390 +personification. And there is, if you don't read + +133 +00:11:41,390 --> 00:11:43,530 +the title here of the poem, and someone tells you, + +134 +00:11:43,650 --> 00:11:46,530 +busy, old, fool, unruly son, I'm sure some of you + +135 +00:11:46,530 --> 00:11:49,830 +will write it this way with O. Because these + +136 +00:11:49,830 --> 00:11:56,330 +features, unruly means naughty. Fool, busy, + +137 +00:11:57,410 --> 00:12:01,230 +adjectives that describe people rather than + +138 +00:12:01,230 --> 00:12:03,790 +things. So there is a personification of the son. + +139 +00:12:04,070 --> 00:12:10,410 +And generally, the son is also a symbol. A symbol + +140 +00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:13,330 +means something that stands for something else. It + +141 +00:12:13,330 --> 00:12:18,590 +symbolizes power. It symbolizes authority. + +142 +00:12:20,110 --> 00:12:23,390 +Probably, a new start, generally. But here, is he + +143 +00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,570 +happy with the sun? Remember that text, when the + +144 +00:12:27,570 --> 00:12:30,010 +sun was good because of the winter of discontent? + +145 +00:12:30,330 --> 00:12:34,290 +But here, the guy is attacking the sun, calling it + +146 +00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:40,560 +unruly, old, fool, busy. He's not happy with the + +147 +00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:43,000 +sun because the sun keeps sticking its nose, its + +148 +00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,160 +head, through the windows and the curtains. So + +149 +00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,800 +he's busy, old fool, unruly sun. Why dost thou? + +150 +00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,420 +He's interrogating the sun. Through windows and + +151 +00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:55,320 +through curtains call upon us. Must thy motions + +152 +00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,320 +lovers' seasons run? Saucy, pedantic, rich, go. + +153 +00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:04,700 +Go. Get out. That's why I would usually here in + +154 +00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,740 +this context take the sun as a symbol of + +155 +00:13:07,740 --> 00:13:08,200 +authority. + +156 +00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:18,490 +What's authority? Power. The mainstream. The + +157 +00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,650 +mainstream, the official worldview. + +158 +00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:26,150 +The poet, in a way, is personifying the son to + +159 +00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,430 +make this idea clear, as if he's talking to a + +160 +00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:32,690 +human being, to, I don't know, the king, or + +161 +00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:36,730 +probably the people, the critics who decide the + +162 +00:13:36,730 --> 00:13:39,670 +rules of poetry. You know what the word pedantic + +163 +00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:44,300 +is? Pedantic is someone who uses language in a way + +164 +00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,580 +to show off, like using big words, powerful + +165 +00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:50,940 +language just to show off that I can use better + +166 +00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:54,400 +language than you. So the fact that the poet is + +167 +00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,960 +personifying the sun and describing it as pedantic + +168 +00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,500 +and as nosy, you know, nosy because it sticks its + +169 +00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:05,620 +nose, curious, waking them up, he's saying, go + +170 +00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:10,660 +out. You're busy, you're old, you're a fool. Don't + +171 +00:14:10,660 --> 00:14:14,480 +disturb us, the lovers, because the lovers must + +172 +00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:20,680 +not or do not obey your rules. In my reading of + +173 +00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,080 +this poem, I think the poet is, again, when he + +174 +00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,980 +breaks the decorum of the lines here, he's also + +175 +00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:31,000 +breaking the rules by challenging the authority + +176 +00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,120 +itself, the sun that stands for power and + +177 +00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:38,640 +authority. The sun here, in my opinion, could be + +178 +00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,240 +the authority of criticism and poetry, the rules + +179 +00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,670 +of decorum. Because you needed to write. You had + +180 +00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:48,270 +to write poetry in a particular way. And the poet + +181 +00:14:48,270 --> 00:14:51,730 +here is dismissing this. Get out. Don't tell me + +182 +00:14:51,730 --> 00:14:56,490 +what I should do, when I should wake up. Why are + +183 +00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:58,730 +you sticking your head through the windows and + +184 +00:14:58,730 --> 00:15:02,210 +through the curtains? Get out. Go. Go instead of + +185 +00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:04,890 +waking me up, disturbing me, telling me, dictating + +186 +00:15:04,890 --> 00:15:09,430 +things on me. Go child. Let school boys. Go wake + +187 +00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:14,480 +up school children. And sauer apprentices. + +188 +00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:18,140 +Apprentices is originally apprentice. The boys who + +189 +00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:21,460 +work at somebody's place to learn a craft or a + +190 +00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:25,140 +skill. So sauer, you know, sauer is someone who + +191 +00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:28,040 +doesn't want to go to work. Go wake them up. Go + +192 +00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,600 +tell the court, the huntsman, the people in the + +193 +00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,200 +court that the king is going outside. Go call the + +194 +00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,680 +farmers. Tell the farmers, go harvest your crops. + +195 +00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:44,040 +Leave us alone. And then we have the beautiful, + +196 +00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,560 +beautiful, beautiful couplet here. Love, this is + +197 +00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:49,980 +so like Shakespeare, probably more beautiful in + +198 +00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:53,540 +many ways. When he says here, must thy emotions, + +199 +00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:57,880 +lovers, seasons run? I shouldn't obey the sun, + +200 +00:15:58,140 --> 00:16:03,040 +because we're more powerful. Love, all alike, no + +201 +00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:08,080 +season knows, nor climb. Love is all the time. + +202 +00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:09,920 +It's not in the morning. It's not at night. It's + +203 +00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:11,420 +not in the afternoon. It's not when you're hungry, + +204 +00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:14,280 +when you're thirsty. It's all the time. The sun + +205 +00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:19,200 +does not dictate this. So in brief, we have a text + +206 +00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,680 +here where the poet is clearly breaking the rules. + +207 +00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:31,420 +How? Number one, the form itself. But is the form + +208 +00:16:31,420 --> 00:16:33,540 +related to the meaning? In my opinion, yes. This + +209 +00:16:33,540 --> 00:16:36,720 +is a revolutionary poem in which the poet, the + +210 +00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,580 +speaker says, I don't want to obey anybody. And + +211 +00:16:40,580 --> 00:16:43,680 +I'm breaking the rules. I'm breaking the rules. + +212 +00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:46,640 +Look at the language. Remember, we said the + +213 +00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:48,980 +language was especially the language of courtly + +214 +00:16:48,980 --> 00:16:51,040 +love. This is a love poem. The language of courtly + +215 +00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:54,560 +love. Remember the sonnet? Shall I compare thee to + +216 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,880 +a summer's day? Now what more lovely and more + +217 +00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,550 +temperate. Come live with me and be my love, and + +218 +00:17:00,550 --> 00:17:02,450 +we will all the pleasures prove. But this is a + +219 +00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:06,750 +poem about busy old fool and ruly son. Why dost + +220 +00:17:06,750 --> 00:17:09,310 +thou through curtains and through windows call + +221 +00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:12,090 +upon us? It's like there's a powerful beginning + +222 +00:17:12,090 --> 00:17:15,570 +here. There's someone who is dramatic about this, + +223 +00:17:16,250 --> 00:17:18,710 +probably expressing unhappiness or + +224 +00:17:18,710 --> 00:17:24,850 +dissatisfaction. That's example number one. The + +225 +00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:30,140 +same thing applies. to the other standard another + +226 +00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:35,260 +text this is one we have in the book what do you + +227 +00:17:35,260 --> 00:17:39,300 +notice quickly look at the text tell me what you + +228 +00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:46,480 +notice about this raise your hand please remember + +229 +00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,680 +generally i do it like this i look at the poem + +230 +00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:55,090 +that's the first thing i do the second thing is I + +231 +00:17:55,090 --> 00:17:57,450 +count the lines because it could be a sonnet if it + +232 +00:17:57,450 --> 00:18:00,470 +is a sonnet there is something I can say out of + +233 +00:18:00,470 --> 00:18:05,150 +the lines the counting I go for the rhyme scheme + +234 +00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:09,710 +so what do you notice please okay + +235 +00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:16,570 +so it's one block 14 lines interesting it is a + +236 +00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:21,930 +sonnet remember the sonnet Italy Petrarch + +237 +00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:25,700 +Particular subject matter, particular rhyme + +238 +00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,740 +scheme, Shakespeare? The rhyme scheme. Let's go + +239 +00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:32,940 +for the rhyme scheme. Can someone do it? This is + +240 +00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:36,760 +going to be problematic. Come here please. Yes. + +241 +00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,700 +Okay, no problem. + +242 +00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,470 +Tell them what you're doing. Okay, the first one, + +243 +00:18:48,670 --> 00:18:53,990 +first alphabet, A, U meant it's totally different, + +244 +00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:59,770 +bent than meant A, sorry, B. Okay, good. U and U, + +245 +00:18:59,910 --> 00:19:09,010 +A, U, C, and A. U and U are not the same, U, U, U. + +246 +00:19:09,630 --> 00:19:16,730 +They're the same. M and bent B, different. + +247 +00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:22,560 +Okay, + +248 +00:19:25,980 --> 00:19:28,860 +before she continues, what does this remind you + +249 +00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:33,280 +of? Italian sonnet, Petrarch, remember? A, B, B, + +250 +00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:38,720 +A, A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, C, D. Go on. + +251 +00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:57,280 +I for I are you + +252 +00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:01,620 +sure maybe it is listen we started something + +253 +00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:05,880 +called imperfect rhyme what is an imperfect rhyme + +254 +00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:10,560 +there is rhyme but it doesn't rhyme hundred + +255 +00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:15,370 +percent probably fifty percent so anime Enemy and + +256 +00:20:15,370 --> 00:20:18,730 +I they are close but not close enough to be + +257 +00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:22,510 +perfect rhyme. So it should be DD Before she + +258 +00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:30,550 +continues. This is also Petrarch however Oh, + +259 +00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:34,490 +thank you. What is EE? Couplet. Thank you very + +260 +00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:39,110 +much. Good Listen to me The imperfect rhyme again. + +261 +00:20:39,250 --> 00:20:42,170 +Remember we said this before either it was read in + +262 +00:20:42,170 --> 00:20:44,810 +a particular way or when you read it you just do + +263 +00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:47,450 +it extend it stretch it a little bit so it could + +264 +00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:51,750 +be like anime I in a way a little bit close or + +265 +00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:54,900 +could have been pronounced in a way that But more + +266 +00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,220 +important to me is that an imperfect rhyme tells + +267 +00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:01,200 +us, when you read the text, be careful. The poet + +268 +00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,920 +is sending us a signal, a particular message. Why + +269 +00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:07,180 +we need to stop and see why there is imperfection + +270 +00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:10,340 +here. Does it reflect a particular idea? And + +271 +00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:15,500 +usually it does. So is this a Shakespearean or a + +272 +00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,540 +Petrarchan sonnet? Italian or English? Italian. + +273 +00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:24,060 +Are you sure? Yes. Half and half, mixture. + +274 +00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:34,840 +Generally, we have + +275 +00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,760 +several forms, but the most important forms are + +276 +00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,400 +again the Italian, the English, Petrarchan, + +277 +00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,000 +Shakespeare. We have a person here who's going for + +278 +00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:50,200 +Petrarch, the original, Sonneteer and then at the + +279 +00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,780 +end all of a sudden shifts to Shakespeare in a way + +280 +00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:59,940 +creating a new form in a way mixing things and + +281 +00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:08,080 +bringing a new form a bb a a bb a cd cd ee and + +282 +00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,330 +remember the sonnet With a couplet, it means + +283 +00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:14,950 +something. Remember we said some people believe + +284 +00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:18,550 +that only Shakespeare could do this, where he + +285 +00:22:18,550 --> 00:22:21,830 +develops in 12 lines a particular problem and + +286 +00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:25,670 +gives us the twist, the resolution, the closure in + +287 +00:22:25,670 --> 00:22:28,110 +two lines. So this is someone saying, I don't want + +288 +00:22:28,110 --> 00:22:30,950 +to follow Shakespeare, but I can be as smart as + +289 +00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:32,790 +Shakespeare, as good as Shakespeare, and this is + +290 +00:22:32,790 --> 00:22:34,270 +the couplet I have here. + +291 +00:22:37,070 --> 00:22:40,980 +So sonnet, different rhyme scheme. What do you + +292 +00:22:40,980 --> 00:22:43,400 +notice? What else do you notice about it? Now + +293 +00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,820 +read. + +294 +00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,220 +What is the sonnet about? Does anyone want to + +295 +00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,900 +read? Probably the first quatrain, yes? batter my + +296 +00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,540 +heart, three persons God for you, as yet but not + +297 +00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:02,700 +breathe shine and seek to mend, that I may rise + +298 +00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:07,260 +and stand o'er you, me and them, you're forced to + +299 +00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:11,160 +break, blow, burn and make me new. No, no, read + +300 +00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:14,300 +this again and pay attention to the B B B sound, + +301 +00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,460 +the alliteration. You're forced to break, blow, + +302 +00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,000 +burn and make me new. Break, break, blow, burn. + +303 +00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,300 +Yeah, that's that's part of the strong language + +304 +00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:30,100 +strong opening here. Is this a love poem? There's + +305 +00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:34,500 +God here. You know three persons in Christianity + +306 +00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,700 +who have Trinity. The Trinity. This is a religious + +307 +00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,800 +poem and the whole poem is about the poet trying + +308 +00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:49,500 +to break free from the sins of God's enemy, Satan, + +309 +00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,860 +the devil. He's asking God to break this + +310 +00:23:52,860 --> 00:23:57,820 +relationship between him and Satan, to free him. + +311 +00:23:58,460 --> 00:24:03,560 +Divorce me from who? From his relationship with + +312 +00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:08,620 +the enemy of God, Satan. Because he wants to be + +313 +00:24:08,620 --> 00:24:12,000 +close to God. He wants to be free. And there's a + +314 +00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,660 +paradox. I like the paradox here. Imprison me to + +315 +00:24:15,660 --> 00:24:19,840 +make me free. What is a paradox? Saying something + +316 +00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,900 +and saying the opposite. That's irony. Paradox is + +317 +00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:25,820 +a sentence that contradicts itself. When someone + +318 +00:24:25,820 --> 00:24:28,820 +says imprison me because I want to be free. What? + +319 +00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,190 +Feed me because I want to be hungry. Break me + +320 +00:24:36,190 --> 00:24:41,750 +because I want to be new. Generally, it's a + +321 +00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:44,770 +statement that contradicts itself. When you first + +322 +00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:47,810 +read it, you think it doesn't make sense. But when + +323 +00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:50,550 +you analyze it, when you put it in its context, + +324 +00:24:51,010 --> 00:24:54,550 +you realize how smart and witty this is. So he + +325 +00:24:54,550 --> 00:24:58,810 +wants to break the old him, the sinner, the person + +326 +00:24:58,810 --> 00:25:02,250 +that is close to Satan, to the devil, because he + +327 +00:25:02,250 --> 00:25:06,270 +wants to be new with God. He wants God to imprison + +328 +00:25:06,270 --> 00:25:10,690 +him away from the enemy of God, from him to him. + +329 +00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:15,010 +If you are a prisoner with God, you're still free. + +330 +00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:18,950 +He offers you a lot of freedom. So what is this + +331 +00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:24,510 +poet doing? Again, changing the form, changing the + +332 +00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:28,130 +rhyme scheme, and changing the subject matter of + +333 +00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:31,310 +the most important form of English literature of + +334 +00:25:31,310 --> 00:25:33,710 +that time, the sonnet. So there is a deliberate + +335 +00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:38,890 +Insistence on this, on bringing something new, on + +336 +00:25:38,890 --> 00:25:41,430 +breaking the rules of the Qur'an. This is someone + +337 +00:25:41,430 --> 00:25:44,130 +saying, no, I am more powerful than the rules of + +338 +00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:46,270 +the Qur'an. Because the rules of the Qur'an are + +339 +00:25:46,270 --> 00:25:50,770 +busy old fool and unruly. They keep just calling + +340 +00:25:50,770 --> 00:25:53,270 +upon us, telling us what to do and what not to do. + +341 +00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:58,690 +I'm not going to follow this. OK. One more. This + +342 +00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,490 +is another sonnet. Probably I can pass it on. Look + +343 +00:26:01,490 --> 00:26:07,140 +at this poem. it's in the book by the way and the + +344 +00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:12,540 +title is Easter Wings you know not Red Bull this + +345 +00:26:12,540 --> 00:26:17,840 +time but if you look at the text from afar it + +346 +00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:23,680 +sounds like a bird flying or probably two birds + +347 +00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,780 +flying because this is body the wings the body the + +348 +00:26:27,780 --> 00:26:28,300 +wings + +349 +00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:34,540 +What was that? The M? + +350 +00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,240 +But generally I just turned it this way because I + +351 +00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,680 +wanted to show you how it could look like a bird, + +352 +00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:48,140 +like wings. Easter, wings. Also Easter, you know + +353 +00:26:48,140 --> 00:26:50,400 +Easter, we are in March, Easter. This is also a + +354 +00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,860 +really just Christian thing here. + +355 +00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:00,220 +This is the poem. Now, the title, Easter Wings, + +356 +00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:06,400 +might sound religious. It is religious. But when + +357 +00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:11,380 +you look at the shape of the poem, remember, when + +358 +00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:13,440 +we go for Shakespeare, for Ben Jonson, even + +359 +00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:18,280 +Marlowe and those poets, same number of syllables + +360 +00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:22,840 +and feet. This looks crazy, because we have long + +361 +00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:26,600 +line, shorter, short, and then the shortest, and + +362 +00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:31,260 +then it gets long. Listen. Now these group, these + +363 +00:27:31,260 --> 00:27:36,860 +poets, this group of poets did something new to + +364 +00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:41,320 +literature, to English poetry. And this is + +365 +00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:46,880 +important because to them, the meaning is more + +366 +00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:51,860 +important than the rule. Again, the meaning is + +367 +00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:55,360 +more important than the rule. If I feel like + +368 +00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:57,680 +writing a religious poem in the sonnet form, you + +369 +00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:02,620 +go for it. If I feel that the line needs five + +370 +00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:06,000 +feet, I go there. If I feel it needs less or more, + +371 +00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:11,500 +I go there. The idea is more important. The idea + +372 +00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,780 +is more significant than the rule itself, than the + +373 +00:28:14,780 --> 00:28:19,680 +number of the syllables in many ways. Let's see + +374 +00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:22,640 +how they connect where the meaning and the form + +375 +00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,060 +are connected. In the rules of the Quran, like in + +376 +00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:28,360 +Arabic poetry by the way, sometimes when you read + +377 +00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,600 +Arabic poetry you find that a particular word + +378 +00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,300 +doesn't fit in the context. I'm not sure if I + +379 +00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:37,970 +mentioned this before here. What's his name? Elia + +380 +00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:42,010 +Boumadie, in one of his poems, Kam Tashtaki, He's + +381 +00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,630 +inviting people to be optimistic. And in one line, + +382 +00:28:45,710 --> 00:28:46,190 +he says, + +383 +00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:53,360 +So he's saying, like, be happy because the sun is + +384 +00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,640 +burning. It doesn't work. Why? Because he chose + +385 +00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,560 +this particular word, although it is the wrong + +386 +00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,220 +word, because of the rhyme and because of the + +387 +00:29:02,220 --> 00:29:04,980 +meter. It wasn't mulqafiyah. For those + +388 +00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:08,000 +metaphysical poets, for those poets we're studying + +389 +00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,100 +today, the meaning is more important. They can + +390 +00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,680 +break the rule for the right word, for the right + +391 +00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:18,240 +idea. Let's see how the meaning, the theme, is + +392 +00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:19,420 +connected with + +393 +00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:28,490 +The form. So this is the longest line, right? And + +394 +00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:32,690 +this is the shortest line. Same here, two lines, + +395 +00:29:32,790 --> 00:29:35,830 +very short, long, long. The first line says, Lord, + +396 +00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:42,730 +again, God, religious. Lord who created man in + +397 +00:29:42,730 --> 00:29:44,870 +wealth and store. And that's why we have the + +398 +00:29:44,870 --> 00:29:49,350 +longest line. He's saying, God gave man + +399 +00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:54,450 +everything. This big, the biggest thing. God + +400 +00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:59,710 +created man in wealth and store. And that's why + +401 +00:29:59,710 --> 00:30:04,270 +it's the longest line. What happens next? Man + +402 +00:30:04,270 --> 00:30:06,930 +begins to lose. + +403 +00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:12,390 +And then because there is loss here, the line + +404 +00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:17,240 +shrinks. Thank you for the word, shrinks. And then + +405 +00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,440 +decay, you know, decay decline, fades, decaying + +406 +00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:28,320 +even more and more till he became most poor, most + +407 +00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:33,200 +poor and we have the shortest line. But what + +408 +00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,900 +happens next with thee, thee here, Lord. Let me + +409 +00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,980 +rise. Because there's rising, it grows again + +410 +00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:43,940 +bigger because you connect, you go back to God. As + +411 +00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,960 +larks, as birds. You know the lark? Harmoniously + +412 +00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,920 +and sing this day thy victories. Then shall the + +413 +00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:55,260 +fall further the flight in me. Oh, thank you. I + +414 +00:30:55,260 --> 00:31:00,660 +love the further alliteration. The fall further + +415 +00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:05,790 +the flight. It's alliteration where the sound It's + +416 +00:31:05,790 --> 00:31:11,210 +like, it's like wings fluttering. Similar to this + +417 +00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:15,710 +in a way, fluttering. The fall, further, the + +418 +00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:20,110 +flight, there is alliteration here, but also there + +419 +00:31:20,110 --> 00:31:27,910 +is a paradox. What's a paradox? A sentence that is + +420 +00:31:27,910 --> 00:31:32,190 +self-contradictory. How does the fall further the + +421 +00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:36,030 +flight? If you fall, you fall. But here he says, + +422 +00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:41,030 +if I fall, I rise up above. Because this is a + +423 +00:31:41,030 --> 00:31:44,470 +religious concept here. If you commit a sin and + +424 +00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:49,150 +you repent, you go back to God, you will rise + +425 +00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:52,270 +higher than ever before. If you count the number + +426 +00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:57,310 +of syllables here, Ten. Can you say how that + +427 +00:31:57,310 --> 00:32:05,530 +worked with you? One, two, three, four, + +428 +00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:07,610 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +429 +00:32:07,810 --> 00:32:10,030 +three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. + +430 +00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:11,050 +nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six, + +431 +00:32:11,050 --> 00:32:11,590 +seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four, + +432 +00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:11,990 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +433 +00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:12,090 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, + +434 +00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:13,010 +nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six, + +435 +00:32:13,010 --> 00:32:14,750 +seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four, + +436 +00:32:14,750 --> 00:32:15,250 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +437 +00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:17,150 +One, two, + +438 +00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:21,470 +three, four, five, six, seven + +439 +00:32:24,690 --> 00:32:28,870 +One foot. One foot. No, two syllables, one foot. + +440 +00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:35,270 +Plural of foot. And then one, two, three, four, + +441 +00:32:35,510 --> 00:32:39,950 +five. The same thing happens again and again. But + +442 +00:32:39,950 --> 00:32:42,250 +again, what I'm saying here is that the longest + +443 +00:32:42,250 --> 00:32:46,330 +line corresponds, is connected with what it means. + +444 +00:32:47,030 --> 00:32:51,930 +Wealth and store. God gave man everything. And + +445 +00:32:51,930 --> 00:32:55,930 +when man lost everything, became the most, most + +446 +00:32:55,930 --> 00:33:00,930 +poor. Same thing happens again. Most thin, because + +447 +00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:03,210 +this is the most thin physically, it's the most + +448 +00:33:03,210 --> 00:33:07,930 +thin. But the poet is saying that I want to imp. + +449 +00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:12,230 +Imp means like link, glue, connect. My wing on + +450 +00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:14,850 +thine. And that's why we have here, this is a bird + +451 +00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:18,220 +probably standing for man. And this is another + +452 +00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:23,040 +bird standing for Jesus or God. And he wants the + +453 +00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:27,920 +wings to be connected so they can... Affliction, + +454 +00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:31,680 +pain shall advance the flight in me. I want to go + +455 +00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,840 +back to you, God. Forgive my sins. I love you, + +456 +00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,380 +God. I'm coming back to you. Look at the rhyme + +457 +00:33:38,380 --> 00:33:48,240 +scheme here. We have Thor. Same. B, more, A, B, + +458 +00:33:48,780 --> 00:33:56,820 +Puro, so A, D, C, rise, D, listen, harmoniously + +459 +00:33:56,820 --> 00:34:02,660 +rhymes with D but imperfectly. So C, also rise and + +460 +00:34:02,660 --> 00:34:07,640 +victories, they rhyme but imperfect rhyme. So D + +461 +00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:09,600 +and C. + +462 +00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:18,680 +So A, B, A, B, A. C, D, C, D, C. And the same + +463 +00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:25,760 +thing happens later on. What do we see here again + +464 +00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:31,100 +is that a poet deliberately, on purpose, changing + +465 +00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,460 +the form. And the form is not random. It's + +466 +00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:39,830 +connected with the meaning in many ways. If you + +467 +00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,610 +notice, we have in one stanza, we have two + +468 +00:34:42,610 --> 00:34:46,090 +imperfect rhymes here. So they don't look for the + +469 +00:34:46,090 --> 00:34:47,950 +perfect rhyme. They don't look for the most + +470 +00:34:47,950 --> 00:34:51,030 +beautiful, most elegant, most powerful, most + +471 +00:34:51,030 --> 00:34:55,590 +highly, you know. Like a word that really is + +472 +00:34:55,590 --> 00:34:59,110 +poetic that only poets and only people who go to + +473 +00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:02,430 +university know. The right word in the right place + +474 +00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:06,070 +is usually used. Because the meaning is more + +475 +00:35:06,070 --> 00:35:10,610 +important than the rule. What is this? + +476 +00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:17,550 +Okay, see, this is clearer here. What is this? + +477 +00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:25,890 +This is John Donne and his school of poets. John + +478 +00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:31,910 +Donne. John Donne. And his followers, George + +479 +00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:35,710 +Herbert. The Easter Wings poem is a poem by + +480 +00:35:37,930 --> 00:35:44,450 +Someone named George Herbert. So in brief, to wrap + +481 +00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:48,850 +things up, John Donne as a poet clearly was + +482 +00:35:48,850 --> 00:35:51,830 +dissatisfied with the way English poetry was + +483 +00:35:51,830 --> 00:35:54,270 +written during his time. He didn't like the rules + +484 +00:35:54,270 --> 00:35:57,470 +of decorum, so he broke them. He changed many + +485 +00:35:57,470 --> 00:36:00,270 +things. He changed something about the form, about + +486 +00:36:00,270 --> 00:36:05,210 +the language, about the rules, the meter. For this + +487 +00:36:05,210 --> 00:36:08,150 +poet, the idea is more important than the rule. So + +488 +00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:11,570 +he would break the rule just to convey the right + +489 +00:36:11,570 --> 00:36:12,010 +idea. + +490 +00:36:15,150 --> 00:36:18,330 +And what does that mean? Does it mean that it was + +491 +00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:24,390 +okay to do this then? Of course not. Remember, + +492 +00:36:24,510 --> 00:36:27,450 +this is the heyday of Renaissance. And then we + +493 +00:36:27,450 --> 00:36:30,950 +will be having the neoclassical age, the age that + +494 +00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:34,970 +emphasized rules over meanings in so many ways. + +495 +00:36:35,810 --> 00:36:37,810 +The rules of decorum were sacred. You had to + +496 +00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:40,790 +follow them. And when someone comes to do this, + +497 +00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:45,300 +number one, he's viewed as a threat. Writing + +498 +00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:47,960 +something different, writing something new could + +499 +00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,640 +be viewed as a threat because some patrons might + +500 +00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:53,880 +find this interesting and would be, oh, I want + +501 +00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,260 +this poet who writes different poetry. And I want + +502 +00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:00,020 +to give him money. I want to bring him. So + +503 +00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:03,940 +probably some critics of that time viewed this as + +504 +00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:06,700 +a threat. But definitely, they didn't like + +505 +00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:10,980 +Diondan. But not because Diondan was writing bad + +506 +00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:17,700 +poetry. or difficult poetry, or complex poetry. It + +507 +00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,260 +was because John Donne was breaking the rules. And + +508 +00:37:20,260 --> 00:37:22,760 +the rules for them are the most important things. + +509 +00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:27,160 +One critic, Johnson, we studied Johnson already as + +510 +00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,560 +a dramatist and a poet, he said, John Donne + +511 +00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,260 +deserves hanging. Yeah, that's extreme. He + +512 +00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:38,040 +deserves hanging. + +513 +00:37:38,740 --> 00:37:43,210 +For what? For writing different poetry? Where's + +514 +00:37:43,210 --> 00:37:46,070 +the freedom of speech, right? And he said, John + +515 +00:37:46,070 --> 00:37:50,310 +Donne will perish. You know perish? He will + +516 +00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:55,030 +decline. He will be forgotten. Perish. No one will + +517 +00:37:55,030 --> 00:38:01,130 +remember him. Perish. He will vanish. He will + +518 +00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:03,630 +disappear because no one will like his poetry. + +519 +00:38:03,730 --> 00:38:06,550 +Actually, many people liked his poetry, but the + +520 +00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:10,790 +mainstream critics The critics who called for the + +521 +00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:12,470 +rules of the Quran did it like this, and they + +522 +00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:14,450 +kicked John Donne and his followers from the + +523 +00:38:14,450 --> 00:38:18,590 +canon. They would also not talk about them, ignore + +524 +00:38:18,590 --> 00:38:20,710 +them, and when they talk about them, they would + +525 +00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:23,110 +negatively frame them. Remember the word frame? + +526 +00:38:24,190 --> 00:38:28,370 +Important word here. Frame? to describe somebody + +527 +00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:31,130 +in a negative way or a positive way. But here, + +528 +00:38:31,210 --> 00:38:35,310 +John Donne was negatively framed by the mainstream + +529 +00:38:35,310 --> 00:38:39,210 +critics. How? Someone said, he deserves hanging. + +530 +00:38:39,430 --> 00:38:43,810 +Someone said, he will perish. Someone said, he + +531 +00:38:43,810 --> 00:38:47,650 +writes a perplexing poetry. Someone said, John + +532 +00:38:47,650 --> 00:38:49,650 +Donne, this is not poetry, this is verse. + +533 +00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:55,620 +Someone said even, because a lot of critics agree + +534 +00:38:55,620 --> 00:38:59,520 +that John Donne is smart, witty. Alexander Pope + +535 +00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:05,060 +said, no, he doesn't have an extraordinary kind of + +536 +00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:09,240 +wit. All poets have the same level of wit like + +537 +00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:14,120 +Donne. So John Donne and his followers, for about + +538 +00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:20,390 +200 years, was in a way marginalized, was not in + +539 +00:39:20,390 --> 00:39:24,790 +the canon, was kicked out. And thanks to a very + +540 +00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,790 +important man, a very important critic, a very + +541 +00:39:28,790 --> 00:39:32,130 +important poet in the 20th century, early 20th + +542 +00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:38,930 +century, T.S. Eliot. The Wasteland, April is the + +543 +00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:44,390 +cruelest month. When he was reading poetry, he + +544 +00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:48,530 +came across the metaphysical poets, John Donne. + +545 +00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:52,190 +And he said, wow, these are important poets. He + +546 +00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:57,030 +showed how important their poetry was, to the + +547 +00:39:57,030 --> 00:40:00,770 +extent that in the 20th century, John Donne and + +548 +00:40:00,770 --> 00:40:03,630 +his followers became more important than Johnson, + +549 +00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:06,790 +than Dryden, than Samuel Johnson, and then + +550 +00:40:06,790 --> 00:40:10,810 +Alexander Pope combined. Many poets in the 20th + +551 +00:40:10,810 --> 00:40:13,510 +century started to imitate them in a way. That's + +552 +00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:17,530 +why John Donne is considered a modernist. What is + +553 +00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:18,190 +a modernist? + +554 +00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:25,750 +Modernism. He brings new ideas, he experiments, he + +555 +00:40:25,750 --> 00:40:30,870 +changes. The 20th century went back to the poets + +556 +00:40:30,870 --> 00:40:34,030 +like John Donne to imitate them, to learn from + +557 +00:40:34,030 --> 00:40:39,540 +them. And finally, when we read the literature + +558 +00:40:39,540 --> 00:40:42,480 +box, we will come across the term metaphysical. + +559 +00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,780 +Listen to this again. Metaphysical poetry, + +560 +00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:48,860 +metaphysical poets. This is an ugly term. Look at + +561 +00:40:48,860 --> 00:40:51,900 +it. It's horrible, right? Metaphysical poetry. It + +562 +00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:57,580 +sounds terrorizing, intimidating, spooky. Now, + +563 +00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,900 +this term was used again by the mainstream critics + +564 +00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,220 +Dryden and Johnson to describe John Donne and his + +565 +00:41:04,220 --> 00:41:07,340 +followers. What does it mean, metaphysical? + +566 +00:41:07,620 --> 00:41:10,180 +Believe me, it doesn't mean much. It doesn't mean + +567 +00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:16,360 +anything. But it was used in order to, again, make + +568 +00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,740 +people just, in a way, hate those poets, not read + +569 +00:41:19,740 --> 00:41:23,840 +them. Because I want to read poetry. Oh, yeah. + +570 +00:41:24,830 --> 00:41:27,070 +Metaphysical, it sounds, the name even sounds + +571 +00:41:27,070 --> 00:41:29,950 +difficult. So this is also negative framing. So + +572 +00:41:29,950 --> 00:41:34,290 +according to T.S. Eliot, the term metaphysical was + +573 +00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:41,870 +a term of abuse. What's abuse? As an insult. So it + +574 +00:41:41,870 --> 00:41:44,710 +wasn't used to describe them, but it was used to + +575 +00:41:44,710 --> 00:41:48,510 +insult them. To tell people, don't read this + +576 +00:41:48,510 --> 00:41:48,830 +poetry. + +577 +00:41:53,340 --> 00:41:57,380 +I'll stop here. I will continue this later on. But + +578 +00:41:57,380 --> 00:42:00,480 +let me just summarize the last point here and see + +579 +00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:05,160 +how funny literature is and how life works against + +580 +00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:12,160 +certain ideologies and ideas. Ben Jonson said John + +581 +00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,260 +Donne will perish for breaking the rules. + +582 +00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:17,880 +Ironically, nowadays John Donne is more important + +583 +00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:22,470 +than Ben Jonson. and probably other mainstream + +584 +00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:27,090 +critics, neoclassical critics of that type. So no + +585 +00:42:27,090 --> 00:42:29,710 +matter how much sometimes the official mainstream + +586 +00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:34,790 +critics and poets try to dismiss some poetry, not + +587 +00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:37,250 +because it's bad, but because it's against their + +588 +00:42:37,250 --> 00:42:40,590 +ideology, against their rules, because it + +589 +00:42:40,590 --> 00:42:43,670 +threatens them, no matter how much, how hard they + +590 +00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:48,420 +try. Later on, people will have the chance to read + +591 +00:42:48,420 --> 00:42:51,980 +this poetry and appreciate it for its beauty and + +592 +00:42:51,980 --> 00:42:57,500 +its contribution. Okay? So these are the major + +593 +00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,700 +points I just discussed here. + +594 +00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:06,300 +You don't have to write them down. You can see + +595 +00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:07,360 +them in the video, by the way. + +596 +00:43:13,450 --> 00:43:17,270 +Our next class will continue doing John Donne, + +597 +00:43:17,970 --> 00:43:21,770 +George Herbert, and Andrew Marvel. And I'll repeat + +598 +00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:24,510 +these ideas and speak about the features of + +599 +00:43:24,510 --> 00:43:27,250 +metaphysical portrait. Do you have any question? + +600 +00:43:27,730 --> 00:43:33,030 +Please. How we can know the irregular rhyme scheme + +601 +00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:40,390 +like this? When you look at the poem and trace the + +602 +00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:41,590 +rhyme + +603 +00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:51,360 +Generally, go with your gut, meaning like, what do + +604 +00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,580 +you feel here? How do you feel? And then go + +605 +00:43:54,580 --> 00:43:57,800 +through it again and try to see whether two rhymes + +606 +00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:02,560 +are close, not close enough to be perfect rhymes, + +607 +00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,260 +but probably 50% and you bring them together. So + +608 +00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:09,390 +here, generally, when I first read this, I didn't + +609 +00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:13,870 +like rise with victories. Because rise is + +610 +00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:16,290 +different from victories. But does it sound like + +611 +00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:22,030 +it? In a way, yes. A little bit. Not 100%. So we + +612 +00:44:22,030 --> 00:44:24,190 +go for imperfect rhyme. When we remember these are + +613 +00:44:24,190 --> 00:44:25,930 +the metaphysical powers, we say, oh, they didn't + +614 +00:44:25,930 --> 00:44:29,270 +want to follow the rules 100%. But there is more + +615 +00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:31,970 +to this. When you study the imperfect rhyme, I + +616 +00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:34,690 +think you will find more reasons why this is + +617 +00:44:34,690 --> 00:44:37,310 +imperfect. There's something going on. We need to + +618 +00:44:37,310 --> 00:44:39,860 +analyze. Okay, thank you. If you have any + +619 +00:44:39,860 --> 00:44:42,480 +question, we can continue after this. Thank you + +620 +00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:42,960 +and good luck. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62adf3a192649fb6007afef28a6f22037fa4248d --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2492 @@ +1 +00:00:22,850 --> 00:00:28,110 +Today we start something probably different, + +2 +00:00:29,030 --> 00:00:33,750 +something new, related but still something new. + +3 +00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,150 +Last time we finished speaking about major + +4 +00:00:38,150 --> 00:00:42,090 +Renaissance poets and before that we studied major + +5 +00:00:42,090 --> 00:00:46,910 +Renaissance dramatists. We spoke about several + +6 +00:00:46,910 --> 00:00:50,570 +terms that we needed to understand and we still + +7 +00:00:50,570 --> 00:00:54,950 +do. We spoke about censorship, patronage, and we + +8 +00:00:54,950 --> 00:01:01,110 +also spoke about the canon, and last time, the + +9 +00:01:01,110 --> 00:01:06,320 +rules of Decorum. What do you know about the rules + +10 +00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:08,920 +of decorum? Did you read more stuff about the + +11 +00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,400 +rules of decorum? What does the term rules of + +12 +00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,400 +decorum mean in the context of literature here? + +13 +00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:22,220 +Rules of decorum, yes, please. The rules of + +14 +00:01:22,220 --> 00:01:26,880 +decorum are the rules that the poet has to have in + +15 +00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,160 +his personality or in his style of writing to be + +16 +00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:36,040 +in the group of canon. To write great poetry, you + +17 +00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:41,040 +had to follow certain rules, specific rules. And + +18 +00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,480 +many of these rules were strict. You had to follow + +19 +00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,560 +them. What topic to choose? Universal truths, + +20 +00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:52,220 +remember? The language itself. Not everything can + +21 +00:01:52,220 --> 00:01:55,120 +be poetic. Only highly embellished poetic + +22 +00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,560 +language. And then the form itself. You had to + +23 +00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,850 +follow a particular structure. a highly organized + +24 +00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:08,890 +form of poetry. And in the 17th century and 18th + +25 +00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:12,770 +century, this became even more famous than now, + +26 +00:02:12,870 --> 00:02:17,010 +more common than now. But during the time of + +27 +00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:21,050 +Elizabeth and later on, we have a group of poets + +28 +00:02:21,050 --> 00:02:24,750 +who did not follow the rules of the Quran, who did + +29 +00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:28,930 +not want to obey these ancient rules of writing + +30 +00:02:28,930 --> 00:02:33,590 +poetry, of versification. Before I explain things, + +31 +00:02:33,790 --> 00:02:36,910 +I'll give you examples from their poetry, and I'll + +32 +00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:42,010 +let you come to certain conclusions yourself. Look + +33 +00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:45,830 +at this poem. And again, I'm not mentioning the + +34 +00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:48,930 +name of the poet, because we care more about the + +35 +00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:52,150 +text itself. We need to appreciate the text + +36 +00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:57,130 +regardless of who the poet is. This is a poem, The + +37 +00:02:57,130 --> 00:03:01,530 +Sun Rising. Look at the shape of the poem and tell + +38 +00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,330 +me what you think. + +39 +00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:13,930 +Please. How do you know? Did you count the lines? + +40 +00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:21,410 +How many lines? This is not a sonnet. Ten lines, + +41 +00:03:21,790 --> 00:03:23,970 +not fourteen. So it's not definitely not. By the + +42 +00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:27,530 +way, this is the first stanza of a poem consisting + +43 +00:03:27,530 --> 00:03:33,540 +of Three stanzas. So the sun rising, number one. + +44 +00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:35,960 +Okay, you noticed very quickly the rhyme scheme. + +45 +00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:40,140 +Good, very good of you. And you think it has in + +46 +00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:43,240 +part something from the Italian sonnet Petrarca. + +47 +00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:48,280 +Something clearer than this, please. Oh, remember + +48 +00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,040 +the poems before when we studied the sonnets? More + +49 +00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,500 +or less they were like this. Oh, sorry. They were + +50 +00:03:53,500 --> 00:03:57,940 +like this. Remember five feet, five feet, five + +51 +00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:00,120 +feet, five feet, ten syllables, ten syllables, ten + +52 +00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:02,960 +syllables. Sometimes four feet, four feet, four + +53 +00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:04,620 +feet, like eight syllables, eight syllables, eight + +54 +00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:07,480 +syllables. So you read a whole poem, a long poem. + +55 +00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,120 +And I said this about Shakespeare's sonnet. We + +56 +00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:16,600 +have over 150. Sonnets, and almost all the lines + +57 +00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,440 +consist of 10 syllables, because this is the rules + +58 +00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,160 +of decorum, this strict, rigid form of poetry in + +59 +00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:26,220 +general, but of the sonnet in particular. So the + +60 +00:04:26,220 --> 00:04:29,840 +first thing we notice is that this poem, this was + +61 +00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:35,240 +written again in the Elizabethan Age. Clearly the + +62 +00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:40,430 +shape is not following the rules of decorum. If + +63 +00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:42,630 +you count the syllables, how many syllables do we + +64 +00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:46,750 +have in the first line? How many syllables in + +65 +00:04:46,750 --> 00:04:55,050 +busy? Busy, happy, two. Okay, one, two, three, + +66 +00:04:55,210 --> 00:04:58,930 +four, five, six, seven, eight. So four feet. + +67 +00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:11,130 +Unruly three. Unruly, like happy, two. Happiness, + +68 +00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:18,390 +three. Happily, three. Ha, pi, li, three. The + +69 +00:05:18,390 --> 00:05:22,050 +syllable depends on how many vowel sounds we have. + +70 +00:05:22,430 --> 00:05:28,870 +And then, why dost thou thus? How do you know the + +71 +00:05:28,870 --> 00:05:32,850 +number of feet generally? You divide the number + +72 +00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:38,970 +seven by two. And then, through windows and + +73 +00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:43,590 +through curtains call on us. One, two, three, + +74 +00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:51,470 +four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Come on. + +75 +00:05:53,310 --> 00:05:58,250 +Clearly there is an intention to change, to be + +76 +00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:02,570 +different. An intention to not follow the rules. + +77 +00:06:03,230 --> 00:06:07,650 +Not write a poem with strictly the same number of + +78 +00:06:07,650 --> 00:06:09,110 +syllables and the same number of feet. + +79 +00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:15,330 +If you code more, you'll find again, I think this + +80 +00:06:15,330 --> 00:06:20,450 +is also 10. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 1, 2, + +81 +00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:25,330 +3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and then 5 feet, 4 feet. So + +82 +00:06:25,330 --> 00:06:32,120 +number one, we notice the irregular form. The + +83 +00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:37,480 +number of lines, the number of feet in the first + +84 +00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:40,460 +line is not the same, second, third, etc. What + +85 +00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,980 +about the rhyme scheme? Can someone do the rhyme + +86 +00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:48,620 +scheme? Can you come here please? Yes? + +87 +00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:05,070 +Sun A Y, tell them why. The first sound takes the + +88 +00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:12,450 +first letter of the alphabet. Okay. Why B? Why not + +89 +00:07:12,450 --> 00:07:17,210 +A? It's different. It's not the same. So we go to + +90 +00:07:17,210 --> 00:07:19,850 +the second letter of the alphabet, which is B. + +91 +00:07:21,470 --> 00:07:22,830 +Okay. A. + +92 +00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,830 +New sound, we go to the next letter. + +93 +00:07:39,450 --> 00:07:45,530 +Parenthesis, C? No, definitely not. This is thus, + +94 +00:07:46,530 --> 00:07:50,970 +us, this is parenthesis. This is D. + +95 +00:08:00,010 --> 00:08:01,050 +Offices, parentheses? + +96 +00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:12,850 +No way. This is M. This is D. Not the same sound. + +97 +00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:16,930 +Definitely not the same sound. It's a couplet. + +98 +00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:24,190 +Thank you very much. Thank you. Is it regular? How + +99 +00:08:24,190 --> 00:08:27,010 +can we tell? Is it musical? Does it make a musical + +100 +00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:34,270 +pattern? A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, E. It is. It is + +101 +00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:36,770 +musical. But we can double check when we look at + +102 +00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:39,910 +the other stanzas. So this is stanza number one, + +103 +00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:42,650 +this is stanza number two. Strong? Someone do it + +104 +00:08:42,650 --> 00:08:46,070 +quickly. Someone. The rhyme scheme. Yeah, quickly + +105 +00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:53,430 +Also + +106 +00:08:53,430 --> 00:09:01,090 +D + +107 +00:09:01,090 --> 00:09:09,570 +E E So the same go here. It's the same. So this is + +108 +00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:12,210 +a regular rhyme scheme regular rhyme scheme + +109 +00:09:12,210 --> 00:09:18,340 +musical but The number of feet in each line is not + +110 +00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:22,660 +the same. But does that mean this is not musical? + +111 +00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,500 +Let's read the poem. Someone read the poem. The + +112 +00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:32,600 +first one, someone, please. Yeah, go on. The sun + +113 +00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:36,380 +rising, busy old fool and lonely sun. Why does + +114 +00:09:36,380 --> 00:09:41,940 +thou thus throw windows and throw curtains calm on + +115 +00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:49,880 +us? Must desire motions lovers seasons run saucy + +116 +00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:56,960 +saucy pedantic rich rich gosh child life is cool + +117 +00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,100 +boys and princesses princesses princesses go + +118 +00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:05,520 +talker handsome handsome handsome man that the + +119 +00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,860 +king will ride cold country ants to harvest + +120 +00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:15,320 +offices. Love all life, no season, no clime, nor + +121 +00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:21,200 +hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. I + +122 +00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,160 +think there is some music to this. Can you do it? + +123 +00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:24,720 +Yeah? OK. + +124 +00:10:28,770 --> 00:10:32,730 +It's not throw, + +125 +00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:41,450 +it's like you throwing windows, through windows. + +126 +00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:52,930 +So are apprentices. + +127 +00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,220 +Beautiful reading. Thank you very much. Let's see + +128 +00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,100 +what the poet is saying here. What is he talking + +129 +00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,100 +to? Who is he talking to? Who's he addressing? + +130 +00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:32,980 +Okay, who's that? Is he talking to a woman, to a + +131 +00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:37,980 +person? Yeah, he's talking to the sun. A + +132 +00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:41,390 +personification. And there is, if you don't read + +133 +00:11:41,390 --> 00:11:43,530 +the title here of the poem, and someone tells you, + +134 +00:11:43,650 --> 00:11:46,530 +busy, old, fool, unruly son, I'm sure some of you + +135 +00:11:46,530 --> 00:11:49,830 +will write it this way with O. Because these + +136 +00:11:49,830 --> 00:11:56,330 +features, unruly means naughty. Fool, busy, + +137 +00:11:57,410 --> 00:12:01,230 +adjectives that describe people rather than + +138 +00:12:01,230 --> 00:12:03,790 +things. So there is a personification of the son. + +139 +00:12:04,070 --> 00:12:10,410 +And generally, the son is also a symbol. A symbol + +140 +00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:13,330 +means something that stands for something else. It + +141 +00:12:13,330 --> 00:12:18,590 +symbolizes power. It symbolizes authority. + +142 +00:12:20,110 --> 00:12:23,390 +Probably, a new start, generally. But here, is he + +143 +00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,570 +happy with the sun? Remember that text, when the + +144 +00:12:27,570 --> 00:12:30,010 +sun was good because of the winter of discontent? + +145 +00:12:30,330 --> 00:12:34,290 +But here, the guy is attacking the sun, calling it + +146 +00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:40,560 +unruly, old, fool, busy. He's not happy with the + +147 +00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:43,000 +sun because the sun keeps sticking its nose, its + +148 +00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,160 +head, through the windows and the curtains. So + +149 +00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,800 +he's busy, old fool, unruly sun. Why dost thou? + +150 +00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,420 +He's interrogating the sun. Through windows and + +151 +00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:55,320 +through curtains call upon us. Must thy motions + +152 +00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,320 +lovers' seasons run? Saucy, pedantic, rich, go. + +153 +00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:04,700 +Go. Get out. That's why I would usually here in + +154 +00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,740 +this context take the sun as a symbol of + +155 +00:13:07,740 --> 00:13:08,200 +authority. + +156 +00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:18,490 +What's authority? Power. The mainstream. The + +157 +00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,650 +mainstream, the official worldview. + +158 +00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:26,150 +The poet, in a way, is personifying the son to + +159 +00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,430 +make this idea clear, as if he's talking to a + +160 +00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:32,690 +human being, to, I don't know, the king, or + +161 +00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:36,730 +probably the people, the critics who decide the + +162 +00:13:36,730 --> 00:13:39,670 +rules of poetry. You know what the word pedantic + +163 +00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:44,300 +is? Pedantic is someone who uses language in a way + +164 +00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,580 +to show off, like using big words, powerful + +165 +00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:50,940 +language just to show off that I can use better + +166 +00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:54,400 +language than you. So the fact that the poet is + +167 +00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,960 +personifying the sun and describing it as pedantic + +168 +00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,500 +and as nosy, you know, nosy because it sticks its + +169 +00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:05,620 +nose, curious, waking them up, he's saying, go + +170 +00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:10,660 +out. You're busy, you're old, you're a fool. Don't + +171 +00:14:10,660 --> 00:14:14,480 +disturb us, the lovers, because the lovers must + +172 +00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:20,680 +not or do not obey your rules. In my reading of + +173 +00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,080 +this poem, I think the poet is, again, when he + +174 +00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,980 +breaks the decorum of the lines here, he's also + +175 +00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:31,000 +breaking the rules by challenging the authority + +176 +00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,120 +itself, the sun that stands for power and + +177 +00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:38,640 +authority. The sun here, in my opinion, could be + +178 +00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,240 +the authority of criticism and poetry, the rules + +179 +00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,670 +of decorum. Because you needed to write. You had + +180 +00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:48,270 +to write poetry in a particular way. And the poet + +181 +00:14:48,270 --> 00:14:51,730 +here is dismissing this. Get out. Don't tell me + +182 +00:14:51,730 --> 00:14:56,490 +what I should do, when I should wake up. Why are + +183 +00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:58,730 +you sticking your head through the windows and + +184 +00:14:58,730 --> 00:15:02,210 +through the curtains? Get out. Go. Go instead of + +185 +00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:04,890 +waking me up, disturbing me, telling me, dictating + +186 +00:15:04,890 --> 00:15:09,430 +things on me. Go child. Let school boys. Go wake + +187 +00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:14,480 +up school children. And sauer apprentices. + +188 +00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:18,140 +Apprentices is originally apprentice. The boys who + +189 +00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:21,460 +work at somebody's place to learn a craft or a + +190 +00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:25,140 +skill. So sauer, you know, sauer is someone who + +191 +00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:28,040 +doesn't want to go to work. Go wake them up. Go + +192 +00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,600 +tell the court, the huntsman, the people in the + +193 +00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,200 +court that the king is going outside. Go call the + +194 +00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,680 +farmers. Tell the farmers, go harvest your crops. + +195 +00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:44,040 +Leave us alone. And then we have the beautiful, + +196 +00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,560 +beautiful, beautiful couplet here. Love, this is + +197 +00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:49,980 +so like Shakespeare, probably more beautiful in + +198 +00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:53,540 +many ways. When he says here, must thy emotions, + +199 +00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:57,880 +lovers, seasons run? I shouldn't obey the sun, + +200 +00:15:58,140 --> 00:16:03,040 +because we're more powerful. Love, all alike, no + +201 +00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:08,080 +season knows, nor climb. Love is all the time. + +202 +00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:09,920 +It's not in the morning. It's not at night. It's + +203 +00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:11,420 +not in the afternoon. It's not when you're hungry, + +204 +00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:14,280 +when you're thirsty. It's all the time. The sun + +205 +00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:19,200 +does not dictate this. So in brief, we have a text + +206 +00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,680 +here where the poet is clearly breaking the rules. + +207 +00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:31,420 +How? Number one, the form itself. But is the form + +208 +00:16:31,420 --> 00:16:33,540 +related to the meaning? In my opinion, yes. This + +209 +00:16:33,540 --> 00:16:36,720 +is a revolutionary poem in which the poet, the + +210 +00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,580 +speaker says, I don't want to obey anybody. And + +211 +00:16:40,580 --> 00:16:43,680 +I'm breaking the rules. I'm breaking the rules. + +212 +00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:46,640 +Look at the language. Remember, we said the + +213 +00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:48,980 +language was especially the language of courtly + +214 +00:16:48,980 --> 00:16:51,040 +love. This is a love poem. The language of courtly + +215 +00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:54,560 +love. Remember the sonnet? Shall I compare thee to + +216 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,880 +a summer's day? Now what more lovely and more + +217 +00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,550 +temperate. Come live with me and be my love, and + +218 +00:17:00,550 --> 00:17:02,450 +we will all the pleasures prove. But this is a + +219 +00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:06,750 +poem about busy old fool and ruly son. Why dost + +220 +00:17:06,750 --> 00:17:09,310 +thou through curtains and through windows call + +221 +00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:12,090 +upon us? It's like there's a powerful beginning + +222 +00:17:12,090 --> 00:17:15,570 +here. There's someone who is dramatic about this, + +223 +00:17:16,250 --> 00:17:18,710 +probably expressing unhappiness or + +224 +00:17:18,710 --> 00:17:24,850 +dissatisfaction. That's example number one. The + +225 +00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:30,140 +same thing applies. to the other standard another + +226 +00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:35,260 +text this is one we have in the book what do you + +227 +00:17:35,260 --> 00:17:39,300 +notice quickly look at the text tell me what you + +228 +00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:46,480 +notice about this raise your hand please remember + +229 +00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,680 +generally i do it like this i look at the poem + +230 +00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:55,090 +that's the first thing i do the second thing is I + +231 +00:17:55,090 --> 00:17:57,450 +count the lines because it could be a sonnet if it + +232 +00:17:57,450 --> 00:18:00,470 +is a sonnet there is something I can say out of + +233 +00:18:00,470 --> 00:18:05,150 +the lines the counting I go for the rhyme scheme + +234 +00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:09,710 +so what do you notice please okay + +235 +00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:16,570 +so it's one block 14 lines interesting it is a + +236 +00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:21,930 +sonnet remember the sonnet Italy Petrarch + +237 +00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:25,700 +Particular subject matter, particular rhyme + +238 +00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,740 +scheme, Shakespeare? The rhyme scheme. Let's go + +239 +00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:32,940 +for the rhyme scheme. Can someone do it? This is + +240 +00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:36,760 +going to be problematic. Come here please. Yes. + +241 +00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,700 +Okay, no problem. + +242 +00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,470 +Tell them what you're doing. Okay, the first one, + +243 +00:18:48,670 --> 00:18:53,990 +first alphabet, A, U meant it's totally different, + +244 +00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:59,770 +bent than meant A, sorry, B. Okay, good. U and U, + +245 +00:18:59,910 --> 00:19:09,010 +A, U, C, and A. U and U are not the same, U, U, U. + +246 +00:19:09,630 --> 00:19:16,730 +They're the same. M and bent B, different. + +247 +00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:22,560 +Okay, + +248 +00:19:25,980 --> 00:19:28,860 +before she continues, what does this remind you + +249 +00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:33,280 +of? Italian sonnet, Petrarch, remember? A, B, B, + +250 +00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:38,720 +A, A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, C, D. Go on. + +251 +00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:57,280 +I for I are you + +252 +00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:01,620 +sure maybe it is listen we started something + +253 +00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:05,880 +called imperfect rhyme what is an imperfect rhyme + +254 +00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:10,560 +there is rhyme but it doesn't rhyme hundred + +255 +00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:15,370 +percent probably fifty percent so anime Enemy and + +256 +00:20:15,370 --> 00:20:18,730 +I they are close but not close enough to be + +257 +00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:22,510 +perfect rhyme. So it should be DD Before she + +258 +00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:30,550 +continues. This is also Petrarch however Oh, + +259 +00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:34,490 +thank you. What is EE? Couplet. Thank you very + +260 +00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:39,110 +much. Good Listen to me The imperfect rhyme again. + +261 +00:20:39,250 --> 00:20:42,170 +Remember we said this before either it was read in + +262 +00:20:42,170 --> 00:20:44,810 +a particular way or when you read it you just do + +263 +00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:47,450 +it extend it stretch it a little bit so it could + +264 +00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:51,750 +be like anime I in a way a little bit close or + +265 +00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:54,900 +could have been pronounced in a way that But more + +266 +00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,220 +important to me is that an imperfect rhyme tells + +267 +00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:01,200 +us, when you read the text, be careful. The poet + +268 +00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,920 +is sending us a signal, a particular message. Why + +269 +00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:07,180 +we need to stop and see why there is imperfection + +270 +00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:10,340 +here. Does it reflect a particular idea? And + +271 +00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:15,500 +usually it does. So is this a Shakespearean or a + +272 +00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,540 +Petrarchan sonnet? Italian or English? Italian. + +273 +00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:24,060 +Are you sure? Yes. Half and half, mixture. + +274 +00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:34,840 +Generally, we have + +275 +00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,760 +several forms, but the most important forms are + +276 +00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,400 +again the Italian, the English, Petrarchan, + +277 +00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,000 +Shakespeare. We have a person here who's going for + +278 +00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:50,200 +Petrarch, the original, Sonneteer and then at the + +279 +00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,780 +end all of a sudden shifts to Shakespeare in a way + +280 +00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:59,940 +creating a new form in a way mixing things and + +281 +00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:08,080 +bringing a new form a bb a a bb a cd cd ee and + +282 +00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,330 +remember the sonnet With a couplet, it means + +283 +00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:14,950 +something. Remember we said some people believe + +284 +00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:18,550 +that only Shakespeare could do this, where he + +285 +00:22:18,550 --> 00:22:21,830 +develops in 12 lines a particular problem and + +286 +00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:25,670 +gives us the twist, the resolution, the closure in + +287 +00:22:25,670 --> 00:22:28,110 +two lines. So this is someone saying, I don't want + +288 +00:22:28,110 --> 00:22:30,950 +to follow Shakespeare, but I can be as smart as + +289 +00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:32,790 +Shakespeare, as good as Shakespeare, and this is + +290 +00:22:32,790 --> 00:22:34,270 +the couplet I have here. + +291 +00:22:37,070 --> 00:22:40,980 +So sonnet, different rhyme scheme. What do you + +292 +00:22:40,980 --> 00:22:43,400 +notice? What else do you notice about it? Now + +293 +00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,820 +read. + +294 +00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,220 +What is the sonnet about? Does anyone want to + +295 +00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,900 +read? Probably the first quatrain, yes? batter my + +296 +00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,540 +heart, three persons God for you, as yet but not + +297 +00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:02,700 +breathe shine and seek to mend, that I may rise + +298 +00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:07,260 +and stand o'er you, me and them, you're forced to + +299 +00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:11,160 +break, blow, burn and make me new. No, no, read + +300 +00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:14,300 +this again and pay attention to the B B B sound, + +301 +00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,460 +the alliteration. You're forced to break, blow, + +302 +00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,000 +burn and make me new. Break, break, blow, burn. + +303 +00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,300 +Yeah, that's that's part of the strong language + +304 +00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:30,100 +strong opening here. Is this a love poem? There's + +305 +00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:34,500 +God here. You know three persons in Christianity + +306 +00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,700 +who have Trinity. The Trinity. This is a religious + +307 +00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,800 +poem and the whole poem is about the poet trying + +308 +00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:49,500 +to break free from the sins of God's enemy, Satan, + +309 +00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,860 +the devil. He's asking God to break this + +310 +00:23:52,860 --> 00:23:57,820 +relationship between him and Satan, to free him. + +311 +00:23:58,460 --> 00:24:03,560 +Divorce me from who? From his relationship with + +312 +00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:08,620 +the enemy of God, Satan. Because he wants to be + +313 +00:24:08,620 --> 00:24:12,000 +close to God. He wants to be free. And there's a + +314 +00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,660 +paradox. I like the paradox here. Imprison me to + +315 +00:24:15,660 --> 00:24:19,840 +make me free. What is a paradox? Saying something + +316 +00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,900 +and saying the opposite. That's irony. Paradox is + +317 +00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:25,820 +a sentence that contradicts itself. When someone + +318 +00:24:25,820 --> 00:24:28,820 +says imprison me because I want to be free. What? + +319 +00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,190 +Feed me because I want to be hungry. Break me + +320 +00:24:36,190 --> 00:24:41,750 +because I want to be new. Generally, it's a + +321 +00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:44,770 +statement that contradicts itself. When you first + +322 +00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:47,810 +read it, you think it doesn't make sense. But when + +323 +00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:50,550 +you analyze it, when you put it in its context, + +324 +00:24:51,010 --> 00:24:54,550 +you realize how smart and witty this is. So he + +325 +00:24:54,550 --> 00:24:58,810 +wants to break the old him, the sinner, the person + +326 +00:24:58,810 --> 00:25:02,250 +that is close to Satan, to the devil, because he + +327 +00:25:02,250 --> 00:25:06,270 +wants to be new with God. He wants God to imprison + +328 +00:25:06,270 --> 00:25:10,690 +him away from the enemy of God, from him to him. + +329 +00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:15,010 +If you are a prisoner with God, you're still free. + +330 +00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:18,950 +He offers you a lot of freedom. So what is this + +331 +00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:24,510 +poet doing? Again, changing the form, changing the + +332 +00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:28,130 +rhyme scheme, and changing the subject matter of + +333 +00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:31,310 +the most important form of English literature of + +334 +00:25:31,310 --> 00:25:33,710 +that time, the sonnet. So there is a deliberate + +335 +00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:38,890 +Insistence on this, on bringing something new, on + +336 +00:25:38,890 --> 00:25:41,430 +breaking the rules of the Qur'an. This is someone + +337 +00:25:41,430 --> 00:25:44,130 +saying, no, I am more powerful than the rules of + +338 +00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:46,270 +the Qur'an. Because the rules of the Qur'an are + +339 +00:25:46,270 --> 00:25:50,770 +busy old fool and unruly. They keep just calling + +340 +00:25:50,770 --> 00:25:53,270 +upon us, telling us what to do and what not to do. + +341 +00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:58,690 +I'm not going to follow this. OK. One more. This + +342 +00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,490 +is another sonnet. Probably I can pass it on. Look + +343 +00:26:01,490 --> 00:26:07,140 +at this poem. it's in the book by the way and the + +344 +00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:12,540 +title is Easter Wings you know not Red Bull this + +345 +00:26:12,540 --> 00:26:17,840 +time but if you look at the text from afar it + +346 +00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:23,680 +sounds like a bird flying or probably two birds + +347 +00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,780 +flying because this is body the wings the body the + +348 +00:26:27,780 --> 00:26:28,300 +wings + +349 +00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:34,540 +What was that? The M? + +350 +00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,240 +But generally I just turned it this way because I + +351 +00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,680 +wanted to show you how it could look like a bird, + +352 +00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:48,140 +like wings. Easter, wings. Also Easter, you know + +353 +00:26:48,140 --> 00:26:50,400 +Easter, we are in March, Easter. This is also a + +354 +00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,860 +really just Christian thing here. + +355 +00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:00,220 +This is the poem. Now, the title, Easter Wings, + +356 +00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:06,400 +might sound religious. It is religious. But when + +357 +00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:11,380 +you look at the shape of the poem, remember, when + +358 +00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:13,440 +we go for Shakespeare, for Ben Jonson, even + +359 +00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:18,280 +Marlowe and those poets, same number of syllables + +360 +00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:22,840 +and feet. This looks crazy, because we have long + +361 +00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:26,600 +line, shorter, short, and then the shortest, and + +362 +00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:31,260 +then it gets long. Listen. Now these group, these + +363 +00:27:31,260 --> 00:27:36,860 +poets, this group of poets did something new to + +364 +00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:41,320 +literature, to English poetry. And this is + +365 +00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:46,880 +important because to them, the meaning is more + +366 +00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:51,860 +important than the rule. Again, the meaning is + +367 +00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:55,360 +more important than the rule. If I feel like + +368 +00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:57,680 +writing a religious poem in the sonnet form, you + +369 +00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:02,620 +go for it. If I feel that the line needs five + +370 +00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:06,000 +feet, I go there. If I feel it needs less or more, + +371 +00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:11,500 +I go there. The idea is more important. The idea + +372 +00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,780 +is more significant than the rule itself, than the + +373 +00:28:14,780 --> 00:28:19,680 +number of the syllables in many ways. Let's see + +374 +00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:22,640 +how they connect where the meaning and the form + +375 +00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,060 +are connected. In the rules of the Quran, like in + +376 +00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:28,360 +Arabic poetry by the way, sometimes when you read + +377 +00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,600 +Arabic poetry you find that a particular word + +378 +00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,300 +doesn't fit in the context. I'm not sure if I + +379 +00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:37,970 +mentioned this before here. What's his name? Elia + +380 +00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:42,010 +Boumadie, in one of his poems, Kam Tashtaki, He's + +381 +00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,630 +inviting people to be optimistic. And in one line, + +382 +00:28:45,710 --> 00:28:46,190 +he says, + +383 +00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:53,360 +So he's saying, like, be happy because the sun is + +384 +00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,640 +burning. It doesn't work. Why? Because he chose + +385 +00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,560 +this particular word, although it is the wrong + +386 +00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,220 +word, because of the rhyme and because of the + +387 +00:29:02,220 --> 00:29:04,980 +meter. It wasn't mulqafiyah. For those + +388 +00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:08,000 +metaphysical poets, for those poets we're studying + +389 +00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,100 +today, the meaning is more important. They can + +390 +00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,680 +break the rule for the right word, for the right + +391 +00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:18,240 +idea. Let's see how the meaning, the theme, is + +392 +00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:19,420 +connected with + +393 +00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:28,490 +The form. So this is the longest line, right? And + +394 +00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:32,690 +this is the shortest line. Same here, two lines, + +395 +00:29:32,790 --> 00:29:35,830 +very short, long, long. The first line says, Lord, + +396 +00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:42,730 +again, God, religious. Lord who created man in + +397 +00:29:42,730 --> 00:29:44,870 +wealth and store. And that's why we have the + +398 +00:29:44,870 --> 00:29:49,350 +longest line. He's saying, God gave man + +399 +00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:54,450 +everything. This big, the biggest thing. God + +400 +00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:59,710 +created man in wealth and store. And that's why + +401 +00:29:59,710 --> 00:30:04,270 +it's the longest line. What happens next? Man + +402 +00:30:04,270 --> 00:30:06,930 +begins to lose. + +403 +00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:12,390 +And then because there is loss here, the line + +404 +00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:17,240 +shrinks. Thank you for the word, shrinks. And then + +405 +00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,440 +decay, you know, decay decline, fades, decaying + +406 +00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:28,320 +even more and more till he became most poor, most + +407 +00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:33,200 +poor and we have the shortest line. But what + +408 +00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,900 +happens next with thee, thee here, Lord. Let me + +409 +00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,980 +rise. Because there's rising, it grows again + +410 +00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:43,940 +bigger because you connect, you go back to God. As + +411 +00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,960 +larks, as birds. You know the lark? Harmoniously + +412 +00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,920 +and sing this day thy victories. Then shall the + +413 +00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:55,260 +fall further the flight in me. Oh, thank you. I + +414 +00:30:55,260 --> 00:31:00,660 +love the further alliteration. The fall further + +415 +00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:05,790 +the flight. It's alliteration where the sound It's + +416 +00:31:05,790 --> 00:31:11,210 +like, it's like wings fluttering. Similar to this + +417 +00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:15,710 +in a way, fluttering. The fall, further, the + +418 +00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:20,110 +flight, there is alliteration here, but also there + +419 +00:31:20,110 --> 00:31:27,910 +is a paradox. What's a paradox? A sentence that is + +420 +00:31:27,910 --> 00:31:32,190 +self-contradictory. How does the fall further the + +421 +00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:36,030 +flight? If you fall, you fall. But here he says, + +422 +00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:41,030 +if I fall, I rise up above. Because this is a + +423 +00:31:41,030 --> 00:31:44,470 +religious concept here. If you commit a sin and + +424 +00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:49,150 +you repent, you go back to God, you will rise + +425 +00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:52,270 +higher than ever before. If you count the number + +426 +00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:57,310 +of syllables here, Ten. Can you say how that + +427 +00:31:57,310 --> 00:32:05,530 +worked with you? One, two, three, four, + +428 +00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:07,610 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +429 +00:32:07,810 --> 00:32:10,030 +three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. + +430 +00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:10,030 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, + +431 +00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:11,050 +nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six, + +432 +00:32:11,050 --> 00:32:11,590 +seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four, + +433 +00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:11,990 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +434 +00:32:11,990 --> 00:32:11,990 +three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. + +435 +00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:12,090 +One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, + +436 +00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:13,010 +nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six, + +437 +00:32:13,010 --> 00:32:14,750 +seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four, + +438 +00:32:14,750 --> 00:32:15,250 +five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, + +439 +00:32:15,250 --> 00:32:15,250 +three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. + +440 +00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:17,150 +One, two, + +441 +00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:21,470 +three, four, five, six, seven + +442 +00:32:24,690 --> 00:32:28,870 +One foot. One foot. No, two syllables, one foot. + +443 +00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:35,270 +Plural of foot. And then one, two, three, four, + +444 +00:32:35,510 --> 00:32:39,950 +five. The same thing happens again and again. But + +445 +00:32:39,950 --> 00:32:42,250 +again, what I'm saying here is that the longest + +446 +00:32:42,250 --> 00:32:46,330 +line corresponds, is connected with what it means. + +447 +00:32:47,030 --> 00:32:51,930 +Wealth and store. God gave man everything. And + +448 +00:32:51,930 --> 00:32:55,930 +when man lost everything, became the most, most + +449 +00:32:55,930 --> 00:33:00,930 +poor. Same thing happens again. Most thin, because + +450 +00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:03,210 +this is the most thin physically, it's the most + +451 +00:33:03,210 --> 00:33:07,930 +thin. But the poet is saying that I want to imp. + +452 +00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:12,230 +Imp means like link, glue, connect. My wing on + +453 +00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:14,850 +thine. And that's why we have here, this is a bird + +454 +00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:18,220 +probably standing for man. And this is another + +455 +00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:23,040 +bird standing for Jesus or God. And he wants the + +456 +00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:27,920 +wings to be connected so they can... Affliction, + +457 +00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:31,680 +pain shall advance the flight in me. I want to go + +458 +00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,840 +back to you, God. Forgive my sins. I love you, + +459 +00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,380 +God. I'm coming back to you. Look at the rhyme + +460 +00:33:38,380 --> 00:33:48,240 +scheme here. We have Thor. Same. B, more, A, B, + +461 +00:33:48,780 --> 00:33:56,820 +Puro, so A, D, C, rise, D, listen, harmoniously + +462 +00:33:56,820 --> 00:34:02,660 +rhymes with D but imperfectly. So C, also rise and + +463 +00:34:02,660 --> 00:34:07,640 +victories, they rhyme but imperfect rhyme. So D + +464 +00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:09,600 +and C. + +465 +00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:18,680 +So A, B, A, B, A. C, D, C, D, C. And the same + +466 +00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:25,760 +thing happens later on. What do we see here again + +467 +00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:31,100 +is that a poet deliberately, on purpose, changing + +468 +00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,460 +the form. And the form is not random. It's + +469 +00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:39,830 +connected with the meaning in many ways. If you + +470 +00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,610 +notice, we have in one stanza, we have two + +471 +00:34:42,610 --> 00:34:46,090 +imperfect rhymes here. So they don't look for the + +472 +00:34:46,090 --> 00:34:47,950 +perfect rhyme. They don't look for the most + +473 +00:34:47,950 --> 00:34:51,030 +beautiful, most elegant, most powerful, most + +474 +00:34:51,030 --> 00:34:55,590 +highly, you know. Like a word that really is + +475 +00:34:55,590 --> 00:34:59,110 +poetic that only poets and only people who go to + +476 +00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:02,430 +university know. The right word in the right place + +477 +00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:06,070 +is usually used. Because the meaning is more + +478 +00:35:06,070 --> 00:35:10,610 +important than the rule. What is this? + +479 +00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:17,550 +Okay, see, this is clearer here. What is this? + +480 +00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:25,890 +This is John Donne and his school of poets. John + +481 +00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:31,910 +Donne. John Donne. And his followers, George + +482 +00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:35,710 +Herbert. The Easter Wings poem is a poem by + +483 +00:35:37,930 --> 00:35:44,450 +Someone named George Herbert. So in brief, to wrap + +484 +00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:48,850 +things up, John Donne as a poet clearly was + +485 +00:35:48,850 --> 00:35:51,830 +dissatisfied with the way English poetry was + +486 +00:35:51,830 --> 00:35:54,270 +written during his time. He didn't like the rules + +487 +00:35:54,270 --> 00:35:57,470 +of decorum, so he broke them. He changed many + +488 +00:35:57,470 --> 00:36:00,270 +things. He changed something about the form, about + +489 +00:36:00,270 --> 00:36:05,210 +the language, about the rules, the meter. For this + +490 +00:36:05,210 --> 00:36:08,150 +poet, the idea is more important than the rule. So + +491 +00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:11,570 +he would break the rule just to convey the right + +492 +00:36:11,570 --> 00:36:12,010 +idea. + +493 +00:36:15,150 --> 00:36:18,330 +And what does that mean? Does it mean that it was + +494 +00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:24,390 +okay to do this then? Of course not. Remember, + +495 +00:36:24,510 --> 00:36:27,450 +this is the heyday of Renaissance. And then we + +496 +00:36:27,450 --> 00:36:30,950 +will be having the neoclassical age, the age that + +497 +00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:34,970 +emphasized rules over meanings in so many ways. + +498 +00:36:35,810 --> 00:36:37,810 +The rules of decorum were sacred. You had to + +499 +00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:40,790 +follow them. And when someone comes to do this, + +500 +00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:45,300 +number one, he's viewed as a threat. Writing + +501 +00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:47,960 +something different, writing something new could + +502 +00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,640 +be viewed as a threat because some patrons might + +503 +00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:53,880 +find this interesting and would be, oh, I want + +504 +00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,260 +this poet who writes different poetry. And I want + +505 +00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:00,020 +to give him money. I want to bring him. So + +506 +00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:03,940 +probably some critics of that time viewed this as + +507 +00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:06,700 +a threat. But definitely, they didn't like + +508 +00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:10,980 +Diondan. But not because Diondan was writing bad + +509 +00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:17,700 +poetry. or difficult poetry, or complex poetry. It + +510 +00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,260 +was because John Donne was breaking the rules. And + +511 +00:37:20,260 --> 00:37:22,760 +the rules for them are the most important things. + +512 +00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:27,160 +One critic, Johnson, we studied Johnson already as + +513 +00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,560 +a dramatist and a poet, he said, John Donne + +514 +00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,260 +deserves hanging. Yeah, that's extreme. He + +515 +00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:38,040 +deserves hanging. + +516 +00:37:38,740 --> 00:37:43,210 +For what? For writing different poetry? Where's + +517 +00:37:43,210 --> 00:37:46,070 +the freedom of speech, right? And he said, John + +518 +00:37:46,070 --> 00:37:50,310 +Donne will perish. You know perish? He will + +519 +00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:55,030 +decline. He will be forgotten. Perish. No one will + +520 +00:37:55,030 --> 00:38:01,130 +remember him. Perish. He will vanish. He will + +521 +00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:03,630 +disappear because no one will like his poetry. + +522 +00:38:03,730 --> 00:38:06,550 +Actually, many people liked his poetry, but the + +523 +00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:10,790 +mainstream critics The critics who called for the + +524 +00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:12,470 +rules of the Quran did it like this, and they + +525 +00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:14,450 +kicked John Donne and his followers from the + +526 +00:38:14,450 --> 00:38:18,590 +canon. They would also not talk about them, ignore + +527 +00:38:18,590 --> 00:38:20,710 +them, and when they talk about them, they would + +528 +00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:23,110 +negatively frame them. Remember the word frame? + +529 +00:38:24,190 --> 00:38:28,370 +Important word here. Frame? to describe somebody + +530 +00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:31,130 +in a negative way or a positive way. But here, + +531 +00:38:31,210 --> 00:38:35,310 +John Donne was negatively framed by the mainstream + +532 +00:38:35,310 --> 00:38:39,210 +critics. How? Someone said, he deserves hanging. + +533 +00:38:39,430 --> 00:38:43,810 +Someone said, he will perish. Someone said, he + +534 +00:38:43,810 --> 00:38:47,650 +writes a perplexing poetry. Someone said, John + +535 +00:38:47,650 --> 00:38:49,650 +Donne, this is not poetry, this is verse. + +536 +00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:55,620 +Someone said even, because a lot of critics agree + +537 +00:38:55,620 --> 00:38:59,520 +that John Donne is smart, witty. Alexander Pope + +538 +00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:05,060 +said, no, he doesn't have an extraordinary kind of + +539 +00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:09,240 +wit. All poets have the same level of wit like + +540 +00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:14,120 +Donne. So John Donne and his followers, for about + +541 +00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:20,390 +200 years, was in a way marginalized, was not in + +542 +00:39:20,390 --> 00:39:24,790 +the canon, was kicked out. And thanks to a very + +543 +00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,790 +important man, a very important critic, a very + +544 +00:39:28,790 --> 00:39:32,130 +important poet in the 20th century, early 20th + +545 +00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:38,930 +century, T.S. Eliot. The Wasteland, April is the + +546 +00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:44,390 +cruelest month. When he was reading poetry, he + +547 +00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:48,530 +came across the metaphysical poets, John Donne. + +548 +00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:52,190 +And he said, wow, these are important poets. He + +549 +00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:57,030 +showed how important their poetry was, to the + +550 +00:39:57,030 --> 00:40:00,770 +extent that in the 20th century, John Donne and + +551 +00:40:00,770 --> 00:40:03,630 +his followers became more important than Johnson, + +552 +00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:06,790 +than Dryden, than Samuel Johnson, and then + +553 +00:40:06,790 --> 00:40:10,810 +Alexander Pope combined. Many poets in the 20th + +554 +00:40:10,810 --> 00:40:13,510 +century started to imitate them in a way. That's + +555 +00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:17,530 +why John Donne is considered a modernist. What is + +556 +00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:18,190 +a modernist? + +557 +00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:25,750 +Modernism. He brings new ideas, he experiments, he + +558 +00:40:25,750 --> 00:40:30,870 +changes. The 20th century went back to the poets + +559 +00:40:30,870 --> 00:40:34,030 +like John Donne to imitate them, to learn from + +560 +00:40:34,030 --> 00:40:39,540 +them. And finally, when we read the literature + +561 +00:40:39,540 --> 00:40:42,480 +box, we will come across the term metaphysical. + +562 +00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,780 +Listen to this again. Metaphysical poetry, + +563 +00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:48,860 +metaphysical poets. This is an ugly term. Look at + +564 +00:40:48,860 --> 00:40:51,900 +it. It's horrible, right? Metaphysical poetry. It + +565 +00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:57,580 +sounds terrorizing, intimidating, spooky. Now, + +566 +00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,900 +this term was used again by the mainstream critics + +567 +00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,220 +Dryden and Johnson to describe John Donne and his + +568 +00:41:04,220 --> 00:41:07,340 +followers. What does it mean, metaphysical? + +569 +00:41:07,620 --> 00:41:10,180 +Believe me, it doesn't mean much. It doesn't mean + +570 +00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:16,360 +anything. But it was used in order to, again, make + +571 +00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,740 +people just, in a way, hate those poets, not read + +572 +00:41:19,740 --> 00:41:23,840 +them. Because I want to read poetry. Oh, yeah. + +573 +00:41:24,830 --> 00:41:27,070 +Metaphysical, it sounds, the name even sounds + +574 +00:41:27,070 --> 00:41:29,950 +difficult. So this is also negative framing. So + +575 +00:41:29,950 --> 00:41:34,290 +according to T.S. Eliot, the term metaphysical was + +576 +00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:41,870 +a term of abuse. What's abuse? As an insult. So it + +577 +00:41:41,870 --> 00:41:44,710 +wasn't used to describe them, but it was used to + +578 +00:41:44,710 --> 00:41:48,510 +insult them. To tell people, don't read this + +579 +00:41:48,510 --> 00:41:48,830 +poetry. + +580 +00:41:53,340 --> 00:41:57,380 +I'll stop here. I will continue this later on. But + +581 +00:41:57,380 --> 00:42:00,480 +let me just summarize the last point here and see + +582 +00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:05,160 +how funny literature is and how life works against + +583 +00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:12,160 +certain ideologies and ideas. Ben Jonson said John + +584 +00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,260 +Donne will perish for breaking the rules. + +585 +00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:17,880 +Ironically, nowadays John Donne is more important + +586 +00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:22,470 +than Ben Jonson. and probably other mainstream + +587 +00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:27,090 +critics, neoclassical critics of that type. So no + +588 +00:42:27,090 --> 00:42:29,710 +matter how much sometimes the official mainstream + +589 +00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:34,790 +critics and poets try to dismiss some poetry, not + +590 +00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:37,250 +because it's bad, but because it's against their + +591 +00:42:37,250 --> 00:42:40,590 +ideology, against their rules, because it + +592 +00:42:40,590 --> 00:42:43,670 +threatens them, no matter how much, how hard they + +593 +00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:48,420 +try. Later on, people will have the chance to read + +594 +00:42:48,420 --> 00:42:51,980 +this poetry and appreciate it for its beauty and + +595 +00:42:51,980 --> 00:42:57,500 +its contribution. Okay? So these are the major + +596 +00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,700 +points I just discussed here. + +597 +00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:06,300 +You don't have to write them down. You can see + +598 +00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:07,360 +them in the video, by the way. + +599 +00:43:13,450 --> 00:43:17,270 +Our next class will continue doing John Donne, + +600 +00:43:17,970 --> 00:43:21,770 +George Herbert, and Andrew Marvel. And I'll repeat + +601 +00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:24,510 +these ideas and speak about the features of + +602 +00:43:24,510 --> 00:43:27,250 +metaphysical portrait. Do you have any question? + +603 +00:43:27,730 --> 00:43:33,030 +Please. How we can know the irregular rhyme scheme + +604 +00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:40,390 +like this? When you look at the poem and trace the + +605 +00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:41,590 +rhyme + +606 +00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:51,360 +Generally, go with your gut, meaning like, what do + +607 +00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,580 +you feel here? How do you feel? And then go + +608 +00:43:54,580 --> 00:43:57,800 +through it again and try to see whether two rhymes + +609 +00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:02,560 +are close, not close enough to be perfect rhymes, + +610 +00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,260 +but probably 50% and you bring them together. So + +611 +00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:09,390 +here, generally, when I first read this, I didn't + +612 +00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:13,870 +like rise with victories. Because rise is + +613 +00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:16,290 +different from victories. But does it sound like + +614 +00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:22,030 +it? In a way, yes. A little bit. Not 100%. So we + +615 +00:44:22,030 --> 00:44:24,190 +go for imperfect rhyme. When we remember these are + +616 +00:44:24,190 --> 00:44:25,930 +the metaphysical powers, we say, oh, they didn't + +617 +00:44:25,930 --> 00:44:29,270 +want to follow the rules 100%. But there is more + +618 +00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:31,970 +to this. When you study the imperfect rhyme, I + +619 +00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:34,690 +think you will find more reasons why this is + +620 +00:44:34,690 --> 00:44:37,310 +imperfect. There's something going on. We need to + +621 +00:44:37,310 --> 00:44:39,860 +analyze. Okay, thank you. If you have any + +622 +00:44:39,860 --> 00:44:42,480 +question, we can continue after this. Thank you + +623 +00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:42,960 +and good luck. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19c9b0a7726edd666ece3dca59454486b9413d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2088 @@ +1 +00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,800 +Hello everyone, welcome back. As you can see, + +2 +00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:30,920 +today we speak about the sonnet, and in particular + +3 +00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:35,060 +Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet, probably you've + +4 +00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:37,740 +heard about the sonnet before. It's one of the + +5 +00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:41,620 +most famous, most important poetic forms of all + +6 +00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:51,310 +time. Now the sonnet, generally, is a fourteen 14 + +7 +00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:59,870 +line poem each line having 10 syllables and the + +8 +00:00:59,870 --> 00:01:05,350 +theme of the sonnet is generally love so what is + +9 +00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:13,650 +the sonnet it's a love poem of 14 lines each line + +10 +00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:20,790 +has 10 syllables the sonnet originated in Italy. + +11 +00:01:22,250 --> 00:01:26,430 +Italy with an I, not Y. It sounds ugly with an I, + +12 +00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:30,610 +with a Y, sorry. It started in Italy in the 13th + +13 +00:01:30,610 --> 00:01:33,790 +century with a very famous poet, you should all + +14 +00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:38,750 +know, named Dante. Dante. But it became more + +15 +00:01:38,750 --> 00:01:43,310 +famous thanks to an Italian poet named Petrac. + +16 +00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:50,450 +Notice how the name is? written Petrarch. Petrarch + +17 +00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:55,230 +is an Italian poet who wrote so many sonnets. + +18 +00:01:58,050 --> 00:02:00,710 +The sonnet started in Italy in the Renaissance + +19 +00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:06,040 +Italian Renaissance in the 13th century. And + +20 +00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,640 +again, it shows how more themes started to be + +21 +00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:14,440 +included in poetry. It's no longer about religion + +22 +00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,980 +and God and heroism. There are themes of + +23 +00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:21,740 +relationships of women and love, et cetera. Now, + +24 +00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:26,160 +in a way, the sonnet migrated to England through + +25 +00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:30,740 +two famous people. The first one is named Sir + +26 +00:02:30,740 --> 00:02:33,640 +Thomas Wyatt, and the second one is Henry Howard. + +27 +00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:35,740 +We'll know the names later on. They're not that + +28 +00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:40,100 +important for now to us. So we have Henry Howard + +29 +00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:44,920 +and Sir Thomas Wyatt. They brought, they imported, + +30 +00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:50,960 +kind of, the sonnet from Italy to England. What + +31 +00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,360 +did they do to the sonnet? They translated it. + +32 +00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,560 +They brought and they adapted it. They, in a way, + +33 +00:02:56,640 --> 00:02:59,480 +made it look English. Because there are + +34 +00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,540 +differences between Italian and English language. + +35 +00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,300 +We have many English poets who wrote the sonnet. + +36 +00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:12,040 +But the most famous of them is Shakespeare. + +37 +00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:19,790 +How many sonnets did he write? One, five, four, + +38 +00:03:19,970 --> 00:03:22,210 +more or less. Some people say, like, a couple of + +39 +00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:24,110 +them are not Shakespearean, written by someone + +40 +00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:28,670 +else. It's not a big deal. Again, to us, because + +41 +00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:31,390 +some people, they spend like years and years + +42 +00:03:31,390 --> 00:03:34,110 +examining which sonnet is Shakespearean and which + +43 +00:03:34,110 --> 00:03:36,250 +one is not Shakespearean. + +44 +00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:43,600 +Again, 14 lines. 14 lines. However, Shakespeare + +45 +00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:49,020 +did two things to change about the sonnet. What + +46 +00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:52,500 +did he change? Before we begin talking about + +47 +00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:55,620 +Shakespeare, let's go back again to the Italian + +48 +00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:59,460 +sonnet to Petrarch. 14 lines. You can't change the + +49 +00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,880 +14 lines, because if it is 13 or 15, it's not a + +50 +00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,450 +sonnet. It's not considered. So that's why it's + +51 +00:04:07,450 --> 00:04:10,010 +usually important when you want to analyze a poem, + +52 +00:04:10,110 --> 00:04:13,010 +understand the poem, count the lines. Are there + +53 +00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:16,490 +14? It's a sonnet. Not 14? Not a sonnet. Because + +54 +00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:19,710 +if it is a sonnet, we'll say what the sonnet is + +55 +00:04:19,710 --> 00:04:24,610 +and how important the sonnet is. Now, the Italian + +56 +00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:30,070 +sonnet was, again, 14 lines and about love, the + +57 +00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:32,010 +theme. There's something important about this, + +58 +00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:33,150 +which is the rhyme. + +59 +00:04:36,380 --> 00:04:40,980 +scheme. The rhyme scheme or the structure, the + +60 +00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:45,920 +rhyme structure, how the music at the end of the + +61 +00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,080 +lines of the song. The Italian sonnet sounds like + +62 +00:04:50,080 --> 00:05:06,220 +this A B B A A B B A sorry C D C D C D We'll + +63 +00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,940 +explain this more, we'll show you examples in a + +64 +00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:18,080 +bit. Again we have A B B A, A B B B A and then C D + +65 +00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:22,160 +C D C D. How many? If you count them these are 14 + +66 +00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:27,750 +because a sonnet has only 14 lines. Now these are + +67 +00:05:27,750 --> 00:05:31,270 +divided into two groups number one the first eight + +68 +00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:36,250 +lines which look similar in a way A B B A A B B A + +69 +00:05:36,250 --> 00:05:41,230 +these are eight lines in English eight lines are + +70 +00:05:41,230 --> 00:05:45,110 +called an octave you know an octopus because the + +71 +00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:50,550 +octopus has eight octave means eight eight lines + +72 +00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:54,530 +and here we have the remaining lines are assisted + +73 +00:05:57,330 --> 00:06:01,230 +It could be C, D, E, C, D, E or different + +74 +00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:05,250 +variation but this is the most common. C, D, C, D, + +75 +00:06:05,450 --> 00:06:11,530 +C, D. How many lines? Six lines, eight lines, + +76 +00:06:11,830 --> 00:06:15,450 +fourteen. The eight lines are called the octave. + +77 +00:06:17,690 --> 00:06:20,110 +Now what happens in the eight lines and this is + +78 +00:06:20,110 --> 00:06:26,000 +significant. The problem is discussed. He's + +79 +00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:31,340 +elaborated. The poet exposes us to some problem + +80 +00:06:31,340 --> 00:06:34,840 +between him and his beloved, and why he can't have + +81 +00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,360 +her, why he should have her, why she's the most + +82 +00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,900 +beautiful woman on earth. In the six lines, we + +83 +00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:47,120 +have some kind of resolution, the conclusion. What + +84 +00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,240 +happens next? Life is complicated. There's this + +85 +00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,160 +problem. And in six lines, we have some sort of a + +86 +00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,860 +resolution. something to solve this problem to get + +87 +00:06:58,860 --> 00:07:03,880 +the poet out of the trouble. So this is again + +88 +00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,510 +generally the Italian sonnet 14 lines check Love + +89 +00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:15,150 +theme, also check. The rhyme scheme is A B B A A B + +90 +00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:20,390 +B A C D C D C D The first eight lines are called + +91 +00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:24,510 +the octave and then the sixth. Sixth is from six, + +92 +00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:30,880 +okay? Now, what did Shakespeare do to change, to + +93 +00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:34,100 +experiment? Remember we said Shakespeare, in a + +94 +00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:36,380 +way, he's considered the most important classical + +95 +00:07:36,380 --> 00:07:43,040 +playwright and poet of English history. But + +96 +00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:46,700 +Shakespeare also wanted to change in many ways, to + +97 +00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,160 +change in the language, to change in the form, to + +98 +00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,320 +change in the themes. What did he do to the + +99 +00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:51,660 +sonnet? + +100 +00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,260 +okay number one thank you very much he changed the + +101 +00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,740 +form or the structure + +102 +00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:18,610 +What is the form, the structure of the poem? It's + +103 +00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:21,970 +how the poem looks. When you look at the poem from + +104 +00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,810 +afar, how does it look? It's short. It has these + +105 +00:08:25,810 --> 00:08:29,850 +stanzas, et cetera. So Shakespeare, number one. It + +106 +00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:31,370 +didn't start with Shakespeare, but Shakespeare + +107 +00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:35,390 +made this structure famous. And his famous rhyme + +108 +00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:40,310 +scheme, almost all his 154 sonnets have the same + +109 +00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:51,680 +structure. Rhyme structure. A B A B C D C D E F E + +110 +00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:59,880 +F G G G G. Do you know GG? You know GG? Yeah? I + +111 +00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:06,640 +don't know. Anyway GG Without listen without + +112 +00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,020 +reading the poem when we see this happening G G. + +113 +00:09:10,140 --> 00:09:13,780 +It's the same sound two lines Yeah, it tells us + +114 +00:09:13,780 --> 00:09:15,940 +it's a couplet. So what is Shakespeare doing + +115 +00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:22,660 +number one? four lines and then four lines and + +116 +00:09:22,660 --> 00:09:26,520 +then four lines and then a couplet It's easy to + +117 +00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:32,100 +know the couplet What's the couplet again Yes + +118 +00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:39,860 +Two lines of verse about one subject with the same + +119 +00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:43,980 +rhyme scheme. Two lines with the same rhyme + +120 +00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:48,200 +scheme. We'll give you a lot of examples in a bit. + +121 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,300 +But the four lines here are called quatrains. + +122 +00:09:54,980 --> 00:09:58,900 +So he has three quatrains and a couplet. + +123 +00:10:02,210 --> 00:10:08,130 +Quatrain one, quatrain means four, four. A, B, A, + +124 +00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:12,890 +B, they alternate, and then C, D, C, D, E, F, E, + +125 +00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:16,950 +F, and finally we have G, G. That's number one. + +126 +00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:23,610 +Shakespeare changes, expands the structure. What + +127 +00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,970 +is interesting here, look at this. The poet here + +128 +00:10:26,970 --> 00:10:32,450 +generally again has the problem in eight lines and + +129 +00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:35,410 +the resolution in six. Now Shakespeare complicates + +130 +00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:41,500 +the whole life and everything in 12 lines. In 12 + +131 +00:10:41,500 --> 00:10:44,960 +lines, he just shows you that life is complex. + +132 +00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:47,400 +This is the end of the world. Life is destructive. + +133 +00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,840 +Time kills us all. And then when you are about to + +134 +00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:54,780 +give hope, he twists. In two lines, he gives us + +135 +00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:58,000 +some kind of hope or resolution. No one can do + +136 +00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,200 +this like Shakespeare. He's a master of this. No + +137 +00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,020 +one can complicate everything. And then in only + +138 +00:11:04,020 --> 00:11:08,380 +two lines, can change everything to the very + +139 +00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:12,060 +opposite gives you a closure a resolution or at + +140 +00:11:12,060 --> 00:11:14,700 +least some kind of hope for for the future like + +141 +00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:17,600 +the example the examples we will be seeing in a + +142 +00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,260 +bit now also Shakespeare changed the theme I + +143 +00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:25,700 +wouldn't say change because he kind of expanded he + +144 +00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,720 +added more themes so the sunnah for Shakespeare is + +145 +00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:34,680 +also a love poem it's about beauty Not nature + +146 +00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,020 +exactly, like in the romantic sense. It's about + +147 +00:11:37,020 --> 00:11:44,620 +loss. It's about the passing of time. So he + +148 +00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:48,720 +included more themes, more subjects. Many people + +149 +00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:52,480 +still say, no, he didn't, because beauty, loss, + +150 +00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:55,700 +and the passing of time are still themes that can + +151 +00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:58,120 +go under the theme of love, in a way. + +152 +00:12:01,810 --> 00:12:04,150 +If you notice, before I give you the examples + +153 +00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:09,370 +here, when I say the sonnet has to have a certain + +154 +00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:13,650 +number of lines and a certain rhyme scheme, it + +155 +00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:17,750 +tells us that the sonnet is strict. If you write + +156 +00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:20,810 +13 lines, see I wrote this sonnet, I say sorry + +157 +00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:24,210 +this is not a sonnet. 15 lines, sorry this is not + +158 +00:12:24,210 --> 00:12:28,190 +a sonnet. So the form of the sunnah is very + +159 +00:12:28,190 --> 00:12:32,830 +strict, very fixed, very rigid. It doesn't change + +160 +00:12:32,830 --> 00:12:36,510 +for team lines. For Shakespeare, it's almost + +161 +00:12:36,510 --> 00:12:41,870 +always A, B, A, B, C, D, C, D, E, F, E, F, G, G. + +162 +00:12:42,250 --> 00:12:46,330 +Now what's going on? According to critics, they + +163 +00:12:46,330 --> 00:12:48,550 +say Shakespearean, like many people, many critics, + +164 +00:12:48,670 --> 00:12:52,430 +many poets, they have realized that life is chaos, + +165 +00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:56,940 +chaotic. Life doesn't follow a system, right? It's + +166 +00:12:56,940 --> 00:13:00,600 +random sometimes. It's so sad that good people + +167 +00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,220 +die, that beauty declines, that no good thing + +168 +00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:09,220 +remains forever, right? So in a way life is + +169 +00:13:09,220 --> 00:13:12,360 +haphazard, chaotic. There's no system. It's full + +170 +00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:16,180 +of disorder. So critics believe that Shakespeare + +171 +00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:20,500 +was trying to control life. by squeezing it into + +172 +00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:25,140 +this tiny rigid form love poem of the sonnet where + +173 +00:13:25,140 --> 00:13:28,160 +usually at the end there is hope that he will live + +174 +00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,760 +forever, that she will live forever, his beloved + +175 +00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,080 +or his addressee and that his poetry will live + +176 +00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,420 +forever. So no matter what happens, no matter how + +177 +00:13:37,420 --> 00:13:42,070 +harsh life is, The form of the sonnet is going to + +178 +00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,250 +control it. The rigid form of the sonnet, the + +179 +00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:45,930 +number of the lines, the number of the syllables + +180 +00:13:45,930 --> 00:13:48,610 +and the fixed rhyme scheme is going to control + +181 +00:13:48,610 --> 00:13:53,130 +life and give it a form and give it a shape where + +182 +00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:56,310 +only Shakespeare can control this. In a sense, + +183 +00:13:56,770 --> 00:13:59,750 +Shakespeare is telling us he is the master of his + +184 +00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,460 +own world. He is creating his own world. And + +185 +00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:06,440 +there's a question here. Like, do great people + +186 +00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,500 +like Shakespeare realize they're doing great + +187 +00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,620 +things? Yeah. Did he realize, did he know he was + +188 +00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:15,720 +writing great things, that he will be famous all + +189 +00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:19,580 +around the world? Did he? At the time he wrote it, + +190 +00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:22,200 +he doesn't think that, because he just feels like + +191 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,420 +this is what he is. Exactly. Later on, yeah? Yes. + +192 +00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:31,940 +He shows what his works affects people. Is there + +193 +00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:35,140 +evidence in his poetry where he says something + +194 +00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:38,740 +about his poetry outliving all the harsh realities + +195 +00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,660 +of life? There is a lot of evidence. Remember last + +196 +00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:48,880 +time probably I posted a sonnet on the Facebook + +197 +00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,340 +group where he ends with, so long as men can + +198 +00:14:52,340 --> 00:14:57,100 +breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, this, + +199 +00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:02,350 +my poetry. My sonnet, my verse. And this gives + +200 +00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,290 +life to thee. So yes, beauty declines, fairness + +201 +00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:13,970 +declines. Life ends. Death dominates. But as long + +202 +00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,030 +as you are in my poem, in my sonnet, you will live + +203 +00:15:18,030 --> 00:15:20,290 +forever and ever, and people will remember you, + +204 +00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:24,970 +and you will grow. Because simply? His poems are + +205 +00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:32,240 +alive. His poetry. His sonnet will outlive all + +206 +00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,980 +these difficulties. So long as men can breathe, or + +207 +00:15:35,980 --> 00:15:39,220 +eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives + +208 +00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,520 +life to thee. And this is actually the couplet to + +209 +00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,380 +probably Shakespeare's most famous sonnet, Sonnet + +210 +00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:48,580 +18, you will see in a bit. So in brief, it's + +211 +00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:50,900 +originally an Italian, European thing that was + +212 +00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:55,040 +brought to England, adapted, and things happened + +213 +00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:59,570 +to it. Shakespeare made it in a way what it looks + +214 +00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,290 +like now. But again, not all sonnets are written + +215 +00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:06,470 +like this or like this. But this is called the + +216 +00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:09,350 +Shakespearean sonnet, the English sonnet. And this + +217 +00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:11,770 +is called the Italian sonnet. There are so many + +218 +00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:16,210 +forms, but these are the most famous forms of the + +219 +00:16:16,210 --> 00:16:20,350 +sonnet. Before... Yeah, go on. Is there a reason + +220 +00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:25,780 +behind choosing the number 14? I don't know. I'm + +221 +00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:32,000 +not sure, but is 14 the magic number? Because it's + +222 +00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,420 +seven and seven and seven. Many people love the + +223 +00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:39,840 +number seven. It's my favorite number. Why 14? I + +224 +00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:43,460 +think it's haphazard. It's not a big deal. But why + +225 +00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:47,420 +14? Yeah, I don't know. if there is a reason + +226 +00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:50,760 +probably we can look it up online somewhere before + +227 +00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,960 +I go on give you examples look at these middle + +228 +00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,520 +English words these are very important to know + +229 +00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:04,700 +remember we have thou meaning you for subject thee + +230 +00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:10,580 +you for object in the past they would add th + +231 +00:17:10,580 --> 00:17:16,990 +instead of s for he she it so had It has doth, + +232 +00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:25,670 +comes, and they would usually add st for thou. It + +233 +00:17:25,670 --> 00:17:31,370 +is, we will see that. Thy and thine both mean + +234 +00:17:31,370 --> 00:17:33,930 +your. Your, but the difference is like the + +235 +00:17:33,930 --> 00:17:38,470 +difference between a and an. You say a book, an + +236 +00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,970 +apple. When we have a vowel sound, you add the one + +237 +00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,870 +with the N. Same here. Say, frailty, Hamlet says, + +238 +00:17:47,110 --> 00:17:52,110 +frailty thy name is woman. Thy name. But when we + +239 +00:17:52,110 --> 00:17:59,050 +have a vowel here, I vowel I thine eyes thine eyes + +240 +00:17:59,050 --> 00:18:06,770 +your your eyes thou art you are it is it is why + +241 +00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:09,510 +remember it's because of the number of syllables + +242 +00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:15,210 +and the music thyself easy yourself ear means + +243 +00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:18,170 +before what's the difference between ear and + +244 +00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:18,490 +before + +245 +00:18:22,380 --> 00:18:24,740 +Yeah, look at the words. + +246 +00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:33,680 +Okay, so what does it mean? How many syllables are + +247 +00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:38,760 +there in before? Two syllables. Syllable one, + +248 +00:18:38,940 --> 00:18:43,340 +syllable two, before. But here, one syllable. So + +249 +00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:46,880 +this is what we call sometimes poetic license you + +250 +00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,760 +know driving license you have a license to drive + +251 +00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,820 +now poets have a license poetic license if you + +252 +00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,540 +want to change something just to make things fit + +253 +00:18:57,540 --> 00:19:03,120 +near same here with never never two syllables but + +254 +00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:08,560 +near one ear ever last time we had overthrown + +255 +00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:14,750 +overthrown originally over overthrown Please don't + +256 +00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:18,950 +forget that, thou, thee, hath, doth, just these + +257 +00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:24,770 +major words. Thou means you, thee means also you + +258 +00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:30,910 +for objects, doth and hath, does and has. Doesn't + +259 +00:19:30,910 --> 00:19:34,430 +the change in language complicate poetry? It + +260 +00:19:34,430 --> 00:19:37,730 +doesn't, of course. If before they had the word + +261 +00:19:37,730 --> 00:19:41,370 +er, and nowadays we change it to before, it would + +262 +00:19:41,370 --> 00:19:44,730 +change the Yeah, that's why it's good to know + +263 +00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:48,010 +these words and study the sonnets, the poems in + +264 +00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:50,810 +the language they were written in to really + +265 +00:19:50,810 --> 00:19:53,850 +appreciate the beauty. When you modernize this, + +266 +00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:57,830 +you're going to change a lot about the music and + +267 +00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:02,910 +everything. So I'll probably post this on Facebook + +268 +00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:05,850 +so you can get the slides to summarize the main + +269 +00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,100 +ideas here. But don't forget again, the sonnet is + +270 +00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:15,040 +a very important form where the form, remember the + +271 +00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:16,960 +form, the shape, the number of lines and the rhyme + +272 +00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:20,680 +scheme helps the idea, the meaning. Where again, + +273 +00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:24,640 +the poet is struggling to control life, to give + +274 +00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,860 +meaning to life, to make sense out of the chaotic + +275 +00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:32,900 +nature of life. For Shakespeare, in a way he was + +276 +00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:38,810 +trying to outsmart and outlive. life itself. In + +277 +00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:42,190 +the sonnet, finally, the form, what is the form? + +278 +00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:47,410 +The 14 lines, the number of these syllables here, + +279 +00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:51,710 +the number of the stanzas here, and the rhyme + +280 +00:20:51,710 --> 00:20:55,890 +scheme. What is the content? The theme. Is it + +281 +00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:59,070 +about love? About loss? About passing of time? Et + +282 +00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070 +cetera. Let's see more applications. + +283 +00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:11,590 +This is Sonnet 17. We'll do it very quickly, but + +284 +00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:15,510 +we'll talk more about Sonnet 18. How many lines? + +285 +00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:19,910 +40. Look at the shape. The last two lines are + +286 +00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:22,890 +sometimes indenting, like they're pushed this way. + +287 +00:21:23,230 --> 00:21:25,810 +But look at the rhyme here. We have time and + +288 +00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,430 +rhyme. That's GDR. Shakespeare. Someone read? + +289 +00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:43,640 +Okay, speak up yeah Okay, + +290 +00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,640 +probably next time you sit here yeah go on who + +291 +00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,860 +will believe my verse in time to come if if it + +292 +00:21:49,860 --> 00:21:54,080 +were filled with your most high desert Desert + +293 +00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,260 +though yeah heaven knows it knows it it is but a + +294 +00:21:59,260 --> 00:22:04,190 +thumb a tongue tomb which hides your life and + +295 +00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:07,570 +shows not half your parts. If I could write the + +296 +00:22:07,570 --> 00:22:11,570 +beauty of your eyes and in fresh numbers number + +297 +00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:15,510 +all your graces, the age to come would say this + +298 +00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:21,170 +poet lies. Such heavenly touches near touch + +299 +00:22:21,170 --> 00:22:25,510 +earthly faces. Should my papers, yellowed with + +300 +00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:30,350 +their age, be scorned like old men of less truth + +301 +00:22:30,350 --> 00:22:34,830 +than tongue? And your true rights be termed a + +302 +00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:41,330 +poet's rage and stretched meter for antique song. + +303 +00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:47,150 +Antique song. Antique song. But for some child of + +304 +00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:53,450 +yours alive that time, you should live twice in it + +305 +00:22:53,450 --> 00:23:00,210 +and in my rhyme. Okay, one more please. Who will + +306 +00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:04,030 +believe my verse in time to come, if it were + +307 +00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:08,750 +filled with your most high desires. I'll just, + +308 +00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:11,570 +while you're reading, I'll try to do the rhyme + +309 +00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:13,850 +scheme. Remember, the rhyme scheme follows the A, + +310 +00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:20,830 +B, C, D, the first sound is A. Why A? The first + +311 +00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:23,750 +letter of the alphabet. If the second repeats the + +312 +00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:28,150 +same sound, we give it A. If it's a new sound, B. + +313 +00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:35,400 +So, come, desert, Look at, listen, tomb, the B is + +314 +00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,100 +silent, so it's not there, the sound, we care + +315 +00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,860 +about the sound. But it's not, it's not, it's not, + +316 +00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:49,020 +oh, sorry. It's not as perfectly pronounced, like + +317 +00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:52,440 +perfectly pronounced as come. This is come, and + +318 +00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:58,100 +this is tomb, tomb, grave. This is still A, but + +319 +00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,890 +it's called imperfect rhyme. it rhymes but + +320 +00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:07,950 +imperfectly like love and prove okay and then + +321 +00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:14,490 +parts goes with deserts a + +322 +00:24:14,490 --> 00:24:23,000 +b a b go on if i got the Write the beauty of your + +323 +00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:27,460 +eyes and in fresh numbers number all your guesses + +324 +00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:32,720 +that is to come what you would say this God lies. + +325 +00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:41,990 +So we have eyes? C. Graces? D. Lies? C. And then + +326 +00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:43,890 +D. Go on. + +327 +00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:48,330 +Okay, + +328 +00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:52,610 +with their age. + +329 +00:24:56,070 --> 00:25:05,270 +And tongue. Different? E, F, Rage, E, and Song. + +330 +00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:08,770 +And finally read the couplet. + +331 +00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:21,110 +Okay, but where some child of yours alive that + +332 +00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:27,970 +time, that's G, you should live twice in it and in + +333 +00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:34,110 +my rhyme. My rhyme, my poetry. My verse and again + +334 +00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:42,200 +the G. A, B, A, B. That's come and come, desserts + +335 +00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:47,500 +and pots, and then eyes and lies, C, C, and graces + +336 +00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:53,840 +and faces, D, D, age, rage, E, tongue, and song, + +337 +00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:59,040 +F, time, rhyme. If I ask you a question in the + +338 +00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,440 +exam, I bring you one of the sonnets, and it + +339 +00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:05,370 +rhymes like this. And if you know this is a + +340 +00:26:05,370 --> 00:26:07,670 +Shakespearean sonnet, Shakespearean couplet, if + +341 +00:26:07,670 --> 00:26:11,570 +you know it by heart, you give it GG Rimsky. But + +342 +00:26:11,570 --> 00:26:14,350 +if you don't and you give me AA, it's okay because + +343 +00:26:14,350 --> 00:26:19,450 +it's still a sonnet. The next sonnet, a very + +344 +00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:23,450 +famous sonnet by Shakespeare. Sonnet 18. Sonnet + +345 +00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:28,910 +18. Sonnet 18. I'll read it first and see two or + +346 +00:26:28,910 --> 00:26:30,610 +three of you reading it. + +347 +00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:38,100 +Again, shall I compare thee to a summer's day, + +348 +00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,810 +thou art more lovely and more temperate? Rough + +349 +00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:46,670 +winds do shake the darling buds of May And + +350 +00:26:46,670 --> 00:26:50,890 +summer's lease has all too short a date Sometime + +351 +00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:55,350 +too hot the eye of heaven shines And often is his + +352 +00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:59,350 +gold complexion dimmed And every fair from fair + +353 +00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:03,530 +sometime declines By chance or nature's changing + +354 +00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:08,560 +course untrimmed But thy eternal summer shall not + +355 +00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,760 +fade, nor lose position of that fear thou ow'st, + +356 +00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:16,960 +nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, + +357 +00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:23,160 +when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So + +358 +00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:28,880 +long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long + +359 +00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:35,400 +lives this, and this gives life to thee. Yes? + +360 +00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:41,130 +Can you speak up? Speak up. + +361 +00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:47,950 +Thou art. + +362 +00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:54,630 +Rough winds. + +363 +00:27:58,270 --> 00:27:59,430 +Darling buds of May. + +364 +00:28:21,070 --> 00:28:25,110 +By thy eternal summer. + +365 +00:28:31,070 --> 00:28:36,170 +Eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose position + +366 +00:28:36,170 --> 00:28:41,770 +of that firm thou art, nor shall deep death pray + +367 +00:28:41,770 --> 00:28:50,330 +thou one last in his shed, when in eternal lines + +368 +00:28:50,330 --> 00:28:56,970 +thy blood so long as men can breathe or eyes can + +369 +00:28:56,970 --> 00:29:02,880 +see, so long life lives this, Very good. A better + +370 +00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:08,280 +reading please. Yes. Shall I compare thee to a + +371 +00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,760 +summer's days though are more lovely and more + +372 +00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:15,480 +temporary? Shall I? Say again. Shall I compare? + +373 +00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,100 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's days? No, not + +374 +00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:24,700 +days. Day. Day. Go on. Say again. Shall I compare + +375 +00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,620 +thee to a summer's day though are more lovely and + +376 +00:29:28,620 --> 00:29:33,140 +more temporary? Rob went to shade the darling buds + +377 +00:29:33,140 --> 00:29:38,080 +of May, and Summer's leaves have all too short a + +378 +00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:46,000 +date, sometimes too hot the eye of Haven shines, + +379 +00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:52,120 +and often is his dull complexion dimmed. + +380 +00:29:55,230 --> 00:29:59,350 +And every fair confessed sometimes declines by + +381 +00:29:59,350 --> 00:30:03,510 +chance or nature's changing course untrammed. + +382 +00:30:03,930 --> 00:30:09,610 +Untrammed. Untrammed, yes. Like damned, untrammed. + +383 +00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:14,470 +But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose + +384 +00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:21,680 +possession of that fair thou ow'st. Gnosis did + +385 +00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,200 +brag thou wondrous in his shade, when in eternal + +386 +00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:30,540 +lines to time thou rose, so long as men can + +387 +00:30:30,540 --> 00:30:35,720 +breathe or eyes can see, so long life lives this, + +388 +00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,760 +and this gives life to thee. Better. Can you? + +389 +00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:46,840 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art + +390 +00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:53,250 +more lovely and more tempting. Rough. Rough. Rough + +391 +00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:57,970 +winds do shake the downland, particularly the + +392 +00:30:57,970 --> 00:31:02,350 +main, and summer days have all too short a day, + +393 +00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:06,730 +sometimes to have the eye of heaven shines, and + +394 +00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:12,240 +often it's years goes from day to day. And every + +395 +00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:17,400 +pear from pear sometimes declines by chance or + +396 +00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:23,000 +nature's changing course and trend. But the + +397 +00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:28,940 +eternal summer shall not fade, nor loss position + +398 +00:31:28,940 --> 00:31:31,220 +of that pear that asked. + +399 +00:31:46,220 --> 00:31:48,720 +This gives life to people. Can someone do the + +400 +00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,000 +rhyme scheme here? Come here. + +401 +00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,700 +And explain while you're doing the rhyme scheme, + +402 +00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:00,360 +the structure. + +403 +00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:09,690 +You don't have to read it. First line is always A. + +404 +00:32:10,530 --> 00:32:13,210 +Temperate and day are not the same, so we can say + +405 +00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:21,110 +B. May, of May, day, so we add A. Short and date. + +406 +00:32:21,250 --> 00:32:27,430 +Date and temperate is also A, is also B. Shines + +407 +00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:29,390 +has nothing to rhyme, so we add B. + +408 +00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:36,700 +And that's the same, so we can add D. Declines and + +409 +00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:41,260 +shines rhymes, so we can add C. Untrimmed and + +410 +00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:47,700 +dimed is the same rhyme, so we can add D. Fade is + +411 +00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,120 +a new rhyme, so we can say E. + +412 +00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:59,410 +like oh because but remember he has has not a due + +413 +00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:03,050 +but with you in the past they used to add st to + +414 +00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:05,790 +the verb thank god they dropped this long time ago + +415 +00:33:05,790 --> 00:33:08,110 +what would be what would be a nightmare for us so + +416 +00:33:08,110 --> 00:33:13,250 +host is if shade and fade rhymes we can add e + +417 +00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:15,590 +roast + +418 +00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:27,590 +And then we come to our friend GG. This is a + +419 +00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:31,110 +better explanation than mine. Thank you. Very good + +420 +00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:33,290 +job. Now what is Shakespeare doing here? What is + +421 +00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:37,090 +he saying? This is a sonnet, a love poem, but in + +422 +00:33:37,090 --> 00:33:41,180 +this sonnet, he's again there's some kind of + +423 +00:33:41,180 --> 00:33:45,020 +complaint there's a problem here he's by the way + +424 +00:33:45,020 --> 00:33:47,960 +critics do not agree whether these poems were + +425 +00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:51,080 +written to a man or a woman it could be an issue + +426 +00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,900 +but not a big deal for us let's study the text + +427 +00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,740 +itself shall I compare these two summers in + +428 +00:33:56,740 --> 00:34:01,260 +England summer is the best season because it's not + +429 +00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:04,040 +very cold because winter is really horribly cold + +430 +00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:07,670 +So he says, shall I compare thee to summer's day? + +431 +00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:11,830 +This is a rhetorical question. And then he says, I + +432 +00:34:11,830 --> 00:34:17,610 +think I shouldn't because of many things. Because + +433 +00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:21,610 +you're more beautiful than summer. You're more + +434 +00:34:21,610 --> 00:34:26,210 +temperate. Summer is short. Summer doesn't last. + +435 +00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,610 +Sometimes there is rough wind. + +436 +00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,380 +that shakes the darling buds of May. So summer is + +437 +00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,560 +not as beautiful as you are. You're more beautiful + +438 +00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:42,880 +than that. And sometimes too hot the eye of heaven + +439 +00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:46,840 +shines. And often is his gold complexion dimmed. + +440 +00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:50,000 +The clouds sometimes cover everything and it's no + +441 +00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,740 +longer beautiful. And this is probably one of the + +442 +00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,680 +finest lines of Shakespeare. And every fair from + +443 +00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:03,080 +fair sometime declines. Fair meaning beauty. Like + +444 +00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:07,320 +a fair person, a fair woman is like the most + +445 +00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:12,210 +beautiful there is. So these Things, these + +446 +00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:16,390 +features do not last, the beauty, the beauties of + +447 +00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:19,910 +the summer compared to you. Generally, every fear + +448 +00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:23,970 +from fear sometimes declines. Beauty doesn't last + +449 +00:35:23,970 --> 00:35:28,970 +forever. We are all going to grow old and ugly, + +450 +00:35:29,070 --> 00:35:31,310 +and then we're going to die. Beauty will fade. + +451 +00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:35,290 +Beauty will fade. Furnace will... Notice the + +452 +00:35:35,290 --> 00:35:38,150 +repetition of the fa, fa, fa, fa, fa sound. It's + +453 +00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:45,860 +like you're like... complaining, sad, angry, by + +454 +00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:48,320 +chance, et cetera, et cetera. And then he says, + +455 +00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:53,600 +but thy eternal summer, thy affairs shall not + +456 +00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,060 +fade. You're more beautiful than summer itself. + +457 +00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:01,100 +Nor lose possession of that fair thou ost, nor + +458 +00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:05,300 +shall death brag thou wanderst in his ship. And + +459 +00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,640 +this is, again, beautiful because Shakespeare is + +460 +00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:11,230 +personifying death. Death is not a person. Death + +461 +00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:14,550 +doesn't brag, doesn't show off. People brag. + +462 +00:36:15,830 --> 00:36:19,530 +People show off. And this is personification. You + +463 +00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:23,090 +said personification is when you give things, the + +464 +00:36:23,090 --> 00:36:25,870 +features, the characteristics, the traits of human + +465 +00:36:25,870 --> 00:36:30,190 +beings. It's personification. Death, even death + +466 +00:36:30,190 --> 00:36:33,530 +will not brag about killing you because you're + +467 +00:36:33,530 --> 00:36:38,290 +going to outlive everything. When in eternal + +468 +00:36:38,290 --> 00:36:42,550 +lines, eternal lines, these lines that will live + +469 +00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,970 +forever. This in part answers the question whether + +470 +00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:47,990 +Shakespeare knew he was writing really, really + +471 +00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:50,850 +good poetry, amazing poetry that will be famous + +472 +00:36:50,850 --> 00:36:53,250 +all over the world. Maybe he knew he's going to be + +473 +00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,110 +famous all across London and the UK, maybe in + +474 +00:36:56,110 --> 00:36:59,620 +Europe. But did he know he's going to be here, + +475 +00:36:59,820 --> 00:37:04,880 +studied in Gaza? No. Or in China, or in Africa? We + +476 +00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600 +don't know. Nobody knows. But certainly, those + +477 +00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,760 +great minds, the giants, the canonical writers, + +478 +00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:14,120 +they know. At least they know they're doing + +479 +00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:19,500 +something great. And then finally, the couplet + +480 +00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,880 +here gives us hope. What he does here is that, oh, + +481 +00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,860 +we are all going to die. But then comes the hope, + +482 +00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:33,220 +comes the closure. So long as men can breathe or + +483 +00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:38,280 +eyes can see, so long lives this. This, my sonnet, + +484 +00:37:38,420 --> 00:37:42,600 +my poetry, my verse, my rhyme. And this gives life + +485 +00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,260 +to thee. And it's true. It's ironic we don't know + +486 +00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:50,220 +who he wrote the poem for. But we know that + +487 +00:37:50,220 --> 00:37:53,860 +whoever that person is, is still alive. People are + +488 +00:37:53,860 --> 00:38:00,720 +talking about him or her. let's end with something + +489 +00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:07,600 +from I downloaded this video from YouTube this is + +490 +00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500 +a recitation of shall I compare thee to summer + +491 +00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:15,420 +days now + +492 +00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:18,780 +I want you to listen to this and then there's a + +493 +00:38:18,780 --> 00:38:21,220 +little girl who's going to also recite this I want + +494 +00:38:21,220 --> 00:38:22,840 +you to see which one you like most + +495 +00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:48,830 +Hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his + +496 +00:38:48,830 --> 00:38:53,690 +gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair + +497 +00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:58,170 +sometime declines By chance, or nature's changing + +498 +00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:03,930 +course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not + +499 +00:39:03,930 --> 00:39:08,070 +fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, + +500 +00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:12,500 +Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade, + +501 +00:39:13,220 --> 00:39:19,260 +When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So + +502 +00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:25,160 +long as men can breathe, for eyes can see, So long + +503 +00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:33,260 +lives this, and this gives life to thee. Let's see + +504 +00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:36,320 +the little kid and then stop there. Is it this + +505 +00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:36,540 +one? + +506 +00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:50,060 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? + +507 +00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:58,020 +Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The winds + +508 +00:39:58,020 --> 00:40:01,140 +do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's + +509 +00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:06,380 +leaves have all too short a date. Sometimes too + +510 +00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:10,680 +hot the eye of Heather shines, and often it is + +511 +00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:16,550 +cold complexion dims. And every fair thing there + +512 +00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:21,550 +sometimes declines By chance or nature's changing + +513 +00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:26,830 +course of trend. But thy eternal summer shall not + +514 +00:40:26,830 --> 00:40:31,790 +fade, Nor this possession that there thou ow'st, + +515 +00:40:32,510 --> 00:40:36,590 +Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, + +516 +00:40:36,710 --> 00:40:40,590 +When in eternal lines the times thou grow'st. + +517 +00:40:51,210 --> 00:40:52,650 +Oh cute. + +518 +00:40:56,230 --> 00:41:00,190 +Isn't she cute? It's beautiful how she renders + +519 +00:41:00,190 --> 00:41:05,250 +Shakespeare to this little tiny recitation of the + +520 +00:41:05,250 --> 00:41:10,150 +sonnet. We'll stop here and we'll see what if you + +521 +00:41:10,150 --> 00:41:12,650 +have any question about Shakespeare about the + +522 +00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:13,010 +sonnet + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19c9b0a7726edd666ece3dca59454486b9413d4d --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2088 @@ +1 +00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,800 +Hello everyone, welcome back. As you can see, + +2 +00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:30,920 +today we speak about the sonnet, and in particular + +3 +00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:35,060 +Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet, probably you've + +4 +00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:37,740 +heard about the sonnet before. It's one of the + +5 +00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:41,620 +most famous, most important poetic forms of all + +6 +00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:51,310 +time. Now the sonnet, generally, is a fourteen 14 + +7 +00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:59,870 +line poem each line having 10 syllables and the + +8 +00:00:59,870 --> 00:01:05,350 +theme of the sonnet is generally love so what is + +9 +00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:13,650 +the sonnet it's a love poem of 14 lines each line + +10 +00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:20,790 +has 10 syllables the sonnet originated in Italy. + +11 +00:01:22,250 --> 00:01:26,430 +Italy with an I, not Y. It sounds ugly with an I, + +12 +00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:30,610 +with a Y, sorry. It started in Italy in the 13th + +13 +00:01:30,610 --> 00:01:33,790 +century with a very famous poet, you should all + +14 +00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:38,750 +know, named Dante. Dante. But it became more + +15 +00:01:38,750 --> 00:01:43,310 +famous thanks to an Italian poet named Petrac. + +16 +00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:50,450 +Notice how the name is? written Petrarch. Petrarch + +17 +00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:55,230 +is an Italian poet who wrote so many sonnets. + +18 +00:01:58,050 --> 00:02:00,710 +The sonnet started in Italy in the Renaissance + +19 +00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:06,040 +Italian Renaissance in the 13th century. And + +20 +00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,640 +again, it shows how more themes started to be + +21 +00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:14,440 +included in poetry. It's no longer about religion + +22 +00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,980 +and God and heroism. There are themes of + +23 +00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:21,740 +relationships of women and love, et cetera. Now, + +24 +00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:26,160 +in a way, the sonnet migrated to England through + +25 +00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:30,740 +two famous people. The first one is named Sir + +26 +00:02:30,740 --> 00:02:33,640 +Thomas Wyatt, and the second one is Henry Howard. + +27 +00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:35,740 +We'll know the names later on. They're not that + +28 +00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:40,100 +important for now to us. So we have Henry Howard + +29 +00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:44,920 +and Sir Thomas Wyatt. They brought, they imported, + +30 +00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:50,960 +kind of, the sonnet from Italy to England. What + +31 +00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,360 +did they do to the sonnet? They translated it. + +32 +00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,560 +They brought and they adapted it. They, in a way, + +33 +00:02:56,640 --> 00:02:59,480 +made it look English. Because there are + +34 +00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,540 +differences between Italian and English language. + +35 +00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,300 +We have many English poets who wrote the sonnet. + +36 +00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:12,040 +But the most famous of them is Shakespeare. + +37 +00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:19,790 +How many sonnets did he write? One, five, four, + +38 +00:03:19,970 --> 00:03:22,210 +more or less. Some people say, like, a couple of + +39 +00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:24,110 +them are not Shakespearean, written by someone + +40 +00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:28,670 +else. It's not a big deal. Again, to us, because + +41 +00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:31,390 +some people, they spend like years and years + +42 +00:03:31,390 --> 00:03:34,110 +examining which sonnet is Shakespearean and which + +43 +00:03:34,110 --> 00:03:36,250 +one is not Shakespearean. + +44 +00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:43,600 +Again, 14 lines. 14 lines. However, Shakespeare + +45 +00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:49,020 +did two things to change about the sonnet. What + +46 +00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:52,500 +did he change? Before we begin talking about + +47 +00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:55,620 +Shakespeare, let's go back again to the Italian + +48 +00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:59,460 +sonnet to Petrarch. 14 lines. You can't change the + +49 +00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,880 +14 lines, because if it is 13 or 15, it's not a + +50 +00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,450 +sonnet. It's not considered. So that's why it's + +51 +00:04:07,450 --> 00:04:10,010 +usually important when you want to analyze a poem, + +52 +00:04:10,110 --> 00:04:13,010 +understand the poem, count the lines. Are there + +53 +00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:16,490 +14? It's a sonnet. Not 14? Not a sonnet. Because + +54 +00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:19,710 +if it is a sonnet, we'll say what the sonnet is + +55 +00:04:19,710 --> 00:04:24,610 +and how important the sonnet is. Now, the Italian + +56 +00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:30,070 +sonnet was, again, 14 lines and about love, the + +57 +00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:32,010 +theme. There's something important about this, + +58 +00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:33,150 +which is the rhyme. + +59 +00:04:36,380 --> 00:04:40,980 +scheme. The rhyme scheme or the structure, the + +60 +00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:45,920 +rhyme structure, how the music at the end of the + +61 +00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,080 +lines of the song. The Italian sonnet sounds like + +62 +00:04:50,080 --> 00:05:06,220 +this A B B A A B B A sorry C D C D C D We'll + +63 +00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,940 +explain this more, we'll show you examples in a + +64 +00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:18,080 +bit. Again we have A B B A, A B B B A and then C D + +65 +00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:22,160 +C D C D. How many? If you count them these are 14 + +66 +00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:27,750 +because a sonnet has only 14 lines. Now these are + +67 +00:05:27,750 --> 00:05:31,270 +divided into two groups number one the first eight + +68 +00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:36,250 +lines which look similar in a way A B B A A B B A + +69 +00:05:36,250 --> 00:05:41,230 +these are eight lines in English eight lines are + +70 +00:05:41,230 --> 00:05:45,110 +called an octave you know an octopus because the + +71 +00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:50,550 +octopus has eight octave means eight eight lines + +72 +00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:54,530 +and here we have the remaining lines are assisted + +73 +00:05:57,330 --> 00:06:01,230 +It could be C, D, E, C, D, E or different + +74 +00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:05,250 +variation but this is the most common. C, D, C, D, + +75 +00:06:05,450 --> 00:06:11,530 +C, D. How many lines? Six lines, eight lines, + +76 +00:06:11,830 --> 00:06:15,450 +fourteen. The eight lines are called the octave. + +77 +00:06:17,690 --> 00:06:20,110 +Now what happens in the eight lines and this is + +78 +00:06:20,110 --> 00:06:26,000 +significant. The problem is discussed. He's + +79 +00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:31,340 +elaborated. The poet exposes us to some problem + +80 +00:06:31,340 --> 00:06:34,840 +between him and his beloved, and why he can't have + +81 +00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,360 +her, why he should have her, why she's the most + +82 +00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,900 +beautiful woman on earth. In the six lines, we + +83 +00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:47,120 +have some kind of resolution, the conclusion. What + +84 +00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,240 +happens next? Life is complicated. There's this + +85 +00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,160 +problem. And in six lines, we have some sort of a + +86 +00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,860 +resolution. something to solve this problem to get + +87 +00:06:58,860 --> 00:07:03,880 +the poet out of the trouble. So this is again + +88 +00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,510 +generally the Italian sonnet 14 lines check Love + +89 +00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:15,150 +theme, also check. The rhyme scheme is A B B A A B + +90 +00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:20,390 +B A C D C D C D The first eight lines are called + +91 +00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:24,510 +the octave and then the sixth. Sixth is from six, + +92 +00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:30,880 +okay? Now, what did Shakespeare do to change, to + +93 +00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:34,100 +experiment? Remember we said Shakespeare, in a + +94 +00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:36,380 +way, he's considered the most important classical + +95 +00:07:36,380 --> 00:07:43,040 +playwright and poet of English history. But + +96 +00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:46,700 +Shakespeare also wanted to change in many ways, to + +97 +00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,160 +change in the language, to change in the form, to + +98 +00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,320 +change in the themes. What did he do to the + +99 +00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:51,660 +sonnet? + +100 +00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,260 +okay number one thank you very much he changed the + +101 +00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,740 +form or the structure + +102 +00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:18,610 +What is the form, the structure of the poem? It's + +103 +00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:21,970 +how the poem looks. When you look at the poem from + +104 +00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,810 +afar, how does it look? It's short. It has these + +105 +00:08:25,810 --> 00:08:29,850 +stanzas, et cetera. So Shakespeare, number one. It + +106 +00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:31,370 +didn't start with Shakespeare, but Shakespeare + +107 +00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:35,390 +made this structure famous. And his famous rhyme + +108 +00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:40,310 +scheme, almost all his 154 sonnets have the same + +109 +00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:51,680 +structure. Rhyme structure. A B A B C D C D E F E + +110 +00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:59,880 +F G G G G. Do you know GG? You know GG? Yeah? I + +111 +00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:06,640 +don't know. Anyway GG Without listen without + +112 +00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,020 +reading the poem when we see this happening G G. + +113 +00:09:10,140 --> 00:09:13,780 +It's the same sound two lines Yeah, it tells us + +114 +00:09:13,780 --> 00:09:15,940 +it's a couplet. So what is Shakespeare doing + +115 +00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:22,660 +number one? four lines and then four lines and + +116 +00:09:22,660 --> 00:09:26,520 +then four lines and then a couplet It's easy to + +117 +00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:32,100 +know the couplet What's the couplet again Yes + +118 +00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:39,860 +Two lines of verse about one subject with the same + +119 +00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:43,980 +rhyme scheme. Two lines with the same rhyme + +120 +00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:48,200 +scheme. We'll give you a lot of examples in a bit. + +121 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,300 +But the four lines here are called quatrains. + +122 +00:09:54,980 --> 00:09:58,900 +So he has three quatrains and a couplet. + +123 +00:10:02,210 --> 00:10:08,130 +Quatrain one, quatrain means four, four. A, B, A, + +124 +00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:12,890 +B, they alternate, and then C, D, C, D, E, F, E, + +125 +00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:16,950 +F, and finally we have G, G. That's number one. + +126 +00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:23,610 +Shakespeare changes, expands the structure. What + +127 +00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,970 +is interesting here, look at this. The poet here + +128 +00:10:26,970 --> 00:10:32,450 +generally again has the problem in eight lines and + +129 +00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:35,410 +the resolution in six. Now Shakespeare complicates + +130 +00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:41,500 +the whole life and everything in 12 lines. In 12 + +131 +00:10:41,500 --> 00:10:44,960 +lines, he just shows you that life is complex. + +132 +00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:47,400 +This is the end of the world. Life is destructive. + +133 +00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,840 +Time kills us all. And then when you are about to + +134 +00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:54,780 +give hope, he twists. In two lines, he gives us + +135 +00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:58,000 +some kind of hope or resolution. No one can do + +136 +00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,200 +this like Shakespeare. He's a master of this. No + +137 +00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,020 +one can complicate everything. And then in only + +138 +00:11:04,020 --> 00:11:08,380 +two lines, can change everything to the very + +139 +00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:12,060 +opposite gives you a closure a resolution or at + +140 +00:11:12,060 --> 00:11:14,700 +least some kind of hope for for the future like + +141 +00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:17,600 +the example the examples we will be seeing in a + +142 +00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,260 +bit now also Shakespeare changed the theme I + +143 +00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:25,700 +wouldn't say change because he kind of expanded he + +144 +00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,720 +added more themes so the sunnah for Shakespeare is + +145 +00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:34,680 +also a love poem it's about beauty Not nature + +146 +00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,020 +exactly, like in the romantic sense. It's about + +147 +00:11:37,020 --> 00:11:44,620 +loss. It's about the passing of time. So he + +148 +00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:48,720 +included more themes, more subjects. Many people + +149 +00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:52,480 +still say, no, he didn't, because beauty, loss, + +150 +00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:55,700 +and the passing of time are still themes that can + +151 +00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:58,120 +go under the theme of love, in a way. + +152 +00:12:01,810 --> 00:12:04,150 +If you notice, before I give you the examples + +153 +00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:09,370 +here, when I say the sonnet has to have a certain + +154 +00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:13,650 +number of lines and a certain rhyme scheme, it + +155 +00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:17,750 +tells us that the sonnet is strict. If you write + +156 +00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:20,810 +13 lines, see I wrote this sonnet, I say sorry + +157 +00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:24,210 +this is not a sonnet. 15 lines, sorry this is not + +158 +00:12:24,210 --> 00:12:28,190 +a sonnet. So the form of the sunnah is very + +159 +00:12:28,190 --> 00:12:32,830 +strict, very fixed, very rigid. It doesn't change + +160 +00:12:32,830 --> 00:12:36,510 +for team lines. For Shakespeare, it's almost + +161 +00:12:36,510 --> 00:12:41,870 +always A, B, A, B, C, D, C, D, E, F, E, F, G, G. + +162 +00:12:42,250 --> 00:12:46,330 +Now what's going on? According to critics, they + +163 +00:12:46,330 --> 00:12:48,550 +say Shakespearean, like many people, many critics, + +164 +00:12:48,670 --> 00:12:52,430 +many poets, they have realized that life is chaos, + +165 +00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:56,940 +chaotic. Life doesn't follow a system, right? It's + +166 +00:12:56,940 --> 00:13:00,600 +random sometimes. It's so sad that good people + +167 +00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,220 +die, that beauty declines, that no good thing + +168 +00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:09,220 +remains forever, right? So in a way life is + +169 +00:13:09,220 --> 00:13:12,360 +haphazard, chaotic. There's no system. It's full + +170 +00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:16,180 +of disorder. So critics believe that Shakespeare + +171 +00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:20,500 +was trying to control life. by squeezing it into + +172 +00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:25,140 +this tiny rigid form love poem of the sonnet where + +173 +00:13:25,140 --> 00:13:28,160 +usually at the end there is hope that he will live + +174 +00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,760 +forever, that she will live forever, his beloved + +175 +00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,080 +or his addressee and that his poetry will live + +176 +00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,420 +forever. So no matter what happens, no matter how + +177 +00:13:37,420 --> 00:13:42,070 +harsh life is, The form of the sonnet is going to + +178 +00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,250 +control it. The rigid form of the sonnet, the + +179 +00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:45,930 +number of the lines, the number of the syllables + +180 +00:13:45,930 --> 00:13:48,610 +and the fixed rhyme scheme is going to control + +181 +00:13:48,610 --> 00:13:53,130 +life and give it a form and give it a shape where + +182 +00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:56,310 +only Shakespeare can control this. In a sense, + +183 +00:13:56,770 --> 00:13:59,750 +Shakespeare is telling us he is the master of his + +184 +00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,460 +own world. He is creating his own world. And + +185 +00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:06,440 +there's a question here. Like, do great people + +186 +00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,500 +like Shakespeare realize they're doing great + +187 +00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,620 +things? Yeah. Did he realize, did he know he was + +188 +00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:15,720 +writing great things, that he will be famous all + +189 +00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:19,580 +around the world? Did he? At the time he wrote it, + +190 +00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:22,200 +he doesn't think that, because he just feels like + +191 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,420 +this is what he is. Exactly. Later on, yeah? Yes. + +192 +00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:31,940 +He shows what his works affects people. Is there + +193 +00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:35,140 +evidence in his poetry where he says something + +194 +00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:38,740 +about his poetry outliving all the harsh realities + +195 +00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,660 +of life? There is a lot of evidence. Remember last + +196 +00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:48,880 +time probably I posted a sonnet on the Facebook + +197 +00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,340 +group where he ends with, so long as men can + +198 +00:14:52,340 --> 00:14:57,100 +breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, this, + +199 +00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:02,350 +my poetry. My sonnet, my verse. And this gives + +200 +00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,290 +life to thee. So yes, beauty declines, fairness + +201 +00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:13,970 +declines. Life ends. Death dominates. But as long + +202 +00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,030 +as you are in my poem, in my sonnet, you will live + +203 +00:15:18,030 --> 00:15:20,290 +forever and ever, and people will remember you, + +204 +00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:24,970 +and you will grow. Because simply? His poems are + +205 +00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:32,240 +alive. His poetry. His sonnet will outlive all + +206 +00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,980 +these difficulties. So long as men can breathe, or + +207 +00:15:35,980 --> 00:15:39,220 +eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives + +208 +00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,520 +life to thee. And this is actually the couplet to + +209 +00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,380 +probably Shakespeare's most famous sonnet, Sonnet + +210 +00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:48,580 +18, you will see in a bit. So in brief, it's + +211 +00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:50,900 +originally an Italian, European thing that was + +212 +00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:55,040 +brought to England, adapted, and things happened + +213 +00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:59,570 +to it. Shakespeare made it in a way what it looks + +214 +00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,290 +like now. But again, not all sonnets are written + +215 +00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:06,470 +like this or like this. But this is called the + +216 +00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:09,350 +Shakespearean sonnet, the English sonnet. And this + +217 +00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:11,770 +is called the Italian sonnet. There are so many + +218 +00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:16,210 +forms, but these are the most famous forms of the + +219 +00:16:16,210 --> 00:16:20,350 +sonnet. Before... Yeah, go on. Is there a reason + +220 +00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:25,780 +behind choosing the number 14? I don't know. I'm + +221 +00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:32,000 +not sure, but is 14 the magic number? Because it's + +222 +00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,420 +seven and seven and seven. Many people love the + +223 +00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:39,840 +number seven. It's my favorite number. Why 14? I + +224 +00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:43,460 +think it's haphazard. It's not a big deal. But why + +225 +00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:47,420 +14? Yeah, I don't know. if there is a reason + +226 +00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:50,760 +probably we can look it up online somewhere before + +227 +00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,960 +I go on give you examples look at these middle + +228 +00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,520 +English words these are very important to know + +229 +00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:04,700 +remember we have thou meaning you for subject thee + +230 +00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:10,580 +you for object in the past they would add th + +231 +00:17:10,580 --> 00:17:16,990 +instead of s for he she it so had It has doth, + +232 +00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:25,670 +comes, and they would usually add st for thou. It + +233 +00:17:25,670 --> 00:17:31,370 +is, we will see that. Thy and thine both mean + +234 +00:17:31,370 --> 00:17:33,930 +your. Your, but the difference is like the + +235 +00:17:33,930 --> 00:17:38,470 +difference between a and an. You say a book, an + +236 +00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,970 +apple. When we have a vowel sound, you add the one + +237 +00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,870 +with the N. Same here. Say, frailty, Hamlet says, + +238 +00:17:47,110 --> 00:17:52,110 +frailty thy name is woman. Thy name. But when we + +239 +00:17:52,110 --> 00:17:59,050 +have a vowel here, I vowel I thine eyes thine eyes + +240 +00:17:59,050 --> 00:18:06,770 +your your eyes thou art you are it is it is why + +241 +00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:09,510 +remember it's because of the number of syllables + +242 +00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:15,210 +and the music thyself easy yourself ear means + +243 +00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:18,170 +before what's the difference between ear and + +244 +00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:18,490 +before + +245 +00:18:22,380 --> 00:18:24,740 +Yeah, look at the words. + +246 +00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:33,680 +Okay, so what does it mean? How many syllables are + +247 +00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:38,760 +there in before? Two syllables. Syllable one, + +248 +00:18:38,940 --> 00:18:43,340 +syllable two, before. But here, one syllable. So + +249 +00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:46,880 +this is what we call sometimes poetic license you + +250 +00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,760 +know driving license you have a license to drive + +251 +00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,820 +now poets have a license poetic license if you + +252 +00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,540 +want to change something just to make things fit + +253 +00:18:57,540 --> 00:19:03,120 +near same here with never never two syllables but + +254 +00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:08,560 +near one ear ever last time we had overthrown + +255 +00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:14,750 +overthrown originally over overthrown Please don't + +256 +00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:18,950 +forget that, thou, thee, hath, doth, just these + +257 +00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:24,770 +major words. Thou means you, thee means also you + +258 +00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:30,910 +for objects, doth and hath, does and has. Doesn't + +259 +00:19:30,910 --> 00:19:34,430 +the change in language complicate poetry? It + +260 +00:19:34,430 --> 00:19:37,730 +doesn't, of course. If before they had the word + +261 +00:19:37,730 --> 00:19:41,370 +er, and nowadays we change it to before, it would + +262 +00:19:41,370 --> 00:19:44,730 +change the Yeah, that's why it's good to know + +263 +00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:48,010 +these words and study the sonnets, the poems in + +264 +00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:50,810 +the language they were written in to really + +265 +00:19:50,810 --> 00:19:53,850 +appreciate the beauty. When you modernize this, + +266 +00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:57,830 +you're going to change a lot about the music and + +267 +00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:02,910 +everything. So I'll probably post this on Facebook + +268 +00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:05,850 +so you can get the slides to summarize the main + +269 +00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,100 +ideas here. But don't forget again, the sonnet is + +270 +00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:15,040 +a very important form where the form, remember the + +271 +00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:16,960 +form, the shape, the number of lines and the rhyme + +272 +00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:20,680 +scheme helps the idea, the meaning. Where again, + +273 +00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:24,640 +the poet is struggling to control life, to give + +274 +00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,860 +meaning to life, to make sense out of the chaotic + +275 +00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:32,900 +nature of life. For Shakespeare, in a way he was + +276 +00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:38,810 +trying to outsmart and outlive. life itself. In + +277 +00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:42,190 +the sonnet, finally, the form, what is the form? + +278 +00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:47,410 +The 14 lines, the number of these syllables here, + +279 +00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:51,710 +the number of the stanzas here, and the rhyme + +280 +00:20:51,710 --> 00:20:55,890 +scheme. What is the content? The theme. Is it + +281 +00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:59,070 +about love? About loss? About passing of time? Et + +282 +00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070 +cetera. Let's see more applications. + +283 +00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:11,590 +This is Sonnet 17. We'll do it very quickly, but + +284 +00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:15,510 +we'll talk more about Sonnet 18. How many lines? + +285 +00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:19,910 +40. Look at the shape. The last two lines are + +286 +00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:22,890 +sometimes indenting, like they're pushed this way. + +287 +00:21:23,230 --> 00:21:25,810 +But look at the rhyme here. We have time and + +288 +00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,430 +rhyme. That's GDR. Shakespeare. Someone read? + +289 +00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:43,640 +Okay, speak up yeah Okay, + +290 +00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,640 +probably next time you sit here yeah go on who + +291 +00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,860 +will believe my verse in time to come if if it + +292 +00:21:49,860 --> 00:21:54,080 +were filled with your most high desert Desert + +293 +00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,260 +though yeah heaven knows it knows it it is but a + +294 +00:21:59,260 --> 00:22:04,190 +thumb a tongue tomb which hides your life and + +295 +00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:07,570 +shows not half your parts. If I could write the + +296 +00:22:07,570 --> 00:22:11,570 +beauty of your eyes and in fresh numbers number + +297 +00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:15,510 +all your graces, the age to come would say this + +298 +00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:21,170 +poet lies. Such heavenly touches near touch + +299 +00:22:21,170 --> 00:22:25,510 +earthly faces. Should my papers, yellowed with + +300 +00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:30,350 +their age, be scorned like old men of less truth + +301 +00:22:30,350 --> 00:22:34,830 +than tongue? And your true rights be termed a + +302 +00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:41,330 +poet's rage and stretched meter for antique song. + +303 +00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:47,150 +Antique song. Antique song. But for some child of + +304 +00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:53,450 +yours alive that time, you should live twice in it + +305 +00:22:53,450 --> 00:23:00,210 +and in my rhyme. Okay, one more please. Who will + +306 +00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:04,030 +believe my verse in time to come, if it were + +307 +00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:08,750 +filled with your most high desires. I'll just, + +308 +00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:11,570 +while you're reading, I'll try to do the rhyme + +309 +00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:13,850 +scheme. Remember, the rhyme scheme follows the A, + +310 +00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:20,830 +B, C, D, the first sound is A. Why A? The first + +311 +00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:23,750 +letter of the alphabet. If the second repeats the + +312 +00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:28,150 +same sound, we give it A. If it's a new sound, B. + +313 +00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:35,400 +So, come, desert, Look at, listen, tomb, the B is + +314 +00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,100 +silent, so it's not there, the sound, we care + +315 +00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,860 +about the sound. But it's not, it's not, it's not, + +316 +00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:49,020 +oh, sorry. It's not as perfectly pronounced, like + +317 +00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:52,440 +perfectly pronounced as come. This is come, and + +318 +00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:58,100 +this is tomb, tomb, grave. This is still A, but + +319 +00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,890 +it's called imperfect rhyme. it rhymes but + +320 +00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:07,950 +imperfectly like love and prove okay and then + +321 +00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:14,490 +parts goes with deserts a + +322 +00:24:14,490 --> 00:24:23,000 +b a b go on if i got the Write the beauty of your + +323 +00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:27,460 +eyes and in fresh numbers number all your guesses + +324 +00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:32,720 +that is to come what you would say this God lies. + +325 +00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:41,990 +So we have eyes? C. Graces? D. Lies? C. And then + +326 +00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:43,890 +D. Go on. + +327 +00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:48,330 +Okay, + +328 +00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:52,610 +with their age. + +329 +00:24:56,070 --> 00:25:05,270 +And tongue. Different? E, F, Rage, E, and Song. + +330 +00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:08,770 +And finally read the couplet. + +331 +00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:21,110 +Okay, but where some child of yours alive that + +332 +00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:27,970 +time, that's G, you should live twice in it and in + +333 +00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:34,110 +my rhyme. My rhyme, my poetry. My verse and again + +334 +00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:42,200 +the G. A, B, A, B. That's come and come, desserts + +335 +00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:47,500 +and pots, and then eyes and lies, C, C, and graces + +336 +00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:53,840 +and faces, D, D, age, rage, E, tongue, and song, + +337 +00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:59,040 +F, time, rhyme. If I ask you a question in the + +338 +00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,440 +exam, I bring you one of the sonnets, and it + +339 +00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:05,370 +rhymes like this. And if you know this is a + +340 +00:26:05,370 --> 00:26:07,670 +Shakespearean sonnet, Shakespearean couplet, if + +341 +00:26:07,670 --> 00:26:11,570 +you know it by heart, you give it GG Rimsky. But + +342 +00:26:11,570 --> 00:26:14,350 +if you don't and you give me AA, it's okay because + +343 +00:26:14,350 --> 00:26:19,450 +it's still a sonnet. The next sonnet, a very + +344 +00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:23,450 +famous sonnet by Shakespeare. Sonnet 18. Sonnet + +345 +00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:28,910 +18. Sonnet 18. I'll read it first and see two or + +346 +00:26:28,910 --> 00:26:30,610 +three of you reading it. + +347 +00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:38,100 +Again, shall I compare thee to a summer's day, + +348 +00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,810 +thou art more lovely and more temperate? Rough + +349 +00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:46,670 +winds do shake the darling buds of May And + +350 +00:26:46,670 --> 00:26:50,890 +summer's lease has all too short a date Sometime + +351 +00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:55,350 +too hot the eye of heaven shines And often is his + +352 +00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:59,350 +gold complexion dimmed And every fair from fair + +353 +00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:03,530 +sometime declines By chance or nature's changing + +354 +00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:08,560 +course untrimmed But thy eternal summer shall not + +355 +00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,760 +fade, nor lose position of that fear thou ow'st, + +356 +00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:16,960 +nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, + +357 +00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:23,160 +when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So + +358 +00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:28,880 +long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long + +359 +00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:35,400 +lives this, and this gives life to thee. Yes? + +360 +00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:41,130 +Can you speak up? Speak up. + +361 +00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:47,950 +Thou art. + +362 +00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:54,630 +Rough winds. + +363 +00:27:58,270 --> 00:27:59,430 +Darling buds of May. + +364 +00:28:21,070 --> 00:28:25,110 +By thy eternal summer. + +365 +00:28:31,070 --> 00:28:36,170 +Eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose position + +366 +00:28:36,170 --> 00:28:41,770 +of that firm thou art, nor shall deep death pray + +367 +00:28:41,770 --> 00:28:50,330 +thou one last in his shed, when in eternal lines + +368 +00:28:50,330 --> 00:28:56,970 +thy blood so long as men can breathe or eyes can + +369 +00:28:56,970 --> 00:29:02,880 +see, so long life lives this, Very good. A better + +370 +00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:08,280 +reading please. Yes. Shall I compare thee to a + +371 +00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,760 +summer's days though are more lovely and more + +372 +00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:15,480 +temporary? Shall I? Say again. Shall I compare? + +373 +00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,100 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's days? No, not + +374 +00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:24,700 +days. Day. Day. Go on. Say again. Shall I compare + +375 +00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,620 +thee to a summer's day though are more lovely and + +376 +00:29:28,620 --> 00:29:33,140 +more temporary? Rob went to shade the darling buds + +377 +00:29:33,140 --> 00:29:38,080 +of May, and Summer's leaves have all too short a + +378 +00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:46,000 +date, sometimes too hot the eye of Haven shines, + +379 +00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:52,120 +and often is his dull complexion dimmed. + +380 +00:29:55,230 --> 00:29:59,350 +And every fair confessed sometimes declines by + +381 +00:29:59,350 --> 00:30:03,510 +chance or nature's changing course untrammed. + +382 +00:30:03,930 --> 00:30:09,610 +Untrammed. Untrammed, yes. Like damned, untrammed. + +383 +00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:14,470 +But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose + +384 +00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:21,680 +possession of that fair thou ow'st. Gnosis did + +385 +00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,200 +brag thou wondrous in his shade, when in eternal + +386 +00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:30,540 +lines to time thou rose, so long as men can + +387 +00:30:30,540 --> 00:30:35,720 +breathe or eyes can see, so long life lives this, + +388 +00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,760 +and this gives life to thee. Better. Can you? + +389 +00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:46,840 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art + +390 +00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:53,250 +more lovely and more tempting. Rough. Rough. Rough + +391 +00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:57,970 +winds do shake the downland, particularly the + +392 +00:30:57,970 --> 00:31:02,350 +main, and summer days have all too short a day, + +393 +00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:06,730 +sometimes to have the eye of heaven shines, and + +394 +00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:12,240 +often it's years goes from day to day. And every + +395 +00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:17,400 +pear from pear sometimes declines by chance or + +396 +00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:23,000 +nature's changing course and trend. But the + +397 +00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:28,940 +eternal summer shall not fade, nor loss position + +398 +00:31:28,940 --> 00:31:31,220 +of that pear that asked. + +399 +00:31:46,220 --> 00:31:48,720 +This gives life to people. Can someone do the + +400 +00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,000 +rhyme scheme here? Come here. + +401 +00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,700 +And explain while you're doing the rhyme scheme, + +402 +00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:00,360 +the structure. + +403 +00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:09,690 +You don't have to read it. First line is always A. + +404 +00:32:10,530 --> 00:32:13,210 +Temperate and day are not the same, so we can say + +405 +00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:21,110 +B. May, of May, day, so we add A. Short and date. + +406 +00:32:21,250 --> 00:32:27,430 +Date and temperate is also A, is also B. Shines + +407 +00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:29,390 +has nothing to rhyme, so we add B. + +408 +00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:36,700 +And that's the same, so we can add D. Declines and + +409 +00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:41,260 +shines rhymes, so we can add C. Untrimmed and + +410 +00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:47,700 +dimed is the same rhyme, so we can add D. Fade is + +411 +00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,120 +a new rhyme, so we can say E. + +412 +00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:59,410 +like oh because but remember he has has not a due + +413 +00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:03,050 +but with you in the past they used to add st to + +414 +00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:05,790 +the verb thank god they dropped this long time ago + +415 +00:33:05,790 --> 00:33:08,110 +what would be what would be a nightmare for us so + +416 +00:33:08,110 --> 00:33:13,250 +host is if shade and fade rhymes we can add e + +417 +00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:15,590 +roast + +418 +00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:27,590 +And then we come to our friend GG. This is a + +419 +00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:31,110 +better explanation than mine. Thank you. Very good + +420 +00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:33,290 +job. Now what is Shakespeare doing here? What is + +421 +00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:37,090 +he saying? This is a sonnet, a love poem, but in + +422 +00:33:37,090 --> 00:33:41,180 +this sonnet, he's again there's some kind of + +423 +00:33:41,180 --> 00:33:45,020 +complaint there's a problem here he's by the way + +424 +00:33:45,020 --> 00:33:47,960 +critics do not agree whether these poems were + +425 +00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:51,080 +written to a man or a woman it could be an issue + +426 +00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,900 +but not a big deal for us let's study the text + +427 +00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,740 +itself shall I compare these two summers in + +428 +00:33:56,740 --> 00:34:01,260 +England summer is the best season because it's not + +429 +00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:04,040 +very cold because winter is really horribly cold + +430 +00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:07,670 +So he says, shall I compare thee to summer's day? + +431 +00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:11,830 +This is a rhetorical question. And then he says, I + +432 +00:34:11,830 --> 00:34:17,610 +think I shouldn't because of many things. Because + +433 +00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:21,610 +you're more beautiful than summer. You're more + +434 +00:34:21,610 --> 00:34:26,210 +temperate. Summer is short. Summer doesn't last. + +435 +00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,610 +Sometimes there is rough wind. + +436 +00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,380 +that shakes the darling buds of May. So summer is + +437 +00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,560 +not as beautiful as you are. You're more beautiful + +438 +00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:42,880 +than that. And sometimes too hot the eye of heaven + +439 +00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:46,840 +shines. And often is his gold complexion dimmed. + +440 +00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:50,000 +The clouds sometimes cover everything and it's no + +441 +00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,740 +longer beautiful. And this is probably one of the + +442 +00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,680 +finest lines of Shakespeare. And every fair from + +443 +00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:03,080 +fair sometime declines. Fair meaning beauty. Like + +444 +00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:07,320 +a fair person, a fair woman is like the most + +445 +00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:12,210 +beautiful there is. So these Things, these + +446 +00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:16,390 +features do not last, the beauty, the beauties of + +447 +00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:19,910 +the summer compared to you. Generally, every fear + +448 +00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:23,970 +from fear sometimes declines. Beauty doesn't last + +449 +00:35:23,970 --> 00:35:28,970 +forever. We are all going to grow old and ugly, + +450 +00:35:29,070 --> 00:35:31,310 +and then we're going to die. Beauty will fade. + +451 +00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:35,290 +Beauty will fade. Furnace will... Notice the + +452 +00:35:35,290 --> 00:35:38,150 +repetition of the fa, fa, fa, fa, fa sound. It's + +453 +00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:45,860 +like you're like... complaining, sad, angry, by + +454 +00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:48,320 +chance, et cetera, et cetera. And then he says, + +455 +00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:53,600 +but thy eternal summer, thy affairs shall not + +456 +00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,060 +fade. You're more beautiful than summer itself. + +457 +00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:01,100 +Nor lose possession of that fair thou ost, nor + +458 +00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:05,300 +shall death brag thou wanderst in his ship. And + +459 +00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,640 +this is, again, beautiful because Shakespeare is + +460 +00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:11,230 +personifying death. Death is not a person. Death + +461 +00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:14,550 +doesn't brag, doesn't show off. People brag. + +462 +00:36:15,830 --> 00:36:19,530 +People show off. And this is personification. You + +463 +00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:23,090 +said personification is when you give things, the + +464 +00:36:23,090 --> 00:36:25,870 +features, the characteristics, the traits of human + +465 +00:36:25,870 --> 00:36:30,190 +beings. It's personification. Death, even death + +466 +00:36:30,190 --> 00:36:33,530 +will not brag about killing you because you're + +467 +00:36:33,530 --> 00:36:38,290 +going to outlive everything. When in eternal + +468 +00:36:38,290 --> 00:36:42,550 +lines, eternal lines, these lines that will live + +469 +00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,970 +forever. This in part answers the question whether + +470 +00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:47,990 +Shakespeare knew he was writing really, really + +471 +00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:50,850 +good poetry, amazing poetry that will be famous + +472 +00:36:50,850 --> 00:36:53,250 +all over the world. Maybe he knew he's going to be + +473 +00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,110 +famous all across London and the UK, maybe in + +474 +00:36:56,110 --> 00:36:59,620 +Europe. But did he know he's going to be here, + +475 +00:36:59,820 --> 00:37:04,880 +studied in Gaza? No. Or in China, or in Africa? We + +476 +00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600 +don't know. Nobody knows. But certainly, those + +477 +00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,760 +great minds, the giants, the canonical writers, + +478 +00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:14,120 +they know. At least they know they're doing + +479 +00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:19,500 +something great. And then finally, the couplet + +480 +00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,880 +here gives us hope. What he does here is that, oh, + +481 +00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,860 +we are all going to die. But then comes the hope, + +482 +00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:33,220 +comes the closure. So long as men can breathe or + +483 +00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:38,280 +eyes can see, so long lives this. This, my sonnet, + +484 +00:37:38,420 --> 00:37:42,600 +my poetry, my verse, my rhyme. And this gives life + +485 +00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,260 +to thee. And it's true. It's ironic we don't know + +486 +00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:50,220 +who he wrote the poem for. But we know that + +487 +00:37:50,220 --> 00:37:53,860 +whoever that person is, is still alive. People are + +488 +00:37:53,860 --> 00:38:00,720 +talking about him or her. let's end with something + +489 +00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:07,600 +from I downloaded this video from YouTube this is + +490 +00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500 +a recitation of shall I compare thee to summer + +491 +00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:15,420 +days now + +492 +00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:18,780 +I want you to listen to this and then there's a + +493 +00:38:18,780 --> 00:38:21,220 +little girl who's going to also recite this I want + +494 +00:38:21,220 --> 00:38:22,840 +you to see which one you like most + +495 +00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:48,830 +Hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his + +496 +00:38:48,830 --> 00:38:53,690 +gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair + +497 +00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:58,170 +sometime declines By chance, or nature's changing + +498 +00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:03,930 +course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not + +499 +00:39:03,930 --> 00:39:08,070 +fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, + +500 +00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:12,500 +Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade, + +501 +00:39:13,220 --> 00:39:19,260 +When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So + +502 +00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:25,160 +long as men can breathe, for eyes can see, So long + +503 +00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:33,260 +lives this, and this gives life to thee. Let's see + +504 +00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:36,320 +the little kid and then stop there. Is it this + +505 +00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:36,540 +one? + +506 +00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:50,060 +Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? + +507 +00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:58,020 +Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The winds + +508 +00:39:58,020 --> 00:40:01,140 +do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's + +509 +00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:06,380 +leaves have all too short a date. Sometimes too + +510 +00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:10,680 +hot the eye of Heather shines, and often it is + +511 +00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:16,550 +cold complexion dims. And every fair thing there + +512 +00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:21,550 +sometimes declines By chance or nature's changing + +513 +00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:26,830 +course of trend. But thy eternal summer shall not + +514 +00:40:26,830 --> 00:40:31,790 +fade, Nor this possession that there thou ow'st, + +515 +00:40:32,510 --> 00:40:36,590 +Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade, + +516 +00:40:36,710 --> 00:40:40,590 +When in eternal lines the times thou grow'st. + +517 +00:40:51,210 --> 00:40:52,650 +Oh cute. + +518 +00:40:56,230 --> 00:41:00,190 +Isn't she cute? It's beautiful how she renders + +519 +00:41:00,190 --> 00:41:05,250 +Shakespeare to this little tiny recitation of the + +520 +00:41:05,250 --> 00:41:10,150 +sonnet. We'll stop here and we'll see what if you + +521 +00:41:10,150 --> 00:41:12,650 +have any question about Shakespeare about the + +522 +00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:13,010 +sonnet + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a41be894320a0c387f9b8195cceb6e3dd219c5ac --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2175 @@ + +1 +00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230 +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone. + +2 +00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850 +Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English + +3 +00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490 +students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This + +4 +00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470 +is again an introductory course into the history + +5 +00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130 +of English literature. The course again aims at + +6 +00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190 +understanding the development of English + +7 +00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010 +literature and literary texts in their historical + +8 +00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670 +context. I said last time that we are going to + +9 +00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690 +take this course mainly as a literature course, + +10 +00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390 +but again to study the historical background of + +11 +00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950 +the literary movements, literary texts, and + +12 +00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990 +literary figures. We need also to study not only + +13 +00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050 +how history and historical events influence + +14 +00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630 +literature, but also how literature sometimes + +15 +00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250 +influences history and people in general. Last + +16 +00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090 +time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the + +17 +00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740 +time when England was being made. England was in + +18 +00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040 +the process of making itself the England we know + +19 +00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500 +now. Originally, there were people from all around + +20 +00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080 +Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings. + +21 +00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440 +We spoke about the French. We spoke about the + +22 +00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480 +Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another, + +23 +00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700 +thought it would be probably safer in the island + +24 +00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660 +rather than in the continent, in Europe itself. + +25 +00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140 +But later on, there were again more fighting and + +26 +00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330 +more wars inside the island itself. Now early old + +27 +00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170 +English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry + +28 +00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370 +remained oral for a long time. People depended on + +29 +00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360 +their memory. Many of the poems were originally + +30 +00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060 +meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized + +31 +00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240 +them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy + +32 +00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140 +to remember, and easy to memorize, there were + +33 +00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520 +certain features that we spoke about last time. We + +34 +00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440 +said they tried to be narrative in a way where the + +35 +00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630 +poem mainly tells a story. Because stories, + +36 +00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930 +everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you + +37 +00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610 +need to memorize something, to immortalize + +38 +00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050 +something, to make it forever, to make it + +39 +00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230 +everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of + +40 +00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970 +a story. And then the themes. The themes were + +41 +00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330 +taken from real life, related to the people of + +42 +00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660 +that time. The themes touch the lives, the + +43 +00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200 +aspects of everybody's life there and their + +44 +00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620 +circumstances and everything. That's why the + +45 +00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880 +themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting, + +46 +00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240 +struggle. And there were also personal themes, + +47 +00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640 +like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and + +48 +00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100 +et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes. + +49 +00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560 +And some of you noticed that the majority of texts + +50 +00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860 +from Old English are religious texts. And that + +51 +00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740 +could be telling in the sense that we ask a + +52 +00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620 +question. Were people purely religious at that + +53 +00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040 +time? Is it because people were? Or is there + +54 +00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960 +another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the + +55 +00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800 +author was religious, and sometimes the church + +56 +00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380 +chose a religious form rather than a religious + +57 +00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290 +form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak + +58 +00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490 +up? + +59 +00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050 +Exactly. So who could read and write at that time? + +60 +00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870 +The monks, the people of the church. The people of + +61 +00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990 +the church were probably the only people who could + +62 +00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170 +read and write, which means only those people + +63 +00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070 +wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act + +64 +00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080 +of selection, which means there could have been + +65 +00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600 +some kind of censorship, where the monk would + +66 +00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100 +choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a + +67 +00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120 +religious theme rather than probably a secular theme + +68 +00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760 +or something else. And then finally, we said Old + +69 +00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660 +English in so many ways was a musical language, + +70 +00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580 +especially when they wrote poetry. There was the + +71 +00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520 +caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm + +72 +00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320 +of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem + +73 +00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800 +easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we + +74 +00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660 +move from Old English to Middle English, we speak + +75 +00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660 +about a society that is developing, a society that + +76 +00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080 +is in the making. We speak about the English + +77 +00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120 +identity that is being made. Originally, people + +78 +00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360 +again came from different parts of Europe, but now + +79 +00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400 +they are in a part, in an area called England. And + +80 +00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340 +many people started to seek this English identity. + +81 +00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080 +The Englishness of English started to be developed + +82 +00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280 +at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of + +83 +00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520 +harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to + +84 +00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220 +this place. They wanted to see common interests + +85 +00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760 +and common issues among themselves. And when we + +86 +00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920 +speak about Middle English literature, we speak + +87 +00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320 +about the most famous literary figure of that + +88 +00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500 +time. The man who is considered the father of + +89 +00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480 +English literature, or English poetry in + +90 +00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320 +particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is + +91 +00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860 +Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many + +92 +00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340 +people, is considered the father of English + +93 +00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940 +literature. When we speak about early middle + +94 +00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520 +English, this is the man who was working on some + +95 +00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680 +kind of literature to reflect the English identity + +96 +00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060 +that is being made, the society that is developing + +97 +00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830 +probably from all aspects. I will Remember last + +98 +00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450 +time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke + +99 +00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510 +about the features of the period, the authors, the + +100 +00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870 +literature. And then we discussed the literature. + +101 +00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670 +Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to + +102 +00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750 +give you samples from extracts from poems by + +103 +00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610 +Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry + +104 +00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170 +we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the + +105 +00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310 +features of not only literature and poetry and + +106 +00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000 +language, but also of life. The most important + +107 +00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620 +literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is + +108 +00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880 +The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long + +109 +00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980 +poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say + +110 +00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660 +much here, let's go directly to the text. And + +111 +00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600 +again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects + +112 +00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000 +the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look + +113 +00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750 +at this, number one. Remember what we call two + +114 +00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630 +lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A + +115 +00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130 +couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read + +116 +00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050 +someone? Please. + +117 +00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650 +Philosopher. + +118 +00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790 +In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please. + +119 +00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090 +But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, + +120 +00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750 +he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you + +121 +00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650 +very much, please. But although he was a + +122 +00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170 +philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little + +123 +00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210 +gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading, + +124 +00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510 +please. But although he was a philosopher, he had + +125 +00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890 +only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless, + +126 +00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510 +but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless, + +127 +00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230 +he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again, + +128 +00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870 +this is the modern English writing. But if you + +129 +00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230 +look at your book, you will be able to read the + +130 +00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230 +Middle English text. You will at least be able to + +131 +00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690 +recognize some of the words. And the words that + +132 +00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190 +you can't read can easily be guessed from the + +133 +00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110 +context there. So if everyone goes to the book, + +134 +00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420 +Okay. + +135 +00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240 +Page 1313. + +136 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860 +Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12 + +137 +00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160 +and page 13. Look at the original English text. + +138 +00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120 +Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try + +139 +00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720 +to read the Middle English? This is also, this is + +140 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740 +not like typical Middle English, but this is + +141 +00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920 +close. Remember Old English? We couldn't read Old + +142 +00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470 +English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally + +143 +00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430 +different language. But Middle English is the + +144 +00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490 +start of what we call the English language that we + +145 +00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210 +have now. It's not exactly what the language we + +146 +00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910 +have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read + +147 +00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330 +the English text one? + +148 +00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990 +In his coffer. + +149 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620 +So how many words are familiar to you? Probably + +150 +00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160 +most of them. Even the words that look weird, + +151 +00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720 +because again there were no standards for + +152 +00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260 +spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed + +153 +00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440 +then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the + +154 +00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440 +spelling. This is the word had. And they would be + +155 +00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130 +throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the + +156 +00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230 +modern English makes it clearer for us. But + +157 +00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890 +although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he + +158 +00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510 +had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you + +159 +00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110 +notice about this? What does the text communicate + +160 +00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690 +with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice + +161 +00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490 +anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English. + +162 +00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350 +What is the theme? What is the form? Is there + +163 +00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430 +anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm? + +164 +00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640 +Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So + +165 +00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740 +it's + +166 +00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320 +talking about a philosopher. And the poet is + +167 +00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620 +telling us, the text is telling us that he had a + +168 +00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320 +little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably + +169 +00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440 +safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very + +170 +00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960 +good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything + +171 +00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640 +here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching + +172 +00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100 +for money. He was searching for knowledge and + +173 +00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800 +being a philosopher. Very good. What is a + +174 +00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480 +philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge, + +175 +00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000 +a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy + +176 +00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280 +is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How + +177 +00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920 +much money does he have? A little. A little gold. + +178 +00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960 +OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares + +179 +00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060 +more about giving people information more than + +180 +00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260 +getting money. Is this in the text, or are you + +181 +00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180 +guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a + +182 +00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940 +philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people, + +183 +00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840 +to knowledge, to his society, the community, or + +184 +00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280 +her, of course, if we're talking about a female + +185 +00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880 +philosopher. What else do you notice? What else + +186 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260 +can you tell from the text? + +187 +00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830 +What difference can + +188 +00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230 +you notice? What is the major difference between + +189 +00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210 +this and Old English? In Old English, it includes + +190 +00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930 +a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right? + +191 +00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660 +This is Europe started to disappear physically, + +192 +00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520 +but it also still existed. We'll talk about this + +193 +00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920 +later on. It is now no longer marked by the space. + +194 +00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360 +It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full + +195 +00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660 +stop in the middle of the line or something. + +196 +00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000 +Please. + +197 +00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200 +Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember + +198 +00: + +223 +00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290 +question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he + +224 +00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570 +being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way, + +225 +00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770 +he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only + +226 +00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650 +has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a + +227 +00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290 +coffer where he puts gold, probably the author + +228 +00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130 +here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The + +229 +00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890 +philosopher is not doing his job of being a + +230 +00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650 +philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate + +231 +00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250 +people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in + +232 +00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450 +collecting money than anything. So the society + +233 +00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070 +that was, again, fighting among itself now has + +234 +00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950 +different themes, different topics. But now people + +235 +00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150 +started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what + +236 +00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490 +did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the + +237 +00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790 +enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his + +238 +00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990 +people, but for other peoples. But now we have the + +239 +00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130 +scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is + +240 +00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310 +seeking his own personal interest. This is the + +241 +00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290 +theme of selfishness. The society started to have + +242 +00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430 +its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are + +243 +00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650 +during war, people come closer to each other. We + +244 +00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790 +are united, but when people + +245 +00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110 +settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we + +246 +00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850 +become selfish and selfish. What do you notice + +247 +00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950 +also about the form? + +248 +00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610 +There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any + +249 +00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960 +source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The + +250 +00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460 +rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the + +251 +00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380 +last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme. + +252 +00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100 +Creates music. But although he was a philosopher, + +253 +00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840 +there was a little money, there's a little gold in + +254 +00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100 +his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme. + +255 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420 +You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last + +256 +00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200 +couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new + +257 +00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300 +themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no + +258 +00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300 +caesura here, but a new theme is starting to show + +259 +00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300 +up. Let's see another example and come back to the + +260 +00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740 +second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the + +261 +00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760 +book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale. + +262 +00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840 +The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the + +263 +00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680 +philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is + +264 +00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460 +like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman + +265 +00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840 +who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She + +266 +00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780 +vows not to marry, not to have kids, just + +267 +00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700 +everything is dedicated to God, love of God. + +268 +00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080 +That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there + +269 +00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840 +is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle + +270 +00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910 +English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can + +271 +00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570 +you read it? Look at the words. Can you find + +272 +00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750 +familiar words? Are there familiar words? They + +273 +00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290 +have the English letters that we have now. So they + +274 +00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490 +look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't + +275 +00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510 +look below. Look at the original text. Can you + +276 +00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850 +read? Please. No, here. + +277 +00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040 +And she was all consistent and tender heart. + +278 +00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460 +Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you + +279 +00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080 +understand every single word or not, but still you + +280 +00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420 +can read this. The words look different because of + +281 +00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400 +the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the + +282 +00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560 +original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in + +283 +00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860 +her way of smiling was very ineffective and + +284 +00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950 +modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is + +285 +00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550 +not the original text. The original text, if you + +286 +00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250 +read the original text again, it's going to get + +287 +00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690 +easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how + +288 +00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590 +they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize + +289 +00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230 +it. Go again for the original text. + +290 +00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350 +Very good. Let's now go back to the modern, + +291 +00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740 +modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The + +292 +00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020 +nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling + +293 +00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940 +was very unaffected and modest. And all was + +294 +00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520 +sentiment and tender heart. + +295 +00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680 +Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute. + +296 +00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160 +Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new? + +297 +00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480 +The poet saying, what is he communicating with us? + +298 +00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860 +What is the theme? What do you notice about the + +299 +00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960 +language, about the form, the music? Who are the + +300 +00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980 +characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main + +301 +00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760 +character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a + +302 +00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900 +woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the + +303 +00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500 +church, to God. Now, remember the old English + +304 +00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120 +texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We + +305 +00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080 +discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of + +306 +00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480 +them were about heroes, about someone who hears + +307 +00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220 +the voice of God, someone who loses his job, + +308 +00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690 +someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now, + +309 +00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790 +for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And + +310 +00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850 +the woman is not only a character. It's not only + +311 +00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230 +mentioned in passing. She's the main character. + +312 +00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270 +There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The + +313 +00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530 +Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the + +314 +00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590 +conclusion that, in Middle English, women started + +315 +00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460 +to appear, to take space and to take room. They + +316 +00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120 +became main characters in the text. What else is + +317 +00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560 +there in the couplet? Please. + +318 +00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160 +OK. + +319 +00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520 +So she smiles. She influences people. And you're + +320 +00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620 +talking about crossing the lines of being a nun. + +321 +00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980 +Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then + +322 +00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000 +in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the + +323 +00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960 +first line, who in her way of smiling was + +324 +00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800 +unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's + +325 +00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700 +dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen, + +326 +00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320 +at that time, and even now in so many cultures, + +327 +00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020 +women, the most important thing about women is + +328 +00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120 +modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is + +329 +00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620 +usually defined by man. OK? Which is something + +330 +00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120 +probably we'll talk about later on. But usually + +331 +00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460 +women live under the rules of men for ages and + +332 +00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940 +ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And + +333 +00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600 +that's why women start to struggle to take their + +334 +00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950 +rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a + +335 +00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290 +role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And + +336 +00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130 +the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest. + +337 +00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130 +She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the + +338 +00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370 +second line, there is a word that we need to + +339 +00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990 +notice here. + +340 +00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310 +She was all sentiment. What's sentiment? + +341 +00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380 +Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings + +342 +00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780 +of love and tender heart. In other ways, again + +343 +00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600 +similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a + +344 +00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400 +woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her + +345 +00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280 +life to God, but instead she cares more about her + +346 +00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000 +love and emotions than anything else. Again, This + +347 +00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600 +is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using + +348 +00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580 +what we call, again, irony. He says something, but + +349 +00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740 +he means something else. He says, this philosopher + +350 +00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840 +has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god. + +351 +00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560 +Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun? + +352 +00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080 +She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So + +353 +00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480 +the nun is also in the strictest sense of the + +354 +00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660 +word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new + +355 +00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320 +here is the fact that women started to appear to + +356 +00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000 +take her to be part of this. Although generally, + +357 +00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900 +generally at the beginning they were just objects + +358 +00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700 +of admiration. They were just objects for men to + +359 +00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200 +admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun? + +360 +00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800 +Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of + +361 +00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220 +the society, someone defying, resisting the roles + +362 +00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940 +imposed upon her? My question again, here we have + +363 +00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000 +a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's + +364 +00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980 +breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the + +365 +00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680 +rules here? Part of the woman doing something, + +366 +00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440 +what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah. + +367 +00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560 +Okay. + +368 +00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580 +Okay. + +369 +00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230 +and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not + +370 +00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590 +supposed to fall in love with life, with things, + +371 +00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830 +with people, like men-women relationships. But + +372 +00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230 +this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say + +373 +00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070 +something? When the philosopher broke the rules, + +374 +00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270 +we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher, + +375 +00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280 +because he is interested in collecting money. And + +376 +00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860 +now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing + +377 +00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200 +something important? + +378 +00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380 +Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love. + +379 +00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000 +I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you + +380 +00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200 +know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her, + +381 +00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940 +like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes + +382 +00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320 +society leads you to a particular conclusion. But + +383 +00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440 +it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking + +384 +00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060 +this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman, + +385 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960 +if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe + +386 +00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160 +in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in + +387 +00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140 +a position where she had no choice. But my + +388 +00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950 +question again, what does it tell? if this woman + +389 +00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030 +is not following the rules of being a nun, the + +390 +00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450 +rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she? + +391 +00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210 +She's a woman following her heart. Personality, + +392 +00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610 +like to challenge that given. + +393 +00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970 +Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is + +394 +00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530 +someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for + +395 +00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890 +women. Probably the voice is not that loud and + +396 +00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910 +clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of + +397 +00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330 +the society, even resisting the rules of the + +398 +00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270 +church. And for her, being a man is not what the + +399 +00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010 +church decides. It's what her tender heart + +400 +00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270 +decides. Please. Choose to be a nun to not go + +401 +00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490 +under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think + +402 +00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690 +she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show + +403 +00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830 +that she's strict rather than being under a man. + +404 +00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710 +In general, that could be. That is possible. But + +405 +00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290 +it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a + +406 +00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610 +woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks + +407 +00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170 +the rules in a way to change the image of women, + +408 +00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620 +to give women a place. We'll talk about this later + +409 +00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420 +on as we move talking about English literature. + +410 +00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680 +Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale. + +411 +00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640 +You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a + +412 +00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880 +knight, + +445 +00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110 +just added. There's no need to add it here in the + +446 +00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870 +translation. I'd like to go for this version. And + +447 +00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590 +the four at the king's court, my brother. What + +448 +00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810 +happens at the king's court when a knight is + +449 +00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590 +telling a story? Traditionally, people are + +450 +00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180 +competing to show that they are strong. To be + +451 +00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980 +heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's + +452 +00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600 +court? Each man for himself. + +453 +00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820 +Each man for himself, there is no other. No other + +454 +00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560 +person I care about except myself. Selfishness. + +455 +00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490 +Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why? + +456 +00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190 +Because knights chose us, trying again to + +457 +00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410 +communicate with us the idea that knights now + +458 +00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010 +don't belong in a modern society in a way. They + +459 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330 +belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of + +460 +00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710 +the past. In modern society, people are settling + +461 +00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840 +down more and more. There are no, like there were + +462 +00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300 +wars. When you speak about Middle English, you + +463 +00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540 +speak about there's the 100-year war between + +464 +00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100 +England and France that lasted for over 110 years. + +465 +00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060 +There were people dying every day. But in so many + +466 +00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060 +ways, people started to settle down and live + +467 +00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440 +relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a + +468 +00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040 +knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a + +469 +00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920 +philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a + +470 +00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800 +society. This is a poet that is exposing his + +471 +00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140 +society. He's talking about the vices, the + +472 +00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900 +problems, but presenting a realistic image about + +473 +00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400 +the society. Because yes, we want to defend + +474 +00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380 +others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we + +475 +00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940 +love others. But we usually don't forget + +476 +00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820 +ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you + +477 +00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120 +are totally selfless, that's not realistic. + +478 +00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890 +Because you need to gain something yourself. So + +479 +00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360 +the heroic image of the old English. That the + +480 +00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060 +image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a + +481 +00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200 +realistic image in Chosar, where people are + +482 +00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000 +presented as people with weaknesses, with vices, + +483 +00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600 +not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we + +484 +00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560 +have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last + +485 +00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380 +sound + +486 +00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490 +or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these + +487 +00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990 +lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and + +488 +00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210 +hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example + +489 +00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230 +here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What + +490 +00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840 +is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his + +491 +00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120 +love, now in his cold grave, alone without any + +492 +00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300 +companionship. + +493 +00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340 +If I give you this text without telling you this + +494 +00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450 +is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're + +495 +00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810 +not going to know. Because this question of, what + +496 +00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010 +is this life? What is this world? What do men, + +497 +00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690 +what do people ask for? What do you want in life? + +498 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430 +These are questions that are modern, questions of + +499 +00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370 +today, of the 21st century. But again, this is + +500 +00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830 +something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago, + +501 +00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410 +that poets asked thousands of years ago and + +502 +00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790 +hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the + +503 +00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770 +beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses + +504 +00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430 +race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address + +505 +00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150 +us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer + +506 +00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230 +is the father of English literature. He was a fine + +507 +00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890 +poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart, + +508 +00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050 +the mind of English, of England, the English + +509 +00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950 +people in a society that was being modernized, + +510 +00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080 +being made. Notice again, In the original text, + +511 +00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480 +there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the + +512 +00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260 +translation. What is this world? What do men ask + +513 +00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280 +for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the + +514 +00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620 +question about what it means to be a human being? + +515 +00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620 +What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the + +516 +00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020 +same question is now still being asked. What does + +517 +00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620 +it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how + +518 +00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260 +powerful, how strong, no matter how much money, + +519 +00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360 +how much gold you collect, what is this world? + +520 +00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000 +What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness? + +521 +00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360 +At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in + +522 +00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490 +his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when + +523 +00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650 +someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold + +524 +00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830 +grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now. + +525 +00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830 +This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The + +526 +00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110 +question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his + +527 +00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510 +love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any + +528 +00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790 +companionship. + +529 +00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570 +Say again. + +530 +00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560 +Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer + +531 +00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760 +was not only about fighting battles and wars, he + +532 +00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380 +was bringing us a broad array of themes and + +533 +00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880 +issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the + +534 +00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360 +characteristics of English literature, of English + +535 +00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120 +poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell? + +536 +00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170 +What do you notice? What new things do we have + +537 +00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090 +here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try + +538 +00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390 +to understand the society, how the text reflects + +539 +00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090 +life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new + +540 +00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270 +themes such as love, money, hypocrisy, + +541 +00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130 +change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related + +542 +00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290 +to women. They started as minor, minimal. They + +543 +00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830 +started as objects of admiration. But later on, + +544 +00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210 +every now and then, we find very strong women who + +545 +00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790 +challenge and defy, like your friend here + +546 +00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510 +suggested, to try to change the image people have + +547 +00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490 +about women. Please. The language is softer. The + +548 +00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910 +language is closer to the language of today. Well, + +549 +00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550 +it's sometimes not recognizable because of the + +550 +00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350 +different spelling. But upon several readings, we + +551 +00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830 +can make sense. We can make sense of many of this. + +552 +00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990 +Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the + +553 +00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930 +physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way + +554 +00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010 +or another. But sometimes we have it in + +555 +00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550 +punctuation marks. Yes? + +556 +00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350 +Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about + +557 +00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310 +heroism, all about praise, all about elegy, + +558 +00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530 +praising the dead, praising God, praising the + +559 +00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190 +heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques, + +560 +00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990 +irony, using irony to say something and to mean it + +561 +00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590 +because people became more and more intelligent. + +562 +00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310 +Please. + +563 +00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760 +Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure + +564 +00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020 +heroes, of complete perfect people started to + +565 +00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980 +change into realistic pictures The last point to + +566 +00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790 +conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales, + +567 +00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170 +which, again, consists of 24 stories. He + +568 +00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550 +originally intended them to be 120, but he only + +569 +00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090 +wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem + +570 +00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650 +with the description of spring. Spring, new life, + +571 +00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780 +symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was + +572 +00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980 +saying that this is England, this is the spring of + +573 +00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460 +England, this is the beginning for England. We + +574 +00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920 +plant the seeds and the spring begins in April. + +575 +00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260 +Now when we say April in English literature, April + +576 +00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740 +has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer, + +577 +00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000 +and then later on in the 20th century by T.S. + +578 +00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480 +Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The + +579 +00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280 +Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what + +580 +00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740 +he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land. + +581 +00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260 +One mark if you know the first verse of the first + +582 +00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060 +line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest + +583 +00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720 +20th century poet. He's American and British. His + +584 +00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440 +most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the + +585 +00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320 +first line? One mark. + +586 +00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680 +One mark if you know. He says, + +587 +00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060 +April is the + +588 +00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520 +cruelest month. April is the cruelest month. + +589 +00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080 +Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is + +590 +00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360 +the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer. + +591 +00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180 +He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father, + +592 +00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360 +the most important figure of early English poetry. + +593 +00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080 +Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S. + +594 +00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020 +Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April + +595 +00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960 +is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who + +596 +00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160 +praised April as the month of spring and life and + +597 +00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580 +generation? I'll let you think of this question. + +598 +00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400 +I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah. + +599 +00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580 +And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle + +600 +00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780 +English. Do you have any question? diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b1e6fd4c977cf1adb7511abe81588d3834d3822 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@ +1 +00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230 +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone. + +2 +00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850 +Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English + +3 +00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490 +students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This + +4 +00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470 +is again an introductory course into the history + +5 +00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130 +of English literature. The course again aims at + +6 +00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190 +understanding the development of English + +7 +00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010 +literature and literary texts in their historical + +8 +00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670 +context. I said last time that we are going to + +9 +00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690 +take this course mainly as a literature course, + +10 +00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390 +but again to study the historical background of + +11 +00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950 +the literary movements, literary texts, and + +12 +00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990 +literary figures. We need also to study not only + +13 +00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050 +how history and historical events influence + +14 +00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630 +literature, but also how literature sometimes + +15 +00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250 +influences history and people in general. Last + +16 +00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090 +time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the + +17 +00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740 +time when England was being made. England was in + +18 +00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040 +the process of making itself the England we know + +19 +00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500 +now. Originally, there were people from all around + +20 +00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080 +Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings. + +21 +00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440 +We spoke about the French. We spoke about the + +22 +00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480 +Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another, + +23 +00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700 +thought it would be probably safer in the island + +24 +00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660 +rather than in the continent, in Europe itself. + +25 +00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140 +But later on, there were again more fighting and + +26 +00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330 +more wars inside the island. itself. Now early old + +27 +00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170 +English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry + +28 +00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370 +remained oral for a long time. People depended on + +29 +00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360 +their memory. Many of the poems were originally + +30 +00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060 +meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized + +31 +00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240 +them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy + +32 +00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140 +to remember, and easy to memorize, there were + +33 +00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520 +certain features that we spoke about last time. We + +34 +00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440 +said they tried to be narrative in a way where the + +35 +00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630 +poem mainly tells a story. Because stories, + +36 +00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930 +everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you + +37 +00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610 +need to memorize something, to immortalize + +38 +00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050 +something, to make it forever, to make it + +39 +00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230 +everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of + +40 +00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970 +a story. And then the themes. The themes were + +41 +00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330 +taken from real life, related to the people of + +42 +00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660 +that time. The themes touch. the lives, the + +43 +00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200 +aspects of everybody's life there and their + +44 +00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620 +circumstances and everything. That's why the + +45 +00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880 +themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting, + +46 +00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240 +struggle. And there were also personal themes, + +47 +00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640 +like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and + +48 +00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100 +et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes. + +49 +00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560 +And some of you noticed that the majority of texts + +50 +00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860 +from Old English are religious texts. And that + +51 +00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740 +could be telling in the sense that we ask a + +52 +00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620 +question. Were people purely religious at that + +53 +00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040 +time? Is it because people were? Or is there + +54 +00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960 +another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the + +55 +00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800 +author was religious, and sometimes the church + +56 +00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380 +chose a religious form rather than a religious + +57 +00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290 +form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak + +58 +00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490 +up? + +59 +00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050 +Exactly. So who could read and write at that time? + +60 +00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870 +The monks, the people of the church. The people of + +61 +00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990 +the church were probably the only people who could + +62 +00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170 +read and write, which means only those people + +63 +00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070 +wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act + +64 +00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080 +of selection. which means there could have been + +65 +00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600 +some kind of censorship, where the monk would + +66 +00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100 +choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a + +67 +00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120 +religious theme other than probably secular theme + +68 +00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760 +or something else. And then finally, we said Old + +69 +00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660 +English in so many ways was a musical language, + +70 +00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580 +especially when they wrote poetry. There was the + +71 +00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520 +caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm + +72 +00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320 +of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem + +73 +00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800 +easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we + +74 +00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660 +move from Old English to Middle English, we speak + +75 +00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660 +about a society that is developing, a society that + +76 +00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080 +is in the making. We speak about the English + +77 +00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120 +identity that is being made. Originally, people + +78 +00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360 +again came from different parts of Europe, but now + +79 +00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400 +they are in a part, in an area called England. And + +80 +00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340 +many people started to seek this English identity. + +81 +00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080 +The Englishness of English started to be developed + +82 +00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280 +at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of + +83 +00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520 +harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to + +84 +00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220 +this place. They wanted to see common interests + +85 +00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760 +and common issues among themselves. And when we + +86 +00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920 +speak about Middle English literature, we speak + +87 +00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320 +about the most famous literary figure of that + +88 +00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500 +time. The man who is considered the father of + +89 +00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480 +English literature, or English poetry in + +90 +00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320 +particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is + +91 +00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860 +Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many + +92 +00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340 +people, is considered the father of English + +93 +00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940 +literature. When we speak about early middle + +94 +00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520 +English, this is the man who was working on some + +95 +00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680 +kind of literature to reflect the English identity + +96 +00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060 +that is being made, the society that is developing + +97 +00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830 +probably from all aspects. I will Remember last + +98 +00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450 +time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke + +99 +00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510 +about the features of the period, the authors, the + +100 +00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870 +literature. And then we discussed the literature. + +101 +00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670 +Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to + +102 +00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750 +give you samples from extracts from poems by + +103 +00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610 +Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry + +104 +00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170 +we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the + +105 +00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310 +features of not only literature and poetry and + +106 +00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000 +language, but also of life. The most important + +107 +00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620 +literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is + +108 +00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880 +The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long + +109 +00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980 +poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say + +110 +00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660 +much here, let's go directly to the text. And + +111 +00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600 +again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects + +112 +00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000 +the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look + +113 +00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750 +at this, number one. Remember what we call two + +114 +00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630 +lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A + +115 +00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130 +couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read + +116 +00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050 +someone? Please. + +117 +00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650 +Philosopher. + +118 +00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790 +In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please. + +119 +00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090 +But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, + +120 +00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750 +he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you + +121 +00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650 +very much, please. But although he was a + +122 +00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170 +philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little + +123 +00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210 +gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading, + +124 +00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510 +please. But although he was a philosopher, he had + +125 +00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890 +only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless, + +126 +00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510 +but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless, + +127 +00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230 +he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again, + +128 +00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870 +this is the modern English writing. But if you + +129 +00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230 +look at your book, you will be able to read the + +130 +00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230 +Middle English text. You will at least be able to + +131 +00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690 +recognize some of the words. And the words that + +132 +00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190 +you can't read can easily be guessed from the + +133 +00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110 +context there. So if everyone goes to the book, + +134 +00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420 +Okay. + +135 +00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240 +Page 1313. + +136 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860 +Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12 + +137 +00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160 +and page 13. Look at the original English text. + +138 +00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120 +Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try + +139 +00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720 +to read the middle English? This is also, this is + +140 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740 +not like typical middle English, but this is + +141 +00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920 +close. Remember old English? We couldn't read old + +142 +00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470 +English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally + +143 +00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430 +different language. But Middle English is the + +144 +00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490 +start of what we call the English language that we + +145 +00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210 +have now. It's not exactly what the language we + +146 +00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910 +have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read + +147 +00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330 +the English one text? + +148 +00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990 +In his coffer. + +149 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620 +So how many words are familiar to you? Probably + +150 +00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160 +most of them. Even the words that look weird, + +151 +00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720 +because again there were no standards for + +152 +00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260 +spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed + +153 +00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440 +then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the + +154 +00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440 +spelling. This is the word had. And they would be + +155 +00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130 +throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the + +156 +00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230 +modern English makes it clearer for us. But + +157 +00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890 +although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he + +158 +00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510 +had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you + +159 +00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110 +notice about this? What does the text communicate + +160 +00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690 +with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice + +161 +00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490 +anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English. + +162 +00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350 +What is the theme? What is the form? Is there + +163 +00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430 +anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm? + +164 +00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640 +Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So + +165 +00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740 +it's + +166 +00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320 +talking about a philosopher. And the poet is + +167 +00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620 +telling us, the text is telling us that he had a + +168 +00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320 +little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably + +169 +00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440 +safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very + +170 +00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960 +good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything + +171 +00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640 +here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching + +172 +00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100 +for money. He was searching for knowledge and + +173 +00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800 +being a philosopher. Very good. What is a + +174 +00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480 +philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge, + +175 +00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000 +a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy + +176 +00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280 +is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How + +177 +00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920 +much money does he have? A little. A little gold. + +178 +00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960 +OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares + +179 +00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060 +more about giving people information more than + +180 +00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260 +getting money. Is this in the text, or are you + +181 +00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180 +guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a + +182 +00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940 +philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people, + +183 +00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840 +to knowledge, to his society, the community, or + +184 +00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280 +her, of course, if we're talking about a female + +185 +00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880 +philosopher. What else do you notice? What else + +186 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260 +can you tell from the text? + +187 +00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830 +What difference can + +188 +00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230 +you notice? What is the major difference between + +189 +00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210 +this and Old English? In Old English, it includes + +190 +00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930 +a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right? + +191 +00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660 +This is Europe started to disappear physically, + +192 +00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520 +but it also still existed. We'll talk about this + +193 +00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920 +later on. It is now no longer marked by the space. + +194 +00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360 +It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full + +195 +00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660 +stop in the middle of the line or something. + +196 +00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000 +Please. + +197 +00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200 +Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember + +198 +00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,060 +in the old English literature, we spoke about + +199 +00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:49,060 +people mainly dedicated themselves to fighting, to + +200 +00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:51,820 +war. Poetry was mainly either about religion and + +201 +00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:55,360 +God or about heroes and heroism. But here we have + +202 +00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,400 +new, because like I said, people started to settle + +203 +00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:04,390 +down, to form cities and towns. to feel united. If + +204 +00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:07,170 +you feel safe, if you start to build your own + +205 +00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:09,790 +civilization, you start to look for other jobs. + +206 +00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:15,610 +You no longer only produce heroes or Monks. Now + +207 +00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:18,410 +you need there are philosophers in the society. So + +208 +00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:21,650 +these new themes started to appear in Middle + +209 +00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:24,230 +English. And this is a natural step to the + +210 +00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,150 +development. Yes? He gives such a picture of his + +211 +00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:31,530 +society. He mentions also another things like + +212 +00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:37,330 +love, also death. That's true. But here, let's + +213 +00:14:37,330 --> 00:14:39,250 +focus on the text now. See what the text + +214 +00:14:39,250 --> 00:14:42,390 +communicates with us. Now let me ask you a + +215 +00:14:42,390 --> 00:14:42,690 +question. + +216 +00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040 +Is little gold a + +217 +00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,400 +lot of money or not? Like, little gold. Like, + +218 +00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,260 +let's say, I don't know, a handful of gold. If I + +219 +00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,560 +give you this much gold, it's still a lot of + +220 +00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:05,520 +money. And what does it mean here? So this is a + +221 +00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,740 +philosopher who has a little gold. But still, + +222 +00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:14,250 +little gold is still a lot of money. So the + +223 +00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290 +question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he + +224 +00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570 +being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way, + +225 +00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770 +he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only + +226 +00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650 +has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a + +227 +00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290 +coffer where he puts gold, probably the author + +228 +00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130 +here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The + +229 +00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890 +philosopher is not doing his job. of being a + +230 +00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650 +philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate + +231 +00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250 +people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in + +232 +00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450 +collecting money than anything. So the society + +233 +00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070 +that was, again, fighting among itself now has + +234 +00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950 +different themes, different topics. But now people + +235 +00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150 +started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what + +236 +00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490 +did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the + +237 +00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790 +enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his + +238 +00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990 +people, but for other peoples. But now we have the + +239 +00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130 +scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is + +240 +00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310 +seeking his own personal interest. This is the + +241 +00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290 +theme of selfishness. The society started to have + +242 +00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430 +its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are + +243 +00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650 +during war, people come closer to each other. We + +244 +00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790 +are united, but when people + +245 +00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110 +Settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we + +246 +00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850 +become selfish and selfish. What do you notice + +247 +00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950 +also about the form? + +248 +00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610 +There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any + +249 +00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960 +source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The + +250 +00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460 +rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the + +251 +00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380 +last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme. + +252 +00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100 +Creates music. But although he was a philosopher, + +253 +00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840 +there was a little money, there's a little gold in + +254 +00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100 +his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme. + +255 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420 +You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last + +256 +00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200 +couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new + +257 +00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300 +themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no + +258 +00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300 +cestura here, but a new theme is starting to show + +259 +00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300 +up. Let's see another example and come back to the + +260 +00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740 +second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the + +261 +00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760 +book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale. + +262 +00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840 +The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the + +263 +00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680 +philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is + +264 +00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460 +like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman + +265 +00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840 +who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She + +266 +00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780 +vows not to marry, not to have kids, just + +267 +00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700 +everything is dedicated to God, love of God. + +268 +00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080 +That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there + +269 +00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840 +is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle + +270 +00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910 +English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can + +271 +00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570 +you read it? Look at the words. Can you find + +272 +00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750 +familiar words? Are there familiar words? They + +273 +00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290 +have the English letters that we have now. So they + +274 +00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490 +look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't + +275 +00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510 +look below. Look at the original text. Can you + +276 +00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850 +read? Please. No, here. + +277 +00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040 +And she was all consistent and tender heart. + +278 +00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460 +Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you + +279 +00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080 +understand every single word or not, but still you + +280 +00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420 +can read this. The words look different because of + +281 +00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400 +the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the + +282 +00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560 +original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in + +283 +00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860 +her way of smiling was very ineffective and + +284 +00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950 +modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is + +285 +00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550 +not the original text. The original text, if you + +286 +00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250 +read the original text again, it's going to get + +287 +00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690 +easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how + +288 +00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590 +they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize + +289 +00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230 +it. Go again for the original text. + +290 +00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350 +Very good. Let's now go back to the modern, + +291 +00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740 +modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The + +292 +00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020 +nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling + +293 +00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940 +was very unaffected and modest. And all was + +294 +00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520 +sentiment and tender heart. + +295 +00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680 +Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute. + +296 +00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160 +Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new? + +297 +00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480 +The poet saying, what is he communicating with us? + +298 +00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860 +What is the theme? What do you notice about the + +299 +00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960 +language, about the form, the music? Who are the + +300 +00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980 +characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main + +301 +00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760 +character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a + +302 +00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900 +woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the + +303 +00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500 +church, to God. Now, remember the old English + +304 +00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120 +texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We + +305 +00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080 +discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of + +306 +00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480 +them were about heroes, about someone who hears + +307 +00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220 +the voice of God, someone who loses his job, + +308 +00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690 +someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now, + +309 +00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790 +for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And + +310 +00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850 +the woman is not only a character. It's not only + +311 +00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230 +mentioned in passing. She's the main character. + +312 +00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270 +There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The + +313 +00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530 +Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the + +314 +00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590 +conclusion that, in Middle English, women started + +315 +00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460 +to appear, to take space and to take room. They + +316 +00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120 +became main characters in the text. What else is + +317 +00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560 +there in the couplet? Please. + +318 +00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160 +OK. + +319 +00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520 +So she smiles. She influences people. And you're + +320 +00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620 +talking about crossing the lines of being a nun. + +321 +00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980 +Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then + +322 +00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000 +in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the + +323 +00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960 +first line, who in her way of smiling was + +324 +00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800 +unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's + +325 +00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700 +dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen, + +326 +00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320 +at that time, and even now in so many cultures, + +327 +00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020 +women, the most important thing about women is + +328 +00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120 +modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is + +329 +00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620 +usually defined by man. OK? Which is something + +330 +00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120 +probably we'll talk about later on. But usually + +331 +00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460 +women live under the rules of men for ages and + +332 +00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940 +ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And + +333 +00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600 +that's why women start to struggle to take their + +334 +00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950 +rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a + +335 +00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290 +role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And + +336 +00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130 +the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest. + +337 +00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130 +She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the + +338 +00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370 +second line, there is a word that we need to + +339 +00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990 +notice here. + +340 +00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310 +She was all sentiment. What's sentiment? + +341 +00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380 +Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings + +342 +00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780 +of love and tender heart. In other ways, again + +343 +00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600 +similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a + +344 +00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400 +woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her + +345 +00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280 +life to God, but instead she cares more about her + +346 +00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000 +love and emotions than anything else. Again, This + +347 +00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600 +is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using + +348 +00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580 +what we call, again, irony. He says something, but + +349 +00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740 +he means something else. He says, this philosopher + +350 +00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840 +has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god. + +351 +00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560 +Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun? + +352 +00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080 +She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So + +353 +00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480 +the nun is also in the strictest sense of the + +354 +00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660 +word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new + +355 +00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320 +here is the fact that women started to appear to + +356 +00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000 +take her to be part of this. Although generally, + +357 +00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900 +generally at the beginning they were just objects + +358 +00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700 +of admiration. They were just objects for men to + +359 +00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200 +admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun? + +360 +00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800 +Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of + +361 +00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220 +the society, someone defying, resisting the roles + +362 +00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940 +imposed upon her? My question again, here we have + +363 +00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000 +a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's + +364 +00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980 +breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the + +365 +00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680 +rules here? Part of the woman doing something, + +366 +00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440 +what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah. + +367 +00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560 +Okay. + +368 +00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580 +Okay. + +369 +00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230 +and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not + +370 +00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590 +supposed to fall in love with life, with things, + +371 +00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830 +with people, like men-women relationships. But + +372 +00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230 +this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say + +373 +00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070 +something? When the philosopher broke the rules, + +374 +00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270 +we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher, + +375 +00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280 +because he is interested in collecting money. And + +376 +00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860 +now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing + +377 +00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200 +something important? + +378 +00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380 +Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love. + +379 +00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000 +I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you + +380 +00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200 +know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her, + +381 +00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940 +like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes + +382 +00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320 +society leads you to a particular conclusion. But + +383 +00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440 +it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking + +384 +00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060 +this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman, + +385 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960 +if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe + +386 +00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160 +in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in + +387 +00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140 +a position where she had no choice. But my + +388 +00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950 +question again, what does it tell? if this woman + +389 +00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030 +is not following the rules of being a nun, the + +390 +00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450 +rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she? + +391 +00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210 +She's a woman following her heart. Personality, + +392 +00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610 +like to challenge that given. + +393 +00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970 +Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is + +394 +00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530 +someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for + +395 +00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890 +women. Probably the voice is not that loud and + +396 +00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910 +clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of + +397 +00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330 +the society, even resisting the rules of the + +398 +00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270 +church. And for her, being a man is not what the + +399 +00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010 +church decides. It's what her tender heart + +400 +00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270 +decides. Please. choose to be a nun to not go + +401 +00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490 +under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think + +402 +00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690 +she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show + +403 +00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830 +that she's strict rather than being under a man. + +404 +00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710 +In general, that could be. That is possible. But + +405 +00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290 +it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a + +406 +00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610 +woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks + +407 +00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170 +the rules in a way to change the image of women, + +408 +00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620 +to give women a place. We'll talk about this later + +409 +00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420 +on as we move talking about English literature. + +410 +00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680 +Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale. + +411 +00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640 +You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a + +412 +00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880 +knight, a warrior, a fighter, a strong man with a + +413 +00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:46,820 +horse and a sword. What were they supposed to be, + +414 +00:28:46,940 --> 00:28:50,180 +to be doing, knights? What is the job of a knight? + +415 +00:28:51,610 --> 00:28:57,410 +To protect, to fight, to defend. They are in a way + +416 +00:28:57,410 --> 00:28:59,910 +soldiers, but they are not just ordinary soldiers. + +417 +00:29:00,090 --> 00:29:04,830 +They are strong, noble fighters. Again, heroes. + +418 +00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:09,210 +What did Beowulf do? He died defending others. + +419 +00:29:10,030 --> 00:29:14,290 +Sacrificed his life. This is originally what a + +420 +00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:17,510 +knight was supposed to be. Is this knight a + +421 +00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:21,310 +traditional knight from Old English? Or is there + +422 +00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,750 +something else? Can you please read? Someone read + +423 +00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:25,910 +the original text first. Read the original text + +424 +00:29:25,910 --> 00:29:29,430 +and speak up. And therefore, I am pleased for my + +425 +00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:31,630 +brother, in each man for himself, + +426 +00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:38,930 +There's none other. Can you translate this? Do you + +427 +00:29:38,930 --> 00:29:42,270 +understand what it's saying? Can you understand + +428 +00:29:42,270 --> 00:29:46,550 +the text, the language? A little bit. What are the + +429 +00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:47,350 +difficult words? + +430 +00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:53,330 +Other? We know other. There's an extra O there. + +431 +00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:56,990 +It's other. Read it again and you say, oh my God, + +432 +00:29:57,050 --> 00:30:00,690 +these are the words I know. King is weirdly + +433 +00:30:00,690 --> 00:30:05,820 +spelled. and himself. But when you read it again, + +434 +00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:09,700 +you realize that this is the English of today, but + +435 +00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,400 +with different spelling. So again, this is a + +436 +00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,740 +Middle English. We can read Middle English. OK, + +437 +00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,820 +now someone please read the modernized text, + +438 +00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:20,660 +please. + +439 +00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:29,100 +Very good. + +440 +00:30:29,220 --> 00:30:30,400 +One more, please. + +441 +00:30:37,650 --> 00:30:40,150 +There is no other. This is supposed to be king. + +442 +00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:41,450 +Okay, one more final. + +443 +00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:50,950 +And each man for himself, there is no other. I + +444 +00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:54,870 +dropped the word way from the book because it's + +445 +00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110 +just added. There's no need to add it here in the + +446 +00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870 +translation. I'd like to go for this version. And + +447 +00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590 +the four at the king's court, my brother. What + +448 +00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810 +happens at the king's court when a knight is + +449 +00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590 +telling a story? Traditionally, people are + +450 +00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180 +competing to show that they are strong. To be + +451 +00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980 +heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's + +452 +00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600 +court? Each man for himself. + +453 +00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820 +Each man for himself, there is no other. No other + +454 +00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560 +person I care about except myself. Selfishness. + +455 +00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490 +Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why? + +456 +00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190 +Because knights chose us, trying again to + +457 +00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410 +communicate with us the idea that knights now + +458 +00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010 +don't belong in a modern society in a way. They + +459 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330 +belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of + +460 +00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710 +the past. In modern society, people are settling + +461 +00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840 +down more and more. There are no, like there were + +462 +00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300 +wars. When you speak about Middle English, you + +463 +00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540 +speak about there's the 100-year war between + +464 +00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100 +England and France that lasted for over 110 years. + +465 +00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060 +There were people dying every day. But in so many + +466 +00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060 +ways, people started to settle down and live + +467 +00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440 +relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a + +468 +00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040 +knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a + +469 +00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920 +philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a + +470 +00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800 +society. This is a poet that is exposing his + +471 +00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140 +society. He's talking about the vices, the + +472 +00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900 +problems, but presenting a realistic image about + +473 +00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400 +the society. Because yes, we want to defend + +474 +00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380 +others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we + +475 +00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940 +love others. But we usually don't forget + +476 +00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820 +ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you + +477 +00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120 +are totally selfless, that's not realistic. + +478 +00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890 +Because you need to gain something yourself. So + +479 +00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360 +the heroic image of the old English. That the + +480 +00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060 +image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a + +481 +00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200 +realistic image in Chosar, where people are + +482 +00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000 +presented as people with weaknesses, with vices, + +483 +00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600 +not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we + +484 +00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560 +have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last + +485 +00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380 +sound + +486 +00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490 +or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these + +487 +00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990 +lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and + +488 +00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210 +hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example + +489 +00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230 +here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What + +490 +00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840 +is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his + +491 +00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120 +love, now in his cold grave, alone without any + +492 +00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300 +companionship. + +493 +00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340 +If I give you this text without telling you this + +494 +00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450 +is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're + +495 +00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810 +not going to know. Because this question of, what + +496 +00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010 +is this life? What is this world? What do men, + +497 +00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690 +what do people ask for? What do you want in life? + +498 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430 +These are questions that are modern, questions of + +499 +00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370 +today, of the 21st century. But again, this is + +500 +00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830 +something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago, + +501 +00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410 +that poets asked thousands of years ago and + +502 +00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790 +hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the + +503 +00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770 +beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses + +504 +00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430 +race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address + +505 +00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150 +us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer + +506 +00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230 +is the father of English literature. He was a fine + +507 +00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890 +poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart, + +508 +00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050 +the mind of English, of England, the English + +509 +00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950 +people in a society that was being modernized, + +510 +00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080 +being made. Notice again, In the original text, + +511 +00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480 +there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the + +512 +00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260 +translation. What is this world? What do men ask + +513 +00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280 +for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the + +514 +00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620 +question about what it means to be a human being? + +515 +00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620 +What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the + +516 +00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020 +same question is now still being asked. What does + +517 +00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620 +it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how + +518 +00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260 +powerful, how strong, no matter how much money, + +519 +00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360 +how much gold you collect, what is this world? + +520 +00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000 +What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness? + +521 +00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360 +At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in + +522 +00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490 +his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when + +523 +00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650 +someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold + +524 +00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830 +grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now. + +525 +00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830 +This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The + +526 +00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110 +question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his + +527 +00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510 +love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any + +528 +00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790 +companionship. + +529 +00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570 +Say again. + +530 +00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560 +Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer + +531 +00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760 +was not only about fighting battles and wars, he + +532 +00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380 +was bringing us a broad array of themes and + +533 +00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880 +issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the + +534 +00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360 +characteristics of English literature, of English + +535 +00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120 +poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell? + +536 +00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170 +What do you notice? What new things do we have + +537 +00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090 +here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try + +538 +00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390 +to understand the society, how the text reflects + +539 +00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090 +life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new + +540 +00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270 +themes such as love, money, hypocrisy, + +541 +00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130 +change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related + +542 +00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290 +to women. They started as minor, minimal. They + +543 +00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830 +started as objects of admiration. But later on, + +544 +00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210 +every now and then, we find very strong women who + +545 +00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790 +challenge and defy, like your friend here + +546 +00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510 +suggested, to try to change the image people have + +547 +00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490 +about women. Please. The language is softer. The + +548 +00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910 +language is closer to the language of today. Well, + +549 +00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550 +it's sometimes not recognizable because of the + +550 +00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350 +different spelling. But upon several readings, we + +551 +00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830 +can make sense. We can make sense of many of this. + +552 +00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990 +Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the + +553 +00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930 +physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way + +554 +00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010 +or another. But sometimes we have it in + +555 +00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550 +punctuation marks. Yes? + +556 +00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350 +Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about + +557 +00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310 +heroism, all about praise, all about elegy, + +558 +00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530 +praising the dead, praising God, praising the + +559 +00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190 +heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques, + +560 +00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990 +irony, using irony to say something and to mean it + +561 +00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590 +because people became more and more intelligent. + +562 +00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310 +Please. + +563 +00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760 +Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure + +564 +00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020 +heroes, of complete perfect people started to + +565 +00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980 +change into realistic pictures The last point to + +566 +00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790 +conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales, + +567 +00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170 +which, again, consists of 24 stories. He + +568 +00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550 +originally intended them to be 120, but he only + +569 +00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090 +wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem + +570 +00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650 +with the description of spring. Spring, new life, + +571 +00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780 +symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was + +572 +00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980 +saying that this is England, this is the spring of + +573 +00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460 +England, this is the beginning for England. We + +574 +00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920 +plant the seeds and the spring begins in April. + +575 +00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260 +Now when we say April in English literature, April + +576 +00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740 +has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer, + +577 +00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000 +and then later on in the 20th century by T.S. + +578 +00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480 +Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The + +579 +00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280 +Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what + +580 +00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740 +he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land. + +581 +00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260 +One mark if you know the first verse of the first + +582 +00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060 +line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest + +583 +00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720 +20th century poet. He's American and British. His + +584 +00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440 +most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the + +585 +00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320 +first line? One mark. + +586 +00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680 +One mark if you know. He says, + +587 +00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060 +April is the + +588 +00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520 +cruelest month. April is the cruelest month. + +589 +00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080 +Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is + +590 +00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360 +the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer. + +591 +00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180 +He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father, + +592 +00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360 +the most important figure of early English poetry. + +593 +00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080 +Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S. + +594 +00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020 +Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April + +595 +00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960 +is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who + +596 +00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160 +praised April as the month of spring and life and + +597 +00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580 +generation? I'll let you think of this question. + +598 +00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400 +I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah. + +599 +00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580 +And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle + +600 +00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780 +English. Do you have any question? + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b1e6fd4c977cf1adb7511abe81588d3834d3822 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@ +1 +00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230 +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone. + +2 +00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850 +Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English + +3 +00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490 +students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This + +4 +00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470 +is again an introductory course into the history + +5 +00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130 +of English literature. The course again aims at + +6 +00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190 +understanding the development of English + +7 +00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010 +literature and literary texts in their historical + +8 +00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670 +context. I said last time that we are going to + +9 +00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690 +take this course mainly as a literature course, + +10 +00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390 +but again to study the historical background of + +11 +00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950 +the literary movements, literary texts, and + +12 +00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990 +literary figures. We need also to study not only + +13 +00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050 +how history and historical events influence + +14 +00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630 +literature, but also how literature sometimes + +15 +00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250 +influences history and people in general. Last + +16 +00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090 +time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the + +17 +00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740 +time when England was being made. England was in + +18 +00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040 +the process of making itself the England we know + +19 +00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500 +now. Originally, there were people from all around + +20 +00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080 +Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings. + +21 +00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440 +We spoke about the French. We spoke about the + +22 +00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480 +Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another, + +23 +00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700 +thought it would be probably safer in the island + +24 +00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660 +rather than in the continent, in Europe itself. + +25 +00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140 +But later on, there were again more fighting and + +26 +00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330 +more wars inside the island. itself. Now early old + +27 +00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170 +English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry + +28 +00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370 +remained oral for a long time. People depended on + +29 +00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360 +their memory. Many of the poems were originally + +30 +00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060 +meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized + +31 +00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240 +them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy + +32 +00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140 +to remember, and easy to memorize, there were + +33 +00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520 +certain features that we spoke about last time. We + +34 +00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440 +said they tried to be narrative in a way where the + +35 +00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630 +poem mainly tells a story. Because stories, + +36 +00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930 +everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you + +37 +00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610 +need to memorize something, to immortalize + +38 +00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050 +something, to make it forever, to make it + +39 +00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230 +everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of + +40 +00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970 +a story. And then the themes. The themes were + +41 +00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330 +taken from real life, related to the people of + +42 +00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660 +that time. The themes touch. the lives, the + +43 +00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200 +aspects of everybody's life there and their + +44 +00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620 +circumstances and everything. That's why the + +45 +00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880 +themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting, + +46 +00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240 +struggle. And there were also personal themes, + +47 +00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640 +like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and + +48 +00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100 +et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes. + +49 +00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560 +And some of you noticed that the majority of texts + +50 +00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860 +from Old English are religious texts. And that + +51 +00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740 +could be telling in the sense that we ask a + +52 +00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620 +question. Were people purely religious at that + +53 +00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040 +time? Is it because people were? Or is there + +54 +00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960 +another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the + +55 +00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800 +author was religious, and sometimes the church + +56 +00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380 +chose a religious form rather than a religious + +57 +00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290 +form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak + +58 +00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490 +up? + +59 +00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050 +Exactly. So who could read and write at that time? + +60 +00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870 +The monks, the people of the church. The people of + +61 +00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990 +the church were probably the only people who could + +62 +00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170 +read and write, which means only those people + +63 +00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070 +wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act + +64 +00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080 +of selection. which means there could have been + +65 +00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600 +some kind of censorship, where the monk would + +66 +00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100 +choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a + +67 +00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120 +religious theme other than probably secular theme + +68 +00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760 +or something else. And then finally, we said Old + +69 +00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660 +English in so many ways was a musical language, + +70 +00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580 +especially when they wrote poetry. There was the + +71 +00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520 +caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm + +72 +00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320 +of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem + +73 +00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800 +easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we + +74 +00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660 +move from Old English to Middle English, we speak + +75 +00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660 +about a society that is developing, a society that + +76 +00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080 +is in the making. We speak about the English + +77 +00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120 +identity that is being made. Originally, people + +78 +00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360 +again came from different parts of Europe, but now + +79 +00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400 +they are in a part, in an area called England. And + +80 +00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340 +many people started to seek this English identity. + +81 +00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080 +The Englishness of English started to be developed + +82 +00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280 +at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of + +83 +00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520 +harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to + +84 +00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220 +this place. They wanted to see common interests + +85 +00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760 +and common issues among themselves. And when we + +86 +00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920 +speak about Middle English literature, we speak + +87 +00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320 +about the most famous literary figure of that + +88 +00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500 +time. The man who is considered the father of + +89 +00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480 +English literature, or English poetry in + +90 +00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320 +particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is + +91 +00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860 +Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many + +92 +00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340 +people, is considered the father of English + +93 +00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940 +literature. When we speak about early middle + +94 +00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520 +English, this is the man who was working on some + +95 +00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680 +kind of literature to reflect the English identity + +96 +00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060 +that is being made, the society that is developing + +97 +00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830 +probably from all aspects. I will Remember last + +98 +00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450 +time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke + +99 +00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510 +about the features of the period, the authors, the + +100 +00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870 +literature. And then we discussed the literature. + +101 +00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670 +Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to + +102 +00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750 +give you samples from extracts from poems by + +103 +00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610 +Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry + +104 +00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170 +we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the + +105 +00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310 +features of not only literature and poetry and + +106 +00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000 +language, but also of life. The most important + +107 +00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620 +literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is + +108 +00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880 +The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long + +109 +00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980 +poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say + +110 +00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660 +much here, let's go directly to the text. And + +111 +00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600 +again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects + +112 +00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000 +the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look + +113 +00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750 +at this, number one. Remember what we call two + +114 +00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630 +lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A + +115 +00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130 +couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read + +116 +00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050 +someone? Please. + +117 +00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650 +Philosopher. + +118 +00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790 +In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please. + +119 +00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090 +But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, + +120 +00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750 +he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you + +121 +00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650 +very much, please. But although he was a + +122 +00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170 +philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little + +123 +00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210 +gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading, + +124 +00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510 +please. But although he was a philosopher, he had + +125 +00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890 +only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless, + +126 +00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510 +but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless, + +127 +00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230 +he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again, + +128 +00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870 +this is the modern English writing. But if you + +129 +00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230 +look at your book, you will be able to read the + +130 +00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230 +Middle English text. You will at least be able to + +131 +00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690 +recognize some of the words. And the words that + +132 +00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190 +you can't read can easily be guessed from the + +133 +00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110 +context there. So if everyone goes to the book, + +134 +00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420 +Okay. + +135 +00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240 +Page 1313. + +136 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860 +Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12 + +137 +00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160 +and page 13. Look at the original English text. + +138 +00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120 +Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try + +139 +00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720 +to read the middle English? This is also, this is + +140 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740 +not like typical middle English, but this is + +141 +00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920 +close. Remember old English? We couldn't read old + +142 +00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470 +English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally + +143 +00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430 +different language. But Middle English is the + +144 +00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490 +start of what we call the English language that we + +145 +00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210 +have now. It's not exactly what the language we + +146 +00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910 +have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read + +147 +00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330 +the English one text? + +148 +00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990 +In his coffer. + +149 +00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620 +So how many words are familiar to you? Probably + +150 +00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160 +most of them. Even the words that look weird, + +151 +00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720 +because again there were no standards for + +152 +00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260 +spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed + +153 +00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440 +then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the + +154 +00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440 +spelling. This is the word had. And they would be + +155 +00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130 +throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the + +156 +00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230 +modern English makes it clearer for us. But + +157 +00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890 +although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he + +158 +00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510 +had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you + +159 +00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110 +notice about this? What does the text communicate + +160 +00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690 +with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice + +161 +00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490 +anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English. + +162 +00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350 +What is the theme? What is the form? Is there + +163 +00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430 +anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm? + +164 +00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640 +Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So + +165 +00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740 +it's + +166 +00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320 +talking about a philosopher. And the poet is + +167 +00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620 +telling us, the text is telling us that he had a + +168 +00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320 +little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably + +169 +00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440 +safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very + +170 +00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960 +good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything + +171 +00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640 +here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching + +172 +00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100 +for money. He was searching for knowledge and + +173 +00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800 +being a philosopher. Very good. What is a + +174 +00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480 +philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge, + +175 +00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000 +a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy + +176 +00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280 +is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How + +177 +00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920 +much money does he have? A little. A little gold. + +178 +00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960 +OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares + +179 +00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060 +more about giving people information more than + +180 +00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260 +getting money. Is this in the text, or are you + +181 +00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180 +guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a + +182 +00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940 +philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people, + +183 +00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840 +to knowledge, to his society, the community, or + +184 +00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280 +her, of course, if we're talking about a female + +185 +00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880 +philosopher. What else do you notice? What else + +186 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260 +can you tell from the text? + +187 +00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830 +What difference can + +188 +00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230 +you notice? What is the major difference between + +189 +00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210 +this and Old English? In Old English, it includes + +190 +00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930 +a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right? + +191 +00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660 +This is Europe started to disappear physically, + +192 +00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520 +but it also still existed. We'll talk about this + +193 +00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920 +later on. It is now no longer marked by the space. + +194 +00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360 +It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full + +195 +00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660 +stop in the middle of the line or something. + +196 +00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000 +Please. + +197 +00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200 +Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember + +198 +00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,060 +in the old English literature, we spoke about + +199 +00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:49,060 +people mainly dedicated themselves to fighting, to + +200 +00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:51,820 +war. Poetry was mainly either about religion and + +201 +00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:55,360 +God or about heroes and heroism. But here we have + +202 +00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,400 +new, because like I said, people started to settle + +203 +00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:04,390 +down, to form cities and towns. to feel united. If + +204 +00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:07,170 +you feel safe, if you start to build your own + +205 +00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:09,790 +civilization, you start to look for other jobs. + +206 +00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:15,610 +You no longer only produce heroes or Monks. Now + +207 +00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:18,410 +you need there are philosophers in the society. So + +208 +00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:21,650 +these new themes started to appear in Middle + +209 +00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:24,230 +English. And this is a natural step to the + +210 +00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,150 +development. Yes? He gives such a picture of his + +211 +00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:31,530 +society. He mentions also another things like + +212 +00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:37,330 +love, also death. That's true. But here, let's + +213 +00:14:37,330 --> 00:14:39,250 +focus on the text now. See what the text + +214 +00:14:39,250 --> 00:14:42,390 +communicates with us. Now let me ask you a + +215 +00:14:42,390 --> 00:14:42,690 +question. + +216 +00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040 +Is little gold a + +217 +00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,400 +lot of money or not? Like, little gold. Like, + +218 +00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,260 +let's say, I don't know, a handful of gold. If I + +219 +00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,560 +give you this much gold, it's still a lot of + +220 +00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:05,520 +money. And what does it mean here? So this is a + +221 +00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,740 +philosopher who has a little gold. But still, + +222 +00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:14,250 +little gold is still a lot of money. So the + +223 +00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290 +question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he + +224 +00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570 +being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way, + +225 +00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770 +he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only + +226 +00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650 +has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a + +227 +00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290 +coffer where he puts gold, probably the author + +228 +00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130 +here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The + +229 +00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890 +philosopher is not doing his job. of being a + +230 +00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650 +philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate + +231 +00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250 +people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in + +232 +00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450 +collecting money than anything. So the society + +233 +00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070 +that was, again, fighting among itself now has + +234 +00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950 +different themes, different topics. But now people + +235 +00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150 +started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what + +236 +00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490 +did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the + +237 +00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790 +enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his + +238 +00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990 +people, but for other peoples. But now we have the + +239 +00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130 +scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is + +240 +00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310 +seeking his own personal interest. This is the + +241 +00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290 +theme of selfishness. The society started to have + +242 +00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430 +its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are + +243 +00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650 +during war, people come closer to each other. We + +244 +00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790 +are united, but when people + +245 +00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110 +Settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we + +246 +00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850 +become selfish and selfish. What do you notice + +247 +00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950 +also about the form? + +248 +00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610 +There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any + +249 +00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960 +source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The + +250 +00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460 +rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the + +251 +00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380 +last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme. + +252 +00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100 +Creates music. But although he was a philosopher, + +253 +00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840 +there was a little money, there's a little gold in + +254 +00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100 +his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme. + +255 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420 +You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last + +256 +00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200 +couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new + +257 +00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300 +themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no + +258 +00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300 +cestura here, but a new theme is starting to show + +259 +00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300 +up. Let's see another example and come back to the + +260 +00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740 +second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the + +261 +00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760 +book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale. + +262 +00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840 +The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the + +263 +00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680 +philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is + +264 +00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460 +like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman + +265 +00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840 +who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She + +266 +00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780 +vows not to marry, not to have kids, just + +267 +00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700 +everything is dedicated to God, love of God. + +268 +00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080 +That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there + +269 +00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840 +is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle + +270 +00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910 +English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can + +271 +00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570 +you read it? Look at the words. Can you find + +272 +00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750 +familiar words? Are there familiar words? They + +273 +00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290 +have the English letters that we have now. So they + +274 +00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490 +look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't + +275 +00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510 +look below. Look at the original text. Can you + +276 +00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850 +read? Please. No, here. + +277 +00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040 +And she was all consistent and tender heart. + +278 +00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460 +Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you + +279 +00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080 +understand every single word or not, but still you + +280 +00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420 +can read this. The words look different because of + +281 +00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400 +the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the + +282 +00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560 +original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in + +283 +00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860 +her way of smiling was very ineffective and + +284 +00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950 +modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is + +285 +00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550 +not the original text. The original text, if you + +286 +00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250 +read the original text again, it's going to get + +287 +00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690 +easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how + +288 +00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590 +they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize + +289 +00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230 +it. Go again for the original text. + +290 +00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350 +Very good. Let's now go back to the modern, + +291 +00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740 +modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The + +292 +00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020 +nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling + +293 +00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940 +was very unaffected and modest. And all was + +294 +00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520 +sentiment and tender heart. + +295 +00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680 +Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute. + +296 +00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160 +Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new? + +297 +00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480 +The poet saying, what is he communicating with us? + +298 +00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860 +What is the theme? What do you notice about the + +299 +00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960 +language, about the form, the music? Who are the + +300 +00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980 +characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main + +301 +00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760 +character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a + +302 +00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900 +woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the + +303 +00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500 +church, to God. Now, remember the old English + +304 +00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120 +texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We + +305 +00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080 +discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of + +306 +00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480 +them were about heroes, about someone who hears + +307 +00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220 +the voice of God, someone who loses his job, + +308 +00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690 +someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now, + +309 +00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790 +for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And + +310 +00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850 +the woman is not only a character. It's not only + +311 +00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230 +mentioned in passing. She's the main character. + +312 +00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270 +There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The + +313 +00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530 +Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the + +314 +00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590 +conclusion that, in Middle English, women started + +315 +00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460 +to appear, to take space and to take room. They + +316 +00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120 +became main characters in the text. What else is + +317 +00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560 +there in the couplet? Please. + +318 +00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160 +OK. + +319 +00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520 +So she smiles. She influences people. And you're + +320 +00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620 +talking about crossing the lines of being a nun. + +321 +00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980 +Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then + +322 +00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000 +in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the + +323 +00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960 +first line, who in her way of smiling was + +324 +00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800 +unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's + +325 +00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700 +dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen, + +326 +00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320 +at that time, and even now in so many cultures, + +327 +00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020 +women, the most important thing about women is + +328 +00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120 +modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is + +329 +00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620 +usually defined by man. OK? Which is something + +330 +00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120 +probably we'll talk about later on. But usually + +331 +00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460 +women live under the rules of men for ages and + +332 +00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940 +ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And + +333 +00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600 +that's why women start to struggle to take their + +334 +00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950 +rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a + +335 +00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290 +role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And + +336 +00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130 +the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest. + +337 +00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130 +She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the + +338 +00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370 +second line, there is a word that we need to + +339 +00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990 +notice here. + +340 +00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310 +She was all sentiment. What's sentiment? + +341 +00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380 +Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings + +342 +00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780 +of love and tender heart. In other ways, again + +343 +00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600 +similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a + +344 +00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400 +woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her + +345 +00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280 +life to God, but instead she cares more about her + +346 +00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000 +love and emotions than anything else. Again, This + +347 +00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600 +is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using + +348 +00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580 +what we call, again, irony. He says something, but + +349 +00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740 +he means something else. He says, this philosopher + +350 +00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840 +has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god. + +351 +00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560 +Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun? + +352 +00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080 +She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So + +353 +00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480 +the nun is also in the strictest sense of the + +354 +00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660 +word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new + +355 +00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320 +here is the fact that women started to appear to + +356 +00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000 +take her to be part of this. Although generally, + +357 +00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900 +generally at the beginning they were just objects + +358 +00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700 +of admiration. They were just objects for men to + +359 +00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200 +admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun? + +360 +00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800 +Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of + +361 +00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220 +the society, someone defying, resisting the roles + +362 +00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940 +imposed upon her? My question again, here we have + +363 +00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000 +a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's + +364 +00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980 +breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the + +365 +00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680 +rules here? Part of the woman doing something, + +366 +00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440 +what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah. + +367 +00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560 +Okay. + +368 +00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580 +Okay. + +369 +00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230 +and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not + +370 +00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590 +supposed to fall in love with life, with things, + +371 +00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830 +with people, like men-women relationships. But + +372 +00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230 +this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say + +373 +00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070 +something? When the philosopher broke the rules, + +374 +00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270 +we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher, + +375 +00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280 +because he is interested in collecting money. And + +376 +00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860 +now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing + +377 +00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200 +something important? + +378 +00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380 +Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love. + +379 +00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000 +I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you + +380 +00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200 +know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her, + +381 +00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940 +like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes + +382 +00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320 +society leads you to a particular conclusion. But + +383 +00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440 +it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking + +384 +00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060 +this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman, + +385 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960 +if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe + +386 +00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160 +in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in + +387 +00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140 +a position where she had no choice. But my + +388 +00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950 +question again, what does it tell? if this woman + +389 +00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030 +is not following the rules of being a nun, the + +390 +00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450 +rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she? + +391 +00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210 +She's a woman following her heart. Personality, + +392 +00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610 +like to challenge that given. + +393 +00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970 +Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is + +394 +00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530 +someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for + +395 +00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890 +women. Probably the voice is not that loud and + +396 +00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910 +clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of + +397 +00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330 +the society, even resisting the rules of the + +398 +00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270 +church. And for her, being a man is not what the + +399 +00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010 +church decides. It's what her tender heart + +400 +00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270 +decides. Please. choose to be a nun to not go + +401 +00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490 +under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think + +402 +00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690 +she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show + +403 +00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830 +that she's strict rather than being under a man. + +404 +00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710 +In general, that could be. That is possible. But + +405 +00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290 +it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a + +406 +00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610 +woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks + +407 +00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170 +the rules in a way to change the image of women, + +408 +00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620 +to give women a place. We'll talk about this later + +409 +00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420 +on as we move talking about English literature. + +410 +00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680 +Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale. + +411 +00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640 +You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a + +412 +00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880 +knight, a warrior, a fighter, a strong man with a + +413 +00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:46,820 +horse and a sword. What were they supposed to be, + +414 +00:28:46,940 --> 00:28:50,180 +to be doing, knights? What is the job of a knight? + +415 +00:28:51,610 --> 00:28:57,410 +To protect, to fight, to defend. They are in a way + +416 +00:28:57,410 --> 00:28:59,910 +soldiers, but they are not just ordinary soldiers. + +417 +00:29:00,090 --> 00:29:04,830 +They are strong, noble fighters. Again, heroes. + +418 +00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:09,210 +What did Beowulf do? He died defending others. + +419 +00:29:10,030 --> 00:29:14,290 +Sacrificed his life. This is originally what a + +420 +00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:17,510 +knight was supposed to be. Is this knight a + +421 +00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:21,310 +traditional knight from Old English? Or is there + +422 +00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,750 +something else? Can you please read? Someone read + +423 +00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:25,910 +the original text first. Read the original text + +424 +00:29:25,910 --> 00:29:29,430 +and speak up. And therefore, I am pleased for my + +425 +00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:31,630 +brother, in each man for himself, + +426 +00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:38,930 +There's none other. Can you translate this? Do you + +427 +00:29:38,930 --> 00:29:42,270 +understand what it's saying? Can you understand + +428 +00:29:42,270 --> 00:29:46,550 +the text, the language? A little bit. What are the + +429 +00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:47,350 +difficult words? + +430 +00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:53,330 +Other? We know other. There's an extra O there. + +431 +00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:56,990 +It's other. Read it again and you say, oh my God, + +432 +00:29:57,050 --> 00:30:00,690 +these are the words I know. King is weirdly + +433 +00:30:00,690 --> 00:30:05,820 +spelled. and himself. But when you read it again, + +434 +00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:09,700 +you realize that this is the English of today, but + +435 +00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,400 +with different spelling. So again, this is a + +436 +00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,740 +Middle English. We can read Middle English. OK, + +437 +00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,820 +now someone please read the modernized text, + +438 +00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:20,660 +please. + +439 +00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:29,100 +Very good. + +440 +00:30:29,220 --> 00:30:30,400 +One more, please. + +441 +00:30:37,650 --> 00:30:40,150 +There is no other. This is supposed to be king. + +442 +00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:41,450 +Okay, one more final. + +443 +00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:50,950 +And each man for himself, there is no other. I + +444 +00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:54,870 +dropped the word way from the book because it's + +445 +00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110 +just added. There's no need to add it here in the + +446 +00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870 +translation. I'd like to go for this version. And + +447 +00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590 +the four at the king's court, my brother. What + +448 +00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810 +happens at the king's court when a knight is + +449 +00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590 +telling a story? Traditionally, people are + +450 +00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180 +competing to show that they are strong. To be + +451 +00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980 +heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's + +452 +00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600 +court? Each man for himself. + +453 +00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820 +Each man for himself, there is no other. No other + +454 +00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560 +person I care about except myself. Selfishness. + +455 +00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490 +Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why? + +456 +00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190 +Because knights chose us, trying again to + +457 +00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410 +communicate with us the idea that knights now + +458 +00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010 +don't belong in a modern society in a way. They + +459 +00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330 +belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of + +460 +00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710 +the past. In modern society, people are settling + +461 +00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840 +down more and more. There are no, like there were + +462 +00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300 +wars. When you speak about Middle English, you + +463 +00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540 +speak about there's the 100-year war between + +464 +00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100 +England and France that lasted for over 110 years. + +465 +00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060 +There were people dying every day. But in so many + +466 +00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060 +ways, people started to settle down and live + +467 +00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440 +relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a + +468 +00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040 +knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a + +469 +00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920 +philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a + +470 +00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800 +society. This is a poet that is exposing his + +471 +00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140 +society. He's talking about the vices, the + +472 +00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900 +problems, but presenting a realistic image about + +473 +00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400 +the society. Because yes, we want to defend + +474 +00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380 +others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we + +475 +00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940 +love others. But we usually don't forget + +476 +00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820 +ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you + +477 +00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120 +are totally selfless, that's not realistic. + +478 +00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890 +Because you need to gain something yourself. So + +479 +00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360 +the heroic image of the old English. That the + +480 +00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060 +image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a + +481 +00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200 +realistic image in Chosar, where people are + +482 +00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000 +presented as people with weaknesses, with vices, + +483 +00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600 +not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we + +484 +00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560 +have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last + +485 +00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380 +sound + +486 +00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490 +or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these + +487 +00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990 +lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and + +488 +00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210 +hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example + +489 +00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230 +here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What + +490 +00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840 +is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his + +491 +00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120 +love, now in his cold grave, alone without any + +492 +00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300 +companionship. + +493 +00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340 +If I give you this text without telling you this + +494 +00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450 +is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're + +495 +00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810 +not going to know. Because this question of, what + +496 +00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010 +is this life? What is this world? What do men, + +497 +00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690 +what do people ask for? What do you want in life? + +498 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430 +These are questions that are modern, questions of + +499 +00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370 +today, of the 21st century. But again, this is + +500 +00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830 +something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago, + +501 +00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410 +that poets asked thousands of years ago and + +502 +00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790 +hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the + +503 +00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770 +beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses + +504 +00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430 +race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address + +505 +00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150 +us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer + +506 +00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230 +is the father of English literature. He was a fine + +507 +00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890 +poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart, + +508 +00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050 +the mind of English, of England, the English + +509 +00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950 +people in a society that was being modernized, + +510 +00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080 +being made. Notice again, In the original text, + +511 +00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480 +there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the + +512 +00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260 +translation. What is this world? What do men ask + +513 +00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280 +for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the + +514 +00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620 +question about what it means to be a human being? + +515 +00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620 +What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the + +516 +00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020 +same question is now still being asked. What does + +517 +00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620 +it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how + +518 +00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260 +powerful, how strong, no matter how much money, + +519 +00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360 +how much gold you collect, what is this world? + +520 +00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000 +What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness? + +521 +00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360 +At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in + +522 +00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490 +his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when + +523 +00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650 +someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold + +524 +00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830 +grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now. + +525 +00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830 +This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The + +526 +00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110 +question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his + +527 +00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510 +love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any + +528 +00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790 +companionship. + +529 +00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570 +Say again. + +530 +00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560 +Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer + +531 +00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760 +was not only about fighting battles and wars, he + +532 +00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380 +was bringing us a broad array of themes and + +533 +00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880 +issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the + +534 +00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360 +characteristics of English literature, of English + +535 +00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120 +poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell? + +536 +00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170 +What do you notice? What new things do we have + +537 +00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090 +here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try + +538 +00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390 +to understand the society, how the text reflects + +539 +00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090 +life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new + +540 +00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270 +themes such as love, money, hypocrisy, + +541 +00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130 +change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related + +542 +00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290 +to women. They started as minor, minimal. They + +543 +00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830 +started as objects of admiration. But later on, + +544 +00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210 +every now and then, we find very strong women who + +545 +00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790 +challenge and defy, like your friend here + +546 +00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510 +suggested, to try to change the image people have + +547 +00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490 +about women. Please. The language is softer. The + +548 +00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910 +language is closer to the language of today. Well, + +549 +00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550 +it's sometimes not recognizable because of the + +550 +00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350 +different spelling. But upon several readings, we + +551 +00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830 +can make sense. We can make sense of many of this. + +552 +00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990 +Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the + +553 +00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930 +physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way + +554 +00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010 +or another. But sometimes we have it in + +555 +00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550 +punctuation marks. Yes? + +556 +00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350 +Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about + +557 +00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310 +heroism, all about praise, all about elegy, + +558 +00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530 +praising the dead, praising God, praising the + +559 +00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190 +heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques, + +560 +00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990 +irony, using irony to say something and to mean it + +561 +00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590 +because people became more and more intelligent. + +562 +00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310 +Please. + +563 +00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760 +Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure + +564 +00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020 +heroes, of complete perfect people started to + +565 +00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980 +change into realistic pictures The last point to + +566 +00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790 +conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales, + +567 +00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170 +which, again, consists of 24 stories. He + +568 +00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550 +originally intended them to be 120, but he only + +569 +00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090 +wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem + +570 +00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650 +with the description of spring. Spring, new life, + +571 +00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780 +symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was + +572 +00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980 +saying that this is England, this is the spring of + +573 +00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460 +England, this is the beginning for England. We + +574 +00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920 +plant the seeds and the spring begins in April. + +575 +00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260 +Now when we say April in English literature, April + +576 +00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740 +has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer, + +577 +00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000 +and then later on in the 20th century by T.S. + +578 +00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480 +Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The + +579 +00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280 +Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what + +580 +00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740 +he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land. + +581 +00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260 +One mark if you know the first verse of the first + +582 +00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060 +line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest + +583 +00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720 +20th century poet. He's American and British. His + +584 +00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440 +most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the + +585 +00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320 +first line? One mark. + +586 +00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680 +One mark if you know. He says, + +587 +00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060 +April is the + +588 +00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520 +cruelest month. April is the cruelest month. + +589 +00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080 +Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is + +590 +00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360 +the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer. + +591 +00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180 +He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father, + +592 +00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360 +the most important figure of early English poetry. + +593 +00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080 +Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S. + +594 +00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020 +Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April + +595 +00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960 +is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who + +596 +00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160 +praised April as the month of spring and life and + +597 +00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580 +generation? I'll let you think of this question. + +598 +00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400 +I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah. + +599 +00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580 +And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle + +600 +00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780 +English. Do you have any question? + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b193e6eb737231c9ddbfb9c2cf13f68b183c1d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2712 @@ +1 +00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:26,780 +Hello, everyone, and welcome back, as usual. We + +2 +00:00:26,780 --> 00:00:30,820 +continue to speak about the metaphysical poets, or + +3 +00:00:30,820 --> 00:00:34,820 +as I prefer to call them, the John Donne School of + +4 +00:00:34,820 --> 00:00:39,680 +Poetry. Because again, the term metaphysical was + +5 +00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,540 +used by the critics of John Donne and his + +6 +00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:47,270 +followers as a term of abuse. Not to praise them, + +7 +00:00:47,630 --> 00:00:51,810 +not even to describe them, but to insult them, to + +8 +00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:54,830 +abuse them, to negatively frame them, and present + +9 +00:00:54,830 --> 00:00:58,110 +them, introduce them negatively to the readers. + +10 +00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,070 +And as a matter of fact, many people, even today, + +11 +00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:06,750 +dislike John Donne's poetry. Not because of John + +12 +00:01:06,750 --> 00:01:10,350 +Donne, or because of something his poetry does, + +13 +00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:15,050 +but generally because we are framed. When we read + +14 +00:01:15,050 --> 00:01:19,200 +books, anthologies about literature. When we read + +15 +00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,560 +an introduction into John Donne before reading his + +16 +00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,640 +poetry, what he did, what he didn't do, we come + +17 +00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:29,480 +across things I mentioned last time from Ben + +18 +00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,370 +Johnson. John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, and + +19 +00:01:35,370 --> 00:01:37,790 +Alexander Pope. And I have to go through them just + +20 +00:01:37,790 --> 00:01:40,790 +to show you how serious this act of framing and + +21 +00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:44,110 +censorship is, how one poet who writes differently + +22 +00:01:44,110 --> 00:01:49,070 +can easily be kicked outside the canon because, in + +23 +00:01:49,070 --> 00:01:51,910 +a way, he could be a threat. So we have Ben + +24 +00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:54,790 +Johnson saying, John Donne deserved hanging. + +25 +00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:59,330 +That's very tough, very extreme. And that he would + +26 +00:01:59,330 --> 00:02:02,490 +perish for not being understood. It's funny here + +27 +00:02:02,490 --> 00:02:05,390 +that the critics of this time, 17th and 18th + +28 +00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:09,090 +century, those who came during the time of Dan and + +29 +00:02:09,090 --> 00:02:12,570 +after Dan, they appointed themselves as the + +30 +00:02:12,570 --> 00:02:16,210 +spokespeople for all readers around the world. So + +31 +00:02:16,210 --> 00:02:19,870 +when he says, for not being understood, John Donne + +32 +00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:24,080 +would perish, he's speaking for us. And then we + +33 +00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:27,660 +say, wait a minute. Don't speak for us. We read + +34 +00:02:27,660 --> 00:02:30,660 +his poetry. We enjoy his poetry. It's lovely. It's + +35 +00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:33,960 +different, at least. And then we have Dryden, who + +36 +00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:37,820 +says, John Donne, this is worse, because John + +37 +00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:41,000 +Dryden appoints himself as the speaker for women. + +38 +00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,580 +And he assumes that women will not be able to + +39 +00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,640 +understand John Donne's poetry. And he says, John + +40 +00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:54,040 +Donne perplexes, confuses. the mind of the fair + +41 +00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,000 +sex, of the women. And it's funny how he uses the + +42 +00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,840 +term fair sex. In a way, he's accusing John Donne + +43 +00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,000 +of being anti-feminist, I think, writing stuff so + +44 +00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,900 +he can confuse women. But because we are smart, we + +45 +00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,340 +don't take things for granted. We say, OK, Dryden, + +46 +00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:14,260 +just wait. Wait a minute. Calm down. First of all, + +47 +00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,100 +you're not a woman. You shouldn't be speaking for + +48 +00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:20,580 +women. Second of all, why are you assuming that + +49 +00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:24,370 +women are not smart? Why are you assuming that + +50 +00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:26,750 +women will not be able to understand this kind of + +51 +00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:30,770 +poetry? You are anti-feminist, not John Donne. And + +52 +00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:34,130 +indeed, and we saw this, John Donne's poetry gives + +53 +00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:38,150 +voice to the voiceless, to the women. John Donne's + +54 +00:03:38,150 --> 00:03:42,070 +poetry empowers women. Their presence in the + +55 +00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:45,590 +poetry is crucial. We discussed, we mentioned two + +56 +00:03:45,590 --> 00:03:50,190 +examples from two poems by Donne. Number one, The + +57 +00:03:50,190 --> 00:03:53,360 +Flea, remember? The woman doesn't speak exactly + +58 +00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,540 +like the woman in Marlow, but she's present. She's + +59 +00:03:56,540 --> 00:03:59,460 +active. When Don says, you, I, and the flea are + +60 +00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,000 +one, so let's get together, she's like, and she + +61 +00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,280 +kills the flea. She acts. She does the most + +62 +00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,620 +important thing. She outsmarts the poet in a way + +63 +00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,130 +or another. And in Forbidding Morning, another + +64 +00:04:13,130 --> 00:04:17,530 +poem when John Donne likens the relationship to a + +65 +00:04:17,530 --> 00:04:19,750 +stiff twin campuses. Remember the conceit? Very + +66 +00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:23,830 +important conceit. Stiff twin campuses. We see the + +67 +00:04:23,830 --> 00:04:28,790 +woman as the fixed, the firm foot. The woman holds + +68 +00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:32,510 +this relationship together. The woman is the + +69 +00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:37,030 +essence, the core. She's not marginalized here. + +70 +00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,840 +She is very strong, very powerful. So again, see + +71 +00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,720 +what I mean by framing here. When you read this, + +72 +00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:48,300 +oh, John Donne affects the metaphysics and + +73 +00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:52,200 +perplexes the minds of the first sex. We could + +74 +00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,880 +have a negative idea about John Donne. And that's + +75 +00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,600 +why my advice, always read what writers write, not + +76 +00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,640 +what people write about them. Go face to face with + +77 +00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,480 +people. Experience things for yourself, because + +78 +00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:10,100 +framing is everywhere. People talk about people. + +79 +00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:13,120 +Books talk about things. And I said this many + +80 +00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,040 +times. This book, for example, contains a lot of + +81 +00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:18,160 +the thing we described as whitewashing. Remember? + +82 +00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:25,880 +and censorship. For example, remember what + +83 +00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,460 +whitewashing means? To represent something in a + +84 +00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,040 +positive way. So here there is a lot of + +85 +00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:33,360 +colonialism, imperialism. And when we speak about + +86 +00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,860 +the English colonialism and imperialism, we speak + +87 +00:05:35,860 --> 00:05:40,560 +about the destruction of whole nations, the + +88 +00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,940 +massacres that took the lives, claimed the lives + +89 +00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:46,620 +of millions and millions of people. But what does + +90 +00:05:46,620 --> 00:05:49,800 +the book call this? It calls it colonial glory. + +91 +00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:58,930 +Colonial glory. This is whitewashing. So we're + +92 +00:05:58,930 --> 00:06:01,590 +training you in this course to be smart, to think + +93 +00:06:01,590 --> 00:06:04,450 +for yourself. Always take a step back. And when + +94 +00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:07,850 +you read a story, when you read something, ask + +95 +00:06:07,850 --> 00:06:10,890 +yourself three important questions, whether this + +96 +00:06:10,890 --> 00:06:14,470 +is a story, an article, or a text. Who is telling + +97 +00:06:14,470 --> 00:06:20,310 +the story? Who is telling the + +98 +00:06:20,310 --> 00:06:24,270 +story? That's question number one. Who is the + +99 +00:06:24,270 --> 00:06:27,510 +storyteller? You need to understand the + +100 +00:06:27,510 --> 00:06:29,850 +storyteller, the speaker here. Is he English? Is + +101 +00:06:29,850 --> 00:06:34,430 +he white? A woman? A man? Number two, who benefits + +102 +00:06:34,430 --> 00:06:35,210 +from the story? + +103 +00:06:42,750 --> 00:06:47,250 +Who does the story help? Which people generally? + +104 +00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:50,470 +This or that? The English people? The Irish + +105 +00:06:50,470 --> 00:06:52,670 +people? The Scottish people? Palestinians? + +106 +00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:59,350 +Israelis? Arabs? Muslims? Non-Muslims? And then + +107 +00:06:59,350 --> 00:07:01,510 +more importantly, who is missing? + +108 +00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:08,860 +from the story. This applies to stories in + +109 +00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:11,320 +particular, to books, to poems, everywhere. + +110 +00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,380 +Because when I write a story, when I tell you a + +111 +00:07:14,380 --> 00:07:16,540 +story, if something wrong happens here, takes + +112 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,960 +place, somebody breaks something, I'm sure we'll + +113 +00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:24,160 +have like 30 of you here. When I ask you to tell + +114 +00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,280 +me what happens, what has happened, I'll have 30 + +115 +00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,260 +stories. Some of you weren't paying attention. + +116 +00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,800 +Some of you didn't see everything. Some of you + +117 +00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,720 +were sitting far away in the back. But some of you + +118 +00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:41,080 +have the benefit from this, or they don't. So your + +119 +00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,840 +friend did it, so you just try to cover up for + +120 +00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:47,500 +her. Or someone you don't like did it, so you try + +121 +00:07:47,500 --> 00:07:51,000 +to expose her, to just point the finger accusation + +122 +00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:54,320 +at her. We all do this. And it happens at our + +123 +00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:59,680 +homes all the time. When kids fight, When kids + +124 +00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,900 +fight, they do trouble. They make, you know, as + +125 +00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:07,260 +they always do everywhere. We can never know who + +126 +00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:08,860 +is to blame. They are always fighting. When you + +127 +00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:10,700 +talk to Ali, for example, Ali, what's going on? + +128 +00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:12,660 +Why did you do? Why are you shouting? Why are you + +129 +00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:17,680 +fighting with Muhammad? He did this. Muhammad, why + +130 +00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,700 +did you do that? Because he first did something. + +131 +00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,540 +And it goes on a vicious circle, non-ending. You + +132 +00:08:23,540 --> 00:08:27,500 +never know who did what first. And kids do this + +133 +00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:31,800 +all the time, but grown-ups, countries. That's why + +134 +00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,580 +many people say major conflicts around the world + +135 +00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:39,780 +are conflicts on narrative, like Palestine. + +136 +00:08:39,900 --> 00:08:42,880 +Palestine belongs to the Palestinians. But the + +137 +00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:47,020 +Zionist movement did a lot and paid a lot of money + +138 +00:08:47,020 --> 00:08:51,830 +and billions of money, of dollars and stuff. just + +139 +00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:55,590 +to change the narrative, to present Palestine as a + +140 +00:08:55,590 --> 00:09:00,890 +land without people, a land that was empty, that + +141 +00:09:00,890 --> 00:09:05,150 +now belongs to those people and now belongs to + +142 +00:09:05,150 --> 00:09:09,450 +their grandsons and daughters. Narrative is very + +143 +00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:12,350 +important. We have to be careful who's telling us + +144 +00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:18,270 +what, who benefits, and who is missing. So here, + +145 +00:09:19,230 --> 00:09:23,190 +Jonathan is being negatively framed. Now Samuel + +146 +00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:25,410 +Johnson says Johnson uses a combination of + +147 +00:09:25,410 --> 00:09:29,470 +dissimilar images. His poetry is like there is a + +148 +00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:32,030 +poem about love, but why is God here in the poem? + +149 +00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:35,930 +Or a poem about God religion, but why is love + +150 +00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:41,010 +language there? Why does he use a stiff twin + +151 +00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:46,850 +compasses? What is a geometrical device? What is + +152 +00:09:46,850 --> 00:09:48,850 +he doing here in this? But again, remember, this + +153 +00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:51,090 +is John Donne bringing new imagery, original + +154 +00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:53,570 +imagery. He doesn't want to imitate. He doesn't + +155 +00:09:53,570 --> 00:09:57,150 +want to say, oh, you and I are like a rose and its + +156 +00:09:57,150 --> 00:10:01,540 +petals. Because this has been said many times. And + +157 +00:10:01,540 --> 00:10:04,620 +finally, no matter what those critics said about + +158 +00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,060 +John Donne, they all agreed that John Donne was + +159 +00:10:07,060 --> 00:10:11,680 +smart, was witty, a genius. He had this sharp wit + +160 +00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:14,360 +that makes him different, that makes him bring all + +161 +00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:18,560 +these genius conceits and images. However, and + +162 +00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,320 +again it's funny, Alexander Pope says, Donne has + +163 +00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:28,100 +no imagination. Donne has no imagination. And even + +164 +00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:34,490 +his wit? It's available for all poets. So even the + +165 +00:10:34,490 --> 00:10:37,210 +critics of Jonathan do not agree on a particular + +166 +00:10:37,210 --> 00:10:39,270 +reason why they should hear it. But then we come + +167 +00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,250 +to the conclusion that it's because they were + +168 +00:10:41,250 --> 00:10:43,330 +writing different poetry. They were breaking the + +169 +00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:48,230 +rules of decorum. Today, we'll speak about two + +170 +00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:51,350 +other metaphysical poets. We mentioned them + +171 +00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:54,950 +before, Andrew Marvell, And George Herbert. We had + +172 +00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:57,010 +an example from George Herbert before, the Easter + +173 +00:10:57,010 --> 00:11:00,150 +Wings. Remember that poem with the funny shape, + +174 +00:11:00,950 --> 00:11:05,010 +the Easter Wings? But we saw how the length of the + +175 +00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:08,730 +line has something to do with its meaning. God, + +176 +00:11:08,830 --> 00:11:13,390 +who created man in wealth and store, but that man + +177 +00:11:13,390 --> 00:11:17,880 +started to lose, decay, et cetera. Now, one of the + +178 +00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,240 +most important love poems in the history of + +179 +00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:22,880 +English literature, this is a canonical text by + +180 +00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:25,440 +Andrew Marvel. And Andrew Marvel, by the way, is + +181 +00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,820 +double L, not one L, OK? + +182 +00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:36,600 +So Andrew Marvel and his poem to his coy mistress. + +183 +00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:40,280 +And as the name suggests, look at the name, title. + +184 +00:11:41,540 --> 00:11:46,310 +You know coy? Coy means shy. So his mistress is + +185 +00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:50,810 +shy. And he's addressing her. This poem is + +186 +00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:53,930 +addressed to? His mistress. And she is? Shy. + +187 +00:11:54,270 --> 00:11:58,590 +Typical anti-feminist image, that women are shy + +188 +00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:01,990 +and timid, not courageous and powerful and + +189 +00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:05,950 +everything. And also notice this. He owns her. He + +190 +00:12:05,950 --> 00:12:09,950 +owns her. Thank you. It's like the woman is some + +191 +00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:14,490 +kind of property, commodity. He owns her. to his + +192 +00:12:14,490 --> 00:12:20,070 +coy mistress. Now, Andrew Marvel is not 100% + +193 +00:12:20,070 --> 00:12:22,170 +purely metaphysical, but he has some metaphysical + +194 +00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:25,250 +elements that we can probably trace here. Someone + +195 +00:12:25,250 --> 00:12:29,290 +read. Notice the ellipses here. What does this + +196 +00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:35,390 +mean? Dot, dot, dot. It means something deleted in + +197 +00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:37,930 +between. This is called ellipses, deletion. Go on, + +198 +00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:40,890 +please. You, yes. + +199 +00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,780 +It's winged actually, but in pottery, if you see + +200 +00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:56,980 +this, it means winged. It adds an extra syllable. + +201 +00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:01,260 +And you know why? For the meter. Winged, chariot. + +202 +00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,960 +Very good. Someone else, please, hint. + +203 +00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:23,600 +Winged, winged, winged, winged, hurrying, + +204 +00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,040 +near, yes please, happy, but not enough time, + +205 +00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:33,940 +sickness, coldness, leg were not fine, but at my + +206 +00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:37,020 +back I always have some winged + +207 +00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,380 +I like your musical reading of this. Had we bought + +208 +00:13:43,380 --> 00:13:47,780 +enough a world in a fun time, this coyness lady + +209 +00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,000 +were no crime. It's like ti-tum, ti-tum, ti-tum, + +210 +00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,960 +ti-tum. That's musical. That's the music of most + +211 +00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,940 +English poems, by the way. Had we bought world + +212 +00:13:57,940 --> 00:14:01,520 +enough on time, this coyness lady were no crime. + +213 +00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,500 +But at my back, I always hear times winged chariot + +214 +00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,790 +hurrying near. Finally, yeah, one more. + +215 +00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:16,190 +Here, + +216 +00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:25,590 +chariot, chariot hurrying, okay. Now, before we + +217 +00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:27,890 +comment on this, the metaphysicality of this poem, + +218 +00:14:28,190 --> 00:14:31,930 +what's going on here? Why do we have a verb before + +219 +00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:34,550 +the subject? Is this a question? This is called + +220 +00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:38,150 +subject-verb inversion. And it happens on three + +221 +00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:41,270 +major occasions. One of them is when you ask a + +222 +00:14:41,270 --> 00:14:45,650 +question. You say, where are you? What did he? Why + +223 +00:14:45,650 --> 00:14:50,950 +does she? So the verb comes before the subject. + +224 +00:14:51,420 --> 00:14:55,700 +The subject. But we have other occasions where we + +225 +00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:58,920 +invert the subject and the verb. We do this + +226 +00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,580 +generally for emphasis. To emphasize something. + +227 +00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,000 +True. But what happens grammatically speaking? + +228 +00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:11,320 +Grammar. You already studied two grammar courses. + +229 +00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:20,490 +Ah. Okay. So originally this is if. We had. Should + +230 +00:15:20,490 --> 00:15:24,670 +it be had or have? Is this present or past? + +231 +00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:27,910 +Because he says present, I always hear. + +232 +00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:34,250 +What's going on here? Okay, let's do some grammar. + +233 +00:15:35,330 --> 00:15:38,010 +But see how literature also brings vocabulary and + +234 +00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,050 +expressions and grammar and culture and politics + +235 +00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:45,990 +and everything. When we use F, we have several F + +236 +00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:49,550 +rules, conditional F. But the major three rules + +237 +00:15:49,550 --> 00:15:56,550 +are 1, 2, and 3. In rule number 2 and 3, F1, F2, + +238 +00:15:56,630 --> 00:16:01,560 +and 3, when you delete F, you have to invert the + +239 +00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,120 +subject and the verb. It's not when you delete, + +240 +00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:07,840 +actually. If you want to emphasize the statement, + +241 +00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:11,060 +a particular sentence, in if, you can delete if. + +242 +00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,120 +But if you do that, you have to invert the subject + +243 +00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,420 +and change the order of the subject and the word. + +244 +00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:23,120 +So in rule number one, when you say, if I have + +245 +00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:28,080 +time, I will help you. + +246 +00:16:31,020 --> 00:16:36,860 +This tense, the tense is present. The meaning is + +247 +00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:40,980 +present and future. But more important than this, + +248 +00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:44,180 +if you use rule number one, it means this is + +249 +00:16:44,180 --> 00:16:49,480 +likely to happen. It's possible. So when you + +250 +00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:52,680 +express a possibility using if, you should use + +251 +00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:57,520 +rule number one, generally. So you come, say, you + +252 +00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,500 +have a minute, and I say, I'm busy now, but if I + +253 +00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:05,500 +have time later, I will help you. If I use this, + +254 +00:17:05,580 --> 00:17:07,680 +I'm expressing my willingness to help you. + +255 +00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:16,620 +However, rule number two, if I had enough time or + +256 +00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:23,900 +time, I would help you. Listen to me. The tense + +257 +00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,540 +here, the tense is past, but the meaning is still + +258 +00:17:28,540 --> 00:17:35,350 +present. Oh, strange. Why? The rule says in + +259 +00:17:35,350 --> 00:17:38,790 +English grammar, we sometimes use the past simple + +260 +00:17:38,790 --> 00:17:41,970 +to speak about the present to express + +261 +00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,850 +impossibility. To say that something is it's not + +262 +00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:50,270 +impossible, unlikely to happen. So this one is + +263 +00:17:50,270 --> 00:17:57,140 +likely, and this one is unlikely to happen. There + +264 +00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:59,720 +is a strong possibility this could happen. There + +265 +00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:02,340 +is a strong possibility this couldn't happen. So + +266 +00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:06,740 +you come to me, you tell me, do you have a minute? + +267 +00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,520 +I say, I'm busy now. But if I had time later, I + +268 +00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,820 +would help you, meaning I'm going to be extremely + +269 +00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,780 +busy. Or I'm expressing unwillingness to help you. + +270 +00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:24,220 +So do you have money? I need to buy something. If + +271 +00:18:24,220 --> 00:18:27,840 +I have enough money, I will lend you. If I had + +272 +00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:32,300 +enough money, I will lend you. So probably, don't + +273 +00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,580 +count on me that much. And this is where we say + +274 +00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:38,980 +the famous expressions, if I were you. Can I be + +275 +00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:43,800 +you? No, almost impossible. I can't be you. You + +276 +00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:48,520 +are you. If something is going on in Jerusalem, + +277 +00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:53,240 +and you say, Someone is telling you, hey, Israeli + +278 +00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,940 +settlers are storming Al-Aqsa Mosque. And you say, + +279 +00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:02,560 +if I were there, I would defend Al-Aqsa. It's + +280 +00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:04,180 +unlikely to happen. It's almost impossible, + +281 +00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:06,200 +because you're here. Physically, you can't be + +282 +00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:12,020 +there. And in this rule, you could delete if. But + +283 +00:19:12,020 --> 00:19:14,760 +if you do this, there should be subject. And it's + +284 +00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:17,840 +more eloquent, more articulate, and more poetic, + +285 +00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,740 +and more emphatic, like you said. + +286 +00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:27,740 +So, had I more. If I were you, where are you? And + +287 +00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:30,840 +listen to this expression, if I were you. In + +288 +00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,320 +grammar we don't say I were, say I was. Here we + +289 +00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,680 +say I were, this is standard English. If you say I + +290 +00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:39,800 +was, it's okay, acceptable, but in standard + +291 +00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:41,560 +English it should be I were to express + +292 +00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,660 +impossibility. Now if you're talking about + +293 +00:19:44,660 --> 00:19:46,900 +something that happened in the past, already + +294 +00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:47,360 +unfinished, + +295 +00:19:51,730 --> 00:19:53,690 +Something that happened and finished, you use rule + +296 +00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:57,150 +number three. So this is present, present. The + +297 +00:19:57,150 --> 00:19:59,550 +meaning is present, present. The meaning is past. + +298 +00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:03,150 +This is the tense is present. The tense is past. + +299 +00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:08,910 +To express impossibility, almost something that is + +300 +00:20:08,910 --> 00:20:14,710 +unlikely. So here you say, if I had had time + +301 +00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,790 +yesterday, If I had had time yesterday, last + +302 +00:20:18,790 --> 00:20:25,030 +night, last week, I would have helped you. + +303 +00:20:25,450 --> 00:20:29,070 +Perfect. It will never happen. It will never + +304 +00:20:29,070 --> 00:20:30,670 +happen because the past is the past, unless + +305 +00:20:30,670 --> 00:20:35,190 +someone invents a time machine. And then it also + +306 +00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:38,350 +depends whether they are going to say if I have or + +307 +00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:43,630 +if I had. So don't waste your time inventing a + +308 +00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:47,200 +time machine probably. So the poet here is saying, + +309 +00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,040 +we don't have enough time. But he's a poet. Poets + +310 +00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,580 +don't say we don't have enough time. He's saying, + +311 +00:20:55,020 --> 00:21:00,900 +if we had time. Do we have time? Clearly unlikely. + +312 +00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:03,360 +So he's urging her. He's pushing her. He's + +313 +00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:06,320 +convincing her. This is another way of telling + +314 +00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,940 +her, come live with me and be my love. But this is + +315 +00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,060 +a metaphysical poet. He's not just offering her + +316 +00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:14,680 +things. He's using the argumentative style. + +317 +00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:17,660 +Remember Don? + +318 +00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:25,440 +Metaphysical poets are argument. They argue. When + +319 +00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,200 +John Donne says, you, I, the flea are one. What? + +320 +00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,500 +And then he argues how things go. You and I are + +321 +00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,660 +like stiff twin compasses. The conceit in the + +322 +00:21:37,660 --> 00:21:40,640 +stiff twin compasses. It's unlikely. And then he + +323 +00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,980 +elaborates in a way and then says, oh, that really + +324 +00:21:42,980 --> 00:21:47,940 +makes sense. So if we had enough world and time, + +325 +00:21:49,060 --> 00:21:52,220 +this coyness where, again, notice this coyness + +326 +00:21:52,220 --> 00:21:56,180 +generally was or is. Because this is if. We use + +327 +00:21:56,180 --> 00:21:58,500 +where just again to emphasize that that's + +328 +00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:03,600 +impossible. This coyness where no crime. Because + +329 +00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,040 +she's timid. She's shy. She's coy. He's telling + +330 +00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:11,000 +her stop being this. We don't have time. And + +331 +00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,220 +again, notice how the issue of time here as a + +332 +00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:19,320 +theme. Remember in the Renaissance, the poets were + +333 +00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:23,480 +obsessed with time. Time was destructive to + +334 +00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,380 +everything, to beauty, to people. There's always + +335 +00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:30,380 +this concern, the theme of the passing of time. + +336 +00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,680 +We've seen this in Shakespeare, and we see this + +337 +00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,840 +now. And it's repeated here. But at my back I + +338 +00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:41,620 +always hear. Because at my back, this is + +339 +00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:45,700 +metaphorical expression. Actually, there is no + +340 +00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,260 +chariot. Chariot means wagon, like a car or + +341 +00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:54,640 +vehicle. But this chariot is the chariot of time. + +342 +00:22:54,880 --> 00:23:01,060 +Beautiful metaphor. He likens time to a car, to a + +343 +00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:05,840 +train that is coming what? Very fast, because this + +344 +00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,280 +is time. Time is rushing. So we don't have time to + +345 +00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,600 +waste. So come live with me and be my love. Be + +346 +00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,720 +mine. You don't have time to be shy. If you are + +347 +00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,500 +shy now, this year, next year, the years to come, + +348 +00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,700 +all of a sudden you will open your eyes and you + +349 +00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,660 +are 50, 60, you are old, and your fairness, your + +350 +00:23:25,660 --> 00:23:30,730 +beauty, everything, you lose. Very beautiful + +351 +00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:32,970 +argumentative style. This is not a pure + +352 +00:23:32,970 --> 00:23:36,670 +metaphysical poem, but there are metaphysical + +353 +00:23:36,670 --> 00:23:39,570 +features. And this is the only extract we're going + +354 +00:23:39,570 --> 00:23:42,390 +to study. Go to YouTube, listen to the whole poem. + +355 +00:23:42,510 --> 00:23:46,490 +Really beautiful. And this is Andrew Marvell. + +356 +00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,470 +There is a love poem here. And the personal + +357 +00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:52,750 +experience, there's dramatization of this. + +358 +00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:55,570 +Probably another feature is how this tiny little + +359 +00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:57,770 +experience is dramatized. + +360 +00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:05,570 +This could be like a sonnet, sorry, a soliloquy of + +361 +00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:10,030 +Shakespeare, an internal monologue. Someone had we + +362 +00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:14,070 +bought enough gold and time. This coin, this lady, + +363 +00:24:14,330 --> 00:24:17,910 +were no crime. Could be a monologue like the ones + +364 +00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:20,350 +we studied in Shakespeare. This is called + +365 +00:24:20,350 --> 00:24:23,290 +dramatization. When a tiny little experience is + +366 +00:24:23,290 --> 00:24:27,050 +dramatized, like John Donne always does in The Sun + +367 +00:24:27,050 --> 00:24:31,120 +Rising and the sonnets we studied. Any question, + +368 +00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:31,740 +any comment? + +369 +00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:39,460 +You want to add something, to ask something? What + +370 +00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,700 +do you think of the rhyme scheme? Couplets, + +371 +00:24:44,180 --> 00:24:49,300 +couplets, yeah, yeah, couplets, please. Very good. + +372 +00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,020 +This is couplets. Generally, we'll study another + +373 +00:24:53,020 --> 00:24:56,140 +poem for Marvel, and he goes for this. He likes + +374 +00:24:56,140 --> 00:24:58,620 +this style, couplets, couplets, couplets, because + +375 +00:24:58,620 --> 00:25:02,780 +they became very famous later on. Let's move to + +376 +00:25:02,780 --> 00:25:06,700 +another text, metaphysical text, the final text, + +377 +00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:09,900 +metaphysical text for today. And it's by our + +378 +00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,580 +friend George + +379 +00:25:13,580 --> 00:25:16,880 +Herbert. Herbert is very interesting, very good. + +380 +00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,020 +By the way, he's a very religious poet. He wrote + +381 +00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:22,740 +very beautiful religious poetry. And I always + +382 +00:25:22,740 --> 00:25:28,620 +remember him by the Easter Wings poem that has the + +383 +00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:32,540 +shape of a bird. This poem is called The Color. + +384 +00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,460 +And this is The Color. The Color. I don't have a + +385 +00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:37,640 +color. Anyway, this is The Color, like when you + +386 +00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:42,040 +have a T-shirt and it has a color here. There's a + +387 +00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,020 +lot to say here. But to be brief, there's a play + +388 +00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:48,080 +on words. The color is what priests do. Monks, + +389 +00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:49,740 +religious people in the church, they have a + +390 +00:25:49,740 --> 00:25:55,140 +particular color. The color signals that they are + +391 +00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:57,280 +religious. They are dedicated to God. They love + +392 +00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:02,420 +God. But also, a color could be this device that + +393 +00:26:02,420 --> 00:26:06,520 +you put to control animals from their necks, like + +394 +00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,900 +dogs. Or if you have a lion pit at home, that's + +395 +00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:16,090 +the color in a way. So again, we can't study whole + +396 +00:26:16,090 --> 00:26:18,410 +poems in this course, generally, because this is + +397 +00:26:18,410 --> 00:26:21,990 +only a brief introduction to things. So this means + +398 +00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:27,130 +there is ellipsis here. As a matter of fact, the + +399 +00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:30,330 +first two lines and then the last final four + +400 +00:26:30,330 --> 00:26:33,370 +lines. What do you think? Before reading, are you + +401 +00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:36,470 +going to recognize this as a metaphysical poem? + +402 +00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:42,220 +Yes. Why? The structure. The structure. The + +403 +00:26:42,220 --> 00:26:46,160 +structure of the poem is unique, is different. + +404 +00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:54,580 +See, we have here how many? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, + +405 +00:26:54,660 --> 00:27:00,340 +8. Here, 1, 2, 3, 4. From four feet to two feet. + +406 +00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:04,540 +And I think here he goes for five. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, + +407 +00:27:04,740 --> 00:27:13,260 +6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Five feet. Listen, a friend of + +408 +00:27:13,260 --> 00:27:16,180 +yours in the other group asked me about Tamim El + +409 +00:27:16,180 --> 00:27:20,920 +Barghouti's poem, Falquds. And I told her Tamim's + +410 +00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,160 +poem is the perfect example to explain how the + +411 +00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,180 +shape of the poem helps its meaning. Do you know + +412 +00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:33,240 +how the poem begins? Someone recited the poem + +413 +00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,420 +before here. Where is she? Is she absent? Yeah, + +414 +00:27:36,460 --> 00:27:38,100 +exactly. It starts with classical poetry. + +415 +00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:48,440 +You know, + +416 +00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,900 +standing at the ruins and you just reminiscing and + +417 +00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:54,280 +remember the good old days. + +418 +00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:08,060 +So he starts with a classical Arab poem. + +419 +00:28:08,740 --> 00:28:12,560 +In a way, in my opinion, he's telling us that this + +420 +00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,360 +is the Arab culture, the poetry, this kind of + +421 +00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,780 +poetry, exactly as this city Jerusalem belongs to + +422 +00:28:19,780 --> 00:28:24,490 +Palestinians, to the Arabs. Okay? So, and probably + +423 +00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,810 +if we want to get it back, to have it back, to + +424 +00:28:26,810 --> 00:28:29,910 +struggle for it, we have to go back to our roots, + +425 +00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:35,150 +to our, you know, as proud Arabs, owners of the + +426 +00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:38,490 +land regardless of our religions here. The moment + +427 +00:28:38,490 --> 00:28:41,890 +Tamim shifts from talking about Jerusalem as a + +428 +00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:45,610 +city that should belong to us, Palestinians, to + +429 +00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:49,370 +speak about the Zionist occupiers, the whole + +430 +00:28:49,370 --> 00:28:51,410 +structure of the poem changes. + +431 +00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,360 +So he shifts from classical to some kind of blank + +432 +00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,560 +verse or sometimes even free verse. No rules. + +433 +00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:03,920 +Because when the Israelis, like when Israel was + +434 +00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,920 +established, they broke all the rules. They + +435 +00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:09,960 +destroyed the country. They destroyed the life + +436 +00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,620 +here. They destroyed the lives of the people, the + +437 +00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:17,630 +city. So the poem itself doesn't have rules here. + +438 +00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:23,370 +What does he say in the second stanza? Look at + +439 +00:29:23,370 --> 00:29:24,830 +this, very long line. + +440 +00:29:27,650 --> 00:29:31,210 +So you + +441 +00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:34,150 +can take a whole long circle and the line still + +442 +00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:39,850 +doesn't finish. And he goes on and on, and almost + +443 +00:29:39,850 --> 00:29:45,310 +everything is broken here. Because now the + +444 +00:29:45,310 --> 00:29:48,470 +intruders, the occupiers are controlling the city. + +445 +00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:50,610 +And now this is a religious poem by Herbert. + +446 +00:29:50,730 --> 00:29:55,110 +Herbert generally religious poetry. What's going + +447 +00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:57,210 +on here? What is he saying? What is struck? What + +448 +00:29:57,210 --> 00:30:02,230 +does struck mean? Struck comes from? Strike. + +449 +00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:09,520 +Remember poetry used to be cool, nice, beautiful, + +450 +00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:13,240 +sweet? But now there is a lot of drama. There's + +451 +00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,230 +dramatization. That's the second feature. So the + +452 +00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,210 +new form that has the meaning. Here we have a + +453 +00:30:19,210 --> 00:30:21,510 +person who is what? What is he doing? He's + +454 +00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:24,530 +striking the board. Not board, probably a table or + +455 +00:30:24,530 --> 00:30:28,210 +this board. And what is he doing? Shouting. What + +456 +00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:30,890 +is he shouting? I will abort. Look at the + +457 +00:30:30,890 --> 00:30:33,610 +exclamation mark. He's angry. He's shouting. If + +458 +00:30:33,610 --> 00:30:35,850 +someone is shouting, he can't control his emotions + +459 +00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,470 +and feelings. And that's why he can't control the + +460 +00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,330 +shape and the structure of the poem. If the poem + +461 +00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:44,430 +has a well-structured form, it's going to be + +462 +00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:47,010 +awkward. It's going to be, in a way, restricting. + +463 +00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:49,830 +He's not going to express himself the way he + +464 +00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:53,770 +should. So, I struck the board and cried no more. + +465 +00:30:54,150 --> 00:30:59,590 +I will abroad. An angry speaker, an angry poet. He + +466 +00:30:59,590 --> 00:31:03,370 +hates the rules. He hates the color. He hates the + +467 +00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:05,950 +fact that he's being obedient to God. He wants to + +468 +00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:09,050 +get rid of this. He wants to go out, away, to free + +469 +00:31:09,050 --> 00:31:12,840 +himself. exactly like the way he's breaking the + +470 +00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,460 +rules of decorum, the rules of poetry here. So + +471 +00:31:15,460 --> 00:31:18,360 +this is connected very much to the idea. What is + +472 +00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,080 +the poet doing? He's angry. He's shouting. He + +473 +00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:26,280 +wants more freedom. He wants to free himself. And + +474 +00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,740 +look at the longest line when he says, but as I + +475 +00:31:28,740 --> 00:31:33,400 +raved and grew. This is growing. He grew angrier + +476 +00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:38,900 +and angrier. More fierce and wild. I was very + +477 +00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:46,170 +angry. I hated my life. At every word, me thought, + +478 +00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:50,810 +it's all actually me thoughts. It means it seems. + +479 +00:31:52,170 --> 00:31:57,710 +I thought. It seems closer. It's a Middle English + +480 +00:31:57,710 --> 00:32:00,810 +word. It's not used commonly nowadays. Me thinks + +481 +00:32:00,810 --> 00:32:05,510 +and me thoughts. I heard one call or calling + +482 +00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:09,570 +child. So he's angry because God is ignoring him. + +483 +00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650 +He's suffering. He's sacrificing many things. And + +484 +00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,510 +God doesn't care about him. But because God is + +485 +00:32:16,510 --> 00:32:22,080 +loving, God is merciful, He answers his prayer and + +486 +00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:27,160 +God says, child. And it takes only one word from + +487 +00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,640 +God and the poet is going back to being what? And + +488 +00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,400 +I replied, my Lord. He's going back to God. And + +489 +00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,840 +the way The poem started angry. This anger is + +490 +00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,680 +clear in the choice of words in the structure. But + +491 +00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,400 +at the end, it ends in a calm, quiet, peaceful + +492 +00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,040 +tone. And this is reflected on the choice of + +493 +00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:50,340 +words. And I replied. I didn't shout. I didn't + +494 +00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:56,300 +cry. I replied, my lord, in a way. The fact that + +495 +00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,180 +the poet is dealing with God as a close friend, as + +496 +00:32:59,180 --> 00:33:00,820 +an intimate friend, is a metaphysical feature. + +497 +00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:06,990 +Remember, batter my heart, three-person God? God + +498 +00:33:06,990 --> 00:33:10,270 +is no longer, for the metaphysicals, is no longer + +499 +00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:13,370 +the fearful God that people feared because they + +500 +00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:15,890 +thought he's destructive and vengeful. For the + +501 +00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:19,710 +metaphysicals, he's like a friend, a close friend, + +502 +00:33:19,810 --> 00:33:22,690 +an intimate friend. They talk to him. If you are + +503 +00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:26,210 +angry, you can be angry. But you can't always go + +504 +00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:29,540 +back when you feel like it. This is George + +505 +00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:32,980 +Herbert. Beautiful. I love how the structure, + +506 +00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:35,740 +maybe I'll ask you this question in the exam. How + +507 +00:33:35,740 --> 00:33:41,260 +does the structure of this reveal or reflect its + +508 +00:33:41,260 --> 00:33:46,220 +meaning? Number one, the poem doesn't have a fixed + +509 +00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:52,040 +structure. What is fixed? Classical. structure, + +510 +00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,200 +like where the lines have the same length and + +511 +00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,300 +probably the rhyme scheme. Do we have a rhyme, a + +512 +00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:01,120 +particular rhyme scheme here? Yeah, here, but not + +513 +00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,720 +here, maybe. Wild, child, word, and lord, they + +514 +00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,480 +don't perfectly rhyme, but they work. + +515 +00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,860 +So you'd say, the poet here is angry, he's + +516 +00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:16,500 +nervous, he's shouting, he's crying. He wants to + +517 +00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:18,700 +free himself from the collar. He wants to take the + +518 +00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:23,900 +collar out, to throw it away and be free. And the + +519 +00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:30,200 +shape of the poem is closely connected to this. He + +520 +00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,380 +hates the rules, so he doesn't follow them in the + +521 +00:34:32,380 --> 00:34:37,270 +poetry. If he follows the rules, if he writes a + +522 +00:34:37,270 --> 00:34:39,490 +poem with the same lines, with the same length, + +523 +00:34:39,590 --> 00:34:43,670 +it's going to be restricting. To restrict his + +524 +00:34:43,670 --> 00:34:47,130 +movement, restrict his expression. So the form + +525 +00:34:47,130 --> 00:34:50,750 +here, and this is a metaphysical feature. The idea + +526 +00:34:50,750 --> 00:34:55,410 +comes first. The idea comes first, and then the + +527 +00:34:55,410 --> 00:35:01,370 +rule. Not vice versa. The meaning is more + +528 +00:35:01,370 --> 00:35:06,090 +important than the rule. So what is he doing? He's + +529 +00:35:06,090 --> 00:35:09,550 +expressing his anger. Can I tell that he's angry? + +530 +00:35:09,930 --> 00:35:12,470 +Yes, the choice of words, the language, the + +531 +00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:20,230 +crying, and the loose form of the poem. Please. + +532 +00:35:20,730 --> 00:35:23,130 +Let us suppose that two lines have the same + +533 +00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:26,570 +meaning. Can you call them apart? We are here. + +534 +00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:38,600 +Generally, the strict definition of a couplet, two + +535 +00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,660 +lines with the same rhyme, the same topic, and + +536 +00:35:41,660 --> 00:35:46,360 +iambic pentameter, like five feet. That's the + +537 +00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,640 +strict definition. But more or less, it could be. + +538 +00:35:49,470 --> 00:35:52,330 +But generally, a couplet has this. They talk about + +539 +00:35:52,330 --> 00:35:55,250 +the two lines, talk about the same thing. Like in + +540 +00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:56,990 +Shakespeare, so long as men can breathe, their + +541 +00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:58,730 +eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives + +542 +00:35:58,730 --> 00:36:02,530 +life to thee. Like Marvel just now, had we bought + +543 +00:36:02,530 --> 00:36:05,550 +enough world and time, this coyonist lady would + +544 +00:36:05,550 --> 00:36:11,090 +wear no crime. But basically, yeah, it's not a big + +545 +00:36:11,090 --> 00:36:15,210 +deal. Child and Lord could be inverted crime? No. + +546 +00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,030 +Maybe. But yeah, actually, this goes with this. + +547 +00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:29,460 +And this is word, and this is lord, imperfect. But + +548 +00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:32,700 +here and here. But I like the da sound. The da + +549 +00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,800 +sound is, in a way, violent sound. Lord, child, + +550 +00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:41,620 +wild, bored. + +551 +00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,840 +There is movement here. There's action. And this + +552 +00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,260 +action is clear in the choice of words. + +553 +00:36:51,210 --> 00:36:55,510 +I'll move to something else. The cavalier poets + +554 +00:36:55,510 --> 00:37:00,750 +will speak briefly about these two poets, because + +555 +00:37:00,750 --> 00:37:03,650 +next class, or probably the class after, we can + +556 +00:37:03,650 --> 00:37:07,970 +elaborate on them. So we're done with the + +557 +00:37:07,970 --> 00:37:13,710 +metaphysicals. Very interesting poets. + +558 +00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,180 +The cavaliers were the supporters of the king. + +559 +00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:24,280 +They were close to the king. And on the other + +560 +00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,700 +hand, we have the Puritans. Remember the Puritans, + +561 +00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:29,580 +what they did to the drama? What did they do? They + +562 +00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:34,860 +closed the theater. We'll see what they do next + +563 +00:37:34,860 --> 00:37:40,280 +class. Spoiler alert. They execute the king for + +564 +00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,020 +the first time. Remember, the king was only killed + +565 +00:37:44,020 --> 00:37:48,980 +in Shakespeare's plays. But fiction became a + +566 +00:37:48,980 --> 00:37:52,340 +reality. We'll talk about this probably next week. + +567 +00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:55,780 +So if you look at this, the poetry of those + +568 +00:37:55,780 --> 00:38:00,140 +people, it was generally simpler than metaphysical + +569 +00:38:00,140 --> 00:38:02,040 +poetry, and even simpler than Shakespeare and + +570 +00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,720 +other poets. It was direct. It was much connected + +571 +00:38:04,720 --> 00:38:07,420 +to life. It speaks about personal experiences, + +572 +00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:10,200 +about the passing of time, about love. And more + +573 +00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,540 +importantly, there are poems about politics. And + +574 +00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:16,570 +we'll see how this develops later on. Now + +575 +00:38:16,570 --> 00:38:19,550 +political poems started to be part of the English + +576 +00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,830 +literature because of the political turmoil and + +577 +00:38:22,830 --> 00:38:27,070 +restlessness. Herrick's poem, Counsel to Girls, + +578 +00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:29,510 +Advice to Girls, sounds interesting. Maybe you can + +579 +00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:34,730 +look it up. He's saying, gather ye, ye here means + +580 +00:38:34,730 --> 00:38:39,110 +you, rosebuds while you may. And by the way, this + +581 +00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:40,870 +is an English proverb now, it's very famous. + +582 +00:38:41,730 --> 00:38:45,030 +Gather your rosebuds while you may. You know the + +583 +00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:48,010 +bud? When you have a rose that's starting to + +584 +00:38:48,010 --> 00:38:51,550 +blossom? The bud, the tiny little thing here. + +585 +00:38:53,290 --> 00:38:56,010 +Again, this is about time. There's a concern about + +586 +00:38:56,010 --> 00:38:59,650 +the passing of time here. It means that don't put + +587 +00:38:59,650 --> 00:39:03,730 +off till tomorrow what you can do today. Do it + +588 +00:39:03,730 --> 00:39:07,530 +while you are young, while you are youthful. Don't + +589 +00:39:07,530 --> 00:39:10,970 +wait because we all age and we lose our + +590 +00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:15,800 +youthfulness. But this is more beautiful to me. + +591 +00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:19,680 +Can someone read the second bit by, again, the + +592 +00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,300 +poet is Richard Loveless. Very interesting name. + +593 +00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:27,700 +You know what less means? Sho less? Loveless. I + +594 +00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,640 +don't know what that could possibly mean. To + +595 +00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,820 +Althea from? Prison. Clearly this is someone who + +596 +00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:38,550 +is in prison, and this is a political poem. As + +597 +00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:40,710 +Palestinians, we have a lot of prison literature. + +598 +00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:43,090 +There's something called, a whole genre called + +599 +00:39:43,090 --> 00:39:47,750 +prison literature. Very adab al-sujoon. Different + +600 +00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,490 +from resistance literature. But prison literature + +601 +00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:52,530 +for us as Palestinians is also resistance + +602 +00:39:52,530 --> 00:39:56,050 +literature generally. Because we are not + +603 +00:39:56,050 --> 00:39:57,690 +imprisoned by our own government generally, + +604 +00:39:57,790 --> 00:40:00,810 +although sometimes we are. It's the occupation, + +605 +00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:03,770 +the colonizers. Read please. + +606 +00:40:08,050 --> 00:40:09,710 +Very good. Yeah. + +607 +00:40:15,250 --> 00:40:16,250 +One more. + +608 +00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:23,430 +Nor iron bars a cage in India. + +609 +00:40:28,210 --> 00:40:31,890 +Very good. How does this translate into Arabic? + +610 +00:40:32,010 --> 00:40:34,250 +Can you translate this into Arabic? Into good + +611 +00:40:34,250 --> 00:40:37,200 +Arabic? What do you think? Do you like this? Do + +612 +00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,520 +you like it? When I first read this, honestly, I + +613 +00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,720 +thought it's something that somebody wrote just + +614 +00:40:42,720 --> 00:40:50,260 +now, 21st century. Because it's relevant to what + +615 +00:40:50,260 --> 00:40:53,340 +we have now as Palestinians. And that's the beauty + +616 +00:40:53,340 --> 00:40:56,620 +of poetry. Poetry breaks all the barriers of time + +617 +00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,360 +and land race. And that's why we love poetry, + +618 +00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,040 +regardless of when or where. Yes? + +619 +00:41:06,670 --> 00:41:10,250 +Very good, beautiful translation. You're good with + +620 +00:41:10,250 --> 00:41:13,870 +words. Someone else has another translation? The + +621 +00:41:13,870 --> 00:41:14,150 +same? + +622 +00:41:18,650 --> 00:41:24,310 +Also very beautiful, very beautiful. So stone + +623 +00:41:24,310 --> 00:41:28,690 +walls don't a prison make. Notice here it should + +624 +00:41:28,690 --> 00:41:30,570 +be don't make a prison, but that's poetic. + +625 +00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,440 +Why is this man happy in prison? Why? Why would + +626 +00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,160 +you be like this? + +627 +00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:46,420 +Okay, + +628 +00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:53,820 +I like your interpretation. So as long as you + +629 +00:41:53,820 --> 00:41:58,920 +write poetry, you are a free man. Only in your + +630 +00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:03,060 +poetry? What else? Thank you very much. If you are + +631 +00:42:03,060 --> 00:42:05,680 +in prison because you struggle, you fight for your + +632 +00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,580 +country, you defend your own people, your rights, + +633 +00:42:09,220 --> 00:42:13,440 +you are a free person. You are a free man. You are + +634 +00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:19,420 +a free woman. Even if you are in a cell with stone + +635 +00:42:19,420 --> 00:42:25,770 +walls and bars, iron bars. It's the spirit that is + +636 +00:42:25,770 --> 00:42:29,510 +free. And this political concern in literature + +637 +00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:31,850 +will develop later on in the commonwealth and + +638 +00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,210 +restoration literature. So if you want to comment + +639 +00:42:34,210 --> 00:42:38,350 +on this, this is an extract from Richard Lovelace + +640 +00:42:38,350 --> 00:42:43,530 +to Althea from prison, in which he's expressing a + +641 +00:42:43,530 --> 00:42:47,610 +political idea, sending a political message that + +642 +00:42:47,610 --> 00:42:50,130 +as long as he struggles, he fights for his + +643 +00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:55,530 +country, He's a free man, no matter what happens + +644 +00:42:55,530 --> 00:42:58,490 +to him. Because if he fights for others, if he + +645 +00:42:58,490 --> 00:43:01,370 +defends others, if his country is free, + +646 +00:43:01,950 --> 00:43:05,010 +struggling, resisting oppression and injustices, + +647 +00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:11,870 +he's also a free man, even if he is in prison. You + +648 +00:43:11,870 --> 00:43:14,570 +said that the cavaliers are a group of people that + +649 +00:43:14,570 --> 00:43:18,460 +support the king, but how does this work? We'll + +650 +00:43:18,460 --> 00:43:21,820 +elaborate on this later on, yeah. Because for the + +651 +00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:25,400 +first time here, there was a major division in + +652 +00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,320 +England between two political parties. In the + +653 +00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:32,140 +past, it was generally, oh, we love the queen. Oh, + +654 +00:43:32,180 --> 00:43:35,120 +we love the king. Sweet Tim runs softly till I end + +655 +00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:37,780 +my song. But now, because of politics, we have + +656 +00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:40,420 +political parties. So you support this political + +657 +00:43:40,420 --> 00:43:42,900 +party against this political party, and then there + +658 +00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,660 +is trouble. Because when the king was executed, + +659 +00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:51,840 +those people probably will be put in prison + +660 +00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,200 +because they still support the king by the other + +661 +00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:55,720 +party. + +662 +00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,240 +Yeah, the Puritans. We'll speak about the Puritans + +663 +00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:05,700 +probably next week. So I'll stop here. Does anyone + +664 +00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:10,920 +have a question? So we finish? Yeah, please. + +665 +00:44:15,470 --> 00:44:19,630 +So back to grammar, yeah. Say it again. Yes, in a + +666 +00:44:19,630 --> 00:44:21,890 +third condition, yes. And I used this expression + +667 +00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:24,310 +before. I'm not sure if you paid attention, any of + +668 +00:44:24,310 --> 00:44:26,410 +you. When I spoke about Marlow, do you remember + +669 +00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:28,050 +what I said about Marlow? First thing I said about + +670 +00:44:28,050 --> 00:44:32,050 +Marlow. Before that. + +671 +00:44:34,490 --> 00:44:39,570 +I said he died young. Before Shakespeare, + +672 +00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:42,910 +Shakespeare was starting his career. I said had he + +673 +00:44:42,910 --> 00:44:47,070 +lived longer, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, + +674 +00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,030 +according to some critics. Meaning, if he had... + +675 +00:44:52,030 --> 00:44:54,830 +So sometimes I use some grammatical expressions + +676 +00:44:54,830 --> 00:44:57,830 +for you to pay attention to. Thank you very much, + +677 +00:44:58,170 --> 00:45:02,750 +ladies. We can continue talking about this age + +678 +00:45:02,750 --> 00:45:04,890 +next class. We speak about prose. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b193e6eb737231c9ddbfb9c2cf13f68b183c1d39 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2712 @@ +1 +00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:26,780 +Hello, everyone, and welcome back, as usual. We + +2 +00:00:26,780 --> 00:00:30,820 +continue to speak about the metaphysical poets, or + +3 +00:00:30,820 --> 00:00:34,820 +as I prefer to call them, the John Donne School of + +4 +00:00:34,820 --> 00:00:39,680 +Poetry. Because again, the term metaphysical was + +5 +00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,540 +used by the critics of John Donne and his + +6 +00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:47,270 +followers as a term of abuse. Not to praise them, + +7 +00:00:47,630 --> 00:00:51,810 +not even to describe them, but to insult them, to + +8 +00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:54,830 +abuse them, to negatively frame them, and present + +9 +00:00:54,830 --> 00:00:58,110 +them, introduce them negatively to the readers. + +10 +00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,070 +And as a matter of fact, many people, even today, + +11 +00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:06,750 +dislike John Donne's poetry. Not because of John + +12 +00:01:06,750 --> 00:01:10,350 +Donne, or because of something his poetry does, + +13 +00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:15,050 +but generally because we are framed. When we read + +14 +00:01:15,050 --> 00:01:19,200 +books, anthologies about literature. When we read + +15 +00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,560 +an introduction into John Donne before reading his + +16 +00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,640 +poetry, what he did, what he didn't do, we come + +17 +00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:29,480 +across things I mentioned last time from Ben + +18 +00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,370 +Johnson. John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, and + +19 +00:01:35,370 --> 00:01:37,790 +Alexander Pope. And I have to go through them just + +20 +00:01:37,790 --> 00:01:40,790 +to show you how serious this act of framing and + +21 +00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:44,110 +censorship is, how one poet who writes differently + +22 +00:01:44,110 --> 00:01:49,070 +can easily be kicked outside the canon because, in + +23 +00:01:49,070 --> 00:01:51,910 +a way, he could be a threat. So we have Ben + +24 +00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:54,790 +Johnson saying, John Donne deserved hanging. + +25 +00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:59,330 +That's very tough, very extreme. And that he would + +26 +00:01:59,330 --> 00:02:02,490 +perish for not being understood. It's funny here + +27 +00:02:02,490 --> 00:02:05,390 +that the critics of this time, 17th and 18th + +28 +00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:09,090 +century, those who came during the time of Dan and + +29 +00:02:09,090 --> 00:02:12,570 +after Dan, they appointed themselves as the + +30 +00:02:12,570 --> 00:02:16,210 +spokespeople for all readers around the world. So + +31 +00:02:16,210 --> 00:02:19,870 +when he says, for not being understood, John Donne + +32 +00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:24,080 +would perish, he's speaking for us. And then we + +33 +00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:27,660 +say, wait a minute. Don't speak for us. We read + +34 +00:02:27,660 --> 00:02:30,660 +his poetry. We enjoy his poetry. It's lovely. It's + +35 +00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:33,960 +different, at least. And then we have Dryden, who + +36 +00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:37,820 +says, John Donne, this is worse, because John + +37 +00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:41,000 +Dryden appoints himself as the speaker for women. + +38 +00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,580 +And he assumes that women will not be able to + +39 +00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,640 +understand John Donne's poetry. And he says, John + +40 +00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:54,040 +Donne perplexes, confuses. the mind of the fair + +41 +00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,000 +sex, of the women. And it's funny how he uses the + +42 +00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,840 +term fair sex. In a way, he's accusing John Donne + +43 +00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,000 +of being anti-feminist, I think, writing stuff so + +44 +00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,900 +he can confuse women. But because we are smart, we + +45 +00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,340 +don't take things for granted. We say, OK, Dryden, + +46 +00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:14,260 +just wait. Wait a minute. Calm down. First of all, + +47 +00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,100 +you're not a woman. You shouldn't be speaking for + +48 +00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:20,580 +women. Second of all, why are you assuming that + +49 +00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:24,370 +women are not smart? Why are you assuming that + +50 +00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:26,750 +women will not be able to understand this kind of + +51 +00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:30,770 +poetry? You are anti-feminist, not John Donne. And + +52 +00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:34,130 +indeed, and we saw this, John Donne's poetry gives + +53 +00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:38,150 +voice to the voiceless, to the women. John Donne's + +54 +00:03:38,150 --> 00:03:42,070 +poetry empowers women. Their presence in the + +55 +00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:45,590 +poetry is crucial. We discussed, we mentioned two + +56 +00:03:45,590 --> 00:03:50,190 +examples from two poems by Donne. Number one, The + +57 +00:03:50,190 --> 00:03:53,360 +Flea, remember? The woman doesn't speak exactly + +58 +00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,540 +like the woman in Marlow, but she's present. She's + +59 +00:03:56,540 --> 00:03:59,460 +active. When Don says, you, I, and the flea are + +60 +00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,000 +one, so let's get together, she's like, and she + +61 +00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,280 +kills the flea. She acts. She does the most + +62 +00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,620 +important thing. She outsmarts the poet in a way + +63 +00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,130 +or another. And in Forbidding Morning, another + +64 +00:04:13,130 --> 00:04:17,530 +poem when John Donne likens the relationship to a + +65 +00:04:17,530 --> 00:04:19,750 +stiff twin campuses. Remember the conceit? Very + +66 +00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:23,830 +important conceit. Stiff twin campuses. We see the + +67 +00:04:23,830 --> 00:04:28,790 +woman as the fixed, the firm foot. The woman holds + +68 +00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:32,510 +this relationship together. The woman is the + +69 +00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:37,030 +essence, the core. She's not marginalized here. + +70 +00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,840 +She is very strong, very powerful. So again, see + +71 +00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,720 +what I mean by framing here. When you read this, + +72 +00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:48,300 +oh, John Donne affects the metaphysics and + +73 +00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:52,200 +perplexes the minds of the first sex. We could + +74 +00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,880 +have a negative idea about John Donne. And that's + +75 +00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,600 +why my advice, always read what writers write, not + +76 +00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,640 +what people write about them. Go face to face with + +77 +00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,480 +people. Experience things for yourself, because + +78 +00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:10,100 +framing is everywhere. People talk about people. + +79 +00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:13,120 +Books talk about things. And I said this many + +80 +00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,040 +times. This book, for example, contains a lot of + +81 +00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:18,160 +the thing we described as whitewashing. Remember? + +82 +00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:25,880 +and censorship. For example, remember what + +83 +00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,460 +whitewashing means? To represent something in a + +84 +00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,040 +positive way. So here there is a lot of + +85 +00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:33,360 +colonialism, imperialism. And when we speak about + +86 +00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,860 +the English colonialism and imperialism, we speak + +87 +00:05:35,860 --> 00:05:40,560 +about the destruction of whole nations, the + +88 +00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,940 +massacres that took the lives, claimed the lives + +89 +00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:46,620 +of millions and millions of people. But what does + +90 +00:05:46,620 --> 00:05:49,800 +the book call this? It calls it colonial glory. + +91 +00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:58,930 +Colonial glory. This is whitewashing. So we're + +92 +00:05:58,930 --> 00:06:01,590 +training you in this course to be smart, to think + +93 +00:06:01,590 --> 00:06:04,450 +for yourself. Always take a step back. And when + +94 +00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:07,850 +you read a story, when you read something, ask + +95 +00:06:07,850 --> 00:06:10,890 +yourself three important questions, whether this + +96 +00:06:10,890 --> 00:06:14,470 +is a story, an article, or a text. Who is telling + +97 +00:06:14,470 --> 00:06:20,310 +the story? Who is telling the + +98 +00:06:20,310 --> 00:06:24,270 +story? That's question number one. Who is the + +99 +00:06:24,270 --> 00:06:27,510 +storyteller? You need to understand the + +100 +00:06:27,510 --> 00:06:29,850 +storyteller, the speaker here. Is he English? Is + +101 +00:06:29,850 --> 00:06:34,430 +he white? A woman? A man? Number two, who benefits + +102 +00:06:34,430 --> 00:06:35,210 +from the story? + +103 +00:06:42,750 --> 00:06:47,250 +Who does the story help? Which people generally? + +104 +00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:50,470 +This or that? The English people? The Irish + +105 +00:06:50,470 --> 00:06:52,670 +people? The Scottish people? Palestinians? + +106 +00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:59,350 +Israelis? Arabs? Muslims? Non-Muslims? And then + +107 +00:06:59,350 --> 00:07:01,510 +more importantly, who is missing? + +108 +00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:08,860 +from the story. This applies to stories in + +109 +00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:11,320 +particular, to books, to poems, everywhere. + +110 +00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,380 +Because when I write a story, when I tell you a + +111 +00:07:14,380 --> 00:07:16,540 +story, if something wrong happens here, takes + +112 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,960 +place, somebody breaks something, I'm sure we'll + +113 +00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:24,160 +have like 30 of you here. When I ask you to tell + +114 +00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,280 +me what happens, what has happened, I'll have 30 + +115 +00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,260 +stories. Some of you weren't paying attention. + +116 +00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,800 +Some of you didn't see everything. Some of you + +117 +00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,720 +were sitting far away in the back. But some of you + +118 +00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:41,080 +have the benefit from this, or they don't. So your + +119 +00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,840 +friend did it, so you just try to cover up for + +120 +00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:47,500 +her. Or someone you don't like did it, so you try + +121 +00:07:47,500 --> 00:07:51,000 +to expose her, to just point the finger accusation + +122 +00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:54,320 +at her. We all do this. And it happens at our + +123 +00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:59,680 +homes all the time. When kids fight, When kids + +124 +00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,900 +fight, they do trouble. They make, you know, as + +125 +00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:07,260 +they always do everywhere. We can never know who + +126 +00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:08,860 +is to blame. They are always fighting. When you + +127 +00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:10,700 +talk to Ali, for example, Ali, what's going on? + +128 +00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:12,660 +Why did you do? Why are you shouting? Why are you + +129 +00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:17,680 +fighting with Muhammad? He did this. Muhammad, why + +130 +00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,700 +did you do that? Because he first did something. + +131 +00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,540 +And it goes on a vicious circle, non-ending. You + +132 +00:08:23,540 --> 00:08:27,500 +never know who did what first. And kids do this + +133 +00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:31,800 +all the time, but grown-ups, countries. That's why + +134 +00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,580 +many people say major conflicts around the world + +135 +00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:39,780 +are conflicts on narrative, like Palestine. + +136 +00:08:39,900 --> 00:08:42,880 +Palestine belongs to the Palestinians. But the + +137 +00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:47,020 +Zionist movement did a lot and paid a lot of money + +138 +00:08:47,020 --> 00:08:51,830 +and billions of money, of dollars and stuff. just + +139 +00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:55,590 +to change the narrative, to present Palestine as a + +140 +00:08:55,590 --> 00:09:00,890 +land without people, a land that was empty, that + +141 +00:09:00,890 --> 00:09:05,150 +now belongs to those people and now belongs to + +142 +00:09:05,150 --> 00:09:09,450 +their grandsons and daughters. Narrative is very + +143 +00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:12,350 +important. We have to be careful who's telling us + +144 +00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:18,270 +what, who benefits, and who is missing. So here, + +145 +00:09:19,230 --> 00:09:23,190 +Jonathan is being negatively framed. Now Samuel + +146 +00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:25,410 +Johnson says Johnson uses a combination of + +147 +00:09:25,410 --> 00:09:29,470 +dissimilar images. His poetry is like there is a + +148 +00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:32,030 +poem about love, but why is God here in the poem? + +149 +00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:35,930 +Or a poem about God religion, but why is love + +150 +00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:41,010 +language there? Why does he use a stiff twin + +151 +00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:46,850 +compasses? What is a geometrical device? What is + +152 +00:09:46,850 --> 00:09:48,850 +he doing here in this? But again, remember, this + +153 +00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:51,090 +is John Donne bringing new imagery, original + +154 +00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:53,570 +imagery. He doesn't want to imitate. He doesn't + +155 +00:09:53,570 --> 00:09:57,150 +want to say, oh, you and I are like a rose and its + +156 +00:09:57,150 --> 00:10:01,540 +petals. Because this has been said many times. And + +157 +00:10:01,540 --> 00:10:04,620 +finally, no matter what those critics said about + +158 +00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,060 +John Donne, they all agreed that John Donne was + +159 +00:10:07,060 --> 00:10:11,680 +smart, was witty, a genius. He had this sharp wit + +160 +00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:14,360 +that makes him different, that makes him bring all + +161 +00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:18,560 +these genius conceits and images. However, and + +162 +00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,320 +again it's funny, Alexander Pope says, Donne has + +163 +00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:28,100 +no imagination. Donne has no imagination. And even + +164 +00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:34,490 +his wit? It's available for all poets. So even the + +165 +00:10:34,490 --> 00:10:37,210 +critics of Jonathan do not agree on a particular + +166 +00:10:37,210 --> 00:10:39,270 +reason why they should hear it. But then we come + +167 +00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,250 +to the conclusion that it's because they were + +168 +00:10:41,250 --> 00:10:43,330 +writing different poetry. They were breaking the + +169 +00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:48,230 +rules of decorum. Today, we'll speak about two + +170 +00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:51,350 +other metaphysical poets. We mentioned them + +171 +00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:54,950 +before, Andrew Marvell, And George Herbert. We had + +172 +00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:57,010 +an example from George Herbert before, the Easter + +173 +00:10:57,010 --> 00:11:00,150 +Wings. Remember that poem with the funny shape, + +174 +00:11:00,950 --> 00:11:05,010 +the Easter Wings? But we saw how the length of the + +175 +00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:08,730 +line has something to do with its meaning. God, + +176 +00:11:08,830 --> 00:11:13,390 +who created man in wealth and store, but that man + +177 +00:11:13,390 --> 00:11:17,880 +started to lose, decay, et cetera. Now, one of the + +178 +00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,240 +most important love poems in the history of + +179 +00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:22,880 +English literature, this is a canonical text by + +180 +00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:25,440 +Andrew Marvel. And Andrew Marvel, by the way, is + +181 +00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,820 +double L, not one L, OK? + +182 +00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:36,600 +So Andrew Marvel and his poem to his coy mistress. + +183 +00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:40,280 +And as the name suggests, look at the name, title. + +184 +00:11:41,540 --> 00:11:46,310 +You know coy? Coy means shy. So his mistress is + +185 +00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:50,810 +shy. And he's addressing her. This poem is + +186 +00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:53,930 +addressed to? His mistress. And she is? Shy. + +187 +00:11:54,270 --> 00:11:58,590 +Typical anti-feminist image, that women are shy + +188 +00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:01,990 +and timid, not courageous and powerful and + +189 +00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:05,950 +everything. And also notice this. He owns her. He + +190 +00:12:05,950 --> 00:12:09,950 +owns her. Thank you. It's like the woman is some + +191 +00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:14,490 +kind of property, commodity. He owns her. to his + +192 +00:12:14,490 --> 00:12:20,070 +coy mistress. Now, Andrew Marvel is not 100% + +193 +00:12:20,070 --> 00:12:22,170 +purely metaphysical, but he has some metaphysical + +194 +00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:25,250 +elements that we can probably trace here. Someone + +195 +00:12:25,250 --> 00:12:29,290 +read. Notice the ellipses here. What does this + +196 +00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:35,390 +mean? Dot, dot, dot. It means something deleted in + +197 +00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:37,930 +between. This is called ellipses, deletion. Go on, + +198 +00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:40,890 +please. You, yes. + +199 +00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,780 +It's winged actually, but in pottery, if you see + +200 +00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:56,980 +this, it means winged. It adds an extra syllable. + +201 +00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:01,260 +And you know why? For the meter. Winged, chariot. + +202 +00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,960 +Very good. Someone else, please, hint. + +203 +00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:23,600 +Winged, winged, winged, winged, hurrying, + +204 +00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,040 +near, yes please, happy, but not enough time, + +205 +00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:33,940 +sickness, coldness, leg were not fine, but at my + +206 +00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:37,020 +back I always have some winged + +207 +00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,380 +I like your musical reading of this. Had we bought + +208 +00:13:43,380 --> 00:13:47,780 +enough a world in a fun time, this coyness lady + +209 +00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,000 +were no crime. It's like ti-tum, ti-tum, ti-tum, + +210 +00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,960 +ti-tum. That's musical. That's the music of most + +211 +00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,940 +English poems, by the way. Had we bought world + +212 +00:13:57,940 --> 00:14:01,520 +enough on time, this coyness lady were no crime. + +213 +00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,500 +But at my back, I always hear times winged chariot + +214 +00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,790 +hurrying near. Finally, yeah, one more. + +215 +00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:16,190 +Here, + +216 +00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:25,590 +chariot, chariot hurrying, okay. Now, before we + +217 +00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:27,890 +comment on this, the metaphysicality of this poem, + +218 +00:14:28,190 --> 00:14:31,930 +what's going on here? Why do we have a verb before + +219 +00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:34,550 +the subject? Is this a question? This is called + +220 +00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:38,150 +subject-verb inversion. And it happens on three + +221 +00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:41,270 +major occasions. One of them is when you ask a + +222 +00:14:41,270 --> 00:14:45,650 +question. You say, where are you? What did he? Why + +223 +00:14:45,650 --> 00:14:50,950 +does she? So the verb comes before the subject. + +224 +00:14:51,420 --> 00:14:55,700 +The subject. But we have other occasions where we + +225 +00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:58,920 +invert the subject and the verb. We do this + +226 +00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,580 +generally for emphasis. To emphasize something. + +227 +00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,000 +True. But what happens grammatically speaking? + +228 +00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:11,320 +Grammar. You already studied two grammar courses. + +229 +00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:20,490 +Ah. Okay. So originally this is if. We had. Should + +230 +00:15:20,490 --> 00:15:24,670 +it be had or have? Is this present or past? + +231 +00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:27,910 +Because he says present, I always hear. + +232 +00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:34,250 +What's going on here? Okay, let's do some grammar. + +233 +00:15:35,330 --> 00:15:38,010 +But see how literature also brings vocabulary and + +234 +00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,050 +expressions and grammar and culture and politics + +235 +00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:45,990 +and everything. When we use F, we have several F + +236 +00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:49,550 +rules, conditional F. But the major three rules + +237 +00:15:49,550 --> 00:15:56,550 +are 1, 2, and 3. In rule number 2 and 3, F1, F2, + +238 +00:15:56,630 --> 00:16:01,560 +and 3, when you delete F, you have to invert the + +239 +00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,120 +subject and the verb. It's not when you delete, + +240 +00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:07,840 +actually. If you want to emphasize the statement, + +241 +00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:11,060 +a particular sentence, in if, you can delete if. + +242 +00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,120 +But if you do that, you have to invert the subject + +243 +00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,420 +and change the order of the subject and the word. + +244 +00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:23,120 +So in rule number one, when you say, if I have + +245 +00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:28,080 +time, I will help you. + +246 +00:16:31,020 --> 00:16:36,860 +This tense, the tense is present. The meaning is + +247 +00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:40,980 +present and future. But more important than this, + +248 +00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:44,180 +if you use rule number one, it means this is + +249 +00:16:44,180 --> 00:16:49,480 +likely to happen. It's possible. So when you + +250 +00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:52,680 +express a possibility using if, you should use + +251 +00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:57,520 +rule number one, generally. So you come, say, you + +252 +00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,500 +have a minute, and I say, I'm busy now, but if I + +253 +00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:05,500 +have time later, I will help you. If I use this, + +254 +00:17:05,580 --> 00:17:07,680 +I'm expressing my willingness to help you. + +255 +00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:16,620 +However, rule number two, if I had enough time or + +256 +00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:23,900 +time, I would help you. Listen to me. The tense + +257 +00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,540 +here, the tense is past, but the meaning is still + +258 +00:17:28,540 --> 00:17:35,350 +present. Oh, strange. Why? The rule says in + +259 +00:17:35,350 --> 00:17:38,790 +English grammar, we sometimes use the past simple + +260 +00:17:38,790 --> 00:17:41,970 +to speak about the present to express + +261 +00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,850 +impossibility. To say that something is it's not + +262 +00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:50,270 +impossible, unlikely to happen. So this one is + +263 +00:17:50,270 --> 00:17:57,140 +likely, and this one is unlikely to happen. There + +264 +00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:59,720 +is a strong possibility this could happen. There + +265 +00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:02,340 +is a strong possibility this couldn't happen. So + +266 +00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:06,740 +you come to me, you tell me, do you have a minute? + +267 +00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,520 +I say, I'm busy now. But if I had time later, I + +268 +00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,820 +would help you, meaning I'm going to be extremely + +269 +00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,780 +busy. Or I'm expressing unwillingness to help you. + +270 +00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:24,220 +So do you have money? I need to buy something. If + +271 +00:18:24,220 --> 00:18:27,840 +I have enough money, I will lend you. If I had + +272 +00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:32,300 +enough money, I will lend you. So probably, don't + +273 +00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,580 +count on me that much. And this is where we say + +274 +00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:38,980 +the famous expressions, if I were you. Can I be + +275 +00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:43,800 +you? No, almost impossible. I can't be you. You + +276 +00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:48,520 +are you. If something is going on in Jerusalem, + +277 +00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:53,240 +and you say, Someone is telling you, hey, Israeli + +278 +00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,940 +settlers are storming Al-Aqsa Mosque. And you say, + +279 +00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:02,560 +if I were there, I would defend Al-Aqsa. It's + +280 +00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:04,180 +unlikely to happen. It's almost impossible, + +281 +00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:06,200 +because you're here. Physically, you can't be + +282 +00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:12,020 +there. And in this rule, you could delete if. But + +283 +00:19:12,020 --> 00:19:14,760 +if you do this, there should be subject. And it's + +284 +00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:17,840 +more eloquent, more articulate, and more poetic, + +285 +00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,740 +and more emphatic, like you said. + +286 +00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:27,740 +So, had I more. If I were you, where are you? And + +287 +00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:30,840 +listen to this expression, if I were you. In + +288 +00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,320 +grammar we don't say I were, say I was. Here we + +289 +00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,680 +say I were, this is standard English. If you say I + +290 +00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:39,800 +was, it's okay, acceptable, but in standard + +291 +00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:41,560 +English it should be I were to express + +292 +00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,660 +impossibility. Now if you're talking about + +293 +00:19:44,660 --> 00:19:46,900 +something that happened in the past, already + +294 +00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:47,360 +unfinished, + +295 +00:19:51,730 --> 00:19:53,690 +Something that happened and finished, you use rule + +296 +00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:57,150 +number three. So this is present, present. The + +297 +00:19:57,150 --> 00:19:59,550 +meaning is present, present. The meaning is past. + +298 +00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:03,150 +This is the tense is present. The tense is past. + +299 +00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:08,910 +To express impossibility, almost something that is + +300 +00:20:08,910 --> 00:20:14,710 +unlikely. So here you say, if I had had time + +301 +00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,790 +yesterday, If I had had time yesterday, last + +302 +00:20:18,790 --> 00:20:25,030 +night, last week, I would have helped you. + +303 +00:20:25,450 --> 00:20:29,070 +Perfect. It will never happen. It will never + +304 +00:20:29,070 --> 00:20:30,670 +happen because the past is the past, unless + +305 +00:20:30,670 --> 00:20:35,190 +someone invents a time machine. And then it also + +306 +00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:38,350 +depends whether they are going to say if I have or + +307 +00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:43,630 +if I had. So don't waste your time inventing a + +308 +00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:47,200 +time machine probably. So the poet here is saying, + +309 +00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,040 +we don't have enough time. But he's a poet. Poets + +310 +00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,580 +don't say we don't have enough time. He's saying, + +311 +00:20:55,020 --> 00:21:00,900 +if we had time. Do we have time? Clearly unlikely. + +312 +00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:03,360 +So he's urging her. He's pushing her. He's + +313 +00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:06,320 +convincing her. This is another way of telling + +314 +00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,940 +her, come live with me and be my love. But this is + +315 +00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,060 +a metaphysical poet. He's not just offering her + +316 +00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:14,680 +things. He's using the argumentative style. + +317 +00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:17,660 +Remember Don? + +318 +00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:25,440 +Metaphysical poets are argument. They argue. When + +319 +00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,200 +John Donne says, you, I, the flea are one. What? + +320 +00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,500 +And then he argues how things go. You and I are + +321 +00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,660 +like stiff twin compasses. The conceit in the + +322 +00:21:37,660 --> 00:21:40,640 +stiff twin compasses. It's unlikely. And then he + +323 +00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,980 +elaborates in a way and then says, oh, that really + +324 +00:21:42,980 --> 00:21:47,940 +makes sense. So if we had enough world and time, + +325 +00:21:49,060 --> 00:21:52,220 +this coyness where, again, notice this coyness + +326 +00:21:52,220 --> 00:21:56,180 +generally was or is. Because this is if. We use + +327 +00:21:56,180 --> 00:21:58,500 +where just again to emphasize that that's + +328 +00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:03,600 +impossible. This coyness where no crime. Because + +329 +00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,040 +she's timid. She's shy. She's coy. He's telling + +330 +00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:11,000 +her stop being this. We don't have time. And + +331 +00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,220 +again, notice how the issue of time here as a + +332 +00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:19,320 +theme. Remember in the Renaissance, the poets were + +333 +00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:23,480 +obsessed with time. Time was destructive to + +334 +00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,380 +everything, to beauty, to people. There's always + +335 +00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:30,380 +this concern, the theme of the passing of time. + +336 +00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,680 +We've seen this in Shakespeare, and we see this + +337 +00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,840 +now. And it's repeated here. But at my back I + +338 +00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:41,620 +always hear. Because at my back, this is + +339 +00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:45,700 +metaphorical expression. Actually, there is no + +340 +00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,260 +chariot. Chariot means wagon, like a car or + +341 +00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:54,640 +vehicle. But this chariot is the chariot of time. + +342 +00:22:54,880 --> 00:23:01,060 +Beautiful metaphor. He likens time to a car, to a + +343 +00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:05,840 +train that is coming what? Very fast, because this + +344 +00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,280 +is time. Time is rushing. So we don't have time to + +345 +00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,600 +waste. So come live with me and be my love. Be + +346 +00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,720 +mine. You don't have time to be shy. If you are + +347 +00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,500 +shy now, this year, next year, the years to come, + +348 +00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,700 +all of a sudden you will open your eyes and you + +349 +00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,660 +are 50, 60, you are old, and your fairness, your + +350 +00:23:25,660 --> 00:23:30,730 +beauty, everything, you lose. Very beautiful + +351 +00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:32,970 +argumentative style. This is not a pure + +352 +00:23:32,970 --> 00:23:36,670 +metaphysical poem, but there are metaphysical + +353 +00:23:36,670 --> 00:23:39,570 +features. And this is the only extract we're going + +354 +00:23:39,570 --> 00:23:42,390 +to study. Go to YouTube, listen to the whole poem. + +355 +00:23:42,510 --> 00:23:46,490 +Really beautiful. And this is Andrew Marvell. + +356 +00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,470 +There is a love poem here. And the personal + +357 +00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:52,750 +experience, there's dramatization of this. + +358 +00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:55,570 +Probably another feature is how this tiny little + +359 +00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:57,770 +experience is dramatized. + +360 +00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:05,570 +This could be like a sonnet, sorry, a soliloquy of + +361 +00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:10,030 +Shakespeare, an internal monologue. Someone had we + +362 +00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:14,070 +bought enough gold and time. This coin, this lady, + +363 +00:24:14,330 --> 00:24:17,910 +were no crime. Could be a monologue like the ones + +364 +00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:20,350 +we studied in Shakespeare. This is called + +365 +00:24:20,350 --> 00:24:23,290 +dramatization. When a tiny little experience is + +366 +00:24:23,290 --> 00:24:27,050 +dramatized, like John Donne always does in The Sun + +367 +00:24:27,050 --> 00:24:31,120 +Rising and the sonnets we studied. Any question, + +368 +00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:31,740 +any comment? + +369 +00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:39,460 +You want to add something, to ask something? What + +370 +00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,700 +do you think of the rhyme scheme? Couplets, + +371 +00:24:44,180 --> 00:24:49,300 +couplets, yeah, yeah, couplets, please. Very good. + +372 +00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,020 +This is couplets. Generally, we'll study another + +373 +00:24:53,020 --> 00:24:56,140 +poem for Marvel, and he goes for this. He likes + +374 +00:24:56,140 --> 00:24:58,620 +this style, couplets, couplets, couplets, because + +375 +00:24:58,620 --> 00:25:02,780 +they became very famous later on. Let's move to + +376 +00:25:02,780 --> 00:25:06,700 +another text, metaphysical text, the final text, + +377 +00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:09,900 +metaphysical text for today. And it's by our + +378 +00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,580 +friend George + +379 +00:25:13,580 --> 00:25:16,880 +Herbert. Herbert is very interesting, very good. + +380 +00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,020 +By the way, he's a very religious poet. He wrote + +381 +00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:22,740 +very beautiful religious poetry. And I always + +382 +00:25:22,740 --> 00:25:28,620 +remember him by the Easter Wings poem that has the + +383 +00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:32,540 +shape of a bird. This poem is called The Color. + +384 +00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,460 +And this is The Color. The Color. I don't have a + +385 +00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:37,640 +color. Anyway, this is The Color, like when you + +386 +00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:42,040 +have a T-shirt and it has a color here. There's a + +387 +00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,020 +lot to say here. But to be brief, there's a play + +388 +00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:48,080 +on words. The color is what priests do. Monks, + +389 +00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:49,740 +religious people in the church, they have a + +390 +00:25:49,740 --> 00:25:55,140 +particular color. The color signals that they are + +391 +00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:57,280 +religious. They are dedicated to God. They love + +392 +00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:02,420 +God. But also, a color could be this device that + +393 +00:26:02,420 --> 00:26:06,520 +you put to control animals from their necks, like + +394 +00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,900 +dogs. Or if you have a lion pit at home, that's + +395 +00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:16,090 +the color in a way. So again, we can't study whole + +396 +00:26:16,090 --> 00:26:18,410 +poems in this course, generally, because this is + +397 +00:26:18,410 --> 00:26:21,990 +only a brief introduction to things. So this means + +398 +00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:27,130 +there is ellipsis here. As a matter of fact, the + +399 +00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:30,330 +first two lines and then the last final four + +400 +00:26:30,330 --> 00:26:33,370 +lines. What do you think? Before reading, are you + +401 +00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:36,470 +going to recognize this as a metaphysical poem? + +402 +00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:42,220 +Yes. Why? The structure. The structure. The + +403 +00:26:42,220 --> 00:26:46,160 +structure of the poem is unique, is different. + +404 +00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:54,580 +See, we have here how many? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, + +405 +00:26:54,660 --> 00:27:00,340 +8. Here, 1, 2, 3, 4. From four feet to two feet. + +406 +00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:04,540 +And I think here he goes for five. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, + +407 +00:27:04,740 --> 00:27:13,260 +6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Five feet. Listen, a friend of + +408 +00:27:13,260 --> 00:27:16,180 +yours in the other group asked me about Tamim El + +409 +00:27:16,180 --> 00:27:20,920 +Barghouti's poem, Falquds. And I told her Tamim's + +410 +00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,160 +poem is the perfect example to explain how the + +411 +00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,180 +shape of the poem helps its meaning. Do you know + +412 +00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:33,240 +how the poem begins? Someone recited the poem + +413 +00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,420 +before here. Where is she? Is she absent? Yeah, + +414 +00:27:36,460 --> 00:27:38,100 +exactly. It starts with classical poetry. + +415 +00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:48,440 +You know, + +416 +00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,900 +standing at the ruins and you just reminiscing and + +417 +00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:54,280 +remember the good old days. + +418 +00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:08,060 +So he starts with a classical Arab poem. + +419 +00:28:08,740 --> 00:28:12,560 +In a way, in my opinion, he's telling us that this + +420 +00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,360 +is the Arab culture, the poetry, this kind of + +421 +00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,780 +poetry, exactly as this city Jerusalem belongs to + +422 +00:28:19,780 --> 00:28:24,490 +Palestinians, to the Arabs. Okay? So, and probably + +423 +00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,810 +if we want to get it back, to have it back, to + +424 +00:28:26,810 --> 00:28:29,910 +struggle for it, we have to go back to our roots, + +425 +00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:35,150 +to our, you know, as proud Arabs, owners of the + +426 +00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:38,490 +land regardless of our religions here. The moment + +427 +00:28:38,490 --> 00:28:41,890 +Tamim shifts from talking about Jerusalem as a + +428 +00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:45,610 +city that should belong to us, Palestinians, to + +429 +00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:49,370 +speak about the Zionist occupiers, the whole + +430 +00:28:49,370 --> 00:28:51,410 +structure of the poem changes. + +431 +00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,360 +So he shifts from classical to some kind of blank + +432 +00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,560 +verse or sometimes even free verse. No rules. + +433 +00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:03,920 +Because when the Israelis, like when Israel was + +434 +00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,920 +established, they broke all the rules. They + +435 +00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:09,960 +destroyed the country. They destroyed the life + +436 +00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,620 +here. They destroyed the lives of the people, the + +437 +00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:17,630 +city. So the poem itself doesn't have rules here. + +438 +00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:23,370 +What does he say in the second stanza? Look at + +439 +00:29:23,370 --> 00:29:24,830 +this, very long line. + +440 +00:29:27,650 --> 00:29:31,210 +So you + +441 +00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:34,150 +can take a whole long circle and the line still + +442 +00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:39,850 +doesn't finish. And he goes on and on, and almost + +443 +00:29:39,850 --> 00:29:45,310 +everything is broken here. Because now the + +444 +00:29:45,310 --> 00:29:48,470 +intruders, the occupiers are controlling the city. + +445 +00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:50,610 +And now this is a religious poem by Herbert. + +446 +00:29:50,730 --> 00:29:55,110 +Herbert generally religious poetry. What's going + +447 +00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:57,210 +on here? What is he saying? What is struck? What + +448 +00:29:57,210 --> 00:30:02,230 +does struck mean? Struck comes from? Strike. + +449 +00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:09,520 +Remember poetry used to be cool, nice, beautiful, + +450 +00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:13,240 +sweet? But now there is a lot of drama. There's + +451 +00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,230 +dramatization. That's the second feature. So the + +452 +00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,210 +new form that has the meaning. Here we have a + +453 +00:30:19,210 --> 00:30:21,510 +person who is what? What is he doing? He's + +454 +00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:24,530 +striking the board. Not board, probably a table or + +455 +00:30:24,530 --> 00:30:28,210 +this board. And what is he doing? Shouting. What + +456 +00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:30,890 +is he shouting? I will abort. Look at the + +457 +00:30:30,890 --> 00:30:33,610 +exclamation mark. He's angry. He's shouting. If + +458 +00:30:33,610 --> 00:30:35,850 +someone is shouting, he can't control his emotions + +459 +00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,470 +and feelings. And that's why he can't control the + +460 +00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,330 +shape and the structure of the poem. If the poem + +461 +00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:44,430 +has a well-structured form, it's going to be + +462 +00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:47,010 +awkward. It's going to be, in a way, restricting. + +463 +00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:49,830 +He's not going to express himself the way he + +464 +00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:53,770 +should. So, I struck the board and cried no more. + +465 +00:30:54,150 --> 00:30:59,590 +I will abroad. An angry speaker, an angry poet. He + +466 +00:30:59,590 --> 00:31:03,370 +hates the rules. He hates the color. He hates the + +467 +00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:05,950 +fact that he's being obedient to God. He wants to + +468 +00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:09,050 +get rid of this. He wants to go out, away, to free + +469 +00:31:09,050 --> 00:31:12,840 +himself. exactly like the way he's breaking the + +470 +00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,460 +rules of decorum, the rules of poetry here. So + +471 +00:31:15,460 --> 00:31:18,360 +this is connected very much to the idea. What is + +472 +00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,080 +the poet doing? He's angry. He's shouting. He + +473 +00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:26,280 +wants more freedom. He wants to free himself. And + +474 +00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,740 +look at the longest line when he says, but as I + +475 +00:31:28,740 --> 00:31:33,400 +raved and grew. This is growing. He grew angrier + +476 +00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:38,900 +and angrier. More fierce and wild. I was very + +477 +00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:46,170 +angry. I hated my life. At every word, me thought, + +478 +00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:50,810 +it's all actually me thoughts. It means it seems. + +479 +00:31:52,170 --> 00:31:57,710 +I thought. It seems closer. It's a Middle English + +480 +00:31:57,710 --> 00:32:00,810 +word. It's not used commonly nowadays. Me thinks + +481 +00:32:00,810 --> 00:32:05,510 +and me thoughts. I heard one call or calling + +482 +00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:09,570 +child. So he's angry because God is ignoring him. + +483 +00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650 +He's suffering. He's sacrificing many things. And + +484 +00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,510 +God doesn't care about him. But because God is + +485 +00:32:16,510 --> 00:32:22,080 +loving, God is merciful, He answers his prayer and + +486 +00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:27,160 +God says, child. And it takes only one word from + +487 +00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,640 +God and the poet is going back to being what? And + +488 +00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,400 +I replied, my Lord. He's going back to God. And + +489 +00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,840 +the way The poem started angry. This anger is + +490 +00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,680 +clear in the choice of words in the structure. But + +491 +00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,400 +at the end, it ends in a calm, quiet, peaceful + +492 +00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,040 +tone. And this is reflected on the choice of + +493 +00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:50,340 +words. And I replied. I didn't shout. I didn't + +494 +00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:56,300 +cry. I replied, my lord, in a way. The fact that + +495 +00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,180 +the poet is dealing with God as a close friend, as + +496 +00:32:59,180 --> 00:33:00,820 +an intimate friend, is a metaphysical feature. + +497 +00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:06,990 +Remember, batter my heart, three-person God? God + +498 +00:33:06,990 --> 00:33:10,270 +is no longer, for the metaphysicals, is no longer + +499 +00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:13,370 +the fearful God that people feared because they + +500 +00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:15,890 +thought he's destructive and vengeful. For the + +501 +00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:19,710 +metaphysicals, he's like a friend, a close friend, + +502 +00:33:19,810 --> 00:33:22,690 +an intimate friend. They talk to him. If you are + +503 +00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:26,210 +angry, you can be angry. But you can't always go + +504 +00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:29,540 +back when you feel like it. This is George + +505 +00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:32,980 +Herbert. Beautiful. I love how the structure, + +506 +00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:35,740 +maybe I'll ask you this question in the exam. How + +507 +00:33:35,740 --> 00:33:41,260 +does the structure of this reveal or reflect its + +508 +00:33:41,260 --> 00:33:46,220 +meaning? Number one, the poem doesn't have a fixed + +509 +00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:52,040 +structure. What is fixed? Classical. structure, + +510 +00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,200 +like where the lines have the same length and + +511 +00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,300 +probably the rhyme scheme. Do we have a rhyme, a + +512 +00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:01,120 +particular rhyme scheme here? Yeah, here, but not + +513 +00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,720 +here, maybe. Wild, child, word, and lord, they + +514 +00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,480 +don't perfectly rhyme, but they work. + +515 +00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,860 +So you'd say, the poet here is angry, he's + +516 +00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:16,500 +nervous, he's shouting, he's crying. He wants to + +517 +00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:18,700 +free himself from the collar. He wants to take the + +518 +00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:23,900 +collar out, to throw it away and be free. And the + +519 +00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:30,200 +shape of the poem is closely connected to this. He + +520 +00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,380 +hates the rules, so he doesn't follow them in the + +521 +00:34:32,380 --> 00:34:37,270 +poetry. If he follows the rules, if he writes a + +522 +00:34:37,270 --> 00:34:39,490 +poem with the same lines, with the same length, + +523 +00:34:39,590 --> 00:34:43,670 +it's going to be restricting. To restrict his + +524 +00:34:43,670 --> 00:34:47,130 +movement, restrict his expression. So the form + +525 +00:34:47,130 --> 00:34:50,750 +here, and this is a metaphysical feature. The idea + +526 +00:34:50,750 --> 00:34:55,410 +comes first. The idea comes first, and then the + +527 +00:34:55,410 --> 00:35:01,370 +rule. Not vice versa. The meaning is more + +528 +00:35:01,370 --> 00:35:06,090 +important than the rule. So what is he doing? He's + +529 +00:35:06,090 --> 00:35:09,550 +expressing his anger. Can I tell that he's angry? + +530 +00:35:09,930 --> 00:35:12,470 +Yes, the choice of words, the language, the + +531 +00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:20,230 +crying, and the loose form of the poem. Please. + +532 +00:35:20,730 --> 00:35:23,130 +Let us suppose that two lines have the same + +533 +00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:26,570 +meaning. Can you call them apart? We are here. + +534 +00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:38,600 +Generally, the strict definition of a couplet, two + +535 +00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,660 +lines with the same rhyme, the same topic, and + +536 +00:35:41,660 --> 00:35:46,360 +iambic pentameter, like five feet. That's the + +537 +00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,640 +strict definition. But more or less, it could be. + +538 +00:35:49,470 --> 00:35:52,330 +But generally, a couplet has this. They talk about + +539 +00:35:52,330 --> 00:35:55,250 +the two lines, talk about the same thing. Like in + +540 +00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:56,990 +Shakespeare, so long as men can breathe, their + +541 +00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:58,730 +eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives + +542 +00:35:58,730 --> 00:36:02,530 +life to thee. Like Marvel just now, had we bought + +543 +00:36:02,530 --> 00:36:05,550 +enough world and time, this coyonist lady would + +544 +00:36:05,550 --> 00:36:11,090 +wear no crime. But basically, yeah, it's not a big + +545 +00:36:11,090 --> 00:36:15,210 +deal. Child and Lord could be inverted crime? No. + +546 +00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,030 +Maybe. But yeah, actually, this goes with this. + +547 +00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:29,460 +And this is word, and this is lord, imperfect. But + +548 +00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:32,700 +here and here. But I like the da sound. The da + +549 +00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,800 +sound is, in a way, violent sound. Lord, child, + +550 +00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:41,620 +wild, bored. + +551 +00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,840 +There is movement here. There's action. And this + +552 +00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,260 +action is clear in the choice of words. + +553 +00:36:51,210 --> 00:36:55,510 +I'll move to something else. The cavalier poets + +554 +00:36:55,510 --> 00:37:00,750 +will speak briefly about these two poets, because + +555 +00:37:00,750 --> 00:37:03,650 +next class, or probably the class after, we can + +556 +00:37:03,650 --> 00:37:07,970 +elaborate on them. So we're done with the + +557 +00:37:07,970 --> 00:37:13,710 +metaphysicals. Very interesting poets. + +558 +00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,180 +The cavaliers were the supporters of the king. + +559 +00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:24,280 +They were close to the king. And on the other + +560 +00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,700 +hand, we have the Puritans. Remember the Puritans, + +561 +00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:29,580 +what they did to the drama? What did they do? They + +562 +00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:34,860 +closed the theater. We'll see what they do next + +563 +00:37:34,860 --> 00:37:40,280 +class. Spoiler alert. They execute the king for + +564 +00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,020 +the first time. Remember, the king was only killed + +565 +00:37:44,020 --> 00:37:48,980 +in Shakespeare's plays. But fiction became a + +566 +00:37:48,980 --> 00:37:52,340 +reality. We'll talk about this probably next week. + +567 +00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:55,780 +So if you look at this, the poetry of those + +568 +00:37:55,780 --> 00:38:00,140 +people, it was generally simpler than metaphysical + +569 +00:38:00,140 --> 00:38:02,040 +poetry, and even simpler than Shakespeare and + +570 +00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,720 +other poets. It was direct. It was much connected + +571 +00:38:04,720 --> 00:38:07,420 +to life. It speaks about personal experiences, + +572 +00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:10,200 +about the passing of time, about love. And more + +573 +00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,540 +importantly, there are poems about politics. And + +574 +00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:16,570 +we'll see how this develops later on. Now + +575 +00:38:16,570 --> 00:38:19,550 +political poems started to be part of the English + +576 +00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,830 +literature because of the political turmoil and + +577 +00:38:22,830 --> 00:38:27,070 +restlessness. Herrick's poem, Counsel to Girls, + +578 +00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:29,510 +Advice to Girls, sounds interesting. Maybe you can + +579 +00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:34,730 +look it up. He's saying, gather ye, ye here means + +580 +00:38:34,730 --> 00:38:39,110 +you, rosebuds while you may. And by the way, this + +581 +00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:40,870 +is an English proverb now, it's very famous. + +582 +00:38:41,730 --> 00:38:45,030 +Gather your rosebuds while you may. You know the + +583 +00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:48,010 +bud? When you have a rose that's starting to + +584 +00:38:48,010 --> 00:38:51,550 +blossom? The bud, the tiny little thing here. + +585 +00:38:53,290 --> 00:38:56,010 +Again, this is about time. There's a concern about + +586 +00:38:56,010 --> 00:38:59,650 +the passing of time here. It means that don't put + +587 +00:38:59,650 --> 00:39:03,730 +off till tomorrow what you can do today. Do it + +588 +00:39:03,730 --> 00:39:07,530 +while you are young, while you are youthful. Don't + +589 +00:39:07,530 --> 00:39:10,970 +wait because we all age and we lose our + +590 +00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:15,800 +youthfulness. But this is more beautiful to me. + +591 +00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:19,680 +Can someone read the second bit by, again, the + +592 +00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,300 +poet is Richard Loveless. Very interesting name. + +593 +00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:27,700 +You know what less means? Sho less? Loveless. I + +594 +00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,640 +don't know what that could possibly mean. To + +595 +00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,820 +Althea from? Prison. Clearly this is someone who + +596 +00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:38,550 +is in prison, and this is a political poem. As + +597 +00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:40,710 +Palestinians, we have a lot of prison literature. + +598 +00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:43,090 +There's something called, a whole genre called + +599 +00:39:43,090 --> 00:39:47,750 +prison literature. Very adab al-sujoon. Different + +600 +00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,490 +from resistance literature. But prison literature + +601 +00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:52,530 +for us as Palestinians is also resistance + +602 +00:39:52,530 --> 00:39:56,050 +literature generally. Because we are not + +603 +00:39:56,050 --> 00:39:57,690 +imprisoned by our own government generally, + +604 +00:39:57,790 --> 00:40:00,810 +although sometimes we are. It's the occupation, + +605 +00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:03,770 +the colonizers. Read please. + +606 +00:40:08,050 --> 00:40:09,710 +Very good. Yeah. + +607 +00:40:15,250 --> 00:40:16,250 +One more. + +608 +00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:23,430 +Nor iron bars a cage in India. + +609 +00:40:28,210 --> 00:40:31,890 +Very good. How does this translate into Arabic? + +610 +00:40:32,010 --> 00:40:34,250 +Can you translate this into Arabic? Into good + +611 +00:40:34,250 --> 00:40:37,200 +Arabic? What do you think? Do you like this? Do + +612 +00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,520 +you like it? When I first read this, honestly, I + +613 +00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,720 +thought it's something that somebody wrote just + +614 +00:40:42,720 --> 00:40:50,260 +now, 21st century. Because it's relevant to what + +615 +00:40:50,260 --> 00:40:53,340 +we have now as Palestinians. And that's the beauty + +616 +00:40:53,340 --> 00:40:56,620 +of poetry. Poetry breaks all the barriers of time + +617 +00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,360 +and land race. And that's why we love poetry, + +618 +00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,040 +regardless of when or where. Yes? + +619 +00:41:06,670 --> 00:41:10,250 +Very good, beautiful translation. You're good with + +620 +00:41:10,250 --> 00:41:13,870 +words. Someone else has another translation? The + +621 +00:41:13,870 --> 00:41:14,150 +same? + +622 +00:41:18,650 --> 00:41:24,310 +Also very beautiful, very beautiful. So stone + +623 +00:41:24,310 --> 00:41:28,690 +walls don't a prison make. Notice here it should + +624 +00:41:28,690 --> 00:41:30,570 +be don't make a prison, but that's poetic. + +625 +00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,440 +Why is this man happy in prison? Why? Why would + +626 +00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,160 +you be like this? + +627 +00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:46,420 +Okay, + +628 +00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:53,820 +I like your interpretation. So as long as you + +629 +00:41:53,820 --> 00:41:58,920 +write poetry, you are a free man. Only in your + +630 +00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:03,060 +poetry? What else? Thank you very much. If you are + +631 +00:42:03,060 --> 00:42:05,680 +in prison because you struggle, you fight for your + +632 +00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,580 +country, you defend your own people, your rights, + +633 +00:42:09,220 --> 00:42:13,440 +you are a free person. You are a free man. You are + +634 +00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:19,420 +a free woman. Even if you are in a cell with stone + +635 +00:42:19,420 --> 00:42:25,770 +walls and bars, iron bars. It's the spirit that is + +636 +00:42:25,770 --> 00:42:29,510 +free. And this political concern in literature + +637 +00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:31,850 +will develop later on in the commonwealth and + +638 +00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,210 +restoration literature. So if you want to comment + +639 +00:42:34,210 --> 00:42:38,350 +on this, this is an extract from Richard Lovelace + +640 +00:42:38,350 --> 00:42:43,530 +to Althea from prison, in which he's expressing a + +641 +00:42:43,530 --> 00:42:47,610 +political idea, sending a political message that + +642 +00:42:47,610 --> 00:42:50,130 +as long as he struggles, he fights for his + +643 +00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:55,530 +country, He's a free man, no matter what happens + +644 +00:42:55,530 --> 00:42:58,490 +to him. Because if he fights for others, if he + +645 +00:42:58,490 --> 00:43:01,370 +defends others, if his country is free, + +646 +00:43:01,950 --> 00:43:05,010 +struggling, resisting oppression and injustices, + +647 +00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:11,870 +he's also a free man, even if he is in prison. You + +648 +00:43:11,870 --> 00:43:14,570 +said that the cavaliers are a group of people that + +649 +00:43:14,570 --> 00:43:18,460 +support the king, but how does this work? We'll + +650 +00:43:18,460 --> 00:43:21,820 +elaborate on this later on, yeah. Because for the + +651 +00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:25,400 +first time here, there was a major division in + +652 +00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,320 +England between two political parties. In the + +653 +00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:32,140 +past, it was generally, oh, we love the queen. Oh, + +654 +00:43:32,180 --> 00:43:35,120 +we love the king. Sweet Tim runs softly till I end + +655 +00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:37,780 +my song. But now, because of politics, we have + +656 +00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:40,420 +political parties. So you support this political + +657 +00:43:40,420 --> 00:43:42,900 +party against this political party, and then there + +658 +00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,660 +is trouble. Because when the king was executed, + +659 +00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:51,840 +those people probably will be put in prison + +660 +00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,200 +because they still support the king by the other + +661 +00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:55,720 +party. + +662 +00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,240 +Yeah, the Puritans. We'll speak about the Puritans + +663 +00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:05,700 +probably next week. So I'll stop here. Does anyone + +664 +00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:10,920 +have a question? So we finish? Yeah, please. + +665 +00:44:15,470 --> 00:44:19,630 +So back to grammar, yeah. Say it again. Yes, in a + +666 +00:44:19,630 --> 00:44:21,890 +third condition, yes. And I used this expression + +667 +00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:24,310 +before. I'm not sure if you paid attention, any of + +668 +00:44:24,310 --> 00:44:26,410 +you. When I spoke about Marlow, do you remember + +669 +00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:28,050 +what I said about Marlow? First thing I said about + +670 +00:44:28,050 --> 00:44:32,050 +Marlow. Before that. + +671 +00:44:34,490 --> 00:44:39,570 +I said he died young. Before Shakespeare, + +672 +00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:42,910 +Shakespeare was starting his career. I said had he + +673 +00:44:42,910 --> 00:44:47,070 +lived longer, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, + +674 +00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,030 +according to some critics. Meaning, if he had... + +675 +00:44:52,030 --> 00:44:54,830 +So sometimes I use some grammatical expressions + +676 +00:44:54,830 --> 00:44:57,830 +for you to pay attention to. Thank you very much, + +677 +00:44:58,170 --> 00:45:02,750 +ladies. We can continue talking about this age + +678 +00:45:02,750 --> 00:45:04,890 +next class. We speak about prose. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb122109d35ed057e50d96bc0dd20157f414c75a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2460 @@ +1 +00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:25,970 +Hello everyone and welcome back to our journey + +2 +00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:30,170 +into the history of English literature and + +3 +00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:32,230 +introductory course to students of the Islamic + +4 +00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:39,170 +University of English department in Gaza. So when + +5 +00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:41,970 +we studied Shakespeare as a dramatist and as a + +6 +00:00:41,970 --> 00:00:45,230 +poet, we moved on to speak about more dramatists + +7 +00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:49,650 +in the golden age of drama, the age of Queen + +8 +00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:55,630 +Elizabeth and King James I, the heyday of the + +9 +00:00:55,630 --> 00:00:59,170 +golden age of drama. Shakespeare was one of + +10 +00:00:59,170 --> 00:01:01,530 +several dramatists and playwrights of that time. + +11 +00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:05,230 +Last time we discussed two important names. Can + +12 +00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:09,270 +you remind me? Christopher Marlowe and Ben + +13 +00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:12,550 +Johnson. And Ben Johnson. What's the major + +14 +00:01:12,550 --> 00:01:15,690 +difference between Marlowe and Shakespeare? + +15 +00:01:16,210 --> 00:01:19,830 +Please. Marlowe shared the university. Okay. + +16 +00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:27,770 +So number one Christopher Marlowe was a university + +17 +00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:31,450 +wit and a university graduate and this term + +18 +00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:36,170 +university wits describes people writers authors + +19 +00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:40,590 +who studied at either oxford or cambridge no + +20 +00:01:40,590 --> 00:01:43,750 +harvard yes the second major difference please + +21 +00:01:43,750 --> 00:01:46,710 +Marlowe gives every character a highly poetic + +22 +00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:49,670 +language okay very good and that's influenced by + +23 +00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:53,640 +his Education. Interesting. I like how you link + +24 +00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:55,880 +between his studies and the fact that he insists + +25 +00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,400 +on a particular style. Not sure if you heard this + +26 +00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,920 +story about Abu Tamam, the famous Arab poet. Many + +27 +00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,400 +told him, Abu Tamam, why do you keep writing + +28 +00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,520 +highly sophisticated, elite poetry that not many + +29 +00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,970 +people can understand? Why don't you write + +30 +00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,770 +ordinary poetry so people can understand? All + +31 +00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:20,670 +people. He said, why don't people understand my + +32 +00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,450 +highly sophisticated poetry? So there are trends + +33 +00:02:24,450 --> 00:02:27,910 +and attitude. Some people want to write everything + +34 +00:02:27,910 --> 00:02:30,610 +poetic, but some people want to write for + +35 +00:02:30,610 --> 00:02:35,570 +different audiences. OK, we have two major works + +36 +00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:38,690 +for Marlow. Remember, Marlow preceded Shakespeare. + +37 +00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:43,360 +For so many, Shakespeare learned from and was + +38 +00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,300 +inspired by Marlow, especially his play, + +39 +00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,980 +The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta, where + +40 +00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:56,360 +Barabbas, remember? A Jewish character is the main + +41 +00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,960 +character, and we compared Barabbas to Shylock in + +42 +00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:03,520 +a way. Can someone give me more insight about + +43 +00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,180 +this, the differences between Barabbas and, + +44 +00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:13,350 +please. Part of us were very deep evil, but + +45 +00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,490 +Shylock in some situations you can feel sorry + +46 +00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:23,730 +about him and something like that, but part of us + +47 +00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:29,730 +was even used his daughter in his revenge. How + +48 +00:03:29,730 --> 00:03:35,030 +evil is that? So in a way Shakespeare humanizes + +49 +00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:40,090 +the outsider, intruder, the Jewish man in the + +50 +00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:43,930 +Christian community. He humanizes him. Sometimes + +51 +00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:47,830 +we feel sorry for him, for what happens to him. + +52 +00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:55,190 +But Barabbas is almost complete evil. Someone who + +53 +00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:59,030 +uses his own daughter as a sex object. + +54 +00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,480 +to seduce someone so people can kill themselves. + +55 +00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,740 +And when she refuses, like later on, when she + +56 +00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:12,480 +realizes how evil her father was, what does he do + +57 +00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:18,900 +to her? He poisons her. He kills her. Causes the + +58 +00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:21,800 +death of many people. What else can you say about + +59 +00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:27,360 +Barabas and Shylock, please? No, no, Barabas and + +60 +00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:30,100 +Shylock. + +61 +00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:38,570 +which is more, in a way, more artistic. Because in + +62 +00:04:38,570 --> 00:04:40,370 +literature, listen, there's no, there shouldn't be + +63 +00:04:40,370 --> 00:04:43,910 +absolute evil in literature. If characters are too + +64 +00:04:43,910 --> 00:04:45,450 +good or too bad, + +65 +00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:51,370 +but if it is a bad character who does good things + +66 +00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:56,090 +or a good character who does bad things, we kind + +67 +00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:59,230 +of, in a way, relate sometimes. It's similar to + +68 +00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:01,690 +us. Because if they are too good, too bad, it's + +69 +00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:08,050 +like angels and demons or the devil. So + +70 +00:05:08,050 --> 00:05:11,630 +Shakespeare is more colorful. And the same thing + +71 +00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:15,470 +happens for Othello, more colorful. Ethelmore, the + +72 +00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:18,450 +black character in The Jew of Malta, is also in a + +73 +00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:21,470 +way, in so many ways, is pure evil because he + +74 +00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:26,460 +helps. It's more to kill as many people as + +75 +00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:29,920 +possible. So this is a tragedy. There's blood, + +76 +00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:30,800 +there's revenge. + +77 +00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,760 +What else did we say about Marlow? More? Marlow? + +78 +00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:45,920 +Yeah? Marlow. You like the masks. Tell us about + +79 +00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:53,160 +the masks. Yeah, okay. Okay, the masks. The plays + +80 +00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:54,980 +that are presented in the mosque, they are + +81 +00:05:54,980 --> 00:05:58,200 +presented for kings and queens and royal families. + +82 +00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,220 +Also they are presented for one time, only once. + +83 +00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:10,220 +It's been acted. Not professional actors, but + +84 +00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:13,640 +members of the royal and noble families. What do + +85 +00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,560 +we learn from the mosques? What does it indicate + +86 +00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:21,640 +about how the king, because the mosques became + +87 +00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,660 +famous during the reign of King James I, who + +88 +00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:29,800 +succeeded Queen Elizabeth. What does it tell us + +89 +00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,120 +about literature and literal production of that + +90 +00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,940 +time? The mosque. Kings appreciate literature and + +91 +00:06:36,940 --> 00:06:40,160 +doctrine. Remember King Alfred in the Middle Ages? + +92 +00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:46,330 +Yes. Now, in the old English literature, we saw + +93 +00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,170 +the church taking care of a lot of writing down + +94 +00:06:49,170 --> 00:06:52,310 +many of the poems. And now the kings, the royal + +95 +00:06:52,310 --> 00:06:54,550 +family, the monarchy in general started paying + +96 +00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:57,130 +more attention to literature because literature is + +97 +00:06:57,130 --> 00:06:59,430 +powerful, it's important. Because literature can + +98 +00:06:59,430 --> 00:07:02,710 +change the way we think, the way we behave, the + +99 +00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:05,850 +way we react. So they realized that they have to + +100 +00:07:05,850 --> 00:07:09,050 +bring many poets and playwrights closer to them + +101 +00:07:09,050 --> 00:07:11,750 +and they became their patrons. They would give + +102 +00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:14,270 +them money and provide them with protection in + +103 +00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:17,530 +exchange for praise, for good poetry. So King + +104 +00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:21,530 +James brought the whole theater inside instead of + +105 +00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:24,790 +going to the Globe, you know Shakespeare. he + +106 +00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:28,330 +brought it inside and many playwrights wrote + +107 +00:07:28,330 --> 00:07:32,010 +several masks and a mask is a short play with + +108 +00:07:32,010 --> 00:07:35,910 +noble themes themes special for the king and the + +109 +00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:39,390 +royal family it would be performed on certain + +110 +00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,430 +occasions only once etc etc and a famous + +111 +00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:46,430 +playwright who wrote Ben Johnson + +112 +00:07:50,370 --> 00:07:55,350 +and the queen, the mask of queens or something. + +113 +00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:58,350 +And it's funny how, remember when we first + +114 +00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,610 +mentioned Ben Jonson, we said he was arrested more + +115 +00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,330 +than once, probably for being critical of + +116 +00:08:03,330 --> 00:08:09,010 +somebody, but now he is buddies with the king. And + +117 +00:08:09,010 --> 00:08:11,930 +he's a famous man. We're going to get back to Ben + +118 +00:08:11,930 --> 00:08:16,010 +Johnson as a critic. So today we continue. We + +119 +00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:19,850 +speak about certain issues again related to drama, + +120 +00:08:20,030 --> 00:08:23,730 +mainly during King James I drama that is described + +121 +00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:28,370 +as the Jacobian. Again, Elizabethan and Jacobian. + +122 +00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:31,050 +Although Shakespeare is both, he's generally + +123 +00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:35,280 +described as Elizabethan. So King James was one of + +124 +00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,540 +the kings who, we'll see this probably later on, + +125 +00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,780 +he loved literature and writing and artistic + +126 +00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:44,240 +expressions. It was during his reign that the + +127 +00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,300 +Bible for the first time was officially translated + +128 +00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:51,540 +into English. Can you imagine this? England is a + +129 +00:08:51,540 --> 00:08:57,740 +Christian country for 1,000, almost 1,000 years. + +130 +00:08:58,340 --> 00:09:03,240 +And the religious book, the Bible was in Latin. + +131 +00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:09,560 +And this is the first official translation here, 1 + +132 +00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:13,240 +,000 years later. But again, it shows how the king + +133 +00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:18,200 +played a major role in helping poets and + +134 +00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,100 +playwrights and literary figures. And remember, + +135 +00:09:22,220 --> 00:09:26,300 +this always comes at a price. because if you are + +136 +00:09:26,300 --> 00:09:28,980 +friends with the king probably you're not going to + +137 +00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:31,400 +be critical of him in your writing so this is some + +138 +00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,600 +kind of censorship self-censorship like I don't + +139 +00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:36,200 +want to write this because probably the king is + +140 +00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:41,330 +going to be to you know get angry or something So + +141 +00:09:41,330 --> 00:09:45,590 +because of King James, we have the masks, mainly + +142 +00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:50,290 +the masks. And Ben Johnson wrote a famous one + +143 +00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:53,290 +called The Mask of Queens. What are masks? Again, + +144 +00:09:53,390 --> 00:09:54,750 +they are short plays + +145 +00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,140 +Acted generally only once. For Shakespeare, for + +146 +00:10:02,140 --> 00:10:04,520 +The Globe, the play would be performed more than + +147 +00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:06,980 +once, sometimes 20, 30 times, because it would be + +148 +00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:09,660 +famous and people from all around, not only + +149 +00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:11,480 +London, but other cities would be coming and pay + +150 +00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,860 +money to watch. And you pay some pennies, you + +151 +00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:17,920 +stand and watch close to the stage. If you are + +152 +00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,380 +rich, you have more money, you stand on the row, + +153 +00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:25,410 +you sit on the rows up. But here, this is a play + +154 +00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,250 +performed inside the palace, the court of the + +155 +00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:30,930 +king. The actors are not professional actors, but + +156 +00:10:30,930 --> 00:10:35,230 +mainly members of the royal and noble families. + +157 +00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:38,630 +The themes are generally themes about the noble + +158 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,270 +life, the lives of the rich people inside. + +159 +00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:47,060 +You want them to appreciate you writing your play. + +160 +00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:50,620 +You don't bring the poor people again on stage to + +161 +00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,260 +them. You write something. And this is how, + +162 +00:10:53,680 --> 00:10:56,040 +remember probably once I mentioned this, how + +163 +00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,140 +sometimes the audience, the readers, can control + +164 +00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:01,900 +what you read. Because eventually when you write + +165 +00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:04,690 +something, You want people to read and appreciate. + +166 +00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:07,670 +So you carefully understand and study your + +167 +00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:10,450 +audience. And you tailor your message, your text, + +168 +00:11:11,010 --> 00:11:14,970 +in a way accordingly. Many people believe in this. + +169 +00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:17,490 +Many say, no, I want to write because writing is + +170 +00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:20,250 +an important self-expression. Whether people like + +171 +00:11:20,250 --> 00:11:24,570 +it or not, this is for me. I write for myself. But + +172 +00:11:24,570 --> 00:11:27,830 +here, people wrote for others generally. + +173 +00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:36,420 +So we move. Here to another important figure, + +174 +00:11:39,340 --> 00:11:45,260 +Thomas Kidd with The Spanish Tragedy. The Spanish + +175 +00:11:45,260 --> 00:11:47,920 +Tragedy is said to be very important here because + +176 +00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:53,080 +it was again a play that inspired many other + +177 +00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,540 +plays. It's generally described, as you can see + +178 +00:11:56,540 --> 00:12:02,630 +here, as tragedy of blood. Tragedy of blood. In so + +179 +00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:04,690 +many ways, people believe that during the + +180 +00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,970 +Elizabethan Age, you know, because of the heroism + +181 +00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:11,630 +and the knights and the battles and the wars, they + +182 +00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:14,130 +brought this on stage. So there is always + +183 +00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:17,330 +something, somebody wanting to take revenge. + +184 +00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:21,270 +Remember that even the sparrow wanted vengeance + +185 +00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:26,550 +from the cat's wild and tame. So The Thomas Kid + +186 +00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:30,650 +with the Spanish Tragedy is a play that is said to + +187 +00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:35,710 +have inspired Shakespeare's Hamlet and many other + +188 +00:12:35,710 --> 00:12:38,670 +such plays where there is a lot of death, blood, + +189 +00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:41,840 +and destruction on the stage because I don't know, + +190 +00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:44,960 +again, the audience, the people of that time loved + +191 +00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:49,620 +violence, loved battles, loved to see this. I + +192 +00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:52,560 +don't know how we can explain this, but generally + +193 +00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:57,040 +this in a way reflects something inside, the + +194 +00:12:57,040 --> 00:13:00,880 +psychology, or it helps us release. Because + +195 +00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:03,260 +sometimes if you release the anger, the violence, + +196 +00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,800 +you don't do it yourself. If others, if you watch + +197 +00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:11,370 +others do this, And some people say, no, this is + +198 +00:13:11,370 --> 00:13:14,450 +how people learn to be violent. It's not the other + +199 +00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,890 +way around. So there's an argument here. Like + +200 +00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:20,010 +Hollywood movies, if you watch too much violent + +201 +00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,230 +movies, you're going to turn up to grow up + +202 +00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:26,430 +violent. But people say, no, this is to help them + +203 +00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:30,130 +release the anger and the violence inside in a + +204 +00:13:30,130 --> 00:13:32,130 +creative way. Because at the end of the day, when + +205 +00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:35,470 +you watch the movie, the good are rewarded and the + +206 +00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,890 +bad are punished. But still, it teaches us that + +207 +00:13:38,890 --> 00:13:42,450 +the bad can be punished violently without even + +208 +00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:46,650 +court and everything. So however, in the Spanish + +209 +00:13:46,650 --> 00:13:49,990 +tragedy, it's exactly the opposite of Hamlet. In + +210 +00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:53,290 +Hamlet, we have a son trying to take revenge for + +211 +00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:56,790 +the death of his father. Here, it's vice versa. In + +212 +00:13:56,790 --> 00:14:00,150 +the Spanish tragedy, as the name suggests, it's a + +213 +00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:04,010 +tragedy. But here, we have a father who wants to + +214 +00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:07,900 +take revenge for the death of his son. And this is + +215 +00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,820 +generally called, again, blood tragedy. Why? As + +216 +00:14:12,820 --> 00:14:15,520 +the name suggests, there's a lot of blood, death, + +217 +00:14:15,940 --> 00:14:21,540 +destruction, violence, and loss on the stage. On + +218 +00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:23,680 +the stage. OK? + +219 +00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,940 +And like we said here, during the reign of King + +220 +00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:33,500 +James I, + +221 +00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:41,100 +Players grew more and more violent. That's a tough + +222 +00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:49,000 +question. Why? Why? Generally literature mirrors + +223 +00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,160 +life. When you write, people who wrote a hundred + +224 +00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:57,540 +years ago didn't mention mobile phones and the + +225 +00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:01,860 +internet and Twitter and Facebook because they + +226 +00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:03,860 +didn't exist. And this is a very simplistic + +227 +00:15:03,860 --> 00:15:08,060 +answer. But usually, you reflect something you + +228 +00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:12,100 +feel, something around you, either because there's + +229 +00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,500 +too much of it around you, so you reflect it, or + +230 +00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:20,880 +because you want this. So in your book, you could, + +231 +00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,420 +for example, write a story about how women + +232 +00:15:23,420 --> 00:15:25,800 +struggle for their rights for equality in Gaza, + +233 +00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:29,220 +because you think that women don't have equal + +234 +00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:34,020 +rights. So they struggle for this. Or you write + +235 +00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:37,780 +because? You want a world, you depict a world, an + +236 +00:15:37,780 --> 00:15:43,460 +ideal world where women have equal rights. So it + +237 +00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:47,200 +depends on why you basically write. But too much + +238 +00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:52,080 +violence in literature reflects at least, if not + +239 +00:15:52,080 --> 00:15:55,740 +violence in real life, at least a desire for the + +240 +00:15:55,740 --> 00:16:00,400 +audience, for the readers to read, to see, to + +241 +00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:05,100 +watch violence. And we'll see how this thing + +242 +00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:09,080 +backfires. When you watch, please, I posted + +243 +00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,420 +probably something from Hamlet on the Facebook + +244 +00:16:11,420 --> 00:16:16,160 +group. If you Google or go to YouTube and search + +245 +00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:19,400 +for Hamlet, the BBC production, please watch some + +246 +00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:24,860 +of the plays. Hamlet is a good way to start. I'm + +247 +00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:26,900 +not sure how you're going to feel. But in the + +248 +00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:32,690 +past, they say tragedies help us to heal, to + +249 +00:16:32,690 --> 00:16:37,930 +release the anger from inside of us. That could be + +250 +00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:42,130 +one reason. People, the writers, the authors + +251 +00:16:42,130 --> 00:16:45,370 +wanted to fix the society, to show them that too + +252 +00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:48,650 +much violence, see, it doesn't end well. It ends + +253 +00:16:48,650 --> 00:16:51,010 +with blood, with death, with destruction. + +254 +00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:52,110 +Everybody dies. + +255 +00:16:55,010 --> 00:17:00,330 +Maybe to show them the results. Yeah, maybe. So + +256 +00:17:00,330 --> 00:17:05,150 +next, we move to our final dramatist figure here, + +257 +00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:08,870 +John Webster. Listen to me. Yes, there was + +258 +00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:12,910 +violence and blood and destruction. But many also + +259 +00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:16,050 +playwrights wanted to bring new themes. And we + +260 +00:17:16,050 --> 00:17:19,770 +have a wonderful man here, John Webster. He + +261 +00:17:19,770 --> 00:17:22,950 +composed several plays, two important plays he + +262 +00:17:22,950 --> 00:17:27,630 +composed. are The White Devil and The Duchess of + +263 +00:17:27,630 --> 00:17:33,270 +Malfi. Again, The White Devil and The Duchess of + +264 +00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:36,670 +Malfi by John Webster. If you look at the name, + +265 +00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:41,330 +Duchess is the female of Duke. In Shakespeare, + +266 +00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:44,070 +generally, it's a man that is in the title of the + +267 +00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:46,350 +play. Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear. + +268 +00:17:46,690 --> 00:17:49,610 +Although King Lear is largely about his daughters, + +269 +00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:53,710 +but King Lear dominates. Or like even when there + +270 +00:17:53,710 --> 00:17:56,270 +is a woman in the title, a man is there, Romeo and + +271 +00:17:56,270 --> 00:17:59,150 +Juliet. So a woman can't be there even in the + +272 +00:17:59,150 --> 00:18:02,610 +title. And even when the woman is alone in the + +273 +00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:05,790 +title, it's like taming the shrew. You know, + +274 +00:18:05,890 --> 00:18:08,890 +Talweed Al Sharissa by Shakespeare. So even if the + +275 +00:18:08,890 --> 00:18:13,030 +woman is in the title, she's not good. Someone, a + +276 +00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:17,920 +man is taming her in a way. But here we have an + +277 +00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:21,640 +author who brings women and puts them in the title + +278 +00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:25,280 +of the plays and makes them the major characters + +279 +00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,300 +of the whole play. + +280 +00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:32,460 +The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi are two + +281 +00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:36,200 +important plays because they bring women as the + +282 +00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,880 +main characters and they show women as victims to + +283 +00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:46,680 +male violence. Male violence. We've seen, for + +284 +00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,160 +example, Lady Macbeth. We spoke about Lady + +285 +00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:54,140 +Macbeth. But generally, she pushes Macbeth to do + +286 +00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:58,920 +evil. And she commits suicide. We've seen Ophelia. + +287 +00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:03,660 +But Ophelia is too weak, too submissive that she + +288 +00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:08,200 +dies. Maybe an accident, maybe suicide. But here + +289 +00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,720 +we have women presented as victims, not + +290 +00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,310 +victimizers. Victims of male violence. And this is + +291 +00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:22,130 +why Joan Webster is important. So more social + +292 +00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:26,510 +issues, more themes, more characters started to + +293 +00:19:26,510 --> 00:19:29,430 +appear on the stage by time. But don't forget, + +294 +00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:33,430 +women were not allowed to be on stage so far. So a + +295 +00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:38,470 +man would be playing soft voice and no beardless + +296 +00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:41,590 +soft voice young man would be playing a role of + +297 +00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:46,400 +the woman. Was it a bad idea for John to present + +298 +00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,300 +women as victims? Did it affect him? I'm not sure, + +299 +00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,120 +but we can read more about this. How popular was + +300 +00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:59,760 +he? How many times were these plays performed on + +301 +00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:01,800 +stage? We can read more about this. So we can + +302 +00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,380 +compare him. He can't be compared to Shakespeare. + +303 +00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:09,290 +No one can. But we can have an impression. We can + +304 +00:20:09,290 --> 00:20:12,930 +see, for example, how many times Romeo and Juliet + +305 +00:20:12,930 --> 00:20:16,130 +performed and see how many times these were + +306 +00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:19,750 +performed. I mean, did it affect him by presenting + +307 +00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:24,490 +women as victims? Like people hated him? He gave + +308 +00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:29,090 +women the power to stand up and struggle and speak + +309 +00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:33,370 +up. He was empowering women in a way. That's a + +310 +00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,470 +very good question. We need to read more about how + +311 +00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:38,050 +he was received. Very interesting question. Thank + +312 +00:20:38,050 --> 00:20:44,610 +you. Maybe you can look this up. Okay? Okay, so + +313 +00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:47,650 +finally for today, before I... There's a quiz, by + +314 +00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:51,810 +the way. But don't panic. It's not four months. + +315 +00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,030 +Now, this is the golden age of drama. This is + +316 +00:20:57,030 --> 00:21:02,940 +Shakespeare, Marlow, Johnson, Thomas Kidd. and + +317 +00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:07,700 +John Webster. We have play being the major genre + +318 +00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:13,060 +there. However, the drama attracted more violence. + +319 +00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,240 +Drama was in so many ways more violent than ever + +320 +00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:23,300 +before. And for many people, this was not good. + +321 +00:21:23,420 --> 00:21:26,540 +Remember, every time, everywhere, there will be + +322 +00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:31,530 +people who hate literature. poetry, drama, stage, + +323 +00:21:31,890 --> 00:21:35,230 +theater, or every kind of artistic expression, + +324 +00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:40,610 +even sculptures. So when we see how evil ISIS is + +325 +00:21:40,610 --> 00:21:45,830 +destroying some heritage, some legacies, this + +326 +00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:48,610 +didn't start here. It started a long time ago. We + +327 +00:21:48,610 --> 00:21:51,290 +spoke about King Henry VIII, remember, who + +328 +00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:54,570 +destroyed and burned down the monasteries and the + +329 +00:21:54,570 --> 00:21:57,730 +churches because he had a dispute with the Pope. + +330 +00:22:00,180 --> 00:22:02,280 +And we've seen how throughout time and place, + +331 +00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:05,740 +sometimes books were burnt. Sometimes authors were + +332 +00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,820 +killed, executed, because they wrote something. So + +333 +00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:12,640 +we have the Puritans here. Puritans, it comes from + +334 +00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:17,980 +the word pure. You know, pure, purify, taqi, naqi, + +335 +00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,260 +tahir, something like this. Puritans, al + +336 +00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:22,680 +-mutahhirun, al-taqiya, al-mutahhirun, whatever + +337 +00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:27,840 +the name can translate into Arabic. This is a + +338 +00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,770 +religious group. but became very famous in the + +339 +00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:34,830 +17th century. And they hated the theater very + +340 +00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:36,950 +much. They didn't look at the theater as an + +341 +00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:42,010 +artistic expression, as a literary form, as a very + +342 +00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:44,410 +important cultural expression, expression of + +343 +00:22:44,410 --> 00:22:49,230 +identity, expression of a whole culture. They + +344 +00:22:49,230 --> 00:22:53,790 +looked at the theater as a source a source of + +345 +00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:59,330 +corruption, a source of violence, a source of sins + +346 +00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:04,990 +and vices. So they attacked the theater and the + +347 +00:23:04,990 --> 00:23:08,450 +playwrights. They criticized this harshly. They + +348 +00:23:08,450 --> 00:23:12,090 +didn't see that plays, even the violent plays, as + +349 +00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:17,830 +a possible way of changing and cleansing people + +350 +00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:22,530 +and purifying people even. You should know this. + +351 +00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,610 +Literature makes us better people. Because we are + +352 +00:23:25,610 --> 00:23:28,990 +exposed to different peoples, different cultures. + +353 +00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:32,770 +And we identify with them. We've seen how, again, + +354 +00:23:33,030 --> 00:23:35,830 +as Palestinians, we feel sorry for Shailaq. We + +355 +00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:39,730 +break the barriers of being different race or + +356 +00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:42,410 +different religion. And we feel sorry for him. We + +357 +00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:46,010 +don't care whether he is a Zionist or a Jew or + +358 +00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:48,510 +Christian or whatever. And that's the beauty of + +359 +00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:52,020 +literature. It brings us all together. But this + +360 +00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:57,260 +religious, extreme religious sect group said, no. + +361 +00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,480 +Theater is corrupting. You know corrupting? What + +362 +00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:03,920 +corrupting is? It's destroying the minds, + +363 +00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:06,480 +destroying of the people, destroying the future of + +364 +00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:11,880 +other society. People learn violence from watching + +365 +00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:19,170 +these plays, and eventually, sadly, In 1642, very + +366 +00:24:19,170 --> 00:24:26,250 +important date, 1642, they closed the theater. So + +367 +00:24:26,250 --> 00:24:33,210 +what happened in 1642? The closure of theater by + +368 +00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:37,230 +the Puritans. Why? They believed it was a source + +369 +00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:40,010 +of corruption, violence, sins. + +370 +00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:46,810 +And it's so sad, heartbreaking how the golden age + +371 +00:24:46,810 --> 00:24:50,670 +of Shakespeare and Marlowe and Ben Jonson and + +372 +00:24:50,670 --> 00:24:56,450 +Thomas Kidd ended in criticism, + +373 +00:24:58,250 --> 00:25:02,670 +censorship, remember? Censorship. Play this, don't + +374 +00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:09,260 +play this. Delete this. And decline. The golden + +375 +00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:13,240 +age of drama that lasted about 50 years comes to + +376 +00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:18,900 +an abrupt, violent, sudden ending because of the + +377 +00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,220 +Puritans, who hated drama and viewed it as a + +378 +00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,000 +source of corruption rather than an artistic + +379 +00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,460 +expression, an expression of culture. + +380 +00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:37,180 +And this is so sad. And I mean it. It's + +381 +00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:40,320 +heartbreaking. Because we could have more people + +382 +00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,080 +like Shakespeare, like Marlowe. However, listen. + +383 +00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,140 +People's creativity never stops. I usually + +384 +00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,920 +describe literature and creativity as whatever, + +385 +00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:57,340 +like water. When there is water, if you close one + +386 +00:25:57,340 --> 00:26:02,480 +particular route or path, it eventually goes From + +387 +00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,900 +another way. Down, up, next, right, left. And + +388 +00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,700 +literature is part of who we are as human beings. + +389 +00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,100 +Cats can't say literature. They mew, but their + +390 +00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,300 +mewing isn't poetry. It could be musical, but not + +391 +00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,980 +poetry. Dogs bark, and sometimes their barking is + +392 +00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:26,910 +Musical, there is rhythm there, but there could be + +393 +00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:30,590 +a meaning. But humans, only humans are able to + +394 +00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,250 +produce literature and poetry and drama. So no + +395 +00:26:34,250 --> 00:26:38,650 +matter how much censorship there is, human beings + +396 +00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:44,370 +will express themselves in a beautiful way, in a + +397 +00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,790 +way or another. They will write literature in a + +398 +00:26:46,790 --> 00:26:51,400 +way or another. So the closure of The theater + +399 +00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,960 +didn't mean the end of literature. It didn't mean + +400 +00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,600 +that people, okay, we're not going to write + +401 +00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,040 +anymore, we're going to go home. It meant that + +402 +00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:02,440 +people tried to find other genres, other methods + +403 +00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,060 +to express themselves artistically. And that's why + +404 +00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:09,840 +after this, people like poets and even playwrights + +405 +00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,600 +wrote more poetry. And probably some time after + +406 +00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,620 +this, about 50 years later, or 20 years later, or + +407 +00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:22,860 +60 years later, a new very important genre started + +408 +00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:27,440 +to rise, the novel. So OK, you don't want us to + +409 +00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,420 +write stuff to be performed on the stage? OK, I + +410 +00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:33,260 +write poetry. And poetry is more personal. No one + +411 +00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:35,880 +can tell you don't write poetry, because you write + +412 +00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,180 +it for yourself, and you write it for A group of + +413 +00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:44,140 +close friends. So again, the Elizabethan golden + +414 +00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:47,480 +age, the golden age of drama, the age of Queen + +415 +00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,840 +Elizabeth, King James I ended due to the Puritans + +416 +00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:58,480 +by criticism, censorship, and decline. Was it + +417 +00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,380 +never opened again? Yeah, but later on. And at + +418 +00:28:02,380 --> 00:28:05,060 +this time, people just moved on. You don't just + +419 +00:28:05,060 --> 00:28:09,220 +wait at the globe expecting And when it opened, it + +420 +00:28:09,220 --> 00:28:13,000 +was totally different. People no longer wrote + +421 +00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,240 +plays, no longer used poetry to write plays. It + +422 +00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,980 +became prose later on. We'll come probably back to + +423 +00:28:21,980 --> 00:28:26,240 +this after 200 years. We'll see the drama comes + +424 +00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:31,440 +back again to life. So I'll stop here. Please, if + +425 +00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:32,960 +you have a question, do ask. + +426 +00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,120 +If anyone has a suggestion, has an idea, anyone + +427 +00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:52,740 +read something, wants to share, please. + +428 +00:28:56,620 --> 00:29:01,140 +No, less than that. But the theater, the drama was + +429 +00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,040 +never the same again. It never recovered. It came + +430 +00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,940 +back to life, but it wasn't as powerful because + +431 +00:29:07,940 --> 00:29:11,220 +now people can read. There's the newspaper. You + +432 +00:29:11,220 --> 00:29:14,340 +don't have to go out and watch and pay money. You + +433 +00:29:14,340 --> 00:29:17,300 +buy the newspaper, you buy the book, and you just + +434 +00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:24,360 +read it. Yes. Someone. Good question. + +435 +00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:33,820 +Okay, do you want me to ask you questions? Okay, + +436 +00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,780 +we'll have a quiz now. I ask you to compare and + +437 +00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:44,240 +contrast Shylock and Barabbas. Okay, and now I + +438 +00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,760 +want to ask you this + +439 +00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,260 +about these two Jewish characters in English + +440 +00:29:52,260 --> 00:29:52,960 +literature. + +441 +00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,830 +I chose, I think I have nine quotes from are the + +442 +00:30:00,830 --> 00:30:05,150 +Merchant of Venice and the Jew of Malta and I want + +443 +00:30:05,150 --> 00:30:10,950 +you to recognize the speaker Shylock or Barabas + +444 +00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:18,790 +and tell me why so number one other than the fact + +445 +00:30:18,790 --> 00:30:22,030 +you know this already. So even if you know the + +446 +00:30:22,030 --> 00:30:26,450 +quote already, the extract, tell me how this + +447 +00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:30,350 +extract reflects either Barabbas or Shylock. + +448 +00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:31,290 +Number one. + +449 +00:30:34,130 --> 00:30:37,910 +Please, Sabah. Shylock. Read. Can you read? The + +450 +00:30:37,910 --> 00:30:41,570 +felony you teach me, I will excuse, and it shall + +451 +00:30:41,570 --> 00:30:44,470 +go hard, but I will bitter the instruction. I will + +452 +00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:45,750 +bitter the instruction. + +453 +00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,800 +Because we read this already, we know this by + +454 +00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,700 +heart maybe. But how does it reflect Shylock? + +455 +00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:02,380 +When Antonio + +456 +00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:07,680 +wanted + +457 +00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:11,700 +to borrow money And he couldn't pay the money + +458 +00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:16,700 +back. People came to Shylock, begging him to just + +459 +00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,440 +wet more what you want to do with a pound of + +460 +00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,920 +flesh. And he was like? To bait fish with oil. + +461 +00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,020 +Yeah, to bait fish with oil. If it feed nothing. + +462 +00:31:29,020 --> 00:31:31,760 +If I get fish, feed my revenge. Feed my revenge. + +463 +00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,680 +But revenge is also a theme in the Jew of Malta. + +464 +00:31:38,250 --> 00:31:45,010 +So this could also be Barabbas, right? Maybe. The + +465 +00:31:45,010 --> 00:31:48,150 +villain in Barabbas already exists. Here he says, + +466 +00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:52,150 +the villain you teach me. So shall we teach how to + +467 +00:31:52,150 --> 00:31:56,010 +be good? So you think Barabbas is born a villain? + +468 +00:31:56,490 --> 00:32:00,950 +Yes, maybe. Because something happened to him that + +469 +00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:04,230 +made him go crazy. Not to justify his evil, + +470 +00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:09,750 +villainy. Because remember why he decided to take + +471 +00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650 +revenge? Because his money was taken out from him. + +472 +00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:19,410 +His money was taken away by the Christians. So + +473 +00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:24,310 +there's revenge there. There's revenge here. So if + +474 +00:32:24,310 --> 00:32:27,530 +we don't know this, probably we can say it could + +475 +00:32:27,530 --> 00:32:30,950 +be by either. But yeah, this is Shylock. + +476 +00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:40,170 +Maybe Shylock is smarter, more sane, because that + +477 +00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:44,830 +man is bloody hell. Barabbas is really + +478 +00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:49,030 +bloodthirsty. He doesn't think. He just wants to + +479 +00:32:49,030 --> 00:32:51,130 +kill. If he thinks, he wouldn't poison his own + +480 +00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:54,650 +daughter, for God's sake. But this is a man who + +481 +00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:59,090 +plans, a man who will better the instructions. You + +482 +00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:03,500 +teach me villainy, I will do the same to you. I'm + +483 +00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,000 +smarter than you. Next, + +484 +00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:11,100 +please. + +485 +00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:23,000 +This is also Shilog because we know it, right? But + +486 +00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,440 +does it reflect anything about Shilog? Please. + +487 +00:33:30,780 --> 00:33:36,000 +Was weak? weak yes he asked if he he said that + +488 +00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,240 +they are the same people there unlike perverse who + +489 +00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,560 +doesn't care he just wanted to kill him yes he + +490 +00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:44,460 +just wanted to kill him excellent Shakespeare + +491 +00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:50,360 +focuses on the theme of shared humanities what's + +492 +00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,160 +the difference between Shylock and Antonio nothing + +493 +00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:59,950 +so he's calling for equality He wanted to be, he's + +494 +00:33:59,950 --> 00:34:04,630 +calling for justice here. But in the Jew of Malta, + +495 +00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:08,810 +we don't have this. It's just revenge, death, and + +496 +00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:16,190 +killing. Next. Someone read? Please. + +497 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,850 +Oh yes, + +498 +00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:34,390 +interesting. + +499 +00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,600 +Probably, yeah, he doesn't. Shylock generally + +500 +00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,600 +embraces his Jewish identity. He mentions this + +501 +00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,720 +more than once. When he's invited to eat with + +502 +00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:52,980 +Antonio, he says, sorry, I don't eat pork. And + +503 +00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:56,460 +then later on he says, have not a Jew wine. He + +504 +00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,240 +embraces his, he's not a Shin, he's a proud Jewish + +505 +00:34:59,240 --> 00:35:04,140 +man, which is in a way good. But Barabbas uses + +506 +00:35:04,140 --> 00:35:06,620 +religion. And this is something that reflects his + +507 +00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:10,580 +attitude. I count religion but a childish toy. + +508 +00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:15,900 +Childish. It's a toy. It's a tool. For? + +509 +00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:24,000 +Raise your hand. Read. You know what the serpent + +510 +00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,640 +is? Serpent is a snake. I gave you the meaning. + +511 +00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:35,420 +Yes. Barabas or Shylock? + +512 +00:35:44,860 --> 00:35:57,980 +How does this reflect? Please, read. We have + +513 +00:35:57,980 --> 00:36:00,480 +the serpent, you know, and the dove. You know + +514 +00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:04,890 +dove? So I'll show, I'll pretend to be the dove, + +515 +00:36:05,590 --> 00:36:11,570 +but in reality I am a snake. Shylock or Barabas? + +516 +00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:16,290 +Barabas. Are you sure? Yes. Are you sure? Who says + +517 +00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:21,190 +it's Shylock? Shylock, why? Because he pretended + +518 +00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:25,650 +to be nice with Antonio by giving him all his + +519 +00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:28,550 +money. Are you sure? He didn't pretend, he just + +520 +00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:32,520 +gave it. He lied when he said, the pond is for + +521 +00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,940 +merry sport, just for fun, just sign, a pound of + +522 +00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:38,540 +flesh, come on, you already have the money. But + +523 +00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:41,320 +other than this, Shylock was clear, he wanted + +524 +00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,420 +revenge. When he was asked, he said, I want + +525 +00:36:44,420 --> 00:36:49,060 +revenge. And he just said it, I will execute the + +526 +00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:52,540 +villainy, but I am better. But there's another man + +527 +00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:57,960 +who was hiding behind a mask. Someone pretended to + +528 +00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,200 +be. nice and good but in reality he kills people + +529 +00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:09,820 +he poisons people and this man is Barabbas so yeah + +530 +00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:12,560 +thank you most of you said it is Barabbas he + +531 +00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:16,620 +pretends to be good because at one moment he + +532 +00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:18,460 +pretends to be christian he says oh i'm a + +533 +00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,760 +christian i converted to christianity and he kills + +534 +00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:25,440 +everyone around him So now I'll show myself to + +535 +00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,540 +have more of a serpent than than the dove because + +536 +00:37:29,540 --> 00:37:33,100 +in the past he was the opposite. But he's + +537 +00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,400 +revealing his true identity. Yeah, there is shared + +538 +00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,500 +stuff here between him and number six. + +539 +00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:43,960 +Yeah, yeah, please. + +540 +00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:55,000 +Because you know this? Why? He wants justice. I + +541 +00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,520 +think revenge comes in the sense of justice, more + +542 +00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:03,120 +than being some villain, blood. If he took his own + +543 +00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,720 +flesh, Antonio could have died. So there is that, + +544 +00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:12,860 +death, blood, revenge. But there is one person who + +545 +00:38:12,860 --> 00:38:17,760 +doesn't have enough revenge. He kills scores of + +546 +00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:23,460 +people, tens of people. Many people are killed. So + +547 +00:38:23,460 --> 00:38:26,560 +this man, it will feed my revenge. But someone + +548 +00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,420 +else, Barabbas, nothing feeds his revenge, not + +549 +00:38:29,420 --> 00:38:31,060 +even killing his own daughter. + +550 +00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:39,380 +Seven, please. As for myself, I work abroad a lot + +551 +00:38:39,380 --> 00:38:43,180 +and keep seeing people crawling, running under + +552 +00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:46,820 +walls. Sometimes I go about and poison girls. + +553 +00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:53,680 +OK. I like how you use the word obviously, because + +554 +00:38:53,680 --> 00:39:01,820 +you're confident. When you + +555 +00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:05,260 +go home, please Google this. It's really horrible. + +556 +00:39:05,380 --> 00:39:07,500 +One of the most horrible things you will ever + +557 +00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:11,100 +read. Someone in a way bragging about just walking + +558 +00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:14,320 +nonchalantly at night and killing the sick + +559 +00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:18,240 +homeless people and poisoning wells. But this is + +560 +00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:21,300 +also a stereotype, a bad, wrong stereotype about + +561 +00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,940 +Jews. What is Manu doing here? What is Barabbas + +562 +00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:28,380 +doing here? So it's easy to tell that Shiloh + +563 +00:39:28,380 --> 00:39:31,020 +didn't want to poison anybody. He just wants + +564 +00:39:31,020 --> 00:39:33,760 +interests, more money, and justice, and revenge. + +565 +00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:40,100 +So as for myself, I walk abroad at night and kill + +566 +00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,600 +sick people groaning under walls. Sometimes I go + +567 +00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,080 +about and poison wells. You know wells? What's a + +568 +00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:51,660 +well? Yeah, water well, water. Underground water, + +569 +00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,720 +you get it through wells. Eight. + +570 +00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:07,580 +Yeah, someone? Someone else? + +571 +00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:12,400 +Shiloh had a daughter also. Don't forget this. + +572 +00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:12,820 +Yeah? + +573 +00:40:16,140 --> 00:40:20,100 +Be silent daughter, suffer his greedies. I guess + +574 +00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:25,080 +Tarabas said that because he forced his daughter + +575 +00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,120 +to do bad stuff and she didn't want to. Maybe he + +576 +00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:33,140 +was convincing her. Controlling her, be silent, + +577 +00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:40,220 +ordering her to... If you forgive sufferance, if + +578 +00:40:40,220 --> 00:40:45,640 +you tolerate, if you forgive, This breeds ease. In + +579 +00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:50,040 +a sense, it means if you let people wrong you and + +580 +00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:52,460 +you don't take revenge, people will get used to + +581 +00:40:52,460 --> 00:40:55,420 +wronging you all the time. So if someone slaps + +582 +00:40:55,420 --> 00:40:57,840 +you, don't give the other cheek. You just punch + +583 +00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,720 +them and probably kill them. That's his strategy. + +584 +00:41:01,740 --> 00:41:03,320 +So he's telling his daughter, don't forgive. + +585 +00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:07,530 +Forgiving is not good. Forgiving doesn't make + +586 +00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:10,510 +people rethink their crimes or their mistreatment. + +587 +00:41:11,130 --> 00:41:14,390 +Forgiving makes people want to wrong you even + +588 +00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:23,110 +more, to hurt you even more. And finally, finally, + +589 +00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:31,090 +finally, finally, someone read first. Please. + +590 +00:41:42,190 --> 00:41:45,830 +Christian Exclamations. I hate him for he is + +591 +00:41:45,830 --> 00:41:51,150 +Christian. I hate him for he is a Christian. + +592 +00:41:56,770 --> 00:42:00,790 +Who was more religious than the other? Probably + +593 +00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:03,750 +Shylock. We said he was a proud Jewish person who + +594 +00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:07,110 +embraced his heritage and his religion in a way + +595 +00:42:07,110 --> 00:42:11,310 +that is probably more obvious + +596 +00:42:11,310 --> 00:42:15,410 +than Barabbas. Barabbas's religion for him is a + +597 +00:42:15,410 --> 00:42:20,590 +childish toy. I hate him but he says this when he + +598 +00:42:20,590 --> 00:42:24,250 +says I hate him for he is a Christian but he later + +599 +00:42:24,250 --> 00:42:27,870 +on he says I also hate him because he called me a + +600 +00:42:27,870 --> 00:42:31,850 +dog and this is also a beautiful speech from + +601 +00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,990 +Shiloh one of the beautiful speeches there where + +602 +00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:37,430 +he said okay you call me a dog have a dog money + +603 +00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:40,230 +because now you want to take to borrow my money + +604 +00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:43,550 +have a dog money you spit in my face and now you + +605 +00:42:43,550 --> 00:42:47,960 +want money you want my money So there is this + +606 +00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:53,880 +religion thing. But more, it's the mistreatment. I + +607 +00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,120 +will not ask you questions like these in the exam. + +608 +00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:59,020 +This is just for fun. But it's good to try to + +609 +00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:02,600 +learn to see whether a particular line can reflect + +610 +00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,400 +the author, the features of the age. Think of + +611 +00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,320 +this. Because later on, you will be doing this + +612 +00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:14,340 +when you grow up and become + +613 +00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:19,220 +senior students. I'll stop here unless someone has + +614 +00:43:19,220 --> 00:43:23,820 +a question. Questions, please. Any question? + +615 +00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:28,100 +Okay, thank you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eb122109d35ed057e50d96bc0dd20157f414c75a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V6gdsQXbH6g_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2460 @@ +1 +00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:25,970 +Hello everyone and welcome back to our journey + +2 +00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:30,170 +into the history of English literature and + +3 +00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:32,230 +introductory course to students of the Islamic + +4 +00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:39,170 +University of English department in Gaza. So when + +5 +00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:41,970 +we studied Shakespeare as a dramatist and as a + +6 +00:00:41,970 --> 00:00:45,230 +poet, we moved on to speak about more dramatists + +7 +00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:49,650 +in the golden age of drama, the age of Queen + +8 +00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:55,630 +Elizabeth and King James I, the heyday of the + +9 +00:00:55,630 --> 00:00:59,170 +golden age of drama. Shakespeare was one of + +10 +00:00:59,170 --> 00:01:01,530 +several dramatists and playwrights of that time. + +11 +00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:05,230 +Last time we discussed two important names. Can + +12 +00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:09,270 +you remind me? Christopher Marlowe and Ben + +13 +00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:12,550 +Johnson. And Ben Johnson. What's the major + +14 +00:01:12,550 --> 00:01:15,690 +difference between Marlowe and Shakespeare? + +15 +00:01:16,210 --> 00:01:19,830 +Please. Marlowe shared the university. Okay. + +16 +00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:27,770 +So number one Christopher Marlowe was a university + +17 +00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:31,450 +wit and a university graduate and this term + +18 +00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:36,170 +university wits describes people writers authors + +19 +00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:40,590 +who studied at either oxford or cambridge no + +20 +00:01:40,590 --> 00:01:43,750 +harvard yes the second major difference please + +21 +00:01:43,750 --> 00:01:46,710 +Marlowe gives every character a highly poetic + +22 +00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:49,670 +language okay very good and that's influenced by + +23 +00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:53,640 +his Education. Interesting. I like how you link + +24 +00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:55,880 +between his studies and the fact that he insists + +25 +00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,400 +on a particular style. Not sure if you heard this + +26 +00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,920 +story about Abu Tamam, the famous Arab poet. Many + +27 +00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,400 +told him, Abu Tamam, why do you keep writing + +28 +00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,520 +highly sophisticated, elite poetry that not many + +29 +00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,970 +people can understand? Why don't you write + +30 +00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,770 +ordinary poetry so people can understand? All + +31 +00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:20,670 +people. He said, why don't people understand my + +32 +00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,450 +highly sophisticated poetry? So there are trends + +33 +00:02:24,450 --> 00:02:27,910 +and attitude. Some people want to write everything + +34 +00:02:27,910 --> 00:02:30,610 +poetic, but some people want to write for + +35 +00:02:30,610 --> 00:02:35,570 +different audiences. OK, we have two major works + +36 +00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:38,690 +for Marlow. Remember, Marlow preceded Shakespeare. + +37 +00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:43,360 +For so many, Shakespeare learned from and was + +38 +00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,300 +inspired by Marlow, especially his play, + +39 +00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,980 +The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta, where + +40 +00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:56,360 +Barabbas, remember? A Jewish character is the main + +41 +00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,960 +character, and we compared Barabbas to Shylock in + +42 +00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:03,520 +a way. Can someone give me more insight about + +43 +00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,180 +this, the differences between Barabbas and, + +44 +00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:13,350 +please. Part of us were very deep evil, but + +45 +00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,490 +Shylock in some situations you can feel sorry + +46 +00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:23,730 +about him and something like that, but part of us + +47 +00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:29,730 +was even used his daughter in his revenge. How + +48 +00:03:29,730 --> 00:03:35,030 +evil is that? So in a way Shakespeare humanizes + +49 +00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:40,090 +the outsider, intruder, the Jewish man in the + +50 +00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:43,930 +Christian community. He humanizes him. Sometimes + +51 +00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:47,830 +we feel sorry for him, for what happens to him. + +52 +00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:55,190 +But Barabbas is almost complete evil. Someone who + +53 +00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:59,030 +uses his own daughter as a sex object. + +54 +00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,480 +to seduce someone so people can kill themselves. + +55 +00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,740 +And when she refuses, like later on, when she + +56 +00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:12,480 +realizes how evil her father was, what does he do + +57 +00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:18,900 +to her? He poisons her. He kills her. Causes the + +58 +00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:21,800 +death of many people. What else can you say about + +59 +00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:27,360 +Barabas and Shylock, please? No, no, Barabas and + +60 +00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:30,100 +Shylock. + +61 +00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:38,570 +which is more, in a way, more artistic. Because in + +62 +00:04:38,570 --> 00:04:40,370 +literature, listen, there's no, there shouldn't be + +63 +00:04:40,370 --> 00:04:43,910 +absolute evil in literature. If characters are too + +64 +00:04:43,910 --> 00:04:45,450 +good or too bad, + +65 +00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:51,370 +but if it is a bad character who does good things + +66 +00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:56,090 +or a good character who does bad things, we kind + +67 +00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:59,230 +of, in a way, relate sometimes. It's similar to + +68 +00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:01,690 +us. Because if they are too good, too bad, it's + +69 +00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:08,050 +like angels and demons or the devil. So + +70 +00:05:08,050 --> 00:05:11,630 +Shakespeare is more colorful. And the same thing + +71 +00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:15,470 +happens for Othello, more colorful. Ethelmore, the + +72 +00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:18,450 +black character in The Jew of Malta, is also in a + +73 +00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:21,470 +way, in so many ways, is pure evil because he + +74 +00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:26,460 +helps. It's more to kill as many people as + +75 +00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:29,920 +possible. So this is a tragedy. There's blood, + +76 +00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:30,800 +there's revenge. + +77 +00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,760 +What else did we say about Marlow? More? Marlow? + +78 +00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:45,920 +Yeah? Marlow. You like the masks. Tell us about + +79 +00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:53,160 +the masks. Yeah, okay. Okay, the masks. The plays + +80 +00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:54,980 +that are presented in the mosque, they are + +81 +00:05:54,980 --> 00:05:58,200 +presented for kings and queens and royal families. + +82 +00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,220 +Also they are presented for one time, only once. + +83 +00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:10,220 +It's been acted. Not professional actors, but + +84 +00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:13,640 +members of the royal and noble families. What do + +85 +00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,560 +we learn from the mosques? What does it indicate + +86 +00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:21,640 +about how the king, because the mosques became + +87 +00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,660 +famous during the reign of King James I, who + +88 +00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:29,800 +succeeded Queen Elizabeth. What does it tell us + +89 +00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,120 +about literature and literal production of that + +90 +00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,940 +time? The mosque. Kings appreciate literature and + +91 +00:06:36,940 --> 00:06:40,160 +doctrine. Remember King Alfred in the Middle Ages? + +92 +00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:46,330 +Yes. Now, in the old English literature, we saw + +93 +00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,170 +the church taking care of a lot of writing down + +94 +00:06:49,170 --> 00:06:52,310 +many of the poems. And now the kings, the royal + +95 +00:06:52,310 --> 00:06:54,550 +family, the monarchy in general started paying + +96 +00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:57,130 +more attention to literature because literature is + +97 +00:06:57,130 --> 00:06:59,430 +powerful, it's important. Because literature can + +98 +00:06:59,430 --> 00:07:02,710 +change the way we think, the way we behave, the + +99 +00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:05,850 +way we react. So they realized that they have to + +100 +00:07:05,850 --> 00:07:09,050 +bring many poets and playwrights closer to them + +101 +00:07:09,050 --> 00:07:11,750 +and they became their patrons. They would give + +102 +00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:14,270 +them money and provide them with protection in + +103 +00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:17,530 +exchange for praise, for good poetry. So King + +104 +00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:21,530 +James brought the whole theater inside instead of + +105 +00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:24,790 +going to the Globe, you know Shakespeare. he + +106 +00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:28,330 +brought it inside and many playwrights wrote + +107 +00:07:28,330 --> 00:07:32,010 +several masks and a mask is a short play with + +108 +00:07:32,010 --> 00:07:35,910 +noble themes themes special for the king and the + +109 +00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:39,390 +royal family it would be performed on certain + +110 +00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,430 +occasions only once etc etc and a famous + +111 +00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:46,430 +playwright who wrote Ben Johnson + +112 +00:07:50,370 --> 00:07:55,350 +and the queen, the mask of queens or something. + +113 +00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:58,350 +And it's funny how, remember when we first + +114 +00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,610 +mentioned Ben Jonson, we said he was arrested more + +115 +00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,330 +than once, probably for being critical of + +116 +00:08:03,330 --> 00:08:09,010 +somebody, but now he is buddies with the king. And + +117 +00:08:09,010 --> 00:08:11,930 +he's a famous man. We're going to get back to Ben + +118 +00:08:11,930 --> 00:08:16,010 +Johnson as a critic. So today we continue. We + +119 +00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:19,850 +speak about certain issues again related to drama, + +120 +00:08:20,030 --> 00:08:23,730 +mainly during King James I drama that is described + +121 +00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:28,370 +as the Jacobian. Again, Elizabethan and Jacobian. + +122 +00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:31,050 +Although Shakespeare is both, he's generally + +123 +00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:35,280 +described as Elizabethan. So King James was one of + +124 +00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,540 +the kings who, we'll see this probably later on, + +125 +00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,780 +he loved literature and writing and artistic + +126 +00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:44,240 +expressions. It was during his reign that the + +127 +00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,300 +Bible for the first time was officially translated + +128 +00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:51,540 +into English. Can you imagine this? England is a + +129 +00:08:51,540 --> 00:08:57,740 +Christian country for 1,000, almost 1,000 years. + +130 +00:08:58,340 --> 00:09:03,240 +And the religious book, the Bible was in Latin. + +131 +00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:09,560 +And this is the first official translation here, 1 + +132 +00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:13,240 +,000 years later. But again, it shows how the king + +133 +00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:18,200 +played a major role in helping poets and + +134 +00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,100 +playwrights and literary figures. And remember, + +135 +00:09:22,220 --> 00:09:26,300 +this always comes at a price. because if you are + +136 +00:09:26,300 --> 00:09:28,980 +friends with the king probably you're not going to + +137 +00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:31,400 +be critical of him in your writing so this is some + +138 +00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,600 +kind of censorship self-censorship like I don't + +139 +00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:36,200 +want to write this because probably the king is + +140 +00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:41,330 +going to be to you know get angry or something So + +141 +00:09:41,330 --> 00:09:45,590 +because of King James, we have the masks, mainly + +142 +00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:50,290 +the masks. And Ben Johnson wrote a famous one + +143 +00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:53,290 +called The Mask of Queens. What are masks? Again, + +144 +00:09:53,390 --> 00:09:54,750 +they are short plays + +145 +00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,140 +Acted generally only once. For Shakespeare, for + +146 +00:10:02,140 --> 00:10:04,520 +The Globe, the play would be performed more than + +147 +00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:06,980 +once, sometimes 20, 30 times, because it would be + +148 +00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:09,660 +famous and people from all around, not only + +149 +00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:11,480 +London, but other cities would be coming and pay + +150 +00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,860 +money to watch. And you pay some pennies, you + +151 +00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:17,920 +stand and watch close to the stage. If you are + +152 +00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,380 +rich, you have more money, you stand on the row, + +153 +00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:25,410 +you sit on the rows up. But here, this is a play + +154 +00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,250 +performed inside the palace, the court of the + +155 +00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:30,930 +king. The actors are not professional actors, but + +156 +00:10:30,930 --> 00:10:35,230 +mainly members of the royal and noble families. + +157 +00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:38,630 +The themes are generally themes about the noble + +158 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,270 +life, the lives of the rich people inside. + +159 +00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:47,060 +You want them to appreciate you writing your play. + +160 +00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:50,620 +You don't bring the poor people again on stage to + +161 +00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,260 +them. You write something. And this is how, + +162 +00:10:53,680 --> 00:10:56,040 +remember probably once I mentioned this, how + +163 +00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,140 +sometimes the audience, the readers, can control + +164 +00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:01,900 +what you read. Because eventually when you write + +165 +00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:04,690 +something, You want people to read and appreciate. + +166 +00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:07,670 +So you carefully understand and study your + +167 +00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:10,450 +audience. And you tailor your message, your text, + +168 +00:11:11,010 --> 00:11:14,970 +in a way accordingly. Many people believe in this. + +169 +00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:17,490 +Many say, no, I want to write because writing is + +170 +00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:20,250 +an important self-expression. Whether people like + +171 +00:11:20,250 --> 00:11:24,570 +it or not, this is for me. I write for myself. But + +172 +00:11:24,570 --> 00:11:27,830 +here, people wrote for others generally. + +173 +00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:36,420 +So we move. Here to another important figure, + +174 +00:11:39,340 --> 00:11:45,260 +Thomas Kidd with The Spanish Tragedy. The Spanish + +175 +00:11:45,260 --> 00:11:47,920 +Tragedy is said to be very important here because + +176 +00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:53,080 +it was again a play that inspired many other + +177 +00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,540 +plays. It's generally described, as you can see + +178 +00:11:56,540 --> 00:12:02,630 +here, as tragedy of blood. Tragedy of blood. In so + +179 +00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:04,690 +many ways, people believe that during the + +180 +00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,970 +Elizabethan Age, you know, because of the heroism + +181 +00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:11,630 +and the knights and the battles and the wars, they + +182 +00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:14,130 +brought this on stage. So there is always + +183 +00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:17,330 +something, somebody wanting to take revenge. + +184 +00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:21,270 +Remember that even the sparrow wanted vengeance + +185 +00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:26,550 +from the cat's wild and tame. So The Thomas Kid + +186 +00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:30,650 +with the Spanish Tragedy is a play that is said to + +187 +00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:35,710 +have inspired Shakespeare's Hamlet and many other + +188 +00:12:35,710 --> 00:12:38,670 +such plays where there is a lot of death, blood, + +189 +00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:41,840 +and destruction on the stage because I don't know, + +190 +00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:44,960 +again, the audience, the people of that time loved + +191 +00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:49,620 +violence, loved battles, loved to see this. I + +192 +00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:52,560 +don't know how we can explain this, but generally + +193 +00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:57,040 +this in a way reflects something inside, the + +194 +00:12:57,040 --> 00:13:00,880 +psychology, or it helps us release. Because + +195 +00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:03,260 +sometimes if you release the anger, the violence, + +196 +00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,800 +you don't do it yourself. If others, if you watch + +197 +00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:11,370 +others do this, And some people say, no, this is + +198 +00:13:11,370 --> 00:13:14,450 +how people learn to be violent. It's not the other + +199 +00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,890 +way around. So there's an argument here. Like + +200 +00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:20,010 +Hollywood movies, if you watch too much violent + +201 +00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,230 +movies, you're going to turn up to grow up + +202 +00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:26,430 +violent. But people say, no, this is to help them + +203 +00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:30,130 +release the anger and the violence inside in a + +204 +00:13:30,130 --> 00:13:32,130 +creative way. Because at the end of the day, when + +205 +00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:35,470 +you watch the movie, the good are rewarded and the + +206 +00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,890 +bad are punished. But still, it teaches us that + +207 +00:13:38,890 --> 00:13:42,450 +the bad can be punished violently without even + +208 +00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:46,650 +court and everything. So however, in the Spanish + +209 +00:13:46,650 --> 00:13:49,990 +tragedy, it's exactly the opposite of Hamlet. In + +210 +00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:53,290 +Hamlet, we have a son trying to take revenge for + +211 +00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:56,790 +the death of his father. Here, it's vice versa. In + +212 +00:13:56,790 --> 00:14:00,150 +the Spanish tragedy, as the name suggests, it's a + +213 +00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:04,010 +tragedy. But here, we have a father who wants to + +214 +00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:07,900 +take revenge for the death of his son. And this is + +215 +00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,820 +generally called, again, blood tragedy. Why? As + +216 +00:14:12,820 --> 00:14:15,520 +the name suggests, there's a lot of blood, death, + +217 +00:14:15,940 --> 00:14:21,540 +destruction, violence, and loss on the stage. On + +218 +00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:23,680 +the stage. OK? + +219 +00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,940 +And like we said here, during the reign of King + +220 +00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:33,500 +James I, + +221 +00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:41,100 +Players grew more and more violent. That's a tough + +222 +00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:49,000 +question. Why? Why? Generally literature mirrors + +223 +00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,160 +life. When you write, people who wrote a hundred + +224 +00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:57,540 +years ago didn't mention mobile phones and the + +225 +00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:01,860 +internet and Twitter and Facebook because they + +226 +00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:03,860 +didn't exist. And this is a very simplistic + +227 +00:15:03,860 --> 00:15:08,060 +answer. But usually, you reflect something you + +228 +00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:12,100 +feel, something around you, either because there's + +229 +00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,500 +too much of it around you, so you reflect it, or + +230 +00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:20,880 +because you want this. So in your book, you could, + +231 +00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,420 +for example, write a story about how women + +232 +00:15:23,420 --> 00:15:25,800 +struggle for their rights for equality in Gaza, + +233 +00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:29,220 +because you think that women don't have equal + +234 +00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:34,020 +rights. So they struggle for this. Or you write + +235 +00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:37,780 +because? You want a world, you depict a world, an + +236 +00:15:37,780 --> 00:15:43,460 +ideal world where women have equal rights. So it + +237 +00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:47,200 +depends on why you basically write. But too much + +238 +00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:52,080 +violence in literature reflects at least, if not + +239 +00:15:52,080 --> 00:15:55,740 +violence in real life, at least a desire for the + +240 +00:15:55,740 --> 00:16:00,400 +audience, for the readers to read, to see, to + +241 +00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:05,100 +watch violence. And we'll see how this thing + +242 +00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:09,080 +backfires. When you watch, please, I posted + +243 +00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,420 +probably something from Hamlet on the Facebook + +244 +00:16:11,420 --> 00:16:16,160 +group. If you Google or go to YouTube and search + +245 +00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:19,400 +for Hamlet, the BBC production, please watch some + +246 +00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:24,860 +of the plays. Hamlet is a good way to start. I'm + +247 +00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:26,900 +not sure how you're going to feel. But in the + +248 +00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:32,690 +past, they say tragedies help us to heal, to + +249 +00:16:32,690 --> 00:16:37,930 +release the anger from inside of us. That could be + +250 +00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:42,130 +one reason. People, the writers, the authors + +251 +00:16:42,130 --> 00:16:45,370 +wanted to fix the society, to show them that too + +252 +00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:48,650 +much violence, see, it doesn't end well. It ends + +253 +00:16:48,650 --> 00:16:51,010 +with blood, with death, with destruction. + +254 +00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:52,110 +Everybody dies. + +255 +00:16:55,010 --> 00:17:00,330 +Maybe to show them the results. Yeah, maybe. So + +256 +00:17:00,330 --> 00:17:05,150 +next, we move to our final dramatist figure here, + +257 +00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:08,870 +John Webster. Listen to me. Yes, there was + +258 +00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:12,910 +violence and blood and destruction. But many also + +259 +00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:16,050 +playwrights wanted to bring new themes. And we + +260 +00:17:16,050 --> 00:17:19,770 +have a wonderful man here, John Webster. He + +261 +00:17:19,770 --> 00:17:22,950 +composed several plays, two important plays he + +262 +00:17:22,950 --> 00:17:27,630 +composed. are The White Devil and The Duchess of + +263 +00:17:27,630 --> 00:17:33,270 +Malfi. Again, The White Devil and The Duchess of + +264 +00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:36,670 +Malfi by John Webster. If you look at the name, + +265 +00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:41,330 +Duchess is the female of Duke. In Shakespeare, + +266 +00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:44,070 +generally, it's a man that is in the title of the + +267 +00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:46,350 +play. Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear. + +268 +00:17:46,690 --> 00:17:49,610 +Although King Lear is largely about his daughters, + +269 +00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:53,710 +but King Lear dominates. Or like even when there + +270 +00:17:53,710 --> 00:17:56,270 +is a woman in the title, a man is there, Romeo and + +271 +00:17:56,270 --> 00:17:59,150 +Juliet. So a woman can't be there even in the + +272 +00:17:59,150 --> 00:18:02,610 +title. And even when the woman is alone in the + +273 +00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:05,790 +title, it's like taming the shrew. You know, + +274 +00:18:05,890 --> 00:18:08,890 +Talweed Al Sharissa by Shakespeare. So even if the + +275 +00:18:08,890 --> 00:18:13,030 +woman is in the title, she's not good. Someone, a + +276 +00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:17,920 +man is taming her in a way. But here we have an + +277 +00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:21,640 +author who brings women and puts them in the title + +278 +00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:25,280 +of the plays and makes them the major characters + +279 +00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,300 +of the whole play. + +280 +00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:32,460 +The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi are two + +281 +00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:36,200 +important plays because they bring women as the + +282 +00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,880 +main characters and they show women as victims to + +283 +00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:46,680 +male violence. Male violence. We've seen, for + +284 +00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,160 +example, Lady Macbeth. We spoke about Lady + +285 +00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:54,140 +Macbeth. But generally, she pushes Macbeth to do + +286 +00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:58,920 +evil. And she commits suicide. We've seen Ophelia. + +287 +00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:03,660 +But Ophelia is too weak, too submissive that she + +288 +00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:08,200 +dies. Maybe an accident, maybe suicide. But here + +289 +00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,720 +we have women presented as victims, not + +290 +00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,310 +victimizers. Victims of male violence. And this is + +291 +00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:22,130 +why Joan Webster is important. So more social + +292 +00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:26,510 +issues, more themes, more characters started to + +293 +00:19:26,510 --> 00:19:29,430 +appear on the stage by time. But don't forget, + +294 +00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:33,430 +women were not allowed to be on stage so far. So a + +295 +00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:38,470 +man would be playing soft voice and no beardless + +296 +00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:41,590 +soft voice young man would be playing a role of + +297 +00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:46,400 +the woman. Was it a bad idea for John to present + +298 +00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,300 +women as victims? Did it affect him? I'm not sure, + +299 +00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,120 +but we can read more about this. How popular was + +300 +00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:59,760 +he? How many times were these plays performed on + +301 +00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:01,800 +stage? We can read more about this. So we can + +302 +00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,380 +compare him. He can't be compared to Shakespeare. + +303 +00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:09,290 +No one can. But we can have an impression. We can + +304 +00:20:09,290 --> 00:20:12,930 +see, for example, how many times Romeo and Juliet + +305 +00:20:12,930 --> 00:20:16,130 +performed and see how many times these were + +306 +00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:19,750 +performed. I mean, did it affect him by presenting + +307 +00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:24,490 +women as victims? Like people hated him? He gave + +308 +00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:29,090 +women the power to stand up and struggle and speak + +309 +00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:33,370 +up. He was empowering women in a way. That's a + +310 +00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,470 +very good question. We need to read more about how + +311 +00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:38,050 +he was received. Very interesting question. Thank + +312 +00:20:38,050 --> 00:20:44,610 +you. Maybe you can look this up. Okay? Okay, so + +313 +00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:47,650 +finally for today, before I... There's a quiz, by + +314 +00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:51,810 +the way. But don't panic. It's not four months. + +315 +00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,030 +Now, this is the golden age of drama. This is + +316 +00:20:57,030 --> 00:21:02,940 +Shakespeare, Marlow, Johnson, Thomas Kidd. and + +317 +00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:07,700 +John Webster. We have play being the major genre + +318 +00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:13,060 +there. However, the drama attracted more violence. + +319 +00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,240 +Drama was in so many ways more violent than ever + +320 +00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:23,300 +before. And for many people, this was not good. + +321 +00:21:23,420 --> 00:21:26,540 +Remember, every time, everywhere, there will be + +322 +00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:31,530 +people who hate literature. poetry, drama, stage, + +323 +00:21:31,890 --> 00:21:35,230 +theater, or every kind of artistic expression, + +324 +00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:40,610 +even sculptures. So when we see how evil ISIS is + +325 +00:21:40,610 --> 00:21:45,830 +destroying some heritage, some legacies, this + +326 +00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:48,610 +didn't start here. It started a long time ago. We + +327 +00:21:48,610 --> 00:21:51,290 +spoke about King Henry VIII, remember, who + +328 +00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:54,570 +destroyed and burned down the monasteries and the + +329 +00:21:54,570 --> 00:21:57,730 +churches because he had a dispute with the Pope. + +330 +00:22:00,180 --> 00:22:02,280 +And we've seen how throughout time and place, + +331 +00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:05,740 +sometimes books were burnt. Sometimes authors were + +332 +00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,820 +killed, executed, because they wrote something. So + +333 +00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:12,640 +we have the Puritans here. Puritans, it comes from + +334 +00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:17,980 +the word pure. You know, pure, purify, taqi, naqi, + +335 +00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,260 +tahir, something like this. Puritans, al + +336 +00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:22,680 +-mutahhirun, al-taqiya, al-mutahhirun, whatever + +337 +00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:27,840 +the name can translate into Arabic. This is a + +338 +00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,770 +religious group. but became very famous in the + +339 +00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:34,830 +17th century. And they hated the theater very + +340 +00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:36,950 +much. They didn't look at the theater as an + +341 +00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:42,010 +artistic expression, as a literary form, as a very + +342 +00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:44,410 +important cultural expression, expression of + +343 +00:22:44,410 --> 00:22:49,230 +identity, expression of a whole culture. They + +344 +00:22:49,230 --> 00:22:53,790 +looked at the theater as a source a source of + +345 +00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:59,330 +corruption, a source of violence, a source of sins + +346 +00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:04,990 +and vices. So they attacked the theater and the + +347 +00:23:04,990 --> 00:23:08,450 +playwrights. They criticized this harshly. They + +348 +00:23:08,450 --> 00:23:12,090 +didn't see that plays, even the violent plays, as + +349 +00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:17,830 +a possible way of changing and cleansing people + +350 +00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:22,530 +and purifying people even. You should know this. + +351 +00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,610 +Literature makes us better people. Because we are + +352 +00:23:25,610 --> 00:23:28,990 +exposed to different peoples, different cultures. + +353 +00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:32,770 +And we identify with them. We've seen how, again, + +354 +00:23:33,030 --> 00:23:35,830 +as Palestinians, we feel sorry for Shailaq. We + +355 +00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:39,730 +break the barriers of being different race or + +356 +00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:42,410 +different religion. And we feel sorry for him. We + +357 +00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:46,010 +don't care whether he is a Zionist or a Jew or + +358 +00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:48,510 +Christian or whatever. And that's the beauty of + +359 +00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:52,020 +literature. It brings us all together. But this + +360 +00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:57,260 +religious, extreme religious sect group said, no. + +361 +00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,480 +Theater is corrupting. You know corrupting? What + +362 +00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:03,920 +corrupting is? It's destroying the minds, + +363 +00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:06,480 +destroying of the people, destroying the future of + +364 +00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:11,880 +other society. People learn violence from watching + +365 +00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:19,170 +these plays, and eventually, sadly, In 1642, very + +366 +00:24:19,170 --> 00:24:26,250 +important date, 1642, they closed the theater. So + +367 +00:24:26,250 --> 00:24:33,210 +what happened in 1642? The closure of theater by + +368 +00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:37,230 +the Puritans. Why? They believed it was a source + +369 +00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:40,010 +of corruption, violence, sins. + +370 +00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:46,810 +And it's so sad, heartbreaking how the golden age + +371 +00:24:46,810 --> 00:24:50,670 +of Shakespeare and Marlowe and Ben Jonson and + +372 +00:24:50,670 --> 00:24:56,450 +Thomas Kidd ended in criticism, + +373 +00:24:58,250 --> 00:25:02,670 +censorship, remember? Censorship. Play this, don't + +374 +00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:09,260 +play this. Delete this. And decline. The golden + +375 +00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:13,240 +age of drama that lasted about 50 years comes to + +376 +00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:18,900 +an abrupt, violent, sudden ending because of the + +377 +00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,220 +Puritans, who hated drama and viewed it as a + +378 +00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,000 +source of corruption rather than an artistic + +379 +00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,460 +expression, an expression of culture. + +380 +00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:37,180 +And this is so sad. And I mean it. It's + +381 +00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:40,320 +heartbreaking. Because we could have more people + +382 +00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,080 +like Shakespeare, like Marlowe. However, listen. + +383 +00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,140 +People's creativity never stops. I usually + +384 +00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,920 +describe literature and creativity as whatever, + +385 +00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:57,340 +like water. When there is water, if you close one + +386 +00:25:57,340 --> 00:26:02,480 +particular route or path, it eventually goes From + +387 +00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,900 +another way. Down, up, next, right, left. And + +388 +00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,700 +literature is part of who we are as human beings. + +389 +00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,100 +Cats can't say literature. They mew, but their + +390 +00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,300 +mewing isn't poetry. It could be musical, but not + +391 +00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,980 +poetry. Dogs bark, and sometimes their barking is + +392 +00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:26,910 +Musical, there is rhythm there, but there could be + +393 +00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:30,590 +a meaning. But humans, only humans are able to + +394 +00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,250 +produce literature and poetry and drama. So no + +395 +00:26:34,250 --> 00:26:38,650 +matter how much censorship there is, human beings + +396 +00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:44,370 +will express themselves in a beautiful way, in a + +397 +00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,790 +way or another. They will write literature in a + +398 +00:26:46,790 --> 00:26:51,400 +way or another. So the closure of The theater + +399 +00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,960 +didn't mean the end of literature. It didn't mean + +400 +00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,600 +that people, okay, we're not going to write + +401 +00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,040 +anymore, we're going to go home. It meant that + +402 +00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:02,440 +people tried to find other genres, other methods + +403 +00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,060 +to express themselves artistically. And that's why + +404 +00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:09,840 +after this, people like poets and even playwrights + +405 +00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,600 +wrote more poetry. And probably some time after + +406 +00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,620 +this, about 50 years later, or 20 years later, or + +407 +00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:22,860 +60 years later, a new very important genre started + +408 +00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:27,440 +to rise, the novel. So OK, you don't want us to + +409 +00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,420 +write stuff to be performed on the stage? OK, I + +410 +00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:33,260 +write poetry. And poetry is more personal. No one + +411 +00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:35,880 +can tell you don't write poetry, because you write + +412 +00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,180 +it for yourself, and you write it for A group of + +413 +00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:44,140 +close friends. So again, the Elizabethan golden + +414 +00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:47,480 +age, the golden age of drama, the age of Queen + +415 +00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,840 +Elizabeth, King James I ended due to the Puritans + +416 +00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:58,480 +by criticism, censorship, and decline. Was it + +417 +00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,380 +never opened again? Yeah, but later on. And at + +418 +00:28:02,380 --> 00:28:05,060 +this time, people just moved on. You don't just + +419 +00:28:05,060 --> 00:28:09,220 +wait at the globe expecting And when it opened, it + +420 +00:28:09,220 --> 00:28:13,000 +was totally different. People no longer wrote + +421 +00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,240 +plays, no longer used poetry to write plays. It + +422 +00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,980 +became prose later on. We'll come probably back to + +423 +00:28:21,980 --> 00:28:26,240 +this after 200 years. We'll see the drama comes + +424 +00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:31,440 +back again to life. So I'll stop here. Please, if + +425 +00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:32,960 +you have a question, do ask. + +426 +00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,120 +If anyone has a suggestion, has an idea, anyone + +427 +00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:52,740 +read something, wants to share, please. + +428 +00:28:56,620 --> 00:29:01,140 +No, less than that. But the theater, the drama was + +429 +00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,040 +never the same again. It never recovered. It came + +430 +00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,940 +back to life, but it wasn't as powerful because + +431 +00:29:07,940 --> 00:29:11,220 +now people can read. There's the newspaper. You + +432 +00:29:11,220 --> 00:29:14,340 +don't have to go out and watch and pay money. You + +433 +00:29:14,340 --> 00:29:17,300 +buy the newspaper, you buy the book, and you just + +434 +00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:24,360 +read it. Yes. Someone. Good question. + +435 +00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:33,820 +Okay, do you want me to ask you questions? Okay, + +436 +00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,780 +we'll have a quiz now. I ask you to compare and + +437 +00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:44,240 +contrast Shylock and Barabbas. Okay, and now I + +438 +00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,760 +want to ask you this + +439 +00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,260 +about these two Jewish characters in English + +440 +00:29:52,260 --> 00:29:52,960 +literature. + +441 +00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,830 +I chose, I think I have nine quotes from are the + +442 +00:30:00,830 --> 00:30:05,150 +Merchant of Venice and the Jew of Malta and I want + +443 +00:30:05,150 --> 00:30:10,950 +you to recognize the speaker Shylock or Barabas + +444 +00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:18,790 +and tell me why so number one other than the fact + +445 +00:30:18,790 --> 00:30:22,030 +you know this already. So even if you know the + +446 +00:30:22,030 --> 00:30:26,450 +quote already, the extract, tell me how this + +447 +00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:30,350 +extract reflects either Barabbas or Shylock. + +448 +00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:31,290 +Number one. + +449 +00:30:34,130 --> 00:30:37,910 +Please, Sabah. Shylock. Read. Can you read? The + +450 +00:30:37,910 --> 00:30:41,570 +felony you teach me, I will excuse, and it shall + +451 +00:30:41,570 --> 00:30:44,470 +go hard, but I will bitter the instruction. I will + +452 +00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:45,750 +bitter the instruction. + +453 +00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,800 +Because we read this already, we know this by + +454 +00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,700 +heart maybe. But how does it reflect Shylock? + +455 +00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:02,380 +When Antonio + +456 +00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:07,680 +wanted + +457 +00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:11,700 +to borrow money And he couldn't pay the money + +458 +00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:16,700 +back. People came to Shylock, begging him to just + +459 +00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,440 +wet more what you want to do with a pound of + +460 +00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,920 +flesh. And he was like? To bait fish with oil. + +461 +00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,020 +Yeah, to bait fish with oil. If it feed nothing. + +462 +00:31:29,020 --> 00:31:31,760 +If I get fish, feed my revenge. Feed my revenge. + +463 +00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,680 +But revenge is also a theme in the Jew of Malta. + +464 +00:31:38,250 --> 00:31:45,010 +So this could also be Barabbas, right? Maybe. The + +465 +00:31:45,010 --> 00:31:48,150 +villain in Barabbas already exists. Here he says, + +466 +00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:52,150 +the villain you teach me. So shall we teach how to + +467 +00:31:52,150 --> 00:31:56,010 +be good? So you think Barabbas is born a villain? + +468 +00:31:56,490 --> 00:32:00,950 +Yes, maybe. Because something happened to him that + +469 +00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:04,230 +made him go crazy. Not to justify his evil, + +470 +00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:09,750 +villainy. Because remember why he decided to take + +471 +00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650 +revenge? Because his money was taken out from him. + +472 +00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:19,410 +His money was taken away by the Christians. So + +473 +00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:24,310 +there's revenge there. There's revenge here. So if + +474 +00:32:24,310 --> 00:32:27,530 +we don't know this, probably we can say it could + +475 +00:32:27,530 --> 00:32:30,950 +be by either. But yeah, this is Shylock. + +476 +00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:40,170 +Maybe Shylock is smarter, more sane, because that + +477 +00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:44,830 +man is bloody hell. Barabbas is really + +478 +00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:49,030 +bloodthirsty. He doesn't think. He just wants to + +479 +00:32:49,030 --> 00:32:51,130 +kill. If he thinks, he wouldn't poison his own + +480 +00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:54,650 +daughter, for God's sake. But this is a man who + +481 +00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:59,090 +plans, a man who will better the instructions. You + +482 +00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:03,500 +teach me villainy, I will do the same to you. I'm + +483 +00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,000 +smarter than you. Next, + +484 +00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:11,100 +please. + +485 +00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:23,000 +This is also Shilog because we know it, right? But + +486 +00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,440 +does it reflect anything about Shilog? Please. + +487 +00:33:30,780 --> 00:33:36,000 +Was weak? weak yes he asked if he he said that + +488 +00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,240 +they are the same people there unlike perverse who + +489 +00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,560 +doesn't care he just wanted to kill him yes he + +490 +00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:44,460 +just wanted to kill him excellent Shakespeare + +491 +00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:50,360 +focuses on the theme of shared humanities what's + +492 +00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,160 +the difference between Shylock and Antonio nothing + +493 +00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:59,950 +so he's calling for equality He wanted to be, he's + +494 +00:33:59,950 --> 00:34:04,630 +calling for justice here. But in the Jew of Malta, + +495 +00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:08,810 +we don't have this. It's just revenge, death, and + +496 +00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:16,190 +killing. Next. Someone read? Please. + +497 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,850 +Oh yes, + +498 +00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:34,390 +interesting. + +499 +00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,600 +Probably, yeah, he doesn't. Shylock generally + +500 +00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,600 +embraces his Jewish identity. He mentions this + +501 +00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,720 +more than once. When he's invited to eat with + +502 +00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:52,980 +Antonio, he says, sorry, I don't eat pork. And + +503 +00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:56,460 +then later on he says, have not a Jew wine. He + +504 +00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,240 +embraces his, he's not a Shin, he's a proud Jewish + +505 +00:34:59,240 --> 00:35:04,140 +man, which is in a way good. But Barabbas uses + +506 +00:35:04,140 --> 00:35:06,620 +religion. And this is something that reflects his + +507 +00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:10,580 +attitude. I count religion but a childish toy. + +508 +00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:15,900 +Childish. It's a toy. It's a tool. For? + +509 +00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:24,000 +Raise your hand. Read. You know what the serpent + +510 +00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,640 +is? Serpent is a snake. I gave you the meaning. + +511 +00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:35,420 +Yes. Barabas or Shylock? + +512 +00:35:44,860 --> 00:35:57,980 +How does this reflect? Please, read. We have + +513 +00:35:57,980 --> 00:36:00,480 +the serpent, you know, and the dove. You know + +514 +00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:04,890 +dove? So I'll show, I'll pretend to be the dove, + +515 +00:36:05,590 --> 00:36:11,570 +but in reality I am a snake. Shylock or Barabas? + +516 +00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:16,290 +Barabas. Are you sure? Yes. Are you sure? Who says + +517 +00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:21,190 +it's Shylock? Shylock, why? Because he pretended + +518 +00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:25,650 +to be nice with Antonio by giving him all his + +519 +00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:28,550 +money. Are you sure? He didn't pretend, he just + +520 +00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:32,520 +gave it. He lied when he said, the pond is for + +521 +00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,940 +merry sport, just for fun, just sign, a pound of + +522 +00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:38,540 +flesh, come on, you already have the money. But + +523 +00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:41,320 +other than this, Shylock was clear, he wanted + +524 +00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,420 +revenge. When he was asked, he said, I want + +525 +00:36:44,420 --> 00:36:49,060 +revenge. And he just said it, I will execute the + +526 +00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:52,540 +villainy, but I am better. But there's another man + +527 +00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:57,960 +who was hiding behind a mask. Someone pretended to + +528 +00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,200 +be. nice and good but in reality he kills people + +529 +00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:09,820 +he poisons people and this man is Barabbas so yeah + +530 +00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:12,560 +thank you most of you said it is Barabbas he + +531 +00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:16,620 +pretends to be good because at one moment he + +532 +00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:18,460 +pretends to be christian he says oh i'm a + +533 +00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,760 +christian i converted to christianity and he kills + +534 +00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:25,440 +everyone around him So now I'll show myself to + +535 +00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,540 +have more of a serpent than than the dove because + +536 +00:37:29,540 --> 00:37:33,100 +in the past he was the opposite. But he's + +537 +00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,400 +revealing his true identity. Yeah, there is shared + +538 +00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,500 +stuff here between him and number six. + +539 +00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:43,960 +Yeah, yeah, please. + +540 +00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:55,000 +Because you know this? Why? He wants justice. I + +541 +00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,520 +think revenge comes in the sense of justice, more + +542 +00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:03,120 +than being some villain, blood. If he took his own + +543 +00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,720 +flesh, Antonio could have died. So there is that, + +544 +00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:12,860 +death, blood, revenge. But there is one person who + +545 +00:38:12,860 --> 00:38:17,760 +doesn't have enough revenge. He kills scores of + +546 +00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:23,460 +people, tens of people. Many people are killed. So + +547 +00:38:23,460 --> 00:38:26,560 +this man, it will feed my revenge. But someone + +548 +00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,420 +else, Barabbas, nothing feeds his revenge, not + +549 +00:38:29,420 --> 00:38:31,060 +even killing his own daughter. + +550 +00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:39,380 +Seven, please. As for myself, I work abroad a lot + +551 +00:38:39,380 --> 00:38:43,180 +and keep seeing people crawling, running under + +552 +00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:46,820 +walls. Sometimes I go about and poison girls. + +553 +00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:53,680 +OK. I like how you use the word obviously, because + +554 +00:38:53,680 --> 00:39:01,820 +you're confident. When you + +555 +00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:05,260 +go home, please Google this. It's really horrible. + +556 +00:39:05,380 --> 00:39:07,500 +One of the most horrible things you will ever + +557 +00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:11,100 +read. Someone in a way bragging about just walking + +558 +00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:14,320 +nonchalantly at night and killing the sick + +559 +00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:18,240 +homeless people and poisoning wells. But this is + +560 +00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:21,300 +also a stereotype, a bad, wrong stereotype about + +561 +00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,940 +Jews. What is Manu doing here? What is Barabbas + +562 +00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:28,380 +doing here? So it's easy to tell that Shiloh + +563 +00:39:28,380 --> 00:39:31,020 +didn't want to poison anybody. He just wants + +564 +00:39:31,020 --> 00:39:33,760 +interests, more money, and justice, and revenge. + +565 +00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:40,100 +So as for myself, I walk abroad at night and kill + +566 +00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,600 +sick people groaning under walls. Sometimes I go + +567 +00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,080 +about and poison wells. You know wells? What's a + +568 +00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:51,660 +well? Yeah, water well, water. Underground water, + +569 +00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,720 +you get it through wells. Eight. + +570 +00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:07,580 +Yeah, someone? Someone else? + +571 +00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:12,400 +Shiloh had a daughter also. Don't forget this. + +572 +00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:12,820 +Yeah? + +573 +00:40:16,140 --> 00:40:20,100 +Be silent daughter, suffer his greedies. I guess + +574 +00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:25,080 +Tarabas said that because he forced his daughter + +575 +00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,120 +to do bad stuff and she didn't want to. Maybe he + +576 +00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:33,140 +was convincing her. Controlling her, be silent, + +577 +00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:40,220 +ordering her to... If you forgive sufferance, if + +578 +00:40:40,220 --> 00:40:45,640 +you tolerate, if you forgive, This breeds ease. In + +579 +00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:50,040 +a sense, it means if you let people wrong you and + +580 +00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:52,460 +you don't take revenge, people will get used to + +581 +00:40:52,460 --> 00:40:55,420 +wronging you all the time. So if someone slaps + +582 +00:40:55,420 --> 00:40:57,840 +you, don't give the other cheek. You just punch + +583 +00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,720 +them and probably kill them. That's his strategy. + +584 +00:41:01,740 --> 00:41:03,320 +So he's telling his daughter, don't forgive. + +585 +00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:07,530 +Forgiving is not good. Forgiving doesn't make + +586 +00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:10,510 +people rethink their crimes or their mistreatment. + +587 +00:41:11,130 --> 00:41:14,390 +Forgiving makes people want to wrong you even + +588 +00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:23,110 +more, to hurt you even more. And finally, finally, + +589 +00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:31,090 +finally, finally, someone read first. Please. + +590 +00:41:42,190 --> 00:41:45,830 +Christian Exclamations. I hate him for he is + +591 +00:41:45,830 --> 00:41:51,150 +Christian. I hate him for he is a Christian. + +592 +00:41:56,770 --> 00:42:00,790 +Who was more religious than the other? Probably + +593 +00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:03,750 +Shylock. We said he was a proud Jewish person who + +594 +00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:07,110 +embraced his heritage and his religion in a way + +595 +00:42:07,110 --> 00:42:11,310 +that is probably more obvious + +596 +00:42:11,310 --> 00:42:15,410 +than Barabbas. Barabbas's religion for him is a + +597 +00:42:15,410 --> 00:42:20,590 +childish toy. I hate him but he says this when he + +598 +00:42:20,590 --> 00:42:24,250 +says I hate him for he is a Christian but he later + +599 +00:42:24,250 --> 00:42:27,870 +on he says I also hate him because he called me a + +600 +00:42:27,870 --> 00:42:31,850 +dog and this is also a beautiful speech from + +601 +00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,990 +Shiloh one of the beautiful speeches there where + +602 +00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:37,430 +he said okay you call me a dog have a dog money + +603 +00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:40,230 +because now you want to take to borrow my money + +604 +00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:43,550 +have a dog money you spit in my face and now you + +605 +00:42:43,550 --> 00:42:47,960 +want money you want my money So there is this + +606 +00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:53,880 +religion thing. But more, it's the mistreatment. I + +607 +00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,120 +will not ask you questions like these in the exam. + +608 +00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:59,020 +This is just for fun. But it's good to try to + +609 +00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:02,600 +learn to see whether a particular line can reflect + +610 +00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,400 +the author, the features of the age. Think of + +611 +00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,320 +this. Because later on, you will be doing this + +612 +00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:14,340 +when you grow up and become + +613 +00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:19,220 +senior students. I'll stop here unless someone has + +614 +00:43:19,220 --> 00:43:23,820 +a question. Questions, please. Any question? + +615 +00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:28,100 +Okay, thank you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ZEo67Nspu98_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ZEo67Nspu98_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15f5a561bdd39ca21280b680d75f9e83ef8b6348 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ZEo67Nspu98_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2556 @@ +1 +00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:25,430 +Hello, everyone, and welcome back to our English + +2 +00:00:25,430 --> 00:00:28,770 +literature course. We are approaching the end of + +3 +00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:32,070 +the semester, so probably three, four more classes + +4 +00:00:32,070 --> 00:00:37,290 +to go. We're speaking about the Victorian Age, and + +5 +00:00:37,290 --> 00:00:41,030 +last time we finished with two important names in + +6 +00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,390 +the literature of the Victorian Age, Charles + +7 +00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:49,030 +Dickens and Thomas Hardy. Now, when we speak about + +8 +00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,950 +the Victorian novelists, we always also speak + +9 +00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:55,070 +about female novelists, women who were also + +10 +00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:59,030 +writing novels at that time. And it's again very + +11 +00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:01,170 +interesting if you follow the development of + +12 +00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:03,530 +English literature, how in Old English we had + +13 +00:01:03,530 --> 00:01:06,550 +basically no women, not even generally as + +14 +00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,670 +characters in in the texts, in the poems, they + +15 +00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:13,730 +were playing minimal roles. And then in the Middle + +16 +00:01:13,730 --> 00:01:17,170 +English, we had more and more women, but generally + +17 +00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:21,850 +as objects of desire, remember? And then women + +18 +00:01:21,850 --> 00:01:24,790 +started to appear more, despite the fact that in + +19 +00:01:24,790 --> 00:01:28,090 +real life, women, in a way, it's wrong to say they + +20 +00:01:28,090 --> 00:01:30,690 +didn't write or they couldn't write. They were not + +21 +00:01:30,690 --> 00:01:33,780 +allowed to write. They were in a society that was + +22 +00:01:33,780 --> 00:01:36,400 +training them to be at home, to stay at home, to + +23 +00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:38,780 +take care of the kitchen, to make sandwiches, to + +24 +00:01:38,780 --> 00:01:41,980 +be barefoot, pregnant, and all the time at home. + +25 +00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:45,360 +They were not allowed to go out more or less. For + +26 +00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:47,640 +example, during the time of Shakespeare, women + +27 +00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:51,440 +were not allowed to perform on stage. And men + +28 +00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:55,980 +would be stealing the jobs. OK? So basically, + +29 +00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,480 +Aphra Behn is the first major real female writer. + +30 +00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:05,680 +And that's why Virginia Woolf praises her a lot + +31 +00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:08,180 +and says all the women around the world should put + +32 +00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:10,660 +roses around her grave, because what she did is + +33 +00:02:10,660 --> 00:02:13,740 +significant for women in England and around the + +34 +00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:16,160 +world. So she was speaking for women. She was + +35 +00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,260 +empowering women. She was showing women, in a way, + +36 +00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:21,560 +how to do that. They can do it. They can write, + +37 +00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:24,240 +and they can write better than than men. And then + +38 +00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:28,540 +we moved to see Mary Vance, Mary Manley, and those + +39 +00:02:28,540 --> 00:02:32,780 +fantastic female women. And now we have women who + +40 +00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:37,800 +can be published, and people were looking forward + +41 +00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,350 +to reading their stuff. But as a matter of fact, I + +42 +00:02:41,350 --> 00:02:45,530 +always like to show the role of women in fiction. + +43 +00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:48,250 +So these are real women, real human beings with + +44 +00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:51,010 +feelings and emotions and everything in life. But + +45 +00:02:51,010 --> 00:02:55,530 +in fact, fiction played a major role in the + +46 +00:02:55,530 --> 00:02:59,110 +development and empowerment of women. And it still + +47 +00:02:59,110 --> 00:03:01,590 +plays this significant role. And here, for us, for + +48 +00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:05,490 +example, like the Palestinians as occupied, as + +49 +00:03:05,490 --> 00:03:08,570 +colonized, as oppressed society, we can always use + +50 +00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:11,530 +fiction as a tool of resistance, as a tool of + +51 +00:03:11,530 --> 00:03:14,410 +empowerment, to speak out, to reach out to others, + +52 +00:03:14,510 --> 00:03:19,490 +to speak. truth to power, as they say. So fiction + +53 +00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:21,850 +played an amazing role, fiction which is + +54 +00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:25,270 +imaginative writing, in empowering, changing the + +55 +00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:30,150 +reality of men. And I can go as far as The Nun and + +56 +00:03:30,150 --> 00:03:33,890 +The Wife of Bath in Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, the + +57 +00:03:33,890 --> 00:03:36,570 +woman in Chaucer was powerful, was different. She + +58 +00:03:36,570 --> 00:03:39,050 +was untraditional. She wasn't, you know, the woman + +59 +00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:41,350 +who was following the rules of the community. She + +60 +00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:45,030 +wanted to challenge these rules. And even Portia, + +61 +00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,190 +like centuries later in Shakespeare, can be a + +62 +00:03:49,190 --> 00:03:52,910 +fantastic example for women. But what Portia did + +63 +00:03:52,910 --> 00:03:58,530 +is is in so many ways like what women do now in + +64 +00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:00,470 +the 20th century. Because at that time, women were + +65 +00:04:00,470 --> 00:04:04,030 +not allowed to be on stage, let alone to go to + +66 +00:04:04,030 --> 00:04:07,730 +university and be lawyers. So what Portia did is + +67 +00:04:07,730 --> 00:04:10,610 +just she disguised as a man, changed her outfit, + +68 +00:04:11,230 --> 00:04:14,570 +put a fake mustache, a fake beard, probably a fake + +69 +00:04:14,570 --> 00:04:17,850 +wig. And now, whoops, all of a sudden, she's a + +70 +00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:20,210 +lawyer. And she's defeating the most cunning + +71 +00:04:20,210 --> 00:04:24,410 +character, Shylock. She's defeating him, tricking + +72 +00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:28,090 +everyone in the court, showing us that all these + +73 +00:04:28,090 --> 00:04:31,830 +man-made rules of the society that say women can't + +74 +00:04:31,830 --> 00:04:33,490 +do this and can't do that and should be doing + +75 +00:04:33,490 --> 00:04:36,090 +that, they're fake. They're fabricated. They can + +76 +00:04:36,090 --> 00:04:39,310 +be challenged, and they can be broken. So we move + +77 +00:04:39,310 --> 00:04:41,690 +to the Victorian Age here, and we see how women + +78 +00:04:41,690 --> 00:04:46,950 +were pushing the barriers, like, even further and + +79 +00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:49,290 +further. It doesn't mean women don't have + +80 +00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:53,320 +challenges. And people were not, in a way or + +81 +00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,640 +another, hindering women's progress in writing. + +82 +00:04:55,740 --> 00:04:58,380 +Even today, and I mentioned this before, when we + +83 +00:04:58,380 --> 00:05:01,920 +spoke about J.K. Rowling, we said she used her + +84 +00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,960 +first initials, J.K. Rowling. Her name is Jwan. + +85 +00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:09,960 +And I usually say Jwan Khamis Rowling, you know, + +86 +00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,060 +my joke. Thank you for laughing. One mark for you. + +87 +00:05:13,740 --> 00:05:19,840 +So J.K. Rowling wanted to be published. wanted to + +88 +00:05:19,840 --> 00:05:23,100 +be published. She was looking for a publisher and + +89 +00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:27,120 +then they came up to the agreement that, wait a + +90 +00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,760 +minute, Maybe, maybe if we publish under your real + +91 +00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:34,280 +name, Juan, many people will not be willing to buy + +92 +00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:36,540 +a book for a woman to read. Although some of the + +93 +00:05:36,540 --> 00:05:39,120 +most famous poets and novelists in the 20th + +94 +00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,900 +century, 21st century are women. But again, the + +95 +00:05:41,900 --> 00:05:44,560 +times are changing. So they agreed to go for JK + +96 +00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,620 +Rowling. And we'll see this happening here. Women + +97 +00:05:47,620 --> 00:05:51,100 +who couldn't + +98 +00:05:51,100 --> 00:05:53,780 +find the chance to be published would change their + +99 +00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:56,080 +name. And women who wanted to reach to greater + +100 +00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:59,220 +audiences to break the prejudice We're also using + +101 +00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:03,420 +pen names and fake names, as we are going to see. + +102 +00:06:03,700 --> 00:06:08,100 +So we speak about the three Bronte sisters, the + +103 +00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,720 +Brontes, the three sisters. And we speak about + +104 +00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:16,760 +George Eliot. Again, I say women writers, George + +105 +00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:24,780 +Eliot. Because George Eliot is a woman. She used a + +106 +00:06:24,780 --> 00:06:29,340 +pen name of a man, George Eliot. for several + +107 +00:06:29,340 --> 00:06:33,080 +reasons related to how women were treated. So the + +108 +00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,920 +three Bronte sisters will take one text from each. + +109 +00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:41,300 +Number one, Charlotte. Her most successful book is + +110 +00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:43,820 +Jane Eyre. Don't confuse Jane Eyre with the real + +111 +00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:47,540 +Jane Austen. Austen is a romantic Victorian + +112 +00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:51,450 +figure. Pride and Prejudice, Incensibility, and + +113 +00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:57,270 +Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte's most famous novel. + +114 +00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,870 +In this novel, again, we'll see how These women + +115 +00:07:01,870 --> 00:07:04,810 +generally write about women to empower women. And + +116 +00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:08,870 +they are different. In the past, I think in Henry + +117 +00:07:08,870 --> 00:07:10,810 +Fielding and Richardson, they were writing how + +118 +00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:15,670 +women are always the victims of female violence. + +119 +00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:18,670 +Women always die. Women always get raped. Women + +120 +00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:22,290 +always, you know. But here, women have their own + +121 +00:07:22,290 --> 00:07:24,670 +voice. They can speak up. They can challenge + +122 +00:07:24,670 --> 00:07:27,890 +authority. And they can end up victorious and + +123 +00:07:27,890 --> 00:07:32,610 +triumphant and happy. So this is one of the most + +124 +00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:35,690 +famous novels about a woman, Jane Eyre. Again, try + +125 +00:07:35,690 --> 00:07:38,190 +to read some of these in the summer break. If you + +126 +00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:42,130 +can't, please watch the movie. Now Jane starts as + +127 +00:07:42,130 --> 00:07:48,000 +parentless. She's a poor child like Oliver. But + +128 +00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,860 +she doesn't end up in a way like Oliver, because + +129 +00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:57,060 +Bronte treats her as a woman, as independent, as + +130 +00:07:57,060 --> 00:08:00,480 +strong. Because in the book, Oliver is always a + +131 +00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:03,160 +tool of fate. He's like a feather being blown here + +132 +00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:06,440 +and there by the wind. But this woman, she creates + +133 +00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:09,360 +her own destiny, her own life, and her own future, + +134 +00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:13,320 +bringing about a happy ending. So despite all the + +135 +00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:18,610 +sufferings, She ends up triumphant, independent, + +136 +00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:21,870 +and a strong woman. So when she meets Mr. + +137 +00:08:21,950 --> 00:08:26,350 +Rochester, who has locked up his wife in the + +138 +00:08:26,350 --> 00:08:29,950 +attic. And it's interesting, when a man doesn't + +139 +00:08:29,950 --> 00:08:34,190 +like his wife, he just says she's crazy. So this + +140 +00:08:34,190 --> 00:08:38,430 +is something here. This man locks his wife in the + +141 +00:08:38,430 --> 00:08:43,400 +attic somewhere. up in the house and claims that + +142 +00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,160 +she is mad. Maybe she's mad, but that's not my + +143 +00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:51,980 +issue here. Maybe you read that and see how is the + +144 +00:08:51,980 --> 00:08:58,720 +truth being told about her. Is he mad? If she's + +145 +00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,140 +mad, why is she mad? What is madness, right? What + +146 +00:09:01,140 --> 00:09:05,460 +is madness? Is madness what you don't like? If I + +147 +00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,440 +do something that you don't like about me, you're + +148 +00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,240 +going to say, that's insane, that's mad. So the + +149 +00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,780 +novel examines the many circumstances, many issues + +150 +00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:18,240 +surrounding the life of women at that time. At the + +151 +00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:21,560 +end of the novel, like I said, Jane herself, the + +152 +00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:25,580 +woman, is in control, is in command. Remember when + +153 +00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:27,880 +I said women writers usually use techniques to + +154 +00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:30,540 +engage the readers, to make them part of this? + +155 +00:09:30,980 --> 00:09:33,600 +Here, she sticks her head out of the text, the + +156 +00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,100 +book, and she talks to us, the readers, directly. + +157 +00:09:36,420 --> 00:09:40,400 +She says, reader, I married him. It's not the, + +158 +00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:44,500 +like, generally, men would be chasing women, + +159 +00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:47,780 +right? Coming after, running after them, et + +160 +00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:50,840 +cetera. But here, the woman is in command. So, and + +161 +00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:54,180 +this shows, again, a new move towards freedom and + +162 +00:09:54,180 --> 00:09:57,420 +equality, that women are equal to men and they can + +163 +00:09:57,420 --> 00:10:01,040 +be in a position to chase and be independent and + +164 +00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:04,240 +control their own destinies and lives. General, + +165 +00:10:04,540 --> 00:10:08,440 +really interesting read. More about Jane Anne. So, + +166 +00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,060 +like I said, Jane controls her own life despite + +167 +00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:15,360 +the difficulties, despite the suffering, despite + +168 +00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:18,790 +the problems. At the end of the text, we see her + +169 +00:10:18,790 --> 00:10:20,850 +as a strong, independent woman. Strong, + +170 +00:10:20,990 --> 00:10:24,470 +independent woman. Strong, independent woman. And + +171 +00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:27,990 +always compare this with how women are generally + +172 +00:10:27,990 --> 00:10:32,790 +depicted by men, especially by 17th, 18th century + +173 +00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:36,110 +authors like Richardson. Remember Pamela? Remember + +174 +00:10:36,110 --> 00:10:39,470 +Clarissa? Raped and dead. Raped and dead. Always + +175 +00:10:39,470 --> 00:10:44,210 +victims. But this is totally different. The woman + +176 +00:10:44,210 --> 00:10:49,520 +is simply independent of man. Not dependent on or + +177 +00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:54,200 +upon man, independent of man. That's basically + +178 +00:10:54,200 --> 00:11:01,180 +JNR. Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. I'm not + +179 +00:11:01,180 --> 00:11:03,380 +sure if you're familiar with Wuthering Heights. I + +180 +00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,700 +think it was turned into a cartoon, but you will + +181 +00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:10,650 +always find these on YouTube as movies. So Emily + +182 +00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:12,770 +is a little bit different because she's more into + +183 +00:11:12,770 --> 00:11:15,490 +the psychology, psychological novel. In a way, she + +184 +00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:17,470 +was one of the leaders of the psychological novel, + +185 +00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,610 +where she gets inside the mind. That's very + +186 +00:11:20,610 --> 00:11:23,970 +beautiful and profound, because if people believe + +187 +00:11:23,970 --> 00:11:26,910 +that women can't write social novels, no, they + +188 +00:11:26,910 --> 00:11:29,790 +can, and they can even write more advanced, more + +189 +00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:32,950 +profound, more complex novels, novels that get + +190 +00:11:32,950 --> 00:11:36,520 +inside the mind and the brain of of the character. + +191 +00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,380 +It's a novel of passion considered to be an early + +192 +00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,700 +psychological example of the novel here. The + +193 +00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:48,560 +central character, Kathy, or characters Kathy and + +194 +00:11:48,560 --> 00:11:51,360 +Heathcliff, they live out there, they are in love. + +195 +00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:56,860 +The withering heights here are used in a way + +196 +00:11:56,860 --> 00:12:00,920 +symbolically. Some people think that this is in a + +197 +00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:03,560 +way partly a Gothic novel because it takes place + +198 +00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:07,360 +among the heights, the withering heights and the + +199 +00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:10,720 +mountains and the hills and the valleys there. But + +200 +00:12:10,720 --> 00:12:14,120 +the wild atmosphere, the geography reflects the + +201 +00:12:14,530 --> 00:12:16,790 +passionate relationship between these two people. + +202 +00:12:17,110 --> 00:12:20,630 +So in a way, it is mirrored. The landscape is as + +203 +00:12:20,630 --> 00:12:23,930 +wild as the relationship. Of course, the novel is + +204 +00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:26,210 +very original. It's very different in the way it's + +205 +00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:29,330 +written, the fact that it is a psychological novel + +206 +00:12:29,330 --> 00:12:33,110 +about more what's going on here than anything + +207 +00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:36,050 +else. For example, in the narrative, it moves + +208 +00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:40,970 +backward. and forward like flashback flash forward + +209 +00:12:40,970 --> 00:12:44,030 +keeps going on like this we mentioned a little bit + +210 +00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:48,010 +about this in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein women + +211 +00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,830 +always wanted to create new techniques because + +212 +00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:54,770 +sometimes like men monopolize something you know + +213 +00:12:54,770 --> 00:12:58,840 +monopolize Like, they think this is my way. This + +214 +00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,900 +is what men do. This is how men write. And the + +215 +00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:05,460 +women were like, OK, thank you. We can find a + +216 +00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:08,420 +different technique to mix and vary, to create, to + +217 +00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:11,080 +experiment on the narrative technique. So the + +218 +00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,080 +novel, in events, moves backward and forward in + +219 +00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,600 +time, and in and out of the minds of the + +220 +00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:21,480 +characters as a psychological novel. Let's see + +221 +00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:26,740 +this extract here. So, again, a new world, a new + +222 +00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:28,600 +view of women and their emotions. They are + +223 +00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,760 +independent, and they can express themselves + +224 +00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,820 +clearly and passionately as they like. Let's see + +225 +00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:39,100 +Cathy talking to Nelly, her housemaid, about two + +226 +00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:43,040 +people. Now, we know she's married to Linton. And + +227 +00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,280 +she loves him. But she loves someone else. In the + +228 +00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,760 +past, it was a taboo. Like, hold on. Don't talk + +229 +00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:50,180 +about this. You shouldn't. If you get married to + +230 +00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:54,060 +someone, you just... Just shut your heart and + +231 +00:13:54,060 --> 00:13:58,040 +stick to this person. Look at this beautiful quote + +232 +00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,260 +extract that changes everything about women in the + +233 +00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:04,200 +English novel here. See, she says, someone read + +234 +00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:09,900 +please. Okay, Reem. My love for Linton is like the + +235 +00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,700 +foliage. Foliage. It's like paper. Foliage is + +236 +00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:17,310 +paper. Time will change it. I'm well aware, as + +237 +00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:21,050 +winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff's + +238 +00:14:21,050 --> 00:14:24,710 +resembles the eternal rocks beneath, a course of + +239 +00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:27,790 +vivid delight, but necessarily Nelly. I'm + +240 +00:14:27,790 --> 00:14:31,610 +Heathcliff. I'm Heathcliff. This should be. So + +241 +00:14:31,610 --> 00:14:36,350 +Nelly, I am Heathcliff. Yeah? He's always, always + +242 +00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:39,970 +in my mind as my own being. OK. So here, we + +243 +00:14:39,970 --> 00:14:44,880 +compare between the paper, the foliage, and? And + +244 +00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,960 +the rocks, the binary opposites. Like she's + +245 +00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:50,180 +comparing these two people to these two things. + +246 +00:14:50,260 --> 00:14:52,500 +These are similes, remember? As and resembles, + +247 +00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:57,640 +simile. This love is fake or doesn't last. It can + +248 +00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:00,360 +easily be destroyed by some wind and rain. But + +249 +00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:03,580 +this is strong, as strong as the rocks themselves. + +250 +00:15:04,460 --> 00:15:06,480 +If I ask you this question, what is the most + +251 +00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:08,760 +important word in this extract? What's the key + +252 +00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:10,160 +word? My love? + +253 +00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:22,620 +Where's mine? There's my, and my, my love, my, and + +254 +00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:29,200 +my. What are these? They are first person and + +255 +00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:36,020 +these are feelings, self. The self? Generally + +256 +00:15:36,020 --> 00:15:39,500 +owning something. Possession here. They indicate + +257 +00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:43,040 +possession. My, my, my, my. So women in the past + +258 +00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,760 +were properties. They were owned by men. + +259 +00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:49,000 +Controlled by men. Their destiny, their + +260 +00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,660 +everything. But this is a woman in command. In my + +261 +00:15:51,660 --> 00:15:53,900 +opinion, the most important word is the word own. + +262 +00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:58,960 +My own being. I own him. He's mine. I can claim + +263 +00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:04,710 +him like people claim their, you know, property or + +264 +00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:08,190 +something. So there is emphasis on my, my, my, my, + +265 +00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:11,990 +my. This is a strong independent woman who can be + +266 +00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:17,250 +in command, who can own men, unlike a century or + +267 +00:16:17,250 --> 00:16:20,730 +two centuries ago when women were owned. So this + +268 +00:16:20,730 --> 00:16:22,790 +is, again, interesting how women are writing, how + +269 +00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:25,550 +these branches were writing about this. The + +270 +00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:30,460 +sister, Anne, Anne Bronte, their youngest sister. + +271 +00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:35,800 +She also wrote about women issues. So for the + +272 +00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:40,620 +exam, just with taking Emily and Bronte, but it's + +273 +00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:44,140 +good to know that Anne was also writing stuff + +274 +00:16:44,140 --> 00:16:46,520 +about the complex relationships between men and + +275 +00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:52,440 +women. So to summarize, everyone, to summarize + +276 +00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:57,510 +here, The three sisters faced these problems. Some + +277 +00:16:57,510 --> 00:16:59,710 +people say they were reflecting their own lives + +278 +00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:02,630 +because they had this difficulty, the difficult + +279 +00:17:02,630 --> 00:17:07,890 +life, and they wanted to write about them, to + +280 +00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:10,850 +expose them, to empower women. But some might say + +281 +00:17:10,850 --> 00:17:13,070 +that women always write fiction, prefer fiction, + +282 +00:17:13,090 --> 00:17:15,890 +because they create their own world where you can + +283 +00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:17,890 +live as a strong. So if the society is not + +284 +00:17:17,890 --> 00:17:20,670 +treating you well, you can create your own world. + +285 +00:17:20,690 --> 00:17:23,310 +And this own world will become the reality if not + +286 +00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:25,640 +your reality, it will become the reality of other + +287 +00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:28,540 +women. And this is how empowering works sometimes. + +288 +00:17:28,660 --> 00:17:31,460 +They face these difficulties with courage and + +289 +00:17:31,460 --> 00:17:34,740 +directness. Together they changed the way the + +290 +00:17:34,740 --> 00:17:37,520 +novel could present women characters. That's the + +291 +00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,470 +most significant thing here. From now on, people + +292 +00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:43,650 +in a way, of course, we will find novels that + +293 +00:17:43,650 --> 00:17:49,390 +treat women as the case in the past, but generally + +294 +00:17:49,390 --> 00:17:52,090 +people were pushing forward, especially women. + +295 +00:17:52,210 --> 00:17:54,450 +After the Brontes, female characters were more + +296 +00:17:54,450 --> 00:17:58,570 +realistic. and less idealized. So the woman is no + +297 +00:17:58,570 --> 00:18:01,950 +longer an object of desire, although we'll find + +298 +00:18:01,950 --> 00:18:04,270 +this all the time. But generally, we will + +299 +00:18:04,270 --> 00:18:07,170 +frequently find a strong, powerful, independent + +300 +00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:11,050 +woman. Realistic woman, like not a superwoman, a + +301 +00:18:11,050 --> 00:18:15,330 +superhero, and not an object in the kitchen. If we + +302 +00:18:15,330 --> 00:18:17,630 +have this, it's usually criticized in a way, + +303 +00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:21,530 +exposed in a way or another. This is significant. + +304 +00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:24,880 +It's no longer treated like, oh, come live with me + +305 +00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:26,520 +and be my love, and we will all the pleasures + +306 +00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,440 +prove. Well, the woman is absent and silent, and + +307 +00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:32,240 +she's tricked by things. So less idealized. She's + +308 +00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:35,980 +a woman. She has her own faults. But she can be + +309 +00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,540 +independent. She can survive all these + +310 +00:18:39,540 --> 00:18:42,020 +difficulties and suffering. And their struggles + +311 +00:18:42,020 --> 00:18:45,640 +became the subject of a great many novels. So the + +312 +00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,740 +women are no longer minor characters or marginal + +313 +00:18:48,740 --> 00:18:53,790 +characters. The book is about the woman. It + +314 +00:18:53,790 --> 00:18:56,030 +doesn't mean because these are women, they didn't + +315 +00:18:56,030 --> 00:18:59,570 +write about other themes. They did. Okay, but + +316 +00:18:59,570 --> 00:19:03,190 +mainly they were aiming to empower. And let's see + +317 +00:19:03,190 --> 00:19:10,210 +George Eliot or Mary again. I think we have 20 + +318 +00:19:10,210 --> 00:19:15,050 +Jones and like 10 Marys, right? Mary and Evans. + +319 +00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:22,040 +Mary Evans or George Eliot. George Eliot. She's + +320 +00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:27,100 +generally known as George Eliot. AKA Mary Anne + +321 +00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:31,540 +Evans. Sorry? Her real name. Yeah, not as much as + +322 +00:19:31,540 --> 00:19:35,420 +George Eliot. And again, this is a woman, I think, + +323 +00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,480 +listen, the Brontes sometime in their life, the + +324 +00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,820 +Brontes also used fake names sometime in their + +325 +00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:46,400 +life. So it's not only George Eliot. The Brontes + +326 +00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,500 +also used fake names or pen names or initials, so + +327 +00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:51,700 +they didn't want to reveal that they are. Now, + +328 +00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:54,540 +with George Eliot, one of the most significant, + +329 +00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:56,580 +some people consider her the most significant + +330 +00:19:56,580 --> 00:19:59,400 +female writer of all time. Even her book, her + +331 +00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,140 +novel, we'll see in a bit, Middlemarch, is + +332 +00:20:03,140 --> 00:20:05,720 +considered by many to be the greatest novel in the + +333 +00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:09,900 +English language. Now, imagine this. You read a + +334 +00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:13,210 +book. You look at the cover and it says it's + +335 +00:20:13,210 --> 00:20:18,730 +written by George Eliot, and you love it, thinking + +336 +00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:26,650 +that the author is a man. If the cover says, Mary + +337 +00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:29,490 +Anne Evans, you're going to go, I don't like + +338 +00:20:29,490 --> 00:20:34,270 +reading for women. I think women can't capture the + +339 +00:20:34,270 --> 00:20:35,950 +essence of feelings and emotions and their + +340 +00:20:35,950 --> 00:20:39,530 +experiences. Many people say this. Women are not + +341 +00:20:39,530 --> 00:20:41,890 +deep compared to men. Women can't reflect the + +342 +00:20:41,890 --> 00:20:44,270 +psychology, you know, the relationship, the depth, + +343 +00:20:44,410 --> 00:20:47,230 +the passion, the fears, the concerns. Many people + +344 +00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:50,310 +say this, which is wrong, of course. Imagine + +345 +00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:54,290 +yourself believing in this. and promoting this and + +346 +00:20:54,290 --> 00:20:56,990 +saying, women shouldn't be allowed to publish. All + +347 +00:20:56,990 --> 00:21:04,370 +poetry and fiction by women are mediocre, you + +348 +00:21:04,370 --> 00:21:07,790 +know, mediocre, like average. And imagine yourself + +349 +00:21:07,790 --> 00:21:09,890 +believing in this and holding a book that says + +350 +00:21:09,890 --> 00:21:12,750 +George Orwell, reading the text, reading the + +351 +00:21:12,750 --> 00:21:16,430 +novel, enjoying it, loving it very much, thinking + +352 +00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,930 +that the author is a man. And then someone tells + +353 +00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:23,440 +you, Excuse me. Hey, George Eliot is a woman. + +354 +00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:31,940 +What? Really? I don't believe it. I can't. I can't + +355 +00:21:31,940 --> 00:21:35,660 +believe it. Like really? Because I don't know. I + +356 +00:21:35,660 --> 00:21:39,040 +loved it. You might say this and reconsider your + +357 +00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:42,020 +position. Like I've been fooled all this time by + +358 +00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:44,180 +the rules, by the critics who are generally men. + +359 +00:21:45,260 --> 00:21:48,240 +Or you might say, nah, I didn't really, really, + +360 +00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:51,300 +really love it. I always felt somewhere in my + +361 +00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:55,840 +stomach or head or belly that this is not really + +362 +00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:59,680 +excellent fine writing. But in a way, this is + +363 +00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,260 +like, I usually like to say this, this is a slap + +364 +00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:06,620 +on the face of those anti-feminists who look down + +365 +00:22:06,620 --> 00:22:10,380 +upon women and women's achievements and women's + +366 +00:22:10,380 --> 00:22:17,300 +writings and fiction. The thing, I love her works, + +367 +00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,040 +really, but I love this very much about her, the + +368 +00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,300 +fact that she used a pen name, a pseudonym of a + +369 +00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,520 +man, and then everyone is like, see, now this is + +370 +00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,440 +the writing we should be reading. This is the + +371 +00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,900 +writing that all the people should be imitating + +372 +00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:33,060 +this man. And then all of a sudden, surprise, + +373 +00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:38,020 +surprise, I am a woman. Breaking news. Breaking + +374 +00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:41,660 +news, yeah. It turns the whole world upside down + +375 +00:22:41,660 --> 00:22:46,340 +and inside out. It shakes the foundations of what? + +376 +00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:49,880 +Of the English canon. It tells us that there's + +377 +00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:51,400 +something wrong with the English canon. The + +378 +00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,800 +English canon is biased, is prejudiced against + +379 +00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,700 +people of color, non-white, non-Europeans, + +380 +00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:00,900 +outsiders in general, and women in particular. + +381 +00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,790 +Women were kicked out not because they were not + +382 +00:23:04,790 --> 00:23:08,210 +writing good stuff, but because they were women. + +383 +00:23:08,550 --> 00:23:11,670 +So she's perhaps the greatest woman novelist, and + +384 +00:23:11,670 --> 00:23:15,570 +she used the name George Eliot to help her with + +385 +00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,710 +the publications and stuff. Okay? She worked as a + +386 +00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:22,610 +translator, then as a fictionist. Now, in the + +387 +00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,490 +book, remember I told you this about Mary + +388 +00:23:25,490 --> 00:23:29,410 +Wolfstone something? What's her name? Mary + +389 +00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,050 +Shelley? Mary what? No, Mary Shelley. Mary Wolf + +390 +00:23:34,050 --> 00:23:39,310 +Stone something. Wolf Stone Craft. Her middle + +391 +00:23:39,310 --> 00:23:44,870 +name? No, her real name. Now anyway, generally, if + +392 +00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:51,870 +a woman is successful, in Arabic we say, but here + +393 +00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:58,930 +the book is telling us There is a great man behind + +394 +00:23:58,930 --> 00:23:59,930 +every great woman. + +395 +00:24:02,990 --> 00:24:08,390 +Yeah, herself. A picture of herself. So what I'm + +396 +00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:13,950 +saying is that the book here sometimes attributes + +397 +00:24:13,950 --> 00:24:19,370 +the success of so many women to men. I don't like + +398 +00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:21,950 +this. It could play some particular role. For + +399 +00:24:21,950 --> 00:24:24,710 +example, with Mary Shelley, her father, her + +400 +00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,370 +mother, they are taken out. They play a greater + +401 +00:24:27,370 --> 00:24:31,930 +role in her thinking and intellectuality than her + +402 +00:24:31,930 --> 00:24:35,240 +husband. but she's attributed to her husband. The + +403 +00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:37,260 +same here. The book says, and I took it out, but I + +404 +00:24:37,260 --> 00:24:39,960 +have to show you how this book is also prejudiced + +405 +00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:41,700 +in a way. I love this book. It's one of the best. + +406 +00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:47,000 +But we need to be careful when we read it. So it + +407 +00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,340 +says there was a man who encouraged her to write, + +408 +00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:53,980 +as if if he didn't do so, she wouldn't be writing + +409 +00:24:53,980 --> 00:24:58,470 +stuff. So she was, I took it out. I censored it. I + +410 +00:24:58,470 --> 00:25:01,310 +censored the censorship. So she worked as a + +411 +00:25:01,310 --> 00:25:05,290 +translator and then as a fiction writer. And + +412 +00:25:05,290 --> 00:25:07,970 +though you're studying English, it's fun that you + +413 +00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:10,330 +can be these things. And if you think of yourself + +414 +00:25:10,330 --> 00:25:14,570 +as a translator, a writer, fiction. Her first + +415 +00:25:14,570 --> 00:25:19,050 +novel is Adam Beat. But she wrote more important + +416 +00:25:19,050 --> 00:25:22,890 +works here. And her themes are generally, of + +417 +00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:25,790 +course, she's a woman, so would usually be + +418 +00:25:25,790 --> 00:25:28,870 +considered controversial. Women themes such as + +419 +00:25:28,870 --> 00:25:31,370 +having a drunk husband. What's wrong with having a + +420 +00:25:31,370 --> 00:25:35,170 +drunk husband? In The Mail of Castlebridge. + +421 +00:25:35,190 --> 00:25:37,070 +Remember The Mail of Castlebridge? What did the + +422 +00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,590 +man do? He sold his wife and daughter. He was + +423 +00:25:40,590 --> 00:25:43,450 +drunk. And the book didn't say that this is a + +424 +00:25:43,450 --> 00:25:45,590 +controversial book. + +425 +00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,480 +Because the writers and the critics here are men. + +426 +00:25:50,020 --> 00:25:52,060 +But when a woman does this, it's controversial, + +427 +00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,620 +it's objectionable, scandalous. Come on, for God's + +428 +00:25:55,620 --> 00:26:01,980 +sake. So I should add some sort of inverted commas + +429 +00:26:01,980 --> 00:26:05,360 +here, like controversial. Who considers them + +430 +00:26:05,360 --> 00:26:10,950 +controversial? Okay, so having drunk husband and + +431 +00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:14,310 +being an unmarried mother, a single mother, okay? + +432 +00:26:14,890 --> 00:26:17,050 +In her later novels, she writes about, of course, + +433 +00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,110 +the society as a whole, for example, Middlemarch. + +434 +00:26:22,110 --> 00:26:25,190 +Middlemarch. And Middlemarch is a fictional city. + +435 +00:26:25,530 --> 00:26:28,490 +In literature, people generally, for example, you + +436 +00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:32,700 +could write a story about Gaza and you just The + +437 +00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:36,800 +events take place in Gaza or Jerusalem, the + +438 +00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:42,160 +eternal capital of Palestine, right? Or Cairo or + +439 +00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,580 +London or New York. But some people make up names + +440 +00:26:46,580 --> 00:26:50,340 +of cities for one reason or another. So they just + +441 +00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:56,510 +say, these events were taking place in... I don't + +442 +00:26:56,510 --> 00:26:59,610 +know, I can't make up a name of a country. Pizza, + +443 +00:26:59,950 --> 00:27:02,710 +for example. This place is called Pizza, where + +444 +00:27:02,710 --> 00:27:05,070 +there are two million people living there. + +445 +00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:08,350 +Ironically, no one loves pizza, and you just keep + +446 +00:27:08,350 --> 00:27:11,270 +going on and on and on. Because Gaza looks like a + +447 +00:27:11,270 --> 00:27:16,170 +slice of pizza in a way. So Middlemarch is a + +448 +00:27:16,170 --> 00:27:20,390 +fictional character, okay? Sorry, a fictional + +449 +00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:24,560 +place. The events take place in the center + +450 +00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,200 +somewhere in the middle of Great Britain in + +451 +00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:31,860 +England. Considered by some to be the greatest + +452 +00:27:31,860 --> 00:27:34,880 +novel in English language. I'm sure some of these + +453 +00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:37,380 +some or many of these some are women. + +454 +00:27:40,770 --> 00:27:47,150 +The novel is set somewhere in 1832 in a fictional + +455 +00:27:47,150 --> 00:27:49,250 +town in England. The themes, of course, are + +456 +00:27:49,250 --> 00:27:52,050 +immense, like they go from the changes in the + +457 +00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:57,210 +voting system. Women could not write until 1928 + +458 +00:27:57,210 --> 00:28:00,380 +-something in England. But this woman was writing + +459 +00:28:00,380 --> 00:28:03,620 +about this 100 years before, well ahead of her + +460 +00:28:03,620 --> 00:28:07,420 +time, talking about medicine, about the rail + +461 +00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,540 +transport, and the roles of women in the society. + +462 +00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:14,420 +I generally give you an idea because this is the + +463 +00:28:14,420 --> 00:28:16,740 +nature of the course. But sometimes I don't want + +464 +00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:19,400 +to spoil the novel, you know, to tell you what + +465 +00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,600 +happens at the end because I want you to go and + +466 +00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,520 +see how things happen for yourselves. So this + +467 +00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,260 +considers the importance of the dead hand of the + +468 +00:28:29,260 --> 00:28:32,040 +past because the past should not We should learn + +469 +00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,000 +from the past, but it shouldn't be imposing its + +470 +00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,520 +own rules and regulations because we are advancing + +471 +00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:41,360 +in time in a way or another. The heroine, of + +472 +00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,300 +course, heroine, you know, not cocaine, heroine. + +473 +00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:48,000 +The female hero is untraditional generally. Her + +474 +00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:53,720 +name is Dorothea, and she finds, of course, her + +475 +00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:59,520 +own happiness and independence. like most women by + +476 +00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,800 +women, women writers. Eliot's philosophy now + +477 +00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:08,040 +because basically Eliot believes in the, in in + +478 +00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,860 +something called like, or her practice, her + +479 +00:29:10,860 --> 00:29:13,000 +philosophy is called positivism. You know + +480 +00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,060 +positive? Like you're optimistic, like the good is + +481 +00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:18,640 +yet to come. Many people believe in this. Like the + +482 +00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,300 +good, they generally focus and look at the half + +483 +00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:27,120 +full of the cup rather than the half empty. Okay, + +484 +00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:29,640 +the bright side of things. And many people are + +485 +00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:35,380 +dark and negative, pessimistic. They say, if this + +486 +00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:40,210 +is bad, What's come is worse. There's this scene + +487 +00:29:40,210 --> 00:29:44,470 +with Homer Simpson and Bart, and Bart saying, this + +488 +00:29:44,470 --> 00:29:47,230 +is the worst day of my life. And Homer Simpson + +489 +00:29:47,230 --> 00:29:52,130 +telling him, yet. Or so far. Like, the worst is + +490 +00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:56,190 +yet to come. But she believes in this. I think she + +491 +00:29:56,190 --> 00:30:00,150 +being a woman plays a major role here. Because men + +492 +00:30:00,150 --> 00:30:02,450 +are always playing the role of the victim. Like, + +493 +00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:06,780 +it's dark. It's sad. We are suffering. And they + +494 +00:30:06,780 --> 00:30:09,140 +are, in a way or another, victimizing women. So + +495 +00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:11,100 +this woman says, no, don't believe these women. + +496 +00:30:11,260 --> 00:30:13,940 +Men, don't believe Hardy. It's going to be good, + +497 +00:30:14,420 --> 00:30:16,260 +especially the roles of women. And women are + +498 +00:30:16,260 --> 00:30:19,000 +advancing in an amazing way that they can claim + +499 +00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,340 +their role. So Eliot's philosophy is called + +500 +00:30:22,340 --> 00:30:25,640 +positivism, meaning basically that humanity + +501 +00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,480 +continues to move forward, to improve, to advance, + +502 +00:30:28,580 --> 00:30:31,920 +to progress. Sometimes the progress is hindered. + +503 +00:30:32,620 --> 00:30:35,980 +Sometimes the progress is slow. But eventually, + +504 +00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,540 +There's a progress. There's progress. And humanity + +505 +00:30:39,540 --> 00:30:44,080 +will progress. And the good is yet to come. And + +506 +00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,860 +bitter stuff, bitter things will come eventually. + +507 +00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:55,740 +OK, so these are four female novelists of the + +508 +00:30:55,740 --> 00:31:00,900 +Victorian age, the three Bronte sisters. George + +509 +00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:05,920 +Eliot. And George Eliot. Do you have any question? + +510 +00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,800 +Any comment? Please do ask or if you want to say + +511 +00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:19,880 +something. Have you ever read some poetry by + +512 +00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:24,340 +women? Novels or stuff in English or in Arabic? + +513 +00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:30,380 +And how did you feel that women write differently? + +514 +00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:35,760 +Do you like to know who the author is of a + +515 +00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:37,800 +particular text before reading it or what? + +516 +00:31:42,250 --> 00:31:46,430 +What do you care more about, the text or the + +517 +00:31:46,430 --> 00:31:49,390 +author? Which is more significant? The text. The + +518 +00:31:49,390 --> 00:31:53,210 +text. So if someone tells you, hey, this is an + +519 +00:31:53,210 --> 00:31:56,470 +amazing short story or poem, you should read it. + +520 +00:31:57,770 --> 00:31:59,810 +Do you say, okay, send it to me? Or do you ask + +521 +00:31:59,810 --> 00:32:01,410 +first and foremost about the author? + +522 +00:32:04,430 --> 00:32:06,550 +Because by knowing the author, we will know the + +523 +00:32:06,550 --> 00:32:10,850 +style. Okay, interesting. But also by knowing the + +524 +00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:12,810 +author, you're going to limit your imagination. + +525 +00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:16,070 +You limit your interpretation, because we've seen + +526 +00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:18,930 +with The Sick Rose, the poem could be about so + +527 +00:32:18,930 --> 00:32:22,110 +many things. One of you on the other group said, + +528 +00:32:23,250 --> 00:32:26,530 +The Sick Rose could be about guys on Facebook + +529 +00:32:26,530 --> 00:32:29,530 +tricking women, girls like you, telling them, I + +530 +00:32:29,530 --> 00:32:32,010 +love you, I like you, or something, and then... + +531 +00:32:32,990 --> 00:32:35,070 +They cheat them, like they destroy their lives. + +532 +00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:38,010 +Because this is the worm, the invisible worm + +533 +00:32:38,010 --> 00:32:42,710 +destroys thy life, right? And this, of course, + +534 +00:32:43,350 --> 00:32:47,770 +William Blake did not mean this. He didn't predict + +535 +00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:53,010 +Facebook. But we can relate. But if you just only + +536 +00:32:53,010 --> 00:32:57,710 +focus on the name of the author, his life, How he + +537 +00:32:57,710 --> 00:33:00,290 +lived? Was he happily married? Did he have kids? + +538 +00:33:01,030 --> 00:33:03,790 +Whether his mother-in-law was horrible, whether + +539 +00:33:03,790 --> 00:33:06,690 +his father-in-law was horrible, whether he had a + +540 +00:33:06,690 --> 00:33:09,870 +job, unemployed, whether he was... Generally, what + +541 +00:33:09,870 --> 00:33:15,160 +I like to do here in my classes is that while... I + +542 +00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:19,240 +don't do this. I rarely say, he lived, he was + +543 +00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:21,300 +married, he had kids, because I don't care about + +544 +00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:23,860 +this. The life of the author could be interesting. + +545 +00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:26,820 +There are theories that focus mainly on the life + +546 +00:33:26,820 --> 00:33:29,000 +and the circumstances and the social, political + +547 +00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,540 +circumstances and the philosophical ideas and + +548 +00:33:32,540 --> 00:33:35,040 +beliefs and ideology of the author in order to + +549 +00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:38,440 +understand the text. But many other theories say + +550 +00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,020 +no. This could be interesting. It could be fun to + +551 +00:33:41,020 --> 00:33:42,960 +know something about Shakespeare and his wife and + +552 +00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:45,920 +his kids and everything. But the most significant + +553 +00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:48,880 +thing is the text itself. There's a theory called + +554 +00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,760 +the death of the author. Like not, let's kill all + +555 +00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:56,100 +the authors. It's like when the author publishes a + +556 +00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,440 +book, once the book is published, he or she dies. + +557 +00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:02,880 +They become, they're no longer authors and + +558 +00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,780 +writers. They become readers. Because now the text + +559 +00:34:06,780 --> 00:34:09,740 +belongs to us. And because this is not only + +560 +00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240 +theirs. These ideas come from so many books and + +561 +00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:16,780 +stories they read and heard from here, from + +562 +00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:21,920 +experiences. And this is interesting because + +563 +00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,200 +sometimes people for a long time would think that + +564 +00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:27,780 +this play was written by Shakespeare. And it turns + +565 +00:34:27,780 --> 00:34:29,940 +out that, no, it wasn't written by Shakespeare. It + +566 +00:34:29,940 --> 00:34:32,490 +was written by someone else. And also, what about + +567 +00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,930 +texts that are anonymous? Many people think we + +568 +00:34:34,930 --> 00:34:37,010 +can't understand a text unless we know the author. + +569 +00:34:37,110 --> 00:34:40,050 +What about anonymous texts? What about anonymous + +570 +00:34:40,050 --> 00:34:43,490 +texts? Can we understand them? Can we appreciate + +571 +00:34:43,490 --> 00:34:48,170 +them? Of course, yes. And I usually do this in my + +572 +00:34:48,170 --> 00:34:50,530 +classes. In one of my classes, this was one of the + +573 +00:34:50,530 --> 00:34:53,250 +best experiments I did. I was teaching a pottery + +574 +00:34:53,250 --> 00:34:58,150 +class. And I brought an Israeli poem by an Israeli + +575 +00:34:58,150 --> 00:35:03,910 +Jewish poet, Yehuda Mikhai, on Jerusalem. So I + +576 +00:35:03,910 --> 00:35:07,590 +had, like, 40 students, and I got them 40 copies. + +577 +00:35:07,810 --> 00:35:12,910 +Half of them, I told the first half that I wrote + +578 +00:35:12,910 --> 00:35:15,770 +down that this is by the Israeli poet, Yehuda + +579 +00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:17,630 +Mikhai. And it says, on our roof in Jerusalem, one + +580 +00:35:17,630 --> 00:35:19,410 +of the best poems you will ever read. Really + +581 +00:35:19,410 --> 00:35:23,190 +beautiful. And the other group, I didn't tell them + +582 +00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:25,330 +anything. Just, this is a poem. This is a text. + +583 +00:35:25,870 --> 00:35:28,710 +Read it. What do you think? So the first group, + +584 +00:35:28,830 --> 00:35:31,190 +because they already know this, and because Israel + +585 +00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:33,490 +is destroying our lives and occupying us and + +586 +00:35:33,490 --> 00:35:35,970 +turning our lives into hell, many people didn't + +587 +00:35:35,970 --> 00:35:38,530 +appreciate the text as a text, as a beautiful + +588 +00:35:38,530 --> 00:35:40,830 +artistic creation, artistic expression. And they + +589 +00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:43,390 +were like, ah, not well. He doesn't capture the + +590 +00:35:43,390 --> 00:35:45,670 +essence, the depth of Jerusalem. And it's not this + +591 +00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:49,170 +Palestinian poet because it's ours and everything. + +592 +00:35:50,780 --> 00:35:53,500 +Interesting stuff. Very, very interesting. But the + +593 +00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,340 +other group were more into the text itself and its + +594 +00:35:56,340 --> 00:36:00,140 +beauty and its artistic value as, again, a + +595 +00:36:00,140 --> 00:36:02,860 +literary creation, an artistic creation. And even, + +596 +00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:05,740 +funny, some of them thought that this is written + +597 +00:36:05,740 --> 00:36:08,520 +by Mahmoud Darwish, Samih Al-Qasim, or even Tamim + +598 +00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:11,860 +Al-Baraghouti because it's a beautiful text. It + +599 +00:36:11,860 --> 00:36:14,300 +describes Jerusalem in this beautiful way. So + +600 +00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,900 +sometimes we have this prejudice. So generally, I + +601 +00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:19,120 +don't like... It's good to know the author, who + +602 +00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,860 +the author is, of course, but if you only want to + +603 +00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,620 +understand the text by understanding the life of + +604 +00:36:25,620 --> 00:36:30,280 +the author, not good. I'll post this on the + +605 +00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,720 +Facebook group tonight. There was one author, I + +606 +00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:36,300 +can't remember who he is, who said that I read the + +607 +00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:38,660 +first paragraph, only the first paragraph of the + +608 +00:36:38,660 --> 00:36:41,540 +first of the novel, and then I can't tell whether + +609 +00:36:41,540 --> 00:36:42,880 +this is written by a man or a woman. + +610 +00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:50,300 +in a condescending way, saying that, implying that + +611 +00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:54,280 +it's very easy to tell the style of women. They + +612 +00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:55,940 +have a particular way. Yeah, there are + +613 +00:36:55,940 --> 00:36:57,800 +differences. Of course, there are differences. For + +614 +00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:02,040 +example, I know only four colors. I don't know + +615 +00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,280 +many colors. But women know more. They know fushi, + +616 +00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,900 +and mushi, and nili, and batikhi, and jamali, and + +617 +00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:12,220 +shammami, and fagusi. So many crazy colors. Okay? + +618 +00:37:13,140 --> 00:37:15,500 +And about many other things. It's not about + +619 +00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,640 +colors. Like, we're different. There's, you know, + +620 +00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:20,600 +there are differences, but not in a bad way. Not + +621 +00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:24,620 +that man is better or women are. Everyone is good + +622 +00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:29,500 +in his or her own way. I think The Guardian posted + +623 +00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,180 +tin openings from 10 random novels that I haven't + +624 +00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:37,160 +read before. And there was a quiz, can you tell if + +625 +00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:39,020 +this is a man or a woman? I did the quiz and I got + +626 +00:37:39,020 --> 00:37:42,360 +seven out of 10. So I'll post the quiz and you try + +627 +00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:45,800 +to see if you can tell whether the author is a man + +628 +00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,580 +and a woman. And I want you to just don't do it + +629 +00:37:48,580 --> 00:37:51,840 +hit or miss. Try to really read the extracts, the + +630 +00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,620 +first just very short paragraphs and see if you + +631 +00:37:54,620 --> 00:37:58,070 +can tell if the author is a man or a woman. There + +632 +00:37:58,070 --> 00:38:00,490 +are differences, but the differences are not in + +633 +00:38:00,490 --> 00:38:02,410 +the sense that this is better. Yeah, there are + +634 +00:38:02,410 --> 00:38:05,210 +writers who are better than others, but it doesn't + +635 +00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:08,690 +mean basically all men writers are better than all + +636 +00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:11,710 +women writers. Thank you very much. We stop here. + +637 +00:38:11,810 --> 00:38:15,030 +Next class we're going to do to finish the + +638 +00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:18,470 +Victorian Age with Victorian poetry. Thank you + +639 +00:38:18,470 --> 00:38:18,830 +very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b96e76a3f6648f42542a92e42d042343e8a071b --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2220 @@ +1 +00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:22,430 +Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh. + +2 +00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,710 +Welcome everyone and good day. This is our last + +3 +00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,030 +class in our introduction to English literature + +4 +00:00:31,030 --> 00:00:35,870 +course at the Islamic University of Gaza. Life in + +5 +00:00:35,870 --> 00:00:39,540 +Gaza has been tough, generally, you know. with the + +6 +00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:42,300 +siege, with the Israeli occupation. But we tried + +7 +00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:46,640 +to do something with literature so we can probably + +8 +00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,360 +make sense out of life, try to empower ourselves, + +9 +00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:54,160 +to raise our voices, to learn skills how to defend + +10 +00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:57,500 +ourselves using nonviolent creative means, + +11 +00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:03,490 +hopefully. like the women writers, like the + +12 +00:01:03,490 --> 00:01:07,530 +outsiders of the likes of Joan Dunn, Tristram + +13 +00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:10,910 +Shandy, and Swift, and those people who resisted + +14 +00:01:10,910 --> 00:01:13,390 +oppression, all sorts of oppression in their + +15 +00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:16,370 +society. Hopefully, you will be like them. You + +16 +00:01:16,370 --> 00:01:19,410 +will learn from their techniques because, as I + +17 +00:01:19,410 --> 00:01:23,410 +usually say, keep saying to you that literature is + +18 +00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:27,920 +a means of a tool of empowerment, a tool of... of + +19 +00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:32,580 +criticism. As Palestinians, as young people, + +20 +00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:36,900 +English is not only our major, but it's our + +21 +00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:42,120 +career, and it can change our lives as probably + +22 +00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:45,560 +young people struggling in this difficult + +23 +00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:50,540 +situation, and also as Palestinians having to + +24 +00:01:50,540 --> 00:01:53,300 +resist the oppression and injustices of the + +25 +00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:56,470 +Israeli occupation. Literature, yeah, this is + +26 +00:01:56,470 --> 00:01:58,310 +English literature. But remember, always + +27 +00:01:58,310 --> 00:02:01,050 +literature breaks all these barriers of time and + +28 +00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:05,230 +place and ideology and geography. + +29 +00:02:05,770 --> 00:02:09,270 +So whether you're reading a Japanese story, + +30 +00:02:09,750 --> 00:02:14,070 +Mexican novel, Malaysian short story, a Russian + +31 +00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:18,290 +play, whatever, you will learn, you will benefit. + +32 +00:02:18,390 --> 00:02:21,250 +It will empower you in a way. It will reach, touch + +33 +00:02:21,250 --> 00:02:25,010 +your heart and mind in a way. or another. So + +34 +00:02:25,010 --> 00:02:30,010 +hopefully, you will be able to adopt some of these + +35 +00:02:30,010 --> 00:02:32,970 +techniques, some of these, learn some of the + +36 +00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:36,290 +skills to enable you to write. And that is one + +37 +00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:40,570 +reason why I suggested some Palestinian readings, + +38 +00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,610 +like Ghassan Kanafan is Men in the Sun and Gaza + +39 +00:02:44,610 --> 00:02:47,010 +Writes Back, which is a collection of short + +40 +00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:49,920 +stories by our students here at the English + +41 +00:02:49,920 --> 00:02:53,080 +department. So students like you who attended + +42 +00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,840 +these courses, who took these courses, who + +43 +00:02:55,840 --> 00:03:00,000 +probably were sitting somewhere here. So probably + +44 +00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:05,390 +their ghosts are with us now. This course is not + +45 +00:03:05,390 --> 00:03:07,670 +only about studying and memorizing and getting + +46 +00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:11,290 +marks, although this is okay, good, but it's about + +47 +00:03:11,290 --> 00:03:14,590 +changing our lives to the better. Today I will do + +48 +00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:19,330 +some review to help you wrap up certain things and + +49 +00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,450 +at the same time get you ready for the final exam. + +50 +00:03:23,550 --> 00:03:25,490 +The final exam will contain three questions. + +51 +00:03:26,310 --> 00:03:28,650 +Number one, there will be a choose the right + +52 +00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:32,570 +answer question. And when you choose the right + +53 +00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:37,880 +answer, please, You follow a strategy of your own, + +54 +00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:41,600 +whatever strategy you like. But my advice is try + +55 +00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,640 +to cover the answers, the choices given to you. So + +56 +00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:54,390 +the question that says this blank sonnet has a + +57 +00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:58,390 +fixed rhyme scheme, A, B, B, A, A, B, B, A, C, D, + +58 +00:03:58,510 --> 00:04:02,490 +C, D, C, D. So is it Italian? Is it Shakespearean? + +59 +00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:08,710 +Is it Dunyan? Is it romantic? So before looking at + +60 +00:04:08,710 --> 00:04:12,110 +the choices, try to say, OK, how many sonnets did + +61 +00:04:12,110 --> 00:04:14,770 +I study? Like, two major sonnets, but then we + +62 +00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:19,810 +discussed probably John Donne. So three. Now, both + +63 +00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:23,250 +Shakespeare and Dunne have couplets. You know what + +64 +00:04:23,250 --> 00:04:27,110 +is the Kabbalet? It doesn't have to be GG, but + +65 +00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:34,250 +it's two rhyming lines of verse. Rhyming, same + +66 +00:04:34,250 --> 00:04:37,570 +rhyme scheme. Look at the ending here. It says C + +67 +00:04:37,570 --> 00:04:42,250 +-D, C-D, C-D. So it doesn't say C-C or D-D or E-E. + +68 +00:04:42,670 --> 00:04:44,450 +So this is definitely not Shakespeare and + +69 +00:04:44,450 --> 00:04:51,410 +definitely not John Donne. So if you don't know, + +70 +00:04:51,510 --> 00:04:54,350 +you just look at the choices given to you. If you + +71 +00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:56,970 +still don't know, you need to minimize, like to + +72 +00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,110 +eliminate one or two of them. I'll give you + +73 +00:04:59,110 --> 00:05:02,910 +examples. in a bit. Now the second question will + +74 +00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:05,650 +ask you to complete. And these questions are + +75 +00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:08,550 +objective questions. You have to write just + +76 +00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:11,610 +specific pieces of information or to take specific + +77 +00:05:11,610 --> 00:05:16,010 +pieces of information. Now the fact that this is + +78 +00:05:16,010 --> 00:05:19,790 +objective doesn't mean it's all dependent on how + +79 +00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,010 +much you memorize. You need to use this answering + +80 +00:05:24,010 --> 00:05:28,700 +the questions. For example, Yeah, there will be. + +81 +00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,360 +We will check your memorization of certain + +82 +00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:35,140 +information. It's important, right? Who wrote + +83 +00:05:35,140 --> 00:05:40,100 +what? The theme of a particular literary work? The + +84 +00:05:40,100 --> 00:05:44,880 +major literary work for a particular author? A + +85 +00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:48,880 +major feature of a particular movement or school? + +86 +00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:52,640 +But you need to depend on your understanding. And + +87 +00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:54,580 +that means, for example, you go for the Romantic + +88 +00:05:54,580 --> 00:05:54,900 +Age. + +89 +00:05:57,860 --> 00:06:01,920 +Write down the major features of the age, what it + +90 +00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:03,760 +means to be romantic poetry. Remember + +91 +00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:09,100 +individualism, nature, simplicity, imagination, + +92 +00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:14,120 +sometimes memory, and then start to outline the + +93 +00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,140 +major writers, like Blake and Wordsworth and + +94 +00:06:17,140 --> 00:06:20,000 +Coleridge and Keats and Byron and Shelley, and try + +95 +00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,980 +to, again, highlight the major features of every + +96 +00:06:23,980 --> 00:06:26,500 +one of them and see where they agree and where + +97 +00:06:26,500 --> 00:06:29,040 +they disagree. Okay? So, for example, we spoke + +98 +00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:31,740 +about Coleridge and Wordsworth. We said Coleridge + +99 +00:06:31,740 --> 00:06:35,660 +is more into nature, the natural element of life. + +100 +00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,980 +He's, you know... And even if you don't know, like + +101 +00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:42,080 +you don't memorize these tiny little things, it's + +102 +00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,480 +always... Good to think. I know some students who + +103 +00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,820 +just a question they're not familiar with, they + +104 +00:06:47,820 --> 00:06:50,440 +don't know, they just give up. Never leave a + +105 +00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:56,440 +question unanswered. Please don't do that. So try + +106 +00:06:56,440 --> 00:07:00,800 +to think to narrow down your answers. So if I tell + +107 +00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:08,940 +you this is a romantic poet who was mainly + +108 +00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:15,880 +focusing on the mythical, irrational, supernatural + +109 +00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:20,860 +element. OK? So there's irrational. Maybe I don't + +110 +00:07:20,860 --> 00:07:22,920 +know this word. Or mythical. Maybe I don't know + +111 +00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,980 +this word. Supernatural. We know the nature. And + +112 +00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:31,840 +then supernatural. OK? So what do you want to do + +113 +00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:36,980 +here? Just go back in time. Try to revise in your + +114 +00:07:36,980 --> 00:07:43,020 +mind. OK. When we discussed Blake, Blake was What + +115 +00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:49,080 +else? London, maybe. What else? Tiger, tiger, the + +116 +00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,640 +land. So this is nature in a way. William + +117 +00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:57,180 +Wordsworth, The Daffodils, Lucy Gray, Coleridge, + +118 +00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:00,860 +The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and the + +119 +00:08:00,860 --> 00:08:04,800 +Albatross, and how the Albatross was killed. And + +120 +00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:08,000 +then because the Albatross was killed, The sea + +121 +00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,880 +stops, the waves stop, the wind stops. Does this + +122 +00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:14,220 +happen in real life? Is this natural? Is this + +123 +00:08:14,220 --> 00:08:20,020 +normal? Or is this supernatural? So you can always + +124 +00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:22,800 +guess. Yeah, there are natural elements, but this + +125 +00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:26,000 +is mainly about the supernatural aspect. It's + +126 +00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:30,520 +about the power of imagination. The questions are + +127 +00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,940 +going to be direct. If there are questions like + +128 +00:08:34,940 --> 00:08:37,420 +maybe there would be one maximum two questions + +129 +00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:39,400 +where you need to really think hard, but generally + +130 +00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,400 +more than 95 percent of the questions are + +131 +00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,600 +straightforward. Finally, the contextualization + +132 +00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,280 +questions where you need to comment critically on + +133 +00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,320 +a given extract. I'll show you examples and then + +134 +00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:56,240 +give you the chance to ask questions. So remember + +135 +00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:57,720 +this extract? + +136 +00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,420 +I can't remember where the caesura is. Can you + +137 +00:09:03,420 --> 00:09:08,380 +check the book and tell me? The caesura, was it + +138 +00:09:08,380 --> 00:09:09,660 +after off and power? + +139 +00:09:13,100 --> 00:09:15,820 +After praise. Okay. + +140 +00:09:18,780 --> 00:09:25,930 +Control Z. What else? After power, okay. So in the + +141 +00:09:25,930 --> 00:09:29,490 +midterm exam, you have to comment critically or to + +142 +00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:33,070 +contextualize some given extract. In the final + +143 +00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:38,190 +exam, you will have four extracts, four extracts, + +144 +00:09:38,190 --> 00:09:40,750 +and you need to do three of them. + +145 +00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:47,270 +Three of them, okay? And I'll tell you three + +146 +00:09:47,270 --> 00:09:50,710 +contextualized, three of the following. If you do + +147 +00:09:50,710 --> 00:09:54,530 +four, I'll only grade the first three. Because I + +148 +00:09:54,530 --> 00:09:57,010 +have like 250 students, we don't have much time + +149 +00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:00,650 +to... So, what do you do with a text like this? + +150 +00:10:00,670 --> 00:10:07,010 +Look at this. Number one. It's poetry. How can you + +151 +00:10:07,010 --> 00:10:10,510 +tell? Generally, not always, poetry begins with a + +152 +00:10:10,510 --> 00:10:13,410 +capital letter. If we have a hundred lines, even + +153 +00:10:13,410 --> 00:10:15,750 +if it's not the beginning of a sentence, it begins + +154 +00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:19,150 +with a capital letter. That's the first thing I + +155 +00:10:19,150 --> 00:10:22,910 +can see. And then the second thing, There is space + +156 +00:10:22,910 --> 00:10:25,690 +in the middle. We see this all the time with + +157 +00:10:25,690 --> 00:10:29,050 +Arabic poetry, but not English. We've seen + +158 +00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:31,090 +Shakespeare. We've seen John Donne. We've seen all + +159 +00:10:31,090 --> 00:10:35,090 +those. We don't have this physical gap in the + +160 +00:10:35,090 --> 00:10:39,310 +middle of the lines of poetry. So when did this + +161 +00:10:39,310 --> 00:10:41,630 +happen? OK, you trigger your memory, like, oh, + +162 +00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:45,850 +that's old English. It happened in the past. Why + +163 +00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:49,750 +did it happen? OK. Now, a student should always + +164 +00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:53,980 +have these, mental maps where you map all the + +165 +00:10:53,980 --> 00:10:58,040 +course. If you do them physically at home studying + +166 +00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:00,640 +for this course, that would be great. But do it + +167 +00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:03,820 +also in your mind. Like, OK, Old English, you + +168 +00:11:03,820 --> 00:11:06,860 +create a circle, a spidergram, and then you start + +169 +00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,480 +taking out things and branching out of this + +170 +00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,420 +spidergram. So we spoke about the features of Old + +171 +00:11:13,420 --> 00:11:16,320 +English. We said it wasn't written. It was oral. + +172 +00:11:16,700 --> 00:11:20,740 +And because it was oral, there were several things + +173 +00:11:20,740 --> 00:11:26,060 +to make it Easy to remember. To make it musical. + +174 +00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:29,760 +Narrative. We spoke about the narrative aspect. We + +175 +00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,280 +spoke of the musical aspect. So to make it easy + +176 +00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:36,220 +because people couldn't read and write. And you + +177 +00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:39,600 +want it to be easy to remember. Like all Arabic + +178 +00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,490 +poetry in the past was almost the same. It + +179 +00:11:43,490 --> 00:11:47,730 +depended heavily on music, on certain themes, so + +180 +00:11:47,730 --> 00:11:49,950 +that people could memorize. There were people who + +181 +00:11:49,950 --> 00:11:54,190 +would memorize like 10,000 poems. + +182 +00:11:56,310 --> 00:12:00,650 +OK? So okay, that's the first thing I also, the + +183 +00:12:00,650 --> 00:12:04,290 +second thing I noticed. This is by only looking. + +184 +00:12:05,070 --> 00:12:08,530 +This gap is called a caesura. It's, it comes from + +185 +00:12:08,530 --> 00:12:12,030 +Caesar and Caesarian section. You know, when + +186 +00:12:12,030 --> 00:12:16,150 +someone has a birth, you know, gives birth to a + +187 +00:12:16,150 --> 00:12:18,790 +baby by a Caesarian going on undergoing a + +188 +00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:22,670 +Caesarian section, that's because they cut on the + +189 +00:12:22,670 --> 00:12:30,670 +belly. So a caesura is the gap in the middle of... + +190 +00:12:30,670 --> 00:12:33,390 +By the way, in Old English, we have a physical + +191 +00:12:33,390 --> 00:12:36,350 +gap. The caesura is still there. Sometimes we + +192 +00:12:36,350 --> 00:12:38,650 +don't see it because they depend on the + +193 +00:12:38,650 --> 00:12:46,290 +punctuation marks. Okay. What does it do here? + +194 +00:12:47,470 --> 00:12:51,330 +Next, what does the cesura do? Makes it musical. + +195 +00:12:51,850 --> 00:12:55,610 +Now we must praise. This is not the old English. + +196 +00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:59,250 +This is a modernized text. It makes it musical. + +197 +00:12:59,710 --> 00:13:03,990 +It's musical, so it's easy to memorize and + +198 +00:13:03,990 --> 00:13:08,610 +remember. Now read the line and see what happens + +199 +00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:14,470 +here. Now, not tomorrow, every word counts. We, + +200 +00:13:14,730 --> 00:13:18,710 +everyone, not me, not you, must, not should, not + +201 +00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:25,450 +may, praise of heaven's kingdom. Heaven. Heaven's + +202 +00:13:25,450 --> 00:13:30,150 +kingdom. The keeper. Ah, it's about God. And there + +203 +00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:34,750 +is heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the Lord, the + +204 +00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:40,160 +power and his wisdom. totally, purely religious + +205 +00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,020 +poem, a religious text. Now, the rhyme scheme, + +206 +00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,340 +look at this. The rhyme scheme, some of you in the + +207 +00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:53,880 +midterm went for A, B, C, D. No, no, no, no, + +208 +00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:55,700 +that's not the rhyme scheme. That's not how you do + +209 +00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:58,300 +the rhyme scheme. What is the rhyme scheme? How do + +210 +00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:02,300 +you define the rhyme scheme? It's the last sound. + +211 +00:14:04,090 --> 00:14:07,650 +The ending sound or sounds of a line of verse. The + +212 +00:14:07,650 --> 00:14:11,630 +last sound or sounds at the end of a line of + +213 +00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:14,990 +verse. Where's the end? Here. So keeper and + +214 +00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:19,050 +wisdom. Just tell me A, B. Now, can I judge that + +215 +00:14:19,050 --> 00:14:24,170 +this is regular or irregular? I can't. Why? We + +216 +00:14:24,170 --> 00:14:27,130 +don't have the whole poem. Like with Shakespeare, + +217 +00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:30,190 +shall I compare thee to a summer's day, A. Thou + +218 +00:14:30,190 --> 00:14:33,010 +art more lovely and more temperate, B. Can I say + +219 +00:14:33,010 --> 00:14:37,240 +it's irregular? It can't, unless you know the + +220 +00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,280 +whole poem and see. So if it says A, B, A, B, + +221 +00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:46,400 +regular. A, B, it could be A, B, C, C. Regular if + +222 +00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:52,040 +we have regular stanzas later on. So the other + +223 +00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:54,600 +thing we notice is the religious language of this + +224 +00:14:54,600 --> 00:15:00,240 +extract. The language is religious. It means it's + +225 +00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,790 +about God. It's about praising God. And we notice + +226 +00:15:03,790 --> 00:15:05,610 +something else in the original text, there is an + +227 +00:15:05,610 --> 00:15:07,750 +alliteration. The alliteration is the repetition + +228 +00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:12,930 +of a particular sound or the beginning of some + +229 +00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:15,190 +words in a line of verse. Could be in poetry and + +230 +00:15:15,190 --> 00:15:17,950 +could be in praise. Like here, for example, + +231 +00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:24,040 +kingdom and Kiba. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Could be a + +232 +00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,360 +keeper, power. Praise, keeper, power. Could be + +233 +00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,520 +something like this. Pah, pah, sound. So who's the + +234 +00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:36,000 +author here? Remember we said all English texts + +235 +00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,700 +were anonymous except one. So you have to have + +236 +00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:40,820 +these plans yourself. Many of you said this is + +237 +00:15:40,820 --> 00:15:46,580 +anonymous. It's not. It's Kedman's hymn. The + +238 +00:15:46,580 --> 00:15:50,750 +author is not Kedman's hymn. This is a hymn. You + +239 +00:15:50,750 --> 00:15:53,250 +know, a hymn is a religious song. The author is + +240 +00:15:53,250 --> 00:15:55,930 +Kaedeman. Who's Kaedeman? It is said that he was a + +241 +00:15:55,930 --> 00:16:00,410 +shepherd who claimed to have heard the voice of + +242 +00:16:00,410 --> 00:16:04,530 +God. And the church people, the monks, knew his + +243 +00:16:04,530 --> 00:16:07,790 +story, heard about him, and said, hey, come join + +244 +00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,870 +us. We can write the stories. Your poetry can be + +245 +00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:16,460 +written down. Now, when you contextualize, it + +246 +00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,900 +means you identify the author, the text, the + +247 +00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,940 +context, and you comment on the features. You + +248 +00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:25,160 +don't have to speak about things not in the text. + +249 +00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,160 +One student was writing with all due respect, of + +250 +00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,540 +course. He almost wrote everything in the all + +251 +00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:38,480 +features in Old English. Like heroism, mythology, + +252 +00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,070 +battles, narrative. Good, but not here. When I + +253 +00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:46,690 +bring you another text where you comment + +254 +00:16:46,690 --> 00:16:49,550 +critically on a particular thing, a particular + +255 +00:16:49,550 --> 00:16:51,950 +thing with narrative features or heroism, it's + +256 +00:16:51,950 --> 00:16:55,590 +okay. It's up to you. We see that in... What's his + +257 +00:16:55,590 --> 00:17:02,450 +name? Beowulf. So, in brief, this extract, stanza, + +258 +00:17:02,670 --> 00:17:06,710 +couplet, whatever you like, these lines are taken + +259 +00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:12,150 +from Cadiman's Hymn by Cadiman. This is an old + +260 +00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:17,520 +English text. It's about praising God. The theme + +261 +00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,300 +is religion. It's a religious text. The language + +262 +00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:24,140 +was always take something from the text and show + +263 +00:17:24,140 --> 00:17:27,600 +me that you understand, you analyze the text. The + +264 +00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,770 +repetition of several religious words like heaven, + +265 +00:17:31,930 --> 00:17:35,570 +kingdom keeper shows. And the fact that it says we + +266 +00:17:35,570 --> 00:17:41,310 +must now, we must also, now urgent, we collective + +267 +00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:43,630 +everyone, you don't have a choice, must, you have + +268 +00:17:43,630 --> 00:17:46,930 +no choice shows how religion was powerful and + +269 +00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:51,090 +strong at that time. The two main features we + +270 +00:17:51,090 --> 00:17:54,310 +have, caesura. When you say the caesura is the + +271 +00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:58,550 +gap, the physical gap between in the middle of the + +272 +00:17:58,550 --> 00:18:02,270 +line of verse to create music, to make it easy to + +273 +00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:04,610 +remember because people at that time could not + +274 +00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:07,810 +read or write. Same thing with the alliteration. + +275 +00:18:09,530 --> 00:18:13,810 +So this is another extract. By the look here, just + +276 +00:18:13,810 --> 00:18:19,430 +look at it. I want to take off this thing. Oh + +277 +00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:24,150 +yeah, it's not poetry. Look at it. Listen, now + +278 +00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:28,830 +modern poetry, free verse could have this. But in + +279 +00:18:28,830 --> 00:18:32,170 +the past, everything, I think everything we + +280 +00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:37,050 +studied in our course is either poetry or prose. + +281 +00:18:37,830 --> 00:18:40,290 +Okay, you can tell by looking at the page. So is + +282 +00:18:40,290 --> 00:18:43,410 +this poetry? Look at it. I don't want you to do + +283 +00:18:43,410 --> 00:18:48,810 +rhyme scheme organs A same B same B by D. No, this + +284 +00:18:48,810 --> 00:18:52,170 +is this is a paragraph. It doesn't begin with a + +285 +00:18:52,170 --> 00:18:58,170 +capital letter. Okay. I am a Jew. So I'm not + +286 +00:18:58,170 --> 00:19:00,930 +familiar with this. You don't have to memorize the + +287 +00:19:00,930 --> 00:19:03,710 +extracts I told you. But you should be able to + +288 +00:19:03,710 --> 00:19:08,490 +recognize one when you see it. I am a Jew. Has not + +289 +00:19:08,490 --> 00:19:13,550 +a Jew eyes. Aha, OK. We have had three texts with + +290 +00:19:13,550 --> 00:19:18,230 +Jewish characters in the whole course. Fagin in + +291 +00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:22,730 +Oliver Twist by Dickens. Barabas in The Jew of + +292 +00:19:22,730 --> 00:19:29,240 +Malta by Marlow and Shylock. in the mansion of + +293 +00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:35,490 +Venice. Shakespeare and Marlowe are dramatists, + +294 +00:19:35,970 --> 00:19:39,950 +plays, but remember plays were basically written + +295 +00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:43,930 +in poetry, in verse. But not all roles, not + +296 +00:19:43,930 --> 00:19:46,810 +everybody spoke poetry. Sometimes lowly + +297 +00:19:46,810 --> 00:19:49,710 +characters, messengers, unimportant people, + +298 +00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,810 +ignorant people, gravediggers, they would speak + +299 +00:19:52,810 --> 00:19:56,750 +prose. People who sometimes Shakespeare doesn't + +300 +00:19:56,750 --> 00:19:59,810 +want to like. So there's something. Some people + +301 +00:19:59,810 --> 00:20:02,570 +say Shakespeare is antisemitic. One reason they + +302 +00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:06,330 +would be giving, say, he gave Shylock a prose + +303 +00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:09,830 +role. Some people say, but listen, he was not a + +304 +00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:12,790 +native European. This is not his first language. + +305 +00:20:12,890 --> 00:20:16,590 +So Shakespeare was being realistic. Shakespeare is + +306 +00:20:16,590 --> 00:20:18,550 +interesting because he always gives you several + +307 +00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:21,270 +opinions. And that's the beauty of Shakespeare. + +308 +00:20:21,850 --> 00:20:25,430 +Unlike Marlow. Sometimes Marlow is very extreme in + +309 +00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:32,460 +The Barabas. So this is? This is Shylock from The + +310 +00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:35,740 +Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare. This is a + +311 +00:20:35,740 --> 00:20:40,520 +comedy or a tragedy or a tragic comedy or problem + +312 +00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,520 +play. I said in the book, it says this is + +313 +00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:46,400 +basically a comedy. But that was in the past. When + +314 +00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,440 +people started rereading the canon, they said, + +315 +00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:53,680 +wait a minute. It's true that nobody dies. But + +316 +00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:56,580 +look at Shylock, poor Shylock. He loses his money. + +317 +00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:00,700 +He loses his daughter. He loses his dignity, his + +318 +00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,020 +religion. He loses his chance to revenge, to prove + +319 +00:21:05,020 --> 00:21:07,260 +that he's a human being. He deserves to be heard, + +320 +00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:12,020 +to speak up, to resist. Poor Shylock. This is + +321 +00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:17,220 +tragic for him. So tragic comedy, serious comedy, + +322 +00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,100 +problem comedy, whatever you call it, for a + +323 +00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,180 +reason. So here you want the theme here for + +324 +00:21:24,180 --> 00:21:27,920 +Shakespeare is what? Shared humanity. He's saying, + +325 +00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,000 +basically, I am like you, as he says, as a + +326 +00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,830 +Christian is. I bleed like you. If you break us, + +327 +00:21:36,270 --> 00:21:38,730 +do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not + +328 +00:21:38,730 --> 00:21:42,950 +laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you + +329 +00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:46,450 +wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you + +330 +00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:51,190 +in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a + +331 +00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:53,930 +Jew wronged a Christian, it should be wrongs, + +332 +00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:58,110 +right? But he doesn't speak perfect English. What + +333 +00:21:58,110 --> 00:22:01,250 +is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wronged a + +334 +00:22:01,250 --> 00:22:04,090 +Jew, what should his sufferance be by a Christian + +335 +00:22:04,090 --> 00:22:09,110 +example? Why? Revenge. The villainy you teach me, + +336 +00:22:09,610 --> 00:22:13,670 +I will execute and it shall go hard, but I will + +337 +00:22:13,670 --> 00:22:18,370 +beta the instruction. Powerful, powerful message + +338 +00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:24,090 +here. So unlike you, I have the right to resist, + +339 +00:22:24,250 --> 00:22:27,710 +to fight back. That's why some of you agreed that + +340 +00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:33,250 +nowadays Shiloh is closer to the Palestinians than + +341 +00:22:33,250 --> 00:22:35,450 +to the Israelis because Shiloh is a victim. + +342 +00:22:36,310 --> 00:22:39,810 +Palestinians are being victimized by Israel. So + +343 +00:22:39,810 --> 00:22:42,450 +even though Israel claims to be a Jewish state, + +344 +00:22:43,030 --> 00:22:45,470 +they are the victimizers, they are the oppressors, + +345 +00:22:45,550 --> 00:22:50,180 +they are the colonizers, okay? So you speak about + +346 +00:22:50,180 --> 00:22:53,160 +this shadow humanity. And you need to pay + +347 +00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:56,260 +attention to certain things. Like there is a clear + +348 +00:22:56,260 --> 00:23:00,960 +glaring irony in this. And you can't tell because + +349 +00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:02,800 +you have to read the whole play, but I highlighted + +350 +00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,020 +it. Earlier in the play, Anthony was like, hey, + +351 +00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:11,370 +Shiloh. Let's grab something. Let's grab a bite. + +352 +00:23:11,550 --> 00:23:14,590 +Let's go have some pizza or cheesecake here or + +353 +00:23:14,590 --> 00:23:17,770 +there. I know a place. And Shirey was like, no, + +354 +00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:21,670 +sorry. You eat pork. I'm a Jew. I don't eat your + +355 +00:23:21,670 --> 00:23:25,390 +food. I don't drink your drinks. I don't. I'm not + +356 +00:23:25,390 --> 00:23:29,690 +like you. I'm a Jew. And then later on, he's + +357 +00:23:29,690 --> 00:23:33,700 +saying, fed. with the same, fed with the same + +358 +00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:36,900 +food? Oh, wait a minute, Chinook. You just said, + +359 +00:23:37,140 --> 00:23:40,220 +no, I don't eat your food. So that's ironic. Could + +360 +00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:45,320 +be described as dramatic irony because this is + +361 +00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:49,340 +drama in a way where the audience knows more than + +362 +00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:50,440 +some other characters. + +363 +00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,640 +Okay, so this is Shylock from The Merchant of + +364 +00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:59,380 +Venice. This is a play by Shakespeare, generally + +365 +00:23:59,380 --> 00:24:02,220 +described as a comedy, but as a matter of fact, + +366 +00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:06,440 +it's a serious comedy because it's true the white + +367 +00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:09,840 +Christian people live happily ever after, but the + +368 +00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:14,800 +outsider, the Jewish character here, the person of + +369 +00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,340 +color, suffers, pays a heavy price for being + +370 +00:24:19,340 --> 00:24:21,680 +different, for racism. You need to speak about + +371 +00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:27,340 +anti-Semitism and racism in this regard. Now + +372 +00:24:27,340 --> 00:24:32,860 +another example. I need to capitalize the I. And + +373 +00:24:32,860 --> 00:24:35,780 +there you go. So how would you comment on this? + +374 +00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:38,880 +Let's say this is in your final exam. + +375 +00:24:43,870 --> 00:24:47,690 +Thank you very much, Hanin. That is a first-person + +376 +00:24:47,690 --> 00:24:55,210 +narrator. How do you know? I. What text? Who's the + +377 +00:24:55,210 --> 00:25:01,250 +author? Who's the speaker? I married him. So there + +378 +00:25:01,250 --> 00:25:07,930 +is marriage. So probably, listen, it's bad if you + +379 +00:25:07,930 --> 00:25:09,950 +just say, because this is marriage, the author + +380 +00:25:09,950 --> 00:25:14,320 +must be a woman. This is anti-feminist. Okay, but + +381 +00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:18,380 +again, yeah, when we studied the female novelists, + +382 +00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:20,520 +we focused on particular themes, women being + +383 +00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:22,800 +independent and strong and powerful and resisting + +384 +00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:25,800 +and fighting and trying to be different, trying to + +385 +00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,900 +make their dreams come true. So probably the + +386 +00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,060 +author is a woman. How many women authors did we + +387 +00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:35,240 +study? Not many. Reader. + +388 +00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:49,070 +For Jane Austen. Jane Austen? + +389 +00:25:49,650 --> 00:25:54,710 +Nope. I used to think that this is from Jane + +390 +00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:56,790 +Austen, Sense and Sensibility, but it's not. + +391 +00:26:00,430 --> 00:26:05,330 +This is? You need to revise. Mary Mallie is a + +392 +00:26:05,330 --> 00:26:12,970 +poet? Not a poet, yeah? But did we? Did we take + +393 +00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:16,790 +extracts? Mary Manley is a poet. She wrote poetry. + +394 +00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:20,150 +We studied poetry from Mary Manley. Or not? No, + +395 +00:26:20,310 --> 00:26:25,110 +Mary Manley is a novelist. Novelist? A critic. She + +396 +00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:27,290 +was a scholar. Was she? + +397 +00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,590 +So who said this? What is the text? What is the... + +398 +00:26:34,590 --> 00:26:38,750 +Okay. So you need, again, go home. When you study + +399 +00:26:38,750 --> 00:26:41,210 +this course, you still have plenty of time. Try to + +400 +00:26:41,210 --> 00:26:43,990 +do drawings and shapes and graphs and spider + +401 +00:26:43,990 --> 00:26:47,150 +crams. So we spoke about the Bronte sisters, + +402 +00:26:48,290 --> 00:26:52,210 +Charlotte, Emily, and in passing, we mentioned + +403 +00:26:52,210 --> 00:26:59,370 +Anne. Now, Charlotte Bronte in her novel Jane Eyre + +404 +00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:03,550 +She speaks about this unique relationship between + +405 +00:27:03,550 --> 00:27:08,870 +a poor woman, Jane, and Rochester, the rich old + +406 +00:27:08,870 --> 00:27:15,250 +man who was already married. So this is from Jane + +407 +00:27:15,250 --> 00:27:18,910 +Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. Because we have three + +408 +00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:22,660 +Brontes, You need to say Charlotte Bronte. If + +409 +00:27:22,660 --> 00:27:24,720 +you're saying Bronte alone, it's not enough. Like + +410 +00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:28,280 +saying Chile. We have Mary Chile. We have the + +411 +00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:33,240 +husband Percy Chile. So again, what would you + +412 +00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:35,420 +comment on? Number one, that this is a first + +413 +00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:40,360 +person narrator. What else? Thank you. We don't + +414 +00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:43,440 +have this often. But nowadays, we usually don't + +415 +00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,080 +have this. But in that time, especially women + +416 +00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,700 +wanted to create new techniques and devices to + +417 +00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,800 +reach out to engage the readers, to make the + +418 +00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,000 +reader feel that, oh my God, she's making me + +419 +00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,740 +special, she's talking to me directly. So reader, + +420 +00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:02,960 +I married him. This is, the tone is what? + +421 +00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:08,360 +Victorious, right? Hopeful, like, yeah, finally, I + +422 +00:28:08,360 --> 00:28:16,770 +did it. So who married whom? The speaker is the + +423 +00:28:16,770 --> 00:28:21,800 +girl or the boy, the man or the woman. A woman. So + +424 +00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,960 +the woman being the speaker is also a feature of + +425 +00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,500 +female writing. And here, for the first, I + +426 +00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:31,400 +remember what we saw in Richardson and Fielding, + +427 +00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:34,000 +where women always get raped, get killed, they + +428 +00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:38,660 +die. They just fail miserably because of male + +429 +00:28:38,660 --> 00:28:41,920 +violence. But for female writers, they always + +430 +00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:44,680 +showed the positive aspect outcome of a struggle. + +431 +00:28:44,780 --> 00:28:48,280 +You struggle. You fight. You resist. You will win. + +432 +00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:52,040 +You will end up independent, victorious. Your + +433 +00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:57,140 +dreams will come true. So how are you going to + +434 +00:28:57,140 --> 00:29:01,280 +comment on this? You're going to say that this is + +435 +00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:07,440 +Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bronte. The novel + +436 +00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,200 +is about a relationship between a man and a woman, + +437 +00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,840 +a poor young woman and an old rich man who is + +438 +00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,700 +originally married to another woman. You don't + +439 +00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:21,060 +have to tell me the story in detail. Just focus on + +440 +00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:22,360 +this. In this extract, + +441 +00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,960 +Jane is directly talking to us as readers, + +442 +00:29:29,620 --> 00:29:32,560 +declaring her victory, declaring that she achieved + +443 +00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:37,700 +her objective. She is no longer, the woman is + +444 +00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:39,900 +independent and powerful. She is no longer at all + +445 +00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:44,400 +an object where the man is chasing her. Another + +446 +00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:45,040 +example. + +447 +00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:53,200 +Okay, just wait a minute a little bit. Facts teach + +448 +00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:55,640 +these boys and girls nothing but facts. + +449 +00:30:02,340 --> 00:30:07,580 +Teacher. Yeah, there is a teacher here. So + +450 +00:30:07,580 --> 00:30:12,700 +generally, this is an extract taken from, I don't + +451 +00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:15,740 +know, maybe. But let's narrow it down. This is + +452 +00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,000 +about school and learning and education. So the + +453 +00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,740 +theme is teaching, school, education system. And + +454 +00:30:22,740 --> 00:30:25,920 +the speaker is saying facts. Teach these boys and + +455 +00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:30,120 +girls nothing but facts. So he doesn't want. + +456 +00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:35,310 +Imagination, fancy, creativity. He just wants + +457 +00:30:35,310 --> 00:30:39,330 +facts. Facts and nothing else. So yeah, you can + +458 +00:30:39,330 --> 00:30:42,310 +narrow it to the Victorian age where the novel + +459 +00:30:42,310 --> 00:30:47,430 +became a social tool of criticism. When we spoke + +460 +00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:51,090 +about women writers, we said that they were mainly + +461 +00:30:51,090 --> 00:30:54,250 +focusing on female issues and themes and female + +462 +00:30:54,250 --> 00:30:57,730 +struggle. But the male writers were focusing on + +463 +00:30:57,730 --> 00:30:59,410 +these themes. This is how you think, how you + +464 +00:30:59,410 --> 00:31:03,520 +narrow down. So we have studied only two figures, + +465 +00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:09,360 +novelists in the Victorian age. Dickens and Thomas + +466 +00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:14,220 +Hardy. Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy. You know + +467 +00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:18,840 +Hardy was bleak and dark, pessimistic, with all + +468 +00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:22,060 +the horrible unhappy endings with people dying + +469 +00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:23,460 +like Shakespeare but in prose. + +470 +00:31:26,540 --> 00:31:29,360 +And Dickens was more of a social critic. + +471 +00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,080 +Philosophical, social, critical, political, + +472 +00:31:33,220 --> 00:31:39,540 +critical also. So this is, this is Dickens novel, + +473 +00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:46,640 +Hard Times. A speaker is Mr. Gradgrind. Even if + +474 +00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:49,700 +you forget the name, it's fine as long as you get + +475 +00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:53,340 +the context. So if you say the speaker here is + +476 +00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:56,060 +talking to a teacher where he is directing him how + +477 +00:31:56,060 --> 00:31:58,440 +to deal with the kids, with the students in the + +478 +00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,500 +class. He wants no imagination. He wants no + +479 +00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,940 +creativity, no fancy, nothing. He wants only + +480 +00:32:04,940 --> 00:32:09,080 +facts. Dickens here is clearly criticizing the + +481 +00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:13,820 +society and its failing education system, where + +482 +00:32:13,820 --> 00:32:18,940 +kids are not trained to be creative, imaginative + +483 +00:32:18,940 --> 00:32:22,960 +and fanciful, but are just exposed to facts and + +484 +00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,160 +the ending is not going to be good for them. In + +485 +00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:28,560 +Hard Times, we spoke about two themes, criticizing + +486 +00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:33,140 +the education system and criticizing the working + +487 +00:32:33,140 --> 00:32:38,040 +conditions of the laborers, the industrial + +488 +00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:39,620 +revolution and its impact. + +489 +00:32:42,860 --> 00:32:45,880 +Hard Times, Charles Dickens, Mr. Grady Grind, + +490 +00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,140 +Social Criticism, Criticizing the Education + +491 +00:32:49,140 --> 00:32:51,680 +System. Look, for example, if you want to say + +492 +00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:55,120 +something about the text, how he's very assertive, + +493 +00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:59,240 +very emphatic by repeating the word facts. And by + +494 +00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,080 +say using this negative structure, not but, + +495 +00:33:02,220 --> 00:33:07,700 +nothing but. I want nothing but pizza. Like you're + +496 +00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:12,150 +not, you're emphatic here. Okay, I'll give you + +497 +00:33:12,150 --> 00:33:14,830 +something from a previous exam. + +498 +00:33:24,150 --> 00:33:27,310 +Very quickly, we'll go through these and then we + +499 +00:33:27,310 --> 00:33:27,890 +stop there. + +500 +00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:40,680 +So when you study for the course, try to usually + +501 +00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,500 +highlight two important things about each writer + +502 +00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:44,800 +and about each text. + +503 +00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:53,760 +Now, the first sentence, for example, let's see + +504 +00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:57,720 +how you narrow it down. The first question says, a + +505 +00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:59,860 +tragedy by Shakespeare. So it's a tragedy, not a + +506 +00:33:59,860 --> 00:34:03,720 +comedy. So you, comedy, excuse me, come here. It's + +507 +00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,500 +history, come here, Roman, by Shakespeare that + +508 +00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:10,500 +deals with the father children. Okay, father + +509 +00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,480 +children. No father children in Macbeth. No father + +510 +00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,080 +children in Othello. This is how you narrow down. + +511 +00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:18,840 +Relationship theme, it is considered to be the + +512 +00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:23,500 +most pessimistic, where there's no hope, dark. Of + +513 +00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:28,380 +his tragedies? Ganglia. A group of poets who lived + +514 +00:34:28,380 --> 00:34:33,870 +in the 17th century They were named so by Dr. + +515 +00:34:33,990 --> 00:34:36,950 +Johnson, and they later were admired by T.S. + +516 +00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:40,870 +Eliot. Metaphysical poets, 17th century, so not + +517 +00:34:40,870 --> 00:34:45,190 +the romantics, not the Victorian. The Battle of + +518 +00:34:45,190 --> 00:34:49,090 +Malden is a long medieval poem about battles and + +519 +00:34:49,090 --> 00:34:51,990 +heroes, but it is much more factual than the main + +520 +00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:56,040 +heroic text of the time, which is And that's the + +521 +00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,060 +trick here. The question is not about Beowulf. + +522 +00:34:58,180 --> 00:35:00,600 +It's there to compare it with the other text, + +523 +00:35:01,020 --> 00:35:06,160 +Beowulf. Sweet thymes run swiftly till I end my + +524 +00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:10,880 +song is a line from Prothalamian that is written + +525 +00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:15,620 +by Edmund Spencer, the prince of poets. And + +526 +00:35:15,620 --> 00:35:19,220 +finally, I mean, notice here sometimes you are + +527 +00:35:19,220 --> 00:35:22,600 +asked about the text, the theme, the topic, the + +528 +00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,840 +poet, the writer, the theme. Look at this as + +529 +00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,300 +question number five focusing on the literary + +530 +00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:38,780 +device used. A medieval poet whose satire in Piers + +531 +00:35:38,780 --> 00:35:41,120 +Plowman is considered bitter. + +532 +00:35:43,580 --> 00:35:47,900 +Wait a minute here. The question says, a medieval + +533 +00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:52,680 +poet, and gives you the blank to complete. + +534 +00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:57,160 +The name of the text is given to you. You should + +535 +00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,520 +be able to identify that this is medieval text. + +536 +00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:03,640 +And the word satire is given to you also, where he + +537 +00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:08,120 +uses bitter satire and irony sometimes. So all you + +538 +00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:12,690 +need to do here is identify. The? The author. The + +539 +00:36:12,690 --> 00:36:16,070 +author is William Langland. The whole question + +540 +00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,110 +could be reworded in other words where you need + +541 +00:36:19,110 --> 00:36:23,190 +to. A medieval poet, or for example, William + +542 +00:36:23,190 --> 00:36:29,790 +Langland is a medieval poet whose, or he uses as a + +543 +00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:33,490 +literary device to bitterly criticize his life and + +544 +00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:35,910 +his society. Satire. + +545 +00:36:39,790 --> 00:36:42,910 +Satire, as a literary device. The dream vision is + +546 +00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,150 +not a literary device, basically, more or less. So + +547 +00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:49,010 +these are examples. You go through the text and + +548 +00:36:49,010 --> 00:36:51,410 +revise again. This is from the first half of the + +549 +00:36:51,410 --> 00:36:56,450 +course. And I'm sure you will be fine. Start + +550 +00:36:56,450 --> 00:37:00,250 +today, plan your revision, and I wish you all the + +551 +00:37:00,250 --> 00:37:04,310 +best. If you have questions, please ask. If we + +552 +00:37:04,310 --> 00:37:07,330 +don't have time now, we can ask questions online. + +553 +00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:12,090 +Okay, good luck. Thank you. It's been my pleasure + +554 +00:37:12,090 --> 00:37:15,130 +to teach you this course and I wish you all the + +555 +00:37:15,130 --> 00:37:15,910 +luck in the world. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75c52e0aa61b884deb25b6197f77f9b7c182babb --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2680 @@ +1 +00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:22,230 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh. + +2 +00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:25,810 +Welcome back to the introduction to English + +3 +00:00:25,810 --> 00:00:28,270 +literature class at the Islamic University of Gaza + +4 +00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:33,570 +English department. So far we have spoken about + +5 +00:00:33,570 --> 00:00:37,820 +several romantic poets, romantic figures. And I + +6 +00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:42,220 +said before that the romantics were poets, and at + +7 +00:00:42,220 --> 00:00:45,440 +the same time, they were critics. So they were not + +8 +00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,480 +only writing poetry, but they were also writing + +9 +00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:53,540 +criticism, justifying their methods, their school, + +10 +00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:57,040 +their movement, in a way that John Donne and his + +11 +00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,220 +followers did not do. John Donne was writing + +12 +00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:02,420 +different poetry, like the romantics in a way or + +13 +00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:05,880 +another, but he was not writing criticism, prose, + +14 +00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:09,760 +or verse in order to teach people about their + +15 +00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,440 +thought and methodology and features and + +16 +00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,400 +characteristics. We're done with colorage and + +17 +00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,120 +words worth, and they are described as the first + +18 +00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,470 +generation. the people who were more into the + +19 +00:01:23,470 --> 00:01:28,230 +natural and supernatural aspect of life. Then we + +20 +00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:31,650 +move to speak about kids, all those romantic + +21 +00:01:31,650 --> 00:01:33,830 +poets. So they will speak about Chalet, and we + +22 +00:01:33,830 --> 00:01:37,830 +will end with Byron. These are all romantic poets. + +23 +00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:41,310 +They share the majority of common features. But + +24 +00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:44,890 +each poet is different in his own a particular + +25 +00:01:44,890 --> 00:01:47,730 +way. We've seen how Keats, for example, was + +26 +00:01:47,730 --> 00:01:50,870 +obsessed with time, was obsessed with beauty, was + +27 +00:01:50,870 --> 00:01:54,930 +obsessed with finding truth. And the conclusion + +28 +00:01:54,930 --> 00:01:58,790 +was that beauty is truth, truth beauty. For him, + +29 +00:01:59,250 --> 00:02:02,710 +literature is not poetry, and art, artistic + +30 +00:02:02,710 --> 00:02:07,230 +creation and expression is not a means to express. + +31 +00:02:07,250 --> 00:02:09,550 +Remember the Augustans, they were like, poetry has + +32 +00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:13,760 +to teach and delight. But it could be more. It + +33 +00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:17,100 +could be particularly self-expression, something + +34 +00:02:17,100 --> 00:02:22,190 +that you need to do. for yourself, for the + +35 +00:02:22,190 --> 00:02:25,470 +individual, the human being, and you reaching out + +36 +00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:29,130 +for others or for even nature. So for him, + +37 +00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:32,550 +literature is the end itself, in a way, not just + +38 +00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:36,210 +purely art for art's sake. There's a school called + +39 +00:02:36,210 --> 00:02:39,090 +Art for Art's Sake. Just write literature just to + +40 +00:02:39,090 --> 00:02:43,390 +write literature, or produce art just for art. In + +41 +00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:45,990 +part, it's true, but still, it's a lot more than + +42 +00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:51,070 +this. So we'll see how Shelley and Byron also are + +43 +00:02:51,070 --> 00:02:54,670 +different in some ways, but similar in other ways. + +44 +00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:59,150 +Those two people also share common features, which + +45 +00:02:59,150 --> 00:03:05,750 +are, again, clear criticism of the institutions of + +46 +00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:09,870 +religion, politics, and society. They always have + +47 +00:03:09,870 --> 00:03:13,420 +this aspect. They're calling the people to rebel + +48 +00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:16,380 +against the society, to challenge the authorities. + +49 +00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:22,040 +Both of them were critical of the politics, the + +50 +00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,100 +morals, the social conventions of their time. And + +51 +00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:29,780 +both of them were openly calling for a rebellion. + +52 +00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,340 +This is different from Wordsworth, for example, + +53 +00:03:33,420 --> 00:03:36,480 +who would just leave all the trouble behind and go + +54 +00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,620 +to... nature to the countryside, to Lake District, + +55 +00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,540 +and melt with nature, fills his heart with + +56 +00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:47,460 +pleasure, and then makes it dance with the + +57 +00:03:47,460 --> 00:03:50,600 +daffodils in the way we studied before. So Shelley + +58 +00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:56,760 +was a very close friend of Keats. And by the way, + +59 +00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:01,240 +Keats, Shelley, and Byron, the three of them, they + +60 +00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:06,780 +died very young. Keats at 25, Shelley at almost + +61 +00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,220 +30, and Byron around 35. And this is the second + +62 +00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,460 +generation. And I said this before, that this adds + +63 +00:04:13,460 --> 00:04:18,460 +some kind of aura, some kind of this perfection + +64 +00:04:18,460 --> 00:04:21,020 +around them that you look at them as perfect + +65 +00:04:21,020 --> 00:04:25,730 +people, as perfect people in a fictional world. It + +66 +00:04:25,730 --> 00:04:28,350 +adds to them. It gives them more symbolic, more + +67 +00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:31,530 +meanings, and more depth in a way or another. So + +68 +00:04:31,530 --> 00:04:34,630 +he was really deeply touched by the death of his + +69 +00:04:34,630 --> 00:04:38,770 +best friend, Keith, who died of a disease. But + +70 +00:04:38,770 --> 00:04:40,950 +Shelley drowned. He was swimming somewhere in + +71 +00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:45,550 +Italy, and he just drowned sadly. And he wrote the + +72 +00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,240 +famous poem, Adonais. Adonais. About the death, + +73 +00:04:49,500 --> 00:04:53,220 +it's elegy. That's what elegy is. When you praise + +74 +00:04:53,220 --> 00:04:57,480 +a dead person, and he opens it with this really + +75 +00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,960 +moving couplet. This is half of the line. He says, + +76 +00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:06,440 +I weep for Adonis. He's dead. Oh, weep for Adonis. + +77 +00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,140 +It's like everyone should be weeping for kids. + +78 +00:05:10,420 --> 00:05:12,380 +Everyone. And look at the choice of words here. + +79 +00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:14,780 +The simple, direct, you don't have to go to + +80 +00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:21,600 +philosophize. I weep for Adonais. He is dead. And + +81 +00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:24,800 +that's it. And I love how this comes. Why would + +82 +00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,820 +you weep for somebody? He lost a scholarship. He + +83 +00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:33,040 +failed a course. His wife left him. He lost his + +84 +00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,600 +dinner. But all of a sudden, it comes up, he's + +85 +00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:41,040 +dead, suddenly. Abruptly, exactly like how he died + +86 +00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,600 +suddenly. It wasn't a sudden death, but in his + +87 +00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:49,820 +prime, yeah, untimely and prematurely. Shelly's + +88 +00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,560 +poetry is like Keith's poetry in some way. + +89 +00:05:53,900 --> 00:05:57,080 +Basically, both wanted to capture the depth of + +90 +00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,680 +personal experiences, especially in their search + +91 +00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:05,780 +for truth and beauty and meaning for life. But + +92 +00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:08,740 +also Schiele's writing is more like Blake's in the + +93 +00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,820 +way that it is basically political poetry. He uses + +94 +00:06:13,820 --> 00:06:17,060 +nature, or nature is there. We'll see some of his + +95 +00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:21,400 +poetry in a bit. But basically, he wants change. + +96 +00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,260 +He wants more freedom. He wants to change the + +97 +00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:28,300 +political and the social system. That's why I like + +98 +00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:31,970 +to describe Chile as the rebel. The revolutionary. + +99 +00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:37,110 +And those people remind me of young poets, like + +100 +00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:39,090 +Tamim el Barghouti, for example. You know Tamim. + +101 +00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:42,990 +Tamim is a Palestinian poet. He's Palestinian. + +102 +00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:47,050 +He's Egyptian. He's like many things, right? At + +103 +00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:50,650 +the beginning of the Arab Spring, the very + +104 +00:06:50,650 --> 00:06:53,090 +beginning, many people, when there is radical + +105 +00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:56,210 +change, they keep calm and silent. They just wait + +106 +00:06:56,210 --> 00:06:58,450 +to see where things are going, and then they start + +107 +00:06:58,450 --> 00:07:02,000 +speaking up. Right? These people are opportunists. + +108 +00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:05,020 +They just want their own benefits. + +109 +00:07:06,660 --> 00:07:08,940 +Now, for Tamim, the first day the Arab Spring + +110 +00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,980 +started, he wrote one of the most interesting, + +111 +00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:17,040 +beautiful poems in the Egyptian dialect, called, + +112 +00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,900 +Ya Masri Hanit Wa Banit. Please, go to YouTube and + +113 +00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,340 +listen to this poem. And one of my friends called + +114 +00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:27,550 +me and he said, Your friend Tamim, he's not my + +115 +00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:29,470 +friend, but I like Tamim. You should like Tamim, + +116 +00:07:29,610 --> 00:07:34,670 +too. Your friend Tamim will be sent behind the + +117 +00:07:34,670 --> 00:07:36,730 +sun, or something like we say in Arabic + +118 +00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:40,330 +expression, because he dared to speak openly to + +119 +00:07:40,330 --> 00:07:48,810 +call people for revolution. And he + +120 +00:07:48,810 --> 00:07:53,630 +says something like, if you don't go out, if you + +121 +00:07:53,630 --> 00:07:58,210 +don't participate in the revolution, you are + +122 +00:07:58,210 --> 00:08:01,950 +betraying your friends, your country. Because if + +123 +00:08:01,950 --> 00:08:03,790 +there are a thousand people out in the streets, + +124 +00:08:03,930 --> 00:08:06,210 +the police can control them. But if there are a + +125 +00:08:06,210 --> 00:08:10,210 +million people, they can't. So I told him, yeah, + +126 +00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:14,030 +ordinary poets do what you say, but great poets + +127 +00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:16,410 +like Tamim and like those people, they are always + +128 +00:08:16,410 --> 00:08:20,850 +not only part of the change, they are leading that + +129 +00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:23,610 +change, as we're going to see in a bit. So in his + +130 +00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:26,750 +poem, Queen Mab, he attacks religion, he attacks + +131 +00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:29,390 +the morals, he attacks the society, everything. In + +132 +00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:32,910 +a way, this is similar in part to the Augustan + +133 +00:08:32,910 --> 00:08:35,190 +poetry, remember, when it was all criticizing + +134 +00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:42,640 +society and attacking it. Sometime around 1819, + +135 +00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:44,800 +there was a massacre in Manchester. You know + +136 +00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:47,480 +Manchester? Manchester United. Manchester is blue. + +137 +00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:51,700 +Manchester is red. Is it red or blue? Are you + +138 +00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:53,920 +Manchester City or Manchester United fans? City. + +139 +00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:59,060 +City? Maybe what you like. Ah, you like what you + +140 +00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:02,120 +like. Cool. Okay, so this year Manchester is blue, + +141 +00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:07,280 +if you are football fans anyway. So in Manchester, + +142 +00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,260 +some of the workers wanted, you know, they were + +143 +00:09:10,260 --> 00:09:13,160 +demanding for more basic human rights, for better + +144 +00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:15,800 +salaries, for better work conditions, for + +145 +00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,080 +security, for safety. And the police killed around + +146 +00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:25,220 +20 of them and injured many others. And Shelly, I + +147 +00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:28,040 +guess he was in Italy by that time, and he wrote + +148 +00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,820 +one of his really most beautiful, powerful poems + +149 +00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:33,920 +of all time. It's called the Mask of Anarchy. + +150 +00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:37,980 +Anarchy is like chaos, like, you know, anarchy. + +151 +00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:40,800 +Like when you want to destroy what's going on, + +152 +00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,280 +what you have, and it builds something in you, + +153 +00:09:43,340 --> 00:09:46,980 +like a mess. In a way, but he doesn't go, he + +154 +00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:49,810 +wants, doesn't, you know, chaos has come again. So + +155 +00:09:49,810 --> 00:09:52,150 +chaos is necessary. Destruction is necessary. + +156 +00:09:52,590 --> 00:09:55,270 +Because when you destroy, you build. So he's + +157 +00:09:55,270 --> 00:09:58,030 +saying that basically we need to destroy the + +158 +00:09:58,030 --> 00:10:01,150 +current system because it's corrupt, it's + +159 +00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:04,570 +horrible, and the poor are getting poorer by time, + +160 +00:10:04,650 --> 00:10:08,230 +and the rich are getting richer by time. So he + +161 +00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:11,480 +calls for what? for social change, for political + +162 +00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,260 +change, for political reforms, and for more + +163 +00:10:14,260 --> 00:10:17,460 +freedoms for especially the downtrodden working + +164 +00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:22,020 +class. Let's see this extract from this beautiful + +165 +00:10:22,020 --> 00:10:25,960 +book. I think this is the last stanza. The Mask of + +166 +00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,840 +Anarki. Can someone read? Please. Yeah, Anna. + +167 +00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:33,780 +Right, like lions are slumbered and unveiled + +168 +00:10:35,980 --> 00:10:36,940 +Vanquishable number. + +169 +00:10:40,020 --> 00:10:40,020 +Okay, + +170 +00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,280 +so you said do, do is American English. It should + +171 +00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,780 +rhyme with you, so you go for British English to + +172 +00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:57,270 +make the perfect rhyme. What is slumber? Do you + +173 +00:10:57,270 --> 00:10:58,970 +know slumber party? When you were kids, you would + +174 +00:10:58,970 --> 00:11:02,930 +go to sleep at your friends or cousins. This is + +175 +00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:06,690 +sleep. Slumber, yeah. Slumber means sleep. It's a + +176 +00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:09,190 +poetic word for sleep, slumber. And we pronounce + +177 +00:11:09,190 --> 00:11:13,010 +the B, by the way, because of the stress. So rise + +178 +00:11:13,010 --> 00:11:18,390 +like lions after slumber. An unvanquishable + +179 +00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:24,670 +number. Shake your chains. to earth like dew. You + +180 +00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,150 +know dew? When you wake up early in the morning, + +181 +00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,790 +you find little tiny drops of water. This is dew. + +182 +00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:35,690 +Shake your chains to earth like dew, which in + +183 +00:11:35,690 --> 00:11:41,010 +sleep had fallen on you. Ye are money. They are + +184 +00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:44,570 +few. The police, right? How many policemen do we + +185 +00:11:44,570 --> 00:11:47,070 +have here in the country? Like what, 10,000? We + +186 +00:11:47,070 --> 00:11:50,230 +have two million people. We can easily overcome + +187 +00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:54,290 +and overpower. This is openly calling for + +188 +00:11:54,290 --> 00:11:57,990 +revolution. He's saying rise, rebel, fight. You + +189 +00:11:57,990 --> 00:12:00,690 +can beat them. They can't control you as long as + +190 +00:12:00,690 --> 00:12:04,710 +you all in unvanquishable numbers go out to the + +191 +00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:09,120 +streets and demand your rights. That's a romantic + +192 +00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,900 +poet here again. Totally different from + +193 +00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,780 +Wordsworth, and even Coleridge, in a sense. See, + +194 +00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:21,240 +is this difficult to understand? He's talking to + +195 +00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,660 +us, everyone. You don't have to be a university + +196 +00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:26,220 +-educated person to love this poet and to + +197 +00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,860 +appreciate it. The message is clear. Rise. You are + +198 +00:12:29,860 --> 00:12:33,700 +many. They are the few. In his other poem, other + +199 +00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:39,110 +famous poem also, Ode to the West Wind. It + +200 +00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:42,390 +consists of, I think, four or five sonnets. + +201 +00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:49,990 +If you look at the title here, The West Wind, it's + +202 +00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:53,170 +nature, right? And in the poem, he uses nature to + +203 +00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:58,410 +symbolize power and change, basically. So as a + +204 +00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:01,690 +natural element, the wind is able to change and at + +205 +00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:05,410 +the same time is able to spread the ideas and the + +206 +00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:09,000 +seeds of revolution. When you have, you know, when + +207 +00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,880 +the wind blows, it moves things. It changes + +208 +00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:17,440 +things. And he invites this natural element to be + +209 +00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:22,460 +part of the change-making process. So the wind + +210 +00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:26,740 +symbolizes power and change. Please. Did he use + +211 +00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:32,020 +the nature to start evolution indirectly? Okay, + +212 +00:13:32,180 --> 00:13:35,280 +that's a good question. Did he call for revolution + +213 +00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,800 +for a revolution directly or indirectly? + +214 +00:13:38,460 --> 00:13:41,940 +Implicitly or explicitly? I think he did it like + +215 +00:13:41,940 --> 00:13:45,900 +both ways. In the other one, this was openly + +216 +00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,780 +calling like, let's fight those, you know, + +217 +00:13:48,860 --> 00:13:52,750 +policemen. But here, when you read this, because + +218 +00:13:52,750 --> 00:13:55,330 +you know this is Chile, you can understand easily. + +219 +00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:58,550 +You don't have if he is arrested for incitement, + +220 +00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:01,770 +and he says, no, no, no. The wind only symbolizes + +221 +00:14:01,770 --> 00:14:04,130 +nature. I like nature. I love nature. Come on, + +222 +00:14:04,190 --> 00:14:07,190 +Chile. We'll see and extract in a bit here and see + +223 +00:14:07,190 --> 00:14:10,930 +how he is also in a way wants things to be + +224 +00:14:10,930 --> 00:14:14,190 +destroyed and other new things to be built and + +225 +00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:19,800 +rebuilt. What does the wind do? It blows old life, + +226 +00:14:20,020 --> 00:14:23,620 +corruption. The political, social, religious + +227 +00:14:23,620 --> 00:14:27,660 +system they have, and it can help create new life + +228 +00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,420 +with greater freedoms. Sometimes when we read + +229 +00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:35,720 +Chile, he touches our hearts. He talks to us + +230 +00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,640 +directly, especially people who struggle. That's + +231 +00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,160 +why for colonized, occupied people like us + +232 +00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,420 +Palestinians, we usually love Chile more than + +233 +00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:48,680 +others. My students usually appreciate Chile more + +234 +00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:52,200 +than others. They think that here nature has been + +235 +00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,220 +destroyed by Israel, right? Our lands have been + +236 +00:14:55,220 --> 00:15:00,040 +occupied. We don't have the basic human rights We + +237 +00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,080 +don't have electricity for 24 hours, so we don't + +238 +00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:05,700 +have time to appreciate a flower or a bird, right? + +239 +00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:09,520 +Or a rose or a tree because of the occupation. So, + +240 +00:15:10,180 --> 00:15:13,760 +come on, Wordsworth. Go home. You're drunk. But + +241 +00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,500 +when it comes to Chile, we're like, yes, this is + +242 +00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,420 +the canapé tree because it sparks some sort of + +243 +00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:24,310 +struggle in us. It promotes this idea of the + +244 +00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:28,110 +necessity of resisting injustice and oppression. + +245 +00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:31,790 +But again, he touches us all the time. Like, look + +246 +00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:35,270 +at this beautiful, beautiful line. And at the same + +247 +00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:36,630 +time, look at the language. Not difficult + +248 +00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:41,130 +language. This is a new book. He says, I fall upon + +249 +00:15:41,130 --> 00:15:45,770 +the thorns of life. I bleed. He's a master of the + +250 +00:15:45,770 --> 00:15:48,350 +short, sharp sentences. I call them the punch + +251 +00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:50,890 +sentences, just like they come all of a sudden, + +252 +00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:54,870 +like, he's dead. He's dead, just like that. He's + +253 +00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:58,270 +dead. He's gone. He's no longer among us. So you + +254 +00:15:58,270 --> 00:16:01,470 +know the thorns of life? You know thorns? When you + +255 +00:16:01,470 --> 00:16:04,950 +say something is a thorn in somebody's throat, + +256 +00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,630 +he's causing a lot of trouble and problems. for + +257 +00:16:08,630 --> 00:16:11,550 +this person. A thorn in a plant, in some kind of + +258 +00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:14,270 +flowers, in the rose, there are thorns. When you + +259 +00:16:14,270 --> 00:16:17,610 +saw this problem is thorny, it means it's a very + +260 +00:16:17,610 --> 00:16:20,950 +difficult problem to solve. A thorn. When you eat + +261 +00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:23,170 +fish, they have also these kind of things that can + +262 +00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,250 +stick in your throat or tongue, so you should be + +263 +00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:32,490 +careful. So, I fall upon the thorns of life. I + +264 +00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:32,930 +bleed. + +265 +00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,340 +Is he saying I'm ready, I'm willing to sacrifice + +266 +00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:42,140 +myself to die, to bleed for the people, for + +267 +00:16:42,140 --> 00:16:47,240 +change? Maybe he is. I'm calling for a revolution, + +268 +00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,420 +for a rebellion, for change, even if I die, even + +269 +00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:54,300 +if I bleed. I don't care, as long as we bring + +270 +00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,400 +about change. And that is the different kind of + +271 +00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,820 +romantic poetry. Remember, we said many people + +272 +00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:02,040 +accused Wadsworth of being an escapist. Where are + +273 +00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,640 +you going? He's saying, oh, it's corrupt here in + +274 +00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:06,940 +the city. I'm going to the countryside. It's not + +275 +00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:09,680 +my business. I can't change. And many people said, + +276 +00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:12,500 +the very idea of changing language is significant + +277 +00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,080 +because by time you change people's mentalities. + +278 +00:17:15,510 --> 00:17:18,110 +You change people's behavior. You change people's + +279 +00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:22,170 +ways of life, styles. And it's happening now. A + +280 +00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:25,150 +generation later, people are using poetry to call + +281 +00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:31,890 +for political, religious, and social change. In + +282 +00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:34,950 +the Ode to the West Wind, the last part of the + +283 +00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:39,750 +last sonnet... I'll read this unless someone likes + +284 +00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:42,350 +to read. Okay? + +285 +00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,060 +Encantation of this verse. You know this verse? + +286 +00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:03,350 +What's this verse? Verse. This verse. This son is + +287 +00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,470 +this poetry. He knows he's clearly conscious that + +288 +00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:10,730 +his poetry can be the change you want to see in + +289 +00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:13,970 +the world. So drive the dead thoughts over the + +290 +00:18:13,970 --> 00:18:18,550 +universe, like withered leaves to quicken. So get + +291 +00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:22,510 +rid, get away from the dead thoughts, the + +292 +00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:25,450 +corruption and everything. We can get easily rid + +293 +00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:28,810 +of this. Just we need some wind. We need some + +294 +00:18:28,810 --> 00:18:32,820 +people to do Action, like what's his name? Brother + +295 +00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:38,000 +Malcolm X always says, if you want something, + +296 +00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:40,560 +you'd better make some noise. So let's make some + +297 +00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,620 +noise. Let's make something about this. So to + +298 +00:18:43,620 --> 00:18:46,460 +quicken a new birth, and that's the paradox + +299 +00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:49,460 +between the opposites. The binary between dead and + +300 +00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:53,440 +birth. How can you bring new birth, new things? By + +301 +00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,530 +action. sweeping away the dead things. What is + +302 +00:18:58,530 --> 00:19:01,690 +going to do this? His verse. His verse is like the + +303 +00:19:01,690 --> 00:19:03,890 +west wind, it can't change. Go on. + +304 +00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:12,210 +Unextinguished earth, ashes. + +305 +00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:20,120 +So the words here, the poetry, the verse can be + +306 +00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:24,140 +scattered like seeds. You know the seeds? It can + +307 +00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,880 +be scattered by the wind. So my words here are + +308 +00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,740 +like the seeds, the seeds of change, the seeds of + +309 +00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:33,780 +revolution. Oh, scatter them around the people. + +310 +00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:38,680 +And indeed, here in Gaza, I don't know how many + +311 +00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,920 +hundreds of miles away from where he wrote this + +312 +00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,380 +poetry. This is his seeds. This is his words + +313 +00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:48,880 +scattered to us here. We are inspired in a way or + +314 +00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:50,520 +another. Many people around the world have been + +315 +00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:52,040 +inspired by this. Yes? + +316 +00:19:58,010 --> 00:19:58,850 +Oh, + +317 +00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:06,890 +what a beautiful line here again. If winter comes, + +318 +00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:11,850 +if winter here symbolizes what? Cold, inaction, + +319 +00:20:13,410 --> 00:20:17,130 +death, darkness, right? Corruption? Could be, + +320 +00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:22,330 +right? Can spring be far behind? This is called a + +321 +00:20:22,330 --> 00:20:27,110 +rhetorical question. A question that answers + +322 +00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:31,730 +itself. In a way, he's saying spring cannot be far + +323 +00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:35,470 +behind. Like, no matter how long the night is, + +324 +00:20:35,890 --> 00:20:40,030 +dawn is going, the new day is going to break soon + +325 +00:20:40,030 --> 00:20:43,890 +after. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? + +326 +00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:48,610 +No, as long as we scatter the seeds of change, as + +327 +00:20:48,610 --> 00:20:51,990 +long as we start that change ourselves, like + +328 +00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:55,290 +Mahatma Gandhi says, be the change you want to see + +329 +00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:59,070 +in the world. Start that change. And this is + +330 +00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070 +Shelley. Beautiful poet, beautiful poetry. + +331 +00:21:03,590 --> 00:21:07,650 +Inspiring, rebellious, and revolutionary. Now, + +332 +00:21:08,190 --> 00:21:12,710 +Shelley was also a critic. He was a literary + +333 +00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,490 +critic. He wrote a famous article named The + +334 +00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:23,070 +Defense of Poetry. He would defend pottery as if + +335 +00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,930 +it were a person, a friend. The book describes him + +336 +00:21:27,930 --> 00:21:32,050 +as an optimist and as a pessimist. Optimist is + +337 +00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:35,290 +somebody who hopes, who sees good things coming. + +338 +00:21:36,130 --> 00:21:40,050 +Someone who looks at the half full of the cup. and + +339 +00:21:40,050 --> 00:21:43,490 +a pessimist who sees, you know, no hope, no way + +340 +00:21:43,490 --> 00:21:46,310 +out of this. He was a pessimist because he + +341 +00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:49,590 +understood the situation was bleak, was dark, was + +342 +00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:52,350 +tough, corrupt, but he was optimist that change + +343 +00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:56,910 +sooner or later will come. There is a novel by the + +344 +00:21:56,910 --> 00:22:00,190 +Palestinian novelist Emile Habibi called Al + +345 +00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:03,270 +Mutasha'il, which is part optimist, part + +346 +00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:07,290 +pessimist, and it could be the peso optimist. So + +347 +00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:11,930 +please so optimist you both you متشائل Okay? In + +348 +00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:14,890 +his essay, I'm quoting two things here. Really + +349 +00:22:14,890 --> 00:22:18,090 +interesting, beautiful quotes from his essay, In + +350 +00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,330 +Defense of Poetry. But again, poetry can reform + +351 +00:22:21,330 --> 00:22:25,530 +the world. This is his ideology. Poetry can... + +352 +00:22:25,530 --> 00:22:28,070 +Remember, Keats was saying, poetry is beauty, + +353 +00:22:28,430 --> 00:22:32,910 +poetry is truth. Poetry immortalizes, gives life, + +354 +00:22:33,170 --> 00:22:37,750 +gives eternity to us. Here, poetry can change. And + +355 +00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:39,270 +I know many people, especially those who study + +356 +00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:42,840 +science, Maybe you dislike pottery because you're + +357 +00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,780 +studying it, you have to do it for the exam, but + +358 +00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:47,820 +please try to get rid of this negativity and try + +359 +00:22:47,820 --> 00:22:50,020 +to see how beautiful pottery is, how it inspires + +360 +00:22:50,020 --> 00:22:55,100 +us and changes us in a way or another. He believes + +361 +00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,600 +strongly that pottery can be the change, can + +362 +00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,980 +change and reform the world. Two extracts here, + +363 +00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,640 +two sentences from the article, really interesting + +364 +00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,540 +to know. The rich, he's describing the political + +365 +00:23:09,540 --> 00:23:12,520 +and the social divide, the class division in + +366 +00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:16,400 +London, in the UK, in Europe probably in general, + +367 +00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:19,210 +but this is not class division where you have a + +368 +00:23:19,210 --> 00:23:21,990 +middle class. This is a situation where you don't + +369 +00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:24,330 +have a middle class. Like probably the situation + +370 +00:23:24,330 --> 00:23:26,590 +now in Gaza, we don't have a middle class. It's + +371 +00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:28,690 +disappearing and that's very dangerous because + +372 +00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,970 +people are either very rich, extremely rich, or + +373 +00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:35,150 +extremely poor. Like here, many people are not + +374 +00:23:35,150 --> 00:23:37,330 +getting their salaries. You could be a middle + +375 +00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,750 +class person, you get, I don't know, a thousand + +376 +00:23:40,750 --> 00:23:42,770 +dollars, but all of a sudden you don't get your + +377 +00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:45,850 +salary and you are poor. because you don't have + +378 +00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:50,610 +other sources of income. So the situation here, he + +379 +00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:55,390 +describes it as the rich have become... the rich + +380 +00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:00,630 +get richer and the poor get poorer. And this is + +381 +00:24:00,630 --> 00:24:03,150 +the worst of all situations. Any society that gets + +382 +00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:06,030 +to this point is self-destructive. + +383 +00:24:08,890 --> 00:24:13,650 +Where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. + +384 +00:24:15,330 --> 00:24:17,650 +No matter how much poverty we have, there will + +385 +00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:20,850 +always be people who benefit from this. So let's + +386 +00:24:20,850 --> 00:24:24,210 +change it. Let's do something to it. And finally, + +387 +00:24:24,290 --> 00:24:26,870 +he says again about poets being the leaders of + +388 +00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,950 +change, the people who begin that change, the + +389 +00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:34,230 +people who reform. Poets are the unacknowledged + +390 +00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:40,330 +legislators of the world. Is it world? Yes. We + +391 +00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:43,070 +have the Palestinian Legislative Council, you + +392 +00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,850 +know? The people we elect long time ago to + +393 +00:24:47,850 --> 00:24:52,170 +represent us in the parliament. So people in the + +394 +00:24:52,170 --> 00:24:54,690 +parliament here in Gaza, Palestine, it's called + +395 +00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,430 +Palestinian Legislative Council. Legislative, + +396 +00:24:58,510 --> 00:25:02,230 +legislator, a lawmaker, somebody who makes laws. + +397 +00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:06,990 +So according to Tusheli, poets are the first + +398 +00:25:06,990 --> 00:25:10,850 +people who make laws. who talk about necessary + +399 +00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:13,210 +things in the society, who talk about important + +400 +00:25:13,210 --> 00:25:15,930 +issues in the society, but they are + +401 +00:25:15,930 --> 00:25:18,210 +unacknowledged. It could be unacknowledged means + +402 +00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:20,290 +that many people don't think that poets are + +403 +00:25:20,290 --> 00:25:24,470 +important and serious, or maybe he means here it + +404 +00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:27,770 +means unofficial. What does it mean here? It means + +405 +00:25:27,770 --> 00:25:31,540 +that, yeah? It means that they are legislators, + +406 +00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,280 +but they are not assigned from the government. + +407 +00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,260 +They don't have an official position or job, but + +408 +00:25:39,260 --> 00:25:41,880 +they always begin that change. And it's true. + +409 +00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:45,060 +Remember the rhyme of the ancient mariner? I think + +410 +00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,400 +it's about, in a way or another, about climate + +411 +00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,070 +change. It's about global warming, in a way. And + +412 +00:25:51,070 --> 00:25:54,690 +this is a poet who wrote about this 200 or 150 + +413 +00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:57,270 +years before people started complaining about + +414 +00:25:57,270 --> 00:26:00,250 +killing animals, particular animals and particular + +415 +00:26:00,250 --> 00:26:04,350 +species. So poets all the time begin to speak + +416 +00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:06,770 +about things that ordinary people don't pay + +417 +00:26:06,770 --> 00:26:09,750 +attention to, even politicians, even lawmakers, + +418 +00:26:10,170 --> 00:26:14,730 +even legislators. So the poets are the unofficial + +419 +00:26:14,730 --> 00:26:17,210 +legislators, + +420 +00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:23,520 +lawmakers, Leaders of change, leaders of reform in + +421 +00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,880 +the world. Unofficial because they don't have a + +422 +00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,640 +job, they get salary, they get money for that. So + +423 +00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:34,420 +this is his, in very brief, the essence of his + +424 +00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:37,800 +defense of pottery. Pottery can reform and change. + +425 +00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:45,840 +Now Lord Byron, and he's concerned about Chile, + +426 +00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:53,080 +Again, I invite you to go to YouTube, just look + +427 +00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,580 +for Sherry's poetry, see what more poetry you can + +428 +00:26:57,580 --> 00:27:01,680 +like about this guy. Maybe you want to start from + +429 +00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:05,180 +the ode to the west wind. He has another sonnet, + +430 +00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:07,740 +it's called Ozymandias. + +431 +00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,260 +Ozymandias, one of the most beautiful sonnets + +432 +00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:14,660 +ever. + +433 +00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:17,750 +But we're not going to study it, because we're + +434 +00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:21,530 +only just taking the basics here. Byron. + +435 +00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:29,230 +The other day I was talking to my colleague. And I + +436 +00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,770 +told her, you know what? I really like Byron. I + +437 +00:27:31,770 --> 00:27:35,090 +started to appreciate him. And she said, but if + +438 +00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:39,890 +Byron has said nothing except this stanza, it's + +439 +00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:43,360 +enough. He's amazing. And I started reading more + +440 +00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:45,160 +and more about Byron, and he's really an + +441 +00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:48,040 +interesting person, interesting poet at the same + +442 +00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:50,820 +time. So I'll start with the extract he sent me, + +443 +00:27:51,340 --> 00:27:55,860 +this one. He says, if he hasn't written anything + +444 +00:27:55,860 --> 00:28:00,880 +but this stanza, it's enough. Why? Let's see. + +445 +00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,980 +There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. You + +446 +00:28:04,980 --> 00:28:07,280 +know, when you go to the woods, we don't have + +447 +00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,660 +woods here, jungles. But usually when people go + +448 +00:28:10,660 --> 00:28:14,920 +through particular areas of nature, you create a + +449 +00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:16,920 +path because you keep walking and people keep + +450 +00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,020 +walking in the same area. It happens in gardens, + +451 +00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:25,120 +in public gardens. But the pure, innocent, wild, + +452 +00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,070 +areas of nature where nobody goes there, where it + +453 +00:28:29,070 --> 00:28:33,390 +is untouched by human beings. We don't have paths. + +454 +00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:36,930 +So pathless wood, like you go to a place where no + +455 +00:28:36,930 --> 00:28:41,210 +one or very few people have been there. There is a + +456 +00:28:41,210 --> 00:28:46,070 +rapture, excitement and joy on the lonely shore + +457 +00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:49,820 +when you are alone in nature. with nature. There + +458 +00:28:49,820 --> 00:28:53,740 +is society where none intrudes because you are the + +459 +00:28:53,740 --> 00:28:56,080 +society, you create the society, you as an + +460 +00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:00,420 +individual. There is a society where no one is + +461 +00:29:00,420 --> 00:29:03,980 +there, no one intrudes, no one interrupts. by the + +462 +00:29:03,980 --> 00:29:08,440 +deep sea and music in its roar, the music of the + +463 +00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,000 +sea, despite the fact that he uses the word roar, + +464 +00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,500 +and roar is not musical in a way, but still he + +465 +00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,760 +sees the beauty in nature, in the sound of the + +466 +00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:21,260 +waves and probably the birds. I love not manless, + +467 +00:29:22,060 --> 00:29:26,220 +but nature more. This is a romantic feature. It + +468 +00:29:26,220 --> 00:29:30,180 +doesn't mean I hate communities, I hate society, I + +469 +00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:32,940 +hate being with others, but I love nature more. + +470 +00:29:33,850 --> 00:29:36,810 +We've seen this in Wordsworth, where he kicked out + +471 +00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:41,330 +his sister Dorothy from the Daffodils. They were + +472 +00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:43,750 +together. They saw the scene together, and she + +473 +00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:45,790 +wrote about it in her diaries. I was walking with + +474 +00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:48,790 +my brother Willie, and we saw this. But in the + +475 +00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,710 +text, where is she? He kicks her out. Is he anti + +476 +00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:55,050 +-feminist? Maybe, but they were best friends also. + +477 +00:29:55,790 --> 00:29:58,370 +But it's the individuality, the solitude he's + +478 +00:29:58,370 --> 00:30:03,810 +seeking here. I love not manless, but nature. So + +479 +00:30:03,810 --> 00:30:07,550 +Lord Byron, again, like Shelley, he was a + +480 +00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:09,490 +revolutionary. He was a rebellious person. He + +481 +00:30:09,490 --> 00:30:11,470 +wanted to change. He wanted political. He wanted + +482 +00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:13,190 +social. He wanted religious. He wanted moral + +483 +00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:17,490 +change and moral reform throughout all England. + +484 +00:30:18,250 --> 00:30:22,250 +The characters in his poems are usually + +485 +00:30:22,250 --> 00:30:25,860 +rebellious. They rebel against the societies, and + +486 +00:30:25,860 --> 00:30:28,920 +at the same time, they challenge the conventions. + +487 +00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700 +They usually go against the conventions to break + +488 +00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:37,460 +the rules and the chains. We'll see a lot of + +489 +00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:41,420 +passion and feelings with heroes who rebel against + +490 +00:30:41,420 --> 00:30:43,960 +the society. You know, rebel from rebellion to + +491 +00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:50,000 +challenge something. And his poem, Dawn, In + +492 +00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,720 +Spanish, this is Don Juan. Some English people + +493 +00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:57,080 +pronounce it Juan. And some dialects, Juan. Do you + +494 +00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:01,060 +know Spanish, anyone? Don Juan? I think it's + +495 +00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:03,280 +something like this. Anyway, this is a famous + +496 +00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:08,760 +poem, Don Juan, because it's Spanish. Juan. Like, + +497 +00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,740 +you know Juan Mata, the Manchester United player? + +498 +00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:17,960 +Some people say Juan. Juan. Juan Mata. Something + +499 +00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:23,460 +like this. Anyway, in this poem, it goes to, by + +500 +00:31:23,460 --> 00:31:28,240 +the way, I was listening to this the other day on + +501 +00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:31,120 +YouTube. You know, there are always all sorts of + +502 +00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,980 +horrible and racist comments in the comments + +503 +00:31:34,980 --> 00:31:38,060 +sections on YouTube. But I loved the discussion. + +504 +00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,740 +There was a discussion whether it should be Don + +505 +00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:43,760 +Juan or Don Juan or Don Juan, and people were + +506 +00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:49,910 +saying stuff. Interesting. uses satire, comedy, + +507 +00:31:50,150 --> 00:31:53,150 +and irony. Remember, we left satire behind with + +508 +00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,970 +the Augustans. When we say bye-bye Alexander Poe, + +509 +00:31:57,050 --> 00:32:00,610 +bye-bye Dryden, take your satire and go away. We + +510 +00:32:00,610 --> 00:32:03,330 +have a new era, a new sensibility. And it's a + +511 +00:32:03,330 --> 00:32:06,630 +vicious circle. People here go back to keep + +512 +00:32:06,630 --> 00:32:09,410 +recycling things and recycling things. But his + +513 +00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,410 +comedy is so beautiful, so funny, and so + +514 +00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:16,150 +interesting. So what does he do? He involves the + +515 +00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,410 +readers. He makes them part of his poetry in a way + +516 +00:32:18,410 --> 00:32:21,470 +where they question their own values and the + +517 +00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:25,820 +values of of the societies and, you know, the + +518 +00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:30,740 +surroundings. In this poem... This is an extract + +519 +00:32:30,740 --> 00:32:37,140 +from the poem here. It's in your book. Let's see + +520 +00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:42,580 +what he does here. From Don Juan. Yes, please. He + +521 +00:32:42,580 --> 00:32:46,280 +poured upon the leaves and the flowers And hewed + +522 +00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:50,120 +the bars in all the winds And then he saw the + +523 +00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:55,620 +fruit snakes and immortal powers. And how the gods + +524 +00:32:55,620 --> 00:33:00,220 +came down + +525 +00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:05,040 +to man. He missed the best way. He forgot the + +526 +00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,440 +hours. And when he looked upon his watch again, he + +527 +00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,280 +found how much all time had been a winner. He also + +528 +00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,980 +found that he had lost his dinner. So he went to + +529 +00:33:16,980 --> 00:33:24,070 +bed hungry? Yeah. Empty stomach? Look how the poem + +530 +00:33:24,070 --> 00:33:29,110 +begins. It's so typical Wordsworth. He poured + +531 +00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:32,310 +upon, like when you spend a lot of time examining + +532 +00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:34,690 +something, studying something, because you have + +533 +00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:37,290 +passion, you are obsessed about it. We do, we do + +534 +00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:39,650 +this all the time. You would like hold your pen + +535 +00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,050 +and you keep just scribbling and scribbling or + +536 +00:33:42,050 --> 00:33:44,970 +gazing at things, you know, I gazed and gazed, but + +537 +00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:47,490 +little thought, you're fascinated by a particular + +538 +00:33:47,490 --> 00:33:50,810 +thing by, I don't know, a piece of pizza or + +539 +00:33:50,810 --> 00:33:54,550 +cheesecake, you just wow, right? Fascinated by + +540 +00:33:54,550 --> 00:33:59,360 +what you see. But he's, he's not saying I, He's + +541 +00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:02,160 +distancing himself from this practice. So he + +542 +00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:06,020 +poured upon the leaves, nature, right? And the + +543 +00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,540 +flowers. I think he's having a dig at Wordsworth + +544 +00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:13,140 +here. I think he's saying Wordsworth spends too + +545 +00:34:13,140 --> 00:34:18,810 +much time gazing and wandering and studying the + +546 +00:34:18,810 --> 00:34:21,650 +leaves and the flowers, and heard a voice. + +547 +00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:26,350 +Remember, we didn't study Lucy Gray here. The poet + +548 +00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,470 +was what says, I heard a voice. Many of his poems, + +549 +00:34:28,590 --> 00:34:31,530 +he says, I heard a voice, the solitary reaper, et + +550 +00:34:31,530 --> 00:34:35,870 +cetera. So he usually He used natural voices and + +551 +00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:39,690 +voices in nature and had a voice in all the winds. + +552 +00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:42,990 +And then he thought of wood nymphs. You know the + +553 +00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:46,930 +nymph? It's the magical creature. Yeah, it's a + +554 +00:34:46,930 --> 00:34:50,310 +magical creature only in fairy tales. It's a + +555 +00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:53,210 +supernatural creature. Female. Yeah, female + +556 +00:34:53,210 --> 00:34:57,370 +supernatural creature. I think also there could be + +557 +00:34:57,370 --> 00:35:00,050 +something about coleridge, because coleridge was + +558 +00:35:00,050 --> 00:35:03,130 +interested in the supernatural. So in my + +559 +00:35:03,130 --> 00:35:06,130 +understanding, this is metafictional. OK, this is + +560 +00:35:06,130 --> 00:35:08,750 +not working. Metafictional. You know metafiction + +561 +00:35:08,750 --> 00:35:12,210 +again? A fiction talks about another story. + +562 +00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:16,930 +Fiction about fiction. What does it mean? What + +563 +00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:20,470 +does it mean, fiction about fiction? A story or a + +564 +00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:26,030 +poem talks about another story. Okay, so why? Why + +565 +00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,790 +would you talk about another text in your text? To + +566 +00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:32,790 +illustrate, to criticize, to mock, to challenge, + +567 +00:35:32,890 --> 00:35:37,210 +to underestimate, to explain, to make use of, many + +568 +00:35:37,210 --> 00:35:42,110 +things. So the fact that in my reading, he is + +569 +00:35:42,110 --> 00:35:44,370 +alluding to Wordsworth and Coleridge, in a way + +570 +00:35:44,370 --> 00:35:48,050 +making fun of what they do, spending too much time + +571 +00:35:48,050 --> 00:35:51,190 +with nature, with leaves, with flowers, hearing + +572 +00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,730 +imaginary voices, talking about imaginary + +573 +00:35:53,730 --> 00:35:58,240 +creatures. Probably there is something about those + +574 +00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:02,600 +people and how the goddesses came down to men. + +575 +00:36:03,220 --> 00:36:04,320 +That's the first standard. + +576 +00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:13,120 +He's basically talking about how nature + +577 +00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,680 +influences, you know, the spiritual aspect. Can + +578 +00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:17,420 +you turn that off? + +579 +00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,140 +No, turn it off. Turn it off. + +580 +00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:32,760 +Okay, so the first stanza speaks about the + +581 +00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:35,940 +spirituality of nature, how you would lose your + +582 +00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,080 +everything, yourself, just gazing and enjoying + +583 +00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:42,240 +nature. Let's see what happens in the second + +584 +00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:47,850 +stanza. Someone read the second stanza. Okay, + +585 +00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:53,930 +please. So while you're doing this, while you're + +586 +00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:58,250 +fascinated by nature and the supernatural, what + +587 +00:36:58,250 --> 00:37:02,450 +happens in real life? Does anything wait for you? + +588 +00:37:04,650 --> 00:37:08,610 +Does life wait for you until you finish? Nothing + +589 +00:37:08,610 --> 00:37:11,490 +waits. So what happens number one? + +590 +00:37:14,530 --> 00:37:18,190 +he missed the pathway pathway he forgot the hours + +591 +00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:22,010 +also and when he locked upon his watch again he + +592 +00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:26,410 +found how much Oh yeah, time does not wait. + +593 +00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:29,250 +Listen, if you want change, you create the change. + +594 +00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:33,130 +You be the change. You don't just go to nature, to + +595 +00:37:33,130 --> 00:37:36,330 +the trees and flowers, spend your time like gazing + +596 +00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:39,730 +at them and thinking that the problems, the + +597 +00:37:39,730 --> 00:37:44,070 +corruption, it will solve itself. It will just go + +598 +00:37:44,070 --> 00:37:48,410 +away. No. And? He also found that he had lost his + +599 +00:37:48,410 --> 00:37:51,720 +interaction. He also found? That's very comic, + +600 +00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:56,700 +very funny. He lost his dinner while you were + +601 +00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:59,600 +busy. It's like when you are at home, you have so + +602 +00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,100 +many brothers and sisters. And you are the + +603 +00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,420 +romantic person. You are the one who gazes. So you + +604 +00:38:04,420 --> 00:38:06,900 +look to gaze at the super moon. And you're like, + +605 +00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:11,560 +wow. The child's like, oh, right? Just wow. I'm + +606 +00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,540 +like, where's the food? Where's the pizza? Where's + +607 +00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:17,640 +my piece of pizza? Oh, we just had it. We just ate + +608 +00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,410 +it. You are too busy, too obsessed with nature + +609 +00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:25,430 +that you lose touch of real life. And this is, in + +610 +00:38:25,430 --> 00:38:29,250 +my opinion, he's having a dig at the first + +611 +00:38:29,250 --> 00:38:31,910 +generation romantic poets who would... Wordsworth + +612 +00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,770 +and Daffodils, and there's another poem, short + +613 +00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:39,010 +poem, he says, my heart leaps up when I see a + +614 +00:38:39,010 --> 00:38:41,150 +rainbow. When I see a rainbow, it's just like a + +615 +00:38:41,150 --> 00:38:43,610 +kid where he says the child is the father of man. + +616 +00:38:43,710 --> 00:38:46,420 +Just a rainbow inspires him. I'm not saying that + +617 +00:38:46,420 --> 00:38:48,340 +it's bad or horrible. But see, some of the + +618 +00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:51,340 +romantics were not OK with what you're doing. And + +619 +00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:55,020 +he goes back to Satya. So while you're doing these + +620 +00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:58,180 +things, life can't wait. Time keeps going on. And + +621 +00:38:58,180 --> 00:39:01,260 +most importantly for many of us, probably, you + +622 +00:39:01,260 --> 00:39:05,010 +will lose your dinner. Where's the food? You just + +623 +00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:09,210 +ate it. You were just busy enjoying the scene and + +624 +00:39:09,210 --> 00:39:11,770 +we ate it. You were just busy feeding your + +625 +00:39:11,770 --> 00:39:16,190 +spirituality and we just filled the stomach, + +626 +00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:21,830 +filled the bellies with food. And this is an + +627 +00:39:21,830 --> 00:39:25,290 +interesting thing, how he uses again satire and + +628 +00:39:25,290 --> 00:39:29,490 +comedy to criticize something. This is what I'm + +629 +00:39:29,490 --> 00:39:35,930 +seeing in this extract. Okay? So finally, this is + +630 +00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:40,410 +Byron Reeve. He was a revolutionary. He called for + +631 +00:39:40,410 --> 00:39:46,250 +political social change, and he wanted to + +632 +00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:50,470 +challenge the society and the conventions. And + +633 +00:39:50,470 --> 00:39:56,710 +like I'm saying here, he's also challenging in a + +634 +00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:59,190 +way or criticizing the first generation of + +635 +00:39:59,190 --> 00:40:02,330 +romantic poets, especially Wordsworth. + +636 +00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,800 +He wanted to add, like Shelley and Keats, the + +637 +00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,680 +second generation were more involved in real life. + +638 +00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:17,580 +In a way, I think he's saying that poetry that + +639 +00:40:17,580 --> 00:40:21,160 +doesn't change, poetry that doesn't cause change, + +640 +00:40:21,340 --> 00:40:24,300 +poetry that doesn't improve our lives, literature + +641 +00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,360 +that doesn't make us bitter people and doesn't + +642 +00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,620 +improve our lives in a way or another, is not good + +643 +00:40:30,620 --> 00:40:34,930 +poetry. It's not good literature. Some people + +644 +00:40:34,930 --> 00:40:36,650 +would disagree, because they would say, no, I'm + +645 +00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:41,650 +doing it just for the sake of doing it, like art + +646 +00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:42,570 +for art's sake. + +647 +00:40:46,270 --> 00:40:50,610 +We'll stop here. And next class, we'll move to + +648 +00:40:50,610 --> 00:40:55,090 +speak about two romantic figures, two female + +649 +00:40:55,090 --> 00:40:58,730 +romantic writers. The first one is Mary Shelley. + +650 +00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,670 +Mary Shelley, she's Percy, yeah, Percy, Percy + +651 +00:41:04,670 --> 00:41:05,450 +Shelley's wife. + +652 +00:41:08,250 --> 00:41:11,370 +I'm not sure if they have kids. We would be + +653 +00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:14,950 +studying them also. So Mary Shelley is a novelist + +654 +00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:17,410 +will study something about Frankenstein and then + +655 +00:41:17,410 --> 00:41:22,680 +and then Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and then We + +656 +00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:28,040 +will study Jane Austen. And some of you might, if + +657 +00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,800 +you're familiar with Jane Austen, might say, what? + +658 +00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,120 +But Jane Austen is a Victorian figure. We'll say + +659 +00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,620 +something about this. She's pre-Victorian, late + +660 +00:41:37,620 --> 00:41:41,280 +Romantic. She's the link between both generations. + +661 +00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:44,500 +If you have any question, any comment, anything to + +662 +00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:50,460 +add, please do. Races. Say again. Some races were + +663 +00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:50,800 +not + +664 +00:41:54,580 --> 00:41:59,280 +Okay, that's a good question. You should just know + +665 +00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,640 +them. We focus on the extracts in the book, + +666 +00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,660 +basically, unless I tell you you need to study + +667 +00:42:04,660 --> 00:42:04,980 +this. + +668 +00:42:09,580 --> 00:42:13,860 +Any question? Okay, good luck, ladies, and please + +669 +00:42:13,860 --> 00:42:17,060 +have an enjoyable weekend, and don't forget your + +670 +00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:18,560 +dinner while you're doing that. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75c52e0aa61b884deb25b6197f77f9b7c182babb --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2680 @@ +1 +00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:22,230 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh. + +2 +00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:25,810 +Welcome back to the introduction to English + +3 +00:00:25,810 --> 00:00:28,270 +literature class at the Islamic University of Gaza + +4 +00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:33,570 +English department. So far we have spoken about + +5 +00:00:33,570 --> 00:00:37,820 +several romantic poets, romantic figures. And I + +6 +00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:42,220 +said before that the romantics were poets, and at + +7 +00:00:42,220 --> 00:00:45,440 +the same time, they were critics. So they were not + +8 +00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,480 +only writing poetry, but they were also writing + +9 +00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:53,540 +criticism, justifying their methods, their school, + +10 +00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:57,040 +their movement, in a way that John Donne and his + +11 +00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,220 +followers did not do. John Donne was writing + +12 +00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:02,420 +different poetry, like the romantics in a way or + +13 +00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:05,880 +another, but he was not writing criticism, prose, + +14 +00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:09,760 +or verse in order to teach people about their + +15 +00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,440 +thought and methodology and features and + +16 +00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,400 +characteristics. We're done with colorage and + +17 +00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,120 +words worth, and they are described as the first + +18 +00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,470 +generation. the people who were more into the + +19 +00:01:23,470 --> 00:01:28,230 +natural and supernatural aspect of life. Then we + +20 +00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:31,650 +move to speak about kids, all those romantic + +21 +00:01:31,650 --> 00:01:33,830 +poets. So they will speak about Chalet, and we + +22 +00:01:33,830 --> 00:01:37,830 +will end with Byron. These are all romantic poets. + +23 +00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:41,310 +They share the majority of common features. But + +24 +00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:44,890 +each poet is different in his own a particular + +25 +00:01:44,890 --> 00:01:47,730 +way. We've seen how Keats, for example, was + +26 +00:01:47,730 --> 00:01:50,870 +obsessed with time, was obsessed with beauty, was + +27 +00:01:50,870 --> 00:01:54,930 +obsessed with finding truth. And the conclusion + +28 +00:01:54,930 --> 00:01:58,790 +was that beauty is truth, truth beauty. For him, + +29 +00:01:59,250 --> 00:02:02,710 +literature is not poetry, and art, artistic + +30 +00:02:02,710 --> 00:02:07,230 +creation and expression is not a means to express. + +31 +00:02:07,250 --> 00:02:09,550 +Remember the Augustans, they were like, poetry has + +32 +00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:13,760 +to teach and delight. But it could be more. It + +33 +00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:17,100 +could be particularly self-expression, something + +34 +00:02:17,100 --> 00:02:22,190 +that you need to do. for yourself, for the + +35 +00:02:22,190 --> 00:02:25,470 +individual, the human being, and you reaching out + +36 +00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:29,130 +for others or for even nature. So for him, + +37 +00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:32,550 +literature is the end itself, in a way, not just + +38 +00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:36,210 +purely art for art's sake. There's a school called + +39 +00:02:36,210 --> 00:02:39,090 +Art for Art's Sake. Just write literature just to + +40 +00:02:39,090 --> 00:02:43,390 +write literature, or produce art just for art. In + +41 +00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:45,990 +part, it's true, but still, it's a lot more than + +42 +00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:51,070 +this. So we'll see how Shelley and Byron also are + +43 +00:02:51,070 --> 00:02:54,670 +different in some ways, but similar in other ways. + +44 +00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:59,150 +Those two people also share common features, which + +45 +00:02:59,150 --> 00:03:05,750 +are, again, clear criticism of the institutions of + +46 +00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:09,870 +religion, politics, and society. They always have + +47 +00:03:09,870 --> 00:03:13,420 +this aspect. They're calling the people to rebel + +48 +00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:16,380 +against the society, to challenge the authorities. + +49 +00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:22,040 +Both of them were critical of the politics, the + +50 +00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,100 +morals, the social conventions of their time. And + +51 +00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:29,780 +both of them were openly calling for a rebellion. + +52 +00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,340 +This is different from Wordsworth, for example, + +53 +00:03:33,420 --> 00:03:36,480 +who would just leave all the trouble behind and go + +54 +00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,620 +to... nature to the countryside, to Lake District, + +55 +00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,540 +and melt with nature, fills his heart with + +56 +00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:47,460 +pleasure, and then makes it dance with the + +57 +00:03:47,460 --> 00:03:50,600 +daffodils in the way we studied before. So Shelley + +58 +00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:56,760 +was a very close friend of Keats. And by the way, + +59 +00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:01,240 +Keats, Shelley, and Byron, the three of them, they + +60 +00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:06,780 +died very young. Keats at 25, Shelley at almost + +61 +00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,220 +30, and Byron around 35. And this is the second + +62 +00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,460 +generation. And I said this before, that this adds + +63 +00:04:13,460 --> 00:04:18,460 +some kind of aura, some kind of this perfection + +64 +00:04:18,460 --> 00:04:21,020 +around them that you look at them as perfect + +65 +00:04:21,020 --> 00:04:25,730 +people, as perfect people in a fictional world. It + +66 +00:04:25,730 --> 00:04:28,350 +adds to them. It gives them more symbolic, more + +67 +00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:31,530 +meanings, and more depth in a way or another. So + +68 +00:04:31,530 --> 00:04:34,630 +he was really deeply touched by the death of his + +69 +00:04:34,630 --> 00:04:38,770 +best friend, Keith, who died of a disease. But + +70 +00:04:38,770 --> 00:04:40,950 +Shelley drowned. He was swimming somewhere in + +71 +00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:45,550 +Italy, and he just drowned sadly. And he wrote the + +72 +00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,240 +famous poem, Adonais. Adonais. About the death, + +73 +00:04:49,500 --> 00:04:53,220 +it's elegy. That's what elegy is. When you praise + +74 +00:04:53,220 --> 00:04:57,480 +a dead person, and he opens it with this really + +75 +00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,960 +moving couplet. This is half of the line. He says, + +76 +00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:06,440 +I weep for Adonis. He's dead. Oh, weep for Adonis. + +77 +00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,140 +It's like everyone should be weeping for kids. + +78 +00:05:10,420 --> 00:05:12,380 +Everyone. And look at the choice of words here. + +79 +00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:14,780 +The simple, direct, you don't have to go to + +80 +00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:21,600 +philosophize. I weep for Adonais. He is dead. And + +81 +00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:24,800 +that's it. And I love how this comes. Why would + +82 +00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,820 +you weep for somebody? He lost a scholarship. He + +83 +00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:33,040 +failed a course. His wife left him. He lost his + +84 +00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,600 +dinner. But all of a sudden, it comes up, he's + +85 +00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:41,040 +dead, suddenly. Abruptly, exactly like how he died + +86 +00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,600 +suddenly. It wasn't a sudden death, but in his + +87 +00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:49,820 +prime, yeah, untimely and prematurely. Shelly's + +88 +00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,560 +poetry is like Keith's poetry in some way. + +89 +00:05:53,900 --> 00:05:57,080 +Basically, both wanted to capture the depth of + +90 +00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,680 +personal experiences, especially in their search + +91 +00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:05,780 +for truth and beauty and meaning for life. But + +92 +00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:08,740 +also Schiele's writing is more like Blake's in the + +93 +00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,820 +way that it is basically political poetry. He uses + +94 +00:06:13,820 --> 00:06:17,060 +nature, or nature is there. We'll see some of his + +95 +00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:21,400 +poetry in a bit. But basically, he wants change. + +96 +00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,260 +He wants more freedom. He wants to change the + +97 +00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:28,300 +political and the social system. That's why I like + +98 +00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:31,970 +to describe Chile as the rebel. The revolutionary. + +99 +00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:37,110 +And those people remind me of young poets, like + +100 +00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:39,090 +Tamim el Barghouti, for example. You know Tamim. + +101 +00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:42,990 +Tamim is a Palestinian poet. He's Palestinian. + +102 +00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:47,050 +He's Egyptian. He's like many things, right? At + +103 +00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:50,650 +the beginning of the Arab Spring, the very + +104 +00:06:50,650 --> 00:06:53,090 +beginning, many people, when there is radical + +105 +00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:56,210 +change, they keep calm and silent. They just wait + +106 +00:06:56,210 --> 00:06:58,450 +to see where things are going, and then they start + +107 +00:06:58,450 --> 00:07:02,000 +speaking up. Right? These people are opportunists. + +108 +00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:05,020 +They just want their own benefits. + +109 +00:07:06,660 --> 00:07:08,940 +Now, for Tamim, the first day the Arab Spring + +110 +00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,980 +started, he wrote one of the most interesting, + +111 +00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:17,040 +beautiful poems in the Egyptian dialect, called, + +112 +00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,900 +Ya Masri Hanit Wa Banit. Please, go to YouTube and + +113 +00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,340 +listen to this poem. And one of my friends called + +114 +00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:27,550 +me and he said, Your friend Tamim, he's not my + +115 +00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:29,470 +friend, but I like Tamim. You should like Tamim, + +116 +00:07:29,610 --> 00:07:34,670 +too. Your friend Tamim will be sent behind the + +117 +00:07:34,670 --> 00:07:36,730 +sun, or something like we say in Arabic + +118 +00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:40,330 +expression, because he dared to speak openly to + +119 +00:07:40,330 --> 00:07:48,810 +call people for revolution. And he + +120 +00:07:48,810 --> 00:07:53,630 +says something like, if you don't go out, if you + +121 +00:07:53,630 --> 00:07:58,210 +don't participate in the revolution, you are + +122 +00:07:58,210 --> 00:08:01,950 +betraying your friends, your country. Because if + +123 +00:08:01,950 --> 00:08:03,790 +there are a thousand people out in the streets, + +124 +00:08:03,930 --> 00:08:06,210 +the police can control them. But if there are a + +125 +00:08:06,210 --> 00:08:10,210 +million people, they can't. So I told him, yeah, + +126 +00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:14,030 +ordinary poets do what you say, but great poets + +127 +00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:16,410 +like Tamim and like those people, they are always + +128 +00:08:16,410 --> 00:08:20,850 +not only part of the change, they are leading that + +129 +00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:23,610 +change, as we're going to see in a bit. So in his + +130 +00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:26,750 +poem, Queen Mab, he attacks religion, he attacks + +131 +00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:29,390 +the morals, he attacks the society, everything. In + +132 +00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:32,910 +a way, this is similar in part to the Augustan + +133 +00:08:32,910 --> 00:08:35,190 +poetry, remember, when it was all criticizing + +134 +00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:42,640 +society and attacking it. Sometime around 1819, + +135 +00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:44,800 +there was a massacre in Manchester. You know + +136 +00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:47,480 +Manchester? Manchester United. Manchester is blue. + +137 +00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:51,700 +Manchester is red. Is it red or blue? Are you + +138 +00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:53,920 +Manchester City or Manchester United fans? City. + +139 +00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:59,060 +City? Maybe what you like. Ah, you like what you + +140 +00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:02,120 +like. Cool. Okay, so this year Manchester is blue, + +141 +00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:07,280 +if you are football fans anyway. So in Manchester, + +142 +00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,260 +some of the workers wanted, you know, they were + +143 +00:09:10,260 --> 00:09:13,160 +demanding for more basic human rights, for better + +144 +00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:15,800 +salaries, for better work conditions, for + +145 +00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,080 +security, for safety. And the police killed around + +146 +00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:25,220 +20 of them and injured many others. And Shelly, I + +147 +00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:28,040 +guess he was in Italy by that time, and he wrote + +148 +00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,820 +one of his really most beautiful, powerful poems + +149 +00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:33,920 +of all time. It's called the Mask of Anarchy. + +150 +00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:37,980 +Anarchy is like chaos, like, you know, anarchy. + +151 +00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:40,800 +Like when you want to destroy what's going on, + +152 +00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,280 +what you have, and it builds something in you, + +153 +00:09:43,340 --> 00:09:46,980 +like a mess. In a way, but he doesn't go, he + +154 +00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:49,810 +wants, doesn't, you know, chaos has come again. So + +155 +00:09:49,810 --> 00:09:52,150 +chaos is necessary. Destruction is necessary. + +156 +00:09:52,590 --> 00:09:55,270 +Because when you destroy, you build. So he's + +157 +00:09:55,270 --> 00:09:58,030 +saying that basically we need to destroy the + +158 +00:09:58,030 --> 00:10:01,150 +current system because it's corrupt, it's + +159 +00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:04,570 +horrible, and the poor are getting poorer by time, + +160 +00:10:04,650 --> 00:10:08,230 +and the rich are getting richer by time. So he + +161 +00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:11,480 +calls for what? for social change, for political + +162 +00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,260 +change, for political reforms, and for more + +163 +00:10:14,260 --> 00:10:17,460 +freedoms for especially the downtrodden working + +164 +00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:22,020 +class. Let's see this extract from this beautiful + +165 +00:10:22,020 --> 00:10:25,960 +book. I think this is the last stanza. The Mask of + +166 +00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,840 +Anarki. Can someone read? Please. Yeah, Anna. + +167 +00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:33,780 +Right, like lions are slumbered and unveiled + +168 +00:10:35,980 --> 00:10:36,940 +Vanquishable number. + +169 +00:10:40,020 --> 00:10:40,020 +Okay, + +170 +00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,280 +so you said do, do is American English. It should + +171 +00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,780 +rhyme with you, so you go for British English to + +172 +00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:57,270 +make the perfect rhyme. What is slumber? Do you + +173 +00:10:57,270 --> 00:10:58,970 +know slumber party? When you were kids, you would + +174 +00:10:58,970 --> 00:11:02,930 +go to sleep at your friends or cousins. This is + +175 +00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:06,690 +sleep. Slumber, yeah. Slumber means sleep. It's a + +176 +00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:09,190 +poetic word for sleep, slumber. And we pronounce + +177 +00:11:09,190 --> 00:11:13,010 +the B, by the way, because of the stress. So rise + +178 +00:11:13,010 --> 00:11:18,390 +like lions after slumber. An unvanquishable + +179 +00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:24,670 +number. Shake your chains. to earth like dew. You + +180 +00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,150 +know dew? When you wake up early in the morning, + +181 +00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,790 +you find little tiny drops of water. This is dew. + +182 +00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:35,690 +Shake your chains to earth like dew, which in + +183 +00:11:35,690 --> 00:11:41,010 +sleep had fallen on you. Ye are money. They are + +184 +00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:44,570 +few. The police, right? How many policemen do we + +185 +00:11:44,570 --> 00:11:47,070 +have here in the country? Like what, 10,000? We + +186 +00:11:47,070 --> 00:11:50,230 +have two million people. We can easily overcome + +187 +00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:54,290 +and overpower. This is openly calling for + +188 +00:11:54,290 --> 00:11:57,990 +revolution. He's saying rise, rebel, fight. You + +189 +00:11:57,990 --> 00:12:00,690 +can beat them. They can't control you as long as + +190 +00:12:00,690 --> 00:12:04,710 +you all in unvanquishable numbers go out to the + +191 +00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:09,120 +streets and demand your rights. That's a romantic + +192 +00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,900 +poet here again. Totally different from + +193 +00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,780 +Wordsworth, and even Coleridge, in a sense. See, + +194 +00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:21,240 +is this difficult to understand? He's talking to + +195 +00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,660 +us, everyone. You don't have to be a university + +196 +00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:26,220 +-educated person to love this poet and to + +197 +00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,860 +appreciate it. The message is clear. Rise. You are + +198 +00:12:29,860 --> 00:12:33,700 +many. They are the few. In his other poem, other + +199 +00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:39,110 +famous poem also, Ode to the West Wind. It + +200 +00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:42,390 +consists of, I think, four or five sonnets. + +201 +00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:49,990 +If you look at the title here, The West Wind, it's + +202 +00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:53,170 +nature, right? And in the poem, he uses nature to + +203 +00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:58,410 +symbolize power and change, basically. So as a + +204 +00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:01,690 +natural element, the wind is able to change and at + +205 +00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:05,410 +the same time is able to spread the ideas and the + +206 +00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:09,000 +seeds of revolution. When you have, you know, when + +207 +00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,880 +the wind blows, it moves things. It changes + +208 +00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:17,440 +things. And he invites this natural element to be + +209 +00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:22,460 +part of the change-making process. So the wind + +210 +00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:26,740 +symbolizes power and change. Please. Did he use + +211 +00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:32,020 +the nature to start evolution indirectly? Okay, + +212 +00:13:32,180 --> 00:13:35,280 +that's a good question. Did he call for revolution + +213 +00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,800 +for a revolution directly or indirectly? + +214 +00:13:38,460 --> 00:13:41,940 +Implicitly or explicitly? I think he did it like + +215 +00:13:41,940 --> 00:13:45,900 +both ways. In the other one, this was openly + +216 +00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,780 +calling like, let's fight those, you know, + +217 +00:13:48,860 --> 00:13:52,750 +policemen. But here, when you read this, because + +218 +00:13:52,750 --> 00:13:55,330 +you know this is Chile, you can understand easily. + +219 +00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:58,550 +You don't have if he is arrested for incitement, + +220 +00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:01,770 +and he says, no, no, no. The wind only symbolizes + +221 +00:14:01,770 --> 00:14:04,130 +nature. I like nature. I love nature. Come on, + +222 +00:14:04,190 --> 00:14:07,190 +Chile. We'll see and extract in a bit here and see + +223 +00:14:07,190 --> 00:14:10,930 +how he is also in a way wants things to be + +224 +00:14:10,930 --> 00:14:14,190 +destroyed and other new things to be built and + +225 +00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:19,800 +rebuilt. What does the wind do? It blows old life, + +226 +00:14:20,020 --> 00:14:23,620 +corruption. The political, social, religious + +227 +00:14:23,620 --> 00:14:27,660 +system they have, and it can help create new life + +228 +00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,420 +with greater freedoms. Sometimes when we read + +229 +00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:35,720 +Chile, he touches our hearts. He talks to us + +230 +00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,640 +directly, especially people who struggle. That's + +231 +00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,160 +why for colonized, occupied people like us + +232 +00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,420 +Palestinians, we usually love Chile more than + +233 +00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:48,680 +others. My students usually appreciate Chile more + +234 +00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:52,200 +than others. They think that here nature has been + +235 +00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,220 +destroyed by Israel, right? Our lands have been + +236 +00:14:55,220 --> 00:15:00,040 +occupied. We don't have the basic human rights We + +237 +00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,080 +don't have electricity for 24 hours, so we don't + +238 +00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:05,700 +have time to appreciate a flower or a bird, right? + +239 +00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:09,520 +Or a rose or a tree because of the occupation. So, + +240 +00:15:10,180 --> 00:15:13,760 +come on, Wordsworth. Go home. You're drunk. But + +241 +00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,500 +when it comes to Chile, we're like, yes, this is + +242 +00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,420 +the canapé tree because it sparks some sort of + +243 +00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:24,310 +struggle in us. It promotes this idea of the + +244 +00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:28,110 +necessity of resisting injustice and oppression. + +245 +00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:31,790 +But again, he touches us all the time. Like, look + +246 +00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:35,270 +at this beautiful, beautiful line. And at the same + +247 +00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:36,630 +time, look at the language. Not difficult + +248 +00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:41,130 +language. This is a new book. He says, I fall upon + +249 +00:15:41,130 --> 00:15:45,770 +the thorns of life. I bleed. He's a master of the + +250 +00:15:45,770 --> 00:15:48,350 +short, sharp sentences. I call them the punch + +251 +00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:50,890 +sentences, just like they come all of a sudden, + +252 +00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:54,870 +like, he's dead. He's dead, just like that. He's + +253 +00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:58,270 +dead. He's gone. He's no longer among us. So you + +254 +00:15:58,270 --> 00:16:01,470 +know the thorns of life? You know thorns? When you + +255 +00:16:01,470 --> 00:16:04,950 +say something is a thorn in somebody's throat, + +256 +00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,630 +he's causing a lot of trouble and problems. for + +257 +00:16:08,630 --> 00:16:11,550 +this person. A thorn in a plant, in some kind of + +258 +00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:14,270 +flowers, in the rose, there are thorns. When you + +259 +00:16:14,270 --> 00:16:17,610 +saw this problem is thorny, it means it's a very + +260 +00:16:17,610 --> 00:16:20,950 +difficult problem to solve. A thorn. When you eat + +261 +00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:23,170 +fish, they have also these kind of things that can + +262 +00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,250 +stick in your throat or tongue, so you should be + +263 +00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:32,490 +careful. So, I fall upon the thorns of life. I + +264 +00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:32,930 +bleed. + +265 +00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,340 +Is he saying I'm ready, I'm willing to sacrifice + +266 +00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:42,140 +myself to die, to bleed for the people, for + +267 +00:16:42,140 --> 00:16:47,240 +change? Maybe he is. I'm calling for a revolution, + +268 +00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,420 +for a rebellion, for change, even if I die, even + +269 +00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:54,300 +if I bleed. I don't care, as long as we bring + +270 +00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,400 +about change. And that is the different kind of + +271 +00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,820 +romantic poetry. Remember, we said many people + +272 +00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:02,040 +accused Wadsworth of being an escapist. Where are + +273 +00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,640 +you going? He's saying, oh, it's corrupt here in + +274 +00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:06,940 +the city. I'm going to the countryside. It's not + +275 +00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:09,680 +my business. I can't change. And many people said, + +276 +00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:12,500 +the very idea of changing language is significant + +277 +00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,080 +because by time you change people's mentalities. + +278 +00:17:15,510 --> 00:17:18,110 +You change people's behavior. You change people's + +279 +00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:22,170 +ways of life, styles. And it's happening now. A + +280 +00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:25,150 +generation later, people are using poetry to call + +281 +00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:31,890 +for political, religious, and social change. In + +282 +00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:34,950 +the Ode to the West Wind, the last part of the + +283 +00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:39,750 +last sonnet... I'll read this unless someone likes + +284 +00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:42,350 +to read. Okay? + +285 +00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,060 +Encantation of this verse. You know this verse? + +286 +00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:03,350 +What's this verse? Verse. This verse. This son is + +287 +00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,470 +this poetry. He knows he's clearly conscious that + +288 +00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:10,730 +his poetry can be the change you want to see in + +289 +00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:13,970 +the world. So drive the dead thoughts over the + +290 +00:18:13,970 --> 00:18:18,550 +universe, like withered leaves to quicken. So get + +291 +00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:22,510 +rid, get away from the dead thoughts, the + +292 +00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:25,450 +corruption and everything. We can get easily rid + +293 +00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:28,810 +of this. Just we need some wind. We need some + +294 +00:18:28,810 --> 00:18:32,820 +people to do Action, like what's his name? Brother + +295 +00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:38,000 +Malcolm X always says, if you want something, + +296 +00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:40,560 +you'd better make some noise. So let's make some + +297 +00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,620 +noise. Let's make something about this. So to + +298 +00:18:43,620 --> 00:18:46,460 +quicken a new birth, and that's the paradox + +299 +00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:49,460 +between the opposites. The binary between dead and + +300 +00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:53,440 +birth. How can you bring new birth, new things? By + +301 +00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,530 +action. sweeping away the dead things. What is + +302 +00:18:58,530 --> 00:19:01,690 +going to do this? His verse. His verse is like the + +303 +00:19:01,690 --> 00:19:03,890 +west wind, it can't change. Go on. + +304 +00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:12,210 +Unextinguished earth, ashes. + +305 +00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:20,120 +So the words here, the poetry, the verse can be + +306 +00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:24,140 +scattered like seeds. You know the seeds? It can + +307 +00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,880 +be scattered by the wind. So my words here are + +308 +00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,740 +like the seeds, the seeds of change, the seeds of + +309 +00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:33,780 +revolution. Oh, scatter them around the people. + +310 +00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:38,680 +And indeed, here in Gaza, I don't know how many + +311 +00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,920 +hundreds of miles away from where he wrote this + +312 +00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,380 +poetry. This is his seeds. This is his words + +313 +00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:48,880 +scattered to us here. We are inspired in a way or + +314 +00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:50,520 +another. Many people around the world have been + +315 +00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:52,040 +inspired by this. Yes? + +316 +00:19:58,010 --> 00:19:58,850 +Oh, + +317 +00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:06,890 +what a beautiful line here again. If winter comes, + +318 +00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:11,850 +if winter here symbolizes what? Cold, inaction, + +319 +00:20:13,410 --> 00:20:17,130 +death, darkness, right? Corruption? Could be, + +320 +00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:22,330 +right? Can spring be far behind? This is called a + +321 +00:20:22,330 --> 00:20:27,110 +rhetorical question. A question that answers + +322 +00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:31,730 +itself. In a way, he's saying spring cannot be far + +323 +00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:35,470 +behind. Like, no matter how long the night is, + +324 +00:20:35,890 --> 00:20:40,030 +dawn is going, the new day is going to break soon + +325 +00:20:40,030 --> 00:20:43,890 +after. If winter comes, can spring be far behind? + +326 +00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:48,610 +No, as long as we scatter the seeds of change, as + +327 +00:20:48,610 --> 00:20:51,990 +long as we start that change ourselves, like + +328 +00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:55,290 +Mahatma Gandhi says, be the change you want to see + +329 +00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:59,070 +in the world. Start that change. And this is + +330 +00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070 +Shelley. Beautiful poet, beautiful poetry. + +331 +00:21:03,590 --> 00:21:07,650 +Inspiring, rebellious, and revolutionary. Now, + +332 +00:21:08,190 --> 00:21:12,710 +Shelley was also a critic. He was a literary + +333 +00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,490 +critic. He wrote a famous article named The + +334 +00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:23,070 +Defense of Poetry. He would defend pottery as if + +335 +00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,930 +it were a person, a friend. The book describes him + +336 +00:21:27,930 --> 00:21:32,050 +as an optimist and as a pessimist. Optimist is + +337 +00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:35,290 +somebody who hopes, who sees good things coming. + +338 +00:21:36,130 --> 00:21:40,050 +Someone who looks at the half full of the cup. and + +339 +00:21:40,050 --> 00:21:43,490 +a pessimist who sees, you know, no hope, no way + +340 +00:21:43,490 --> 00:21:46,310 +out of this. He was a pessimist because he + +341 +00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:49,590 +understood the situation was bleak, was dark, was + +342 +00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:52,350 +tough, corrupt, but he was optimist that change + +343 +00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:56,910 +sooner or later will come. There is a novel by the + +344 +00:21:56,910 --> 00:22:00,190 +Palestinian novelist Emile Habibi called Al + +345 +00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:03,270 +Mutasha'il, which is part optimist, part + +346 +00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:07,290 +pessimist, and it could be the peso optimist. So + +347 +00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:11,930 +please so optimist you both you متشائل Okay? In + +348 +00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:14,890 +his essay, I'm quoting two things here. Really + +349 +00:22:14,890 --> 00:22:18,090 +interesting, beautiful quotes from his essay, In + +350 +00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,330 +Defense of Poetry. But again, poetry can reform + +351 +00:22:21,330 --> 00:22:25,530 +the world. This is his ideology. Poetry can... + +352 +00:22:25,530 --> 00:22:28,070 +Remember, Keats was saying, poetry is beauty, + +353 +00:22:28,430 --> 00:22:32,910 +poetry is truth. Poetry immortalizes, gives life, + +354 +00:22:33,170 --> 00:22:37,750 +gives eternity to us. Here, poetry can change. And + +355 +00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:39,270 +I know many people, especially those who study + +356 +00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:42,840 +science, Maybe you dislike pottery because you're + +357 +00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,780 +studying it, you have to do it for the exam, but + +358 +00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:47,820 +please try to get rid of this negativity and try + +359 +00:22:47,820 --> 00:22:50,020 +to see how beautiful pottery is, how it inspires + +360 +00:22:50,020 --> 00:22:55,100 +us and changes us in a way or another. He believes + +361 +00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,600 +strongly that pottery can be the change, can + +362 +00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,980 +change and reform the world. Two extracts here, + +363 +00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,640 +two sentences from the article, really interesting + +364 +00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,540 +to know. The rich, he's describing the political + +365 +00:23:09,540 --> 00:23:12,520 +and the social divide, the class division in + +366 +00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:16,400 +London, in the UK, in Europe probably in general, + +367 +00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:19,210 +but this is not class division where you have a + +368 +00:23:19,210 --> 00:23:21,990 +middle class. This is a situation where you don't + +369 +00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:24,330 +have a middle class. Like probably the situation + +370 +00:23:24,330 --> 00:23:26,590 +now in Gaza, we don't have a middle class. It's + +371 +00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:28,690 +disappearing and that's very dangerous because + +372 +00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,970 +people are either very rich, extremely rich, or + +373 +00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:35,150 +extremely poor. Like here, many people are not + +374 +00:23:35,150 --> 00:23:37,330 +getting their salaries. You could be a middle + +375 +00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,750 +class person, you get, I don't know, a thousand + +376 +00:23:40,750 --> 00:23:42,770 +dollars, but all of a sudden you don't get your + +377 +00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:45,850 +salary and you are poor. because you don't have + +378 +00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:50,610 +other sources of income. So the situation here, he + +379 +00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:55,390 +describes it as the rich have become... the rich + +380 +00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:00,630 +get richer and the poor get poorer. And this is + +381 +00:24:00,630 --> 00:24:03,150 +the worst of all situations. Any society that gets + +382 +00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:06,030 +to this point is self-destructive. + +383 +00:24:08,890 --> 00:24:13,650 +Where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. + +384 +00:24:15,330 --> 00:24:17,650 +No matter how much poverty we have, there will + +385 +00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:20,850 +always be people who benefit from this. So let's + +386 +00:24:20,850 --> 00:24:24,210 +change it. Let's do something to it. And finally, + +387 +00:24:24,290 --> 00:24:26,870 +he says again about poets being the leaders of + +388 +00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,950 +change, the people who begin that change, the + +389 +00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:34,230 +people who reform. Poets are the unacknowledged + +390 +00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:40,330 +legislators of the world. Is it world? Yes. We + +391 +00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:43,070 +have the Palestinian Legislative Council, you + +392 +00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,850 +know? The people we elect long time ago to + +393 +00:24:47,850 --> 00:24:52,170 +represent us in the parliament. So people in the + +394 +00:24:52,170 --> 00:24:54,690 +parliament here in Gaza, Palestine, it's called + +395 +00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,430 +Palestinian Legislative Council. Legislative, + +396 +00:24:58,510 --> 00:25:02,230 +legislator, a lawmaker, somebody who makes laws. + +397 +00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:06,990 +So according to Tusheli, poets are the first + +398 +00:25:06,990 --> 00:25:10,850 +people who make laws. who talk about necessary + +399 +00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:13,210 +things in the society, who talk about important + +400 +00:25:13,210 --> 00:25:15,930 +issues in the society, but they are + +401 +00:25:15,930 --> 00:25:18,210 +unacknowledged. It could be unacknowledged means + +402 +00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:20,290 +that many people don't think that poets are + +403 +00:25:20,290 --> 00:25:24,470 +important and serious, or maybe he means here it + +404 +00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:27,770 +means unofficial. What does it mean here? It means + +405 +00:25:27,770 --> 00:25:31,540 +that, yeah? It means that they are legislators, + +406 +00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,280 +but they are not assigned from the government. + +407 +00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,260 +They don't have an official position or job, but + +408 +00:25:39,260 --> 00:25:41,880 +they always begin that change. And it's true. + +409 +00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:45,060 +Remember the rhyme of the ancient mariner? I think + +410 +00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,400 +it's about, in a way or another, about climate + +411 +00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,070 +change. It's about global warming, in a way. And + +412 +00:25:51,070 --> 00:25:54,690 +this is a poet who wrote about this 200 or 150 + +413 +00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:57,270 +years before people started complaining about + +414 +00:25:57,270 --> 00:26:00,250 +killing animals, particular animals and particular + +415 +00:26:00,250 --> 00:26:04,350 +species. So poets all the time begin to speak + +416 +00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:06,770 +about things that ordinary people don't pay + +417 +00:26:06,770 --> 00:26:09,750 +attention to, even politicians, even lawmakers, + +418 +00:26:10,170 --> 00:26:14,730 +even legislators. So the poets are the unofficial + +419 +00:26:14,730 --> 00:26:17,210 +legislators, + +420 +00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:23,520 +lawmakers, Leaders of change, leaders of reform in + +421 +00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,880 +the world. Unofficial because they don't have a + +422 +00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,640 +job, they get salary, they get money for that. So + +423 +00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:34,420 +this is his, in very brief, the essence of his + +424 +00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:37,800 +defense of pottery. Pottery can reform and change. + +425 +00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:45,840 +Now Lord Byron, and he's concerned about Chile, + +426 +00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:53,080 +Again, I invite you to go to YouTube, just look + +427 +00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,580 +for Sherry's poetry, see what more poetry you can + +428 +00:26:57,580 --> 00:27:01,680 +like about this guy. Maybe you want to start from + +429 +00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:05,180 +the ode to the west wind. He has another sonnet, + +430 +00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:07,740 +it's called Ozymandias. + +431 +00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,260 +Ozymandias, one of the most beautiful sonnets + +432 +00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:14,660 +ever. + +433 +00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:17,750 +But we're not going to study it, because we're + +434 +00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:21,530 +only just taking the basics here. Byron. + +435 +00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:29,230 +The other day I was talking to my colleague. And I + +436 +00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,770 +told her, you know what? I really like Byron. I + +437 +00:27:31,770 --> 00:27:35,090 +started to appreciate him. And she said, but if + +438 +00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:39,890 +Byron has said nothing except this stanza, it's + +439 +00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:43,360 +enough. He's amazing. And I started reading more + +440 +00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:45,160 +and more about Byron, and he's really an + +441 +00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:48,040 +interesting person, interesting poet at the same + +442 +00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:50,820 +time. So I'll start with the extract he sent me, + +443 +00:27:51,340 --> 00:27:55,860 +this one. He says, if he hasn't written anything + +444 +00:27:55,860 --> 00:28:00,880 +but this stanza, it's enough. Why? Let's see. + +445 +00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,980 +There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. You + +446 +00:28:04,980 --> 00:28:07,280 +know, when you go to the woods, we don't have + +447 +00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,660 +woods here, jungles. But usually when people go + +448 +00:28:10,660 --> 00:28:14,920 +through particular areas of nature, you create a + +449 +00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:16,920 +path because you keep walking and people keep + +450 +00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,020 +walking in the same area. It happens in gardens, + +451 +00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:25,120 +in public gardens. But the pure, innocent, wild, + +452 +00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,070 +areas of nature where nobody goes there, where it + +453 +00:28:29,070 --> 00:28:33,390 +is untouched by human beings. We don't have paths. + +454 +00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:36,930 +So pathless wood, like you go to a place where no + +455 +00:28:36,930 --> 00:28:41,210 +one or very few people have been there. There is a + +456 +00:28:41,210 --> 00:28:46,070 +rapture, excitement and joy on the lonely shore + +457 +00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:49,820 +when you are alone in nature. with nature. There + +458 +00:28:49,820 --> 00:28:53,740 +is society where none intrudes because you are the + +459 +00:28:53,740 --> 00:28:56,080 +society, you create the society, you as an + +460 +00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:00,420 +individual. There is a society where no one is + +461 +00:29:00,420 --> 00:29:03,980 +there, no one intrudes, no one interrupts. by the + +462 +00:29:03,980 --> 00:29:08,440 +deep sea and music in its roar, the music of the + +463 +00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,000 +sea, despite the fact that he uses the word roar, + +464 +00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,500 +and roar is not musical in a way, but still he + +465 +00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,760 +sees the beauty in nature, in the sound of the + +466 +00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:21,260 +waves and probably the birds. I love not manless, + +467 +00:29:22,060 --> 00:29:26,220 +but nature more. This is a romantic feature. It + +468 +00:29:26,220 --> 00:29:30,180 +doesn't mean I hate communities, I hate society, I + +469 +00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:32,940 +hate being with others, but I love nature more. + +470 +00:29:33,850 --> 00:29:36,810 +We've seen this in Wordsworth, where he kicked out + +471 +00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:41,330 +his sister Dorothy from the Daffodils. They were + +472 +00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:43,750 +together. They saw the scene together, and she + +473 +00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:45,790 +wrote about it in her diaries. I was walking with + +474 +00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:48,790 +my brother Willie, and we saw this. But in the + +475 +00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,710 +text, where is she? He kicks her out. Is he anti + +476 +00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:55,050 +-feminist? Maybe, but they were best friends also. + +477 +00:29:55,790 --> 00:29:58,370 +But it's the individuality, the solitude he's + +478 +00:29:58,370 --> 00:30:03,810 +seeking here. I love not manless, but nature. So + +479 +00:30:03,810 --> 00:30:07,550 +Lord Byron, again, like Shelley, he was a + +480 +00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:09,490 +revolutionary. He was a rebellious person. He + +481 +00:30:09,490 --> 00:30:11,470 +wanted to change. He wanted political. He wanted + +482 +00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:13,190 +social. He wanted religious. He wanted moral + +483 +00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:17,490 +change and moral reform throughout all England. + +484 +00:30:18,250 --> 00:30:22,250 +The characters in his poems are usually + +485 +00:30:22,250 --> 00:30:25,860 +rebellious. They rebel against the societies, and + +486 +00:30:25,860 --> 00:30:28,920 +at the same time, they challenge the conventions. + +487 +00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700 +They usually go against the conventions to break + +488 +00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:37,460 +the rules and the chains. We'll see a lot of + +489 +00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:41,420 +passion and feelings with heroes who rebel against + +490 +00:30:41,420 --> 00:30:43,960 +the society. You know, rebel from rebellion to + +491 +00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:50,000 +challenge something. And his poem, Dawn, In + +492 +00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,720 +Spanish, this is Don Juan. Some English people + +493 +00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:57,080 +pronounce it Juan. And some dialects, Juan. Do you + +494 +00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:01,060 +know Spanish, anyone? Don Juan? I think it's + +495 +00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:03,280 +something like this. Anyway, this is a famous + +496 +00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:08,760 +poem, Don Juan, because it's Spanish. Juan. Like, + +497 +00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,740 +you know Juan Mata, the Manchester United player? + +498 +00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:17,960 +Some people say Juan. Juan. Juan Mata. Something + +499 +00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:23,460 +like this. Anyway, in this poem, it goes to, by + +500 +00:31:23,460 --> 00:31:28,240 +the way, I was listening to this the other day on + +501 +00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:31,120 +YouTube. You know, there are always all sorts of + +502 +00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,980 +horrible and racist comments in the comments + +503 +00:31:34,980 --> 00:31:38,060 +sections on YouTube. But I loved the discussion. + +504 +00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,740 +There was a discussion whether it should be Don + +505 +00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:43,760 +Juan or Don Juan or Don Juan, and people were + +506 +00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:49,910 +saying stuff. Interesting. uses satire, comedy, + +507 +00:31:50,150 --> 00:31:53,150 +and irony. Remember, we left satire behind with + +508 +00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,970 +the Augustans. When we say bye-bye Alexander Poe, + +509 +00:31:57,050 --> 00:32:00,610 +bye-bye Dryden, take your satire and go away. We + +510 +00:32:00,610 --> 00:32:03,330 +have a new era, a new sensibility. And it's a + +511 +00:32:03,330 --> 00:32:06,630 +vicious circle. People here go back to keep + +512 +00:32:06,630 --> 00:32:09,410 +recycling things and recycling things. But his + +513 +00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,410 +comedy is so beautiful, so funny, and so + +514 +00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:16,150 +interesting. So what does he do? He involves the + +515 +00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,410 +readers. He makes them part of his poetry in a way + +516 +00:32:18,410 --> 00:32:21,470 +where they question their own values and the + +517 +00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:25,820 +values of of the societies and, you know, the + +518 +00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:30,740 +surroundings. In this poem... This is an extract + +519 +00:32:30,740 --> 00:32:37,140 +from the poem here. It's in your book. Let's see + +520 +00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:42,580 +what he does here. From Don Juan. Yes, please. He + +521 +00:32:42,580 --> 00:32:46,280 +poured upon the leaves and the flowers And hewed + +522 +00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:50,120 +the bars in all the winds And then he saw the + +523 +00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:55,620 +fruit snakes and immortal powers. And how the gods + +524 +00:32:55,620 --> 00:33:00,220 +came down + +525 +00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:05,040 +to man. He missed the best way. He forgot the + +526 +00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,440 +hours. And when he looked upon his watch again, he + +527 +00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,280 +found how much all time had been a winner. He also + +528 +00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,980 +found that he had lost his dinner. So he went to + +529 +00:33:16,980 --> 00:33:24,070 +bed hungry? Yeah. Empty stomach? Look how the poem + +530 +00:33:24,070 --> 00:33:29,110 +begins. It's so typical Wordsworth. He poured + +531 +00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:32,310 +upon, like when you spend a lot of time examining + +532 +00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:34,690 +something, studying something, because you have + +533 +00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:37,290 +passion, you are obsessed about it. We do, we do + +534 +00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:39,650 +this all the time. You would like hold your pen + +535 +00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,050 +and you keep just scribbling and scribbling or + +536 +00:33:42,050 --> 00:33:44,970 +gazing at things, you know, I gazed and gazed, but + +537 +00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:47,490 +little thought, you're fascinated by a particular + +538 +00:33:47,490 --> 00:33:50,810 +thing by, I don't know, a piece of pizza or + +539 +00:33:50,810 --> 00:33:54,550 +cheesecake, you just wow, right? Fascinated by + +540 +00:33:54,550 --> 00:33:59,360 +what you see. But he's, he's not saying I, He's + +541 +00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:02,160 +distancing himself from this practice. So he + +542 +00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:06,020 +poured upon the leaves, nature, right? And the + +543 +00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,540 +flowers. I think he's having a dig at Wordsworth + +544 +00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:13,140 +here. I think he's saying Wordsworth spends too + +545 +00:34:13,140 --> 00:34:18,810 +much time gazing and wandering and studying the + +546 +00:34:18,810 --> 00:34:21,650 +leaves and the flowers, and heard a voice. + +547 +00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:26,350 +Remember, we didn't study Lucy Gray here. The poet + +548 +00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,470 +was what says, I heard a voice. Many of his poems, + +549 +00:34:28,590 --> 00:34:31,530 +he says, I heard a voice, the solitary reaper, et + +550 +00:34:31,530 --> 00:34:35,870 +cetera. So he usually He used natural voices and + +551 +00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:39,690 +voices in nature and had a voice in all the winds. + +552 +00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:42,990 +And then he thought of wood nymphs. You know the + +553 +00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:46,930 +nymph? It's the magical creature. Yeah, it's a + +554 +00:34:46,930 --> 00:34:50,310 +magical creature only in fairy tales. It's a + +555 +00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:53,210 +supernatural creature. Female. Yeah, female + +556 +00:34:53,210 --> 00:34:57,370 +supernatural creature. I think also there could be + +557 +00:34:57,370 --> 00:35:00,050 +something about coleridge, because coleridge was + +558 +00:35:00,050 --> 00:35:03,130 +interested in the supernatural. So in my + +559 +00:35:03,130 --> 00:35:06,130 +understanding, this is metafictional. OK, this is + +560 +00:35:06,130 --> 00:35:08,750 +not working. Metafictional. You know metafiction + +561 +00:35:08,750 --> 00:35:12,210 +again? A fiction talks about another story. + +562 +00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:16,930 +Fiction about fiction. What does it mean? What + +563 +00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:20,470 +does it mean, fiction about fiction? A story or a + +564 +00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:26,030 +poem talks about another story. Okay, so why? Why + +565 +00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,790 +would you talk about another text in your text? To + +566 +00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:32,790 +illustrate, to criticize, to mock, to challenge, + +567 +00:35:32,890 --> 00:35:37,210 +to underestimate, to explain, to make use of, many + +568 +00:35:37,210 --> 00:35:42,110 +things. So the fact that in my reading, he is + +569 +00:35:42,110 --> 00:35:44,370 +alluding to Wordsworth and Coleridge, in a way + +570 +00:35:44,370 --> 00:35:48,050 +making fun of what they do, spending too much time + +571 +00:35:48,050 --> 00:35:51,190 +with nature, with leaves, with flowers, hearing + +572 +00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,730 +imaginary voices, talking about imaginary + +573 +00:35:53,730 --> 00:35:58,240 +creatures. Probably there is something about those + +574 +00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:02,600 +people and how the goddesses came down to men. + +575 +00:36:03,220 --> 00:36:04,320 +That's the first standard. + +576 +00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:13,120 +He's basically talking about how nature + +577 +00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,680 +influences, you know, the spiritual aspect. Can + +578 +00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:17,420 +you turn that off? + +579 +00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,140 +No, turn it off. Turn it off. + +580 +00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:32,760 +Okay, so the first stanza speaks about the + +581 +00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:35,940 +spirituality of nature, how you would lose your + +582 +00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,080 +everything, yourself, just gazing and enjoying + +583 +00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:42,240 +nature. Let's see what happens in the second + +584 +00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:47,850 +stanza. Someone read the second stanza. Okay, + +585 +00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:53,930 +please. So while you're doing this, while you're + +586 +00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:58,250 +fascinated by nature and the supernatural, what + +587 +00:36:58,250 --> 00:37:02,450 +happens in real life? Does anything wait for you? + +588 +00:37:04,650 --> 00:37:08,610 +Does life wait for you until you finish? Nothing + +589 +00:37:08,610 --> 00:37:11,490 +waits. So what happens number one? + +590 +00:37:14,530 --> 00:37:18,190 +he missed the pathway pathway he forgot the hours + +591 +00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:22,010 +also and when he locked upon his watch again he + +592 +00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:26,410 +found how much Oh yeah, time does not wait. + +593 +00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:29,250 +Listen, if you want change, you create the change. + +594 +00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:33,130 +You be the change. You don't just go to nature, to + +595 +00:37:33,130 --> 00:37:36,330 +the trees and flowers, spend your time like gazing + +596 +00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:39,730 +at them and thinking that the problems, the + +597 +00:37:39,730 --> 00:37:44,070 +corruption, it will solve itself. It will just go + +598 +00:37:44,070 --> 00:37:48,410 +away. No. And? He also found that he had lost his + +599 +00:37:48,410 --> 00:37:51,720 +interaction. He also found? That's very comic, + +600 +00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:56,700 +very funny. He lost his dinner while you were + +601 +00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:59,600 +busy. It's like when you are at home, you have so + +602 +00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,100 +many brothers and sisters. And you are the + +603 +00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,420 +romantic person. You are the one who gazes. So you + +604 +00:38:04,420 --> 00:38:06,900 +look to gaze at the super moon. And you're like, + +605 +00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:11,560 +wow. The child's like, oh, right? Just wow. I'm + +606 +00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,540 +like, where's the food? Where's the pizza? Where's + +607 +00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:17,640 +my piece of pizza? Oh, we just had it. We just ate + +608 +00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,410 +it. You are too busy, too obsessed with nature + +609 +00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:25,430 +that you lose touch of real life. And this is, in + +610 +00:38:25,430 --> 00:38:29,250 +my opinion, he's having a dig at the first + +611 +00:38:29,250 --> 00:38:31,910 +generation romantic poets who would... Wordsworth + +612 +00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,770 +and Daffodils, and there's another poem, short + +613 +00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:39,010 +poem, he says, my heart leaps up when I see a + +614 +00:38:39,010 --> 00:38:41,150 +rainbow. When I see a rainbow, it's just like a + +615 +00:38:41,150 --> 00:38:43,610 +kid where he says the child is the father of man. + +616 +00:38:43,710 --> 00:38:46,420 +Just a rainbow inspires him. I'm not saying that + +617 +00:38:46,420 --> 00:38:48,340 +it's bad or horrible. But see, some of the + +618 +00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:51,340 +romantics were not OK with what you're doing. And + +619 +00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:55,020 +he goes back to Satya. So while you're doing these + +620 +00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:58,180 +things, life can't wait. Time keeps going on. And + +621 +00:38:58,180 --> 00:39:01,260 +most importantly for many of us, probably, you + +622 +00:39:01,260 --> 00:39:05,010 +will lose your dinner. Where's the food? You just + +623 +00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:09,210 +ate it. You were just busy enjoying the scene and + +624 +00:39:09,210 --> 00:39:11,770 +we ate it. You were just busy feeding your + +625 +00:39:11,770 --> 00:39:16,190 +spirituality and we just filled the stomach, + +626 +00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:21,830 +filled the bellies with food. And this is an + +627 +00:39:21,830 --> 00:39:25,290 +interesting thing, how he uses again satire and + +628 +00:39:25,290 --> 00:39:29,490 +comedy to criticize something. This is what I'm + +629 +00:39:29,490 --> 00:39:35,930 +seeing in this extract. Okay? So finally, this is + +630 +00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:40,410 +Byron Reeve. He was a revolutionary. He called for + +631 +00:39:40,410 --> 00:39:46,250 +political social change, and he wanted to + +632 +00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:50,470 +challenge the society and the conventions. And + +633 +00:39:50,470 --> 00:39:56,710 +like I'm saying here, he's also challenging in a + +634 +00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:59,190 +way or criticizing the first generation of + +635 +00:39:59,190 --> 00:40:02,330 +romantic poets, especially Wordsworth. + +636 +00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,800 +He wanted to add, like Shelley and Keats, the + +637 +00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,680 +second generation were more involved in real life. + +638 +00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:17,580 +In a way, I think he's saying that poetry that + +639 +00:40:17,580 --> 00:40:21,160 +doesn't change, poetry that doesn't cause change, + +640 +00:40:21,340 --> 00:40:24,300 +poetry that doesn't improve our lives, literature + +641 +00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,360 +that doesn't make us bitter people and doesn't + +642 +00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,620 +improve our lives in a way or another, is not good + +643 +00:40:30,620 --> 00:40:34,930 +poetry. It's not good literature. Some people + +644 +00:40:34,930 --> 00:40:36,650 +would disagree, because they would say, no, I'm + +645 +00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:41,650 +doing it just for the sake of doing it, like art + +646 +00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:42,570 +for art's sake. + +647 +00:40:46,270 --> 00:40:50,610 +We'll stop here. And next class, we'll move to + +648 +00:40:50,610 --> 00:40:55,090 +speak about two romantic figures, two female + +649 +00:40:55,090 --> 00:40:58,730 +romantic writers. The first one is Mary Shelley. + +650 +00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,670 +Mary Shelley, she's Percy, yeah, Percy, Percy + +651 +00:41:04,670 --> 00:41:05,450 +Shelley's wife. + +652 +00:41:08,250 --> 00:41:11,370 +I'm not sure if they have kids. We would be + +653 +00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:14,950 +studying them also. So Mary Shelley is a novelist + +654 +00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:17,410 +will study something about Frankenstein and then + +655 +00:41:17,410 --> 00:41:22,680 +and then Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and then We + +656 +00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:28,040 +will study Jane Austen. And some of you might, if + +657 +00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,800 +you're familiar with Jane Austen, might say, what? + +658 +00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,120 +But Jane Austen is a Victorian figure. We'll say + +659 +00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,620 +something about this. She's pre-Victorian, late + +660 +00:41:37,620 --> 00:41:41,280 +Romantic. She's the link between both generations. + +661 +00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:44,500 +If you have any question, any comment, anything to + +662 +00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:50,460 +add, please do. Races. Say again. Some races were + +663 +00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:50,800 +not + +664 +00:41:54,580 --> 00:41:59,280 +Okay, that's a good question. You should just know + +665 +00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,640 +them. We focus on the extracts in the book, + +666 +00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,660 +basically, unless I tell you you need to study + +667 +00:42:04,660 --> 00:42:04,980 +this. + +668 +00:42:09,580 --> 00:42:13,860 +Any question? Okay, good luck, ladies, and please + +669 +00:42:13,860 --> 00:42:17,060 +have an enjoyable weekend, and don't forget your + +670 +00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:18,560 +dinner while you're doing that. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b4dbf83b663fbd52d436f256e2efa89923331c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@ +1 +00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:24,220 +Assalamualaikum, everyone. Welcome back again. So + +2 +00:00:24,220 --> 00:00:26,500 +we're almost done with Shakespeare. We're never + +3 +00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:30,460 +done with Shakespeare. But I hope that the classes + +4 +00:00:30,460 --> 00:00:35,920 +we did on Shakespeare helped you, in a sense, in a + +5 +00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,760 +way, to like something, at least something about + +6 +00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:40,600 +Shakespeare, his characters, his women, his + +7 +00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,960 +queens, his kings, his poetry, his sonnets. We can + +8 +00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:46,440 +never do justice to Shakespeare even if we take + +9 +00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,160 +hundreds of classes. But again, this is an + +10 +00:00:49,160 --> 00:00:51,080 +introduction to English literature course which + +11 +00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:55,300 +gives you bits and pieces about important literary + +12 +00:00:55,300 --> 00:01:00,400 +texts and important figures in the English history + +13 +00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,220 +and English literature. Today we have a fun day. + +14 +00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:08,160 +We have a talent day just to try to see what + +15 +00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,690 +talents you have. your ability to perform, to + +16 +00:01:11,690 --> 00:01:17,650 +read, to write. This is your chance to take the + +17 +00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:20,590 +floor here, be on the stage, and be yourself, and + +18 +00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:25,210 +communicate whatever you can express + +19 +00:01:25,210 --> 00:01:30,740 +in writing or in performance. Some of these, like + +20 +00:01:30,740 --> 00:01:34,180 +I told you before, you could write stuff. I know + +21 +00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,000 +some of you can write. Or at least you can perform + +22 +00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,500 +things or recite or read things from texts we + +23 +00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:43,840 +already studied or texts we haven't studied but + +24 +00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:48,440 +probably mentioned in passing. Okay? So we start + +25 +00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:53,500 +with Riwa Zamli. Tell us what you want to do in + +26 +00:01:53,500 --> 00:02:00,930 +brief and go on. Hi, everyone. I want to recite a + +27 +00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,810 +nice poem for Rafifi Ziada. It's named Shades of + +28 +00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:08,610 +Anger. At first, I will say the introduction that + +29 +00:02:08,610 --> 00:02:13,330 +she said. I read this poem when we were doing a + +30 +00:02:13,330 --> 00:02:15,350 +direct action at my university, and there were + +31 +00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,410 +Palestinian citizens and Israeli soldiers. And I'm + +32 +00:02:18,410 --> 00:02:20,690 +very bitter about this, so I said, I will only be + +33 +00:02:20,690 --> 00:02:22,350 +Palestinian. I refuse to be a settler or a + +34 +00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:24,870 +soldier. So I was lying on the ground, and this + +35 +00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:26,790 +guy came and kicked me in the guts. And he said, + +36 +00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:28,950 +you deserve to be raped, for you had your first + +37 +00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:31,330 +children. At that time, I said nothing. But then I + +38 +00:02:31,330 --> 00:02:32,770 +read this poem for this young gentleman. + +39 +00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,680 +Allow me to speak my Arabic tongue before they + +40 +00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,860 +occupy my language as well. Allow me to speak my + +41 +00:02:44,860 --> 00:02:47,940 +mother tongue before they colonize her memory as + +42 +00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:52,120 +well I am. I am an abominable current becoming all + +43 +00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:55,100 +shades of anger. All my grandfather even wanted to + +44 +00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,040 +do was work a baton and watch my grandmother kneel + +45 +00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:00,520 +on the brain of a village hidden between Jaffa and + +46 +00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,900 +Haifa. My mother, my mother was born under an + +47 +00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:06,620 +overcrowded soil and this is no longer mine. But I + +48 +00:03:06,620 --> 00:03:08,800 +will occur their birth, their choke point, their + +49 +00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,320 +down number, third wall, and return to my + +50 +00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,800 +homeland. I am, I am, and I'm a woman of kind. We + +51 +00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,320 +come in all shades of anger. And did you hear my + +52 +00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,920 +sister screaming yesterday as she gave birth to a + +53 +00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:21,940 +chick born in Israel and sold her leg between her + +54 +00:03:21,940 --> 00:03:24,780 +legs for their next demographic threats? Called + +55 +00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:27,420 +her baby girl Janine. And did you hear Anna Moore + +56 +00:03:27,420 --> 00:03:29,840 +screaming behind her prison as they took out her + +57 +00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:34,560 +cell? We are returning to Palestine. I am, I am, + +58 +00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,680 +and I'm a woman of kind. We come in all shades of + +59 +00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,320 +anger. But you tell me, this woman's side of me + +60 +00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,810 +will only bring you your next tourist. bird + +61 +00:03:41,810 --> 00:03:45,470 +wearing, gun waving, sound nigger, towel hit, you + +62 +00:03:45,470 --> 00:03:48,350 +tell me I send my children out to die, but those + +63 +00:03:48,350 --> 00:03:52,030 +are you captors, you're obscene in our skies. At + +64 +00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:53,610 +least talk about these stories and for a second, + +65 +00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:55,950 +wasn't it the CIA that killed the Indian woman + +66 +00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:58,730 +back? And who turned Osama in the first place? My + +67 +00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:01,250 +grandparents didn't run around like clowns with + +68 +00:04:01,250 --> 00:04:03,210 +white caps and white hoods and their heads + +69 +00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:07,000 +lynching black people. I am I am an Arab woman of + +70 +00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:10,220 +current becoming old. She is a very good. So, what + +71 +00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,820 +are the problems? Give me a demonstration. Sorry, + +72 +00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,760 +did I not scream? I forget every line tells the + +73 +00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,940 +dream. Shana in a bottle, belly dancer, softly + +74 +00:04:19,940 --> 00:04:23,720 +spoken. Arab woman? Yes, master. No, master. Thank + +75 +00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:25,360 +you for the peanut butter sandwich Shana downed + +76 +00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,360 +last premiere of Steam, master. Yes, my liberties + +77 +00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:30,140 +are here to calm my children. I call them + +78 +00:04:30,140 --> 00:04:33,850 +collateral damage. I am, I am an abomination of + +79 +00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,710 +God. So let me just tell you, so let me just tell + +80 +00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:40,310 +you this woman inside of me will only please you + +81 +00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:42,190 +in the next rebel. She will have a rock in one + +82 +00:04:42,190 --> 00:04:44,850 +hand and a Palestinian flag in the other. I am an + +83 +00:04:44,850 --> 00:04:49,270 +abomination of God. Beware, beware my anger. Thank + +84 +00:04:49,270 --> 00:04:49,370 +you. + +85 +00:04:55,260 --> 00:04:59,900 +This is really beautiful. You should all YouTube + +86 +00:04:59,900 --> 00:05:03,340 +or Google Rafeef Ziada. This is a really nice + +87 +00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:06,220 +reading of one of her poems. But probably, I'm + +88 +00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,280 +sure you were under the pressure of time. + +89 +00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:12,440 +Hopefully, when you slow down, words can be + +90 +00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,940 +uttered clearer. But really interesting. I love + +91 +00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:21,320 +how you revealed the passions and the emotions of + +92 +00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:22,520 +Rafeef herself. Next. + +93 +00:05:29,170 --> 00:05:33,150 +I want to read Shakespeare's poem, All the World's + +94 +00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:37,250 +Staged. All the world's staged, and all the men + +95 +00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,150 +and women merely players. They have their exits + +96 +00:05:40,150 --> 00:05:43,870 +and their entrances, and one man in his time plays + +97 +00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:47,770 +many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, + +98 +00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,380 +the infant. mewling and puking in the nurse's arm + +99 +00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:55,100 +and then the whining school boy with his scatchel + +100 +00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,400 +and shining morning face creeping like a snail + +101 +00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,700 +unwillingly to school creeping like a snail + +102 +00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:06,020 +unwillingly to school and then the lover shining + +103 +00:06:06,020 --> 00:06:08,580 +like furnace with a waffle palette made to his + +104 +00:06:08,580 --> 00:06:12,420 +mistress's eyebrows. Then, the soldier, full of + +105 +00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:14,980 +strange oath and bearded like the bird, jealous + +106 +00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:18,940 +and honored, saddened and quickened, quarreled, + +107 +00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,520 +seeking the Babel reputation even in the cannon's + +108 +00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,470 +mouth. And then, the justice. in fair round filly + +109 +00:06:26,470 --> 00:06:29,790 +with capon line, with eyes severe and pretty + +110 +00:06:29,790 --> 00:06:33,010 +formal cut, full of wise sows and modern + +111 +00:06:33,010 --> 00:06:37,250 +instances, and so he plays his part. The sixth age + +112 +00:06:37,250 --> 00:06:42,100 +shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloons. with + +113 +00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:45,540 +spectacled nose and porcelain side. His youthful + +114 +00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:48,720 +host will save a world too wide for his chunk + +115 +00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,900 +-chunk and his big manly voice, turning again + +116 +00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:55,020 +toward Charles' triple, piped and whistled in his + +117 +00:06:55,020 --> 00:06:58,200 +sound. Last thing of all that ends this strange + +118 +00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,080 +eventful history is second childish and mere + +119 +00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:06,360 +epiphany of Libyan. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans + +120 +00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,820 +taste, sans everything. + +121 +00:07:16,450 --> 00:07:21,350 +Dream and Gang if you want. Tell us what you want + +122 +00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:30,230 +to do. We're going to act Shakespearean poem about + +123 +00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:31,710 +Shylock and Antonio. + +124 +00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:37,030 +Make sure to look at the camera. + +125 +00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,600 +I am sure if I prefer that will not take my flesh. + +126 +00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,020 +What's that good for? To pet fish with all. If it + +127 +00:07:48,020 --> 00:07:50,360 +will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. + +128 +00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:54,440 +You had disgusted me and hated me. Half a million + +129 +00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,020 +laughed at my loses, scored my nation, Cold my + +130 +00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:01,700 +friends, heated my enemies. What's your reason? + +131 +00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,380 +I'm a Jew. Have not a Jew eyes? Have not a Jew + +132 +00:08:05,380 --> 00:08:09,040 +hands? Organs, dimensions, senses of fictions, + +133 +00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:12,540 +passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the + +134 +00:08:12,540 --> 00:08:15,620 +same diseases, hurt with the same weapons, subject + +135 +00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:18,300 +to the same diseases, and healed by the same + +136 +00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,020 +means. Cold and warm by the same winter and + +137 +00:08:22,020 --> 00:08:26,880 +summer, as a Christian is. If you prick us, do we + +138 +00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,510 +not plead? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And + +139 +00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:33,750 +if you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong + +140 +00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:37,070 +us, shall we not revenge? If a Jew wrong a + +141 +00:08:37,070 --> 00:08:40,510 +Christian, what is humanity? Revenge. But if a + +142 +00:08:40,510 --> 00:08:43,510 +Christian wrong a Jew, what should his offenses be + +143 +00:08:43,510 --> 00:08:47,230 +by a Christian example? Revenge. The villainy you + +144 +00:08:47,230 --> 00:08:49,810 +teach me, I will execute in the shadow of his + +145 +00:08:49,810 --> 00:08:50,050 +heart. + +146 +00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,840 +Shylock, how do you want a pound of Antonio's + +147 +00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:03,080 +flesh? I will not only lose the forefeature, but + +148 +00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,560 +touch human gentleness and love, so please forgive + +149 +00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:10,020 +Antonio. No, sir. This is our agreement. His flesh + +150 +00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,500 +is mine, and I will have it. Okay, take the bound + +151 +00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:18,520 +of flesh, button the cutting, just one drop on + +152 +00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,960 +Christian blood, thy lands and gods are by the + +153 +00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,480 +state. Okay, give my money and let me go. No, one + +154 +00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:27,620 +half, one half goes for Antonio, the other half + +155 +00:09:27,620 --> 00:09:30,040 +for the state. What mercy can you render him, + +156 +00:09:30,140 --> 00:09:33,260 +Antonio? I just want him to become a Christian. So + +157 +00:09:33,260 --> 00:09:37,060 +you should do this. I lost everything, my + +158 +00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:40,580 +daughter, my wealth, and the most important thing, + +159 +00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:41,460 +my religion. + +160 +00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:53,410 +Yeah, that's interesting. Thank you for memorizing + +161 +00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:56,150 +this really good course. It's not difficult to + +162 +00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,850 +memorize. I think it's really fun. Just all you + +163 +00:09:58,850 --> 00:10:01,750 +need to do is just a little bit of passion to love + +164 +00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:05,750 +the text you're doing this. And to listen to it + +165 +00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:08,550 +carefully. Very good. Excellent, really. Thank + +166 +00:10:08,550 --> 00:10:13,250 +you. Next. Come here. What's your name? Hind? + +167 +00:10:14,290 --> 00:10:15,990 +Let's see what Hind has for us. + +168 +00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:25,170 +Hello, everyone. I want to read a poem about the + +169 +00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:29,410 +greatest pain in life. The greatest pain in life + +170 +00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:34,630 +is not to die, but to be ignored. To lose the + +171 +00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:37,850 +person you love so much to another who does not + +172 +00:10:37,850 --> 00:10:41,390 +care at all. The greatest pain in life is not to + +173 +00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:45,390 +die, but to be forgotten. To never get a call from + +174 +00:10:45,390 --> 00:10:49,160 +a friend just saying hi. When you show someone + +175 +00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:51,980 +your enormous thoughts and their laughs in your + +176 +00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:56,300 +face, for a prince to always be too busy to + +177 +00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:01,040 +console you, when you need someone to lift your + +178 +00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,480 +spirits, when it seems like the only person who + +179 +00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:10,290 +cares about you is you, life is full of Life is + +180 +00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:16,110 +full of pain, but does it ever get better? Each of + +181 +00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,210 +us has a part to play in this great play we call + +182 +00:11:20,210 --> 00:11:25,410 +life. Each of us has a duty to mankind, to tell + +183 +00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:28,750 +our friends we love them. If you don't care about + +184 +00:11:28,750 --> 00:11:34,470 +your friends, you will not to be punished. You + +185 +00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:38,380 +will simply be ignored, forgotten, as you have + +186 +00:11:38,380 --> 00:11:43,260 +done to others. And finally, I want to say to all + +187 +00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:52,320 +of you one something. If someone seriously + +188 +00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,540 +wants to be a part... Go on, continue. A part of + +189 +00:11:57,540 --> 00:12:02,560 +you... Bismillah, go on. I want to read to... + +190 +00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:11,180 +I'm retiring. I praise Him. I praise Him in the + +191 +00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,920 +name of God. And I fear none but Him. And I know, + +192 +00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,040 +and I know that I have the power to save Him. I + +193 +00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,820 +will save Him. And I learned in elementary school + +194 +00:12:22,820 --> 00:12:26,860 +that my diploma is my honor, my legacy, and my + +195 +00:12:26,860 --> 00:12:30,280 +title. And we were, and we were in our schools, + +196 +00:12:30,420 --> 00:12:32,680 +repeating some poems, singing among ourselves, for + +197 +00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:35,540 +example, the birth of my love for my country. My + +198 +00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:37,700 +country is my homeland, and all Arabs are my + +199 +00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,800 +brothers. And we used to paint the Arabian + +200 +00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,760 +mountains with her, praising her. Her chest is + +201 +00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,540 +filled with the smell of the desert, engulfed in + +202 +00:12:48,540 --> 00:12:50,780 +the fog of religion. And we used to have children, + +203 +00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,000 +and we used to be happy. And we used to laugh at + +204 +00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,280 +the stories told by our messengers. And that our + +205 +00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,900 +countries extend from Aqsa to Aqsa. And that our + +206 +00:12:57,900 --> 00:12:59,900 +wars were in the mountains that extend to Aqsa. + +207 +00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,840 +And that our enemy is Zionist. Satan is his enemy. + +208 +00:13:04,690 --> 00:13:07,470 +And I hope that our nation will really have what + +209 +00:13:07,470 --> 00:13:12,230 +it asked for. I will sail when I grow up. I will + +210 +00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:14,670 +sail when I grow up. I will cross the sea of + +211 +00:13:14,670 --> 00:13:17,390 +Bahrain in Libya, and drink fruit from Baghdad in + +212 +00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:20,230 +Syria. And I will travel from Mauritania to Sudan, + +213 +00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,650 +and I will travel through Makdash to Lebanon. And + +214 +00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:27,970 +I will hide the poems in my chest and my chest. My + +215 +00:13:27,970 --> 00:13:30,470 +homeland is my homeland, and my brothers are my + +216 +00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:35,190 +brothers. And when I grow up, And when I grew up, + +217 +00:13:35,650 --> 00:13:40,250 +I didn't get a sea permit. I didn't sail. And I + +218 +00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:43,530 +got an unauthorized passport on the window. I + +219 +00:13:43,530 --> 00:13:47,150 +didn't pass. And when I grew up, I didn't sail. I + +220 +00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:52,250 +didn't pass. I grew up. I grew up. And this child + +221 +00:13:52,250 --> 00:13:56,570 +didn't grow up. Our childhood is fighting. And his + +222 +00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:00,150 +ideas. And the ideas we learned, their principles + +223 +00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:03,230 +are in their hands. Where are the rulers of our + +224 +00:14:03,230 --> 00:14:06,090 +nation? Isn't it so? Isn't it so that we grew up + +225 +00:14:06,090 --> 00:14:09,470 +in your schools and learned your customs? Isn't it + +226 +00:14:09,470 --> 00:14:12,090 +so that we learned by your hands that the lion of + +227 +00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:15,910 +the cave is waiting to eat the lamb of truth if he + +228 +00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:18,030 +does not leave his nest? Isn't it so that we + +229 +00:14:18,030 --> 00:14:20,730 +learned by your hands that the wolf is proud of + +230 +00:14:20,730 --> 00:14:25,870 +his service, weak when he is alone? Why? Why does + +231 +00:14:25,870 --> 00:14:29,050 +the group of lions rule here? Isn't it so that we + +232 +00:14:29,050 --> 00:14:31,590 +learned by your hands to hold on to the rope of + +233 +00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:36,350 +God and unite? لماذا تحجبون الشمس بالإعلان؟ + +234 +00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:41,670 +تقاسمتم عروبتنا، تقاسمتم عروبتنا، ودخلا بينكم زبنا + +235 +00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:47,310 +كما الأنعام، فليبقى طفله في صدري يعاديكم، يقاضيكم، + +236 +00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,470 +تشتغن على يديكم، فتثبت كل أيديكم، I'm Arabic, I'm + +237 +00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:54,650 +not ashamed. I was born in green Tunisia, + +238 +00:14:54,850 --> 00:14:56,730 +originally from Oman, and my age is more than a + +239 +00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,530 +thousand years. I'm Egyptian, I have palm trees in + +240 +00:14:59,530 --> 00:15:03,590 +Baghdad and in Sudan. I'm Egyptian from Rotterdam, + +241 +00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:06,930 +Djibouti, and Amman. I'm Christian, Sunni, Shiite, + +242 +00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:09,960 +Kurdish, Druze, and Alawite. I don't remember the + +243 +00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,420 +names and rulers who left us. We got fed up. We + +244 +00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:15,680 +got fed up of our confusion and all the people + +245 +00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,340 +getting bored. You filled, you filled our mind + +246 +00:15:19,340 --> 00:15:22,560 +with falsification and distortion. May God's luck + +247 +00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,860 +guide us and keep us away from FIFA's hands. We + +248 +00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,380 +left our religion on purpose. We left our religion + +249 +00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:30,560 +on purpose, so that the bear and the deer would + +250 +00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,180 +turn against us. And I don't wait for the forest + +251 +00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:36,360 +to come out. The child will stay in my chest, it's + +252 +00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:41,690 +normal. and declare our Arab people united. For + +253 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,570 +neither Sudan is divided, nor Golan is occupied, + +254 +00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:48,790 +nor Lebanon is encircled. A unique wound is + +255 +00:15:48,790 --> 00:15:51,830 +healing. The Arabian Gulf will gather the stars in + +256 +00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:53,590 +Sudan and distribute them, and they will spread + +257 +00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:56,730 +them in the Arabian Maghreb. They will squeeze the + +258 +00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:59,470 +people like oil in their fathers' breasts. They + +259 +00:15:59,470 --> 00:16:03,270 +will come out of the abyss that God has created + +260 +00:16:03,270 --> 00:16:07,500 +for the people. It will make our Algeria feelings + +261 +00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:10,940 +that have no limits. If you reject us, then our + +262 +00:16:10,940 --> 00:16:13,300 +whole country is Yemen. It will leave your + +263 +00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,120 +slavery, which God has taken care of for the + +264 +00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,140 +oppressed people. It is the people, not you. It is + +265 +00:16:19,140 --> 00:16:22,320 +the rulers, not you. I do not fear anyone of you. + +266 +00:16:22,620 --> 00:16:27,360 +It is Islam, not you. So stop it. So stop your + +267 +00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,920 +trade, or else it will turn upside down. And fear. + +268 +00:16:31,340 --> 00:16:35,460 +And fear that this people is greedy.وإن نقى + +269 +00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:39,720 +instrument فلن تجدوا لها لبنى ولن تجدوا لها ولدى + +270 +00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:46,200 +أنا باقى أنا باقى وسرعيتى هوا باقى سقينا سقينا + +271 +00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:52,120 +الذل أوعية سقينا الجهل أدرية مللنا I'm bored of + +272 +00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,280 +copying documents. I'll stay, even though there's + +273 +00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,380 +no internet, because this is my people, my + +274 +00:16:57,380 --> 00:17:00,320 +relatives, my friends. And if they're weak, I + +275 +00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,500 +swear to God, I'll stay. I'll grow up, I'll grow + +276 +00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,880 +up like a child with brushes and colors, and I'll + +277 +00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:07,380 +grow up to draw the Arabic language I'm so + +278 +00:17:07,380 --> 00:17:09,320 +obsessed with, and I'll grow up to have the voice + +279 +00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:11,440 +of the whole country, the four states and all of + +280 +00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:11,660 +Arabia. + +281 +00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,320 +Again, this is a beautiful recitation of one of + +282 +00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,020 +the most famous poems of today. The Shaman's Jack. + +283 +00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,400 +Really interesting. I also invite you to listen to + +284 +00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400 +other poets, like Tamim El Barghouti, a wonderful + +285 +00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,480 +Palestinian poet. When you asked me whether you + +286 +00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:38,160 +can do things in Arabic, I said yes, because if + +287 +00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,920 +you love literature in one language, you love + +288 +00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:43,960 +literature in all languages. And this is a fact. + +289 +00:17:44,420 --> 00:17:47,930 +If your Arabic is good, you will be good at + +290 +00:17:47,930 --> 00:17:51,570 +English if you want to improve your English you + +291 +00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:53,910 +need to improve your Arabic because hopefully you + +292 +00:17:53,910 --> 00:17:57,130 +will be a translator or a writer in the future + +293 +00:17:57,130 --> 00:17:59,170 +really interesting next + +294 +00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,540 +Hello everyone, + +295 +00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:14,960 +I want to say some lines from my father's + +296 +00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,120 +autobiography called Arabic Language in Al Quds. + +297 +00:18:20,750 --> 00:18:27,490 +مررنا على دار الحبيب فردنا عن الدار قانون الأعادي + +298 +00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:34,410 +وسورها فقلت لنفسي ربما هي نعمة فماذا ترى في القدس + +299 +00:18:34,410 --> 00:18:40,730 +حين تزورها ترى كل ما لا تستطيع احتماله إذا ما بدت + +300 +00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:47,330 +من جانب الدرب دورها وما كل نفس حين تلقى حبيبها تسر + +301 +00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:53,410 +ولا كل الغياب يضيرها فإن سرها قبل الفراق لقاءه + +302 +00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:59,530 +فليست بمأمون عليها سرورها متى تبصر القدسة العتيقة + +303 +00:18:59,530 --> 00:19:04,740 +مرة فسوف تراها العين حين تديرها In Jerusalem, a + +304 +00:19:04,740 --> 00:19:07,260 +green merchant from Georgia, Barrymon, with his + +305 +00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,120 +wife, thinks about a vacation or a home tour. In + +306 +00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,360 +Jerusalem, a bull and a bull came from our high + +307 +00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:18,080 +mountains, blowing up the balloon in his rules. In + +308 +00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:20,740 +Jerusalem, a policeman from the suburbs closes a + +309 +00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:23,780 +street in the market, a gun on a resident who is + +310 +00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:26,840 +not twenty years old, a hat waving the map of + +311 +00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:30,180 +Mecca, and a tourist from the Eiffel Tower, They + +312 +00:19:30,180 --> 00:19:32,480 +don't see Jerusalem at all. You see them taking + +313 +00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,240 +pictures of each other with a woman selling dates + +314 +00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,480 +in the squares all day long. In Jerusalem, there + +315 +00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,140 +is a herd of soldiers marching above the clouds. + +316 +00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:42,820 +In Jerusalem, we prayed on the asphalt. In + +317 +00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:44,740 +Jerusalem, there is no one in Jerusalem but you. + +318 +00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:50,660 +وتلفت التاريخ لي متبسما أظن أنت حقا أن عينك سوف + +319 +00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:55,360 +تخطؤهم و تبصر غيرهم هوم أمامك لما تمنص أنت حاشية + +320 +00:19:55,360 --> 00:20:00,620 +عليهم و هامش أحسبت أن زياء زيارة ستزيح عن وجه + +321 +00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:05,610 +المدينة يا بني حجاب واقع والسميرلكي ترى فيها هواك + +322 +00:20:05,610 --> 00:20:10,410 +في القدس كل فتن سواك و هي الغزالة في المدى حكم + +323 +00:20:10,410 --> 00:20:15,950 +الزمان ب بينها مازلت تركض خلفها مدودعتك بعينها + +324 +00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:20,670 +فارفق بنفسك ساعتا اني أراك و هانت في القدس من في + +325 +00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:21,930 +القدس إلا أنت + +326 +00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:32,040 +Oh, Tamim, Tamim, Tamim. I'm not sure if you know + +327 +00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,680 +this, but his poetry collection was translated + +328 +00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:38,220 +into English. So you could also read the English + +329 +00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,400 +translation of what's one of the best poems of + +330 +00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:46,180 +modern or contemporary Palestinian literature. + +331 +00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:50,200 +Moa? Saba. Saba? Okay. + +332 +00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:54,760 +Annyeonghaseyo. + +333 +00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:11,790 +Hello everyone, my name is Seba. How are you? I + +334 +00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:14,530 +can't speak a little Korean language and I + +335 +00:21:14,530 --> 00:21:18,890 +improved my language. And I want to write your + +336 +00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:20,930 +name. And your name has two options to write in + +337 +00:21:20,930 --> 00:21:21,790 +the Korean language. + +338 +00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:41,540 +Only my first name, right? Yes. Okay. What's the + +339 +00:21:41,540 --> 00:21:42,060 +other option? + +340 +00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,000 +They are totally different. Can you explain why + +341 +00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,700 +they are different? Yes. In Korean language, the + +342 +00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:03,740 +capital has two... the letters have two options. + +343 +00:22:04,060 --> 00:22:10,600 +Okay. Yeah, so... This is R, and they can use it + +344 +00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,480 +to write something in L. So when I write to write, + +345 +00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:20,960 +when I want to write something in... Go on. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b4dbf83b663fbd52d436f256e2efa89923331c3 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@ +1 +00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:24,220 +Assalamualaikum, everyone. Welcome back again. So + +2 +00:00:24,220 --> 00:00:26,500 +we're almost done with Shakespeare. We're never + +3 +00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:30,460 +done with Shakespeare. But I hope that the classes + +4 +00:00:30,460 --> 00:00:35,920 +we did on Shakespeare helped you, in a sense, in a + +5 +00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,760 +way, to like something, at least something about + +6 +00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:40,600 +Shakespeare, his characters, his women, his + +7 +00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,960 +queens, his kings, his poetry, his sonnets. We can + +8 +00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:46,440 +never do justice to Shakespeare even if we take + +9 +00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,160 +hundreds of classes. But again, this is an + +10 +00:00:49,160 --> 00:00:51,080 +introduction to English literature course which + +11 +00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:55,300 +gives you bits and pieces about important literary + +12 +00:00:55,300 --> 00:01:00,400 +texts and important figures in the English history + +13 +00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,220 +and English literature. Today we have a fun day. + +14 +00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:08,160 +We have a talent day just to try to see what + +15 +00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,690 +talents you have. your ability to perform, to + +16 +00:01:11,690 --> 00:01:17,650 +read, to write. This is your chance to take the + +17 +00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:20,590 +floor here, be on the stage, and be yourself, and + +18 +00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:25,210 +communicate whatever you can express + +19 +00:01:25,210 --> 00:01:30,740 +in writing or in performance. Some of these, like + +20 +00:01:30,740 --> 00:01:34,180 +I told you before, you could write stuff. I know + +21 +00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,000 +some of you can write. Or at least you can perform + +22 +00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,500 +things or recite or read things from texts we + +23 +00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:43,840 +already studied or texts we haven't studied but + +24 +00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:48,440 +probably mentioned in passing. Okay? So we start + +25 +00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:53,500 +with Riwa Zamli. Tell us what you want to do in + +26 +00:01:53,500 --> 00:02:00,930 +brief and go on. Hi, everyone. I want to recite a + +27 +00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,810 +nice poem for Rafifi Ziada. It's named Shades of + +28 +00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:08,610 +Anger. At first, I will say the introduction that + +29 +00:02:08,610 --> 00:02:13,330 +she said. I read this poem when we were doing a + +30 +00:02:13,330 --> 00:02:15,350 +direct action at my university, and there were + +31 +00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,410 +Palestinian citizens and Israeli soldiers. And I'm + +32 +00:02:18,410 --> 00:02:20,690 +very bitter about this, so I said, I will only be + +33 +00:02:20,690 --> 00:02:22,350 +Palestinian. I refuse to be a settler or a + +34 +00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:24,870 +soldier. So I was lying on the ground, and this + +35 +00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:26,790 +guy came and kicked me in the guts. And he said, + +36 +00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:28,950 +you deserve to be raped, for you had your first + +37 +00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:31,330 +children. At that time, I said nothing. But then I + +38 +00:02:31,330 --> 00:02:32,770 +read this poem for this young gentleman. + +39 +00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,680 +Allow me to speak my Arabic tongue before they + +40 +00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,860 +occupy my language as well. Allow me to speak my + +41 +00:02:44,860 --> 00:02:47,940 +mother tongue before they colonize her memory as + +42 +00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:52,120 +well I am. I am an abominable current becoming all + +43 +00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:55,100 +shades of anger. All my grandfather even wanted to + +44 +00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,040 +do was work a baton and watch my grandmother kneel + +45 +00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:00,520 +on the brain of a village hidden between Jaffa and + +46 +00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,900 +Haifa. My mother, my mother was born under an + +47 +00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:06,620 +overcrowded soil and this is no longer mine. But I + +48 +00:03:06,620 --> 00:03:08,800 +will occur their birth, their choke point, their + +49 +00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,320 +down number, third wall, and return to my + +50 +00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,800 +homeland. I am, I am, and I'm a woman of kind. We + +51 +00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,320 +come in all shades of anger. And did you hear my + +52 +00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,920 +sister screaming yesterday as she gave birth to a + +53 +00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:21,940 +chick born in Israel and sold her leg between her + +54 +00:03:21,940 --> 00:03:24,780 +legs for their next demographic threats? Called + +55 +00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:27,420 +her baby girl Janine. And did you hear Anna Moore + +56 +00:03:27,420 --> 00:03:29,840 +screaming behind her prison as they took out her + +57 +00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:34,560 +cell? We are returning to Palestine. I am, I am, + +58 +00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,680 +and I'm a woman of kind. We come in all shades of + +59 +00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,320 +anger. But you tell me, this woman's side of me + +60 +00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,810 +will only bring you your next tourist. bird + +61 +00:03:41,810 --> 00:03:45,470 +wearing, gun waving, sound nigger, towel hit, you + +62 +00:03:45,470 --> 00:03:48,350 +tell me I send my children out to die, but those + +63 +00:03:48,350 --> 00:03:52,030 +are you captors, you're obscene in our skies. At + +64 +00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:53,610 +least talk about these stories and for a second, + +65 +00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:55,950 +wasn't it the CIA that killed the Indian woman + +66 +00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:58,730 +back? And who turned Osama in the first place? My + +67 +00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:01,250 +grandparents didn't run around like clowns with + +68 +00:04:01,250 --> 00:04:03,210 +white caps and white hoods and their heads + +69 +00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:07,000 +lynching black people. I am I am an Arab woman of + +70 +00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:10,220 +current becoming old. She is a very good. So, what + +71 +00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,820 +are the problems? Give me a demonstration. Sorry, + +72 +00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,760 +did I not scream? I forget every line tells the + +73 +00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,940 +dream. Shana in a bottle, belly dancer, softly + +74 +00:04:19,940 --> 00:04:23,720 +spoken. Arab woman? Yes, master. No, master. Thank + +75 +00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:25,360 +you for the peanut butter sandwich Shana downed + +76 +00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,360 +last premiere of Steam, master. Yes, my liberties + +77 +00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:30,140 +are here to calm my children. I call them + +78 +00:04:30,140 --> 00:04:33,850 +collateral damage. I am, I am an abomination of + +79 +00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,710 +God. So let me just tell you, so let me just tell + +80 +00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:40,310 +you this woman inside of me will only please you + +81 +00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:42,190 +in the next rebel. She will have a rock in one + +82 +00:04:42,190 --> 00:04:44,850 +hand and a Palestinian flag in the other. I am an + +83 +00:04:44,850 --> 00:04:49,270 +abomination of God. Beware, beware my anger. Thank + +84 +00:04:49,270 --> 00:04:49,370 +you. + +85 +00:04:55,260 --> 00:04:59,900 +This is really beautiful. You should all YouTube + +86 +00:04:59,900 --> 00:05:03,340 +or Google Rafeef Ziada. This is a really nice + +87 +00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:06,220 +reading of one of her poems. But probably, I'm + +88 +00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,280 +sure you were under the pressure of time. + +89 +00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:12,440 +Hopefully, when you slow down, words can be + +90 +00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,940 +uttered clearer. But really interesting. I love + +91 +00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:21,320 +how you revealed the passions and the emotions of + +92 +00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:22,520 +Rafeef herself. Next. + +93 +00:05:29,170 --> 00:05:33,150 +I want to read Shakespeare's poem, All the World's + +94 +00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:37,250 +Staged. All the world's staged, and all the men + +95 +00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,150 +and women merely players. They have their exits + +96 +00:05:40,150 --> 00:05:43,870 +and their entrances, and one man in his time plays + +97 +00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:47,770 +many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, + +98 +00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,380 +the infant. mewling and puking in the nurse's arm + +99 +00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:55,100 +and then the whining school boy with his scatchel + +100 +00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,400 +and shining morning face creeping like a snail + +101 +00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,700 +unwillingly to school creeping like a snail + +102 +00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:06,020 +unwillingly to school and then the lover shining + +103 +00:06:06,020 --> 00:06:08,580 +like furnace with a waffle palette made to his + +104 +00:06:08,580 --> 00:06:12,420 +mistress's eyebrows. Then, the soldier, full of + +105 +00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:14,980 +strange oath and bearded like the bird, jealous + +106 +00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:18,940 +and honored, saddened and quickened, quarreled, + +107 +00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,520 +seeking the Babel reputation even in the cannon's + +108 +00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,470 +mouth. And then, the justice. in fair round filly + +109 +00:06:26,470 --> 00:06:29,790 +with capon line, with eyes severe and pretty + +110 +00:06:29,790 --> 00:06:33,010 +formal cut, full of wise sows and modern + +111 +00:06:33,010 --> 00:06:37,250 +instances, and so he plays his part. The sixth age + +112 +00:06:37,250 --> 00:06:42,100 +shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloons. with + +113 +00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:45,540 +spectacled nose and porcelain side. His youthful + +114 +00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:48,720 +host will save a world too wide for his chunk + +115 +00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,900 +-chunk and his big manly voice, turning again + +116 +00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:55,020 +toward Charles' triple, piped and whistled in his + +117 +00:06:55,020 --> 00:06:58,200 +sound. Last thing of all that ends this strange + +118 +00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,080 +eventful history is second childish and mere + +119 +00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:06,360 +epiphany of Libyan. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans + +120 +00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,820 +taste, sans everything. + +121 +00:07:16,450 --> 00:07:21,350 +Dream and Gang if you want. Tell us what you want + +122 +00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:30,230 +to do. We're going to act Shakespearean poem about + +123 +00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:31,710 +Shylock and Antonio. + +124 +00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:37,030 +Make sure to look at the camera. + +125 +00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,600 +I am sure if I prefer that will not take my flesh. + +126 +00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,020 +What's that good for? To pet fish with all. If it + +127 +00:07:48,020 --> 00:07:50,360 +will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge. + +128 +00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:54,440 +You had disgusted me and hated me. Half a million + +129 +00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,020 +laughed at my loses, scored my nation, Cold my + +130 +00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:01,700 +friends, heated my enemies. What's your reason? + +131 +00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,380 +I'm a Jew. Have not a Jew eyes? Have not a Jew + +132 +00:08:05,380 --> 00:08:09,040 +hands? Organs, dimensions, senses of fictions, + +133 +00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:12,540 +passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the + +134 +00:08:12,540 --> 00:08:15,620 +same diseases, hurt with the same weapons, subject + +135 +00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:18,300 +to the same diseases, and healed by the same + +136 +00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,020 +means. Cold and warm by the same winter and + +137 +00:08:22,020 --> 00:08:26,880 +summer, as a Christian is. If you prick us, do we + +138 +00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,510 +not plead? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And + +139 +00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:33,750 +if you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong + +140 +00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:37,070 +us, shall we not revenge? If a Jew wrong a + +141 +00:08:37,070 --> 00:08:40,510 +Christian, what is humanity? Revenge. But if a + +142 +00:08:40,510 --> 00:08:43,510 +Christian wrong a Jew, what should his offenses be + +143 +00:08:43,510 --> 00:08:47,230 +by a Christian example? Revenge. The villainy you + +144 +00:08:47,230 --> 00:08:49,810 +teach me, I will execute in the shadow of his + +145 +00:08:49,810 --> 00:08:50,050 +heart. + +146 +00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,840 +Shylock, how do you want a pound of Antonio's + +147 +00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:03,080 +flesh? I will not only lose the forefeature, but + +148 +00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,560 +touch human gentleness and love, so please forgive + +149 +00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:10,020 +Antonio. No, sir. This is our agreement. His flesh + +150 +00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,500 +is mine, and I will have it. Okay, take the bound + +151 +00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:18,520 +of flesh, button the cutting, just one drop on + +152 +00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,960 +Christian blood, thy lands and gods are by the + +153 +00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,480 +state. Okay, give my money and let me go. No, one + +154 +00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:27,620 +half, one half goes for Antonio, the other half + +155 +00:09:27,620 --> 00:09:30,040 +for the state. What mercy can you render him, + +156 +00:09:30,140 --> 00:09:33,260 +Antonio? I just want him to become a Christian. So + +157 +00:09:33,260 --> 00:09:37,060 +you should do this. I lost everything, my + +158 +00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:40,580 +daughter, my wealth, and the most important thing, + +159 +00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:41,460 +my religion. + +160 +00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:53,410 +Yeah, that's interesting. Thank you for memorizing + +161 +00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:56,150 +this really good course. It's not difficult to + +162 +00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,850 +memorize. I think it's really fun. Just all you + +163 +00:09:58,850 --> 00:10:01,750 +need to do is just a little bit of passion to love + +164 +00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:05,750 +the text you're doing this. And to listen to it + +165 +00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:08,550 +carefully. Very good. Excellent, really. Thank + +166 +00:10:08,550 --> 00:10:13,250 +you. Next. Come here. What's your name? Hind? + +167 +00:10:14,290 --> 00:10:15,990 +Let's see what Hind has for us. + +168 +00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:25,170 +Hello, everyone. I want to read a poem about the + +169 +00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:29,410 +greatest pain in life. The greatest pain in life + +170 +00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:34,630 +is not to die, but to be ignored. To lose the + +171 +00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:37,850 +person you love so much to another who does not + +172 +00:10:37,850 --> 00:10:41,390 +care at all. The greatest pain in life is not to + +173 +00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:45,390 +die, but to be forgotten. To never get a call from + +174 +00:10:45,390 --> 00:10:49,160 +a friend just saying hi. When you show someone + +175 +00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:51,980 +your enormous thoughts and their laughs in your + +176 +00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:56,300 +face, for a prince to always be too busy to + +177 +00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:01,040 +console you, when you need someone to lift your + +178 +00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,480 +spirits, when it seems like the only person who + +179 +00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:10,290 +cares about you is you, life is full of Life is + +180 +00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:16,110 +full of pain, but does it ever get better? Each of + +181 +00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,210 +us has a part to play in this great play we call + +182 +00:11:20,210 --> 00:11:25,410 +life. Each of us has a duty to mankind, to tell + +183 +00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:28,750 +our friends we love them. If you don't care about + +184 +00:11:28,750 --> 00:11:34,470 +your friends, you will not to be punished. You + +185 +00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:38,380 +will simply be ignored, forgotten, as you have + +186 +00:11:38,380 --> 00:11:43,260 +done to others. And finally, I want to say to all + +187 +00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:52,320 +of you one something. If someone seriously + +188 +00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,540 +wants to be a part... Go on, continue. A part of + +189 +00:11:57,540 --> 00:12:02,560 +you... Bismillah, go on. I want to read to... + +190 +00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:11,180 +I'm retiring. I praise Him. I praise Him in the + +191 +00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,920 +name of God. And I fear none but Him. And I know, + +192 +00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,040 +and I know that I have the power to save Him. I + +193 +00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,820 +will save Him. And I learned in elementary school + +194 +00:12:22,820 --> 00:12:26,860 +that my diploma is my honor, my legacy, and my + +195 +00:12:26,860 --> 00:12:30,280 +title. And we were, and we were in our schools, + +196 +00:12:30,420 --> 00:12:32,680 +repeating some poems, singing among ourselves, for + +197 +00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:35,540 +example, the birth of my love for my country. My + +198 +00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:37,700 +country is my homeland, and all Arabs are my + +199 +00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,800 +brothers. And we used to paint the Arabian + +200 +00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,760 +mountains with her, praising her. Her chest is + +201 +00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,540 +filled with the smell of the desert, engulfed in + +202 +00:12:48,540 --> 00:12:50,780 +the fog of religion. And we used to have children, + +203 +00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,000 +and we used to be happy. And we used to laugh at + +204 +00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,280 +the stories told by our messengers. And that our + +205 +00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,900 +countries extend from Aqsa to Aqsa. And that our + +206 +00:12:57,900 --> 00:12:59,900 +wars were in the mountains that extend to Aqsa. + +207 +00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,840 +And that our enemy is Zionist. Satan is his enemy. + +208 +00:13:04,690 --> 00:13:07,470 +And I hope that our nation will really have what + +209 +00:13:07,470 --> 00:13:12,230 +it asked for. I will sail when I grow up. I will + +210 +00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:14,670 +sail when I grow up. I will cross the sea of + +211 +00:13:14,670 --> 00:13:17,390 +Bahrain in Libya, and drink fruit from Baghdad in + +212 +00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:20,230 +Syria. And I will travel from Mauritania to Sudan, + +213 +00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,650 +and I will travel through Makdash to Lebanon. And + +214 +00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:27,970 +I will hide the poems in my chest and my chest. My + +215 +00:13:27,970 --> 00:13:30,470 +homeland is my homeland, and my brothers are my + +216 +00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:35,190 +brothers. And when I grow up, And when I grew up, + +217 +00:13:35,650 --> 00:13:40,250 +I didn't get a sea permit. I didn't sail. And I + +218 +00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:43,530 +got an unauthorized passport on the window. I + +219 +00:13:43,530 --> 00:13:47,150 +didn't pass. And when I grew up, I didn't sail. I + +220 +00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:52,250 +didn't pass. I grew up. I grew up. And this child + +221 +00:13:52,250 --> 00:13:56,570 +didn't grow up. Our childhood is fighting. And his + +222 +00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:00,150 +ideas. And the ideas we learned, their principles + +223 +00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:03,230 +are in their hands. Where are the rulers of our + +224 +00:14:03,230 --> 00:14:06,090 +nation? Isn't it so? Isn't it so that we grew up + +225 +00:14:06,090 --> 00:14:09,470 +in your schools and learned your customs? Isn't it + +226 +00:14:09,470 --> 00:14:12,090 +so that we learned by your hands that the lion of + +227 +00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:15,910 +the cave is waiting to eat the lamb of truth if he + +228 +00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:18,030 +does not leave his nest? Isn't it so that we + +229 +00:14:18,030 --> 00:14:20,730 +learned by your hands that the wolf is proud of + +230 +00:14:20,730 --> 00:14:25,870 +his service, weak when he is alone? Why? Why does + +231 +00:14:25,870 --> 00:14:29,050 +the group of lions rule here? Isn't it so that we + +232 +00:14:29,050 --> 00:14:31,590 +learned by your hands to hold on to the rope of + +233 +00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:36,350 +God and unite? لماذا تحجبون الشمس بالإعلان؟ + +234 +00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:41,670 +تقاسمتم عروبتنا، تقاسمتم عروبتنا، ودخلا بينكم زبنا + +235 +00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:47,310 +كما الأنعام، فليبقى طفله في صدري يعاديكم، يقاضيكم، + +236 +00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,470 +تشتغن على يديكم، فتثبت كل أيديكم، I'm Arabic, I'm + +237 +00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:54,650 +not ashamed. I was born in green Tunisia, + +238 +00:14:54,850 --> 00:14:56,730 +originally from Oman, and my age is more than a + +239 +00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,530 +thousand years. I'm Egyptian, I have palm trees in + +240 +00:14:59,530 --> 00:15:03,590 +Baghdad and in Sudan. I'm Egyptian from Rotterdam, + +241 +00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:06,930 +Djibouti, and Amman. I'm Christian, Sunni, Shiite, + +242 +00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:09,960 +Kurdish, Druze, and Alawite. I don't remember the + +243 +00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,420 +names and rulers who left us. We got fed up. We + +244 +00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:15,680 +got fed up of our confusion and all the people + +245 +00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,340 +getting bored. You filled, you filled our mind + +246 +00:15:19,340 --> 00:15:22,560 +with falsification and distortion. May God's luck + +247 +00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,860 +guide us and keep us away from FIFA's hands. We + +248 +00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,380 +left our religion on purpose. We left our religion + +249 +00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:30,560 +on purpose, so that the bear and the deer would + +250 +00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,180 +turn against us. And I don't wait for the forest + +251 +00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:36,360 +to come out. The child will stay in my chest, it's + +252 +00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:41,690 +normal. and declare our Arab people united. For + +253 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,570 +neither Sudan is divided, nor Golan is occupied, + +254 +00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:48,790 +nor Lebanon is encircled. A unique wound is + +255 +00:15:48,790 --> 00:15:51,830 +healing. The Arabian Gulf will gather the stars in + +256 +00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:53,590 +Sudan and distribute them, and they will spread + +257 +00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:56,730 +them in the Arabian Maghreb. They will squeeze the + +258 +00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:59,470 +people like oil in their fathers' breasts. They + +259 +00:15:59,470 --> 00:16:03,270 +will come out of the abyss that God has created + +260 +00:16:03,270 --> 00:16:07,500 +for the people. It will make our Algeria feelings + +261 +00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:10,940 +that have no limits. If you reject us, then our + +262 +00:16:10,940 --> 00:16:13,300 +whole country is Yemen. It will leave your + +263 +00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,120 +slavery, which God has taken care of for the + +264 +00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,140 +oppressed people. It is the people, not you. It is + +265 +00:16:19,140 --> 00:16:22,320 +the rulers, not you. I do not fear anyone of you. + +266 +00:16:22,620 --> 00:16:27,360 +It is Islam, not you. So stop it. So stop your + +267 +00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,920 +trade, or else it will turn upside down. And fear. + +268 +00:16:31,340 --> 00:16:35,460 +And fear that this people is greedy.وإن نقى + +269 +00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:39,720 +instrument فلن تجدوا لها لبنى ولن تجدوا لها ولدى + +270 +00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:46,200 +أنا باقى أنا باقى وسرعيتى هوا باقى سقينا سقينا + +271 +00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:52,120 +الذل أوعية سقينا الجهل أدرية مللنا I'm bored of + +272 +00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,280 +copying documents. I'll stay, even though there's + +273 +00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,380 +no internet, because this is my people, my + +274 +00:16:57,380 --> 00:17:00,320 +relatives, my friends. And if they're weak, I + +275 +00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,500 +swear to God, I'll stay. I'll grow up, I'll grow + +276 +00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,880 +up like a child with brushes and colors, and I'll + +277 +00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:07,380 +grow up to draw the Arabic language I'm so + +278 +00:17:07,380 --> 00:17:09,320 +obsessed with, and I'll grow up to have the voice + +279 +00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:11,440 +of the whole country, the four states and all of + +280 +00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:11,660 +Arabia. + +281 +00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,320 +Again, this is a beautiful recitation of one of + +282 +00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,020 +the most famous poems of today. The Shaman's Jack. + +283 +00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,400 +Really interesting. I also invite you to listen to + +284 +00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400 +other poets, like Tamim El Barghouti, a wonderful + +285 +00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,480 +Palestinian poet. When you asked me whether you + +286 +00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:38,160 +can do things in Arabic, I said yes, because if + +287 +00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,920 +you love literature in one language, you love + +288 +00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:43,960 +literature in all languages. And this is a fact. + +289 +00:17:44,420 --> 00:17:47,930 +If your Arabic is good, you will be good at + +290 +00:17:47,930 --> 00:17:51,570 +English if you want to improve your English you + +291 +00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:53,910 +need to improve your Arabic because hopefully you + +292 +00:17:53,910 --> 00:17:57,130 +will be a translator or a writer in the future + +293 +00:17:57,130 --> 00:17:59,170 +really interesting next + +294 +00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,540 +Hello everyone, + +295 +00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:14,960 +I want to say some lines from my father's + +296 +00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,120 +autobiography called Arabic Language in Al Quds. + +297 +00:18:20,750 --> 00:18:27,490 +مررنا على دار الحبيب فردنا عن الدار قانون الأعادي + +298 +00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:34,410 +وسورها فقلت لنفسي ربما هي نعمة فماذا ترى في القدس + +299 +00:18:34,410 --> 00:18:40,730 +حين تزورها ترى كل ما لا تستطيع احتماله إذا ما بدت + +300 +00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:47,330 +من جانب الدرب دورها وما كل نفس حين تلقى حبيبها تسر + +301 +00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:53,410 +ولا كل الغياب يضيرها فإن سرها قبل الفراق لقاءه + +302 +00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:59,530 +فليست بمأمون عليها سرورها متى تبصر القدسة العتيقة + +303 +00:18:59,530 --> 00:19:04,740 +مرة فسوف تراها العين حين تديرها In Jerusalem, a + +304 +00:19:04,740 --> 00:19:07,260 +green merchant from Georgia, Barrymon, with his + +305 +00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,120 +wife, thinks about a vacation or a home tour. In + +306 +00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,360 +Jerusalem, a bull and a bull came from our high + +307 +00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:18,080 +mountains, blowing up the balloon in his rules. In + +308 +00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:20,740 +Jerusalem, a policeman from the suburbs closes a + +309 +00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:23,780 +street in the market, a gun on a resident who is + +310 +00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:26,840 +not twenty years old, a hat waving the map of + +311 +00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:30,180 +Mecca, and a tourist from the Eiffel Tower, They + +312 +00:19:30,180 --> 00:19:32,480 +don't see Jerusalem at all. You see them taking + +313 +00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,240 +pictures of each other with a woman selling dates + +314 +00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,480 +in the squares all day long. In Jerusalem, there + +315 +00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,140 +is a herd of soldiers marching above the clouds. + +316 +00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:42,820 +In Jerusalem, we prayed on the asphalt. In + +317 +00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:44,740 +Jerusalem, there is no one in Jerusalem but you. + +318 +00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:50,660 +وتلفت التاريخ لي متبسما أظن أنت حقا أن عينك سوف + +319 +00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:55,360 +تخطؤهم و تبصر غيرهم هوم أمامك لما تمنص أنت حاشية + +320 +00:19:55,360 --> 00:20:00,620 +عليهم و هامش أحسبت أن زياء زيارة ستزيح عن وجه + +321 +00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:05,610 +المدينة يا بني حجاب واقع والسميرلكي ترى فيها هواك + +322 +00:20:05,610 --> 00:20:10,410 +في القدس كل فتن سواك و هي الغزالة في المدى حكم + +323 +00:20:10,410 --> 00:20:15,950 +الزمان ب بينها مازلت تركض خلفها مدودعتك بعينها + +324 +00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:20,670 +فارفق بنفسك ساعتا اني أراك و هانت في القدس من في + +325 +00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:21,930 +القدس إلا أنت + +326 +00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:32,040 +Oh, Tamim, Tamim, Tamim. I'm not sure if you know + +327 +00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,680 +this, but his poetry collection was translated + +328 +00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:38,220 +into English. So you could also read the English + +329 +00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,400 +translation of what's one of the best poems of + +330 +00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:46,180 +modern or contemporary Palestinian literature. + +331 +00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:50,200 +Moa? Saba. Saba? Okay. + +332 +00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:54,760 +Annyeonghaseyo. + +333 +00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:11,790 +Hello everyone, my name is Seba. How are you? I + +334 +00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:14,530 +can't speak a little Korean language and I + +335 +00:21:14,530 --> 00:21:18,890 +improved my language. And I want to write your + +336 +00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:20,930 +name. And your name has two options to write in + +337 +00:21:20,930 --> 00:21:21,790 +the Korean language. + +338 +00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:41,540 +Only my first name, right? Yes. Okay. What's the + +339 +00:21:41,540 --> 00:21:42,060 +other option? + +340 +00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,000 +They are totally different. Can you explain why + +341 +00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,700 +they are different? Yes. In Korean language, the + +342 +00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:03,740 +capital has two... the letters have two options. + +343 +00:22:04,060 --> 00:22:10,600 +Okay. Yeah, so... This is R, and they can use it + +344 +00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,480 +to write something in L. So when I write to write, + +345 +00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:20,960 +when I want to write something in... Go on. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccbf7ad417efd95134000d1b2571f6ada40c6131 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@ +1 +00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:24,770 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back again after the + +2 +00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:28,950 +exam week. And after the great return march, + +3 +00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:33,430 +hopefully everyone is doing well, you and your + +4 +00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:37,610 +families. Let's go back to the journey, our + +5 +00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,830 +journey into English literature. And before I + +6 +00:00:40,830 --> 00:00:45,690 +begin with Bunyan, Dryden, and Satya today, I need + +7 +00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:49,090 +to remind you about what we did last time. + +8 +00:00:49,330 --> 00:00:51,810 +Remember last, the week before the exam, we were + +9 +00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:55,080 +speaking about the commonwealth. the restoration, + +10 +00:00:56,140 --> 00:01:00,780 +and we came to John Milton, Paradise Lost, + +11 +00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,720 +Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonists. The events + +12 +00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:12,000 +for Samson Agonists took place in Gaza, around + +13 +00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,160 +here, near here, which makes it really fantastic + +14 +00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,430 +if anyone of you is interested in doing more + +15 +00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,590 +reading, more research, or a presentation on + +16 +00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:25,730 +Samsung. I spoke about the Philistines, and the + +17 +00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:28,930 +Leila, and the representation, the portrayal of + +18 +00:01:28,930 --> 00:01:32,470 +the Palestinians living there, and how that could + +19 +00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:34,690 +be helpful in a way or another. Today, we'll move + +20 +00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:40,250 +to another author, similar in a way to Bunyan, to + +21 +00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:42,650 +Milton, but a little bit different. His name is + +22 +00:01:42,650 --> 00:01:48,760 +John Bunyan. Listen. When we start any age, We try + +23 +00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,160 +to speak about the features of the H. We say this + +24 +00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:56,960 +particular H has these particular features. But it + +25 +00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:00,060 +doesn't mean mechanically every author, every + +26 +00:02:00,060 --> 00:02:03,260 +poet, every novelist, every playwright in this age + +27 +00:02:03,260 --> 00:02:06,460 +applies the same, very same features and + +28 +00:02:06,460 --> 00:02:09,340 +characteristics or follows the same rules. For + +29 +00:02:09,340 --> 00:02:11,640 +example, we've seen how John Donne breaks the + +30 +00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,960 +rules of decorum and rebels against them in a way + +31 +00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,340 +or another. In this age, we speak about, for + +32 +00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,920 +example, how English literature was growing and + +33 +00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,800 +was being modernized, new genres and everything. + +34 +00:02:25,610 --> 00:02:28,770 +But when we speak about John Bunyan and his famous + +35 +00:02:28,770 --> 00:02:35,110 +text, The Pilgrim's Progress, we go back to the + +36 +00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:39,730 +medieval times of English literature. And even the + +37 +00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:42,170 +name, look at the name, The Pilgrim's Progress. + +38 +00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:46,630 +It's similar. It sounds like the Canterbury Tales, + +39 +00:02:46,770 --> 00:02:50,520 +right? It sounds like other texts we studied in + +40 +00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,540 +Old English, maybe The Dream of Darude. We'll + +41 +00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:57,140 +probably mention this in a bit. So this is a text + +42 +00:02:57,140 --> 00:03:01,460 +that is in a way purely religious. It doesn't + +43 +00:03:01,460 --> 00:03:03,800 +follow the political themes we spoke about in + +44 +00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,820 +Marvel, even in Milton sometimes. Completely + +45 +00:03:07,820 --> 00:03:11,460 +religious topic, religious theme, religious + +46 +00:03:11,460 --> 00:03:14,820 +subject matter. This is a significant text in + +47 +00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,920 +England. In particular, many people consider the + +48 +00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:21,760 +pilgrims' progress to be second only to the Bible + +49 +00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,840 +itself. It's so close to the Bible that even now, + +50 +00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:28,640 +in churches in England, they take extracts, + +51 +00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,380 +stanzas, poetry, and they sing regularly, you + +52 +00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:35,780 +know, psalms or hymns in the church from this + +53 +00:03:35,780 --> 00:03:40,040 +book. Many people think it is even a religious + +54 +00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,340 +book written by one saint or something. But it's + +55 +00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:45,520 +actually a literature book. The pilgrims, you know + +56 +00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,000 +what a pilgrim is? Someone who goes into a + +57 +00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:53,260 +religious journey. Right? So the pilgrim's + +58 +00:03:53,260 --> 00:03:56,900 +progress is an allegory. And when we speak about + +59 +00:03:56,900 --> 00:04:01,280 +allegories, we go also back to the medieval drama. + +60 +00:04:02,340 --> 00:04:05,320 +We said medieval drama was basically religious, + +61 +00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:08,580 +basically stories from the Bible, basically + +62 +00:04:08,580 --> 00:04:13,300 +allegorical stories, where the main characters are + +63 +00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:17,240 +biblical religious characters. So sometimes it + +64 +00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,540 +could be funny now, but this is what happened. And + +65 +00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:22,900 +the same thing is being repeated by John Bunyan in + +66 +00:04:22,900 --> 00:04:29,330 +around 1678 and later on. In the past, in the + +67 +00:04:29,330 --> 00:04:32,250 +medieval drama, the main characters would be named + +68 +00:04:32,250 --> 00:04:34,830 +after the virtues or the vices. So someone would + +69 +00:04:34,830 --> 00:04:37,910 +be named Charity. And someone would be named + +70 +00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,150 +Jealousy. Someone would be named Greed. And then + +71 +00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,830 +at the end of the play, Jealousy is beaten, or + +72 +00:04:46,830 --> 00:04:51,050 +Greed is punched in the face, and charity wins, + +73 +00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,370 +teaching you religious and moral lessons that + +74 +00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:58,010 +charity, not in this simplistic way, but more, + +75 +00:04:58,130 --> 00:05:00,290 +more or less. The main character in The Pilgrim's + +76 +00:05:00,290 --> 00:05:03,290 +Progress is named? Christian. + +77 +00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:11,050 +Christian, because he is a religious person. He's + +78 +00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:15,770 +a Christian. He is a Christian. And he goes into + +79 +00:05:15,770 --> 00:05:19,790 +all sorts of difficult journeys, facing, for + +80 +00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:21,710 +example, the giant despair. If you look at the + +81 +00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:24,990 +book, for example, page 61, there is this giant + +82 +00:05:24,990 --> 00:05:29,150 +despair. Despair is an idea, an abstract concept, + +83 +00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:32,510 +right? Despair, when you give up hope. But here, + +84 +00:05:32,790 --> 00:05:36,370 +it is characterized. It is presented to us as a + +85 +00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:39,770 +human, as a person, in order to create this kind + +86 +00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:43,670 +of allegory, the allegory of a Christian person + +87 +00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:46,750 +who faces all sorts of difficulties. And because + +88 +00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:49,350 +he's good, because he follows the teachings of + +89 +00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:53,320 +Christ, of God, he wins then. And that's it. So + +90 +00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,520 +simply speaking, the text is about the religious + +91 +00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,760 +values, about seeking stability, about following, + +92 +00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,860 +about criticizing. Of course, when you are calling + +93 +00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:07,780 +for religious values and emphasizing the Christian + +94 +00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:13,360 +faith in God, what you should be, okay, in a way, + +95 +00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:16,740 +you're also criticizing the society. So this, in a + +96 +00:06:16,740 --> 00:06:18,880 +sense, the text is political in this regard + +97 +00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,180 +because It is suggesting that the society we're + +98 +00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:24,880 +living in is corrupt, purely corrupt, because of + +99 +00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,880 +the politics, because of the division. And the + +100 +00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:30,540 +only way out of this is to go back to the + +101 +00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:34,580 +Christian values. So this is a pilgrim's progress + +102 +00:06:34,580 --> 00:06:36,460 +moral. We're not going to take extracts, but + +103 +00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:38,520 +again, every time you are interested in knowing + +104 +00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,640 +more, you just Google the text or go to YouTube + +105 +00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,720 +and you can read more extracts and listen to + +106 +00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,340 +people recite them. Really interesting stuff. So + +107 +00:06:49,340 --> 00:06:53,680 +what else does it use to resemble medieval + +108 +00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:56,560 +literature? Number one, the allegory. Allegory. + +109 +00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,410 +Again, allegory doesn't mean necessarily old or + +110 +00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,430 +ancient literature. But in the past, many writers + +111 +00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:08,050 +and authors would use allegory to make an idea + +112 +00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,690 +clear and simplify something. Even now, we use + +113 +00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,150 +this. But generally, we use it to talk to kids, to + +114 +00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:18,690 +write stuff for children. But it doesn't mean this + +115 +00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:21,550 +is simplistic. It could be very profound. So the + +116 +00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:24,170 +allegory. The other technique is the dream vision, + +117 +00:07:24,710 --> 00:07:28,670 +like the dream of the root itself. It's typical + +118 +00:07:28,670 --> 00:07:32,990 +dream of Darwin. It also takes from the medieval + +119 +00:07:32,990 --> 00:07:37,910 +features of naming the characters after the thing + +120 +00:07:37,910 --> 00:07:41,870 +they abide by or something. So there's Christian, + +121 +00:07:42,350 --> 00:07:44,550 +and there's the giant despair, there is vanity + +122 +00:07:44,550 --> 00:07:48,410 +fear also that he has to overcome. What is the + +123 +00:07:48,410 --> 00:07:53,170 +theme? It's generally about emphasizing Christian + +124 +00:07:53,170 --> 00:07:57,550 +faith. While doing this, the text is criticizing + +125 +00:07:57,550 --> 00:08:01,870 +and questioning the values of modern life. What is + +126 +00:08:01,870 --> 00:08:04,190 +the book suggesting? Suggesting the only way out + +127 +00:08:04,190 --> 00:08:06,430 +of this corruption and political division and + +128 +00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,610 +restlessness is going back to the Christian + +129 +00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:16,470 +values, original Christian values. And in the + +130 +00:08:16,470 --> 00:08:18,470 +book, there is an extract. Could you please go to + +131 +00:08:18,470 --> 00:08:24,060 +62, yeah. There is an extract. Can someone read? + +132 +00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:27,580 +And listen, it says here, some of Banyan words are + +133 +00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,900 +still sung today in British churches. So it's not + +134 +00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:36,060 +only the Bible, but religious texts, poetry is + +135 +00:08:36,060 --> 00:08:39,000 +sung there. Someone read, there is no + +136 +00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,860 +discouragement. Okay, Ruaq. It's not discouraging, + +137 +00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:49,200 +but making one willing his first born child to be + +138 +00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,170 +a believer. He wants to be a pilgrim. He wants to + +139 +00:08:52,170 --> 00:08:57,770 +go to God to achieve the Christian values. + +140 +00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:04,010 +No obstacle, no barrier can prevent him because he + +141 +00:09:04,010 --> 00:09:07,930 +already has the intention. He has the intent, the + +142 +00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:12,570 +avowed intent to be a pilgrim, to be a pilgrim. So + +143 +00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:15,310 +this is basically what we need to know for this + +144 +00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:20,370 +course about Banyan. The other thing is, going + +145 +00:09:20,370 --> 00:09:23,010 +again back here, satire. + +146 +00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:30,070 +What is satire? Let's talk about this before in + +147 +00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:31,990 +brief. What is it? How would you define it? + +148 +00:09:32,870 --> 00:09:37,150 +Satire. It's one of the few literary devices we + +149 +00:09:37,150 --> 00:09:41,630 +saw. We had Cesura, remember? Alliteration, irony, + +150 +00:09:42,810 --> 00:09:47,330 +satire, Piers Plowman, William Langland, remember? + +151 +00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:51,910 +What is satire? How would you define it? What does + +152 +00:09:51,910 --> 00:09:54,370 +it mean? You don't have to give me a perfect + +153 +00:09:54,370 --> 00:09:54,930 +definition. + +154 +00:09:57,460 --> 00:10:01,060 +Is it new to you? Is the theory new to you? Have + +155 +00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:04,980 +you heard of it before? No. I heard of it, but I + +156 +00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:07,420 +don't know exactly. It doesn't have to be exact. + +157 +00:10:07,500 --> 00:10:10,520 +What do you think it means? In what context? I + +158 +00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,520 +think it means when you say something, I don't + +159 +00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,720 +know. That's irony. If you say something and you + +160 +00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:19,900 +mean the opposite, you expect something and the + +161 +00:10:19,900 --> 00:10:23,930 +opposite happens. Generally, this is irony. Irony. + +162 +00:10:24,310 --> 00:10:27,330 +Like, oh, poor philosopher, he only has a little + +163 +00:10:27,330 --> 00:10:31,390 +gold in his coffer. But a little gold means a lot + +164 +00:10:31,390 --> 00:10:36,630 +of money, so this is ironic. Satire, basically, in + +165 +00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:40,030 +Arabic, it's hijab. And I have to give you the + +166 +00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,070 +Arabic meaning, because we know this. In Arabic + +167 +00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,930 +literature, in Arabic poetry, we have a lot of + +168 +00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:49,330 +hijab, a lot of satire. So a satirical text, + +169 +00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:55,460 +satire is It could be a genre, a type of poetry or + +170 +00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,680 +literature, or it could be a literary device, + +171 +00:10:57,780 --> 00:10:59,620 +could be part of a text, or the whole text could + +172 +00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:03,140 +be satire, where the author criticizes, attacks + +173 +00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:09,060 +either people or things, values, behavior, events, + +174 +00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,860 +the society itself. So that is satire. In Arabic + +175 +00:11:13,860 --> 00:11:16,760 +literature, we study this all the time because + +176 +00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,720 +there's this a lot of praise. The Arab poets loved + +177 +00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,520 +always to praise their tribes and to brag about + +178 +00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,580 +their achievements and how heroic they are. And + +179 +00:11:28,580 --> 00:11:32,320 +they sometimes would attack their opponents, + +180 +00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:40,560 +satirize them, criticize them, defame them. And + +181 +00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:44,610 +this is satire. It was there in the Arabic poetry + +182 +00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:49,030 +centuries ago. It is still there now. And it + +183 +00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:51,390 +started to appear more and more here in England, + +184 +00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:55,070 +in London mainly, because of the political + +185 +00:11:55,070 --> 00:11:59,030 +division. Remember, in the past, we had one enemy, + +186 +00:11:59,150 --> 00:12:01,970 +an external enemy threatening the peace and the + +187 +00:12:01,970 --> 00:12:05,090 +stability of the whole country. So poetry would be + +188 +00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:09,230 +mostly heroic. Against him? Against the invaders. + +189 +00:12:10,530 --> 00:12:13,570 +The epic poems, like Beowulf, for example. Who's + +190 +00:12:13,570 --> 00:12:20,730 +the enemy? An external, someone from outside. An + +191 +00:12:20,730 --> 00:12:24,030 +outsider who threatens the stability. But now + +192 +00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:28,960 +there is stability, and the king was executed. And + +193 +00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,800 +the commonwealth, Cromwell, and then his son was + +194 +00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,220 +removed, and the king was restored, and another + +195 +00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:38,200 +king was removed peacefully. So there was a lot of + +196 +00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,820 +political division. The king started to lose + +197 +00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:45,600 +power, and the government, the parliament became + +198 +00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,880 +more powerful. And if there is, again, politics, + +199 +00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:54,560 +election, right? There's always competition, + +200 +00:12:54,920 --> 00:13:00,520 +conflict. And of course, literature will react or + +201 +00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,060 +would be part of this. So people would be + +202 +00:13:03,060 --> 00:13:06,500 +attacking each other, like we saw this in the + +203 +00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,660 +Arabic culture, like in our Arabic heritage and + +204 +00:13:10,660 --> 00:13:13,360 +culture. Generally, if the enemy is an outsider, + +205 +00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:15,820 +everyone would be uniting against them. But when + +206 +00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:20,130 +there is no threat from outside, They would fight + +207 +00:13:20,130 --> 00:13:24,350 +inside. Exactly. And it happens. I had one + +208 +00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:27,790 +professor when I was doing my MA in London. who + +209 +00:13:27,790 --> 00:13:31,250 +said, generally, this is not a conspiracy theory. + +210 +00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:33,650 +It happens in a way or another. The Western + +211 +00:13:33,650 --> 00:13:36,970 +countries, always the imperialist countries, they + +212 +00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:39,910 +always seek an external enemy in order to create + +213 +00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:42,070 +stability inside, to unite the people on + +214 +00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,130 +something. It's happening in Israel, for example. + +215 +00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:48,190 +If they don't have us, the Palestinian, the native + +216 +00:13:48,190 --> 00:13:51,450 +Palestinian, as the enemy of everyone, they would + +217 +00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:54,770 +be fighting among themselves. So to create some + +218 +00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,890 +kind of unity, Someone has to come and fight. + +219 +00:13:57,890 --> 00:14:01,290 +Someone has to be the enemy and we are the enemy. + +220 +00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:07,550 +They use us to spook as the monster. So let's + +221 +00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:11,510 +unite against this. It happens everywhere. + +222 +00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:16,390 +So satire, like in Arabic again, became a thing + +223 +00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,550 +here. And when we speak about satire in Arabic, we + +224 +00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:22,770 +speak about sometimes the caliph himself, the + +225 +00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,670 +ruler, would take care of these poets who would + +226 +00:14:26,670 --> 00:14:29,890 +spend a lot of time attacking each other. Some + +227 +00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:32,250 +critics believe that in Arabic culture, the rulers + +228 +00:14:32,250 --> 00:14:35,570 +wanted this. Because number one, it's going to + +229 +00:14:35,570 --> 00:14:38,570 +distract people. You know distract? Instead of + +230 +00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:41,780 +paying attention to corruption in politics, You + +231 +00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:46,260 +are busy insulting each other. To the extent that + +232 +00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:49,240 +they were competitions. I'm sure you studied + +233 +00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,420 +Jarir, or Farazdakh, or Akhtal. There were always + +234 +00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:58,200 +these poetic battles between these. And in one + +235 +00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,440 +competition, I'm sure you heard of it before. They + +236 +00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,600 +wanted to hear the strongest line of poetry in + +237 +00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,160 +terms of satire and praise. + +238 +00:15:12,430 --> 00:15:15,910 +And it was, I think, Al-Akhtar started saying + +239 +00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:19,290 +that, bragging, you know, about himself and his + +240 +00:15:19,290 --> 00:15:22,730 +ability. He was saying, ana al-qutran wa al-shu + +241 +00:15:22,730 --> 00:15:26,390 +'ara'u jarba, wa fil-qutrani lil-jarba shifa. You + +242 +00:15:26,390 --> 00:15:30,050 +know, qutran, tar. In the past, when a camel would + +243 +00:15:30,050 --> 00:15:34,650 +have this disease, they would put tar, qutran, so + +244 +00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:37,190 +it doesn't infect other animals. + +245 +00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:50,440 +So he's saying, I heal you. I'm more powerful than + +246 +00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:52,780 +you. Oh, strong. And then Al-Farazdaq was like, + +247 +00:15:58,940 --> 00:16:02,460 +If your disease can be healed by tar or by + +248 +00:16:02,460 --> 00:16:06,860 +anything, I am the plague, the black death or + +249 +00:16:06,860 --> 00:16:13,020 +plague. It was Jarir who had to say something + +250 +00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:16,820 +last, and we know Jarir always wins. And he was + +251 +00:16:16,820 --> 00:16:20,640 +like, ana almoutu allathee ati alaykum, falaysa + +252 +00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:25,000 +liharibin minhu najam. This is, in part, you're + +253 +00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,280 +praising yourself, but you're also attacking, + +254 +00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,100 +criticizing, satirizing your opponent. We've seen + +255 +00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:34,700 +this everywhere. We've seen Antara do this all, + +256 +00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:37,140 +all the time. There are two types, generally two + +257 +00:16:37,140 --> 00:16:40,120 +types of satire. Number one, general, where you + +258 +00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,440 +criticize things in general. Like, OK, I hate the + +259 +00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,420 +society. The society is not good. It's bad that + +260 +00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:51,240 +people are spending much time online, or people + +261 +00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,820 +are hypocrites. They think they tell you they like + +262 +00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:56,420 +you, but they stab you in the back. This is + +263 +00:16:56,420 --> 00:16:58,820 +generally without naming names, without naming + +264 +00:16:58,820 --> 00:17:04,200 +events or specific situations. And there is open, + +265 +00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,000 +personal, and direct. Like where in the text you + +266 +00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:12,700 +have someone named. someone's name or an event, + +267 +00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:16,020 +like a particular situation, a particular person, + +268 +00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:18,200 +a particular political party, you name them, this + +269 +00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,860 +is direct and personal. In both types, we have + +270 +00:17:21,860 --> 00:17:26,440 +implicit or explicit. Like you read the line and + +271 +00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,280 +you say, yeah, why is he attacking this? But + +272 +00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,720 +sometimes you read the line and there is what we + +273 +00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:38,100 +call subtle. You know subtle? Subtle, with a + +274 +00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,960 +silent T. Subtle means implied, not everyone can + +275 +00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:49,540 +see or understand. Hidden. Hidden. Do you + +276 +00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:52,760 +know Al-Hutayqa? He's an Arab poet. He's probably + +277 +00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,180 +the most famous satirist in the Arabic literature. + +278 +00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,480 +He satirized everything. He attacked everybody. He + +279 +00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,800 +criticized everybody, even his wife. Everyone he + +280 +00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:03,940 +sees, he just attack him. + +281 +00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,850 +So his wife left him, naturally. And there was no + +282 +00:18:10,850 --> 00:18:13,310 +one at home. And it is said that he had a mirror. + +283 +00:18:13,410 --> 00:18:15,170 +And then he looked in the mirror. And when he saw + +284 +00:18:15,170 --> 00:18:20,490 +himself, he criticized himself. It is said that + +285 +00:18:20,490 --> 00:18:22,810 +some people doubt the story. They say it's not a + +286 +00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:28,510 +true story, that one person of the prophet's + +287 +00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:31,510 +companion He came to Omar Al-Khattab and said, + +288 +00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:34,370 +this man satirized me, he attacked me, he's + +289 +00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:37,230 +insulting me. He said, because Omar wants to hear + +290 +00:18:37,230 --> 00:18:39,610 +the other side of the story. What did he say? He + +291 +00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:44,590 +said, no, + +292 +00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:49,870 +it's not a true story because Omar Al-Khattab + +293 +00:18:49,870 --> 00:18:53,700 +should understand this because he knows. But it's + +294 +00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,900 +not a big deal here. The story is significant. So + +295 +00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:07,560 +Omar Khattab says, he said, someone else + +296 +00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:10,100 +was sitting there, a poet probably, and he said, + +297 +00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:17,560 +he almost killed him. I mean, unskinned him or you + +298 +00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,750 +know, deboned him like in a way that brutal. Why? + +299 +00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:26,490 +Because it's not clear. It's subtle, subtle. The + +300 +00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:30,490 +poet used, Ta3am kasi, bimana mat3oum maksi, + +301 +00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:35,350 +bimana inna untha kol wa shrab wa naam. Your job + +302 +00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:39,710 +is just to eat and to sleep. Don't go after great + +303 +00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:42,270 +things. You don't deserve them. You can't have + +304 +00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:46,070 +them. Just stay at home, eat, and drink, and + +305 +00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:49,770 +sleep. Fa innaka anta ta3am kasi. Sometimes it's + +306 +00:19:49,770 --> 00:19:52,880 +subtle poetry like this that It makes satire + +307 +00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,660 +really powerful. So again, whether personal or + +308 +00:19:56,660 --> 00:19:59,680 +impersonal. Again, personal or impersonal. + +309 +00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,840 +General, public, or specific individual. Or + +310 +00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:06,380 +subtle, meaning implied. You know implied? Not + +311 +00:20:06,380 --> 00:20:11,840 +anyone can understand it. Or explicit. Satire was + +312 +00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,460 +an important genre, became an important genre in + +313 +00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:18,140 +the 17th and 18th century. The most important + +314 +00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:20,920 +satirist is John Dryden. But we're going to study + +315 +00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,080 +another poet before him. His name is John Wilmot. + +316 +00:20:25,620 --> 00:20:29,780 +So many Johns, right? Focus on the second name + +317 +00:20:29,780 --> 00:20:32,960 +always. If you can't remember in the exam the + +318 +00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,440 +first name, it's not a problem. Just go for the + +319 +00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:42,250 +second. So his text is, A Satire Against Mankind. + +320 +00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,930 +Without reading the text, the title of the poem + +321 +00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,970 +suggests that this is impersonal general where he + +322 +00:20:51,970 --> 00:20:54,570 +is attacking not one person in particular, he's + +323 +00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:57,950 +attacking the whole society. And indeed, he was + +324 +00:20:57,950 --> 00:21:02,210 +against, he was attacking, criticizing the + +325 +00:21:02,210 --> 00:21:04,670 +academia, the politics, the church, religion, + +326 +00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:10,090 +people, everything. The whole society. And this is + +327 +00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,170 +an extract, a really interesting extract. But + +328 +00:21:13,170 --> 00:21:17,490 +notice in the book, it says, I'd be a god. Yeah, + +329 +00:21:17,650 --> 00:21:20,430 +but here, the original text, I think it says a + +330 +00:21:20,430 --> 00:21:24,110 +dog, because it fits more. Because dog, monkey, + +331 +00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:28,090 +and bear. Someone read. Please. I'd be a dog, a + +332 +00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:33,670 +monkey, or a bear, or anything but that + +333 +00:21:33,670 --> 00:21:36,850 +vain animal who is so proud of being rational. + +334 +00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,760 +Very good. Yeah. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a + +335 +00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,240 +bear. Bear. Or anything but that vain animal who + +336 +00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,280 +is so proud of being rational. Of being rational. + +337 +00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,460 +Yeah, please. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a bear. + +338 +00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:58,260 +Bear. Bear. What does bear mean? Bear. Who is so + +339 +00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:02,400 +proud of being rational. Who? Okay, so who's he + +340 +00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:07,900 +criticizing? Who's the vain animal? He keeps + +341 +00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,480 +saying, oh, mankind. Mankind. The title suggests + +342 +00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,880 +this. But in the poem here, he says, I'd rather be + +343 +00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:20,080 +an animal. You know, an animal that doesn't talk, + +344 +00:22:20,180 --> 00:22:21,780 +communicate, understands, doesn't have an + +345 +00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:25,440 +intellectual. It's not rational. But not this vain + +346 +00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:31,440 +animal. Vain means too proud. Maghrur. Like a man + +347 +00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,270 +who's like too proud of himself. A show off. who's + +348 +00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:39,490 +proud, who's so proud of being rational because + +349 +00:22:39,490 --> 00:22:45,850 +man is worse in his opinion than an animal, than a + +350 +00:22:45,850 --> 00:22:49,950 +dog or a monkey or a bear. This is satire, but + +351 +00:22:49,950 --> 00:22:53,850 +satire not against you or you or me, it's against + +352 +00:22:53,850 --> 00:22:57,270 +mankind in general. This is called impersonal + +353 +00:22:57,270 --> 00:23:05,170 +satire. Okay? What is the rhyme scheme? A, B, B. + +354 +00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:09,810 +A, B, B. True. So how would you comment on this? + +355 +00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:15,690 +Say this extract is by John Wilbert from the text, + +356 +00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:23,250 +Assetire Against Mankind. In this text, the poet + +357 +00:23:23,250 --> 00:23:27,510 +is criticizing mankind, humanity in general, human + +358 +00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:33,350 +beings in general. In his opinion, he prefers to + +359 +00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:40,620 +be It's better to be an animal, a dog, a monkey, + +360 +00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,620 +or a bear, rather than a human being, because + +361 +00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:48,080 +humans are corrupt, vain, and too proud of + +362 +00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:52,820 +themselves. That simple. Does it reflect the age? + +363 +00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:59,600 +Yes, because a society with political division and + +364 +00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,010 +infighting creates satire, creates bad behavior + +365 +00:24:05,010 --> 00:24:08,070 +and bad reaction. The most important person we + +366 +00:24:08,070 --> 00:24:11,150 +have here is John Dryden. I think I mentioned John + +367 +00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:15,100 +Dryden before. Yeah, and we will go back probably + +368 +00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,340 +later on to him. John Dryden is one of the four + +369 +00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:22,040 +people who satirized John Donne, who attacked John + +370 +00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:24,040 +Donne, who didn't consider John Donne a poet, + +371 +00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,180 +because this man follows the rules of decorum, + +372 +00:24:27,380 --> 00:24:30,040 +neoclassicism, classical rules of decorum, and + +373 +00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,900 +John Donne did it. So John Dryden, who by the way + +374 +00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:39,960 +lived during the Commonwealth, and was considered + +375 +00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,820 +the poet laureate. You know poet laureate? + +376 +00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,000 +Poet laureate, like some kind of prince of poet. + +377 +00:24:50,740 --> 00:24:54,920 +Prince of poets. Yeah, but if when someone dies, + +378 +00:24:55,060 --> 00:24:57,700 +someone follows. That's the story. So we don't + +379 +00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,280 +only have one prince of poets or poet laureate. + +380 +00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,680 +When someone dies. So during the Commonwealth, he + +381 +00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:09,350 +wrote poetry praising Oliver Cromwell. When Oliver + +382 +00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:12,770 +Cromwell died, his son was removed. The king was + +383 +00:25:12,770 --> 00:25:16,090 +restored. He also wrote poetry praising the king. + +384 +00:25:16,170 --> 00:25:18,170 +And it's funny, this is what poets do sometimes. + +385 +00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:20,710 +It doesn't mean their poetry is not important, + +386 +00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:23,750 +significant if they do this. But sometimes they + +387 +00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:27,470 +want someone to support them financially and to + +388 +00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:30,550 +provide them with protection. You studied al + +389 +00:25:30,550 --> 00:25:32,810 +-Mutanabbi, the greatest Arab poet. He wrote the + +390 +00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:36,070 +best poetry praising Kafur al-Khashidi when he + +391 +00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:41,830 +left Aleppo, safe at Dawla, and he went to Egypt + +392 +00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:47,130 +expecting to be given some place to rule. When he + +393 +00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:50,230 +wasn't given that, he wrote also one of his best + +394 +00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:53,050 +poems ever, satirizing and attacking Kafur al + +395 +00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:55,730 +-Khshiri. It's the same poem. The famous poem, + +396 +00:25:56,050 --> 00:25:59,230 +It's + +397 +00:25:59,230 --> 00:26:01,810 +a satire poem in a way or another. Because he + +398 +00:26:01,810 --> 00:26:06,450 +attacks the Egyptians of that time, Kafur al + +399 +00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:09,790 +-Khshiri and his people. So poets sometimes want + +400 +00:26:10,350 --> 00:26:14,290 +to go with the current. Not all of them, but some + +401 +00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:17,110 +of them. It doesn't make the poetry less important + +402 +00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,570 +or less significant. So he lost his position as + +403 +00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,510 +the poet laureate because when the king was + +404 +00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:27,210 +restored, things were different. He wrote several + +405 +00:26:27,210 --> 00:26:31,110 +texts. One of them is Absalom and Astrophel. Don't + +406 +00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:37,530 +confuse this with Astrophel and Stella. Okay, by + +407 +00:26:37,530 --> 00:26:42,570 +Spencer or Spencer, right? Not Spencer. + +408 +00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:51,410 +Sir Philip Sidney. Okay, read this. Someone else, + +409 +00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:54,810 +please. Oh, someone else. Sorry. I want to make + +410 +00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:58,110 +you all participants. Yes. But true or false are + +411 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:01,230 +necessary things to raise up commonwealth and to + +412 +00:27:01,230 --> 00:27:04,910 +ruin kings. To ruin kings. Someone else, please. + +413 +00:27:05,370 --> 00:27:09,710 +But true or false are necessary things to raise up + +414 +00:27:09,710 --> 00:27:11,070 +commonwealth and to ruin kings. To raise. To raise + +415 +00:27:11,070 --> 00:27:13,790 +up commonwealth and to ruin kings. To ruin kings. + +416 +00:27:14,650 --> 00:27:17,530 +Before we comment on this, look at the perfect + +417 +00:27:17,530 --> 00:27:22,010 +rhyme scheme. Perfect rhyme scheme. A-A. It's a + +418 +00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:26,720 +couplet. Is it a couplet? Let's check. How many + +419 +00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:31,740 +syllables? Syllables are not the same? 1, 2, 3, 4, + +420 +00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:39,840 +5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, + +421 +00:27:39,940 --> 00:27:45,600 +10. It's not ruined. Ruined two syllables. Ruined. + +422 +00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:50,030 +And it's about one idea. So this is a perfect + +423 +00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:52,990 +couple. But again, this is Dryden. He sticks to + +424 +00:27:52,990 --> 00:27:57,030 +the number of syllables. What are plots? I think + +425 +00:27:57,030 --> 00:28:01,730 +we mentioned the word plot before. Plot means in a + +426 +00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:09,470 +literary work. But in a paragraph. In a story. The + +427 +00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:13,690 +plot is the way the events are arranged in a + +428 +00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:16,730 +particular story. So first he wakes up, then he + +429 +00:28:16,730 --> 00:28:19,930 +goes back, and then he dreams about something, and + +430 +00:28:19,930 --> 00:28:22,270 +then he remembers something, and then he goes, and + +431 +00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:24,730 +then he meets somebody, and then they get married, + +432 +00:28:24,830 --> 00:28:27,070 +and they have kids, and they live happily ever + +433 +00:28:27,070 --> 00:28:31,270 +after. This is the plot. The arrangement of the + +434 +00:28:31,270 --> 00:28:33,790 +events in a story. But plots here is totally + +435 +00:28:33,790 --> 00:28:40,900 +different. He's not talking about literature. If I + +436 +00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,280 +plot against you, I want to do something, a + +437 +00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:50,370 +devilish plan. You fail, or so I become more + +438 +00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,550 +important than you. So people think you are to + +439 +00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,510 +plot against someone, to scheme, to plan, to plan + +440 +00:28:57,510 --> 00:29:01,010 +something negative, generally like a muamara, like + +441 +00:29:01,010 --> 00:29:04,790 +to conspire against someone. So plots here are + +442 +00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:09,870 +like muamara. What are you plotting? Your camera + +443 +00:29:09,870 --> 00:29:12,110 +and your friends are whispering. What are you + +444 +00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:15,250 +plotting? What are you planning to do without me? + +445 +00:29:16,810 --> 00:29:21,750 +Plots, true or false, are like politics. True or + +446 +00:29:21,750 --> 00:29:26,980 +false are necessary things that mean The end + +447 +00:29:26,980 --> 00:29:30,640 +justifies the means here. The means justified by + +448 +00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,300 +the end. Why? To raise up commonwealth. The very + +449 +00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:38,460 +term commonwealth is there. Political satire. To + +450 +00:29:38,460 --> 00:29:43,740 +raise up commonwealth and ruin kings. Is he being + +451 +00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:46,680 +sarcastic? I can't tell here. We don't have enough + +452 +00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,020 +context. But this is some kind of satire. An + +453 +00:29:50,020 --> 00:29:52,900 +attack against the political situation. Political + +454 +00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,430 +plotting. It's not clear to me in this couplet. + +455 +00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:01,470 +Maybe he's attacking the commonwealth. Or both. + +456 +00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:05,510 +But there's clear attack satire against the + +457 +00:30:05,510 --> 00:30:08,970 +political situation of his time. A situation that, + +458 +00:30:09,210 --> 00:30:13,210 +instead of improving the society, we have plotting + +459 +00:30:13,210 --> 00:30:18,730 +against each other. In a way, this is more + +460 +00:30:18,730 --> 00:30:24,060 +specific than Wilmot, Wilmot, Mankind. And this + +461 +00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:28,660 +one he chooses politics and politicians. Next, + +462 +00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:33,800 +another text by someone read and tell me what you + +463 +00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,140 +think. I don't want to comment first. + +464 +00:30:38,180 --> 00:30:43,300 +Yeah, someone read first, please. Someone find + +465 +00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:47,280 +meaning, make better, but not well delivered. + +466 +00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:54,010 +Deviates into? Very good. More? Yes, please. Okay, + +467 +00:31:00,870 --> 00:31:03,930 +very good. What do you think? What kind of satire + +468 +00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,090 +is this? What is he saying? + +469 +00:31:08,770 --> 00:31:12,530 +between him and another poet. Okay, so there is a + +470 +00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:15,950 +name of a person. Shadwell. Shadwell. Is this + +471 +00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:18,510 +personal or impersonal? Personal. Specific or + +472 +00:31:18,510 --> 00:31:21,990 +general? Direct. Direct, specific. He mentions the + +473 +00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:26,470 +name of his rival. Shadwell is said to be a + +474 +00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:31,630 +literary rival of Dryden. And remember, Dryden + +475 +00:31:31,630 --> 00:31:35,270 +came after John Donne. But for him, John Donne and + +476 +00:31:35,270 --> 00:31:39,270 +his school was some kind of a rival. So he + +477 +00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,910 +attacked him. He trashed him. What is he saying? + +478 +00:31:42,730 --> 00:31:45,550 +Yeah. He's saying, I think, he's saying that his + +479 +00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:51,070 +word doesn't make sense. Whose work? Okay, the + +480 +00:31:51,070 --> 00:31:53,990 +rest to some faint meaning faint also here means + +481 +00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:57,350 +some kind of subtle implied like you could make + +482 +00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,810 +sense sometimes even if it is faint but Chad will + +483 +00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:08,390 +never it could be by the way never make sense + +484 +00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:15,450 +Shahab will never make sense. All his poetry is + +485 +00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:20,950 +nonsensical, trash, bad. But he doesn't say it + +486 +00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:27,290 +this way. He's more critical, + +487 +00:32:27,830 --> 00:32:32,590 +satirical. The satire is very sharp. OK. I think + +488 +00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:36,990 +it's more subtle because he doesn't say things + +489 +00:32:36,990 --> 00:32:39,570 +directly. OK. So the rest, maybe the rest of + +490 +00:32:39,570 --> 00:32:43,740 +poets. Like, there are bad poets. Maybe some of + +491 +00:32:43,740 --> 00:32:46,660 +them sometimes, sometimes, even a bad poet + +492 +00:32:46,660 --> 00:32:49,480 +sometimes can say good things, right? We're not + +493 +00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,300 +poets. Yeah, maybe some of you are. But we're not + +494 +00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:56,020 +poets. If we write 100 poems, maybe one or two or + +495 +00:32:56,020 --> 00:32:59,160 +three poems or three lines would be good. Because + +496 +00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:01,700 +when you write more, you will eventually say + +497 +00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,660 +something good. So some might give faint meaning, + +498 +00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:12,200 +make sense sometimes. But Chadwell never ever + +499 +00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:18,720 +makes sense, not even by mistake. Okay, see what I + +500 +00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,680 +mean here? So it's not that he never makes sense. + +501 +00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:26,400 +He never makes sense, not even by mistake. He + +502 +00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:33,250 +never deviates. His poetry is always bad. But + +503 +00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,990 +doesn't he sometimes, by mistake, writes good + +504 +00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:39,170 +poetry? Even that, no. And this is very sharp. + +505 +00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:42,910 +Very sharp, like you would never do a thing. + +506 +00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:46,030 +Because if you write poetry, I said this, if you + +507 +00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,830 +write poetry, a lot of poetry, even if you are a + +508 +00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:52,930 +bad poet, maybe you'll say something good. But + +509 +00:33:52,930 --> 00:33:57,010 +Chad will. He will never. Even by mistake, he + +510 +00:33:57,010 --> 00:34:00,070 +never + +511 +00:34:00,070 --> 00:34:04,880 +deviates. into common sense. Is this personal or + +512 +00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,940 +not? Yes. The name is there. The text is + +513 +00:34:07,940 --> 00:34:11,180 +McFlacknoe. Very strange name. Did Chadwin reply? + +514 +00:34:11,460 --> 00:34:14,180 +Sorry? Did Chadwin reply? I'll have to check. It's + +515 +00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:15,580 +interesting. I think if someone told me these + +516 +00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:19,180 +words I would never write again. Yeah, or you + +517 +00:34:19,180 --> 00:34:21,480 +would write more. Yeah. Because this kind of, + +518 +00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,120 +okay, you're attacking me, you're accusing me of + +519 +00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,720 +this. I'll show that I write better. That's + +520 +00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:30,120 +heartbreaking. It is. Yeah, some people when + +521 +00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:32,820 +attacked, oh, you write trash, this is bad + +522 +00:34:32,820 --> 00:34:35,240 +writing, you would give up. But some people would + +523 +00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:38,420 +take this as a challenge. So how can Shadwell + +524 +00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:43,080 +prove that he writes better? By writing more and + +525 +00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:45,440 +responding to him. And that's why we have more + +526 +00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:47,480 +literature. Remember again, always remember + +527 +00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:52,780 +Farazdaq and Tariq. Maybe he could write poems to + +528 +00:34:52,780 --> 00:34:55,940 +a king or a queen to impress them and to be + +529 +00:34:55,940 --> 00:35:00,700 +famous. Did you count the syllables? Is this a + +530 +00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:05,860 +couplet? It's in perfect tense. Perfect rhyme. + +531 +00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:11,260 +It's not about the letter. It's about a sound. And + +532 +00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:14,080 +don't be tricked by how long and how short this + +533 +00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,620 +is. Count the syllables. Ten, ten. Again, right + +534 +00:35:17,620 --> 00:35:20,980 +in. Perfect. We will not find this generally in + +535 +00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:22,880 +Dan. Because Dan doesn't care about the number of + +536 +00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:25,840 +syllables. He just cares more about the idea. And + +537 +00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,270 +finally, Another text by, listen, Dryden was + +538 +00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:33,770 +again, he was a famous poet, a famous dramatist, + +539 +00:35:33,850 --> 00:35:37,610 +and also a famous critic. Hopefully you study him + +540 +00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:40,830 +next year as a critic, a literary critic. You know + +541 +00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:45,090 +a literary critic? Naqed Adabi. Literary + +542 +00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:50,830 +criticism. In one of his final poems, it's called + +543 +00:35:50,830 --> 00:35:58,790 +The Secular Mask. Mask reminds us of The mask of + +544 +00:35:58,790 --> 00:36:04,630 +queens by? And it's mask, not mosque. It's not + +545 +00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:10,510 +mosque or mosquito. Mask because mask. Okay? + +546 +00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:17,130 +Secular, the opposite of religious probably. The + +547 +00:36:17,130 --> 00:36:21,830 +poem was written interestingly the last year of + +548 +00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:23,630 +the 18th, + +549 +00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,090 +what is it? Can you check? Can you double check? + +550 +00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:36,510 +The last year, yeah, it's 1700, the last year of + +551 +00:36:36,510 --> 00:36:41,030 +the 17th century. It ends the whole century. It + +552 +00:36:41,030 --> 00:36:44,290 +wraps things up. It's like people like, okay, two + +553 +00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,010 +minutes and the whole century will be up, and he + +554 +00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:50,450 +says, wait a minute, I have a poem. And he writes + +555 +00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:55,370 +a poem in a way or another to wrap up the whole + +556 +00:36:55,370 --> 00:36:59,270 +age. He's addressing who generally? Wars, lovers. + +557 +00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:08,400 +Thy wars. Thy meaning? Your. Thy? Your. Your wars. + +558 +00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,980 +Whose wars? The whole century. The whole 17th + +559 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:17,660 +century, the whole age. Thy wars brought nothing + +560 +00:37:17,660 --> 00:37:25,360 +about. Thy lovers were all untrue, fake. Tis, it + +561 +00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:31,130 +is, right? Tis well an old age is out. and time to + +562 +00:37:31,130 --> 00:37:38,790 +begin anew. Enough of this age. Enough of this. We + +563 +00:37:38,790 --> 00:37:43,730 +have had too much. And I think we should begin a + +564 +00:37:43,730 --> 00:37:47,650 +new life and turn, not a new leaf, a new page, but + +565 +00:37:47,650 --> 00:37:53,410 +a new book. A new way of life. The way wars + +566 +00:37:53,410 --> 00:37:58,930 +brought nothing about. It brought death and + +567 +00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:02,370 +destruction and corruption, right? But nothing + +568 +00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:06,730 +about this. We didn't benefit. And even my lovers, + +569 +00:38:06,990 --> 00:38:09,890 +the poets, the writers, the authors, they were all + +570 +00:38:09,890 --> 00:38:14,750 +fake. No one is genuine. It is well an old age is + +571 +00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:18,730 +out. It's an age that is dying. We have had enough + +572 +00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:23,830 +of this. So the best thing to do is to begin a new + +573 +00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:26,810 +one. And time to begin anew. + +574 +00:38:29,150 --> 00:38:31,070 +Interesting and easy. Is it difficult to + +575 +00:38:31,070 --> 00:38:36,090 +understand? So, can you check the rhyme scheme? + +576 +00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:45,030 +Did you count the syllables? All seven. How? One, + +577 +00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:49,750 +two, three, four, five, six, seven. And one, two, + +578 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:52,610 +three, four, five, six, seven. One, two, three, + +579 +00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:58,570 +four, five, six, seven. Here should be it is Oh, + +580 +00:38:58,630 --> 00:39:03,070 +yeah. Yeah, one. Tez. One, two, three, four, five, + +581 +00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:07,610 +six, seven. And again, remember Dryden always + +582 +00:39:07,610 --> 00:39:12,850 +sticks to the rules. So generally speaking, this + +583 +00:39:12,850 --> 00:39:16,450 +is the end of the Restoration. + +584 +00:39:19,210 --> 00:39:21,450 +A very interesting age in many ways. + +585 +00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,160 +Does anyone have any questions, please? Do you + +586 +00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:31,600 +have questions? + +587 +00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:45,740 +Yes? Okay, we'll stop here. And for the next + +588 +00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:49,560 +class, listen. We're taking this, this is off. + +589 +00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:51,420 +Restoration drama is off. + +590 +00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,340 +The rise of the novel. Yeah, we're going to begin + +591 +00:39:58,340 --> 00:40:02,000 +with the Augustan Age, the rise of the novel. So + +592 +00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,380 +we're jumping to page 77. And thank you very much. + +593 +00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:08,540 +If you have questions, please stay. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccbf7ad417efd95134000d1b2571f6ada40c6131 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@ +1 +00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:24,770 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back again after the + +2 +00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:28,950 +exam week. And after the great return march, + +3 +00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:33,430 +hopefully everyone is doing well, you and your + +4 +00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:37,610 +families. Let's go back to the journey, our + +5 +00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,830 +journey into English literature. And before I + +6 +00:00:40,830 --> 00:00:45,690 +begin with Bunyan, Dryden, and Satya today, I need + +7 +00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:49,090 +to remind you about what we did last time. + +8 +00:00:49,330 --> 00:00:51,810 +Remember last, the week before the exam, we were + +9 +00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:55,080 +speaking about the commonwealth. the restoration, + +10 +00:00:56,140 --> 00:01:00,780 +and we came to John Milton, Paradise Lost, + +11 +00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,720 +Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonists. The events + +12 +00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:12,000 +for Samson Agonists took place in Gaza, around + +13 +00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,160 +here, near here, which makes it really fantastic + +14 +00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,430 +if anyone of you is interested in doing more + +15 +00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,590 +reading, more research, or a presentation on + +16 +00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:25,730 +Samsung. I spoke about the Philistines, and the + +17 +00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:28,930 +Leila, and the representation, the portrayal of + +18 +00:01:28,930 --> 00:01:32,470 +the Palestinians living there, and how that could + +19 +00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:34,690 +be helpful in a way or another. Today, we'll move + +20 +00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:40,250 +to another author, similar in a way to Bunyan, to + +21 +00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:42,650 +Milton, but a little bit different. His name is + +22 +00:01:42,650 --> 00:01:48,760 +John Bunyan. Listen. When we start any age, We try + +23 +00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,160 +to speak about the features of the H. We say this + +24 +00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:56,960 +particular H has these particular features. But it + +25 +00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:00,060 +doesn't mean mechanically every author, every + +26 +00:02:00,060 --> 00:02:03,260 +poet, every novelist, every playwright in this age + +27 +00:02:03,260 --> 00:02:06,460 +applies the same, very same features and + +28 +00:02:06,460 --> 00:02:09,340 +characteristics or follows the same rules. For + +29 +00:02:09,340 --> 00:02:11,640 +example, we've seen how John Donne breaks the + +30 +00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,960 +rules of decorum and rebels against them in a way + +31 +00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,340 +or another. In this age, we speak about, for + +32 +00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,920 +example, how English literature was growing and + +33 +00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,800 +was being modernized, new genres and everything. + +34 +00:02:25,610 --> 00:02:28,770 +But when we speak about John Bunyan and his famous + +35 +00:02:28,770 --> 00:02:35,110 +text, The Pilgrim's Progress, we go back to the + +36 +00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:39,730 +medieval times of English literature. And even the + +37 +00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:42,170 +name, look at the name, The Pilgrim's Progress. + +38 +00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:46,630 +It's similar. It sounds like the Canterbury Tales, + +39 +00:02:46,770 --> 00:02:50,520 +right? It sounds like other texts we studied in + +40 +00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,540 +Old English, maybe The Dream of Darude. We'll + +41 +00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:57,140 +probably mention this in a bit. So this is a text + +42 +00:02:57,140 --> 00:03:01,460 +that is in a way purely religious. It doesn't + +43 +00:03:01,460 --> 00:03:03,800 +follow the political themes we spoke about in + +44 +00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,820 +Marvel, even in Milton sometimes. Completely + +45 +00:03:07,820 --> 00:03:11,460 +religious topic, religious theme, religious + +46 +00:03:11,460 --> 00:03:14,820 +subject matter. This is a significant text in + +47 +00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,920 +England. In particular, many people consider the + +48 +00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:21,760 +pilgrims' progress to be second only to the Bible + +49 +00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,840 +itself. It's so close to the Bible that even now, + +50 +00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:28,640 +in churches in England, they take extracts, + +51 +00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,380 +stanzas, poetry, and they sing regularly, you + +52 +00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:35,780 +know, psalms or hymns in the church from this + +53 +00:03:35,780 --> 00:03:40,040 +book. Many people think it is even a religious + +54 +00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,340 +book written by one saint or something. But it's + +55 +00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:45,520 +actually a literature book. The pilgrims, you know + +56 +00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,000 +what a pilgrim is? Someone who goes into a + +57 +00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:53,260 +religious journey. Right? So the pilgrim's + +58 +00:03:53,260 --> 00:03:56,900 +progress is an allegory. And when we speak about + +59 +00:03:56,900 --> 00:04:01,280 +allegories, we go also back to the medieval drama. + +60 +00:04:02,340 --> 00:04:05,320 +We said medieval drama was basically religious, + +61 +00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:08,580 +basically stories from the Bible, basically + +62 +00:04:08,580 --> 00:04:13,300 +allegorical stories, where the main characters are + +63 +00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:17,240 +biblical religious characters. So sometimes it + +64 +00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,540 +could be funny now, but this is what happened. And + +65 +00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:22,900 +the same thing is being repeated by John Bunyan in + +66 +00:04:22,900 --> 00:04:29,330 +around 1678 and later on. In the past, in the + +67 +00:04:29,330 --> 00:04:32,250 +medieval drama, the main characters would be named + +68 +00:04:32,250 --> 00:04:34,830 +after the virtues or the vices. So someone would + +69 +00:04:34,830 --> 00:04:37,910 +be named Charity. And someone would be named + +70 +00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,150 +Jealousy. Someone would be named Greed. And then + +71 +00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,830 +at the end of the play, Jealousy is beaten, or + +72 +00:04:46,830 --> 00:04:51,050 +Greed is punched in the face, and charity wins, + +73 +00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,370 +teaching you religious and moral lessons that + +74 +00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:58,010 +charity, not in this simplistic way, but more, + +75 +00:04:58,130 --> 00:05:00,290 +more or less. The main character in The Pilgrim's + +76 +00:05:00,290 --> 00:05:03,290 +Progress is named? Christian. + +77 +00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:11,050 +Christian, because he is a religious person. He's + +78 +00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:15,770 +a Christian. He is a Christian. And he goes into + +79 +00:05:15,770 --> 00:05:19,790 +all sorts of difficult journeys, facing, for + +80 +00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:21,710 +example, the giant despair. If you look at the + +81 +00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:24,990 +book, for example, page 61, there is this giant + +82 +00:05:24,990 --> 00:05:29,150 +despair. Despair is an idea, an abstract concept, + +83 +00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:32,510 +right? Despair, when you give up hope. But here, + +84 +00:05:32,790 --> 00:05:36,370 +it is characterized. It is presented to us as a + +85 +00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:39,770 +human, as a person, in order to create this kind + +86 +00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:43,670 +of allegory, the allegory of a Christian person + +87 +00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:46,750 +who faces all sorts of difficulties. And because + +88 +00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:49,350 +he's good, because he follows the teachings of + +89 +00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:53,320 +Christ, of God, he wins then. And that's it. So + +90 +00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,520 +simply speaking, the text is about the religious + +91 +00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,760 +values, about seeking stability, about following, + +92 +00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,860 +about criticizing. Of course, when you are calling + +93 +00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:07,780 +for religious values and emphasizing the Christian + +94 +00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:13,360 +faith in God, what you should be, okay, in a way, + +95 +00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:16,740 +you're also criticizing the society. So this, in a + +96 +00:06:16,740 --> 00:06:18,880 +sense, the text is political in this regard + +97 +00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,180 +because It is suggesting that the society we're + +98 +00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:24,880 +living in is corrupt, purely corrupt, because of + +99 +00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,880 +the politics, because of the division. And the + +100 +00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:30,540 +only way out of this is to go back to the + +101 +00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:34,580 +Christian values. So this is a pilgrim's progress + +102 +00:06:34,580 --> 00:06:36,460 +moral. We're not going to take extracts, but + +103 +00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:38,520 +again, every time you are interested in knowing + +104 +00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,640 +more, you just Google the text or go to YouTube + +105 +00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,720 +and you can read more extracts and listen to + +106 +00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,340 +people recite them. Really interesting stuff. So + +107 +00:06:49,340 --> 00:06:53,680 +what else does it use to resemble medieval + +108 +00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:56,560 +literature? Number one, the allegory. Allegory. + +109 +00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,410 +Again, allegory doesn't mean necessarily old or + +110 +00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,430 +ancient literature. But in the past, many writers + +111 +00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:08,050 +and authors would use allegory to make an idea + +112 +00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,690 +clear and simplify something. Even now, we use + +113 +00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,150 +this. But generally, we use it to talk to kids, to + +114 +00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:18,690 +write stuff for children. But it doesn't mean this + +115 +00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:21,550 +is simplistic. It could be very profound. So the + +116 +00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:24,170 +allegory. The other technique is the dream vision, + +117 +00:07:24,710 --> 00:07:28,670 +like the dream of the root itself. It's typical + +118 +00:07:28,670 --> 00:07:32,990 +dream of Darwin. It also takes from the medieval + +119 +00:07:32,990 --> 00:07:37,910 +features of naming the characters after the thing + +120 +00:07:37,910 --> 00:07:41,870 +they abide by or something. So there's Christian, + +121 +00:07:42,350 --> 00:07:44,550 +and there's the giant despair, there is vanity + +122 +00:07:44,550 --> 00:07:48,410 +fear also that he has to overcome. What is the + +123 +00:07:48,410 --> 00:07:53,170 +theme? It's generally about emphasizing Christian + +124 +00:07:53,170 --> 00:07:57,550 +faith. While doing this, the text is criticizing + +125 +00:07:57,550 --> 00:08:01,870 +and questioning the values of modern life. What is + +126 +00:08:01,870 --> 00:08:04,190 +the book suggesting? Suggesting the only way out + +127 +00:08:04,190 --> 00:08:06,430 +of this corruption and political division and + +128 +00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,610 +restlessness is going back to the Christian + +129 +00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:16,470 +values, original Christian values. And in the + +130 +00:08:16,470 --> 00:08:18,470 +book, there is an extract. Could you please go to + +131 +00:08:18,470 --> 00:08:24,060 +62, yeah. There is an extract. Can someone read? + +132 +00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:27,580 +And listen, it says here, some of Banyan words are + +133 +00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,900 +still sung today in British churches. So it's not + +134 +00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:36,060 +only the Bible, but religious texts, poetry is + +135 +00:08:36,060 --> 00:08:39,000 +sung there. Someone read, there is no + +136 +00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,860 +discouragement. Okay, Ruaq. It's not discouraging, + +137 +00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:49,200 +but making one willing his first born child to be + +138 +00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,170 +a believer. He wants to be a pilgrim. He wants to + +139 +00:08:52,170 --> 00:08:57,770 +go to God to achieve the Christian values. + +140 +00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:04,010 +No obstacle, no barrier can prevent him because he + +141 +00:09:04,010 --> 00:09:07,930 +already has the intention. He has the intent, the + +142 +00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:12,570 +avowed intent to be a pilgrim, to be a pilgrim. So + +143 +00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:15,310 +this is basically what we need to know for this + +144 +00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:20,370 +course about Banyan. The other thing is, going + +145 +00:09:20,370 --> 00:09:23,010 +again back here, satire. + +146 +00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:30,070 +What is satire? Let's talk about this before in + +147 +00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:31,990 +brief. What is it? How would you define it? + +148 +00:09:32,870 --> 00:09:37,150 +Satire. It's one of the few literary devices we + +149 +00:09:37,150 --> 00:09:41,630 +saw. We had Cesura, remember? Alliteration, irony, + +150 +00:09:42,810 --> 00:09:47,330 +satire, Piers Plowman, William Langland, remember? + +151 +00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:51,910 +What is satire? How would you define it? What does + +152 +00:09:51,910 --> 00:09:54,370 +it mean? You don't have to give me a perfect + +153 +00:09:54,370 --> 00:09:54,930 +definition. + +154 +00:09:57,460 --> 00:10:01,060 +Is it new to you? Is the theory new to you? Have + +155 +00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:04,980 +you heard of it before? No. I heard of it, but I + +156 +00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:07,420 +don't know exactly. It doesn't have to be exact. + +157 +00:10:07,500 --> 00:10:10,520 +What do you think it means? In what context? I + +158 +00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,520 +think it means when you say something, I don't + +159 +00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,720 +know. That's irony. If you say something and you + +160 +00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:19,900 +mean the opposite, you expect something and the + +161 +00:10:19,900 --> 00:10:23,930 +opposite happens. Generally, this is irony. Irony. + +162 +00:10:24,310 --> 00:10:27,330 +Like, oh, poor philosopher, he only has a little + +163 +00:10:27,330 --> 00:10:31,390 +gold in his coffer. But a little gold means a lot + +164 +00:10:31,390 --> 00:10:36,630 +of money, so this is ironic. Satire, basically, in + +165 +00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:40,030 +Arabic, it's hijab. And I have to give you the + +166 +00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,070 +Arabic meaning, because we know this. In Arabic + +167 +00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,930 +literature, in Arabic poetry, we have a lot of + +168 +00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:49,330 +hijab, a lot of satire. So a satirical text, + +169 +00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:55,460 +satire is It could be a genre, a type of poetry or + +170 +00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,680 +literature, or it could be a literary device, + +171 +00:10:57,780 --> 00:10:59,620 +could be part of a text, or the whole text could + +172 +00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:03,140 +be satire, where the author criticizes, attacks + +173 +00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:09,060 +either people or things, values, behavior, events, + +174 +00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,860 +the society itself. So that is satire. In Arabic + +175 +00:11:13,860 --> 00:11:16,760 +literature, we study this all the time because + +176 +00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,720 +there's this a lot of praise. The Arab poets loved + +177 +00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,520 +always to praise their tribes and to brag about + +178 +00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,580 +their achievements and how heroic they are. And + +179 +00:11:28,580 --> 00:11:32,320 +they sometimes would attack their opponents, + +180 +00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:40,560 +satirize them, criticize them, defame them. And + +181 +00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:44,610 +this is satire. It was there in the Arabic poetry + +182 +00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:49,030 +centuries ago. It is still there now. And it + +183 +00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:51,390 +started to appear more and more here in England, + +184 +00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:55,070 +in London mainly, because of the political + +185 +00:11:55,070 --> 00:11:59,030 +division. Remember, in the past, we had one enemy, + +186 +00:11:59,150 --> 00:12:01,970 +an external enemy threatening the peace and the + +187 +00:12:01,970 --> 00:12:05,090 +stability of the whole country. So poetry would be + +188 +00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:09,230 +mostly heroic. Against him? Against the invaders. + +189 +00:12:10,530 --> 00:12:13,570 +The epic poems, like Beowulf, for example. Who's + +190 +00:12:13,570 --> 00:12:20,730 +the enemy? An external, someone from outside. An + +191 +00:12:20,730 --> 00:12:24,030 +outsider who threatens the stability. But now + +192 +00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:28,960 +there is stability, and the king was executed. And + +193 +00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,800 +the commonwealth, Cromwell, and then his son was + +194 +00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,220 +removed, and the king was restored, and another + +195 +00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:38,200 +king was removed peacefully. So there was a lot of + +196 +00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,820 +political division. The king started to lose + +197 +00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:45,600 +power, and the government, the parliament became + +198 +00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,880 +more powerful. And if there is, again, politics, + +199 +00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:54,560 +election, right? There's always competition, + +200 +00:12:54,920 --> 00:13:00,520 +conflict. And of course, literature will react or + +201 +00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,060 +would be part of this. So people would be + +202 +00:13:03,060 --> 00:13:06,500 +attacking each other, like we saw this in the + +203 +00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,660 +Arabic culture, like in our Arabic heritage and + +204 +00:13:10,660 --> 00:13:13,360 +culture. Generally, if the enemy is an outsider, + +205 +00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:15,820 +everyone would be uniting against them. But when + +206 +00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:20,130 +there is no threat from outside, They would fight + +207 +00:13:20,130 --> 00:13:24,350 +inside. Exactly. And it happens. I had one + +208 +00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:27,790 +professor when I was doing my MA in London. who + +209 +00:13:27,790 --> 00:13:31,250 +said, generally, this is not a conspiracy theory. + +210 +00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:33,650 +It happens in a way or another. The Western + +211 +00:13:33,650 --> 00:13:36,970 +countries, always the imperialist countries, they + +212 +00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:39,910 +always seek an external enemy in order to create + +213 +00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:42,070 +stability inside, to unite the people on + +214 +00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,130 +something. It's happening in Israel, for example. + +215 +00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:48,190 +If they don't have us, the Palestinian, the native + +216 +00:13:48,190 --> 00:13:51,450 +Palestinian, as the enemy of everyone, they would + +217 +00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:54,770 +be fighting among themselves. So to create some + +218 +00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,890 +kind of unity, Someone has to come and fight. + +219 +00:13:57,890 --> 00:14:01,290 +Someone has to be the enemy and we are the enemy. + +220 +00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:07,550 +They use us to spook as the monster. So let's + +221 +00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:11,510 +unite against this. It happens everywhere. + +222 +00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:16,390 +So satire, like in Arabic again, became a thing + +223 +00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,550 +here. And when we speak about satire in Arabic, we + +224 +00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:22,770 +speak about sometimes the caliph himself, the + +225 +00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,670 +ruler, would take care of these poets who would + +226 +00:14:26,670 --> 00:14:29,890 +spend a lot of time attacking each other. Some + +227 +00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:32,250 +critics believe that in Arabic culture, the rulers + +228 +00:14:32,250 --> 00:14:35,570 +wanted this. Because number one, it's going to + +229 +00:14:35,570 --> 00:14:38,570 +distract people. You know distract? Instead of + +230 +00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:41,780 +paying attention to corruption in politics, You + +231 +00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:46,260 +are busy insulting each other. To the extent that + +232 +00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:49,240 +they were competitions. I'm sure you studied + +233 +00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,420 +Jarir, or Farazdakh, or Akhtal. There were always + +234 +00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:58,200 +these poetic battles between these. And in one + +235 +00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,440 +competition, I'm sure you heard of it before. They + +236 +00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,600 +wanted to hear the strongest line of poetry in + +237 +00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,160 +terms of satire and praise. + +238 +00:15:12,430 --> 00:15:15,910 +And it was, I think, Al-Akhtar started saying + +239 +00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:19,290 +that, bragging, you know, about himself and his + +240 +00:15:19,290 --> 00:15:22,730 +ability. He was saying, ana al-qutran wa al-shu + +241 +00:15:22,730 --> 00:15:26,390 +'ara'u jarba, wa fil-qutrani lil-jarba shifa. You + +242 +00:15:26,390 --> 00:15:30,050 +know, qutran, tar. In the past, when a camel would + +243 +00:15:30,050 --> 00:15:34,650 +have this disease, they would put tar, qutran, so + +244 +00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:37,190 +it doesn't infect other animals. + +245 +00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:50,440 +So he's saying, I heal you. I'm more powerful than + +246 +00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:52,780 +you. Oh, strong. And then Al-Farazdaq was like, + +247 +00:15:58,940 --> 00:16:02,460 +If your disease can be healed by tar or by + +248 +00:16:02,460 --> 00:16:06,860 +anything, I am the plague, the black death or + +249 +00:16:06,860 --> 00:16:13,020 +plague. It was Jarir who had to say something + +250 +00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:16,820 +last, and we know Jarir always wins. And he was + +251 +00:16:16,820 --> 00:16:20,640 +like, ana almoutu allathee ati alaykum, falaysa + +252 +00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:25,000 +liharibin minhu najam. This is, in part, you're + +253 +00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,280 +praising yourself, but you're also attacking, + +254 +00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,100 +criticizing, satirizing your opponent. We've seen + +255 +00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:34,700 +this everywhere. We've seen Antara do this all, + +256 +00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:37,140 +all the time. There are two types, generally two + +257 +00:16:37,140 --> 00:16:40,120 +types of satire. Number one, general, where you + +258 +00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,440 +criticize things in general. Like, OK, I hate the + +259 +00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,420 +society. The society is not good. It's bad that + +260 +00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:51,240 +people are spending much time online, or people + +261 +00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,820 +are hypocrites. They think they tell you they like + +262 +00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:56,420 +you, but they stab you in the back. This is + +263 +00:16:56,420 --> 00:16:58,820 +generally without naming names, without naming + +264 +00:16:58,820 --> 00:17:04,200 +events or specific situations. And there is open, + +265 +00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,000 +personal, and direct. Like where in the text you + +266 +00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:12,700 +have someone named. someone's name or an event, + +267 +00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:16,020 +like a particular situation, a particular person, + +268 +00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:18,200 +a particular political party, you name them, this + +269 +00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,860 +is direct and personal. In both types, we have + +270 +00:17:21,860 --> 00:17:26,440 +implicit or explicit. Like you read the line and + +271 +00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,280 +you say, yeah, why is he attacking this? But + +272 +00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,720 +sometimes you read the line and there is what we + +273 +00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:38,100 +call subtle. You know subtle? Subtle, with a + +274 +00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,960 +silent T. Subtle means implied, not everyone can + +275 +00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:49,540 +see or understand. Hidden. Hidden. Do you + +276 +00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:52,760 +know Al-Hutayqa? He's an Arab poet. He's probably + +277 +00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,180 +the most famous satirist in the Arabic literature. + +278 +00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,480 +He satirized everything. He attacked everybody. He + +279 +00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,800 +criticized everybody, even his wife. Everyone he + +280 +00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:03,940 +sees, he just attack him. + +281 +00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,850 +So his wife left him, naturally. And there was no + +282 +00:18:10,850 --> 00:18:13,310 +one at home. And it is said that he had a mirror. + +283 +00:18:13,410 --> 00:18:15,170 +And then he looked in the mirror. And when he saw + +284 +00:18:15,170 --> 00:18:20,490 +himself, he criticized himself. It is said that + +285 +00:18:20,490 --> 00:18:22,810 +some people doubt the story. They say it's not a + +286 +00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:28,510 +true story, that one person of the prophet's + +287 +00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:31,510 +companion He came to Omar Al-Khattab and said, + +288 +00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:34,370 +this man satirized me, he attacked me, he's + +289 +00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:37,230 +insulting me. He said, because Omar wants to hear + +290 +00:18:37,230 --> 00:18:39,610 +the other side of the story. What did he say? He + +291 +00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:44,590 +said, no, + +292 +00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:49,870 +it's not a true story because Omar Al-Khattab + +293 +00:18:49,870 --> 00:18:53,700 +should understand this because he knows. But it's + +294 +00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,900 +not a big deal here. The story is significant. So + +295 +00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:07,560 +Omar Khattab says, he said, someone else + +296 +00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:10,100 +was sitting there, a poet probably, and he said, + +297 +00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:17,560 +he almost killed him. I mean, unskinned him or you + +298 +00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,750 +know, deboned him like in a way that brutal. Why? + +299 +00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:26,490 +Because it's not clear. It's subtle, subtle. The + +300 +00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:30,490 +poet used, Ta3am kasi, bimana mat3oum maksi, + +301 +00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:35,350 +bimana inna untha kol wa shrab wa naam. Your job + +302 +00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:39,710 +is just to eat and to sleep. Don't go after great + +303 +00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:42,270 +things. You don't deserve them. You can't have + +304 +00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:46,070 +them. Just stay at home, eat, and drink, and + +305 +00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:49,770 +sleep. Fa innaka anta ta3am kasi. Sometimes it's + +306 +00:19:49,770 --> 00:19:52,880 +subtle poetry like this that It makes satire + +307 +00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,660 +really powerful. So again, whether personal or + +308 +00:19:56,660 --> 00:19:59,680 +impersonal. Again, personal or impersonal. + +309 +00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,840 +General, public, or specific individual. Or + +310 +00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:06,380 +subtle, meaning implied. You know implied? Not + +311 +00:20:06,380 --> 00:20:11,840 +anyone can understand it. Or explicit. Satire was + +312 +00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,460 +an important genre, became an important genre in + +313 +00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:18,140 +the 17th and 18th century. The most important + +314 +00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:20,920 +satirist is John Dryden. But we're going to study + +315 +00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,080 +another poet before him. His name is John Wilmot. + +316 +00:20:25,620 --> 00:20:29,780 +So many Johns, right? Focus on the second name + +317 +00:20:29,780 --> 00:20:32,960 +always. If you can't remember in the exam the + +318 +00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,440 +first name, it's not a problem. Just go for the + +319 +00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:42,250 +second. So his text is, A Satire Against Mankind. + +320 +00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,930 +Without reading the text, the title of the poem + +321 +00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,970 +suggests that this is impersonal general where he + +322 +00:20:51,970 --> 00:20:54,570 +is attacking not one person in particular, he's + +323 +00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:57,950 +attacking the whole society. And indeed, he was + +324 +00:20:57,950 --> 00:21:02,210 +against, he was attacking, criticizing the + +325 +00:21:02,210 --> 00:21:04,670 +academia, the politics, the church, religion, + +326 +00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:10,090 +people, everything. The whole society. And this is + +327 +00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,170 +an extract, a really interesting extract. But + +328 +00:21:13,170 --> 00:21:17,490 +notice in the book, it says, I'd be a god. Yeah, + +329 +00:21:17,650 --> 00:21:20,430 +but here, the original text, I think it says a + +330 +00:21:20,430 --> 00:21:24,110 +dog, because it fits more. Because dog, monkey, + +331 +00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:28,090 +and bear. Someone read. Please. I'd be a dog, a + +332 +00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:33,670 +monkey, or a bear, or anything but that + +333 +00:21:33,670 --> 00:21:36,850 +vain animal who is so proud of being rational. + +334 +00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,760 +Very good. Yeah. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a + +335 +00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,240 +bear. Bear. Or anything but that vain animal who + +336 +00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,280 +is so proud of being rational. Of being rational. + +337 +00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,460 +Yeah, please. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a bear. + +338 +00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:58,260 +Bear. Bear. What does bear mean? Bear. Who is so + +339 +00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:02,400 +proud of being rational. Who? Okay, so who's he + +340 +00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:07,900 +criticizing? Who's the vain animal? He keeps + +341 +00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,480 +saying, oh, mankind. Mankind. The title suggests + +342 +00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,880 +this. But in the poem here, he says, I'd rather be + +343 +00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:20,080 +an animal. You know, an animal that doesn't talk, + +344 +00:22:20,180 --> 00:22:21,780 +communicate, understands, doesn't have an + +345 +00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:25,440 +intellectual. It's not rational. But not this vain + +346 +00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:31,440 +animal. Vain means too proud. Maghrur. Like a man + +347 +00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,270 +who's like too proud of himself. A show off. who's + +348 +00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:39,490 +proud, who's so proud of being rational because + +349 +00:22:39,490 --> 00:22:45,850 +man is worse in his opinion than an animal, than a + +350 +00:22:45,850 --> 00:22:49,950 +dog or a monkey or a bear. This is satire, but + +351 +00:22:49,950 --> 00:22:53,850 +satire not against you or you or me, it's against + +352 +00:22:53,850 --> 00:22:57,270 +mankind in general. This is called impersonal + +353 +00:22:57,270 --> 00:23:05,170 +satire. Okay? What is the rhyme scheme? A, B, B. + +354 +00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:09,810 +A, B, B. True. So how would you comment on this? + +355 +00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:15,690 +Say this extract is by John Wilbert from the text, + +356 +00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:23,250 +Assetire Against Mankind. In this text, the poet + +357 +00:23:23,250 --> 00:23:27,510 +is criticizing mankind, humanity in general, human + +358 +00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:33,350 +beings in general. In his opinion, he prefers to + +359 +00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:40,620 +be It's better to be an animal, a dog, a monkey, + +360 +00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,620 +or a bear, rather than a human being, because + +361 +00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:48,080 +humans are corrupt, vain, and too proud of + +362 +00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:52,820 +themselves. That simple. Does it reflect the age? + +363 +00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:59,600 +Yes, because a society with political division and + +364 +00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,010 +infighting creates satire, creates bad behavior + +365 +00:24:05,010 --> 00:24:08,070 +and bad reaction. The most important person we + +366 +00:24:08,070 --> 00:24:11,150 +have here is John Dryden. I think I mentioned John + +367 +00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:15,100 +Dryden before. Yeah, and we will go back probably + +368 +00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,340 +later on to him. John Dryden is one of the four + +369 +00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:22,040 +people who satirized John Donne, who attacked John + +370 +00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:24,040 +Donne, who didn't consider John Donne a poet, + +371 +00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,180 +because this man follows the rules of decorum, + +372 +00:24:27,380 --> 00:24:30,040 +neoclassicism, classical rules of decorum, and + +373 +00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,900 +John Donne did it. So John Dryden, who by the way + +374 +00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:39,960 +lived during the Commonwealth, and was considered + +375 +00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,820 +the poet laureate. You know poet laureate? + +376 +00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,000 +Poet laureate, like some kind of prince of poet. + +377 +00:24:50,740 --> 00:24:54,920 +Prince of poets. Yeah, but if when someone dies, + +378 +00:24:55,060 --> 00:24:57,700 +someone follows. That's the story. So we don't + +379 +00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,280 +only have one prince of poets or poet laureate. + +380 +00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,680 +When someone dies. So during the Commonwealth, he + +381 +00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:09,350 +wrote poetry praising Oliver Cromwell. When Oliver + +382 +00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:12,770 +Cromwell died, his son was removed. The king was + +383 +00:25:12,770 --> 00:25:16,090 +restored. He also wrote poetry praising the king. + +384 +00:25:16,170 --> 00:25:18,170 +And it's funny, this is what poets do sometimes. + +385 +00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:20,710 +It doesn't mean their poetry is not important, + +386 +00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:23,750 +significant if they do this. But sometimes they + +387 +00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:27,470 +want someone to support them financially and to + +388 +00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:30,550 +provide them with protection. You studied al + +389 +00:25:30,550 --> 00:25:32,810 +-Mutanabbi, the greatest Arab poet. He wrote the + +390 +00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:36,070 +best poetry praising Kafur al-Khashidi when he + +391 +00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:41,830 +left Aleppo, safe at Dawla, and he went to Egypt + +392 +00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:47,130 +expecting to be given some place to rule. When he + +393 +00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:50,230 +wasn't given that, he wrote also one of his best + +394 +00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:53,050 +poems ever, satirizing and attacking Kafur al + +395 +00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:55,730 +-Khshiri. It's the same poem. The famous poem, + +396 +00:25:56,050 --> 00:25:59,230 +It's + +397 +00:25:59,230 --> 00:26:01,810 +a satire poem in a way or another. Because he + +398 +00:26:01,810 --> 00:26:06,450 +attacks the Egyptians of that time, Kafur al + +399 +00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:09,790 +-Khshiri and his people. So poets sometimes want + +400 +00:26:10,350 --> 00:26:14,290 +to go with the current. Not all of them, but some + +401 +00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:17,110 +of them. It doesn't make the poetry less important + +402 +00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,570 +or less significant. So he lost his position as + +403 +00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,510 +the poet laureate because when the king was + +404 +00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:27,210 +restored, things were different. He wrote several + +405 +00:26:27,210 --> 00:26:31,110 +texts. One of them is Absalom and Astrophel. Don't + +406 +00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:37,530 +confuse this with Astrophel and Stella. Okay, by + +407 +00:26:37,530 --> 00:26:42,570 +Spencer or Spencer, right? Not Spencer. + +408 +00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:51,410 +Sir Philip Sidney. Okay, read this. Someone else, + +409 +00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:54,810 +please. Oh, someone else. Sorry. I want to make + +410 +00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:58,110 +you all participants. Yes. But true or false are + +411 +00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:01,230 +necessary things to raise up commonwealth and to + +412 +00:27:01,230 --> 00:27:04,910 +ruin kings. To ruin kings. Someone else, please. + +413 +00:27:05,370 --> 00:27:09,710 +But true or false are necessary things to raise up + +414 +00:27:09,710 --> 00:27:11,070 +commonwealth and to ruin kings. To raise. To raise + +415 +00:27:11,070 --> 00:27:13,790 +up commonwealth and to ruin kings. To ruin kings. + +416 +00:27:14,650 --> 00:27:17,530 +Before we comment on this, look at the perfect + +417 +00:27:17,530 --> 00:27:22,010 +rhyme scheme. Perfect rhyme scheme. A-A. It's a + +418 +00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:26,720 +couplet. Is it a couplet? Let's check. How many + +419 +00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:31,740 +syllables? Syllables are not the same? 1, 2, 3, 4, + +420 +00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:39,840 +5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, + +421 +00:27:39,940 --> 00:27:45,600 +10. It's not ruined. Ruined two syllables. Ruined. + +422 +00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:50,030 +And it's about one idea. So this is a perfect + +423 +00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:52,990 +couple. But again, this is Dryden. He sticks to + +424 +00:27:52,990 --> 00:27:57,030 +the number of syllables. What are plots? I think + +425 +00:27:57,030 --> 00:28:01,730 +we mentioned the word plot before. Plot means in a + +426 +00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:09,470 +literary work. But in a paragraph. In a story. The + +427 +00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:13,690 +plot is the way the events are arranged in a + +428 +00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:16,730 +particular story. So first he wakes up, then he + +429 +00:28:16,730 --> 00:28:19,930 +goes back, and then he dreams about something, and + +430 +00:28:19,930 --> 00:28:22,270 +then he remembers something, and then he goes, and + +431 +00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:24,730 +then he meets somebody, and then they get married, + +432 +00:28:24,830 --> 00:28:27,070 +and they have kids, and they live happily ever + +433 +00:28:27,070 --> 00:28:31,270 +after. This is the plot. The arrangement of the + +434 +00:28:31,270 --> 00:28:33,790 +events in a story. But plots here is totally + +435 +00:28:33,790 --> 00:28:40,900 +different. He's not talking about literature. If I + +436 +00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,280 +plot against you, I want to do something, a + +437 +00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:50,370 +devilish plan. You fail, or so I become more + +438 +00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,550 +important than you. So people think you are to + +439 +00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,510 +plot against someone, to scheme, to plan, to plan + +440 +00:28:57,510 --> 00:29:01,010 +something negative, generally like a muamara, like + +441 +00:29:01,010 --> 00:29:04,790 +to conspire against someone. So plots here are + +442 +00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:09,870 +like muamara. What are you plotting? Your camera + +443 +00:29:09,870 --> 00:29:12,110 +and your friends are whispering. What are you + +444 +00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:15,250 +plotting? What are you planning to do without me? + +445 +00:29:16,810 --> 00:29:21,750 +Plots, true or false, are like politics. True or + +446 +00:29:21,750 --> 00:29:26,980 +false are necessary things that mean The end + +447 +00:29:26,980 --> 00:29:30,640 +justifies the means here. The means justified by + +448 +00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,300 +the end. Why? To raise up commonwealth. The very + +449 +00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:38,460 +term commonwealth is there. Political satire. To + +450 +00:29:38,460 --> 00:29:43,740 +raise up commonwealth and ruin kings. Is he being + +451 +00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:46,680 +sarcastic? I can't tell here. We don't have enough + +452 +00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,020 +context. But this is some kind of satire. An + +453 +00:29:50,020 --> 00:29:52,900 +attack against the political situation. Political + +454 +00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,430 +plotting. It's not clear to me in this couplet. + +455 +00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:01,470 +Maybe he's attacking the commonwealth. Or both. + +456 +00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:05,510 +But there's clear attack satire against the + +457 +00:30:05,510 --> 00:30:08,970 +political situation of his time. A situation that, + +458 +00:30:09,210 --> 00:30:13,210 +instead of improving the society, we have plotting + +459 +00:30:13,210 --> 00:30:18,730 +against each other. In a way, this is more + +460 +00:30:18,730 --> 00:30:24,060 +specific than Wilmot, Wilmot, Mankind. And this + +461 +00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:28,660 +one he chooses politics and politicians. Next, + +462 +00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:33,800 +another text by someone read and tell me what you + +463 +00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,140 +think. I don't want to comment first. + +464 +00:30:38,180 --> 00:30:43,300 +Yeah, someone read first, please. Someone find + +465 +00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:47,280 +meaning, make better, but not well delivered. + +466 +00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:54,010 +Deviates into? Very good. More? Yes, please. Okay, + +467 +00:31:00,870 --> 00:31:03,930 +very good. What do you think? What kind of satire + +468 +00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,090 +is this? What is he saying? + +469 +00:31:08,770 --> 00:31:12,530 +between him and another poet. Okay, so there is a + +470 +00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:15,950 +name of a person. Shadwell. Shadwell. Is this + +471 +00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:18,510 +personal or impersonal? Personal. Specific or + +472 +00:31:18,510 --> 00:31:21,990 +general? Direct. Direct, specific. He mentions the + +473 +00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:26,470 +name of his rival. Shadwell is said to be a + +474 +00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:31,630 +literary rival of Dryden. And remember, Dryden + +475 +00:31:31,630 --> 00:31:35,270 +came after John Donne. But for him, John Donne and + +476 +00:31:35,270 --> 00:31:39,270 +his school was some kind of a rival. So he + +477 +00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,910 +attacked him. He trashed him. What is he saying? + +478 +00:31:42,730 --> 00:31:45,550 +Yeah. He's saying, I think, he's saying that his + +479 +00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:51,070 +word doesn't make sense. Whose work? Okay, the + +480 +00:31:51,070 --> 00:31:53,990 +rest to some faint meaning faint also here means + +481 +00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:57,350 +some kind of subtle implied like you could make + +482 +00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,810 +sense sometimes even if it is faint but Chad will + +483 +00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:08,390 +never it could be by the way never make sense + +484 +00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:15,450 +Shahab will never make sense. All his poetry is + +485 +00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:20,950 +nonsensical, trash, bad. But he doesn't say it + +486 +00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:27,290 +this way. He's more critical, + +487 +00:32:27,830 --> 00:32:32,590 +satirical. The satire is very sharp. OK. I think + +488 +00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:36,990 +it's more subtle because he doesn't say things + +489 +00:32:36,990 --> 00:32:39,570 +directly. OK. So the rest, maybe the rest of + +490 +00:32:39,570 --> 00:32:43,740 +poets. Like, there are bad poets. Maybe some of + +491 +00:32:43,740 --> 00:32:46,660 +them sometimes, sometimes, even a bad poet + +492 +00:32:46,660 --> 00:32:49,480 +sometimes can say good things, right? We're not + +493 +00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,300 +poets. Yeah, maybe some of you are. But we're not + +494 +00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:56,020 +poets. If we write 100 poems, maybe one or two or + +495 +00:32:56,020 --> 00:32:59,160 +three poems or three lines would be good. Because + +496 +00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:01,700 +when you write more, you will eventually say + +497 +00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,660 +something good. So some might give faint meaning, + +498 +00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:12,200 +make sense sometimes. But Chadwell never ever + +499 +00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:18,720 +makes sense, not even by mistake. Okay, see what I + +500 +00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,680 +mean here? So it's not that he never makes sense. + +501 +00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:26,400 +He never makes sense, not even by mistake. He + +502 +00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:33,250 +never deviates. His poetry is always bad. But + +503 +00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,990 +doesn't he sometimes, by mistake, writes good + +504 +00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:39,170 +poetry? Even that, no. And this is very sharp. + +505 +00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:42,910 +Very sharp, like you would never do a thing. + +506 +00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:46,030 +Because if you write poetry, I said this, if you + +507 +00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,830 +write poetry, a lot of poetry, even if you are a + +508 +00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:52,930 +bad poet, maybe you'll say something good. But + +509 +00:33:52,930 --> 00:33:57,010 +Chad will. He will never. Even by mistake, he + +510 +00:33:57,010 --> 00:34:00,070 +never + +511 +00:34:00,070 --> 00:34:04,880 +deviates. into common sense. Is this personal or + +512 +00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,940 +not? Yes. The name is there. The text is + +513 +00:34:07,940 --> 00:34:11,180 +McFlacknoe. Very strange name. Did Chadwin reply? + +514 +00:34:11,460 --> 00:34:14,180 +Sorry? Did Chadwin reply? I'll have to check. It's + +515 +00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:15,580 +interesting. I think if someone told me these + +516 +00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:19,180 +words I would never write again. Yeah, or you + +517 +00:34:19,180 --> 00:34:21,480 +would write more. Yeah. Because this kind of, + +518 +00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,120 +okay, you're attacking me, you're accusing me of + +519 +00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,720 +this. I'll show that I write better. That's + +520 +00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:30,120 +heartbreaking. It is. Yeah, some people when + +521 +00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:32,820 +attacked, oh, you write trash, this is bad + +522 +00:34:32,820 --> 00:34:35,240 +writing, you would give up. But some people would + +523 +00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:38,420 +take this as a challenge. So how can Shadwell + +524 +00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:43,080 +prove that he writes better? By writing more and + +525 +00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:45,440 +responding to him. And that's why we have more + +526 +00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:47,480 +literature. Remember again, always remember + +527 +00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:52,780 +Farazdaq and Tariq. Maybe he could write poems to + +528 +00:34:52,780 --> 00:34:55,940 +a king or a queen to impress them and to be + +529 +00:34:55,940 --> 00:35:00,700 +famous. Did you count the syllables? Is this a + +530 +00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:05,860 +couplet? It's in perfect tense. Perfect rhyme. + +531 +00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:11,260 +It's not about the letter. It's about a sound. And + +532 +00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:14,080 +don't be tricked by how long and how short this + +533 +00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,620 +is. Count the syllables. Ten, ten. Again, right + +534 +00:35:17,620 --> 00:35:20,980 +in. Perfect. We will not find this generally in + +535 +00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:22,880 +Dan. Because Dan doesn't care about the number of + +536 +00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:25,840 +syllables. He just cares more about the idea. And + +537 +00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,270 +finally, Another text by, listen, Dryden was + +538 +00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:33,770 +again, he was a famous poet, a famous dramatist, + +539 +00:35:33,850 --> 00:35:37,610 +and also a famous critic. Hopefully you study him + +540 +00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:40,830 +next year as a critic, a literary critic. You know + +541 +00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:45,090 +a literary critic? Naqed Adabi. Literary + +542 +00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:50,830 +criticism. In one of his final poems, it's called + +543 +00:35:50,830 --> 00:35:58,790 +The Secular Mask. Mask reminds us of The mask of + +544 +00:35:58,790 --> 00:36:04,630 +queens by? And it's mask, not mosque. It's not + +545 +00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:10,510 +mosque or mosquito. Mask because mask. Okay? + +546 +00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:17,130 +Secular, the opposite of religious probably. The + +547 +00:36:17,130 --> 00:36:21,830 +poem was written interestingly the last year of + +548 +00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:23,630 +the 18th, + +549 +00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,090 +what is it? Can you check? Can you double check? + +550 +00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:36,510 +The last year, yeah, it's 1700, the last year of + +551 +00:36:36,510 --> 00:36:41,030 +the 17th century. It ends the whole century. It + +552 +00:36:41,030 --> 00:36:44,290 +wraps things up. It's like people like, okay, two + +553 +00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,010 +minutes and the whole century will be up, and he + +554 +00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:50,450 +says, wait a minute, I have a poem. And he writes + +555 +00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:55,370 +a poem in a way or another to wrap up the whole + +556 +00:36:55,370 --> 00:36:59,270 +age. He's addressing who generally? Wars, lovers. + +557 +00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:08,400 +Thy wars. Thy meaning? Your. Thy? Your. Your wars. + +558 +00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,980 +Whose wars? The whole century. The whole 17th + +559 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:17,660 +century, the whole age. Thy wars brought nothing + +560 +00:37:17,660 --> 00:37:25,360 +about. Thy lovers were all untrue, fake. Tis, it + +561 +00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:31,130 +is, right? Tis well an old age is out. and time to + +562 +00:37:31,130 --> 00:37:38,790 +begin anew. Enough of this age. Enough of this. We + +563 +00:37:38,790 --> 00:37:43,730 +have had too much. And I think we should begin a + +564 +00:37:43,730 --> 00:37:47,650 +new life and turn, not a new leaf, a new page, but + +565 +00:37:47,650 --> 00:37:53,410 +a new book. A new way of life. The way wars + +566 +00:37:53,410 --> 00:37:58,930 +brought nothing about. It brought death and + +567 +00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:02,370 +destruction and corruption, right? But nothing + +568 +00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:06,730 +about this. We didn't benefit. And even my lovers, + +569 +00:38:06,990 --> 00:38:09,890 +the poets, the writers, the authors, they were all + +570 +00:38:09,890 --> 00:38:14,750 +fake. No one is genuine. It is well an old age is + +571 +00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:18,730 +out. It's an age that is dying. We have had enough + +572 +00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:23,830 +of this. So the best thing to do is to begin a new + +573 +00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:26,810 +one. And time to begin anew. + +574 +00:38:29,150 --> 00:38:31,070 +Interesting and easy. Is it difficult to + +575 +00:38:31,070 --> 00:38:36,090 +understand? So, can you check the rhyme scheme? + +576 +00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:45,030 +Did you count the syllables? All seven. How? One, + +577 +00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:49,750 +two, three, four, five, six, seven. And one, two, + +578 +00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:52,610 +three, four, five, six, seven. One, two, three, + +579 +00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:58,570 +four, five, six, seven. Here should be it is Oh, + +580 +00:38:58,630 --> 00:39:03,070 +yeah. Yeah, one. Tez. One, two, three, four, five, + +581 +00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:07,610 +six, seven. And again, remember Dryden always + +582 +00:39:07,610 --> 00:39:12,850 +sticks to the rules. So generally speaking, this + +583 +00:39:12,850 --> 00:39:16,450 +is the end of the Restoration. + +584 +00:39:19,210 --> 00:39:21,450 +A very interesting age in many ways. + +585 +00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,160 +Does anyone have any questions, please? Do you + +586 +00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:31,600 +have questions? + +587 +00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:45,740 +Yes? Okay, we'll stop here. And for the next + +588 +00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:49,560 +class, listen. We're taking this, this is off. + +589 +00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:51,420 +Restoration drama is off. + +590 +00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,340 +The rise of the novel. Yeah, we're going to begin + +591 +00:39:58,340 --> 00:40:02,000 +with the Augustan Age, the rise of the novel. So + +592 +00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,380 +we're jumping to page 77. And thank you very much. + +593 +00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:08,540 +If you have questions, please stay. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0209df0b5a7503d619951d8238cf101bf5249f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,1884 @@ +1 +00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:26,000 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we try to + +2 +00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:30,640 +wrap up our discussion on the Renaissance, the + +3 +00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,840 +Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages. So far we've + +4 +00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:38,400 +spoken about drama. We consider this the golden + +5 +00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:42,370 +age of drama. And then we spoke about poetry. But + +6 +00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:46,090 +don't forget that drama was mainly written in + +7 +00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:52,170 +poetry, in verse, not in prose. Okay? John Donne + +8 +00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,090 +was a poet. Shakespeare was a dramatist and a + +9 +00:00:55,090 --> 00:00:59,090 +poet. Marlowe was a dramatist and a poet. Major + +10 +00:00:59,090 --> 00:01:02,470 +dramatists were also poets because drama was + +11 +00:01:02,470 --> 00:01:07,390 +written in poetry. So today we move to speak about + +12 +00:01:07,390 --> 00:01:13,620 +prose. So far prose was not significant in many + +13 +00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,560 +ways because when it comes to literature, we only + +14 +00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:20,840 +have poetry so far. Poetry and drama. Poetry and + +15 +00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:22,920 +drama. And drama is poetry. Don't forget this. + +16 +00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:28,810 +Because we still don't have many people who can + +17 +00:01:28,810 --> 00:01:32,250 +read, and the printing press wasn't still, you + +18 +00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:38,990 +know, it's 200 years old in England, but still + +19 +00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:43,610 +printing books was not cheap. You had to have a + +20 +00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:45,830 +lot of money, and we didn't have a lot of people + +21 +00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:48,070 +who could read and write at that time. But + +22 +00:01:48,070 --> 00:01:51,070 +gradually, many people started to learn to read + +23 +00:01:51,070 --> 00:01:55,960 +and write. And this helped the rise of the middle + +24 +00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,980 +class. And the newspaper and journalism did an + +25 +00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,120 +amazing job in this regard. Today, we'll speak + +26 +00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:07,320 +about eight types of prose writing in the + +27 +00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:10,560 +Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages, or in the + +28 +00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:13,580 +Renaissance. We'll focus on three or four of them + +29 +00:02:13,580 --> 00:02:16,720 +because they are more significant than the other + +30 +00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,740 +part. So number one, remember English language + +31 +00:02:20,740 --> 00:02:25,240 +wasn't regulated in many ways. We had many ways of + +32 +00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,300 +spelling something. And remember, even Shakespeare + +33 +00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:31,750 +had his name. He spelled his name in 17 different + +34 +00:02:31,750 --> 00:02:35,150 +ways. That's a lot of ways. But gradually, + +35 +00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:40,250 +everything was being standardized here in a way + +36 +00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,110 +that people started to write dictionaries to + +37 +00:02:43,110 --> 00:02:45,850 +determine the right spelling of particular words. + +38 +00:02:46,330 --> 00:02:52,430 +But the most major, the most important and major + +39 +00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:56,210 +literary works or prose works that helped the + +40 +00:02:56,210 --> 00:02:59,800 +English language Number one, we have Shakespeare. + +41 +00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:05,100 +So Shakespearean texts, the drama itself, it + +42 +00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,180 +wasn't written to be read. Remember this. It was + +43 +00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:12,480 +written to be performed, acted on stage. And + +44 +00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,060 +that's crucial. That's why the dramatization is + +45 +00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:19,020 +important here. But Shakespeare helped shape the + +46 +00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:22,140 +English language. Because Shakespeare used the + +47 +00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,460 +language of, not the language of the Middle + +48 +00:03:24,460 --> 00:03:28,180 +English or Old English, but the language of of the + +49 +00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000 +Renaissance, the language of the people of that + +50 +00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,660 +time. So many people would be watching + +51 +00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:35,380 +Shakespeare, and they would totally understand his + +52 +00:03:35,380 --> 00:03:38,540 +stuff. And in addition to Shakespeare and other + +53 +00:03:38,540 --> 00:03:42,100 +literary texts, we have the prose writings. They + +54 +00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:45,460 +also help, number one, form the English language, + +55 +00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,600 +meaning give the English language the shape we + +56 +00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,240 +have now. Of course, it developed still a lot more + +57 +00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:56,480 +after that. But English had particular rules to be + +58 +00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,660 +followed easily. The other important reason mainly + +59 +00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:03,700 +for prose, so again, this is prose and Shakespeare + +60 +00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:06,120 +and other writers, but mainly Shakespeare, helped + +61 +00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,860 +give the English language the shape it has now. + +62 +00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:13,760 +The other important thing is that early prose, the + +63 +00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:19,080 +Renaissance prose, gave us again an idea about the + +64 +00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,960 +early prose writing, such as travel writing and + +65 +00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:24,880 +the novel itself. The novel wasn't, by the way, + +66 +00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:26,680 +the word novel means, do you know what it means? + +67 +00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:31,620 +Novel. It is, yeah, this is the definition. It's a + +68 +00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:33,560 +long story in prose. But what does it mean, the + +69 +00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:39,880 +word itself? Novel. In English. In English, the + +70 +00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,820 +word novel means new. New, yeah, you could say, + +71 +00:04:42,880 --> 00:04:46,610 +oh, this is a novel idea. And we have the word + +72 +00:04:46,610 --> 00:04:50,210 +novice. And I think in Arabic, we say novi, like + +73 +00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:55,650 +new. Because compared to poetry and drama, the + +74 +00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:01,010 +novel is new in many ways. So early Renaissance + +75 +00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:06,630 +prose writing helped give us examples of the many + +76 +00:05:06,630 --> 00:05:11,630 +forms of writings we had in later ages. So number + +77 +00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:17,980 +one. The major prose work is the Bible itself. The + +78 +00:05:17,980 --> 00:05:21,980 +Bible. Why are we speaking about the Bible here? + +79 +00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:23,880 +Yes. + +80 +00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,820 +Thank you very much. For over a thousand years and + +81 +00:05:29,820 --> 00:05:33,320 +this is in a way crazy. England is now a Christian + +82 +00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:37,840 +country. But the major book of Christianity was + +83 +00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,500 +not in English. There were some translations, but + +84 +00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:42,940 +they were not authorized. They were not good. It + +85 +00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:46,900 +was in Latin. And now King James. Remember King + +86 +00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:49,320 +James, the lover of literature, of drama? He + +87 +00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,180 +brought the mosques and everything. He also + +88 +00:05:52,180 --> 00:05:57,050 +helped, supported the translation of The Bible. + +89 +00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:00,310 +It's called the Authorized Version of the Bible. + +90 +00:06:00,830 --> 00:06:02,950 +There are a lot of similarities between the + +91 +00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,470 +language of the Bible and the language of + +92 +00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:08,270 +Shakespeare. There's something here, but it's not + +93 +00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:11,750 +something we are interested in. But because they + +94 +00:06:11,750 --> 00:06:15,610 +wrote it in a very poetic way. Some of it could be + +95 +00:06:15,610 --> 00:06:19,830 +poetic, but it's generally a prose book. And it's + +96 +00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:25,440 +King James I. And the Bible became the stories of + +97 +00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:29,120 +the Bible. The language of the Bible became part + +98 +00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:33,880 +of the lives of every English person living during + +99 +00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:40,660 +that time. So that's number one, the Bible. The + +100 +00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:42,640 +second type, you don't have to write this because + +101 +00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,840 +I already posted this on the Facebook group we + +102 +00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:51,450 +have. Just pay attention. So again, the authorized + +103 +00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:54,210 +version of the book. Authorized because it was + +104 +00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:00,110 +translated into English. He didn't do it himself. + +105 +00:07:00,430 --> 00:07:03,110 +Physically, he ordered, he supported, he paid + +106 +00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:07,150 +money for people to translate it. OK? The second + +107 +00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,030 +point, something called pamphlets. You know + +108 +00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:12,550 +pamphlets, like when you write two, three, like an + +109 +00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:15,950 +article, like three, five, 10 pages, and it can be + +110 +00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:19,750 +sold or given to particular people. Pamphlets. + +111 +00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:22,410 +They meld them. Like you have some of you here + +112 +00:07:22,410 --> 00:07:26,950 +have pamphlets of all particular topics. The + +113 +00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:30,710 +pamphlets were early examples of news articles. + +114 +00:07:31,830 --> 00:07:36,010 +But many of them focused on very comic issues, + +115 +00:07:36,690 --> 00:07:41,170 +comedy. Comedy. And again, remember we said at + +116 +00:07:41,170 --> 00:07:43,230 +that time, people considered tragedy more + +117 +00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:46,150 +important than comedy. It doesn't mean comedy is + +118 +00:07:46,150 --> 00:07:49,170 +not important. Because you still can criticize the + +119 +00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:53,030 +society in a funny way where sometimes you can + +120 +00:07:53,030 --> 00:07:56,070 +make fun of somebody. You can have a crazy person + +121 +00:07:56,070 --> 00:07:58,710 +make a joke about the king that in serious + +122 +00:07:58,710 --> 00:08:02,010 +situation cannot be accepted. But this is a crazy + +123 +00:08:02,010 --> 00:08:03,870 +person. This is comedy. This is for fun. Ha ha. + +124 +00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:09,370 +But in reality, even jokes and comedy can shake + +125 +00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:13,910 +the authority, can attack and criticize in their + +126 +00:08:13,910 --> 00:08:16,430 +own way. So what is the important thing about the + +127 +00:08:16,430 --> 00:08:20,810 +pamphlets? The fact that it used comedy to discuss + +128 +00:08:20,810 --> 00:08:26,650 +issues in the society, like thieves and cheats and + +129 +00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:31,250 +very funny stories. Again, comedy will start to be + +130 +00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,270 +more common. And this is taken in a way from + +131 +00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:40,270 +drama, from Shakespeare. In my opinion, travel + +132 +00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,150 +writings are the most important issue we'll have + +133 +00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:47,250 +to talk about today. Listen. Don't look here. Look + +134 +00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:53,090 +at me. What is travel writing? What do you think? + +135 +00:08:53,130 --> 00:08:56,090 +What is travel writing? Yeah. Writing about the + +136 +00:08:56,090 --> 00:08:58,690 +new discoveries. Okay. Remember we spoke about + +137 +00:08:58,690 --> 00:09:01,150 +the... The Renaissance. The Renaissance. Yes. + +138 +00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:03,550 +Geographical discoveries. Yes. What else? So + +139 +00:09:03,550 --> 00:09:05,510 +writing about the new discoveries. What else? + +140 +00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:07,880 +What? + +141 +00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:16,160 +Yeah. Stories about people who travel to the new + +142 +00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:23,180 +world or stories about imaginary countries. The + +143 +00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,460 +Tempest in Shakespeare is imaginary in many ways, + +144 +00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:28,320 +but there could be stories about other places + +145 +00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,320 +around the world. And travel writing was very + +146 +00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,460 +crucial for three main reasons, like I say here. + +147 +00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:41,400 +Number one, when you write about other places, + +148 +00:09:41,540 --> 00:09:44,280 +when people at that time wrote about other places, + +149 +00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:47,860 +sometimes they would describe the perfect society. + +150 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:54,930 +It's called the utopia. What's the utopia? Utopia + +151 +00:09:54,930 --> 00:09:58,510 +means the perfect country, the perfect place. + +152 +00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:04,250 +Madina al-fadila in Arabic. The utopia. And + +153 +00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:07,890 +actually, it doesn't exist in real life. But when + +154 +00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,430 +you imagine it, when you write extensively about + +155 +00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:14,930 +this, it's because of two things here. Number one, + +156 +00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:21,770 +you want to change. your own society to improve + +157 +00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,050 +it, to tell people, see, this is what should + +158 +00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:28,170 +happen. Or because you want to attack and + +159 +00:10:28,170 --> 00:10:28,630 +criticize. + +160 +00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:35,690 +You want to attack particular vices in your + +161 +00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:38,630 +society. If this is a perfect, if you write, for + +162 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:42,790 +example, a story about Gaza where there are no + +163 +00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:46,530 +problems, everything is fine, there is, you know, + +164 +00:10:46,630 --> 00:10:50,110 +there are no taxes here, the borders are not + +165 +00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,110 +closed all the time, you can easily travel + +166 +00:10:52,110 --> 00:10:54,770 +wherever you want, you can buy whatever you want, + +167 +00:10:54,970 --> 00:10:58,670 +don't have trouble with transportation. This could + +168 +00:10:58,670 --> 00:11:02,800 +be an attack on the fact that this society is It's + +169 +00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:06,820 +horrible. Or a dream. You're dreaming of a better + +170 +00:11:06,820 --> 00:11:09,700 +future. You're saying that there should be a + +171 +00:11:09,700 --> 00:11:14,340 +better life here. And this is something that was + +172 +00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:17,760 +this text actually. The Utopia was a book written + +173 +00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,860 +by, we'll see in the next slide here, by someone + +174 +00:11:20,860 --> 00:11:25,580 +called Thomas Moore. The Utopia. The Utopia is + +175 +00:11:25,580 --> 00:11:30,570 +actually a travel writing by Thomas Moore. Not + +176 +00:11:30,570 --> 00:11:33,770 +Thomas Less, Thomas Moore. Even his name once + +177 +00:11:33,770 --> 00:11:38,890 +more. Like Oliver Twist, if you know. Please, sir. + +178 +00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:47,870 +Okay? So why does Thomas Moore discuss this utopia + +179 +00:11:47,870 --> 00:11:51,430 +in his book, this perfect world? Possibly because + +180 +00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:54,350 +he's encouraging people to change their own + +181 +00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:58,750 +society. He's giving them a model for the perfect + +182 +00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:02,070 +society, a society without corruption and sins and + +183 +00:12:02,070 --> 00:12:05,770 +everything. Or he's attacking the society because + +184 +00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:08,990 +he can't show the right model and we're very far + +185 +00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:14,030 +away from this. Now, the other significant point + +186 +00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:19,070 +for our course is colonialism. I'll write it here, + +187 +00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:20,010 +colonialism. + +188 +00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:26,370 +How many times did we mention colonialism? Three, + +189 +00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:30,910 +not four. Remember colonialism and imperialism? + +190 +00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:35,450 +Now, this book is good, really. The textbook we + +191 +00:12:35,450 --> 00:12:39,030 +have here is really good. But in many ways, it + +192 +00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:43,050 +misrepresents something. It hides some truth, some + +193 +00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:48,010 +facts. And it presents the British Empire and the + +194 +00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,650 +English history as pure, without evil, without + +195 +00:12:51,650 --> 00:12:52,970 +wrongdoing sometimes. + +196 +00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,640 +When the book speaks about colonialism and + +197 +00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:01,960 +occupying other places in Africa, in America, in + +198 +00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:07,200 +Asia, they speak about the colonial glory, the + +199 +00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,500 +great geographical discoveries. And beneath that, + +200 +00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:13,020 +because if you're smart, you should always look, + +201 +00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:18,320 +read between the lines and beneath this. Ah, OK, + +202 +00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:21,200 +geographical discoveries, great. But these + +203 +00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,780 +geographical discoveries meant the occupation of + +204 +00:13:25,780 --> 00:13:28,060 +other nations, the destruction of other nations. + +205 +00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,900 +As Palestinians, we're suffering from this, the + +206 +00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:37,080 +British Empire, even 100 years later. So the book, + +207 +00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:39,480 +in a way, sometimes whitewashes. You know + +208 +00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,820 +whitewashes? Whitewashes the British Empire and + +209 +00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:46,800 +its crimes and its imperialism. Whitewashes means + +210 +00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:51,030 +it represents... The good aspect, the good things, + +211 +00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:54,250 +and hides the bad things about the British + +212 +00:13:54,250 --> 00:13:58,450 +imperialism and colonialism. So travel writing, in + +213 +00:13:58,450 --> 00:14:01,070 +a way, remember The Tempest? In The Tempest for + +214 +00:14:01,070 --> 00:14:06,070 +Shakespeare, we said The Tempest could + +215 +00:14:06,070 --> 00:14:11,390 +be an allegory of + +216 +00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:12,730 +imperialism. + +217 +00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,650 +An allegory. Allegory means a story, a symbolic + +218 +00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:23,750 +story, an allegory of imperialism, of colonialism, + +219 +00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:28,810 +which means what happens in the Tempest. Remember? + +220 +00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:33,710 +A king was removed by his brother, and now he + +221 +00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:37,250 +isn't a king. He is nothing. But he's exiled to an + +222 +00:14:37,250 --> 00:14:41,430 +island, an island that has its people in a way or + +223 +00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:45,760 +another. But when this white European man goes to + +224 +00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,560 +this island, he says, my island. He controls it. + +225 +00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,360 +In a way, this prepares the British, the English, + +226 +00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,760 +the European mind that wherever you go, you can be + +227 +00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:58,960 +the master. You still can be a king, even if + +228 +00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:00,300 +you're not a king here, even if you're not + +229 +00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,800 +educated, even if you're not smart. You go there + +230 +00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,800 +to Africa, to Asia, to America, to the Caribbean, + +231 +00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:07,340 +and you can be the master of the people there. + +232 +00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,780 +This is what it is meant by Allegory of + +233 +00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:13,880 +imperialism. It teaches, again, colonialism. + +234 +00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:21,740 +Travel writing teaches the English people here and + +235 +00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:25,740 +prepares their minds that they are the masters of + +236 +00:15:25,740 --> 00:15:29,360 +the world. When you read a story, for example, + +237 +00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:36,000 +there is another story here about a place called + +238 +00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:43,620 +El Dorado. El Dorado. And Eldorado is a city of + +239 +00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:46,940 +gold. It means, literally, a city of gold. And by + +240 +00:15:46,940 --> 00:15:49,860 +the way, this is still there in English movies and + +241 +00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:51,780 +English cartoons. Sometimes we watch a particular + +242 +00:15:51,780 --> 00:15:56,860 +cartoon movie, and somebody goes to a faraway + +243 +00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:00,540 +place, exotic place, and then there are treasures, + +244 +00:16:01,420 --> 00:16:07,100 +and there's gold, and diamonds, and all sorts of + +245 +00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,560 +treasures, and gems, and everything. So in a way, + +246 +00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:13,500 +you're telling the people like, hey, you should go + +247 +00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,460 +out there. It tells you that there is a lot of + +248 +00:16:17,460 --> 00:16:19,460 +money out there. What the hell are you doing here + +249 +00:16:19,460 --> 00:16:23,400 +in London, in England? Go out. Take the next ship + +250 +00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,180 +next week and just travel, and you will be rich + +251 +00:16:26,180 --> 00:16:31,800 +overnight. And this is, again, in a way to prepare + +252 +00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,080 +the minds that they can control the whole world. + +253 +00:16:36,820 --> 00:16:41,490 +Funny thing about it. Eldorado here. It's fiction, + +254 +00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:47,950 +right? There is no place consisting of gold. You + +255 +00:16:47,950 --> 00:16:50,830 +can't go to a particular place and find Ali Baba's + +256 +00:16:50,830 --> 00:16:53,490 +cave where there is a lot of gold, where you just + +257 +00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:57,450 +swim in gold and coins and money and treasures and + +258 +00:16:57,450 --> 00:17:05,290 +everything. But this city was talked about in A + +259 +00:17:05,290 --> 00:17:08,110 +real book of travel. A real book, not fictional + +260 +00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:11,030 +book. So when people read this, you're reading, + +261 +00:17:11,170 --> 00:17:13,950 +for example, about Africa, about Morocco, about + +262 +00:17:13,950 --> 00:17:17,130 +America, about the Caribbean, about Asia, about + +263 +00:17:17,130 --> 00:17:19,790 +India. And all of a sudden, somewhere you read + +264 +00:17:19,790 --> 00:17:25,350 +about El Dorado. In a way, when it comes to travel + +265 +00:17:25,350 --> 00:17:30,290 +writing, fact was fiction and fiction was fact. Or + +266 +00:17:30,290 --> 00:17:35,540 +fiction was treated as fact. What? It's exactly + +267 +00:17:35,540 --> 00:17:38,200 +like when someone keeps teaching you. If I keep + +268 +00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,060 +teaching you here for months and months about a + +269 +00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,120 +particular place that has a particular university + +270 +00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:48,280 +where you don't have to do exams, and everyone + +271 +00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:51,280 +gets full marks, and teachers are nice, all of + +272 +00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,600 +them, and you don't have to study, and you get + +273 +00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,680 +your certificate just overnight. You want to go + +274 +00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,430 +there, in a way, I think. Because it makes your + +275 +00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,490 +life easier, a lot easier than it is now. So + +276 +00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:04,970 +number two, travel writing. Travel writing + +277 +00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:08,450 +generally tries to depict other countries, other + +278 +00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:11,170 +places. Sometimes we have fiction, like the + +279 +00:18:11,170 --> 00:18:15,930 +Utopia, to criticize and to try to promote change. + +280 +00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:20,150 +But sometimes travel writing encourages + +281 +00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:24,570 +colonialism and imperialism. And there is a lot of + +282 +00:18:24,570 --> 00:18:27,490 +racism here. Because usually the native people + +283 +00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:33,610 +are, one, Not represented. Again, exactly what + +284 +00:18:33,610 --> 00:18:36,750 +Israel, what the Zionist movement did. When they + +285 +00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:39,450 +talked about Palestine a hundred years ago and + +286 +00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,050 +before, they were talking about Palestine as a + +287 +00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:45,750 +land that is empty, a land without a people. Okay, + +288 +00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:47,910 +we are a people, but we don't have a land, so + +289 +00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:51,330 +let's go there. So, the Zionist movement, the + +290 +00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:54,410 +Zionists used literature to try to convince a lot + +291 +00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:57,630 +of Jews around the world to go to Palestine. What + +292 +00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:00,370 +did they do? When they spoke about Palestine, in + +293 +00:19:00,370 --> 00:19:02,250 +their literature, I did a research paper on this, + +294 +00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:03,870 +in their literature, in their poetry, you read a + +295 +00:19:03,870 --> 00:19:06,930 +hundred poems by Jewish people in Russia, in + +296 +00:19:06,930 --> 00:19:09,770 +Europe, and somewhere else. When you read their + +297 +00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:11,790 +poetry, and they speak about Palestine, about + +298 +00:19:11,790 --> 00:19:14,710 +Jerusalem, you don't find Palestinian or Arab + +299 +00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:18,820 +people in the poetry. So, we don't exist. in their + +300 +00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:22,400 +literature. So they try to convince their people, + +301 +00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:24,740 +let's go there. When people, when the natives + +302 +00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:27,240 +exist in the literature, they are negatively + +303 +00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,800 +framed. They are backward. They are stupid. They + +304 +00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:37,160 +are savages. They need to be civilized. And who + +305 +00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:43,140 +can civilize these savages? The white people, the + +306 +00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:46,980 +Christians, the Europeans. They have a moral + +307 +00:19:46,980 --> 00:19:50,840 +obligation to civilize the world. Travel writing, + +308 +00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:56,640 +very important. Okay? Next, the romance. + +309 +00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:04,920 +Now romance, the romance here was more famous, + +310 +00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:07,760 +common in Europe than in the rest of Europe than + +311 +00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:13,860 +in England. Like Ser Gawain and The Green Knight, + +312 +00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:17,960 +but that one was written in verse. This one was + +313 +00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,780 +written in prose, but similar themes, similar + +314 +00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:24,800 +issues about heroes, about knights who achieve, + +315 +00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:28,840 +who fight the monsters in order to try to get the + +316 +00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:33,240 +woman they love. The romance is significant + +317 +00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:39,100 +because it is considered the origin of a novel. 50 + +318 +00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,920 +years later, we'll have a new genre called a + +319 +00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,960 +novel. It started from the epic, but the epic was + +320 +00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,080 +poetry. And then it moved to the romance, because + +321 +00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,160 +it was loose in form, but was written in prose. + +322 +00:20:52,460 --> 00:20:58,310 +And later on? We had the probably 50 years later + +323 +00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:03,950 +in around 1719, we have the first official novel. + +324 +00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:07,170 +And even that we'll speak about. Because in + +325 +00:21:07,170 --> 00:21:09,150 +English books, even this book tells us that the + +326 +00:21:09,150 --> 00:21:12,770 +first novel was written by a man, Daniel Defoe. In + +327 +00:21:12,770 --> 00:21:16,490 +reality, yeah, there was a woman who wrote prose. + +328 +00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:19,470 +But because of the canon, what happened to the + +329 +00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:25,280 +woman? She was kicked out. She was ignored. OK, so + +330 +00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,880 +the Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, + +331 +00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,700 +the pamphlets, and we were comic, travel writing, + +332 +00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:35,420 +colonialism, don't forget this, and the romance. + +333 +00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:39,400 +And there were, again, because people were + +334 +00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,800 +printing stuff, there were many essays. You know + +335 +00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,220 +an essay like a long paragraph, like a piece of + +336 +00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,860 +writing consisting of several paragraphs about a + +337 +00:21:47,860 --> 00:21:52,840 +particular issue? And next, we have religious + +338 +00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:53,940 +writing. + +339 +00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,820 +The most famous religious writer, he wasn't a + +340 +00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:05,200 +writer, actually. He was a speaker, a monk, a + +341 +00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,860 +priest, John Donne. Remember John Donne, yeah? + +342 +00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:14,620 +He's a religious man. A religious man. He wrote + +343 +00:22:14,620 --> 00:22:19,720 +several religious texts, but mainly they were kind + +344 +00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,600 +of public speeches, sermons. You know public + +345 +00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:27,170 +speeches? That's John Donne. And then there were + +346 +00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,370 +also illustrated books. And it's interesting how + +347 +00:22:32,370 --> 00:22:35,970 +books were varying in structure, in form, in + +348 +00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:39,230 +theme, in issues. So if you want to read religious + +349 +00:22:39,230 --> 00:22:41,930 +stuff, you'll find something to read. Travel, + +350 +00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,850 +you'll find something to read. Literature, you'll + +351 +00:22:44,850 --> 00:22:47,270 +find something to read. And the illustrated books + +352 +00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:50,970 +were interesting because they used both verse and + +353 +00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:53,510 +sometimes verse and pictures in addition to the + +354 +00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:57,460 +prose describing things. Like now, we love looking + +355 +00:22:57,460 --> 00:23:00,600 +at pictures in books here. We like sometimes you + +356 +00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,700 +have a big book, a thousand pages, you read it and + +357 +00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:06,680 +you find some interesting books, pictures in the + +358 +00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:08,800 +book about somebody. The first thing you start + +359 +00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:10,840 +with, you look at the pictures. People love + +360 +00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,890 +pictures. So illustrated books, but Clearly, this + +361 +00:23:14,890 --> 00:23:18,110 +could be very expensive, more expensive than + +362 +00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:22,230 +because you need someone to make the drawings. And + +363 +00:23:22,230 --> 00:23:25,190 +I think we'll have to stop here with the seventh + +364 +00:23:25,190 --> 00:23:30,750 +type of writing, illustrated books. + +365 +00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:40,330 +Now, what happens? This is basically Of course, we + +366 +00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:42,610 +could spend years speaking about the Renaissance + +367 +00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:47,830 +Age, but these lectures are only meant to give you + +368 +00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:51,490 +just introductions about the main events, the main + +369 +00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,870 +people, and the main writers. Now, the Renaissance + +370 +00:23:55,870 --> 00:24:00,510 +ended, remember, not only drama. The whole age + +371 +00:24:00,510 --> 00:24:03,250 +ended in some kind of political fighting, + +372 +00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:07,950 +political fighting and turmoil. The theater was + +373 +00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:10,170 +closed by the Puritans, and the Puritans became + +374 +00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:17,070 +more and more powerful, and they even executed the + +375 +00:24:17,070 --> 00:24:23,150 +king. The king of England, remember, the spokesman + +376 +00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:27,310 +of God, God's spokesperson, the most important + +377 +00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:30,830 +person on Earth, he was... The king was killed in + +378 +00:24:30,830 --> 00:24:34,690 +Shakespeare, another place. In place. And for the + +379 +00:24:34,690 --> 00:24:38,210 +first time here, the English king was executed, + +380 +00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:43,370 +was killed. And they kicked the monarchy away. And + +381 +00:24:43,370 --> 00:24:46,610 +Krom will speak about this next week, where we + +382 +00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:49,590 +have a new era called the Commonwealth and the + +383 +00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:53,110 +Restoration. We'll see what happens. England has + +384 +00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:55,770 +always, almost always been governed by a king or a + +385 +00:24:55,770 --> 00:25:00,560 +queen. for over 1,000 years. And overnight, you + +386 +00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:02,700 +don't have a king. There was a revolution. There + +387 +00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:06,700 +was the civil war and the fighting. What do you do + +388 +00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,900 +now? You've been used to having a king because the + +389 +00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,120 +king has become part of your life, part of your + +390 +00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:13,400 +culture, part of your language, of your + +391 +00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,500 +literature, of your mentality, of your identity. + +392 +00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:23,540 +What do you do? We'll see next class when we speak + +393 +00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:27,970 +about the commonwealth Oliver Cromwell and The + +394 +00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:33,410 +Restoration. Do you have any question? Any + +395 +00:25:33,410 --> 00:25:37,670 +question? Prose? The Renaissance Age? + +396 +00:25:43,390 --> 00:25:50,290 +OK. Someone tell me why travel writing is + +397 +00:25:50,290 --> 00:25:55,120 +significant to colonialism. I just said this. I + +398 +00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,780 +want someone to repeat + +399 +00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:01,760 +in a way or another, or tell me what you think of + +400 +00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,500 +travel writings as a colonial tool, an + +401 +00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:16,040 +imperialistic tool here. Yes, please. Okay. Travel + +402 +00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:21,170 +writing? Okay. describes the incubation of the new + +403 +00:26:21,170 --> 00:26:25,490 +lands and killing the native people as a new + +404 +00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:30,850 +invention and as a new thing and something they + +405 +00:26:30,850 --> 00:26:33,410 +should be proud of. And they show the positive + +406 +00:26:33,410 --> 00:26:37,330 +side of it and hide the bad side, like they own + +407 +00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:41,050 +this land originally. OK. What else? Thank you. + +408 +00:26:41,370 --> 00:26:42,350 +Very good. Please. + +409 +00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:55,710 +Okay. Okay. Okay. + +410 +00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:06,490 +Okay, so when we speak about the society itself of + +411 +00:27:06,490 --> 00:27:10,410 +that time, it helps the society because it reveals + +412 +00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:13,310 +in a way the corruption, the vices by speaking + +413 +00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:15,530 +about the perfect society like we have in the + +414 +00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:19,670 +Utopia by Thomas More. But when it comes to other + +415 +00:27:19,670 --> 00:27:23,670 +societies, remember England was expanding. The + +416 +00:27:23,670 --> 00:27:26,810 +British Empire was expanding all across the globe, + +417 +00:27:28,550 --> 00:27:33,560 +occupying New lands every year. Geographical. Here + +418 +00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,440 +in the book described as geographical discoveries. + +419 +00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,120 +And it's funny because discovery means like nobody + +420 +00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:44,320 +is there. Nobody has been there, has seen it or + +421 +00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,020 +used it before, right? But what? You discover + +422 +00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:52,050 +what? You discover Australia, there are people + +423 +00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:54,590 +there. You discover New Zealand, there are people + +424 +00:27:54,590 --> 00:27:56,590 +there. You discover India, I don't know. There are + +425 +00:27:56,590 --> 00:27:58,730 +people. You discover America, there are people + +426 +00:27:58,730 --> 00:28:00,790 +there. But what happens to the natives, to the + +427 +00:28:00,790 --> 00:28:05,010 +original people? Yeah, like in America, millions + +428 +00:28:05,010 --> 00:28:07,390 +and millions and millions of native Americans were + +429 +00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:11,170 +murdered, massacred, brutally massacred. America + +430 +00:28:11,170 --> 00:28:15,450 +was built on genocide and blood and destruction. + +431 +00:28:16,230 --> 00:28:21,320 +And it happens in Africa. Africa probably took the + +432 +00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,740 +heaviest blow out because of colonialism. Not only + +433 +00:28:24,740 --> 00:28:28,680 +British, but also other countries, French and + +434 +00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,140 +Dutch, like European colonialism. Africa is still + +435 +00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:37,620 +suffering the consequences of imperialism. So how + +436 +00:28:37,620 --> 00:28:40,740 +are the native people represented in the box, in + +437 +00:28:40,740 --> 00:28:44,800 +the travel box generally? Number one, before the + +438 +00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:50,410 +negative framing. They are not there. These + +439 +00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:54,210 +countries are empty. Sometimes it's not easy to + +440 +00:28:54,210 --> 00:28:57,390 +convince someone to go to another place where + +441 +00:28:57,390 --> 00:29:02,330 +there are people. So first of all, there are no + +442 +00:29:02,330 --> 00:29:06,810 +people there. So it's waiting for you. And same, + +443 +00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:08,690 +remember the Zionist movement again? I have to say + +444 +00:29:08,690 --> 00:29:10,670 +this again. They described Palestine as the land + +445 +00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:14,270 +that flows with milk and honey. But there are no + +446 +00:29:14,270 --> 00:29:19,240 +people there. And they contradict themselves, + +447 +00:29:19,380 --> 00:29:21,980 +because sometimes they describe Palestine as the + +448 +00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:24,740 +desert. The desert where there are no people + +449 +00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,240 +there. But sometimes they describe it as the place + +450 +00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:33,080 +where we have honey. Not only honey, milk and + +451 +00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,580 +honey. It flows with milk. So you go to Palestine + +452 +00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:38,980 +and you swim in rivers of paradise. It's heaven on + +453 +00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:43,740 +earth. Maybe we can speak about this at the end of + +454 +00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:47,220 +this course, how the Zionist movement, and this is + +455 +00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:50,220 +very important, very serious, used literature to + +456 +00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:52,860 +occupy Palestine metaphorically first, in + +457 +00:29:52,860 --> 00:29:55,620 +metaphor, in poetry. Palestine was occupied in + +458 +00:29:55,620 --> 00:29:59,980 +books, in poems, well before it was occupied + +459 +00:29:59,980 --> 00:30:05,080 +physically, militarily. And that's the serious + +460 +00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:10,600 +impact of literature. That's why you should... + +461 +00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:15,520 +Consider yourself. Consider a career in writing + +462 +00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,600 +for yourself in the future. You could be a poet, a + +463 +00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,800 +story writer, a journalist. Studying English as a + +464 +00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:27,940 +tool helps to facilitate your career. paths in the + +465 +00:30:27,940 --> 00:30:31,240 +future, but it could be also a tool of speaking up + +466 +00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,180 +of empowerment. You empower yourself. You reach + +467 +00:30:34,180 --> 00:30:37,720 +out to people, and you resist by exposing the + +468 +00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:43,080 +crimes and the colonialist, the Israeli + +469 +00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,920 +colonialist enterprise in Palestine. Okay, I'll + +470 +00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:52,060 +stop here. Thank you very much. If you have more + +471 +00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:54,860 +questions, we can do later on. Thank you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0209df0b5a7503d619951d8238cf101bf5249f33 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,1884 @@ +1 +00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:26,000 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we try to + +2 +00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:30,640 +wrap up our discussion on the Renaissance, the + +3 +00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,840 +Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages. So far we've + +4 +00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:38,400 +spoken about drama. We consider this the golden + +5 +00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:42,370 +age of drama. And then we spoke about poetry. But + +6 +00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:46,090 +don't forget that drama was mainly written in + +7 +00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:52,170 +poetry, in verse, not in prose. Okay? John Donne + +8 +00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,090 +was a poet. Shakespeare was a dramatist and a + +9 +00:00:55,090 --> 00:00:59,090 +poet. Marlowe was a dramatist and a poet. Major + +10 +00:00:59,090 --> 00:01:02,470 +dramatists were also poets because drama was + +11 +00:01:02,470 --> 00:01:07,390 +written in poetry. So today we move to speak about + +12 +00:01:07,390 --> 00:01:13,620 +prose. So far prose was not significant in many + +13 +00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,560 +ways because when it comes to literature, we only + +14 +00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:20,840 +have poetry so far. Poetry and drama. Poetry and + +15 +00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:22,920 +drama. And drama is poetry. Don't forget this. + +16 +00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:28,810 +Because we still don't have many people who can + +17 +00:01:28,810 --> 00:01:32,250 +read, and the printing press wasn't still, you + +18 +00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:38,990 +know, it's 200 years old in England, but still + +19 +00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:43,610 +printing books was not cheap. You had to have a + +20 +00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:45,830 +lot of money, and we didn't have a lot of people + +21 +00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:48,070 +who could read and write at that time. But + +22 +00:01:48,070 --> 00:01:51,070 +gradually, many people started to learn to read + +23 +00:01:51,070 --> 00:01:55,960 +and write. And this helped the rise of the middle + +24 +00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,980 +class. And the newspaper and journalism did an + +25 +00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,120 +amazing job in this regard. Today, we'll speak + +26 +00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:07,320 +about eight types of prose writing in the + +27 +00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:10,560 +Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages, or in the + +28 +00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:13,580 +Renaissance. We'll focus on three or four of them + +29 +00:02:13,580 --> 00:02:16,720 +because they are more significant than the other + +30 +00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,740 +part. So number one, remember English language + +31 +00:02:20,740 --> 00:02:25,240 +wasn't regulated in many ways. We had many ways of + +32 +00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,300 +spelling something. And remember, even Shakespeare + +33 +00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:31,750 +had his name. He spelled his name in 17 different + +34 +00:02:31,750 --> 00:02:35,150 +ways. That's a lot of ways. But gradually, + +35 +00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:40,250 +everything was being standardized here in a way + +36 +00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,110 +that people started to write dictionaries to + +37 +00:02:43,110 --> 00:02:45,850 +determine the right spelling of particular words. + +38 +00:02:46,330 --> 00:02:52,430 +But the most major, the most important and major + +39 +00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:56,210 +literary works or prose works that helped the + +40 +00:02:56,210 --> 00:02:59,800 +English language Number one, we have Shakespeare. + +41 +00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:05,100 +So Shakespearean texts, the drama itself, it + +42 +00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,180 +wasn't written to be read. Remember this. It was + +43 +00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:12,480 +written to be performed, acted on stage. And + +44 +00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,060 +that's crucial. That's why the dramatization is + +45 +00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:19,020 +important here. But Shakespeare helped shape the + +46 +00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:22,140 +English language. Because Shakespeare used the + +47 +00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,460 +language of, not the language of the Middle + +48 +00:03:24,460 --> 00:03:28,180 +English or Old English, but the language of of the + +49 +00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000 +Renaissance, the language of the people of that + +50 +00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,660 +time. So many people would be watching + +51 +00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:35,380 +Shakespeare, and they would totally understand his + +52 +00:03:35,380 --> 00:03:38,540 +stuff. And in addition to Shakespeare and other + +53 +00:03:38,540 --> 00:03:42,100 +literary texts, we have the prose writings. They + +54 +00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:45,460 +also help, number one, form the English language, + +55 +00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,600 +meaning give the English language the shape we + +56 +00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,240 +have now. Of course, it developed still a lot more + +57 +00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:56,480 +after that. But English had particular rules to be + +58 +00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,660 +followed easily. The other important reason mainly + +59 +00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:03,700 +for prose, so again, this is prose and Shakespeare + +60 +00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:06,120 +and other writers, but mainly Shakespeare, helped + +61 +00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,860 +give the English language the shape it has now. + +62 +00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:13,760 +The other important thing is that early prose, the + +63 +00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:19,080 +Renaissance prose, gave us again an idea about the + +64 +00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,960 +early prose writing, such as travel writing and + +65 +00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:24,880 +the novel itself. The novel wasn't, by the way, + +66 +00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:26,680 +the word novel means, do you know what it means? + +67 +00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:31,620 +Novel. It is, yeah, this is the definition. It's a + +68 +00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:33,560 +long story in prose. But what does it mean, the + +69 +00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:39,880 +word itself? Novel. In English. In English, the + +70 +00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,820 +word novel means new. New, yeah, you could say, + +71 +00:04:42,880 --> 00:04:46,610 +oh, this is a novel idea. And we have the word + +72 +00:04:46,610 --> 00:04:50,210 +novice. And I think in Arabic, we say novi, like + +73 +00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:55,650 +new. Because compared to poetry and drama, the + +74 +00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:01,010 +novel is new in many ways. So early Renaissance + +75 +00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:06,630 +prose writing helped give us examples of the many + +76 +00:05:06,630 --> 00:05:11,630 +forms of writings we had in later ages. So number + +77 +00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:17,980 +one. The major prose work is the Bible itself. The + +78 +00:05:17,980 --> 00:05:21,980 +Bible. Why are we speaking about the Bible here? + +79 +00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:23,880 +Yes. + +80 +00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,820 +Thank you very much. For over a thousand years and + +81 +00:05:29,820 --> 00:05:33,320 +this is in a way crazy. England is now a Christian + +82 +00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:37,840 +country. But the major book of Christianity was + +83 +00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,500 +not in English. There were some translations, but + +84 +00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:42,940 +they were not authorized. They were not good. It + +85 +00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:46,900 +was in Latin. And now King James. Remember King + +86 +00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:49,320 +James, the lover of literature, of drama? He + +87 +00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,180 +brought the mosques and everything. He also + +88 +00:05:52,180 --> 00:05:57,050 +helped, supported the translation of The Bible. + +89 +00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:00,310 +It's called the Authorized Version of the Bible. + +90 +00:06:00,830 --> 00:06:02,950 +There are a lot of similarities between the + +91 +00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,470 +language of the Bible and the language of + +92 +00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:08,270 +Shakespeare. There's something here, but it's not + +93 +00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:11,750 +something we are interested in. But because they + +94 +00:06:11,750 --> 00:06:15,610 +wrote it in a very poetic way. Some of it could be + +95 +00:06:15,610 --> 00:06:19,830 +poetic, but it's generally a prose book. And it's + +96 +00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:25,440 +King James I. And the Bible became the stories of + +97 +00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:29,120 +the Bible. The language of the Bible became part + +98 +00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:33,880 +of the lives of every English person living during + +99 +00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:40,660 +that time. So that's number one, the Bible. The + +100 +00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:42,640 +second type, you don't have to write this because + +101 +00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,840 +I already posted this on the Facebook group we + +102 +00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:51,450 +have. Just pay attention. So again, the authorized + +103 +00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:54,210 +version of the book. Authorized because it was + +104 +00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:00,110 +translated into English. He didn't do it himself. + +105 +00:07:00,430 --> 00:07:03,110 +Physically, he ordered, he supported, he paid + +106 +00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:07,150 +money for people to translate it. OK? The second + +107 +00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,030 +point, something called pamphlets. You know + +108 +00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:12,550 +pamphlets, like when you write two, three, like an + +109 +00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:15,950 +article, like three, five, 10 pages, and it can be + +110 +00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:19,750 +sold or given to particular people. Pamphlets. + +111 +00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:22,410 +They meld them. Like you have some of you here + +112 +00:07:22,410 --> 00:07:26,950 +have pamphlets of all particular topics. The + +113 +00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:30,710 +pamphlets were early examples of news articles. + +114 +00:07:31,830 --> 00:07:36,010 +But many of them focused on very comic issues, + +115 +00:07:36,690 --> 00:07:41,170 +comedy. Comedy. And again, remember we said at + +116 +00:07:41,170 --> 00:07:43,230 +that time, people considered tragedy more + +117 +00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:46,150 +important than comedy. It doesn't mean comedy is + +118 +00:07:46,150 --> 00:07:49,170 +not important. Because you still can criticize the + +119 +00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:53,030 +society in a funny way where sometimes you can + +120 +00:07:53,030 --> 00:07:56,070 +make fun of somebody. You can have a crazy person + +121 +00:07:56,070 --> 00:07:58,710 +make a joke about the king that in serious + +122 +00:07:58,710 --> 00:08:02,010 +situation cannot be accepted. But this is a crazy + +123 +00:08:02,010 --> 00:08:03,870 +person. This is comedy. This is for fun. Ha ha. + +124 +00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:09,370 +But in reality, even jokes and comedy can shake + +125 +00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:13,910 +the authority, can attack and criticize in their + +126 +00:08:13,910 --> 00:08:16,430 +own way. So what is the important thing about the + +127 +00:08:16,430 --> 00:08:20,810 +pamphlets? The fact that it used comedy to discuss + +128 +00:08:20,810 --> 00:08:26,650 +issues in the society, like thieves and cheats and + +129 +00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:31,250 +very funny stories. Again, comedy will start to be + +130 +00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,270 +more common. And this is taken in a way from + +131 +00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:40,270 +drama, from Shakespeare. In my opinion, travel + +132 +00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,150 +writings are the most important issue we'll have + +133 +00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:47,250 +to talk about today. Listen. Don't look here. Look + +134 +00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:53,090 +at me. What is travel writing? What do you think? + +135 +00:08:53,130 --> 00:08:56,090 +What is travel writing? Yeah. Writing about the + +136 +00:08:56,090 --> 00:08:58,690 +new discoveries. Okay. Remember we spoke about + +137 +00:08:58,690 --> 00:09:01,150 +the... The Renaissance. The Renaissance. Yes. + +138 +00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:03,550 +Geographical discoveries. Yes. What else? So + +139 +00:09:03,550 --> 00:09:05,510 +writing about the new discoveries. What else? + +140 +00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:07,880 +What? + +141 +00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:16,160 +Yeah. Stories about people who travel to the new + +142 +00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:23,180 +world or stories about imaginary countries. The + +143 +00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,460 +Tempest in Shakespeare is imaginary in many ways, + +144 +00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:28,320 +but there could be stories about other places + +145 +00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,320 +around the world. And travel writing was very + +146 +00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,460 +crucial for three main reasons, like I say here. + +147 +00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:41,400 +Number one, when you write about other places, + +148 +00:09:41,540 --> 00:09:44,280 +when people at that time wrote about other places, + +149 +00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:47,860 +sometimes they would describe the perfect society. + +150 +00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:54,930 +It's called the utopia. What's the utopia? Utopia + +151 +00:09:54,930 --> 00:09:58,510 +means the perfect country, the perfect place. + +152 +00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:04,250 +Madina al-fadila in Arabic. The utopia. And + +153 +00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:07,890 +actually, it doesn't exist in real life. But when + +154 +00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,430 +you imagine it, when you write extensively about + +155 +00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:14,930 +this, it's because of two things here. Number one, + +156 +00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:21,770 +you want to change. your own society to improve + +157 +00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,050 +it, to tell people, see, this is what should + +158 +00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:28,170 +happen. Or because you want to attack and + +159 +00:10:28,170 --> 00:10:28,630 +criticize. + +160 +00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:35,690 +You want to attack particular vices in your + +161 +00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:38,630 +society. If this is a perfect, if you write, for + +162 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:42,790 +example, a story about Gaza where there are no + +163 +00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:46,530 +problems, everything is fine, there is, you know, + +164 +00:10:46,630 --> 00:10:50,110 +there are no taxes here, the borders are not + +165 +00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,110 +closed all the time, you can easily travel + +166 +00:10:52,110 --> 00:10:54,770 +wherever you want, you can buy whatever you want, + +167 +00:10:54,970 --> 00:10:58,670 +don't have trouble with transportation. This could + +168 +00:10:58,670 --> 00:11:02,800 +be an attack on the fact that this society is It's + +169 +00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:06,820 +horrible. Or a dream. You're dreaming of a better + +170 +00:11:06,820 --> 00:11:09,700 +future. You're saying that there should be a + +171 +00:11:09,700 --> 00:11:14,340 +better life here. And this is something that was + +172 +00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:17,760 +this text actually. The Utopia was a book written + +173 +00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,860 +by, we'll see in the next slide here, by someone + +174 +00:11:20,860 --> 00:11:25,580 +called Thomas Moore. The Utopia. The Utopia is + +175 +00:11:25,580 --> 00:11:30,570 +actually a travel writing by Thomas Moore. Not + +176 +00:11:30,570 --> 00:11:33,770 +Thomas Less, Thomas Moore. Even his name once + +177 +00:11:33,770 --> 00:11:38,890 +more. Like Oliver Twist, if you know. Please, sir. + +178 +00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:47,870 +Okay? So why does Thomas Moore discuss this utopia + +179 +00:11:47,870 --> 00:11:51,430 +in his book, this perfect world? Possibly because + +180 +00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:54,350 +he's encouraging people to change their own + +181 +00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:58,750 +society. He's giving them a model for the perfect + +182 +00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:02,070 +society, a society without corruption and sins and + +183 +00:12:02,070 --> 00:12:05,770 +everything. Or he's attacking the society because + +184 +00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:08,990 +he can't show the right model and we're very far + +185 +00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:14,030 +away from this. Now, the other significant point + +186 +00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:19,070 +for our course is colonialism. I'll write it here, + +187 +00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:20,010 +colonialism. + +188 +00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:26,370 +How many times did we mention colonialism? Three, + +189 +00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:30,910 +not four. Remember colonialism and imperialism? + +190 +00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:35,450 +Now, this book is good, really. The textbook we + +191 +00:12:35,450 --> 00:12:39,030 +have here is really good. But in many ways, it + +192 +00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:43,050 +misrepresents something. It hides some truth, some + +193 +00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:48,010 +facts. And it presents the British Empire and the + +194 +00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,650 +English history as pure, without evil, without + +195 +00:12:51,650 --> 00:12:52,970 +wrongdoing sometimes. + +196 +00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,640 +When the book speaks about colonialism and + +197 +00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:01,960 +occupying other places in Africa, in America, in + +198 +00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:07,200 +Asia, they speak about the colonial glory, the + +199 +00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,500 +great geographical discoveries. And beneath that, + +200 +00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:13,020 +because if you're smart, you should always look, + +201 +00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:18,320 +read between the lines and beneath this. Ah, OK, + +202 +00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:21,200 +geographical discoveries, great. But these + +203 +00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,780 +geographical discoveries meant the occupation of + +204 +00:13:25,780 --> 00:13:28,060 +other nations, the destruction of other nations. + +205 +00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,900 +As Palestinians, we're suffering from this, the + +206 +00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:37,080 +British Empire, even 100 years later. So the book, + +207 +00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:39,480 +in a way, sometimes whitewashes. You know + +208 +00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,820 +whitewashes? Whitewashes the British Empire and + +209 +00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:46,800 +its crimes and its imperialism. Whitewashes means + +210 +00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:51,030 +it represents... The good aspect, the good things, + +211 +00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:54,250 +and hides the bad things about the British + +212 +00:13:54,250 --> 00:13:58,450 +imperialism and colonialism. So travel writing, in + +213 +00:13:58,450 --> 00:14:01,070 +a way, remember The Tempest? In The Tempest for + +214 +00:14:01,070 --> 00:14:06,070 +Shakespeare, we said The Tempest could + +215 +00:14:06,070 --> 00:14:11,390 +be an allegory of + +216 +00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:12,730 +imperialism. + +217 +00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,650 +An allegory. Allegory means a story, a symbolic + +218 +00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:23,750 +story, an allegory of imperialism, of colonialism, + +219 +00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:28,810 +which means what happens in the Tempest. Remember? + +220 +00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:33,710 +A king was removed by his brother, and now he + +221 +00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:37,250 +isn't a king. He is nothing. But he's exiled to an + +222 +00:14:37,250 --> 00:14:41,430 +island, an island that has its people in a way or + +223 +00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:45,760 +another. But when this white European man goes to + +224 +00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,560 +this island, he says, my island. He controls it. + +225 +00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,360 +In a way, this prepares the British, the English, + +226 +00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,760 +the European mind that wherever you go, you can be + +227 +00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:58,960 +the master. You still can be a king, even if + +228 +00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:00,300 +you're not a king here, even if you're not + +229 +00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,800 +educated, even if you're not smart. You go there + +230 +00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,800 +to Africa, to Asia, to America, to the Caribbean, + +231 +00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:07,340 +and you can be the master of the people there. + +232 +00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,780 +This is what it is meant by Allegory of + +233 +00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:13,880 +imperialism. It teaches, again, colonialism. + +234 +00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:21,740 +Travel writing teaches the English people here and + +235 +00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:25,740 +prepares their minds that they are the masters of + +236 +00:15:25,740 --> 00:15:29,360 +the world. When you read a story, for example, + +237 +00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:36,000 +there is another story here about a place called + +238 +00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:43,620 +El Dorado. El Dorado. And Eldorado is a city of + +239 +00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:46,940 +gold. It means, literally, a city of gold. And by + +240 +00:15:46,940 --> 00:15:49,860 +the way, this is still there in English movies and + +241 +00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:51,780 +English cartoons. Sometimes we watch a particular + +242 +00:15:51,780 --> 00:15:56,860 +cartoon movie, and somebody goes to a faraway + +243 +00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:00,540 +place, exotic place, and then there are treasures, + +244 +00:16:01,420 --> 00:16:07,100 +and there's gold, and diamonds, and all sorts of + +245 +00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,560 +treasures, and gems, and everything. So in a way, + +246 +00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:13,500 +you're telling the people like, hey, you should go + +247 +00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,460 +out there. It tells you that there is a lot of + +248 +00:16:17,460 --> 00:16:19,460 +money out there. What the hell are you doing here + +249 +00:16:19,460 --> 00:16:23,400 +in London, in England? Go out. Take the next ship + +250 +00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,180 +next week and just travel, and you will be rich + +251 +00:16:26,180 --> 00:16:31,800 +overnight. And this is, again, in a way to prepare + +252 +00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,080 +the minds that they can control the whole world. + +253 +00:16:36,820 --> 00:16:41,490 +Funny thing about it. Eldorado here. It's fiction, + +254 +00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:47,950 +right? There is no place consisting of gold. You + +255 +00:16:47,950 --> 00:16:50,830 +can't go to a particular place and find Ali Baba's + +256 +00:16:50,830 --> 00:16:53,490 +cave where there is a lot of gold, where you just + +257 +00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:57,450 +swim in gold and coins and money and treasures and + +258 +00:16:57,450 --> 00:17:05,290 +everything. But this city was talked about in A + +259 +00:17:05,290 --> 00:17:08,110 +real book of travel. A real book, not fictional + +260 +00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:11,030 +book. So when people read this, you're reading, + +261 +00:17:11,170 --> 00:17:13,950 +for example, about Africa, about Morocco, about + +262 +00:17:13,950 --> 00:17:17,130 +America, about the Caribbean, about Asia, about + +263 +00:17:17,130 --> 00:17:19,790 +India. And all of a sudden, somewhere you read + +264 +00:17:19,790 --> 00:17:25,350 +about El Dorado. In a way, when it comes to travel + +265 +00:17:25,350 --> 00:17:30,290 +writing, fact was fiction and fiction was fact. Or + +266 +00:17:30,290 --> 00:17:35,540 +fiction was treated as fact. What? It's exactly + +267 +00:17:35,540 --> 00:17:38,200 +like when someone keeps teaching you. If I keep + +268 +00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,060 +teaching you here for months and months about a + +269 +00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,120 +particular place that has a particular university + +270 +00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:48,280 +where you don't have to do exams, and everyone + +271 +00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:51,280 +gets full marks, and teachers are nice, all of + +272 +00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,600 +them, and you don't have to study, and you get + +273 +00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,680 +your certificate just overnight. You want to go + +274 +00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,430 +there, in a way, I think. Because it makes your + +275 +00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,490 +life easier, a lot easier than it is now. So + +276 +00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:04,970 +number two, travel writing. Travel writing + +277 +00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:08,450 +generally tries to depict other countries, other + +278 +00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:11,170 +places. Sometimes we have fiction, like the + +279 +00:18:11,170 --> 00:18:15,930 +Utopia, to criticize and to try to promote change. + +280 +00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:20,150 +But sometimes travel writing encourages + +281 +00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:24,570 +colonialism and imperialism. And there is a lot of + +282 +00:18:24,570 --> 00:18:27,490 +racism here. Because usually the native people + +283 +00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:33,610 +are, one, Not represented. Again, exactly what + +284 +00:18:33,610 --> 00:18:36,750 +Israel, what the Zionist movement did. When they + +285 +00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:39,450 +talked about Palestine a hundred years ago and + +286 +00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,050 +before, they were talking about Palestine as a + +287 +00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:45,750 +land that is empty, a land without a people. Okay, + +288 +00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:47,910 +we are a people, but we don't have a land, so + +289 +00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:51,330 +let's go there. So, the Zionist movement, the + +290 +00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:54,410 +Zionists used literature to try to convince a lot + +291 +00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:57,630 +of Jews around the world to go to Palestine. What + +292 +00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:00,370 +did they do? When they spoke about Palestine, in + +293 +00:19:00,370 --> 00:19:02,250 +their literature, I did a research paper on this, + +294 +00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:03,870 +in their literature, in their poetry, you read a + +295 +00:19:03,870 --> 00:19:06,930 +hundred poems by Jewish people in Russia, in + +296 +00:19:06,930 --> 00:19:09,770 +Europe, and somewhere else. When you read their + +297 +00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:11,790 +poetry, and they speak about Palestine, about + +298 +00:19:11,790 --> 00:19:14,710 +Jerusalem, you don't find Palestinian or Arab + +299 +00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:18,820 +people in the poetry. So, we don't exist. in their + +300 +00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:22,400 +literature. So they try to convince their people, + +301 +00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:24,740 +let's go there. When people, when the natives + +302 +00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:27,240 +exist in the literature, they are negatively + +303 +00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,800 +framed. They are backward. They are stupid. They + +304 +00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:37,160 +are savages. They need to be civilized. And who + +305 +00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:43,140 +can civilize these savages? The white people, the + +306 +00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:46,980 +Christians, the Europeans. They have a moral + +307 +00:19:46,980 --> 00:19:50,840 +obligation to civilize the world. Travel writing, + +308 +00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:56,640 +very important. Okay? Next, the romance. + +309 +00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:04,920 +Now romance, the romance here was more famous, + +310 +00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:07,760 +common in Europe than in the rest of Europe than + +311 +00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:13,860 +in England. Like Ser Gawain and The Green Knight, + +312 +00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:17,960 +but that one was written in verse. This one was + +313 +00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,780 +written in prose, but similar themes, similar + +314 +00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:24,800 +issues about heroes, about knights who achieve, + +315 +00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:28,840 +who fight the monsters in order to try to get the + +316 +00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:33,240 +woman they love. The romance is significant + +317 +00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:39,100 +because it is considered the origin of a novel. 50 + +318 +00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,920 +years later, we'll have a new genre called a + +319 +00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,960 +novel. It started from the epic, but the epic was + +320 +00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,080 +poetry. And then it moved to the romance, because + +321 +00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,160 +it was loose in form, but was written in prose. + +322 +00:20:52,460 --> 00:20:58,310 +And later on? We had the probably 50 years later + +323 +00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:03,950 +in around 1719, we have the first official novel. + +324 +00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:07,170 +And even that we'll speak about. Because in + +325 +00:21:07,170 --> 00:21:09,150 +English books, even this book tells us that the + +326 +00:21:09,150 --> 00:21:12,770 +first novel was written by a man, Daniel Defoe. In + +327 +00:21:12,770 --> 00:21:16,490 +reality, yeah, there was a woman who wrote prose. + +328 +00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:19,470 +But because of the canon, what happened to the + +329 +00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:25,280 +woman? She was kicked out. She was ignored. OK, so + +330 +00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,880 +the Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, + +331 +00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,700 +the pamphlets, and we were comic, travel writing, + +332 +00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:35,420 +colonialism, don't forget this, and the romance. + +333 +00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:39,400 +And there were, again, because people were + +334 +00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,800 +printing stuff, there were many essays. You know + +335 +00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,220 +an essay like a long paragraph, like a piece of + +336 +00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,860 +writing consisting of several paragraphs about a + +337 +00:21:47,860 --> 00:21:52,840 +particular issue? And next, we have religious + +338 +00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:53,940 +writing. + +339 +00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,820 +The most famous religious writer, he wasn't a + +340 +00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:05,200 +writer, actually. He was a speaker, a monk, a + +341 +00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,860 +priest, John Donne. Remember John Donne, yeah? + +342 +00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:14,620 +He's a religious man. A religious man. He wrote + +343 +00:22:14,620 --> 00:22:19,720 +several religious texts, but mainly they were kind + +344 +00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,600 +of public speeches, sermons. You know public + +345 +00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:27,170 +speeches? That's John Donne. And then there were + +346 +00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,370 +also illustrated books. And it's interesting how + +347 +00:22:32,370 --> 00:22:35,970 +books were varying in structure, in form, in + +348 +00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:39,230 +theme, in issues. So if you want to read religious + +349 +00:22:39,230 --> 00:22:41,930 +stuff, you'll find something to read. Travel, + +350 +00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,850 +you'll find something to read. Literature, you'll + +351 +00:22:44,850 --> 00:22:47,270 +find something to read. And the illustrated books + +352 +00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:50,970 +were interesting because they used both verse and + +353 +00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:53,510 +sometimes verse and pictures in addition to the + +354 +00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:57,460 +prose describing things. Like now, we love looking + +355 +00:22:57,460 --> 00:23:00,600 +at pictures in books here. We like sometimes you + +356 +00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,700 +have a big book, a thousand pages, you read it and + +357 +00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:06,680 +you find some interesting books, pictures in the + +358 +00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:08,800 +book about somebody. The first thing you start + +359 +00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:10,840 +with, you look at the pictures. People love + +360 +00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,890 +pictures. So illustrated books, but Clearly, this + +361 +00:23:14,890 --> 00:23:18,110 +could be very expensive, more expensive than + +362 +00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:22,230 +because you need someone to make the drawings. And + +363 +00:23:22,230 --> 00:23:25,190 +I think we'll have to stop here with the seventh + +364 +00:23:25,190 --> 00:23:30,750 +type of writing, illustrated books. + +365 +00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:40,330 +Now, what happens? This is basically Of course, we + +366 +00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:42,610 +could spend years speaking about the Renaissance + +367 +00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:47,830 +Age, but these lectures are only meant to give you + +368 +00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:51,490 +just introductions about the main events, the main + +369 +00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,870 +people, and the main writers. Now, the Renaissance + +370 +00:23:55,870 --> 00:24:00,510 +ended, remember, not only drama. The whole age + +371 +00:24:00,510 --> 00:24:03,250 +ended in some kind of political fighting, + +372 +00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:07,950 +political fighting and turmoil. The theater was + +373 +00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:10,170 +closed by the Puritans, and the Puritans became + +374 +00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:17,070 +more and more powerful, and they even executed the + +375 +00:24:17,070 --> 00:24:23,150 +king. The king of England, remember, the spokesman + +376 +00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:27,310 +of God, God's spokesperson, the most important + +377 +00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:30,830 +person on Earth, he was... The king was killed in + +378 +00:24:30,830 --> 00:24:34,690 +Shakespeare, another place. In place. And for the + +379 +00:24:34,690 --> 00:24:38,210 +first time here, the English king was executed, + +380 +00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:43,370 +was killed. And they kicked the monarchy away. And + +381 +00:24:43,370 --> 00:24:46,610 +Krom will speak about this next week, where we + +382 +00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:49,590 +have a new era called the Commonwealth and the + +383 +00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:53,110 +Restoration. We'll see what happens. England has + +384 +00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:55,770 +always, almost always been governed by a king or a + +385 +00:24:55,770 --> 00:25:00,560 +queen. for over 1,000 years. And overnight, you + +386 +00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:02,700 +don't have a king. There was a revolution. There + +387 +00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:06,700 +was the civil war and the fighting. What do you do + +388 +00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,900 +now? You've been used to having a king because the + +389 +00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,120 +king has become part of your life, part of your + +390 +00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:13,400 +culture, part of your language, of your + +391 +00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,500 +literature, of your mentality, of your identity. + +392 +00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:23,540 +What do you do? We'll see next class when we speak + +393 +00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:27,970 +about the commonwealth Oliver Cromwell and The + +394 +00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:33,410 +Restoration. Do you have any question? Any + +395 +00:25:33,410 --> 00:25:37,670 +question? Prose? The Renaissance Age? + +396 +00:25:43,390 --> 00:25:50,290 +OK. Someone tell me why travel writing is + +397 +00:25:50,290 --> 00:25:55,120 +significant to colonialism. I just said this. I + +398 +00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,780 +want someone to repeat + +399 +00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:01,760 +in a way or another, or tell me what you think of + +400 +00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,500 +travel writings as a colonial tool, an + +401 +00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:16,040 +imperialistic tool here. Yes, please. Okay. Travel + +402 +00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:21,170 +writing? Okay. describes the incubation of the new + +403 +00:26:21,170 --> 00:26:25,490 +lands and killing the native people as a new + +404 +00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:30,850 +invention and as a new thing and something they + +405 +00:26:30,850 --> 00:26:33,410 +should be proud of. And they show the positive + +406 +00:26:33,410 --> 00:26:37,330 +side of it and hide the bad side, like they own + +407 +00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:41,050 +this land originally. OK. What else? Thank you. + +408 +00:26:41,370 --> 00:26:42,350 +Very good. Please. + +409 +00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:55,710 +Okay. Okay. Okay. + +410 +00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:06,490 +Okay, so when we speak about the society itself of + +411 +00:27:06,490 --> 00:27:10,410 +that time, it helps the society because it reveals + +412 +00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:13,310 +in a way the corruption, the vices by speaking + +413 +00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:15,530 +about the perfect society like we have in the + +414 +00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:19,670 +Utopia by Thomas More. But when it comes to other + +415 +00:27:19,670 --> 00:27:23,670 +societies, remember England was expanding. The + +416 +00:27:23,670 --> 00:27:26,810 +British Empire was expanding all across the globe, + +417 +00:27:28,550 --> 00:27:33,560 +occupying New lands every year. Geographical. Here + +418 +00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,440 +in the book described as geographical discoveries. + +419 +00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,120 +And it's funny because discovery means like nobody + +420 +00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:44,320 +is there. Nobody has been there, has seen it or + +421 +00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,020 +used it before, right? But what? You discover + +422 +00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:52,050 +what? You discover Australia, there are people + +423 +00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:54,590 +there. You discover New Zealand, there are people + +424 +00:27:54,590 --> 00:27:56,590 +there. You discover India, I don't know. There are + +425 +00:27:56,590 --> 00:27:58,730 +people. You discover America, there are people + +426 +00:27:58,730 --> 00:28:00,790 +there. But what happens to the natives, to the + +427 +00:28:00,790 --> 00:28:05,010 +original people? Yeah, like in America, millions + +428 +00:28:05,010 --> 00:28:07,390 +and millions and millions of native Americans were + +429 +00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:11,170 +murdered, massacred, brutally massacred. America + +430 +00:28:11,170 --> 00:28:15,450 +was built on genocide and blood and destruction. + +431 +00:28:16,230 --> 00:28:21,320 +And it happens in Africa. Africa probably took the + +432 +00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,740 +heaviest blow out because of colonialism. Not only + +433 +00:28:24,740 --> 00:28:28,680 +British, but also other countries, French and + +434 +00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,140 +Dutch, like European colonialism. Africa is still + +435 +00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:37,620 +suffering the consequences of imperialism. So how + +436 +00:28:37,620 --> 00:28:40,740 +are the native people represented in the box, in + +437 +00:28:40,740 --> 00:28:44,800 +the travel box generally? Number one, before the + +438 +00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:50,410 +negative framing. They are not there. These + +439 +00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:54,210 +countries are empty. Sometimes it's not easy to + +440 +00:28:54,210 --> 00:28:57,390 +convince someone to go to another place where + +441 +00:28:57,390 --> 00:29:02,330 +there are people. So first of all, there are no + +442 +00:29:02,330 --> 00:29:06,810 +people there. So it's waiting for you. And same, + +443 +00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:08,690 +remember the Zionist movement again? I have to say + +444 +00:29:08,690 --> 00:29:10,670 +this again. They described Palestine as the land + +445 +00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:14,270 +that flows with milk and honey. But there are no + +446 +00:29:14,270 --> 00:29:19,240 +people there. And they contradict themselves, + +447 +00:29:19,380 --> 00:29:21,980 +because sometimes they describe Palestine as the + +448 +00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:24,740 +desert. The desert where there are no people + +449 +00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,240 +there. But sometimes they describe it as the place + +450 +00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:33,080 +where we have honey. Not only honey, milk and + +451 +00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,580 +honey. It flows with milk. So you go to Palestine + +452 +00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:38,980 +and you swim in rivers of paradise. It's heaven on + +453 +00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:43,740 +earth. Maybe we can speak about this at the end of + +454 +00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:47,220 +this course, how the Zionist movement, and this is + +455 +00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:50,220 +very important, very serious, used literature to + +456 +00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:52,860 +occupy Palestine metaphorically first, in + +457 +00:29:52,860 --> 00:29:55,620 +metaphor, in poetry. Palestine was occupied in + +458 +00:29:55,620 --> 00:29:59,980 +books, in poems, well before it was occupied + +459 +00:29:59,980 --> 00:30:05,080 +physically, militarily. And that's the serious + +460 +00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:10,600 +impact of literature. That's why you should... + +461 +00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:15,520 +Consider yourself. Consider a career in writing + +462 +00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,600 +for yourself in the future. You could be a poet, a + +463 +00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,800 +story writer, a journalist. Studying English as a + +464 +00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:27,940 +tool helps to facilitate your career. paths in the + +465 +00:30:27,940 --> 00:30:31,240 +future, but it could be also a tool of speaking up + +466 +00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,180 +of empowerment. You empower yourself. You reach + +467 +00:30:34,180 --> 00:30:37,720 +out to people, and you resist by exposing the + +468 +00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:43,080 +crimes and the colonialist, the Israeli + +469 +00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,920 +colonialist enterprise in Palestine. Okay, I'll + +470 +00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:52,060 +stop here. Thank you very much. If you have more + +471 +00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:54,860 +questions, we can do later on. Thank you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe38d5a655ba77956aade969cedb600730226956 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2203 @@ + +1 +00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910 +Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to + +2 +00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750 +have you back to continue our journey into the + +3 +00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430 +history of English literature. Last time we spoke + +4 +00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680 +about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four + +5 +00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300 +major things in the Renaissance. Number one, + +6 +00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480 +geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific + +7 +00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260 +developments + +8 +00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440 +and advancements. We spoke about new thought, new + +9 +00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230 +thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of + +10 +00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530 +humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also + +11 +00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210 +spoke about literature and how everything was + +12 +00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930 +influencing literature in a way or another. A + +13 +00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110 +crucial point we discussed last time is how this + +14 +00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650 +book does not mention two important things. Number + +15 +00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110 +one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism. + +16 +00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840 +When usually English books speak about the + +17 +00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420 +Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about + +18 +00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780 +it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how + +19 +00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660 +European people, the white Christians of Europe + +20 +00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580 +managed to discover new worlds in America, in + +21 +00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960 +Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say + +22 +00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620 +that there were native people living in America, + +23 +00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560 +in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we + +24 +00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440 +described in a way or another as whitewashing, + +25 +00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540 +because the book is hiding the crimes, the + +26 +00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340 +massacres, and presenting the British Empire as + +27 +00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270 +all good, pure and good. We spoke about + +28 +00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130 +Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet + +29 +00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810 +is the most important play probably in the history + +30 +00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990 +of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or + +31 +00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390 +not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy. + +32 +00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030 +And again, we said a soliloquy is an important + +33 +00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850 +dramatic device in which the actor is + +34 +00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340 +Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the + +35 +00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800 +actor is alone on the stage. No one else is there. + +36 +00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560 +And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she, + +37 +00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800 +communicates with the audience inner thoughts and + +38 +00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440 +inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals + +39 +00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940 +secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the + +40 +00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700 +audience, the people in the audience, are very + +41 +00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710 +important to the play itself. Sometimes the + +42 +00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590 +audience knows more than the characters because of + +43 +00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450 +soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on + +44 +00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430 +seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show + +45 +00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650 +how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time. + +46 +00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470 +Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his + +47 +00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150 +plays, and his contribution to English language, + +48 +00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830 +English literature, and even English thought. + +49 +00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550 +Before I do that, we have someone here to recite + +50 +00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450 +or read something from the book here. Can you come + +51 +00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420 +here, please? From King Richard II. For God's + +52 +00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380 +sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to + +53 +00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920 +follow here, you can look it up here. For God's + +54 +00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +55 +00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580 +stories of the death of kings. How some have been + +56 +00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500 +deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the + +57 +00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100 +ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their + +58 +00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160 +wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the + +59 +00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380 +hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a + +60 +00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200 +king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors, + +61 +00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320 +scoffing his estate and grinning at his bond, + +62 +00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220 +allowing him a breath a lot of sighs. + +63 +00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520 +Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me + +64 +00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070 +corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like + +65 +00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790 +you, feel what taste bread, need friends, + +66 +00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750 +suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you? + +67 +00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040 +Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice + +68 +00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080 +and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve + +69 +00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780 +your pronunciation, and really depict the passion + +70 +00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420 +of this. At the end of this course, this class, + +71 +00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300 +I'll show you a video of like three or four + +72 +00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820 +recitations of this really masterpiece by + +73 +00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900 +Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare, + +74 +00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860 +we said his plays are generally divided into + +75 +00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470 +tragedies, comedies, and histories. But there are + +76 +00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250 +other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like + +77 +00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510 +Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the + +78 +00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210 +main characters die on the stage. It's + +79 +00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310 +complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside + +80 +00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310 +down. People die. People kill. People get killed. + +81 +00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070 +And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand, + +82 +00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490 +is another play by Shakespeare, another type of + +83 +00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430 +plays where there could be trouble. There could be + +84 +00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130 +problems. There could be complications, chaos, + +85 +00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770 +disorder. But at the end of the play, everything + +86 +00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470 +goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they + +87 +00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810 +generally end happily, happily ever after. This is + +88 +00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390 +a comedy. Okay, there are complications. But + +89 +00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150 +generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a + +90 +00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400 +history. Or histories. History plays, as the name + +91 +00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880 +suggests, they are about historical events and + +92 +00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780 +generally about English kings. We have King + +93 +00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040 +Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these + +94 +00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020 +histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe, + +95 +00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480 +mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called + +96 +00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920 +Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a + +97 +00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640 +historical event that took place in the Roman + +98 +00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260 +Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself. + +99 +00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180 +Now, some of the plays were classified generally + +100 +00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240 +as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The + +101 +00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160 +Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a + +102 +00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460 +way, ends happily. So people for a long time + +103 +00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300 +thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because + +104 +00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720 +there are new theories and new ways of thinking, + +105 +00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720 +people change their opinion about this play. + +106 +00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380 +Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio + +107 +00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140 +are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But + +108 +00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360 +Shylock, the Jewish character, what happens to him? + +109 +00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360 +He loses his daughter. He converts to + +110 +00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340 +Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he + +111 +00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660 +himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and + +112 +00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380 +convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a + +113 +00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960 +good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's + +114 +00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380 +a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So + +115 +00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300 +nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of + +116 +00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340 +understanding and studying literature, many people + +117 +00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500 +started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a + +118 +00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440 +serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a + +119 +00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820 +problem or serious comedy. So again, the major + +120 +00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570 +divisions are comedies, tragedies, and histories. + +121 +00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050 +But between these, we can add extra divisions. My + +122 +00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010 +question again, why are some plays now considered + +123 +00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530 +to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can + +124 +00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990 +you say that? + +125 +00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890 +Exactly. + +126 +00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150 +Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle + +127 +00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170 +changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his + +128 +00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790 +plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people + +129 +00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570 +changed ever since? Of course. And even his + +130 +00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090 +audience as Christians, white Christians living in + +131 +00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630 +London. And if you change the audience, you bring, + +132 +00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390 +for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience, + +133 +00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510 +Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the + +134 +00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990 +same way? Certainly not, because we have different + +135 +00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210 +backgrounds, different ideologies, different + +136 +00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690 +something. So at a time when probably the Jewish + +137 +00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850 +people were considered to be bad, maybe people + +138 +00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930 +were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now, + +139 +00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110 +because people are more understanding, more than + +140 +00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350 +us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of + +141 +00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630 +being terrorists because someone did something + +142 +00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770 +wrong. So from a human perspective, as + +143 +00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990 +Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how + +144 +00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870 +we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry + +145 +00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370 +for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as + +146 +00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670 +we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So + +147 +00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050 +history plays, again, in general, are divided into + +148 +00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710 +two parts. Plays that discuss kings, mainly from + +149 +00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370 +England. And we can see in the name of the plays + +150 +00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490 +Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be + +151 +00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730 +taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called + +152 +00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110 +Roman plays. + +153 +00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550 +But basically, a history play is a play where + +154 +00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220 +there are historical events. Historical events + +155 +00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160 +being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does + +156 +00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180 +Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of + +157 +00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140 +beings? The great chain of beings? Because the + +158 +00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280 +King of England became the head of the Church of + +159 +00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300 +England, the most important man in England, and he + +160 +00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110 +became God's representative. You had to obey the + +161 +00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910 +king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen + +162 +00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330 +how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether + +163 +00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270 +to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the + +164 +00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390 +king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to + +165 +00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410 +kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like + +166 +00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350 +figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens + +167 +00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050 +now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings. + +168 +00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310 +Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't + +169 +00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650 +see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him + +170 +00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270 +because we are ordinary people. So for us, the + +171 +00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850 +king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to + +172 +00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790 +fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that + +173 +00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910 +terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare + +174 +00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050 +brings those kings down to who? To the audience, + +175 +00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030 +to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them + +176 +00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730 +more human aspects, more human experiences than we + +177 +00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370 +think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as + +178 +00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850 +gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes + +179 +00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790 +bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even, + +180 +00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310 +sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes + +181 +00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500 +as foolish. In a way, Shakespeare was humanizing + +182 +00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700 +the kings, presenting them to the people in a way + +183 +00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900 +that makes them humans. And it is said here in the + +184 +00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000 +book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was + +185 +00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180 +careful not to offend the kings. So when he does + +186 +00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900 +something, he brings kings from the past. When he + +187 +00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440 +wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings + +188 +00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500 +from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in + +189 +00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740 +Denmark, probably Macbeth and other stories. So + +190 +00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880 +why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly + +191 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900 +criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can + +192 +00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420 +you tell why? + +193 +00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550 +Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad + +194 +00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930 +things, negatively portraying the kings. He might + +195 +00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710 +get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at + +196 +00:13:18,710 --> 0 + +223 +00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460 +but he brings kings from outside England. But + +224 +00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660 +doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a + +225 +00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220 +play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat, + +226 +00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120 +they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king + +227 +00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160 +get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably, + +228 +00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960 +we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet + +229 +00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080 +killed the king. And that would have happened. But + +230 +00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820 +wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet + +231 +00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560 +killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it + +232 +00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880 +was justice. But for him, why would the king die? + +233 +00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760 +I'm a king. Because the king already killed a + +234 +00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300 +king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed + +235 +00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640 +another king. So it's just all connected in a way + +236 +00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880 +or another. Justice was served. in a way or + +237 +00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220 +another. + +238 +00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680 +In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about + +239 +00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880 +England, he's very respectful. He loves England. + +240 +00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360 +It's his nation. There's always this theme. + +241 +00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860 +Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he + +242 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440 +does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the + +243 +00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720 +king wanted to send him to England to be killed + +244 +00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250 +there, to die. probably suggesting that people go + +245 +00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910 +to England to die. It's where death resides, et + +246 +00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010 +cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about + +247 +00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530 +England. Look at this example here, how + +248 +00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170 +Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love + +249 +00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330 +for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if + +250 +00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590 +you want to follow that, page 25, this royal + +251 +00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730 +throne of kings. + +252 +00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220 +Talking about? England. This royal throne of + +253 +00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920 +kings. This septed island. This island. + +254 +00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320 +Okay? In another example, probably next below. + +255 +00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000 +Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a + +256 +00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780 +courageous king who fights for his own people and + +257 +00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080 +for England itself, or herself. So the kings are + +258 +00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740 +powerful. They're there not for their own + +259 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060 +interests, but also to protect the land against + +260 +00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300 +the enemies and to protect the people against the + +261 +00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520 +enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again, + +262 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 +he's encouraging people to be part of the battle, + +263 +00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360 +to fight back. Because there was a breach in the + +264 +00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540 +wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a + +265 +00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460 +wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks, + +266 +00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340 +makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach. + +267 +00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740 +So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once + +268 +00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660 +more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back. + +269 +00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080 +Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how + +270 +00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650 +he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's + +271 +00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470 +humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or + +272 +00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490 +close the wall up with our English dead. If we + +273 +00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630 +don't defend England heroically, England is going + +274 +00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910 +to die. The personification here is beautiful of + +275 +00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070 +England being a person that could be killed. + +276 +00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660 +However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes. + +277 +00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460 +And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in + +278 +00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120 +a way, not because we love evil, but because they + +279 +00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820 +are more interesting as characters, as literary + +280 +00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080 +figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not + +281 +00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960 +a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II + +282 +00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220 +is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest, + +283 +00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600 +as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers + +284 +00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820 +from certain issues. + +285 +00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760 +Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read + +286 +00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460 +first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This + +287 +00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010 +is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember + +288 +00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670 +this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is + +289 +00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430 +blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank + +290 +00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810 +verse? Poetry with no rhyme. + +291 +00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030 +Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no + +292 +00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950 +rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands + +293 +00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780 +of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit + +294 +00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300 +upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death + +295 +00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700 +of kings, for you have but mistook me all this + +296 +00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520 +while. I live with bread like you, feel want, + +297 +00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340 +taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can + +298 +00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640 +you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake, + +299 +00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390 +let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories + +300 +00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210 +in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me + +301 +00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230 +all this while. I live with a friend like you. You + +302 +00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350 +feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to + +303 +00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610 +dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful + +304 +00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050 +reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen + +305 +00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450 +up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days + +306 +00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110 +of kings. For you have but mistook me all this + +307 +00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530 +while. + +308 +00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440 +Very good. Someone louder, please. + +309 +00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520 +I love good bread like you. We want taste, read, + +310 +00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190 +meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading. + +311 +00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330 +Because is this poetry like a reflection of a + +312 +00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310 +strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least + +313 +00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390 +modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For + +314 +00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990 +God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging. + +315 +00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170 +For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the + +316 +00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000 +ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings + +317 +00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660 +for you have but mistook me all this while. I live + +318 +00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580 +with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need + +319 +00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810 +friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I + +320 +00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490 +am a king what do you think of this king do you + +321 +00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270 +like this king do you like do you want this king + +322 +00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130 +to be your king do you think or friend at least or + +323 +00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130 +do you want to be associated with this king what + +324 +00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670 +do you this text look at the text here He's so + +325 +00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650 +humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so + +326 +00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150 +humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're + +327 +00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030 +studying literature. The most important thing in + +328 +00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990 +literature is to support our opinion by textual + +329 +00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330 +evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in + +330 +00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370 +the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who + +331 +00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170 +is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How + +332 +00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970 +humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh, + +333 +00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190 +cool. So he's using the basic common shared things + +334 +00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170 +between him as a king and the people. I live with + +335 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330 +bread like you. At the time they thought kings + +336 +00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890 +were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person + +337 +00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250 +like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like + +338 +00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990 +us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the + +339 +00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450 +text that shows that this is a really cool king? + +340 +00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630 +He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like + +341 +00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570 +everybody else. And that is the most important. + +342 +00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270 +He's communicating his feelings and emotions to + +343 +00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570 +the people. He's not distancing himself from them. + +344 +00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610 +More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This + +345 +00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990 +expresses the difference between a god and a king + +346 +00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630 +and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay, + +347 +00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530 +there is here an emphasis on the similarity + +348 +00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710 +between the king and other people. They're the + +349 +00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730 +same. That is a very interesting reading. But + +350 +00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530 +again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like + +351 +00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710 +to use this iceberg metaphor + +352 +00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230 +to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice + +353 +00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970 +in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's + +354 +00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710 +the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally, + +355 +00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010 +people, texts, especially literature, all these + +356 +00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150 +things can be described as icebergs. + +357 +00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910 +You can't fully understand people from just seeing + +358 +00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930 +them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know + +359 +00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350 +somebody for a long time and then say, I don't + +360 +00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970 +understand this person. Because deep, we have more + +361 +00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710 +to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any + +362 +00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410 +literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg. + +363 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810 +What we see is here. It's fun. But what is + +364 +00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710 +beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the + +365 +00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480 +deep, The deeper part of this is usually more + +366 +00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540 +important and can tell us more. So upon the first + +367 +00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080 +reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king + +368 +00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380 +because he wants, he's begging the people, for + +369 +00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240 +God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them + +370 +00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960 +to himself and the ground and the bread. But my + +371 +00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480 +question here, is the king truthful? Is he + +372 +00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160 +genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal + +373 +00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960 +more about the king that we can't see from a first + +374 +00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640 +reading? Can we read between the lines and + +375 +00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320 +probably get a different message, a different + +376 +00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860 +interpretation, a different meaning of the text, + +377 +00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200 +something opposite to what we say here? + +378 +00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510 +OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death. + +379 +00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950 +Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's + +380 +00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830 +not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's + +381 +00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230 +fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose + +382 +00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730 +his power. So now that he's about to lose his + +383 +00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330 +power, now you want to tell us that you want to + +384 +00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350 +sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death + +385 +00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580 +of kings? Interesting. More. What else? + +386 +00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960 +Very good. Interesting. But where can you find + +387 +00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420 +this in the text? So she's saying that this is a + +388 +00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560 +king who is escaping his responsibility. + +389 +00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680 +So the question, a king is a king. He's + +390 +00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620 +responsible for everybody, for everything, more or + +391 +00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560 +less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's + +392 +00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040 +a responsibility saying, how can you say to + +393 +00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320 +Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that + +394 +00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220 +he's escaping from his responsibility. What else + +395 +00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360 +can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you + +396 +00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660 +elaborate? + +397 +00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140 +Okay. + +398 +00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400 +Can you elaborate more on this? What do you + +399 +00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760 +understand from this line? For you have but + +400 +00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820 +mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying + +401 +00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680 +this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes? + +402 +00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160 +Interesting, but what does this tell us? + +403 +00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000 +Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his + +404 +00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020 +mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible + +405 +00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220 +decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you + +406 +00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750 +misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's + +407 +00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550 +not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In + +408 +00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470 +a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation. + +409 +00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630 +He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad, + +410 +00:28:10,890 --> 00:2 + +445 +00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600 +Here is that Any literary text could have two or + +446 +00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320 +three or even more interpretations, could have + +447 +00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400 +more meanings. But when you read the text, + +448 +00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380 +sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things + +449 +00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860 +that you don't. In your interpretation, when you + +450 +00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160 +try to analyze the text, Try to use the text + +451 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560 +itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the + +452 +00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160 +exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this + +453 +00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960 +king? An open opinion question. Some of you could + +454 +00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670 +say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You + +455 +00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730 +tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit + +456 +00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190 +up on the ground and he's telling them that he's + +457 +00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170 +like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He + +458 +00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750 +eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of + +459 +00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510 +you might say, I don't like this king. He's not + +460 +00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590 +genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language + +461 +00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790 +indicates that he's not confessing. He's just + +462 +00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550 +pretending. He's accusing the people of making + +463 +00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650 +mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns + +464 +00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410 +here, he distances himself from them. "For you have + +465 +00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910 +mistook me." Here, he could have said, he could have + +466 +00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230 +easily said, "We live with bread like you, oh sorry." + +467 +00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820 +or, "We live with bread." But in reality, no, it + +468 +00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760 +doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats + +469 +00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440 +bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of + +470 +00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880 +other kinds of food. So the distance here is + +471 +00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300 +crucial. "I live with bread like you. But because + +472 +00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460 +we eat different food, there is this distance." So + +473 +00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590 +which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As + +474 +00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850 +long as you support your opinion from the text + +475 +00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930 +with textual evidence. I think he means + +476 +00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610 +that "I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm + +477 +00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990 +supposed to do, I'm a king, I have to be set from + +478 +00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920 +God." Yeah, "mistook?" Okay, who's doing the + +479 +00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320 +mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English. + +480 +00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680 +It should be, "You have mistook," mistake, mistook, + +481 +00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940 +mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You. + +482 +00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920 +So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No, + +483 +00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920 +kings are clever, + +484 +00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740 +you know, especially in language. But again, this + +485 +00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220 +is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language. + +486 +00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310 +Okay? + +487 +00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990 +Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous + +488 +00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410 +king in Shakespeare that is really interesting. + +489 +00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630 +He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we + +490 +00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130 +give a lot of details and we tell the stories and + +491 +00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610 +sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This + +492 +00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890 +is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is + +493 +00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770 +described as a wicked man. Do you know? + +494 +00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940 +Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you + +495 +00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860 +ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do + +496 +00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380 +you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an + +497 +00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980 +Italian writer who wrote the famous book called + +498 +00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520 +"The Prince," in which he kind of said something + +499 +00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240 +like, "The end justifies the means." How would you + +500 +00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490 +translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK, + +501 +00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470 +so if you have a good noble goal in probably + +502 +00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710 +getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if + +503 +00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410 +you cheat. + +504 +00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750 +I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So + +505 +00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970 +the term Machiavellian means someone who is + +506 +00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890 +wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks + +507 +00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450 +people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a + +508 +00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430 +king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian + +509 +00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630 +character. In the play, there is this amazing, + +510 +00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770 +wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is, + +511 +00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930 +by the way, funny because he's talking about the + +512 +00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620 +enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king, fighting + +513 +00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360 +with another king who happens to be his brother. + +514 +00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320 +He says, "Now is + +515 +00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920 +the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this + +516 +00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560 +is something that Shakespeare coined. "Winter of + +517 +00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950 +discontent" is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the + +518 +00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330 +many he came up with. "Now is the winter of our + +519 +00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970 +discontent, made glorious summer by this son of + +520 +00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470 +York." This son of York is his enemy brother. "Now + +521 +00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290 +is the winter of our discontent, made glorious + +522 +00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410 +summer by this son of York." What do you notice + +523 +00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490 +about this? The language. "Now. Now. Now." Urgent. + +524 +00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880 +Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you + +525 +00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340 +know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites? + +526 +00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480 +We have winter and summer. Generally, winter + +527 +00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320 +symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally + +528 +00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160 +people's sadness, death, dark. And summer is hot, + +529 +00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340 +heat, life, colors, trees, especially in England. + +530 +00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220 +The summer is really, it's not that good, but + +531 +00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760 +summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do + +532 +00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800 +you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what + +533 +00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220 +about it? + +534 +00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360 +Okay, I want one of you to come here and write + +535 +00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910 +words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you + +536 +00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190 +come here, someone? Please. What's your name? + +537 +00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530 +Okay. + +538 +00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950 +Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this + +539 +00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390 +one. Here, write the following words. + +540 +00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690 +Bye. + +541 +00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350 +Peace. + +542 +00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630 +Are you sure? + +543 +00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090 +Wait a minute. + +544 +00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210 +Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No, + +545 +00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630 +thank you. + +546 +00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380 +Do you think these are the right spellings? + +547 +00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080 +Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could + +548 +00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020 +give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want + +549 +00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680 +"by" or "by", I want "peace" and I want "sun". + +550 +00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510 +That's why it's interesting when someone asks + +551 +00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390 +about a particular word, usually asks for the + +552 +00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330 +spelling or the context. What is this? Now in + +553 +00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830 +English, there's an important literary term called + +554 +00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970 +"pun." + +555 +00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810 +"Pun." And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when + +556 +00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030 +one word could have two meanings or a word, the + +557 +00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670 +way a word sounds resembles another word. These + +558 +00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530 +are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or + +559 +00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890 +sometimes the word could have two meanings. So + +560 +00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410 +what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a + +561 +00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230 +literary device, when one word has two meanings. + +562 +00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710 +Or two words sound the same. + +563 +00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390 +If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to + +564 +00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250 +understand what puns are. A pun is very important + +565 +00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930 +because it gives two meanings, double meanings. + +566 +00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450 +Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is + +567 +00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010 +it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a + +568 +00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890 +winter a summer? The sun. + +569 +00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710 +Richard III, he is also talking about his brother, + +570 +00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190 +the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the + +571 +00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510 +same time, the king is usually represented as the + +572 +00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430 +sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we + +573 +00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410 +have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying, "Now + +574 +00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090 +is the winter of our discontent. But this winter + +575 +00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430 +is turning into the summer because of the sun, + +576 +00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010 +because of the king, because the king brings life + +577 +00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190 +and brings the summer. This is what this says. + +578 +00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170 +However, when you read the whole play, you'll find + +579 +00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550 +that this is ironic because for most of the play, + +580 +00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090 +the son of York does not appear, does not come on + +581 +00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350 +stage. That's why the whole play is about death + +582 +00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540 +and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun + +583 +00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360 +do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare + +584 +00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720 +plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon + +585 +00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540 +the word. A play on words that have similar sounds + +586 +00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500 +or words with different meanings. Okay, finally, + +587 +00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670 +I'll just go for a video here to play. "For God's + +588 +00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +589 +00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890 +stories of the death of kings." One student in the + +590 +00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850 +other group said, the king is not genuine because + +591 +00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750 +he only wants to speak about the sad stories of + +592 +00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610 +the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He + +593 +00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330 +wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk. + +594 +00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470 +He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He + +595 +00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090 +doesn't say, "OK, tell me your sad stories." + +596 +00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250 +These are different recordings. + +597 +00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880 +from within the hollow crown around the mortal + +598 +00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380 +temple + +599 +00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630 +and with a little pin bores through his castle + +600 +00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690 +wall a farewell + +601 +00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050 +cane cover + +602 +00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830 +your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn + +603 +00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830 +reverence throw away respect tradition form and + +604 +00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610 +ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all + +605 +00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070 +this while + +606 +00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570 +Another one. + +607 +00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010 +Poisoned by their wives. + +608 +00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710 +Some sleeping killer. + +609 +00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700 +We'll stop here and we'll continue with + +610 +00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260 +Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies, + +611 +00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380 +probably Macbeth and King Lear. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbb608244945712587c7bd5e4dc1bd0bebf8501a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@ +1 +00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910 +Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to + +2 +00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750 +have you back to continue our journey into the + +3 +00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430 +history of English literature. Last time we spoke + +4 +00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680 +about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four + +5 +00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300 +major things in the Renaissance. Number one, + +6 +00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480 +geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific + +7 +00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260 +developments + +8 +00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440 +and advancement. We spoke about new thought, new + +9 +00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230 +thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of + +10 +00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530 +humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also + +11 +00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210 +spoke about literature and how everything was + +12 +00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930 +influencing literature in a way or another. A + +13 +00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110 +crucial point we discussed last time is how this + +14 +00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650 +book does not mention two important things. Number + +15 +00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110 +one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism. + +16 +00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840 +When usually English books speak about the + +17 +00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420 +Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about + +18 +00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780 +it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how + +19 +00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660 +European people, the white Christians of Europe + +20 +00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580 +managed to discover new worlds in America, in + +21 +00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960 +Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say + +22 +00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620 +that there were native people living in America, + +23 +00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560 +in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we + +24 +00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440 +described in a way or another as whitewashing, + +25 +00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540 +because the book is hiding the crimes, the + +26 +00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340 +massacres, and presenting the British Empire as + +27 +00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270 +All good, pure and good. We spoke about + +28 +00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130 +Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet + +29 +00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810 +is the most important play probably in the history + +30 +00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990 +of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or + +31 +00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390 +not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy. + +32 +00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030 +And again, we said a soliloquy is an important + +33 +00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850 +dramatic device in which the actor is + +34 +00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340 +Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the + +35 +00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800 +actor is alone on the stage No one else is there. + +36 +00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560 +And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she, + +37 +00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800 +communicates with the audience inner thoughts and + +38 +00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440 +inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals + +39 +00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940 +secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the + +40 +00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700 +audience, the people in the audience, are very + +41 +00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710 +important to the play itself. Sometimes the + +42 +00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590 +audience knows more than the characters because of + +43 +00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450 +soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on + +44 +00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430 +seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show + +45 +00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650 +how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time. + +46 +00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470 +Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his + +47 +00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150 +plays, and his contribution to English language, + +48 +00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830 +English literature, and even English thought. + +49 +00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550 +Before I do that, we have someone here to recite + +50 +00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450 +or read something from the book here. Can you come + +51 +00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420 +here, please? from King Richard II. For God's + +52 +00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380 +sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to + +53 +00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920 +follow here, you can look it up here. For God's + +54 +00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +55 +00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580 +stories of the death of kings. How some have been + +56 +00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500 +deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the + +57 +00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100 +ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their + +58 +00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160 +wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the + +59 +00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380 +hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a + +60 +00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200 +king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors, + +61 +00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320 +scoffing his estate and grinning at this bond, + +62 +00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220 +allowing him a breath a lot of sighs. + +63 +00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520 +Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me. + +64 +00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070 +Corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like + +65 +00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790 +you, feel what taste bread, need friends, + +66 +00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750 +suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you? + +67 +00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040 +Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice + +68 +00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080 +and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve + +69 +00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780 +your pronunciation, and really depict the passion + +70 +00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420 +of this. At the end of this course, this class, + +71 +00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300 +I'll show you a video of like three or four + +72 +00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820 +recitations of this really masterpiece by + +73 +00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900 +Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare, + +74 +00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860 +we said his plays are generally divided into + +75 +00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470 +tragedies, comedies, and hysteries. But there are + +76 +00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250 +other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like + +77 +00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510 +Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the + +78 +00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210 +main characters die on the stage. It's + +79 +00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310 +complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside + +80 +00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310 +down. People die. People kill. People get killed. + +81 +00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070 +And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand, + +82 +00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490 +is another play by Shakespeare, another type of + +83 +00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430 +plays where There could be trouble. There could be + +84 +00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130 +problems. There could be complications, chaos, + +85 +00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770 +disorder. But at the end of the play, everything + +86 +00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470 +goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they + +87 +00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810 +generally end happily, happily ever after. This is + +88 +00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390 +a comedy. OK, there are complications. But + +89 +00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150 +generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a + +90 +00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400 +history. Or histories. History plays, as the name + +91 +00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880 +suggests, they are about historical events and + +92 +00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780 +generally about English kings. We have King + +93 +00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040 +Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these + +94 +00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020 +histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe, + +95 +00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480 +mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called + +96 +00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920 +Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a + +97 +00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640 +historical event that took place in the Roman + +98 +00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260 +Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself. + +99 +00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180 +Now, some of the plays were classified generally + +100 +00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240 +as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The + +101 +00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160 +Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a + +102 +00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460 +way, ends happily. So people for a long time + +103 +00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300 +thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because + +104 +00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720 +there are new theories and new ways of thinking, + +105 +00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720 +people change their opinion about this play. + +106 +00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380 +Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio + +107 +00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140 +are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But + +108 +00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360 +Shiloh, the Jewish character, what happens to him? + +109 +00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360 +He loses his daughter. He converts to + +110 +00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340 +Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he + +111 +00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660 +himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and + +112 +00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380 +convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a + +113 +00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960 +good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's + +114 +00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380 +a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So + +115 +00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300 +nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of + +116 +00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340 +understanding and studying literature, many people + +117 +00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500 +started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a + +118 +00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440 +serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a + +119 +00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820 +problem or serious comedy. So again, the major + +120 +00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570 +divisions are comedies. tragedies and hysteries. + +121 +00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050 +But between these, we can add extra divisions. My + +122 +00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010 +question again, why are some plays now considered + +123 +00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530 +to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can + +124 +00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990 +you say that? + +125 +00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890 +Exactly. + +126 +00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150 +Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle + +127 +00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170 +changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his + +128 +00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790 +plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people + +129 +00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570 +changed ever since? Of course. And even his + +130 +00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090 +audience as Christians, white Christians living in + +131 +00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630 +London. And if you change the audience, you bring, + +132 +00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390 +for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience, + +133 +00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510 +Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the + +134 +00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990 +same way? Certainly not, because we have different + +135 +00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210 +backgrounds, different ideologies, different + +136 +00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690 +something. So at a time when probably the Jewish + +137 +00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850 +people were considered to be bad, maybe people + +138 +00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930 +were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now, + +139 +00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110 +because people are more understanding, more than + +140 +00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350 +us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of + +141 +00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630 +being terrorists because someone did something + +142 +00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770 +wrong. So from a human perspective, as + +143 +00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990 +Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how + +144 +00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870 +we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry + +145 +00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370 +for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as + +146 +00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670 +we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So + +147 +00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050 +history plays, again, in general, are divided into + +148 +00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710 +two parts. Plays that discuss kings. mainly from + +149 +00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370 +England. And we can see in the name of the plays + +150 +00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490 +Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be + +151 +00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730 +taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called + +152 +00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110 +Roman plays. + +153 +00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550 +But basically, a history play is a play where + +154 +00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220 +there are historical events. hysterical events + +155 +00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160 +being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does + +156 +00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180 +Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of + +157 +00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140 +beings? The great chain of beings? Because the + +158 +00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280 +King of England became the head of the Church of + +159 +00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300 +England, the most important man in England, and he + +160 +00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110 +became God's representative. You had to obey the + +161 +00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910 +king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen + +162 +00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330 +how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether + +163 +00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270 +to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the + +164 +00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390 +king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to + +165 +00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410 +kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like + +166 +00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350 +figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens + +167 +00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050 +now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings. + +168 +00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310 +Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't + +169 +00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650 +see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him + +170 +00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270 +because we are ordinary people. So for us, the + +171 +00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850 +king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to + +172 +00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790 +fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that + +173 +00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910 +terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare + +174 +00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050 +brings those kings down to who? to the audience, + +175 +00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030 +to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them + +176 +00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730 +more human aspects, more human experiences than we + +177 +00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370 +think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as + +178 +00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850 +gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes + +179 +00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790 +bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even, + +180 +00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310 +sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes + +181 +00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500 +as foolish, in a way Shakespeare was humanizing + +182 +00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700 +the kings, presenting them to the people in a way + +183 +00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900 +that makes them humans. And it is said here in the + +184 +00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000 +book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was + +185 +00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180 +careful not to offend the kings. So when he does + +186 +00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900 +something, he brings kings from the past. When he + +187 +00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440 +wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings + +188 +00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500 +from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in + +189 +00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740 +Denmark. probably Macbeth and other stories. So + +190 +00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880 +why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly + +191 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900 +criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can + +192 +00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420 +you tell why? + +193 +00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550 +Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad + +194 +00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930 +things, negatively portraying the kings. He might + +195 +00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710 +get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at + +196 +00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:21,570 +least imprisoned or censored. You know censorship + +197 +00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:25,850 +where okay write this, don't write that. Play + +198 +00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:29,430 +this, don't play that. But Shakespeare was smart. + +199 +00:13:30,490 --> 00:13:33,010 +He was smarter than anyone could imagine. So + +200 +00:13:33,010 --> 00:13:34,250 +sometimes he would do it + +201 +00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:42,590 +Of course, because this is self-interest. But + +202 +00:13:42,590 --> 00:13:46,190 +Shakespeare does not stop there. Sometimes we have + +203 +00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:50,310 +him indirectly, implicitly criticizing the kings. + +204 +00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:53,750 +Remember again, the king is supposed to be like, + +205 +00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:56,870 +you know, like a statue, distant God-like figure. + +206 +00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:01,650 +But when Shakespeare brings them down to people on + +207 +00:14:01,650 --> 00:14:04,950 +the stage, when people play the kings, and + +208 +00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:07,150 +sometimes, did you study King Lear? Do you know + +209 +00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:09,750 +anything about King Lear? In King Lear, the king, + +210 +00:14:09,890 --> 00:14:15,330 +in a way, is stupid. He's foolish. So it indicates + +211 +00:14:15,330 --> 00:14:19,290 +that the king can be weak. The king can be evil. + +212 +00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:23,210 +They're not pure good. When Shakespeare does this, + +213 +00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:28,890 +in a way or another, He's shaking the image of the + +214 +00:14:28,890 --> 00:14:32,730 +king. He's telling the people kings are human + +215 +00:14:32,730 --> 00:14:35,630 +beings too. They can make mistakes. They can be + +216 +00:14:35,630 --> 00:14:40,150 +good and they can be evil. We'll see how he does + +217 +00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:43,110 +this in some of the examples. This is important. + +218 +00:14:43,270 --> 00:14:45,150 +So Shakespeare brings them down to earth, + +219 +00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:48,990 +humanizes them. He's careful, but indirectly there + +220 +00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:53,720 +is criticism. So if I ask you if Shakespeare never + +221 +00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,860 +criticizes the king or the monarchy, it's false. + +222 +00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,060 +He does sometimes indirectly, sometimes openly, + +223 +00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460 +but he brings kings from outside England. But + +224 +00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660 +doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a + +225 +00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220 +play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat, + +226 +00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120 +they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king + +227 +00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160 +get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably, + +228 +00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960 +we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet + +229 +00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080 +killed the king. And that would have happened. But + +230 +00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820 +wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet + +231 +00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560 +killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it + +232 +00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880 +was justice. But for him, why would the king die? + +233 +00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760 +I'm a king. Because the king already killed a + +234 +00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300 +king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed + +235 +00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640 +another king. So it's just all connected in a way + +236 +00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880 +or another. Justice was served. in a way or + +237 +00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220 +another. + +238 +00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680 +In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about + +239 +00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880 +England, he's very respectful. He loves England. + +240 +00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360 +It's his nation. There's always this theme. + +241 +00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860 +Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he + +242 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440 +does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the + +243 +00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720 +king wanted to send him to England to be killed + +244 +00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250 +there, to die. probably suggesting that people go + +245 +00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910 +to England to die. It's where death resides, et + +246 +00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010 +cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about + +247 +00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530 +England. Look at this example here, how + +248 +00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170 +Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love + +249 +00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330 +for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if + +250 +00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590 +you want to follow that, page 25, this royal + +251 +00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730 +throne of kings. + +252 +00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220 +Talking about? England. This royal throne of + +253 +00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920 +kings. This septed island. This island. + +254 +00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320 +Okay? In another example, probably next below. + +255 +00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000 +Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a + +256 +00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780 +courageous king who fights for his own people and + +257 +00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080 +for England itself, or herself. So the kings are + +258 +00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740 +powerful. They're there not for their own + +259 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060 +interests, but also to protect the land against + +260 +00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300 +the enemies and to protect the people against the + +261 +00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520 +enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again, + +262 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 +he's encouraging people to be part of the battle, + +263 +00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360 +to fight back. Because there was a breach in the + +264 +00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540 +wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a + +265 +00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460 +wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks, + +266 +00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340 +makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach. + +267 +00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740 +So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once + +268 +00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660 +more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back. + +269 +00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080 +Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how + +270 +00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650 +he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's + +271 +00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470 +humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or + +272 +00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490 +close the wall up with our English dead. If we + +273 +00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630 +don't defend England heroically, England is going + +274 +00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910 +to die. The personification here is beautiful of + +275 +00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070 +England being a person that could be killed. + +276 +00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660 +However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes. + +277 +00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460 +And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in + +278 +00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120 +a way, not because we love evil, but because they + +279 +00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820 +are more interesting as characters, as literary + +280 +00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080 +figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not + +281 +00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960 +a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II + +282 +00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220 +is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest, + +283 +00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600 +as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers + +284 +00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820 +from certain issues. + +285 +00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760 +Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read + +286 +00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460 +first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This + +287 +00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010 +is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember + +288 +00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670 +this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is + +289 +00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430 +blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank + +290 +00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810 +verse? Poetry with no rhyme. + +291 +00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030 +Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no + +292 +00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950 +rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands + +293 +00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780 +of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit + +294 +00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300 +upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death + +295 +00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700 +of kings, for you have but mistook me all this + +296 +00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520 +while. I live with bread like you, feel want, + +297 +00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340 +taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can + +298 +00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640 +you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake, + +299 +00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390 +let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories + +300 +00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210 +in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me + +301 +00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230 +all this while. I live with a friend like you. You + +302 +00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350 +feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to + +303 +00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610 +dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful + +304 +00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050 +reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen + +305 +00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450 +up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days + +306 +00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110 +of kings. For you have but mistook me all this + +307 +00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530 +while. + +308 +00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440 +Very good. Someone louder, please. + +309 +00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520 +I love good bread like you. We want taste, read, + +310 +00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190 +meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading. + +311 +00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330 +Because is this poetry like a reflection of a + +312 +00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310 +strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least + +313 +00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390 +modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For + +314 +00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990 +God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging. + +315 +00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170 +For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the + +316 +00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000 +ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings + +317 +00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660 +for you have but mistook me all this while. I live + +318 +00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580 +with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need + +319 +00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810 +friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I + +320 +00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490 +am a king what do you think of this king do you + +321 +00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270 +like this king do you like do you want this king + +322 +00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130 +to be your king do you think or friend at least or + +323 +00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130 +do you want to be associated with this king what + +324 +00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670 +do you this text look at the text here He's so + +325 +00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650 +humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so + +326 +00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150 +humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're + +327 +00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030 +studying literature. The most important thing in + +328 +00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990 +literature is to support our opinion by textual + +329 +00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330 +evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in + +330 +00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370 +the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who + +331 +00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170 +is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How + +332 +00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970 +humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh, + +333 +00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190 +cool. So he's using the basic common shared things + +334 +00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170 +between him as a king and the people. I live with + +335 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330 +bread like you. At the time they thought kings + +336 +00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890 +were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person + +337 +00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250 +like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like + +338 +00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990 +us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the + +339 +00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450 +text that shows that this is a really cool king? + +340 +00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630 +He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like + +341 +00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570 +everybody else. And that is the most important. + +342 +00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270 +He's communicating his feelings and emotions to + +343 +00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570 +the people. He's not distancing himself from them. + +344 +00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610 +More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This + +345 +00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990 +expresses the difference between a god and a king + +346 +00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630 +and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay, + +347 +00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530 +there is here an emphasis on the similarity + +348 +00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710 +between the king and other people. They're the + +349 +00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730 +same. That is a very interesting reading. But + +350 +00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530 +again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like + +351 +00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710 +to use this iceberg metaphor + +352 +00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230 +to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice + +353 +00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970 +in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's + +354 +00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710 +the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally, + +355 +00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010 +people, texts, especially literature, all these + +356 +00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150 +things can be described as icebergs. + +357 +00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910 +You can't fully understand people from just seeing + +358 +00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930 +them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know + +359 +00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350 +somebody for a long time and then say, I don't + +360 +00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970 +understand this person. Because deep, we have more + +361 +00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710 +to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any + +362 +00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410 +literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg. + +363 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810 +What we see is here. It's fun. But what is + +364 +00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710 +beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the + +365 +00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480 +deep, The deeper part of this is usually more + +366 +00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540 +important and can tell us more. So upon the first + +367 +00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080 +reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king + +368 +00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380 +because he wants, he's begging the people, for + +369 +00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240 +God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them + +370 +00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960 +to himself and the ground and the bread. But my + +371 +00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480 +question here, is the king truthful? Is he + +372 +00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160 +genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal + +373 +00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960 +more about the king that we can't see from a first + +374 +00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640 +reading? Can we read between the lines and + +375 +00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320 +probably get a different message, a different + +376 +00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860 +interpretation, a different meaning of the text, + +377 +00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200 +something opposite to what we say here? + +378 +00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510 +OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death. + +379 +00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950 +Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's + +380 +00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830 +not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's + +381 +00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230 +fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose + +382 +00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730 +his power. So now that he's about to lose his + +383 +00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330 +power, now you want to tell us that you want to + +384 +00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350 +sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death + +385 +00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580 +of kings? Interesting. More. What else? + +386 +00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960 +Very good. Interesting. But where can you find + +387 +00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420 +this in the text? So she's saying that this is a + +388 +00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560 +king who is escaping his responsibility. + +389 +00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680 +So the question, a king is a king. He's + +390 +00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620 +responsible for everybody, for everything, more or + +391 +00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560 +less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's + +392 +00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040 +a responsibility saying, how can you say to + +393 +00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320 +Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that + +394 +00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220 +he's escaping from his responsibility. What else + +395 +00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360 +can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you + +396 +00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660 +elaborate? + +397 +00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140 +Okay. + +398 +00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400 +Can you elaborate more on this? What do you + +399 +00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760 +understand from this line? For you have but + +400 +00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820 +mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying + +401 +00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680 +this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes? + +402 +00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160 +Interesting, but what does this tell us? + +403 +00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000 +Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his + +404 +00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020 +mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible + +405 +00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220 +decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you + +406 +00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750 +misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's + +407 +00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550 +not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In + +408 +00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470 +a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation. + +409 +00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630 +He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad, + +410 +00:28:10,890 --> 00:28:14,830 +it's because you misunderstand me, you mistake me, + +411 +00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:19,100 +you wrong me. This is what he's saying in a sense. + +412 +00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:22,540 +He's not confessing or saying, oh, sorry. Forgive + +413 +00:28:22,540 --> 00:28:25,580 +me. I made mistakes. This is what he should say. A + +414 +00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:27,860 +man in charge, in responsibility, with + +415 +00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:30,720 +responsibility, if he wants to really be good, + +416 +00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:36,200 +first, I'm sorry I made mistakes. Second, you give + +417 +00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,780 +people their rights. But here, the king is blaming + +418 +00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:48,720 +the people for misunderstanding him. For you have, + +419 +00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:51,880 +and this is what we call, he's pointing, pointing + +420 +00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,300 +the finger of accusation at the people. It's your + +421 +00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:57,880 +problem. If you notice one thing about the + +422 +00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,340 +pronouns, what do the pronouns tell you? Listen, + +423 +00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:05,540 +when you study a text, literature, Number one, + +424 +00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,360 +look at the pronouns. Are they singular? Are they + +425 +00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,080 +plural? What does that mean? What does that + +426 +00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,480 +indicate? Do we have sometimes plural that turns + +427 +00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,200 +into singular or singular that goes into plural? + +428 +00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,640 +Look at the tense. Is it past? Is it present? Is + +429 +00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:23,540 +it a mixture? Why? Look at the choice of words. If + +430 +00:29:23,540 --> 00:29:25,440 +you understand, if you analyze the language in + +431 +00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,730 +this way, it gives you more from here, from the + +432 +00:29:29,730 --> 00:29:33,110 +deeper part of the text. If you look at the + +433 +00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:36,630 +pronouns, number one, he says, let us sit upon the + +434 +00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:39,270 +ground. That's good. Because together, we sit upon + +435 +00:29:39,270 --> 00:29:41,390 +the ground. But when he talks about the + +436 +00:29:41,390 --> 00:29:47,190 +responsibility, there is you and me, and there is + +437 +00:29:47,190 --> 00:29:51,650 +also I and you. They're separating. He's isolated. + +438 +00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:55,450 +In literature, we say he's distancing himself. You + +439 +00:29:55,450 --> 00:30:01,080 +know distance? It can also be used as a verb. What + +440 +00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:04,040 +is he doing? He's distancing himself from the + +441 +00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:08,500 +people because they are wrong. They mistake. They + +442 +00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:12,220 +misunderstand. They make mistakes. They + +443 +00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:16,640 +misunderstand. But does he say, I misunderstand? I + +444 +00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:21,260 +made mistakes, errors? He doesn't. So what happens + +445 +00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600 +here is that Any literary text could have two or + +446 +00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320 +three or even more interpretations, could have + +447 +00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400 +more meanings. But when you read the text, + +448 +00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380 +sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things + +449 +00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860 +that you don't. In your interpretation, when you + +450 +00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160 +try to analyze the text, Try to use the text + +451 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560 +itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the + +452 +00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160 +exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this + +453 +00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960 +king? An open opinion question. Some of you could + +454 +00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670 +say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You + +455 +00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730 +tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit + +456 +00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190 +up on the ground and he's telling them that he's + +457 +00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170 +like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He + +458 +00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750 +eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of + +459 +00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510 +you might say, I don't like this king. He's not + +460 +00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590 +genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language + +461 +00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790 +indicates that he's not confessing. he's just + +462 +00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550 +pretending he's accusing the people of making + +463 +00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650 +mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns + +464 +00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410 +here he distances himself from them for you have + +465 +00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910 +mistook me here he could have said he could have + +466 +00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230 +easily said we live with bread like you oh sorry + +467 +00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820 +or we live with bread But in reality, no, it + +468 +00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760 +doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats + +469 +00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440 +bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of + +470 +00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880 +other kinds of food. So the distance here is + +471 +00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300 +crucial. I live with bread like you. But because + +472 +00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460 +we eat different food, there is this distance. So + +473 +00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590 +which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As + +474 +00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850 +long as you support your opinion from the text + +475 +00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930 +with textual evidence I think he means + +476 +00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610 +that I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm + +477 +00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990 +supposed to do I'm a king, I have to be set from + +478 +00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920 +God Yeah, mistook? Okay, who's doing the + +479 +00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320 +mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English. + +480 +00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680 +It should be you have mistook, mistake, mistook, + +481 +00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940 +mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You. + +482 +00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920 +So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No, + +483 +00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920 +kings are clever, + +484 +00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740 +you know, especially in language. But again, this + +485 +00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220 +is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language. + +486 +00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310 +Okay? + +487 +00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990 +Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous + +488 +00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410 +king in Shakespeare that is really interesting. + +489 +00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630 +He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we + +490 +00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130 +give a lot of details and we tell the stories and + +491 +00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610 +sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This + +492 +00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890 +is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is + +493 +00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770 +described as a wicked man. Do you know? + +494 +00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940 +Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you + +495 +00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860 +ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do + +496 +00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380 +you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an + +497 +00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980 +Italian writer who wrote the famous book called + +498 +00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520 +The Prince, in which he kind of said something + +499 +00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240 +like, the end justifies the means. How would you + +500 +00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490 +translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK, + +501 +00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470 +so if you have a good noble goal in probably + +502 +00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710 +getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if + +503 +00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410 +you cheat. + +504 +00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750 +I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So + +505 +00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970 +the term Machiavellian means someone who is + +506 +00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890 +wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks + +507 +00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450 +people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a + +508 +00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430 +king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian + +509 +00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630 +character. In the play, there is this amazing, + +510 +00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770 +wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is, + +511 +00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930 +by the way, funny because he's talking about the + +512 +00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620 +enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king. fighting + +513 +00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360 +with another king who happens to be his brother. + +514 +00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320 +He says, now is + +515 +00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920 +the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this + +516 +00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560 +is something that Shakespeare coined. Winter of + +517 +00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950 +discontent is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the + +518 +00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330 +many he came up with. Now is the winter of our + +519 +00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970 +discontent. Made glorious summer by this son of + +520 +00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470 +York. This son of York is his enemy brother. Now + +521 +00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290 +is the winter of our discontent. Made glorious + +522 +00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410 +summer by this son of York. What do you notice + +523 +00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490 +about this? The language. Now. Now. Now. Urgent. + +524 +00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880 +Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you + +525 +00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340 +know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites? + +526 +00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480 +We have winter and summer. Generally winter + +527 +00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320 +symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally + +528 +00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160 +people's sadness, death, dark. And summer in hot, + +529 +00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340 +heat, life. Colors, trees, especially in England. + +530 +00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220 +The summer is really, it's not that good, but + +531 +00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760 +summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do + +532 +00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800 +you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what + +533 +00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220 +about it? + +534 +00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360 +Okay, I want one of you to come here and write + +535 +00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910 +words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you + +536 +00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190 +come here, someone? Please. What's your name? + +537 +00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530 +Okay. + +538 +00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950 +Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this + +539 +00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390 +one. Here, write the following words. + +540 +00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690 +Bye. + +541 +00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350 +Peace. + +542 +00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630 +Are you sure? + +543 +00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090 +Wait a minute. + +544 +00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210 +Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No, + +545 +00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630 +thank you. + +546 +00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380 +Do you think these are the right spellings? + +547 +00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080 +Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could + +548 +00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020 +give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want + +549 +00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680 +by or by, I want peace and I want sun. + +550 +00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510 +That's why it's interesting when someone asks + +551 +00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390 +about a particular word, usually asks for the + +552 +00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330 +spelling or the context. What is this? Now in + +553 +00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830 +English there's an important literary term called + +554 +00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970 +pun. + +555 +00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810 +Pun. And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when + +556 +00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030 +one word could have two meanings or A word, the + +557 +00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670 +way a word sounds resembles another word. These + +558 +00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530 +are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or + +559 +00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890 +sometimes the word could have two meanings. So + +560 +00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410 +what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a + +561 +00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230 +literary device, when one word has two meanings. + +562 +00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710 +Or two words sound the same. + +563 +00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390 +If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to + +564 +00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250 +understand what puns are. A pun is very important + +565 +00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930 +because it gives two meanings, double meanings. + +566 +00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450 +Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is + +567 +00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010 +it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a + +568 +00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890 +winter a summer? The sun. + +569 +00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710 +Richard III, he is also talking about his brother, + +570 +00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190 +the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the + +571 +00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510 +same time, the king is usually represented as the + +572 +00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430 +sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we + +573 +00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410 +have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying now + +574 +00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090 +is the winter of our discontent. But this winter + +575 +00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430 +is turning into The summer because of the sun, + +576 +00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010 +because of the king, because the king brings life + +577 +00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190 +and brings the summer. This is what this says. + +578 +00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170 +However, when you read the whole play, you'll find + +579 +00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550 +that this is ironic because for most of the play, + +580 +00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090 +the son of York does not appear, does not come on + +581 +00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350 +stage. That's why the whole play is about death + +582 +00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540 +and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun + +583 +00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360 +do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare + +584 +00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720 +plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon + +585 +00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540 +the word. A play on word that have similar sounds + +586 +00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500 +or words with different meanings. Okay, finally, + +587 +00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670 +I'll just go for a video here to play For God's + +588 +00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +589 +00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890 +stories of the death of kings. One student in the + +590 +00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850 +other group said, the king is not genuine because + +591 +00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750 +he only wants to speak about the sad stories of + +592 +00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610 +the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He + +593 +00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330 +wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk. + +594 +00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470 +He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He + +595 +00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090 +doesn't say, OK, tell me your sad stories. + +596 +00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250 +These are different recordings. + +597 +00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880 +from within the hollow crown around the mortal + +598 +00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380 +temple + +599 +00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630 +and with a little pin bores through his castle + +600 +00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690 +wall a farewell + +601 +00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050 +cane cover + +602 +00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830 +your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn + +603 +00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830 +reverence throw away respect tradition form and + +604 +00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610 +ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all + +605 +00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070 +this while + +606 +00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570 +Another one. + +607 +00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010 +Poisoned by their wives. + +608 +00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710 +Some sleeping killer. + +609 +00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700 +We'll stop here and we'll continue with + +610 +00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260 +Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies, + +611 +00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380 +probably Macbeth and King Lear. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbb608244945712587c7bd5e4dc1bd0bebf8501a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@ +1 +00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910 +Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to + +2 +00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750 +have you back to continue our journey into the + +3 +00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430 +history of English literature. Last time we spoke + +4 +00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680 +about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four + +5 +00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300 +major things in the Renaissance. Number one, + +6 +00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480 +geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific + +7 +00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260 +developments + +8 +00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440 +and advancement. We spoke about new thought, new + +9 +00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230 +thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of + +10 +00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530 +humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also + +11 +00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210 +spoke about literature and how everything was + +12 +00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930 +influencing literature in a way or another. A + +13 +00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110 +crucial point we discussed last time is how this + +14 +00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650 +book does not mention two important things. Number + +15 +00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110 +one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism. + +16 +00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840 +When usually English books speak about the + +17 +00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420 +Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about + +18 +00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780 +it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how + +19 +00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660 +European people, the white Christians of Europe + +20 +00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580 +managed to discover new worlds in America, in + +21 +00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960 +Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say + +22 +00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620 +that there were native people living in America, + +23 +00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560 +in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we + +24 +00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440 +described in a way or another as whitewashing, + +25 +00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540 +because the book is hiding the crimes, the + +26 +00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340 +massacres, and presenting the British Empire as + +27 +00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270 +All good, pure and good. We spoke about + +28 +00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130 +Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet + +29 +00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810 +is the most important play probably in the history + +30 +00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990 +of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or + +31 +00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390 +not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy. + +32 +00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030 +And again, we said a soliloquy is an important + +33 +00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850 +dramatic device in which the actor is + +34 +00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340 +Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the + +35 +00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800 +actor is alone on the stage No one else is there. + +36 +00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560 +And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she, + +37 +00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800 +communicates with the audience inner thoughts and + +38 +00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440 +inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals + +39 +00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940 +secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the + +40 +00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700 +audience, the people in the audience, are very + +41 +00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710 +important to the play itself. Sometimes the + +42 +00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590 +audience knows more than the characters because of + +43 +00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450 +soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on + +44 +00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430 +seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show + +45 +00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650 +how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time. + +46 +00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470 +Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his + +47 +00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150 +plays, and his contribution to English language, + +48 +00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830 +English literature, and even English thought. + +49 +00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550 +Before I do that, we have someone here to recite + +50 +00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450 +or read something from the book here. Can you come + +51 +00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420 +here, please? from King Richard II. For God's + +52 +00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380 +sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to + +53 +00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920 +follow here, you can look it up here. For God's + +54 +00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +55 +00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580 +stories of the death of kings. How some have been + +56 +00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500 +deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the + +57 +00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100 +ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their + +58 +00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160 +wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the + +59 +00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380 +hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a + +60 +00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200 +king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors, + +61 +00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320 +scoffing his estate and grinning at this bond, + +62 +00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220 +allowing him a breath a lot of sighs. + +63 +00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520 +Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me. + +64 +00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070 +Corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like + +65 +00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790 +you, feel what taste bread, need friends, + +66 +00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750 +suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you? + +67 +00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040 +Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice + +68 +00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080 +and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve + +69 +00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780 +your pronunciation, and really depict the passion + +70 +00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420 +of this. At the end of this course, this class, + +71 +00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300 +I'll show you a video of like three or four + +72 +00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820 +recitations of this really masterpiece by + +73 +00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900 +Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare, + +74 +00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860 +we said his plays are generally divided into + +75 +00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470 +tragedies, comedies, and hysteries. But there are + +76 +00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250 +other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like + +77 +00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510 +Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the + +78 +00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210 +main characters die on the stage. It's + +79 +00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310 +complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside + +80 +00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310 +down. People die. People kill. People get killed. + +81 +00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070 +And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand, + +82 +00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490 +is another play by Shakespeare, another type of + +83 +00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430 +plays where There could be trouble. There could be + +84 +00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130 +problems. There could be complications, chaos, + +85 +00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770 +disorder. But at the end of the play, everything + +86 +00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470 +goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they + +87 +00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810 +generally end happily, happily ever after. This is + +88 +00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390 +a comedy. OK, there are complications. But + +89 +00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150 +generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a + +90 +00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400 +history. Or histories. History plays, as the name + +91 +00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880 +suggests, they are about historical events and + +92 +00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780 +generally about English kings. We have King + +93 +00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040 +Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these + +94 +00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020 +histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe, + +95 +00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480 +mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called + +96 +00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920 +Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a + +97 +00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640 +historical event that took place in the Roman + +98 +00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260 +Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself. + +99 +00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180 +Now, some of the plays were classified generally + +100 +00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240 +as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The + +101 +00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160 +Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a + +102 +00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460 +way, ends happily. So people for a long time + +103 +00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300 +thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because + +104 +00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720 +there are new theories and new ways of thinking, + +105 +00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720 +people change their opinion about this play. + +106 +00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380 +Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio + +107 +00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140 +are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But + +108 +00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360 +Shiloh, the Jewish character, what happens to him? + +109 +00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360 +He loses his daughter. He converts to + +110 +00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340 +Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he + +111 +00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660 +himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and + +112 +00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380 +convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a + +113 +00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960 +good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's + +114 +00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380 +a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So + +115 +00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300 +nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of + +116 +00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340 +understanding and studying literature, many people + +117 +00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500 +started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a + +118 +00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440 +serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a + +119 +00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820 +problem or serious comedy. So again, the major + +120 +00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570 +divisions are comedies. tragedies and hysteries. + +121 +00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050 +But between these, we can add extra divisions. My + +122 +00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010 +question again, why are some plays now considered + +123 +00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530 +to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can + +124 +00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990 +you say that? + +125 +00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890 +Exactly. + +126 +00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150 +Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle + +127 +00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170 +changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his + +128 +00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790 +plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people + +129 +00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570 +changed ever since? Of course. And even his + +130 +00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090 +audience as Christians, white Christians living in + +131 +00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630 +London. And if you change the audience, you bring, + +132 +00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390 +for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience, + +133 +00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510 +Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the + +134 +00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990 +same way? Certainly not, because we have different + +135 +00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210 +backgrounds, different ideologies, different + +136 +00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690 +something. So at a time when probably the Jewish + +137 +00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850 +people were considered to be bad, maybe people + +138 +00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930 +were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now, + +139 +00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110 +because people are more understanding, more than + +140 +00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350 +us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of + +141 +00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630 +being terrorists because someone did something + +142 +00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770 +wrong. So from a human perspective, as + +143 +00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990 +Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how + +144 +00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870 +we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry + +145 +00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370 +for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as + +146 +00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670 +we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So + +147 +00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050 +history plays, again, in general, are divided into + +148 +00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710 +two parts. Plays that discuss kings. mainly from + +149 +00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370 +England. And we can see in the name of the plays + +150 +00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490 +Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be + +151 +00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730 +taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called + +152 +00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110 +Roman plays. + +153 +00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550 +But basically, a history play is a play where + +154 +00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220 +there are historical events. hysterical events + +155 +00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160 +being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does + +156 +00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180 +Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of + +157 +00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140 +beings? The great chain of beings? Because the + +158 +00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280 +King of England became the head of the Church of + +159 +00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300 +England, the most important man in England, and he + +160 +00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110 +became God's representative. You had to obey the + +161 +00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910 +king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen + +162 +00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330 +how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether + +163 +00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270 +to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the + +164 +00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390 +king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to + +165 +00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410 +kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like + +166 +00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350 +figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens + +167 +00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050 +now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings. + +168 +00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310 +Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't + +169 +00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650 +see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him + +170 +00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270 +because we are ordinary people. So for us, the + +171 +00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850 +king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to + +172 +00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790 +fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that + +173 +00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910 +terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare + +174 +00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050 +brings those kings down to who? to the audience, + +175 +00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030 +to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them + +176 +00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730 +more human aspects, more human experiences than we + +177 +00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370 +think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as + +178 +00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850 +gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes + +179 +00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790 +bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even, + +180 +00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310 +sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes + +181 +00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500 +as foolish, in a way Shakespeare was humanizing + +182 +00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700 +the kings, presenting them to the people in a way + +183 +00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900 +that makes them humans. And it is said here in the + +184 +00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000 +book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was + +185 +00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180 +careful not to offend the kings. So when he does + +186 +00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900 +something, he brings kings from the past. When he + +187 +00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440 +wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings + +188 +00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500 +from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in + +189 +00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740 +Denmark. probably Macbeth and other stories. So + +190 +00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880 +why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly + +191 +00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900 +criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can + +192 +00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420 +you tell why? + +193 +00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550 +Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad + +194 +00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930 +things, negatively portraying the kings. He might + +195 +00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710 +get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at + +196 +00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:21,570 +least imprisoned or censored. You know censorship + +197 +00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:25,850 +where okay write this, don't write that. Play + +198 +00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:29,430 +this, don't play that. But Shakespeare was smart. + +199 +00:13:30,490 --> 00:13:33,010 +He was smarter than anyone could imagine. So + +200 +00:13:33,010 --> 00:13:34,250 +sometimes he would do it + +201 +00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:42,590 +Of course, because this is self-interest. But + +202 +00:13:42,590 --> 00:13:46,190 +Shakespeare does not stop there. Sometimes we have + +203 +00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:50,310 +him indirectly, implicitly criticizing the kings. + +204 +00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:53,750 +Remember again, the king is supposed to be like, + +205 +00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:56,870 +you know, like a statue, distant God-like figure. + +206 +00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:01,650 +But when Shakespeare brings them down to people on + +207 +00:14:01,650 --> 00:14:04,950 +the stage, when people play the kings, and + +208 +00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:07,150 +sometimes, did you study King Lear? Do you know + +209 +00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:09,750 +anything about King Lear? In King Lear, the king, + +210 +00:14:09,890 --> 00:14:15,330 +in a way, is stupid. He's foolish. So it indicates + +211 +00:14:15,330 --> 00:14:19,290 +that the king can be weak. The king can be evil. + +212 +00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:23,210 +They're not pure good. When Shakespeare does this, + +213 +00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:28,890 +in a way or another, He's shaking the image of the + +214 +00:14:28,890 --> 00:14:32,730 +king. He's telling the people kings are human + +215 +00:14:32,730 --> 00:14:35,630 +beings too. They can make mistakes. They can be + +216 +00:14:35,630 --> 00:14:40,150 +good and they can be evil. We'll see how he does + +217 +00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:43,110 +this in some of the examples. This is important. + +218 +00:14:43,270 --> 00:14:45,150 +So Shakespeare brings them down to earth, + +219 +00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:48,990 +humanizes them. He's careful, but indirectly there + +220 +00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:53,720 +is criticism. So if I ask you if Shakespeare never + +221 +00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,860 +criticizes the king or the monarchy, it's false. + +222 +00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,060 +He does sometimes indirectly, sometimes openly, + +223 +00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460 +but he brings kings from outside England. But + +224 +00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660 +doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a + +225 +00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220 +play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat, + +226 +00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120 +they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king + +227 +00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160 +get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably, + +228 +00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960 +we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet + +229 +00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080 +killed the king. And that would have happened. But + +230 +00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820 +wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet + +231 +00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560 +killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it + +232 +00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880 +was justice. But for him, why would the king die? + +233 +00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760 +I'm a king. Because the king already killed a + +234 +00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300 +king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed + +235 +00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640 +another king. So it's just all connected in a way + +236 +00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880 +or another. Justice was served. in a way or + +237 +00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220 +another. + +238 +00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680 +In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about + +239 +00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880 +England, he's very respectful. He loves England. + +240 +00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360 +It's his nation. There's always this theme. + +241 +00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860 +Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he + +242 +00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440 +does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the + +243 +00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720 +king wanted to send him to England to be killed + +244 +00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250 +there, to die. probably suggesting that people go + +245 +00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910 +to England to die. It's where death resides, et + +246 +00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010 +cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about + +247 +00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530 +England. Look at this example here, how + +248 +00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170 +Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love + +249 +00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330 +for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if + +250 +00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590 +you want to follow that, page 25, this royal + +251 +00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730 +throne of kings. + +252 +00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220 +Talking about? England. This royal throne of + +253 +00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920 +kings. This septed island. This island. + +254 +00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320 +Okay? In another example, probably next below. + +255 +00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000 +Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a + +256 +00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780 +courageous king who fights for his own people and + +257 +00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080 +for England itself, or herself. So the kings are + +258 +00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740 +powerful. They're there not for their own + +259 +00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060 +interests, but also to protect the land against + +260 +00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300 +the enemies and to protect the people against the + +261 +00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520 +enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again, + +262 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300 +he's encouraging people to be part of the battle, + +263 +00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360 +to fight back. Because there was a breach in the + +264 +00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540 +wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a + +265 +00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460 +wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks, + +266 +00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340 +makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach. + +267 +00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740 +So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once + +268 +00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660 +more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back. + +269 +00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080 +Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how + +270 +00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650 +he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's + +271 +00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470 +humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or + +272 +00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490 +close the wall up with our English dead. If we + +273 +00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630 +don't defend England heroically, England is going + +274 +00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910 +to die. The personification here is beautiful of + +275 +00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070 +England being a person that could be killed. + +276 +00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660 +However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes. + +277 +00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460 +And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in + +278 +00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120 +a way, not because we love evil, but because they + +279 +00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820 +are more interesting as characters, as literary + +280 +00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080 +figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not + +281 +00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960 +a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II + +282 +00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220 +is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest, + +283 +00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600 +as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers + +284 +00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820 +from certain issues. + +285 +00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760 +Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read + +286 +00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460 +first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This + +287 +00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010 +is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember + +288 +00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670 +this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is + +289 +00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430 +blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank + +290 +00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810 +verse? Poetry with no rhyme. + +291 +00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030 +Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no + +292 +00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950 +rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands + +293 +00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780 +of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit + +294 +00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300 +upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death + +295 +00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700 +of kings, for you have but mistook me all this + +296 +00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520 +while. I live with bread like you, feel want, + +297 +00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340 +taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can + +298 +00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640 +you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake, + +299 +00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390 +let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories + +300 +00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210 +in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me + +301 +00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230 +all this while. I live with a friend like you. You + +302 +00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350 +feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to + +303 +00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610 +dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful + +304 +00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050 +reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen + +305 +00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450 +up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days + +306 +00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110 +of kings. For you have but mistook me all this + +307 +00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530 +while. + +308 +00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440 +Very good. Someone louder, please. + +309 +00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520 +I love good bread like you. We want taste, read, + +310 +00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190 +meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading. + +311 +00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330 +Because is this poetry like a reflection of a + +312 +00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310 +strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least + +313 +00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390 +modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For + +314 +00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990 +God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging. + +315 +00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170 +For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the + +316 +00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000 +ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings + +317 +00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660 +for you have but mistook me all this while. I live + +318 +00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580 +with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need + +319 +00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810 +friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I + +320 +00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490 +am a king what do you think of this king do you + +321 +00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270 +like this king do you like do you want this king + +322 +00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130 +to be your king do you think or friend at least or + +323 +00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130 +do you want to be associated with this king what + +324 +00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670 +do you this text look at the text here He's so + +325 +00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650 +humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so + +326 +00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150 +humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're + +327 +00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030 +studying literature. The most important thing in + +328 +00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990 +literature is to support our opinion by textual + +329 +00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330 +evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in + +330 +00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370 +the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who + +331 +00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170 +is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How + +332 +00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970 +humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh, + +333 +00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190 +cool. So he's using the basic common shared things + +334 +00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170 +between him as a king and the people. I live with + +335 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330 +bread like you. At the time they thought kings + +336 +00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890 +were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person + +337 +00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250 +like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like + +338 +00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990 +us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the + +339 +00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450 +text that shows that this is a really cool king? + +340 +00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630 +He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like + +341 +00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570 +everybody else. And that is the most important. + +342 +00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270 +He's communicating his feelings and emotions to + +343 +00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570 +the people. He's not distancing himself from them. + +344 +00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610 +More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This + +345 +00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990 +expresses the difference between a god and a king + +346 +00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630 +and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay, + +347 +00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530 +there is here an emphasis on the similarity + +348 +00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710 +between the king and other people. They're the + +349 +00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730 +same. That is a very interesting reading. But + +350 +00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530 +again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like + +351 +00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710 +to use this iceberg metaphor + +352 +00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230 +to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice + +353 +00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970 +in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's + +354 +00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710 +the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally, + +355 +00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010 +people, texts, especially literature, all these + +356 +00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150 +things can be described as icebergs. + +357 +00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910 +You can't fully understand people from just seeing + +358 +00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930 +them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know + +359 +00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350 +somebody for a long time and then say, I don't + +360 +00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970 +understand this person. Because deep, we have more + +361 +00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710 +to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any + +362 +00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410 +literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg. + +363 +00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810 +What we see is here. It's fun. But what is + +364 +00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710 +beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the + +365 +00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480 +deep, The deeper part of this is usually more + +366 +00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540 +important and can tell us more. So upon the first + +367 +00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080 +reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king + +368 +00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380 +because he wants, he's begging the people, for + +369 +00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240 +God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them + +370 +00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960 +to himself and the ground and the bread. But my + +371 +00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480 +question here, is the king truthful? Is he + +372 +00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160 +genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal + +373 +00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960 +more about the king that we can't see from a first + +374 +00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640 +reading? Can we read between the lines and + +375 +00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320 +probably get a different message, a different + +376 +00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860 +interpretation, a different meaning of the text, + +377 +00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200 +something opposite to what we say here? + +378 +00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510 +OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death. + +379 +00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950 +Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's + +380 +00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830 +not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's + +381 +00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230 +fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose + +382 +00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730 +his power. So now that he's about to lose his + +383 +00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330 +power, now you want to tell us that you want to + +384 +00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350 +sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death + +385 +00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580 +of kings? Interesting. More. What else? + +386 +00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960 +Very good. Interesting. But where can you find + +387 +00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420 +this in the text? So she's saying that this is a + +388 +00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560 +king who is escaping his responsibility. + +389 +00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680 +So the question, a king is a king. He's + +390 +00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620 +responsible for everybody, for everything, more or + +391 +00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560 +less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's + +392 +00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040 +a responsibility saying, how can you say to + +393 +00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320 +Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that + +394 +00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220 +he's escaping from his responsibility. What else + +395 +00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360 +can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you + +396 +00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660 +elaborate? + +397 +00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140 +Okay. + +398 +00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400 +Can you elaborate more on this? What do you + +399 +00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760 +understand from this line? For you have but + +400 +00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820 +mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying + +401 +00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680 +this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes? + +402 +00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160 +Interesting, but what does this tell us? + +403 +00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000 +Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his + +404 +00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020 +mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible + +405 +00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220 +decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you + +406 +00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750 +misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's + +407 +00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550 +not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In + +408 +00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470 +a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation. + +409 +00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630 +He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad, + +410 +00:28:10,890 --> 00:28:14,830 +it's because you misunderstand me, you mistake me, + +411 +00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:19,100 +you wrong me. This is what he's saying in a sense. + +412 +00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:22,540 +He's not confessing or saying, oh, sorry. Forgive + +413 +00:28:22,540 --> 00:28:25,580 +me. I made mistakes. This is what he should say. A + +414 +00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:27,860 +man in charge, in responsibility, with + +415 +00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:30,720 +responsibility, if he wants to really be good, + +416 +00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:36,200 +first, I'm sorry I made mistakes. Second, you give + +417 +00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,780 +people their rights. But here, the king is blaming + +418 +00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:48,720 +the people for misunderstanding him. For you have, + +419 +00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:51,880 +and this is what we call, he's pointing, pointing + +420 +00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,300 +the finger of accusation at the people. It's your + +421 +00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:57,880 +problem. If you notice one thing about the + +422 +00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,340 +pronouns, what do the pronouns tell you? Listen, + +423 +00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:05,540 +when you study a text, literature, Number one, + +424 +00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,360 +look at the pronouns. Are they singular? Are they + +425 +00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,080 +plural? What does that mean? What does that + +426 +00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,480 +indicate? Do we have sometimes plural that turns + +427 +00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,200 +into singular or singular that goes into plural? + +428 +00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,640 +Look at the tense. Is it past? Is it present? Is + +429 +00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:23,540 +it a mixture? Why? Look at the choice of words. If + +430 +00:29:23,540 --> 00:29:25,440 +you understand, if you analyze the language in + +431 +00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,730 +this way, it gives you more from here, from the + +432 +00:29:29,730 --> 00:29:33,110 +deeper part of the text. If you look at the + +433 +00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:36,630 +pronouns, number one, he says, let us sit upon the + +434 +00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:39,270 +ground. That's good. Because together, we sit upon + +435 +00:29:39,270 --> 00:29:41,390 +the ground. But when he talks about the + +436 +00:29:41,390 --> 00:29:47,190 +responsibility, there is you and me, and there is + +437 +00:29:47,190 --> 00:29:51,650 +also I and you. They're separating. He's isolated. + +438 +00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:55,450 +In literature, we say he's distancing himself. You + +439 +00:29:55,450 --> 00:30:01,080 +know distance? It can also be used as a verb. What + +440 +00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:04,040 +is he doing? He's distancing himself from the + +441 +00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:08,500 +people because they are wrong. They mistake. They + +442 +00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:12,220 +misunderstand. They make mistakes. They + +443 +00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:16,640 +misunderstand. But does he say, I misunderstand? I + +444 +00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:21,260 +made mistakes, errors? He doesn't. So what happens + +445 +00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600 +here is that Any literary text could have two or + +446 +00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320 +three or even more interpretations, could have + +447 +00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400 +more meanings. But when you read the text, + +448 +00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380 +sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things + +449 +00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860 +that you don't. In your interpretation, when you + +450 +00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160 +try to analyze the text, Try to use the text + +451 +00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560 +itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the + +452 +00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160 +exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this + +453 +00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960 +king? An open opinion question. Some of you could + +454 +00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670 +say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You + +455 +00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730 +tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit + +456 +00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190 +up on the ground and he's telling them that he's + +457 +00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170 +like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He + +458 +00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750 +eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of + +459 +00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510 +you might say, I don't like this king. He's not + +460 +00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590 +genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language + +461 +00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790 +indicates that he's not confessing. he's just + +462 +00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550 +pretending he's accusing the people of making + +463 +00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650 +mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns + +464 +00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410 +here he distances himself from them for you have + +465 +00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910 +mistook me here he could have said he could have + +466 +00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230 +easily said we live with bread like you oh sorry + +467 +00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820 +or we live with bread But in reality, no, it + +468 +00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760 +doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats + +469 +00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440 +bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of + +470 +00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880 +other kinds of food. So the distance here is + +471 +00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300 +crucial. I live with bread like you. But because + +472 +00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460 +we eat different food, there is this distance. So + +473 +00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590 +which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As + +474 +00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850 +long as you support your opinion from the text + +475 +00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930 +with textual evidence I think he means + +476 +00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610 +that I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm + +477 +00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990 +supposed to do I'm a king, I have to be set from + +478 +00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920 +God Yeah, mistook? Okay, who's doing the + +479 +00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320 +mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English. + +480 +00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680 +It should be you have mistook, mistake, mistook, + +481 +00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940 +mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You. + +482 +00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920 +So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No, + +483 +00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920 +kings are clever, + +484 +00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740 +you know, especially in language. But again, this + +485 +00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220 +is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language. + +486 +00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310 +Okay? + +487 +00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990 +Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous + +488 +00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410 +king in Shakespeare that is really interesting. + +489 +00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630 +He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we + +490 +00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130 +give a lot of details and we tell the stories and + +491 +00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610 +sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This + +492 +00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890 +is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is + +493 +00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770 +described as a wicked man. Do you know? + +494 +00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940 +Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you + +495 +00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860 +ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do + +496 +00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380 +you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an + +497 +00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980 +Italian writer who wrote the famous book called + +498 +00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520 +The Prince, in which he kind of said something + +499 +00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240 +like, the end justifies the means. How would you + +500 +00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490 +translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK, + +501 +00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470 +so if you have a good noble goal in probably + +502 +00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710 +getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if + +503 +00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410 +you cheat. + +504 +00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750 +I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So + +505 +00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970 +the term Machiavellian means someone who is + +506 +00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890 +wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks + +507 +00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450 +people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a + +508 +00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430 +king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian + +509 +00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630 +character. In the play, there is this amazing, + +510 +00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770 +wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is, + +511 +00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930 +by the way, funny because he's talking about the + +512 +00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620 +enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king. fighting + +513 +00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360 +with another king who happens to be his brother. + +514 +00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320 +He says, now is + +515 +00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920 +the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this + +516 +00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560 +is something that Shakespeare coined. Winter of + +517 +00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950 +discontent is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the + +518 +00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330 +many he came up with. Now is the winter of our + +519 +00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970 +discontent. Made glorious summer by this son of + +520 +00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470 +York. This son of York is his enemy brother. Now + +521 +00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290 +is the winter of our discontent. Made glorious + +522 +00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410 +summer by this son of York. What do you notice + +523 +00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490 +about this? The language. Now. Now. Now. Urgent. + +524 +00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880 +Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you + +525 +00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340 +know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites? + +526 +00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480 +We have winter and summer. Generally winter + +527 +00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320 +symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally + +528 +00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160 +people's sadness, death, dark. And summer in hot, + +529 +00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340 +heat, life. Colors, trees, especially in England. + +530 +00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220 +The summer is really, it's not that good, but + +531 +00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760 +summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do + +532 +00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800 +you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what + +533 +00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220 +about it? + +534 +00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360 +Okay, I want one of you to come here and write + +535 +00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910 +words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you + +536 +00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190 +come here, someone? Please. What's your name? + +537 +00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530 +Okay. + +538 +00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950 +Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this + +539 +00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390 +one. Here, write the following words. + +540 +00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690 +Bye. + +541 +00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350 +Peace. + +542 +00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630 +Are you sure? + +543 +00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090 +Wait a minute. + +544 +00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210 +Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No, + +545 +00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630 +thank you. + +546 +00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380 +Do you think these are the right spellings? + +547 +00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080 +Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could + +548 +00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020 +give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want + +549 +00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680 +by or by, I want peace and I want sun. + +550 +00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510 +That's why it's interesting when someone asks + +551 +00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390 +about a particular word, usually asks for the + +552 +00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330 +spelling or the context. What is this? Now in + +553 +00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830 +English there's an important literary term called + +554 +00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970 +pun. + +555 +00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810 +Pun. And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when + +556 +00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030 +one word could have two meanings or A word, the + +557 +00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670 +way a word sounds resembles another word. These + +558 +00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530 +are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or + +559 +00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890 +sometimes the word could have two meanings. So + +560 +00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410 +what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a + +561 +00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230 +literary device, when one word has two meanings. + +562 +00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710 +Or two words sound the same. + +563 +00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390 +If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to + +564 +00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250 +understand what puns are. A pun is very important + +565 +00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930 +because it gives two meanings, double meanings. + +566 +00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450 +Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is + +567 +00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010 +it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a + +568 +00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890 +winter a summer? The sun. + +569 +00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710 +Richard III, he is also talking about his brother, + +570 +00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190 +the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the + +571 +00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510 +same time, the king is usually represented as the + +572 +00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430 +sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we + +573 +00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410 +have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying now + +574 +00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090 +is the winter of our discontent. But this winter + +575 +00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430 +is turning into The summer because of the sun, + +576 +00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010 +because of the king, because the king brings life + +577 +00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190 +and brings the summer. This is what this says. + +578 +00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170 +However, when you read the whole play, you'll find + +579 +00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550 +that this is ironic because for most of the play, + +580 +00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090 +the son of York does not appear, does not come on + +581 +00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350 +stage. That's why the whole play is about death + +582 +00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540 +and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun + +583 +00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360 +do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare + +584 +00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720 +plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon + +585 +00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540 +the word. A play on word that have similar sounds + +586 +00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500 +or words with different meanings. Okay, finally, + +587 +00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670 +I'll just go for a video here to play For God's + +588 +00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710 +sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad + +589 +00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890 +stories of the death of kings. One student in the + +590 +00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850 +other group said, the king is not genuine because + +591 +00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750 +he only wants to speak about the sad stories of + +592 +00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610 +the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He + +593 +00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330 +wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk. + +594 +00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470 +He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He + +595 +00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090 +doesn't say, OK, tell me your sad stories. + +596 +00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250 +These are different recordings. + +597 +00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880 +from within the hollow crown around the mortal + +598 +00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380 +temple + +599 +00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630 +and with a little pin bores through his castle + +600 +00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690 +wall a farewell + +601 +00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050 +cane cover + +602 +00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830 +your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn + +603 +00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830 +reverence throw away respect tradition form and + +604 +00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610 +ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all + +605 +00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070 +this while + +606 +00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570 +Another one. + +607 +00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010 +Poisoned by their wives. + +608 +00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710 +Some sleeping killer. + +609 +00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700 +We'll stop here and we'll continue with + +610 +00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260 +Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies, + +611 +00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380 +probably Macbeth and King Lear. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aed213b455a93cfcd5b7b2162f1c3ae8c7e6a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3168 @@ +1 +00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,570 +Good day everyone and welcome back to our course, + +2 +00:00:25,010 --> 00:00:27,070 +Introduction to English Literature at the Islamic + +3 +00:00:27,070 --> 00:00:32,970 +University of Gaza. Today we move closer to the + +4 +00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:36,830 +20th century to 21st century literature. We + +5 +00:00:36,830 --> 00:00:42,750 +finished the Romantic Movement and I said in a way + +6 +00:00:42,750 --> 00:00:45,310 +or another that the Romantic Movement is not named + +7 +00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:49,430 +after a particular monarch, a king, or a queen, + +8 +00:00:49,590 --> 00:00:52,770 +like we have the habit of political movement like + +9 +00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:57,010 +the commonwealth or restoration. This is the + +10 +00:00:57,010 --> 00:01:00,650 +Victorian era, Victorian literature today. We'll + +11 +00:01:00,650 --> 00:01:05,490 +speak about the Victorian novel. So moving from a + +12 +00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:09,870 +name after a famous literary movement, the + +13 +00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:14,650 +literature of the romantic poets and novelists, + +14 +00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,110 +The Victorian Iran. The Victorian literature is + +15 +00:01:20,110 --> 00:01:24,650 +named after Queen Victoria, who ruled England for + +16 +00:01:24,650 --> 00:01:31,250 +more than 60 years, almost 65 years. ruling + +17 +00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:35,070 +England. There's this joke about England, the + +18 +00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:38,250 +queens of England always living more. So we have + +19 +00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:43,850 +Elizabeth, we have Queen Victoria, and now Queen + +20 +00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:46,730 +Elizabeth, who doesn't seem to want to die at all. + +21 +00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:49,990 +And we have the names after them in a way. So the + +22 +00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,530 +Victorian literature In a way or another there was + +23 +00:01:53,530 --> 00:01:56,450 +a mixture, a mingling between, there was an + +24 +00:01:56,450 --> 00:02:00,790 +overlap between romanticism and the Victorian age, + +25 +00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,730 +Victorian literature in terms of sensibility, in + +26 +00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:09,710 +terms of features. So some romantics even died + +27 +00:02:09,710 --> 00:02:13,230 +somewhere sometime in the Victorian era. But + +28 +00:02:13,230 --> 00:02:15,370 +again, their writing and their sensibility, the + +29 +00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:18,170 +features of their writing was closer to the + +30 +00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,670 +teachings of Coleridge and William Wordsworth. And + +31 +00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:22,970 +we've seen Jane Austen, for example, who is + +32 +00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:26,690 +considered to be either or. Today we speak about + +33 +00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:31,170 +the Victorian novel, the first part. But before we + +34 +00:02:31,170 --> 00:02:38,280 +do that, let's do some talking about how life was + +35 +00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,640 +then during the Victorian Age. Remember we said + +36 +00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:45,280 +one reason why the Romantic poetry was composed in + +37 +00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,680 +that particular way is that they were reacting to + +38 +00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,300 +the corruption of the city and what was going on. + +39 +00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:54,220 +So in the background, while the major names of + +40 +00:02:54,220 --> 00:02:57,980 +Romantic literature were in the countryside among + +41 +00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,320 +nature, writing about natural and supernatural + +42 +00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:07,450 +issues like, again, coleridge and what's what, The + +43 +00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:09,770 +city, the industrial revolution, the + +44 +00:03:09,770 --> 00:03:12,350 +industrialization of the society, the factories + +45 +00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:15,870 +were killing the people in a way or another. The + +46 +00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:18,490 +high class, the rich people were getting richer, + +47 +00:03:18,610 --> 00:03:21,510 +remember, and the poor people were getting poorer + +48 +00:03:21,510 --> 00:03:25,430 +and poorer. So poverty was everywhere. Diseases + +49 +00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:31,610 +were everywhere. Corruption, sins, vices, whatever + +50 +00:03:31,610 --> 00:03:36,430 +you call it. Unemployment. The corruption was in + +51 +00:03:36,430 --> 00:03:40,110 +many ways like everywhere in the society, in the + +52 +00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:44,410 +church, in the palace, the royal family, and of + +53 +00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:46,810 +course in the government, and in the institutions. + +54 +00:03:46,930 --> 00:03:48,990 +There were institutions that were supposed to take + +55 +00:03:48,990 --> 00:03:50,890 +care of the poor. There are something called the + +56 +00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:54,170 +workhouse or the workhouses. We'll talk about them + +57 +00:03:54,170 --> 00:03:56,490 +when we speak about Oliver. They were supposed to + +58 +00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,550 +be giving food and shelter for the poor, but they + +59 +00:03:59,550 --> 00:04:02,950 +were starving the poor. And again, the church was + +60 +00:04:02,950 --> 00:04:06,800 +supposed to give you know, faith, guidance, belief + +61 +00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,040 +to people, but they were stealing, they were + +62 +00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,940 +corrupt themselves. The royal family was supposed + +63 +00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:15,300 +to be protecting the people, but they were not in + +64 +00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:17,740 +a way or another protecting them. So the monarchy + +65 +00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:23,690 +was not as popular as it was 30, 40, like three, + +66 +00:04:23,890 --> 00:04:28,930 +four probably centuries ago. And we say that this + +67 +00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:31,470 +started from the commonwealth. So the monarchy + +68 +00:04:31,470 --> 00:04:34,510 +started to lose privileges and power. They still + +69 +00:04:34,510 --> 00:04:38,130 +had the money. They still had the symbolic role. + +70 +00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:41,630 +They played, the queen played a huge part, but + +71 +00:04:41,630 --> 00:04:45,230 +still the monarchy was not famous. People did not + +72 +00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:49,570 +like the monarchy like in the past. The social + +73 +00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:52,190 +problems were everywhere, and most of these social + +74 +00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:54,010 +problems are related, again, to the poor people + +75 +00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:57,190 +that nobody wanted to care about, to the extent + +76 +00:04:57,190 --> 00:04:59,910 +that many people say there were two Englands or + +77 +00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:02,370 +two Londons, London that belongs to the rich + +78 +00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:06,190 +people. That shows how rich people were benefiting + +79 +00:05:06,190 --> 00:05:08,950 +from imperialism and colonialism and the + +80 +00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:11,670 +Industrial Revolution and factories. On the other + +81 +00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:15,060 +hand, the very poor people, the orphans, the + +82 +00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:17,880 +women, the disabled people, the sick people, the + +83 +00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,920 +kids. They were deprived. They were not benefiting + +84 +00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:26,960 +from the wealth of the British Empire. So poverty, + +85 +00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,480 +unemployment, education, the education systems, + +86 +00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:32,100 +the laborers, the working class, and most + +87 +00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:34,320 +importantly, we talk about the double standards, + +88 +00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,360 +how there are a set of rules. Like there are rules + +89 +00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,080 +for the rich people and rules for the poor people. + +90 +00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:47,460 +All of this we'll see in the literature of this + +91 +00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:51,380 +period, okay? A very interesting thing I like to + +92 +00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:54,000 +mention here all the time is the Indian mutiny. + +93 +00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:55,980 +Mutiny is something like intifada, like we have + +94 +00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,360 +here in Palestine. The first intifada, the second + +95 +00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,620 +intifada, the third intifada. It's like a + +96 +00:06:00,620 --> 00:06:03,400 +revolution. There's something funny, interesting, + +97 +00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:06,200 +and at the same time really racist and horrible + +98 +00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,900 +about imperialism and colonialism. When you talk + +99 +00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:11,900 +to some Israeli Zionists, they will always be + +100 +00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,700 +defending Israel and say, but we did good to you. + +101 +00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,960 +In a way, we're helping you. We're improving your + +102 +00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:23,020 +lives in a particular way or another. Palestinians + +103 +00:06:23,020 --> 00:06:27,800 +living inside Israel are the happiest and the best + +104 +00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,750 +Arabs in the Middle East, in a way. So always + +105 +00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:35,230 +colonizers think that they're doing a good job to + +106 +00:06:35,230 --> 00:06:37,030 +the colonizers. Yes, we're killing you. We're + +107 +00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:39,090 +depriving you of everything, of your freedom and + +108 +00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:40,770 +self-determination and free will and everything. + +109 +00:06:42,650 --> 00:06:45,030 +But you could, that's the argument. You could be a + +110 +00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:49,450 +lot worse. We're bringing you technology, the + +111 +00:06:49,450 --> 00:06:53,850 +train and everything. So in India, which was part + +112 +00:06:53,850 --> 00:06:57,090 +of the British Empire. And Queen Victoria became + +113 +00:06:57,090 --> 00:07:01,410 +the empress of India during her reign. The people + +114 +00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,450 +were surprised that there was, like, some + +115 +00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:08,050 +unhappiness in India. People were unhappy with + +116 +00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,710 +imperialism and colonialism. So it came as a + +117 +00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:13,350 +surprise to so many people because, again, + +118 +00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:16,950 +imperialists and colonizers always believed that, + +119 +00:07:17,830 --> 00:07:20,390 +we are doing a good job. We are doing a favor for + +120 +00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:25,800 +you. When we go to India, to Africa, we're helping + +121 +00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,900 +you. We're civilizing you. We're educating you. + +122 +00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:31,980 +We're teaching you. We're just making you better + +123 +00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:36,140 +people. And that's very funny, because the same + +124 +00:07:36,140 --> 00:07:40,120 +people refuse. Because someone was joking on + +125 +00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:45,930 +Twitter last night that if England Because there's + +126 +00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:49,130 +a lot of trouble in England nowadays with Brexit + +127 +00:07:49,130 --> 00:07:52,810 +and, you know, so many problems with the health + +128 +00:07:52,810 --> 00:07:57,370 +system, education system. So a guy was saying that + +129 +00:07:57,370 --> 00:08:02,050 +if you claim that imperialism was good for India + +130 +00:08:02,050 --> 00:08:05,590 +and Africa, I think Africa should come and + +131 +00:08:05,590 --> 00:08:09,250 +colonize us so they can improve our lives in a way + +132 +00:08:09,250 --> 00:08:13,780 +or another. So this is significant. Again, the + +133 +00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,780 +beliefs of the age were their beliefs, their + +134 +00:08:16,780 --> 00:08:18,860 +values, they were always declining and + +135 +00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:23,940 +deteriorating. But the final blow to science, to + +136 +00:08:23,940 --> 00:08:25,820 +certain beliefs, especially to the church, came + +137 +00:08:25,820 --> 00:08:29,280 +from Darwin. Are you familiar with Charles Darwin? + +138 +00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,480 +Darwinism and Darwin in his book, On the Origin of + +139 +00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,560 +Species, of the Species, in which he speaks about + +140 +00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:44,000 +the theory of evolution, how man evolved through + +141 +00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:48,580 +time, through millions and millions of years, how + +142 +00:08:48,580 --> 00:08:53,120 +animals and birds and creatures evolved. And this + +143 +00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,460 +is the argument here that man originally was an + +144 +00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:58,920 +ape. or a monkey and then we evolve to become + +145 +00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,220 +human beings because survival is for the fittest. + +146 +00:09:02,580 --> 00:09:05,120 +This is a blow because all people believe that, + +147 +00:09:06,140 --> 00:09:09,320 +according to the church, God created the world, + +148 +00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:12,520 +and God created man in his image. So how come + +149 +00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,480 +you're saying... And he has some proof and + +150 +00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,560 +evidence that many people lost faith totally in + +151 +00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,400 +church. This is also significant. So the major + +152 +00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,840 +novelists of this age, all this will be reflected + +153 +00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:26,800 +in a way or another here in the literature, + +154 +00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:29,120 +because literature in a way mirrors life, + +155 +00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,500 +criticizes life. It's a tool of criticism and also + +156 +00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:37,850 +empowers certain people and particular genders. So + +157 +00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:41,010 +we have Charles Dickens, George Eliot, the three + +158 +00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:44,010 +Bronte sisters. It didn't work with me. This + +159 +00:09:44,010 --> 00:09:46,670 +should be, you know, this letter, strange, not + +160 +00:09:46,670 --> 00:09:50,270 +English. Bronte. The three Bronte sisters, three + +161 +00:09:50,270 --> 00:09:55,950 +sisters writing novels. Thomas Hardy are the most + +162 +00:09:55,950 --> 00:09:59,330 +famous novelists. So how many females and how many + +163 +00:09:59,330 --> 00:10:01,710 +males, how many men and how many women do we have? + +164 +00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:08,890 +One, two, and here three, and three. So three men + +165 +00:10:08,890 --> 00:10:14,450 +and three women. Are you sure? One. Thank you very + +166 +00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:19,390 +much. George Eliot is? He's a woman. + +167 +00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:27,410 +Why? Because George? + +168 +00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,860 +A pen name, a pseudonym, a pen name. Why would + +169 +00:10:35,860 --> 00:10:39,100 +someone write under a pen name, a different name? + +170 +00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,360 +Why would a woman write under the name of a man? + +171 +00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:48,980 +It's like someone's name, for example, Apa. Juma, + +172 +00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:52,380 +for example. Why would someone change, especially + +173 +00:10:52,380 --> 00:10:55,740 +a woman? Yeah, please. We appreciate it for her + +174 +00:10:55,740 --> 00:10:58,920 +words and her words, and not to be judged because + +175 +00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,580 +of her. Thank you. So people are like, a woman? + +176 +00:11:01,680 --> 00:11:04,140 +What is a woman going to be writing about? Kitchen + +177 +00:11:04,140 --> 00:11:06,740 +stuff? How to make sandwiches? Which is a very + +178 +00:11:06,740 --> 00:11:10,000 +anti-feminist notion. So she takes this out of the + +179 +00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,240 +context. You read the book as if it's written by a + +180 +00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,710 +man. So the idea that women couldn't write, like + +181 +00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:20,810 +men, was still there in the Victorian Age. But + +182 +00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:23,930 +remember what Virginia Woolf said about Aphra + +183 +00:11:23,930 --> 00:11:26,690 +Behn, because she started this. She showed the + +184 +00:11:26,690 --> 00:11:29,150 +women that they should write no matter what. The + +185 +00:11:29,150 --> 00:11:32,690 +problem here is that many of those novelists were + +186 +00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,810 +publishing their stories in newspapers, in + +187 +00:11:35,810 --> 00:11:39,410 +chapters. So every week, two or three chapters. + +188 +00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:42,510 +This is called serialization. It was in serials. + +189 +00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:46,760 +So the publishers wanted to sell as many copies as + +190 +00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:50,940 +possible, and readers wanted to read good things. + +191 +00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,700 +And the publishers, again, wanted to make money. + +192 +00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,400 +So if people don't want to read for women, maybe + +193 +00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,260 +the publishers are not going to be encouraged. + +194 +00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,560 +That's why sometimes we have to have, like, really + +195 +00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:06,300 +dedicated publishers who take care of what we call + +196 +00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,860 +the subclass or the outsiders. So they give them a + +197 +00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,880 +chance to write. But we'll see next class what + +198 +00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:16,840 +George Eliot did. George Eliot is one of the most + +199 +00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:20,900 +significant female authors of all time. What she + +200 +00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,800 +did was an amazing job because she exposed the + +201 +00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:29,520 +society as hypocrite. or hypocritical because + +202 +00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,600 +people claim that women can't write. But when she + +203 +00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,000 +wrote using a pen name of a man, like many + +204 +00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,920 +people's critics who were mainly men, like, yeah, + +205 +00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:41,700 +this is really good writing. Only men can write + +206 +00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:43,820 +like this in a way or another. Look at this. + +207 +00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,140 +Interesting. I don't think women can write stuff + +208 +00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:48,360 +like this. And then all of a sudden, she turns out + +209 +00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:52,580 +to be a woman. A slap on the face of those + +210 +00:12:52,580 --> 00:12:57,430 +critics, telling them, you're judging us. Not by + +211 +00:12:57,430 --> 00:12:59,930 +the, again, you're not appreciating our text. + +212 +00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:02,610 +You're just, okay, a woman, I don't think she's + +213 +00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:05,410 +going to write good stuff. And nowadays, by the + +214 +00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:08,590 +way, some of the most important famous women, like + +215 +00:13:08,590 --> 00:13:13,190 +women in poetry and in novel and prose, are women. + +216 +00:13:14,130 --> 00:13:16,390 +Some of the most important writers are women, like + +217 +00:13:16,390 --> 00:13:20,410 +J.K. Rowling, like Agatha Christie, like other + +218 +00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,450 +contemporary poets we might mention later on, yes. + +219 +00:13:23,710 --> 00:13:26,770 +When did her identity release? It was released + +220 +00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:30,390 +sometime during her career. Did she do it, or did + +221 +00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:33,030 +someone... We'll talk about this later on, yeah. + +222 +00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:37,810 +But in her age, most, I mean, a lot of women, like + +223 +00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:41,110 +Mary Shelley, Afra Bain, started to write. Why + +224 +00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:43,540 +didn't she just follow them? That is an + +225 +00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:45,960 +interesting question. We'll see about that. But + +226 +00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,060 +again, not all women were lucky or had support + +227 +00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:54,320 +from other people around them. So some women + +228 +00:13:54,320 --> 00:14:00,320 +didn't have the right parents to help her or the + +229 +00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:05,520 +right connections with publishers. So we'll see + +230 +00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,740 +how that came about. Today, we talk about Dickens + +231 +00:14:08,740 --> 00:14:12,430 +and Hardy. Dickens and Hardy are the most + +232 +00:14:12,430 --> 00:14:16,970 +important men novelists of all time, especially + +233 +00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,270 +Dickens here. He's always mentioned next to the + +234 +00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:21,630 +name of Shakespeare. Like when people speak about + +235 +00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:24,730 +famous English writers, they say Dickens and + +236 +00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:27,150 +Shakespeare. And thanks to him, we have so many + +237 +00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:29,930 +words. in the English dictionary and Oxford + +238 +00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:33,230 +dictionary because they were taken from Dickens. + +239 +00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:37,790 +So in terms of themes, the majority of works here, + +240 +00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:41,010 +literary works, were about, again, society, social + +241 +00:14:41,010 --> 00:14:43,950 +classes, social division, about poverty, about the + +242 +00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:46,950 +poor class, about the working class, about the + +243 +00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:49,130 +social problems, about criticizing the system, + +244 +00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:51,030 +criticizing the society, criticizing the + +245 +00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,050 +institution, more or less. literature moved from + +246 +00:14:54,050 --> 00:14:56,610 +the nature of the countryside of the romantics to + +247 +00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:01,210 +the city itself to expose its skills and problems. + +248 +00:15:01,930 --> 00:15:06,470 +So his major concerns were where social media + +249 +00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:10,490 +concerns and themes were social themes. But + +250 +00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:14,050 +Dickens had an interesting range. He started from + +251 +00:15:14,050 --> 00:15:18,690 +comedy, journalism, social issues to psychological + +252 +00:15:18,690 --> 00:15:21,470 +issues to autobiographical to historical and + +253 +00:15:21,470 --> 00:15:26,350 +political themes. In my opinion, Dickens is + +254 +00:15:26,350 --> 00:15:30,630 +generally a positive author. He has this optimism + +255 +00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:37,220 +about him. Generally, his novels end despite what + +256 +00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,060 +happens, despite the struggle and the suffering of + +257 +00:15:40,060 --> 00:15:44,260 +some people and the pain and the mistreatment, + +258 +00:15:44,580 --> 00:15:48,770 +generally people end. happily getting what they + +259 +00:15:48,770 --> 00:15:52,950 +want, becoming rich, realizing, getting married. + +260 +00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:57,290 +We'll see about this. So his first successful + +261 +00:15:57,290 --> 00:16:01,490 +novel was The Pickwick Papers, which is generally + +262 +00:16:01,490 --> 00:16:04,750 +described as a comedy, humorous comedy. He wanted + +263 +00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:08,910 +to write humorous stuff so people would laugh. And + +264 +00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:11,790 +many people found this very, very funny. And they + +265 +00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,650 +loved it. And he had to write more. But Oliver + +266 +00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:18,830 +Twist is, again, one of his most famous works. + +267 +00:16:19,050 --> 00:16:21,450 +It's a novel about a little boy. His name is + +268 +00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:27,270 +Oliver. He's born by a mother who comes to one of + +269 +00:16:27,270 --> 00:16:30,670 +the workhouses or one of the places that take care + +270 +00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:33,330 +of the poor. + +271 +00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:36,990 +She gives birth to Oliver. Nobody knows who she + +272 +00:16:36,990 --> 00:16:39,350 +is. She doesn't say, and she dies. So we don't + +273 +00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:42,110 +know who his father is. He's taken by the church. + +274 +00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:45,430 +They pay some people money to take care of him, + +275 +00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:50,010 +but because of the corruption, because of the + +276 +00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:54,130 +selfishness of the people, because they steal, + +277 +00:16:54,290 --> 00:16:56,250 +because nobody was dedicated, was doing a good + +278 +00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:59,850 +job, they were mistreating him. They were starving + +279 +00:16:59,850 --> 00:17:04,370 +him. They weren't even giving him and all other + +280 +00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:09,750 +kids the bare minimum of food. In one instance, + +281 +00:17:10,330 --> 00:17:12,330 +this is one of the famous lines in literature, + +282 +00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:18,400 +Oliver is urged by his friends to go and ask for + +283 +00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:22,080 +more food. Because the kids go to bed hungry. So + +284 +00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,840 +there was one big guy saying, okay, if I don't eat + +285 +00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:27,760 +enough tonight, I will eat the boy next to me. And + +286 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,140 +he said, oh, my God. The boy was like, I want to + +287 +00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:32,920 +be eaten. And they had this, you know, they tossed + +288 +00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,240 +a coin or something, and it fell on Oliver. And + +289 +00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:41,120 +Oliver goes to ask for more. And he, please, sir, + +290 +00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:45,190 +I want some more. And then I was like, what? Why + +291 +00:17:45,190 --> 00:17:47,410 +would we ask you, right? Because we're giving you + +292 +00:17:47,410 --> 00:17:50,530 +enough. This is more than enough. You're asking + +293 +00:17:50,530 --> 00:17:53,590 +for more after you've eaten the supper, the food + +294 +00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:57,730 +we provide you. He says, what? And this what, it's + +295 +00:17:57,730 --> 00:18:00,030 +not like, what, say again. Like, what, say again, + +296 +00:18:00,090 --> 00:18:03,010 +sorry. It's like, what the hell? I'm going to kill + +297 +00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:05,920 +you. And Oliver, poor Oliver, innocent Oliver, + +298 +00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,620 +says again, please, I want some more. And he was + +299 +00:18:09,620 --> 00:18:12,680 +beaten for this. He was abused. He was given to a + +300 +00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,540 +man to take care, to teach him some craft, coffin + +301 +00:18:16,540 --> 00:18:19,760 +making. And then he was abused again. And he had + +302 +00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:22,700 +to run away from this place to London. Remember + +303 +00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:24,420 +London, the capital of the world, the most + +304 +00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:27,140 +important city, where the city of the Victorian + +305 +00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:29,060 +dream, like the American dream, where you go, + +306 +00:18:29,180 --> 00:18:31,320 +where you work, where you become rich. So he goes + +307 +00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:38,130 +there. But again. A member of a gang takes him to + +308 +00:18:38,130 --> 00:18:41,150 +the den, to their place. He doesn't know what's + +309 +00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:44,410 +going on because he's innocent. They teach him how + +310 +00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:49,670 +to rob people, to be a thief, to pickpocket. But + +311 +00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,530 +Oliver is innocent. He can't be corrupted. So + +312 +00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:55,550 +unlike many people who would turn into criminals, + +313 +00:18:55,690 --> 00:18:58,730 +he doesn't. He was arrested. Some people take care + +314 +00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:02,830 +of him. And then the gang kidnap him again. They + +315 +00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:08,110 +take him to help them rob a house. He was shot. + +316 +00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:12,700 +and injured, and then his identity is gone. So a + +317 +00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,680 +lot of suffering and mistreatment and horrible, + +318 +00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:16,660 +horrible problems he goes through and the + +319 +00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:19,180 +corruption of the state, the church, the + +320 +00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,120 +government, everybody is corrupt, almost + +321 +00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:25,300 +everybody. At the end of the story, it ends + +322 +00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,540 +happily ever after. Yes, there is someone who + +323 +00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:31,840 +dies. Nancy dies a horrible death. But eventually, + +324 +00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:35,180 +the main character is happy. He knows who his + +325 +00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,400 +father was or his mother was. And it turns out + +326 +00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,360 +that his father left him some inheritance, some + +327 +00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:43,420 +money. So he becomes rich. So no matter what + +328 +00:19:43,420 --> 00:19:46,220 +happens, at the end of the day, you're going to be + +329 +00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:49,370 +transferred to another place. Yeah, I think there + +330 +00:19:49,370 --> 00:19:52,170 +are like three movies, or about two. They are + +331 +00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:54,970 +available on YouTube. And I think they're making a + +332 +00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:59,270 +new one nowadays. Beautiful, beautiful movie. But + +333 +00:19:59,270 --> 00:20:02,250 +remember, the movie is never as good as the book. + +334 +00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,030 +It has more details. Yeah, the details, the + +335 +00:20:06,030 --> 00:20:07,570 +description, the language. So it's good to watch + +336 +00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:10,910 +the movies, but it's always better to do this. So + +337 +00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:13,830 +despite the tough circumstances, Oliver finds out + +338 +00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:16,130 +who he is, becomes rich, and the story ends + +339 +00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:21,890 +happily at least for this. Now, speaking about + +340 +00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:27,170 +kids is something new at that time. Kids being the + +341 +00:20:27,170 --> 00:20:34,640 +main characters. It's new. Having this issue, the + +342 +00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,040 +theme, the story being about the kids, only kids, + +343 +00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:40,460 +his life, how he thinks, what he does, what + +344 +00:20:40,460 --> 00:20:43,560 +happens to him, what people do to him. This is a + +345 +00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,420 +shift from the experiences of adults and high + +346 +00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,200 +class people to the kids. And this was what + +347 +00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,250 +Dickens would usually do. And it happens again in + +348 +00:20:52,250 --> 00:20:54,850 +Nicholas Nickel Bay, another story about a little + +349 +00:20:54,850 --> 00:20:58,190 +kid, Nicholas, who suffers a lot, who suffers + +350 +00:20:58,190 --> 00:21:00,650 +terribly at school. So the education system is + +351 +00:21:00,650 --> 00:21:05,850 +also criticized. Now, again, this is about the + +352 +00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:08,790 +sufferings of the kids. And Dickens wanted to + +353 +00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:11,410 +criticize the church and the education system and + +354 +00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:16,330 +all the laws of the Victorian age. But also most + +355 +00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:19,850 +importantly, London was always attacked, viciously + +356 +00:21:19,850 --> 00:21:24,380 +attacked by by Dickens. And many people were not + +357 +00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,120 +happy with Dickens, because many people thought + +358 +00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,240 +that the novel should belong to the high class, + +359 +00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:31,320 +and high class people should read, you know, + +360 +00:21:32,060 --> 00:21:34,220 +things to make them feel good about themselves, + +361 +00:21:34,420 --> 00:21:37,440 +right? But you're writing about poverty, he goes, + +362 +00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,080 +the description, he describes London at night, the + +363 +00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:42,780 +narrow, dark alleys of London, and the crimes, and + +364 +00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:44,880 +the criminals, and the rats, and the mud, and the + +365 +00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,510 +corruption, and the sewage. Like, he takes you to + +366 +00:21:48,510 --> 00:21:53,030 +London in the late 19th or mid-19th century. You + +367 +00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,570 +live there. So many people are like, I don't want + +368 +00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,070 +to read about poor people. I don't want to read + +369 +00:21:58,070 --> 00:22:00,990 +about crime and criminal. I want to just be to + +370 +00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:05,510 +live in my bubble, a happy life. They don't want + +371 +00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,990 +to feel guilty. They don't want to feel guilty. + +372 +00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:12,790 +Yeah, in a way, yeah. So why are you assuming that + +373 +00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:15,960 +some rich people like Like, really, really rich + +374 +00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:20,260 +people feel guilt about being too rich. So his + +375 +00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:23,920 +novels often tell stories about the victims, the + +376 +00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,220 +poor, the children, in order to engage the readers + +377 +00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:33,160 +in the Victorian age and its major problems. Now, + +378 +00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:36,180 +in David Copperfield, there are two novels that + +379 +00:22:36,180 --> 00:22:39,440 +have what we call autobiographical elements. You + +380 +00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,520 +know autobiography? What's biography? Biography. + +381 +00:22:46,090 --> 00:22:48,170 +Biography. Graph, you know graph when you're like + +382 +00:22:48,170 --> 00:22:53,790 +graphic, like telegraph, telegram. I know the + +383 +00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:57,030 +mean, the definitions, but I don't know which one + +384 +00:22:57,030 --> 00:23:01,490 +is for you. Okay. It's one that it's a story + +385 +00:23:01,490 --> 00:23:04,450 +written about the writer, and the other is about + +386 +00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:07,690 +another person. Okay, now easy to tell. Auto, it's + +387 +00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:12,510 +like the car, automatic. Automobile, right? So + +388 +00:23:12,510 --> 00:23:14,950 +automatic that moves by itself in a way, + +389 +00:23:15,070 --> 00:23:19,570 +automated. So autobiography, it's a biography I + +390 +00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:21,410 +write about myself. If I write a book about + +391 +00:23:21,410 --> 00:23:21,950 +myself, + +392 +00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,230 +It's an autobiography. If I write a book about + +393 +00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:33,290 +you, one of you, it's a biography. So two novels, + +394 +00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:36,450 +David Copperfield and Great Expectations, contain + +395 +00:23:36,450 --> 00:23:40,590 +autobiographical elements about his childhood, + +396 +00:23:40,830 --> 00:23:44,750 +about his success, about his suffering as a kid, + +397 +00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,570 +his very troubled early life, childhood, and how + +398 +00:23:50,570 --> 00:23:54,170 +he became successful. Rich, eventually. So in + +399 +00:23:54,170 --> 00:23:56,370 +David Copperfield, considered to be one of the + +400 +00:23:56,370 --> 00:23:59,190 +most positive of Dickens' novels. Why positive? + +401 +00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:04,830 +Because we have a story about a person who starts + +402 +00:24:04,830 --> 00:24:08,630 +poor, struggles, works hard, becomes rich, + +403 +00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:12,420 +achieves the Victorian dream. So this is very + +404 +00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,160 +positive. Although he always boxed in positively + +405 +00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,060 +in a way, in a way, in another. Many Victorians + +406 +00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,420 +admired such box because this is the typical + +407 +00:24:21,420 --> 00:24:25,560 +Victorian person, David. He's rich. He marries. + +408 +00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,780 +And there is a general sense of happiness at the + +409 +00:24:28,780 --> 00:24:31,300 +end of the book. Why is this called an + +410 +00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:33,260 +autobiographical or at least partly + +411 +00:24:33,260 --> 00:24:37,240 +autobiographical? Because there are in a way or + +412 +00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,120 +another References to his own life as a kid, as a + +413 +00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:47,180 +child. Okay? So partly, it tells about Dickens' + +414 +00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:53,140 +life itself. Again, Great Expectations also has + +415 +00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:57,660 +autobiographical elements. However, the positive + +416 +00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:02,560 +attitude, atmosphere, tone of David Coperfield is + +417 +00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,920 +not available in Great Expectations. Look at the + +418 +00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,460 +title. The title says Great Expectations. Like we + +419 +00:25:09,460 --> 00:25:14,760 +expect great things to happen. Right? He promises + +420 +00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:20,780 +us a lot. But no great things happen in the book. + +421 +00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,900 +It's ironic. Thank you. Even the title itself is + +422 +00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:29,540 +ironic. Why? Because no great things happen. + +423 +00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,480 +Disappointment, despair. And many people believe + +424 +00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:38,300 +that this is a change in his attitude, his writing + +425 +00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,480 +style itself. Like he was changing from positive + +426 +00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:45,200 +to dark, etc. Because the age, the Victorian Age + +427 +00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,380 +itself started with hopes of a better life for + +428 +00:25:49,380 --> 00:25:53,800 +everyone. Like the poor people, women, the working + +429 +00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,200 +class benefiting from the wealth coming from the + +430 +00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,240 +colonies. But now again, the rich were getting + +431 +00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,220 +richer and the poor were getting poorer. So there + +432 +00:26:03,220 --> 00:26:05,640 +was disappointment and disillusionment in his + +433 +00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,840 +life. Hard Times. I love Hard Times. It's one of + +434 +00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:14,310 +my most favorite novels. Now, Hard Times is about + +435 +00:26:14,310 --> 00:26:16,950 +generally like two things, about the industrial + +436 +00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:19,770 +revolution, the industrial society, the factories, + +437 +00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:25,090 +the working class, the laborers. He takes us in a + +438 +00:26:25,090 --> 00:26:29,870 +journey to show us the unions, the laborers, how + +439 +00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,110 +deprived they were. They had no rights. They were + +440 +00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:35,410 +really poor. They couldn't achieve the slightest + +441 +00:26:35,410 --> 00:26:38,190 +of dreams. They couldn't even sometimes, the man, + +442 +00:26:38,230 --> 00:26:40,410 +I think the man there couldn't marry the woman he + +443 +00:26:40,410 --> 00:26:43,420 +loved. only because he's a poor man, because he + +444 +00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,140 +can't afford it in a way or another, because the + +445 +00:26:45,140 --> 00:26:47,980 +society is not helping, because there are no + +446 +00:26:47,980 --> 00:26:52,840 +regulations to give the basic human rights and the + +447 +00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:56,700 +basic decent life to the working class. But also + +448 +00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:01,060 +in this society, there is an attack on the + +449 +00:27:01,060 --> 00:27:05,880 +educational system. Dickens is exposing the + +450 +00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,930 +educational system as horrible. Because it's + +451 +00:27:10,930 --> 00:27:16,150 +mainly based on facts. In one character, the + +452 +00:27:16,150 --> 00:27:18,910 +famous Mr. Grady Grind, I think it's in the + +453 +00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:21,110 +dictionary, the word Grady Grind describes a man + +454 +00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:23,750 +who doesn't believe in imagination and fantasy, + +455 +00:27:23,890 --> 00:27:29,110 +who only believes in facts, science, life. Please + +456 +00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:32,690 +try to read. I'll post some extracts from this for + +457 +00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:35,990 +extra reading on Facebook. Some of the most + +458 +00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:40,490 +interesting stuff can be found here. He says he + +459 +00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:43,070 +gets into a classroom and he starts asking people + +460 +00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:47,440 +to define a horse. What is a horse? There's a + +461 +00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:49,920 +student, a girl who says, what's student number + +462 +00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,480 +20? So she doesn't want to give her like, what's + +463 +00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,760 +your name? She says, my name is Sissy. I say, + +464 +00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:59,400 +Sissy? Sissy is not a name. Call yourself Cecilia. + +465 +00:28:00,060 --> 00:28:04,520 +Because Sissy is a musical. There are also movies + +466 +00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:10,420 +here. He says, facts, facts, facts. Teach these + +467 +00:28:10,420 --> 00:28:14,480 +boys and girls nothing but facts. Plant nothing + +468 +00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:18,020 +else and root everything else. This is the + +469 +00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:20,600 +principle on which I bring up my children, and + +470 +00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,440 +this is the principle on which I want you to bring + +471 +00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,500 +up these children. Facts, sir. Stick to facts, + +472 +00:28:26,780 --> 00:28:30,400 +sir. And because the school does not help the + +473 +00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,090 +students, does not offer them You know, this is a + +474 +00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:37,570 +chance for good education, for imagination, for + +475 +00:28:37,570 --> 00:28:41,070 +creativity. They always will find a way where + +476 +00:28:41,070 --> 00:28:46,910 +outside in the circus. Because the circus, there's + +477 +00:28:46,910 --> 00:28:50,510 +a circus in the book. which symbolizes what? Fancy + +478 +00:28:50,510 --> 00:28:54,570 +and imagination. And in a very ironic situation + +479 +00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:57,610 +here, when he was leaving the school, he was proud + +480 +00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,930 +of himself that he's building a good generation + +481 +00:29:03,930 --> 00:29:07,870 +for the future. He finds his two kids Like looking + +482 +00:29:07,870 --> 00:29:10,650 +at the circus, enjoying peeking somewhere between + +483 +00:29:10,650 --> 00:29:13,370 +the tent and looking at the circus people. And he + +484 +00:29:13,370 --> 00:29:16,030 +was very furious, very angry, because just the + +485 +00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:19,370 +moment he was saying, I'm bringing up my kids on + +486 +00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,070 +facts and nothing but facts. And seemingly, even + +487 +00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:25,810 +his kids are not happy with his philosophy. And so + +488 +00:29:25,810 --> 00:29:30,590 +hard times is criticizing both the Industrial + +489 +00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:34,290 +Revolution, the unions, the situations of the + +490 +00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:39,650 +working class. And, of course, the educational + +491 +00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:43,070 +system, in which, again, he is representing + +492 +00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:47,270 +another pessimistic, dark, negative image of the + +493 +00:29:47,270 --> 00:29:50,190 +society. So he's changing. He's changing in a way + +494 +00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:56,030 +for another. Now, A Tale of Two Cities, do you + +495 +00:29:56,030 --> 00:29:57,470 +know A Tale of Two Cities? Have you ever heard + +496 +00:29:57,470 --> 00:30:02,290 +about A Tale of Two Cities? Okay, let me read you + +497 +00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:06,500 +something from Hard Times, I think I have it here. + +498 +00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,480 +And also something from A Tale of Two Cities. So + +499 +00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:19,640 +this is a quote, really interesting. Could someone + +500 +00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:25,140 +please read? So this is Mr. Gradgrind talking to + +501 +00:30:25,140 --> 00:30:27,100 +the teacher. The teacher's name is Mr. + +502 +00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:28,140 +Machukumichild. + +503 +00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,160 +Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and + +504 +00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,300 +girls. No, I want you to pretend like Mr. Grad + +505 +00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,640 +Grind. Like you're a stiff person, a person who + +506 +00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,360 +doesn't believe in imagination, a person who is + +507 +00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,780 +only dedicated to facts. Like a horrible teacher. + +508 +00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:52,490 +Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and + +509 +00:30:52,490 --> 00:30:56,210 +girls nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted in + +510 +00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:00,090 +life. Plant nothing else and root out everything + +511 +00:31:00,090 --> 00:31:03,790 +else. You can only form the minds of the reasoning + +512 +00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:06,790 +animals upon facts. The cats are like reasoning + +513 +00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:10,630 +animals. Animals that think and reason. That's the + +514 +00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:13,030 +negative thing because they don't believe in + +515 +00:31:13,030 --> 00:31:17,600 +children. You can only form the minds of reasoning + +516 +00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,840 +animals upon facts. Nothing else will ever be of + +517 +00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:25,480 +any service to them. This is the principle on + +518 +00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,920 +which I bring up my own children and this is the + +519 +00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,920 +principle on which I bring up these children. + +520 +00:31:32,140 --> 00:31:35,300 +Stick to facts, sir. You sound like a good + +521 +00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:37,720 +teacher. I want someone to sound like a horrible + +522 +00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:42,350 +teacher. Like no imagination, no nothing, no fun, + +523 +00:31:42,610 --> 00:31:46,730 +no fantasy, no joking, no fooling around, all + +524 +00:31:46,730 --> 00:31:52,070 +facts. Yeah? You can't be, okay, let's see. Now + +525 +00:31:52,070 --> 00:31:54,910 +what I want is facts. Teach these boys and girls + +526 +00:31:54,910 --> 00:31:58,570 +nothing, nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted + +527 +00:31:58,570 --> 00:32:02,150 +in life. Land, nothing else. And root out + +528 +00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,590 +everything else. You can only form the mind of + +529 +00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:12,640 +Reasoning animals up on facts. Nothing else would + +530 +00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,380 +ever be of any surprise to them. This is the + +531 +00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:20,560 +principle on which I bring up my own children. And + +532 +00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,300 +this is the principle on which I bring up these + +533 +00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:29,520 +children. Stick to facts. It seems no one can act + +534 +00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:34,390 +like a bad person, which is good. There's this + +535 +00:32:34,390 --> 00:32:40,730 +advice someone gave to his kid. I read this on the + +536 +00:32:40,730 --> 00:32:43,190 +comment section on YouTube. It's horrible. There + +537 +00:32:43,190 --> 00:32:45,490 +is racism and bigotry everywhere there. But + +538 +00:32:45,490 --> 00:32:48,410 +sometimes you will find good stuff. So he says, I + +539 +00:32:48,410 --> 00:32:51,070 +went to my dad and I asked him for advice because + +540 +00:32:51,070 --> 00:32:54,510 +I wanted to play the role of a bad person, a bad + +541 +00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:58,730 +character. And his father gave him the wisest of + +542 +00:32:58,730 --> 00:33:04,580 +all advice. He told him, son. A bad person doesn't + +543 +00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:08,540 +know that he's a bad person. A bad person doesn't + +544 +00:33:08,540 --> 00:33:10,360 +know that he is a bad person. So how would you + +545 +00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,980 +act? So you can't act like a bad person because + +546 +00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:15,560 +you think you're doing a good job. He thinks he's + +547 +00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:20,600 +doing a good job. Do you want to read? Okay, the + +548 +00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:25,480 +next one. Go on. Extract. + +549 +00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:34,460 +Part of it is in the book, not all of it. So now, + +550 +00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,540 +A Tale of Two Cities is also very famous, like + +551 +00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:41,360 +probably one of the most famous ever, even the + +552 +00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,540 +title, A Tale of Two Cities. And I want you to go + +553 +00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:46,860 +to Google today when you go home if you have + +554 +00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:48,760 +electricity and internet connection, sorry. + +555 +00:33:51,780 --> 00:33:54,920 +And Google, use inverted commas to Google a tale + +556 +00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:58,800 +of, and then just don't complete it, and use it in + +557 +00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,100 +between inverted commas. So you look for the exact + +558 +00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,070 +wording. And you will find hundreds and thousands + +559 +00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:08,410 +and thousands of articles and references, not to a + +560 +00:34:08,410 --> 00:34:11,590 +tale of two cities, to everything. So I was just + +561 +00:34:11,590 --> 00:34:17,170 +telling the other group that there's a huge + +562 +00:34:17,170 --> 00:34:20,550 +dispute between the pizza in New York and the + +563 +00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:24,750 +pizza in Chicago. So there's a fight. These people + +564 +00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:27,650 +hate these people's pizza and vice versa. So I'm + +565 +00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:30,430 +sure there must have been someone somewhere who + +566 +00:34:30,430 --> 00:34:33,960 +wrote a tale of two pizzas. A Tale of Two + +567 +00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:37,440 +Teachers, A Tale of Two Wars, A Tale of Two + +568 +00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,140 +Students, A Tale of Two Something, very famous. + +569 +00:34:41,540 --> 00:34:44,040 +And the first, this is the opening part of the + +570 +00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,320 +novel, A Tale of Two Cities. One of, again, the + +571 +00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:49,520 +most memorable. It was the worst of, the best of + +572 +00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:53,240 +times. It was the worst of times. It was the age + +573 +00:34:53,240 --> 00:34:58,040 +of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was + +574 +00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,840 +the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of + +575 +00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,220 +incredulity. It was the season of light. It was + +576 +00:35:05,220 --> 00:35:08,280 +the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope. + +577 +00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,220 +It was the winter of despair. We had everything + +578 +00:35:11,220 --> 00:35:15,360 +before us. We had nothing before us. We were all + +579 +00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,920 +going direct to heaven. We were all going direct + +580 +00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,500 +to the other way. In short, the period was so far + +581 +00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,300 +like the present period that some of its noisiest + +582 +00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:30,100 +authorities insisted on it being received for good + +583 +00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,400 +or for evil in the superlative degree of + +584 +00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:37,800 +comparison only. The worst, the best. You want to + +585 +00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:43,720 +read? A Tale of Two Cities, interesting. We don't + +586 +00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:47,020 +have much time to read, but go home, read this, + +587 +00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:50,160 +enjoy these. If you don't want to read Dickens + +588 +00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:53,300 +because you're still young, like freshmen here. or + +589 +00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,880 +women, watch the movie. But again, watching a + +590 +00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,980 +movie is never like reading a book. If you want to + +591 +00:36:00,980 --> 00:36:03,760 +do something, at least read famous quotes by + +592 +00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:07,360 +Dickens. You will love him. So, A Tale of Two + +593 +00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,800 +Cities is about the French Revolution. The two + +594 +00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,960 +cities are London and Paris. + +595 +00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,540 +before and during the French Revolution. This is + +596 +00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:24,300 +history. So this is a historical novel in a way, + +597 +00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,020 +political historical novel. That's the range of + +598 +00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:31,620 +novels he writes about Dickens, okay? So the two + +599 +00:36:31,620 --> 00:36:37,440 +cities are London and Paris. Final text here is A + +600 +00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,120 +Christmas Carol. This was also made into cartoon + +601 +00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,500 +and movie, and a movie. Carol means song. It shows + +602 +00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:46,120 +how the British people were celebrating Christmas + +603 +00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:49,810 +then. For many people, these are more interesting + +604 +00:36:49,810 --> 00:36:52,510 +than history books, because in a very interesting + +605 +00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:55,910 +creative way, they take you back to 100 years, 200 + +606 +00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,610 +years in the past. How people, how the French + +607 +00:36:58,610 --> 00:37:02,090 +Revolution came about in fiction, and how people + +608 +00:37:02,090 --> 00:37:05,190 +celebrated Christmas. So again, this is the range + +609 +00:37:05,190 --> 00:37:07,410 +from comedy to social to historical to + +610 +00:37:07,410 --> 00:37:12,430 +journalistic styles all the time. And it's also + +611 +00:37:12,430 --> 00:37:16,360 +often associated with Shakespeare. So that's + +612 +00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:20,020 +Dickens. Generally, Dickens end happily. There's a + +613 +00:37:20,020 --> 00:37:23,000 +positive tone here and there, but sometimes later, + +614 +00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,840 +sometime later, he changed into a darker, more + +615 +00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,320 +pessimistic attitude in a way or another. On the + +616 +00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:36,740 +other hand, Thomas Hardy, even his name suggests + +617 +00:37:36,740 --> 00:37:42,130 +that. Yeah, right? It's the very opposite. This + +618 +00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:44,490 +man is dark, but he's considered to be a late + +619 +00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:47,090 +Victorian novel. And it's very interesting because + +620 +00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:55,940 +he died sometime around, I think 1928. So he lived + +621 +00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:59,260 +like almost three decades in the 19th century, but + +622 +00:37:59,260 --> 00:38:02,240 +he's still, because of his themes and writing, a + +623 +00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:05,580 +Victorian figure or a late Victorian figure. He + +624 +00:38:05,580 --> 00:38:07,620 +wrote poetry, wonderful poetry. He also wrote + +625 +00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:12,200 +short stories, and he was also a novelist. Now, + +626 +00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:16,100 +the book says here that many of his books were + +627 +00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:18,480 +burnt because he was offending people. People + +628 +00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,300 +didn't like his writing, the way he was exposing + +629 +00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:23,440 +the evil in the society, the darkness in the + +630 +00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,810 +society, without giving hope. So Dickens would be + +631 +00:38:26,810 --> 00:38:28,850 +attacking all the institutions, but at the end, he + +632 +00:38:28,850 --> 00:38:31,910 +would be telling us that if you work hard, it's + +633 +00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,570 +going to end up good for you. But here, no matter + +634 +00:38:35,570 --> 00:38:39,780 +how much you work, how hard you work, Because you + +635 +00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:42,000 +are poor, because you are a woman, because you are + +636 +00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,380 +a working class person, you will not be able to + +637 +00:38:45,380 --> 00:38:47,800 +succeed because this is a capitalist society in + +638 +00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,020 +which, again, only the rich get richer. The poor + +639 +00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:55,120 +have no chance. So the darkness, the tone, and the + +640 +00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,760 +vision of his novels are Tragic and dark. We'll + +641 +00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,380 +take examples and see how things go. So he exposes + +642 +00:39:03,380 --> 00:39:05,820 +these societies about the older truth, the + +643 +00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:08,460 +conflict between the tradition and the modern, the + +644 +00:39:08,460 --> 00:39:10,660 +conflict between the older generation, the younger + +645 +00:39:10,660 --> 00:39:13,120 +generation, between men and women, and how women + +646 +00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:17,950 +were struggling, were suffering. Many books, like, + +647 +00:39:18,330 --> 00:39:22,130 +listen, in Dickens, people say, like, Oliver was a + +648 +00:39:22,130 --> 00:39:25,170 +tool or a feather in the wind. Like fate was + +649 +00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:27,770 +controlling his life. And also, some people say + +650 +00:39:27,770 --> 00:39:32,450 +fate and destiny play a major role in the + +651 +00:39:32,450 --> 00:39:36,630 +destruction of characters. Fate. But I don't like + +652 +00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:39,270 +to say fate, because this is an unpoetic answer. + +653 +00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,080 +Yes, fate plays a role. But if the society is + +654 +00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:47,460 +destroying somebody's life, yeah, but it's his + +655 +00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:50,260 +fate. If you're surrendering to fate, it means you + +656 +00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:53,640 +don't want to change. You don't want to criticize. + +657 +00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:56,820 +You don't want for people, for others, for + +658 +00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,280 +institutions to change. So the poor people die, + +659 +00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,070 +starve to death. It's their fate. What should we + +660 +00:40:03,070 --> 00:40:08,070 +do? We have no choice. So for example, Tess of the + +661 +00:40:08,070 --> 00:40:11,770 +Derbarviers. Very, very sad story about a little + +662 +00:40:11,770 --> 00:40:15,530 +girl named Tess, whom the author describes as a + +663 +00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:19,570 +pure woman. Now her parents, poor family, poor + +664 +00:40:19,570 --> 00:40:25,850 +parents send her to work for a rich family, + +665 +00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:28,350 +because they think they are related. So they are + +666 +00:40:28,350 --> 00:40:30,410 +their Barvilles, and the other family is like + +667 +00:40:30,410 --> 00:40:32,590 +Dippie Field or something. So someone tells him, + +668 +00:40:32,750 --> 00:40:35,050 +the father, that you are related. So OK, let's + +669 +00:40:35,050 --> 00:40:37,410 +send our daughter. Maybe she will get rich. We + +670 +00:40:37,410 --> 00:40:39,350 +will get rich in a way or another. But because + +671 +00:40:39,350 --> 00:40:42,690 +she's a poor woman, a little innocent, poor woman, + +672 +00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:46,010 +she is attacked by Alec, the rich man she's raped. + +673 +00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,780 +She gets pregnant. She has a baby, names the baby + +674 +00:40:49,780 --> 00:40:55,700 +Soro, and the baby passes away. The baby dies. So + +675 +00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,820 +sad, right? So destructive. What happens to the + +676 +00:40:59,820 --> 00:41:02,800 +man? Nothing, because he's a rich man. He's a rich + +677 +00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,480 +man. Then she falls in love with someone named + +678 +00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:10,840 +Angel, ironically, who later on leaves her because + +679 +00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:14,960 +she tells him her past. She gets angry. She goes + +680 +00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,410 +back to Alec. And she takes revenge. She kills + +681 +00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,250 +him. Now, because she kills him, the society wakes + +682 +00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:24,710 +up. Wait a minute. Somebody committed a crime + +683 +00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:27,910 +here. Nobody came after the rapist, but everyone + +684 +00:41:27,910 --> 00:41:33,510 +was after Tess. Now, she's arrested. When Angel + +685 +00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:36,470 +comes to her, it was too late. She was arrested, + +686 +00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:41,490 +and she was executed. And the novel ends with a + +687 +00:41:41,490 --> 00:41:44,350 +famous description, famous paragraph beginning + +688 +00:41:44,350 --> 00:41:50,240 +with, justice was done. Which is irony? Why is + +689 +00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:53,000 +this irony? Why is it irony? Yeah? + +690 +00:41:57,660 --> 00:42:04,180 +In a + +691 +00:42:04,180 --> 00:42:07,820 +way, we're not justifying death. But in a way, + +692 +00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:10,680 +she's defending herself. She's taking justice into + +693 +00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:13,180 +her own hands because the society has failed her. + +694 +00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:15,580 +Why? Because she's poor. Why? Because she's a + +695 +00:42:15,580 --> 00:42:19,740 +woman. When a woman commits a crime, justice was + +696 +00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:21,820 +done. It's ironic because this is not justice. + +697 +00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:25,220 +Justice is not allowing this to happen, not + +698 +00:42:25,220 --> 00:42:30,900 +allowing rich people to get away with murder. OK, + +699 +00:42:31,140 --> 00:42:34,000 +some people will say, but this is one novel. Let's + +700 +00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,960 +see another example. The other example is The + +701 +00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,780 +Mayor of Castlebridge. In which this man, by the + +702 +00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,420 +way, most of these were made into movies, if not + +703 +00:42:42,420 --> 00:42:45,960 +all of them. You can watch them on YouTube. So + +704 +00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,480 +that's Hinchat, this man from the mayor of Kasab. + +705 +00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:52,340 +Listen to me, this is a really interesting story. + +706 +00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:54,940 +In the opening story, he was working with his wife + +707 +00:42:54,940 --> 00:42:57,740 +and daughter, and he finds a fair, like a market + +708 +00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:02,220 +or an exhibition. He gets drunk, and all of a + +709 +00:43:02,220 --> 00:43:04,380 +sudden he says, why don't people sell their wives? + +710 +00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,740 +Why don't people, when they get bored or tired of + +711 +00:43:07,740 --> 00:43:09,760 +their wives, why don't people sell their wives? + +712 +00:43:09,860 --> 00:43:13,960 +Just sell your wife. And his wife was like, shut + +713 +00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:15,980 +up. What the hell are you saying? Don't talk about + +714 +00:43:15,980 --> 00:43:19,130 +this. What are you doing? You did this before. + +715 +00:43:20,030 --> 00:43:24,330 +This is not a matter to kid about, to joke about. + +716 +00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,770 +He says, I'm serious. I want to sell my wife. Five + +717 +00:43:27,770 --> 00:43:30,590 +pounds for my wife. Give me five pounds, and I'll + +718 +00:43:30,590 --> 00:43:34,450 +give you my wife. And the wife was like, if you + +719 +00:43:34,450 --> 00:43:37,690 +take the money, I will never come back to you. He + +720 +00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:39,770 +says, I'm serious, and I'll give you my daughter + +721 +00:43:39,770 --> 00:43:42,550 +as bonus. Take the daughter as bonus. Five pounds + +722 +00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:45,870 +for my wife. And actually, someone pays the money. + +723 +00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,860 +Takes the wife and the kid, keeps drinking, he + +724 +00:43:50,860 --> 00:43:54,180 +wakes up, he doesn't find them. He spends the + +725 +00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:57,560 +whole novel, he becomes rich, successful, he rises + +726 +00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:01,340 +up, he becomes the mayor of Castelbridge. And + +727 +00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:03,600 +because this is hard, if this is Dickens, he will + +728 +00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:05,840 +eventually in a way or another find them. But + +729 +00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,000 +because this is Thomas Hardy, can he have them + +730 +00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,880 +back? No. He actually finds them, but I think the + +731 +00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,920 +wife dies and also the daughter dies. This is + +732 +00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:18,240 +Thomas Hardy. The scene, the selling scene, if you + +733 +00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:20,600 +Google the selling scene from the Mayacasa Bridge, + +734 +00:44:20,660 --> 00:44:23,000 +you will find it online. Very interesting read. + +735 +00:44:23,580 --> 00:44:26,760 +Really, really interesting stuff. And again, it + +736 +00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,500 +shows how the women were always victims of male + +737 +00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:36,340 +stupidity, not only violence. And finally, Thomas' + +738 +00:44:36,620 --> 00:44:39,300 +heart is Jude the Obscure. Jude is the name of a + +739 +00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:44,830 +man, not a woman. Maybe this is going to be + +740 +00:44:44,830 --> 00:44:48,310 +different. Maybe this is going to be optimistic, a + +741 +00:44:48,310 --> 00:44:52,550 +little bit happening. Let's see Thomas Hardy. So + +742 +00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:57,410 +Jude the Obscure is about a struggling working + +743 +00:44:57,410 --> 00:45:02,150 +class person named Jude. His only crime is that he + +744 +00:45:02,150 --> 00:45:06,100 +has ambition. But not ambition like Macbeth. He + +745 +00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,500 +doesn't kill anybody. He just wants to join a + +746 +00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,880 +university, a Christ minister, in which he refers + +747 +00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,460 +to Oxford University. But he's poor. He doesn't + +748 +00:45:15,460 --> 00:45:17,880 +have enough money. Only if you have money, you go + +749 +00:45:17,880 --> 00:45:19,980 +to university. You pay a lot of money. Only the + +750 +00:45:19,980 --> 00:45:26,010 +elite, the rich people. Can he go? No. because the + +751 +00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,750 +poor will remain poor for the rest of his life. He + +752 +00:45:28,750 --> 00:45:32,070 +belongs to the ruling, sorry, the working class. + +753 +00:45:32,150 --> 00:45:35,570 +He has this complex relationship with Sue. He + +754 +00:45:35,570 --> 00:45:37,750 +loves Sue. He's in love with her, but again, + +755 +00:45:37,810 --> 00:45:41,270 +because this is hard, he never marries her. Okay? + +756 +00:45:41,490 --> 00:45:44,110 +So he marries someone else. At the end of the + +757 +00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:44,570 +story, + +758 +00:45:47,290 --> 00:45:51,150 +both the children of both Sue and Jude commit + +759 +00:45:51,150 --> 00:45:57,630 +suicide. Okay, very dark. There's great despair + +760 +00:45:57,630 --> 00:46:00,970 +and disappointment in the values of the Victorian + +761 +00:46:00,970 --> 00:46:03,690 +age. So the struggle between ambition and human + +762 +00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:07,470 +weakness makes this Hardy's most tragically + +763 +00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:09,870 +disturbing novel. Yes, I like your reaction. + +764 +00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,780 +People think this is a disturbing novel. Come on, + +765 +00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,480 +it's too much. But believe me, many people would + +766 +00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:21,140 +love to read Hardy more than Dickens because we + +767 +00:46:21,140 --> 00:46:24,660 +like to be shaken. We like to come face to face to + +768 +00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:27,040 +experience other people's suffering. So we + +769 +00:46:27,040 --> 00:46:31,520 +compare, we learn, and everything. So he exposes, + +770 +00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:33,980 +and this is significant, Hardy exposes the + +771 +00:46:33,980 --> 00:46:39,980 +successful society that Keeps out outsiders. Are + +772 +00:46:39,980 --> 00:46:42,800 +you an outsider? Out. You can never be successful. + +773 +00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,260 +You can never rise. You should remain in your + +774 +00:46:46,260 --> 00:46:49,860 +position as poor. Who are the outsiders? Women. + +775 +00:46:51,420 --> 00:46:56,340 +ambitious working class men and other subclass + +776 +00:46:56,340 --> 00:46:59,780 +people who are not originally born to rich parents + +777 +00:46:59,780 --> 00:47:04,220 +and rich families. So these two people belong, + +778 +00:47:04,780 --> 00:47:07,020 +Dickens and Hardy belong to the Victorian Age. + +779 +00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,440 +Yes, Dickens is an early Victorian writer and + +780 +00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,340 +Hardy is a late Victorian writer. But remember + +781 +00:47:15,340 --> 00:47:20,170 +when we say The writer is the product of the + +782 +00:47:20,170 --> 00:47:23,230 +society. It's not accurate. Because we are also + +783 +00:47:23,230 --> 00:47:25,790 +the product of our parents' experiences, + +784 +00:47:26,270 --> 00:47:28,690 +education, learning, friends, attitudes, + +785 +00:47:29,030 --> 00:47:31,510 +philosophies, religious background, ideological + +786 +00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:35,190 +background, political background, what books we + +787 +00:47:35,190 --> 00:47:41,730 +read, what experiences we have. And then we write. + +788 +00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,710 +We react in a way or another differently. So we'll + +789 +00:47:45,710 --> 00:47:50,310 +stop here. Thank you very much. And next class + +790 +00:47:50,310 --> 00:47:53,610 +we'll speak about the women novelists of the + +791 +00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:58,910 +Victorian Age, starting with George Eliot. Thank + +792 +00:47:58,910 --> 00:47:59,330 +you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aed213b455a93cfcd5b7b2162f1c3ae8c7e6a9a --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3168 @@ +1 +00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,570 +Good day everyone and welcome back to our course, + +2 +00:00:25,010 --> 00:00:27,070 +Introduction to English Literature at the Islamic + +3 +00:00:27,070 --> 00:00:32,970 +University of Gaza. Today we move closer to the + +4 +00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:36,830 +20th century to 21st century literature. We + +5 +00:00:36,830 --> 00:00:42,750 +finished the Romantic Movement and I said in a way + +6 +00:00:42,750 --> 00:00:45,310 +or another that the Romantic Movement is not named + +7 +00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:49,430 +after a particular monarch, a king, or a queen, + +8 +00:00:49,590 --> 00:00:52,770 +like we have the habit of political movement like + +9 +00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:57,010 +the commonwealth or restoration. This is the + +10 +00:00:57,010 --> 00:01:00,650 +Victorian era, Victorian literature today. We'll + +11 +00:01:00,650 --> 00:01:05,490 +speak about the Victorian novel. So moving from a + +12 +00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:09,870 +name after a famous literary movement, the + +13 +00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:14,650 +literature of the romantic poets and novelists, + +14 +00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,110 +The Victorian Iran. The Victorian literature is + +15 +00:01:20,110 --> 00:01:24,650 +named after Queen Victoria, who ruled England for + +16 +00:01:24,650 --> 00:01:31,250 +more than 60 years, almost 65 years. ruling + +17 +00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:35,070 +England. There's this joke about England, the + +18 +00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:38,250 +queens of England always living more. So we have + +19 +00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:43,850 +Elizabeth, we have Queen Victoria, and now Queen + +20 +00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:46,730 +Elizabeth, who doesn't seem to want to die at all. + +21 +00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:49,990 +And we have the names after them in a way. So the + +22 +00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,530 +Victorian literature In a way or another there was + +23 +00:01:53,530 --> 00:01:56,450 +a mixture, a mingling between, there was an + +24 +00:01:56,450 --> 00:02:00,790 +overlap between romanticism and the Victorian age, + +25 +00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,730 +Victorian literature in terms of sensibility, in + +26 +00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:09,710 +terms of features. So some romantics even died + +27 +00:02:09,710 --> 00:02:13,230 +somewhere sometime in the Victorian era. But + +28 +00:02:13,230 --> 00:02:15,370 +again, their writing and their sensibility, the + +29 +00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:18,170 +features of their writing was closer to the + +30 +00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,670 +teachings of Coleridge and William Wordsworth. And + +31 +00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:22,970 +we've seen Jane Austen, for example, who is + +32 +00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:26,690 +considered to be either or. Today we speak about + +33 +00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:31,170 +the Victorian novel, the first part. But before we + +34 +00:02:31,170 --> 00:02:38,280 +do that, let's do some talking about how life was + +35 +00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,640 +then during the Victorian Age. Remember we said + +36 +00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:45,280 +one reason why the Romantic poetry was composed in + +37 +00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,680 +that particular way is that they were reacting to + +38 +00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,300 +the corruption of the city and what was going on. + +39 +00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:54,220 +So in the background, while the major names of + +40 +00:02:54,220 --> 00:02:57,980 +Romantic literature were in the countryside among + +41 +00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,320 +nature, writing about natural and supernatural + +42 +00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:07,450 +issues like, again, coleridge and what's what, The + +43 +00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:09,770 +city, the industrial revolution, the + +44 +00:03:09,770 --> 00:03:12,350 +industrialization of the society, the factories + +45 +00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:15,870 +were killing the people in a way or another. The + +46 +00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:18,490 +high class, the rich people were getting richer, + +47 +00:03:18,610 --> 00:03:21,510 +remember, and the poor people were getting poorer + +48 +00:03:21,510 --> 00:03:25,430 +and poorer. So poverty was everywhere. Diseases + +49 +00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:31,610 +were everywhere. Corruption, sins, vices, whatever + +50 +00:03:31,610 --> 00:03:36,430 +you call it. Unemployment. The corruption was in + +51 +00:03:36,430 --> 00:03:40,110 +many ways like everywhere in the society, in the + +52 +00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:44,410 +church, in the palace, the royal family, and of + +53 +00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:46,810 +course in the government, and in the institutions. + +54 +00:03:46,930 --> 00:03:48,990 +There were institutions that were supposed to take + +55 +00:03:48,990 --> 00:03:50,890 +care of the poor. There are something called the + +56 +00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:54,170 +workhouse or the workhouses. We'll talk about them + +57 +00:03:54,170 --> 00:03:56,490 +when we speak about Oliver. They were supposed to + +58 +00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,550 +be giving food and shelter for the poor, but they + +59 +00:03:59,550 --> 00:04:02,950 +were starving the poor. And again, the church was + +60 +00:04:02,950 --> 00:04:06,800 +supposed to give you know, faith, guidance, belief + +61 +00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,040 +to people, but they were stealing, they were + +62 +00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,940 +corrupt themselves. The royal family was supposed + +63 +00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:15,300 +to be protecting the people, but they were not in + +64 +00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:17,740 +a way or another protecting them. So the monarchy + +65 +00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:23,690 +was not as popular as it was 30, 40, like three, + +66 +00:04:23,890 --> 00:04:28,930 +four probably centuries ago. And we say that this + +67 +00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:31,470 +started from the commonwealth. So the monarchy + +68 +00:04:31,470 --> 00:04:34,510 +started to lose privileges and power. They still + +69 +00:04:34,510 --> 00:04:38,130 +had the money. They still had the symbolic role. + +70 +00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:41,630 +They played, the queen played a huge part, but + +71 +00:04:41,630 --> 00:04:45,230 +still the monarchy was not famous. People did not + +72 +00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:49,570 +like the monarchy like in the past. The social + +73 +00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:52,190 +problems were everywhere, and most of these social + +74 +00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:54,010 +problems are related, again, to the poor people + +75 +00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:57,190 +that nobody wanted to care about, to the extent + +76 +00:04:57,190 --> 00:04:59,910 +that many people say there were two Englands or + +77 +00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:02,370 +two Londons, London that belongs to the rich + +78 +00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:06,190 +people. That shows how rich people were benefiting + +79 +00:05:06,190 --> 00:05:08,950 +from imperialism and colonialism and the + +80 +00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:11,670 +Industrial Revolution and factories. On the other + +81 +00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:15,060 +hand, the very poor people, the orphans, the + +82 +00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:17,880 +women, the disabled people, the sick people, the + +83 +00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,920 +kids. They were deprived. They were not benefiting + +84 +00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:26,960 +from the wealth of the British Empire. So poverty, + +85 +00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,480 +unemployment, education, the education systems, + +86 +00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:32,100 +the laborers, the working class, and most + +87 +00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:34,320 +importantly, we talk about the double standards, + +88 +00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,360 +how there are a set of rules. Like there are rules + +89 +00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,080 +for the rich people and rules for the poor people. + +90 +00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:47,460 +All of this we'll see in the literature of this + +91 +00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:51,380 +period, okay? A very interesting thing I like to + +92 +00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:54,000 +mention here all the time is the Indian mutiny. + +93 +00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:55,980 +Mutiny is something like intifada, like we have + +94 +00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,360 +here in Palestine. The first intifada, the second + +95 +00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,620 +intifada, the third intifada. It's like a + +96 +00:06:00,620 --> 00:06:03,400 +revolution. There's something funny, interesting, + +97 +00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:06,200 +and at the same time really racist and horrible + +98 +00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,900 +about imperialism and colonialism. When you talk + +99 +00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:11,900 +to some Israeli Zionists, they will always be + +100 +00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,700 +defending Israel and say, but we did good to you. + +101 +00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,960 +In a way, we're helping you. We're improving your + +102 +00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:23,020 +lives in a particular way or another. Palestinians + +103 +00:06:23,020 --> 00:06:27,800 +living inside Israel are the happiest and the best + +104 +00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,750 +Arabs in the Middle East, in a way. So always + +105 +00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:35,230 +colonizers think that they're doing a good job to + +106 +00:06:35,230 --> 00:06:37,030 +the colonizers. Yes, we're killing you. We're + +107 +00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:39,090 +depriving you of everything, of your freedom and + +108 +00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:40,770 +self-determination and free will and everything. + +109 +00:06:42,650 --> 00:06:45,030 +But you could, that's the argument. You could be a + +110 +00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:49,450 +lot worse. We're bringing you technology, the + +111 +00:06:49,450 --> 00:06:53,850 +train and everything. So in India, which was part + +112 +00:06:53,850 --> 00:06:57,090 +of the British Empire. And Queen Victoria became + +113 +00:06:57,090 --> 00:07:01,410 +the empress of India during her reign. The people + +114 +00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,450 +were surprised that there was, like, some + +115 +00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:08,050 +unhappiness in India. People were unhappy with + +116 +00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,710 +imperialism and colonialism. So it came as a + +117 +00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:13,350 +surprise to so many people because, again, + +118 +00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:16,950 +imperialists and colonizers always believed that, + +119 +00:07:17,830 --> 00:07:20,390 +we are doing a good job. We are doing a favor for + +120 +00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:25,800 +you. When we go to India, to Africa, we're helping + +121 +00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,900 +you. We're civilizing you. We're educating you. + +122 +00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:31,980 +We're teaching you. We're just making you better + +123 +00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:36,140 +people. And that's very funny, because the same + +124 +00:07:36,140 --> 00:07:40,120 +people refuse. Because someone was joking on + +125 +00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:45,930 +Twitter last night that if England Because there's + +126 +00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:49,130 +a lot of trouble in England nowadays with Brexit + +127 +00:07:49,130 --> 00:07:52,810 +and, you know, so many problems with the health + +128 +00:07:52,810 --> 00:07:57,370 +system, education system. So a guy was saying that + +129 +00:07:57,370 --> 00:08:02,050 +if you claim that imperialism was good for India + +130 +00:08:02,050 --> 00:08:05,590 +and Africa, I think Africa should come and + +131 +00:08:05,590 --> 00:08:09,250 +colonize us so they can improve our lives in a way + +132 +00:08:09,250 --> 00:08:13,780 +or another. So this is significant. Again, the + +133 +00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,780 +beliefs of the age were their beliefs, their + +134 +00:08:16,780 --> 00:08:18,860 +values, they were always declining and + +135 +00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:23,940 +deteriorating. But the final blow to science, to + +136 +00:08:23,940 --> 00:08:25,820 +certain beliefs, especially to the church, came + +137 +00:08:25,820 --> 00:08:29,280 +from Darwin. Are you familiar with Charles Darwin? + +138 +00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,480 +Darwinism and Darwin in his book, On the Origin of + +139 +00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,560 +Species, of the Species, in which he speaks about + +140 +00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:44,000 +the theory of evolution, how man evolved through + +141 +00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:48,580 +time, through millions and millions of years, how + +142 +00:08:48,580 --> 00:08:53,120 +animals and birds and creatures evolved. And this + +143 +00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,460 +is the argument here that man originally was an + +144 +00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:58,920 +ape. or a monkey and then we evolve to become + +145 +00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,220 +human beings because survival is for the fittest. + +146 +00:09:02,580 --> 00:09:05,120 +This is a blow because all people believe that, + +147 +00:09:06,140 --> 00:09:09,320 +according to the church, God created the world, + +148 +00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:12,520 +and God created man in his image. So how come + +149 +00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,480 +you're saying... And he has some proof and + +150 +00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,560 +evidence that many people lost faith totally in + +151 +00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,400 +church. This is also significant. So the major + +152 +00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,840 +novelists of this age, all this will be reflected + +153 +00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:26,800 +in a way or another here in the literature, + +154 +00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:29,120 +because literature in a way mirrors life, + +155 +00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,500 +criticizes life. It's a tool of criticism and also + +156 +00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:37,850 +empowers certain people and particular genders. So + +157 +00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:41,010 +we have Charles Dickens, George Eliot, the three + +158 +00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:44,010 +Bronte sisters. It didn't work with me. This + +159 +00:09:44,010 --> 00:09:46,670 +should be, you know, this letter, strange, not + +160 +00:09:46,670 --> 00:09:50,270 +English. Bronte. The three Bronte sisters, three + +161 +00:09:50,270 --> 00:09:55,950 +sisters writing novels. Thomas Hardy are the most + +162 +00:09:55,950 --> 00:09:59,330 +famous novelists. So how many females and how many + +163 +00:09:59,330 --> 00:10:01,710 +males, how many men and how many women do we have? + +164 +00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:08,890 +One, two, and here three, and three. So three men + +165 +00:10:08,890 --> 00:10:14,450 +and three women. Are you sure? One. Thank you very + +166 +00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:19,390 +much. George Eliot is? He's a woman. + +167 +00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:27,410 +Why? Because George? + +168 +00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,860 +A pen name, a pseudonym, a pen name. Why would + +169 +00:10:35,860 --> 00:10:39,100 +someone write under a pen name, a different name? + +170 +00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,360 +Why would a woman write under the name of a man? + +171 +00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:48,980 +It's like someone's name, for example, Apa. Juma, + +172 +00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:52,380 +for example. Why would someone change, especially + +173 +00:10:52,380 --> 00:10:55,740 +a woman? Yeah, please. We appreciate it for her + +174 +00:10:55,740 --> 00:10:58,920 +words and her words, and not to be judged because + +175 +00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,580 +of her. Thank you. So people are like, a woman? + +176 +00:11:01,680 --> 00:11:04,140 +What is a woman going to be writing about? Kitchen + +177 +00:11:04,140 --> 00:11:06,740 +stuff? How to make sandwiches? Which is a very + +178 +00:11:06,740 --> 00:11:10,000 +anti-feminist notion. So she takes this out of the + +179 +00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,240 +context. You read the book as if it's written by a + +180 +00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,710 +man. So the idea that women couldn't write, like + +181 +00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:20,810 +men, was still there in the Victorian Age. But + +182 +00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:23,930 +remember what Virginia Woolf said about Aphra + +183 +00:11:23,930 --> 00:11:26,690 +Behn, because she started this. She showed the + +184 +00:11:26,690 --> 00:11:29,150 +women that they should write no matter what. The + +185 +00:11:29,150 --> 00:11:32,690 +problem here is that many of those novelists were + +186 +00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,810 +publishing their stories in newspapers, in + +187 +00:11:35,810 --> 00:11:39,410 +chapters. So every week, two or three chapters. + +188 +00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:42,510 +This is called serialization. It was in serials. + +189 +00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:46,760 +So the publishers wanted to sell as many copies as + +190 +00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:50,940 +possible, and readers wanted to read good things. + +191 +00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,700 +And the publishers, again, wanted to make money. + +192 +00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,400 +So if people don't want to read for women, maybe + +193 +00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,260 +the publishers are not going to be encouraged. + +194 +00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,560 +That's why sometimes we have to have, like, really + +195 +00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:06,300 +dedicated publishers who take care of what we call + +196 +00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,860 +the subclass or the outsiders. So they give them a + +197 +00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,880 +chance to write. But we'll see next class what + +198 +00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:16,840 +George Eliot did. George Eliot is one of the most + +199 +00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:20,900 +significant female authors of all time. What she + +200 +00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,800 +did was an amazing job because she exposed the + +201 +00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:29,520 +society as hypocrite. or hypocritical because + +202 +00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,600 +people claim that women can't write. But when she + +203 +00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,000 +wrote using a pen name of a man, like many + +204 +00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,920 +people's critics who were mainly men, like, yeah, + +205 +00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:41,700 +this is really good writing. Only men can write + +206 +00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:43,820 +like this in a way or another. Look at this. + +207 +00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,140 +Interesting. I don't think women can write stuff + +208 +00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:48,360 +like this. And then all of a sudden, she turns out + +209 +00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:52,580 +to be a woman. A slap on the face of those + +210 +00:12:52,580 --> 00:12:57,430 +critics, telling them, you're judging us. Not by + +211 +00:12:57,430 --> 00:12:59,930 +the, again, you're not appreciating our text. + +212 +00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:02,610 +You're just, okay, a woman, I don't think she's + +213 +00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:05,410 +going to write good stuff. And nowadays, by the + +214 +00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:08,590 +way, some of the most important famous women, like + +215 +00:13:08,590 --> 00:13:13,190 +women in poetry and in novel and prose, are women. + +216 +00:13:14,130 --> 00:13:16,390 +Some of the most important writers are women, like + +217 +00:13:16,390 --> 00:13:20,410 +J.K. Rowling, like Agatha Christie, like other + +218 +00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,450 +contemporary poets we might mention later on, yes. + +219 +00:13:23,710 --> 00:13:26,770 +When did her identity release? It was released + +220 +00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:30,390 +sometime during her career. Did she do it, or did + +221 +00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:33,030 +someone... We'll talk about this later on, yeah. + +222 +00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:37,810 +But in her age, most, I mean, a lot of women, like + +223 +00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:41,110 +Mary Shelley, Afra Bain, started to write. Why + +224 +00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:43,540 +didn't she just follow them? That is an + +225 +00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:45,960 +interesting question. We'll see about that. But + +226 +00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,060 +again, not all women were lucky or had support + +227 +00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:54,320 +from other people around them. So some women + +228 +00:13:54,320 --> 00:14:00,320 +didn't have the right parents to help her or the + +229 +00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:05,520 +right connections with publishers. So we'll see + +230 +00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,740 +how that came about. Today, we talk about Dickens + +231 +00:14:08,740 --> 00:14:12,430 +and Hardy. Dickens and Hardy are the most + +232 +00:14:12,430 --> 00:14:16,970 +important men novelists of all time, especially + +233 +00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,270 +Dickens here. He's always mentioned next to the + +234 +00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:21,630 +name of Shakespeare. Like when people speak about + +235 +00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:24,730 +famous English writers, they say Dickens and + +236 +00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:27,150 +Shakespeare. And thanks to him, we have so many + +237 +00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:29,930 +words. in the English dictionary and Oxford + +238 +00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:33,230 +dictionary because they were taken from Dickens. + +239 +00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:37,790 +So in terms of themes, the majority of works here, + +240 +00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:41,010 +literary works, were about, again, society, social + +241 +00:14:41,010 --> 00:14:43,950 +classes, social division, about poverty, about the + +242 +00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:46,950 +poor class, about the working class, about the + +243 +00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:49,130 +social problems, about criticizing the system, + +244 +00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:51,030 +criticizing the society, criticizing the + +245 +00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,050 +institution, more or less. literature moved from + +246 +00:14:54,050 --> 00:14:56,610 +the nature of the countryside of the romantics to + +247 +00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:01,210 +the city itself to expose its skills and problems. + +248 +00:15:01,930 --> 00:15:06,470 +So his major concerns were where social media + +249 +00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:10,490 +concerns and themes were social themes. But + +250 +00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:14,050 +Dickens had an interesting range. He started from + +251 +00:15:14,050 --> 00:15:18,690 +comedy, journalism, social issues to psychological + +252 +00:15:18,690 --> 00:15:21,470 +issues to autobiographical to historical and + +253 +00:15:21,470 --> 00:15:26,350 +political themes. In my opinion, Dickens is + +254 +00:15:26,350 --> 00:15:30,630 +generally a positive author. He has this optimism + +255 +00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:37,220 +about him. Generally, his novels end despite what + +256 +00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,060 +happens, despite the struggle and the suffering of + +257 +00:15:40,060 --> 00:15:44,260 +some people and the pain and the mistreatment, + +258 +00:15:44,580 --> 00:15:48,770 +generally people end. happily getting what they + +259 +00:15:48,770 --> 00:15:52,950 +want, becoming rich, realizing, getting married. + +260 +00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:57,290 +We'll see about this. So his first successful + +261 +00:15:57,290 --> 00:16:01,490 +novel was The Pickwick Papers, which is generally + +262 +00:16:01,490 --> 00:16:04,750 +described as a comedy, humorous comedy. He wanted + +263 +00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:08,910 +to write humorous stuff so people would laugh. And + +264 +00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:11,790 +many people found this very, very funny. And they + +265 +00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,650 +loved it. And he had to write more. But Oliver + +266 +00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:18,830 +Twist is, again, one of his most famous works. + +267 +00:16:19,050 --> 00:16:21,450 +It's a novel about a little boy. His name is + +268 +00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:27,270 +Oliver. He's born by a mother who comes to one of + +269 +00:16:27,270 --> 00:16:30,670 +the workhouses or one of the places that take care + +270 +00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:33,330 +of the poor. + +271 +00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:36,990 +She gives birth to Oliver. Nobody knows who she + +272 +00:16:36,990 --> 00:16:39,350 +is. She doesn't say, and she dies. So we don't + +273 +00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:42,110 +know who his father is. He's taken by the church. + +274 +00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:45,430 +They pay some people money to take care of him, + +275 +00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:50,010 +but because of the corruption, because of the + +276 +00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:54,130 +selfishness of the people, because they steal, + +277 +00:16:54,290 --> 00:16:56,250 +because nobody was dedicated, was doing a good + +278 +00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:59,850 +job, they were mistreating him. They were starving + +279 +00:16:59,850 --> 00:17:04,370 +him. They weren't even giving him and all other + +280 +00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:09,750 +kids the bare minimum of food. In one instance, + +281 +00:17:10,330 --> 00:17:12,330 +this is one of the famous lines in literature, + +282 +00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:18,400 +Oliver is urged by his friends to go and ask for + +283 +00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:22,080 +more food. Because the kids go to bed hungry. So + +284 +00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,840 +there was one big guy saying, okay, if I don't eat + +285 +00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:27,760 +enough tonight, I will eat the boy next to me. And + +286 +00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,140 +he said, oh, my God. The boy was like, I want to + +287 +00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:32,920 +be eaten. And they had this, you know, they tossed + +288 +00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,240 +a coin or something, and it fell on Oliver. And + +289 +00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:41,120 +Oliver goes to ask for more. And he, please, sir, + +290 +00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:45,190 +I want some more. And then I was like, what? Why + +291 +00:17:45,190 --> 00:17:47,410 +would we ask you, right? Because we're giving you + +292 +00:17:47,410 --> 00:17:50,530 +enough. This is more than enough. You're asking + +293 +00:17:50,530 --> 00:17:53,590 +for more after you've eaten the supper, the food + +294 +00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:57,730 +we provide you. He says, what? And this what, it's + +295 +00:17:57,730 --> 00:18:00,030 +not like, what, say again. Like, what, say again, + +296 +00:18:00,090 --> 00:18:03,010 +sorry. It's like, what the hell? I'm going to kill + +297 +00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:05,920 +you. And Oliver, poor Oliver, innocent Oliver, + +298 +00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,620 +says again, please, I want some more. And he was + +299 +00:18:09,620 --> 00:18:12,680 +beaten for this. He was abused. He was given to a + +300 +00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,540 +man to take care, to teach him some craft, coffin + +301 +00:18:16,540 --> 00:18:19,760 +making. And then he was abused again. And he had + +302 +00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:22,700 +to run away from this place to London. Remember + +303 +00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:24,420 +London, the capital of the world, the most + +304 +00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:27,140 +important city, where the city of the Victorian + +305 +00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:29,060 +dream, like the American dream, where you go, + +306 +00:18:29,180 --> 00:18:31,320 +where you work, where you become rich. So he goes + +307 +00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:38,130 +there. But again. A member of a gang takes him to + +308 +00:18:38,130 --> 00:18:41,150 +the den, to their place. He doesn't know what's + +309 +00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:44,410 +going on because he's innocent. They teach him how + +310 +00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:49,670 +to rob people, to be a thief, to pickpocket. But + +311 +00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,530 +Oliver is innocent. He can't be corrupted. So + +312 +00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:55,550 +unlike many people who would turn into criminals, + +313 +00:18:55,690 --> 00:18:58,730 +he doesn't. He was arrested. Some people take care + +314 +00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:02,830 +of him. And then the gang kidnap him again. They + +315 +00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:08,110 +take him to help them rob a house. He was shot. + +316 +00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:12,700 +and injured, and then his identity is gone. So a + +317 +00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,680 +lot of suffering and mistreatment and horrible, + +318 +00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:16,660 +horrible problems he goes through and the + +319 +00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:19,180 +corruption of the state, the church, the + +320 +00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,120 +government, everybody is corrupt, almost + +321 +00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:25,300 +everybody. At the end of the story, it ends + +322 +00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,540 +happily ever after. Yes, there is someone who + +323 +00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:31,840 +dies. Nancy dies a horrible death. But eventually, + +324 +00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:35,180 +the main character is happy. He knows who his + +325 +00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,400 +father was or his mother was. And it turns out + +326 +00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,360 +that his father left him some inheritance, some + +327 +00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:43,420 +money. So he becomes rich. So no matter what + +328 +00:19:43,420 --> 00:19:46,220 +happens, at the end of the day, you're going to be + +329 +00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:49,370 +transferred to another place. Yeah, I think there + +330 +00:19:49,370 --> 00:19:52,170 +are like three movies, or about two. They are + +331 +00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:54,970 +available on YouTube. And I think they're making a + +332 +00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:59,270 +new one nowadays. Beautiful, beautiful movie. But + +333 +00:19:59,270 --> 00:20:02,250 +remember, the movie is never as good as the book. + +334 +00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,030 +It has more details. Yeah, the details, the + +335 +00:20:06,030 --> 00:20:07,570 +description, the language. So it's good to watch + +336 +00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:10,910 +the movies, but it's always better to do this. So + +337 +00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:13,830 +despite the tough circumstances, Oliver finds out + +338 +00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:16,130 +who he is, becomes rich, and the story ends + +339 +00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:21,890 +happily at least for this. Now, speaking about + +340 +00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:27,170 +kids is something new at that time. Kids being the + +341 +00:20:27,170 --> 00:20:34,640 +main characters. It's new. Having this issue, the + +342 +00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,040 +theme, the story being about the kids, only kids, + +343 +00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:40,460 +his life, how he thinks, what he does, what + +344 +00:20:40,460 --> 00:20:43,560 +happens to him, what people do to him. This is a + +345 +00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,420 +shift from the experiences of adults and high + +346 +00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,200 +class people to the kids. And this was what + +347 +00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,250 +Dickens would usually do. And it happens again in + +348 +00:20:52,250 --> 00:20:54,850 +Nicholas Nickel Bay, another story about a little + +349 +00:20:54,850 --> 00:20:58,190 +kid, Nicholas, who suffers a lot, who suffers + +350 +00:20:58,190 --> 00:21:00,650 +terribly at school. So the education system is + +351 +00:21:00,650 --> 00:21:05,850 +also criticized. Now, again, this is about the + +352 +00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:08,790 +sufferings of the kids. And Dickens wanted to + +353 +00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:11,410 +criticize the church and the education system and + +354 +00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:16,330 +all the laws of the Victorian age. But also most + +355 +00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:19,850 +importantly, London was always attacked, viciously + +356 +00:21:19,850 --> 00:21:24,380 +attacked by by Dickens. And many people were not + +357 +00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,120 +happy with Dickens, because many people thought + +358 +00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,240 +that the novel should belong to the high class, + +359 +00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:31,320 +and high class people should read, you know, + +360 +00:21:32,060 --> 00:21:34,220 +things to make them feel good about themselves, + +361 +00:21:34,420 --> 00:21:37,440 +right? But you're writing about poverty, he goes, + +362 +00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,080 +the description, he describes London at night, the + +363 +00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:42,780 +narrow, dark alleys of London, and the crimes, and + +364 +00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:44,880 +the criminals, and the rats, and the mud, and the + +365 +00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,510 +corruption, and the sewage. Like, he takes you to + +366 +00:21:48,510 --> 00:21:53,030 +London in the late 19th or mid-19th century. You + +367 +00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,570 +live there. So many people are like, I don't want + +368 +00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,070 +to read about poor people. I don't want to read + +369 +00:21:58,070 --> 00:22:00,990 +about crime and criminal. I want to just be to + +370 +00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:05,510 +live in my bubble, a happy life. They don't want + +371 +00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,990 +to feel guilty. They don't want to feel guilty. + +372 +00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:12,790 +Yeah, in a way, yeah. So why are you assuming that + +373 +00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:15,960 +some rich people like Like, really, really rich + +374 +00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:20,260 +people feel guilt about being too rich. So his + +375 +00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:23,920 +novels often tell stories about the victims, the + +376 +00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,220 +poor, the children, in order to engage the readers + +377 +00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:33,160 +in the Victorian age and its major problems. Now, + +378 +00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:36,180 +in David Copperfield, there are two novels that + +379 +00:22:36,180 --> 00:22:39,440 +have what we call autobiographical elements. You + +380 +00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,520 +know autobiography? What's biography? Biography. + +381 +00:22:46,090 --> 00:22:48,170 +Biography. Graph, you know graph when you're like + +382 +00:22:48,170 --> 00:22:53,790 +graphic, like telegraph, telegram. I know the + +383 +00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:57,030 +mean, the definitions, but I don't know which one + +384 +00:22:57,030 --> 00:23:01,490 +is for you. Okay. It's one that it's a story + +385 +00:23:01,490 --> 00:23:04,450 +written about the writer, and the other is about + +386 +00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:07,690 +another person. Okay, now easy to tell. Auto, it's + +387 +00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:12,510 +like the car, automatic. Automobile, right? So + +388 +00:23:12,510 --> 00:23:14,950 +automatic that moves by itself in a way, + +389 +00:23:15,070 --> 00:23:19,570 +automated. So autobiography, it's a biography I + +390 +00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:21,410 +write about myself. If I write a book about + +391 +00:23:21,410 --> 00:23:21,950 +myself, + +392 +00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,230 +It's an autobiography. If I write a book about + +393 +00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:33,290 +you, one of you, it's a biography. So two novels, + +394 +00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:36,450 +David Copperfield and Great Expectations, contain + +395 +00:23:36,450 --> 00:23:40,590 +autobiographical elements about his childhood, + +396 +00:23:40,830 --> 00:23:44,750 +about his success, about his suffering as a kid, + +397 +00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,570 +his very troubled early life, childhood, and how + +398 +00:23:50,570 --> 00:23:54,170 +he became successful. Rich, eventually. So in + +399 +00:23:54,170 --> 00:23:56,370 +David Copperfield, considered to be one of the + +400 +00:23:56,370 --> 00:23:59,190 +most positive of Dickens' novels. Why positive? + +401 +00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:04,830 +Because we have a story about a person who starts + +402 +00:24:04,830 --> 00:24:08,630 +poor, struggles, works hard, becomes rich, + +403 +00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:12,420 +achieves the Victorian dream. So this is very + +404 +00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,160 +positive. Although he always boxed in positively + +405 +00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,060 +in a way, in a way, in another. Many Victorians + +406 +00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,420 +admired such box because this is the typical + +407 +00:24:21,420 --> 00:24:25,560 +Victorian person, David. He's rich. He marries. + +408 +00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,780 +And there is a general sense of happiness at the + +409 +00:24:28,780 --> 00:24:31,300 +end of the book. Why is this called an + +410 +00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:33,260 +autobiographical or at least partly + +411 +00:24:33,260 --> 00:24:37,240 +autobiographical? Because there are in a way or + +412 +00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,120 +another References to his own life as a kid, as a + +413 +00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:47,180 +child. Okay? So partly, it tells about Dickens' + +414 +00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:53,140 +life itself. Again, Great Expectations also has + +415 +00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:57,660 +autobiographical elements. However, the positive + +416 +00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:02,560 +attitude, atmosphere, tone of David Coperfield is + +417 +00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,920 +not available in Great Expectations. Look at the + +418 +00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,460 +title. The title says Great Expectations. Like we + +419 +00:25:09,460 --> 00:25:14,760 +expect great things to happen. Right? He promises + +420 +00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:20,780 +us a lot. But no great things happen in the book. + +421 +00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,900 +It's ironic. Thank you. Even the title itself is + +422 +00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:29,540 +ironic. Why? Because no great things happen. + +423 +00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,480 +Disappointment, despair. And many people believe + +424 +00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:38,300 +that this is a change in his attitude, his writing + +425 +00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,480 +style itself. Like he was changing from positive + +426 +00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:45,200 +to dark, etc. Because the age, the Victorian Age + +427 +00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,380 +itself started with hopes of a better life for + +428 +00:25:49,380 --> 00:25:53,800 +everyone. Like the poor people, women, the working + +429 +00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,200 +class benefiting from the wealth coming from the + +430 +00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,240 +colonies. But now again, the rich were getting + +431 +00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,220 +richer and the poor were getting poorer. So there + +432 +00:26:03,220 --> 00:26:05,640 +was disappointment and disillusionment in his + +433 +00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,840 +life. Hard Times. I love Hard Times. It's one of + +434 +00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:14,310 +my most favorite novels. Now, Hard Times is about + +435 +00:26:14,310 --> 00:26:16,950 +generally like two things, about the industrial + +436 +00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:19,770 +revolution, the industrial society, the factories, + +437 +00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:25,090 +the working class, the laborers. He takes us in a + +438 +00:26:25,090 --> 00:26:29,870 +journey to show us the unions, the laborers, how + +439 +00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,110 +deprived they were. They had no rights. They were + +440 +00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:35,410 +really poor. They couldn't achieve the slightest + +441 +00:26:35,410 --> 00:26:38,190 +of dreams. They couldn't even sometimes, the man, + +442 +00:26:38,230 --> 00:26:40,410 +I think the man there couldn't marry the woman he + +443 +00:26:40,410 --> 00:26:43,420 +loved. only because he's a poor man, because he + +444 +00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,140 +can't afford it in a way or another, because the + +445 +00:26:45,140 --> 00:26:47,980 +society is not helping, because there are no + +446 +00:26:47,980 --> 00:26:52,840 +regulations to give the basic human rights and the + +447 +00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:56,700 +basic decent life to the working class. But also + +448 +00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:01,060 +in this society, there is an attack on the + +449 +00:27:01,060 --> 00:27:05,880 +educational system. Dickens is exposing the + +450 +00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,930 +educational system as horrible. Because it's + +451 +00:27:10,930 --> 00:27:16,150 +mainly based on facts. In one character, the + +452 +00:27:16,150 --> 00:27:18,910 +famous Mr. Grady Grind, I think it's in the + +453 +00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:21,110 +dictionary, the word Grady Grind describes a man + +454 +00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:23,750 +who doesn't believe in imagination and fantasy, + +455 +00:27:23,890 --> 00:27:29,110 +who only believes in facts, science, life. Please + +456 +00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:32,690 +try to read. I'll post some extracts from this for + +457 +00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:35,990 +extra reading on Facebook. Some of the most + +458 +00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:40,490 +interesting stuff can be found here. He says he + +459 +00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:43,070 +gets into a classroom and he starts asking people + +460 +00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:47,440 +to define a horse. What is a horse? There's a + +461 +00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:49,920 +student, a girl who says, what's student number + +462 +00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,480 +20? So she doesn't want to give her like, what's + +463 +00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,760 +your name? She says, my name is Sissy. I say, + +464 +00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:59,400 +Sissy? Sissy is not a name. Call yourself Cecilia. + +465 +00:28:00,060 --> 00:28:04,520 +Because Sissy is a musical. There are also movies + +466 +00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:10,420 +here. He says, facts, facts, facts. Teach these + +467 +00:28:10,420 --> 00:28:14,480 +boys and girls nothing but facts. Plant nothing + +468 +00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:18,020 +else and root everything else. This is the + +469 +00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:20,600 +principle on which I bring up my children, and + +470 +00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,440 +this is the principle on which I want you to bring + +471 +00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,500 +up these children. Facts, sir. Stick to facts, + +472 +00:28:26,780 --> 00:28:30,400 +sir. And because the school does not help the + +473 +00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,090 +students, does not offer them You know, this is a + +474 +00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:37,570 +chance for good education, for imagination, for + +475 +00:28:37,570 --> 00:28:41,070 +creativity. They always will find a way where + +476 +00:28:41,070 --> 00:28:46,910 +outside in the circus. Because the circus, there's + +477 +00:28:46,910 --> 00:28:50,510 +a circus in the book. which symbolizes what? Fancy + +478 +00:28:50,510 --> 00:28:54,570 +and imagination. And in a very ironic situation + +479 +00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:57,610 +here, when he was leaving the school, he was proud + +480 +00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,930 +of himself that he's building a good generation + +481 +00:29:03,930 --> 00:29:07,870 +for the future. He finds his two kids Like looking + +482 +00:29:07,870 --> 00:29:10,650 +at the circus, enjoying peeking somewhere between + +483 +00:29:10,650 --> 00:29:13,370 +the tent and looking at the circus people. And he + +484 +00:29:13,370 --> 00:29:16,030 +was very furious, very angry, because just the + +485 +00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:19,370 +moment he was saying, I'm bringing up my kids on + +486 +00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,070 +facts and nothing but facts. And seemingly, even + +487 +00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:25,810 +his kids are not happy with his philosophy. And so + +488 +00:29:25,810 --> 00:29:30,590 +hard times is criticizing both the Industrial + +489 +00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:34,290 +Revolution, the unions, the situations of the + +490 +00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:39,650 +working class. And, of course, the educational + +491 +00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:43,070 +system, in which, again, he is representing + +492 +00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:47,270 +another pessimistic, dark, negative image of the + +493 +00:29:47,270 --> 00:29:50,190 +society. So he's changing. He's changing in a way + +494 +00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:56,030 +for another. Now, A Tale of Two Cities, do you + +495 +00:29:56,030 --> 00:29:57,470 +know A Tale of Two Cities? Have you ever heard + +496 +00:29:57,470 --> 00:30:02,290 +about A Tale of Two Cities? Okay, let me read you + +497 +00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:06,500 +something from Hard Times, I think I have it here. + +498 +00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,480 +And also something from A Tale of Two Cities. So + +499 +00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:19,640 +this is a quote, really interesting. Could someone + +500 +00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:25,140 +please read? So this is Mr. Gradgrind talking to + +501 +00:30:25,140 --> 00:30:27,100 +the teacher. The teacher's name is Mr. + +502 +00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:28,140 +Machukumichild. + +503 +00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,160 +Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and + +504 +00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,300 +girls. No, I want you to pretend like Mr. Grad + +505 +00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,640 +Grind. Like you're a stiff person, a person who + +506 +00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,360 +doesn't believe in imagination, a person who is + +507 +00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,780 +only dedicated to facts. Like a horrible teacher. + +508 +00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:52,490 +Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and + +509 +00:30:52,490 --> 00:30:56,210 +girls nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted in + +510 +00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:00,090 +life. Plant nothing else and root out everything + +511 +00:31:00,090 --> 00:31:03,790 +else. You can only form the minds of the reasoning + +512 +00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:06,790 +animals upon facts. The cats are like reasoning + +513 +00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:10,630 +animals. Animals that think and reason. That's the + +514 +00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:13,030 +negative thing because they don't believe in + +515 +00:31:13,030 --> 00:31:17,600 +children. You can only form the minds of reasoning + +516 +00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,840 +animals upon facts. Nothing else will ever be of + +517 +00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:25,480 +any service to them. This is the principle on + +518 +00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,920 +which I bring up my own children and this is the + +519 +00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,920 +principle on which I bring up these children. + +520 +00:31:32,140 --> 00:31:35,300 +Stick to facts, sir. You sound like a good + +521 +00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:37,720 +teacher. I want someone to sound like a horrible + +522 +00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:42,350 +teacher. Like no imagination, no nothing, no fun, + +523 +00:31:42,610 --> 00:31:46,730 +no fantasy, no joking, no fooling around, all + +524 +00:31:46,730 --> 00:31:52,070 +facts. Yeah? You can't be, okay, let's see. Now + +525 +00:31:52,070 --> 00:31:54,910 +what I want is facts. Teach these boys and girls + +526 +00:31:54,910 --> 00:31:58,570 +nothing, nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted + +527 +00:31:58,570 --> 00:32:02,150 +in life. Land, nothing else. And root out + +528 +00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,590 +everything else. You can only form the mind of + +529 +00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:12,640 +Reasoning animals up on facts. Nothing else would + +530 +00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,380 +ever be of any surprise to them. This is the + +531 +00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:20,560 +principle on which I bring up my own children. And + +532 +00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,300 +this is the principle on which I bring up these + +533 +00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:29,520 +children. Stick to facts. It seems no one can act + +534 +00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:34,390 +like a bad person, which is good. There's this + +535 +00:32:34,390 --> 00:32:40,730 +advice someone gave to his kid. I read this on the + +536 +00:32:40,730 --> 00:32:43,190 +comment section on YouTube. It's horrible. There + +537 +00:32:43,190 --> 00:32:45,490 +is racism and bigotry everywhere there. But + +538 +00:32:45,490 --> 00:32:48,410 +sometimes you will find good stuff. So he says, I + +539 +00:32:48,410 --> 00:32:51,070 +went to my dad and I asked him for advice because + +540 +00:32:51,070 --> 00:32:54,510 +I wanted to play the role of a bad person, a bad + +541 +00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:58,730 +character. And his father gave him the wisest of + +542 +00:32:58,730 --> 00:33:04,580 +all advice. He told him, son. A bad person doesn't + +543 +00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:08,540 +know that he's a bad person. A bad person doesn't + +544 +00:33:08,540 --> 00:33:10,360 +know that he is a bad person. So how would you + +545 +00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,980 +act? So you can't act like a bad person because + +546 +00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:15,560 +you think you're doing a good job. He thinks he's + +547 +00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:20,600 +doing a good job. Do you want to read? Okay, the + +548 +00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:25,480 +next one. Go on. Extract. + +549 +00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:34,460 +Part of it is in the book, not all of it. So now, + +550 +00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,540 +A Tale of Two Cities is also very famous, like + +551 +00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:41,360 +probably one of the most famous ever, even the + +552 +00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,540 +title, A Tale of Two Cities. And I want you to go + +553 +00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:46,860 +to Google today when you go home if you have + +554 +00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:48,760 +electricity and internet connection, sorry. + +555 +00:33:51,780 --> 00:33:54,920 +And Google, use inverted commas to Google a tale + +556 +00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:58,800 +of, and then just don't complete it, and use it in + +557 +00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,100 +between inverted commas. So you look for the exact + +558 +00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,070 +wording. And you will find hundreds and thousands + +559 +00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:08,410 +and thousands of articles and references, not to a + +560 +00:34:08,410 --> 00:34:11,590 +tale of two cities, to everything. So I was just + +561 +00:34:11,590 --> 00:34:17,170 +telling the other group that there's a huge + +562 +00:34:17,170 --> 00:34:20,550 +dispute between the pizza in New York and the + +563 +00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:24,750 +pizza in Chicago. So there's a fight. These people + +564 +00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:27,650 +hate these people's pizza and vice versa. So I'm + +565 +00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:30,430 +sure there must have been someone somewhere who + +566 +00:34:30,430 --> 00:34:33,960 +wrote a tale of two pizzas. A Tale of Two + +567 +00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:37,440 +Teachers, A Tale of Two Wars, A Tale of Two + +568 +00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,140 +Students, A Tale of Two Something, very famous. + +569 +00:34:41,540 --> 00:34:44,040 +And the first, this is the opening part of the + +570 +00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,320 +novel, A Tale of Two Cities. One of, again, the + +571 +00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:49,520 +most memorable. It was the worst of, the best of + +572 +00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:53,240 +times. It was the worst of times. It was the age + +573 +00:34:53,240 --> 00:34:58,040 +of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was + +574 +00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,840 +the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of + +575 +00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,220 +incredulity. It was the season of light. It was + +576 +00:35:05,220 --> 00:35:08,280 +the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope. + +577 +00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,220 +It was the winter of despair. We had everything + +578 +00:35:11,220 --> 00:35:15,360 +before us. We had nothing before us. We were all + +579 +00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,920 +going direct to heaven. We were all going direct + +580 +00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,500 +to the other way. In short, the period was so far + +581 +00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,300 +like the present period that some of its noisiest + +582 +00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:30,100 +authorities insisted on it being received for good + +583 +00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,400 +or for evil in the superlative degree of + +584 +00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:37,800 +comparison only. The worst, the best. You want to + +585 +00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:43,720 +read? A Tale of Two Cities, interesting. We don't + +586 +00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:47,020 +have much time to read, but go home, read this, + +587 +00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:50,160 +enjoy these. If you don't want to read Dickens + +588 +00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:53,300 +because you're still young, like freshmen here. or + +589 +00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,880 +women, watch the movie. But again, watching a + +590 +00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,980 +movie is never like reading a book. If you want to + +591 +00:36:00,980 --> 00:36:03,760 +do something, at least read famous quotes by + +592 +00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:07,360 +Dickens. You will love him. So, A Tale of Two + +593 +00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,800 +Cities is about the French Revolution. The two + +594 +00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,960 +cities are London and Paris. + +595 +00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,540 +before and during the French Revolution. This is + +596 +00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:24,300 +history. So this is a historical novel in a way, + +597 +00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,020 +political historical novel. That's the range of + +598 +00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:31,620 +novels he writes about Dickens, okay? So the two + +599 +00:36:31,620 --> 00:36:37,440 +cities are London and Paris. Final text here is A + +600 +00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,120 +Christmas Carol. This was also made into cartoon + +601 +00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,500 +and movie, and a movie. Carol means song. It shows + +602 +00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:46,120 +how the British people were celebrating Christmas + +603 +00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:49,810 +then. For many people, these are more interesting + +604 +00:36:49,810 --> 00:36:52,510 +than history books, because in a very interesting + +605 +00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:55,910 +creative way, they take you back to 100 years, 200 + +606 +00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,610 +years in the past. How people, how the French + +607 +00:36:58,610 --> 00:37:02,090 +Revolution came about in fiction, and how people + +608 +00:37:02,090 --> 00:37:05,190 +celebrated Christmas. So again, this is the range + +609 +00:37:05,190 --> 00:37:07,410 +from comedy to social to historical to + +610 +00:37:07,410 --> 00:37:12,430 +journalistic styles all the time. And it's also + +611 +00:37:12,430 --> 00:37:16,360 +often associated with Shakespeare. So that's + +612 +00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:20,020 +Dickens. Generally, Dickens end happily. There's a + +613 +00:37:20,020 --> 00:37:23,000 +positive tone here and there, but sometimes later, + +614 +00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,840 +sometime later, he changed into a darker, more + +615 +00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,320 +pessimistic attitude in a way or another. On the + +616 +00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:36,740 +other hand, Thomas Hardy, even his name suggests + +617 +00:37:36,740 --> 00:37:42,130 +that. Yeah, right? It's the very opposite. This + +618 +00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:44,490 +man is dark, but he's considered to be a late + +619 +00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:47,090 +Victorian novel. And it's very interesting because + +620 +00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:55,940 +he died sometime around, I think 1928. So he lived + +621 +00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:59,260 +like almost three decades in the 19th century, but + +622 +00:37:59,260 --> 00:38:02,240 +he's still, because of his themes and writing, a + +623 +00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:05,580 +Victorian figure or a late Victorian figure. He + +624 +00:38:05,580 --> 00:38:07,620 +wrote poetry, wonderful poetry. He also wrote + +625 +00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:12,200 +short stories, and he was also a novelist. Now, + +626 +00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:16,100 +the book says here that many of his books were + +627 +00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:18,480 +burnt because he was offending people. People + +628 +00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,300 +didn't like his writing, the way he was exposing + +629 +00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:23,440 +the evil in the society, the darkness in the + +630 +00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,810 +society, without giving hope. So Dickens would be + +631 +00:38:26,810 --> 00:38:28,850 +attacking all the institutions, but at the end, he + +632 +00:38:28,850 --> 00:38:31,910 +would be telling us that if you work hard, it's + +633 +00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,570 +going to end up good for you. But here, no matter + +634 +00:38:35,570 --> 00:38:39,780 +how much you work, how hard you work, Because you + +635 +00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:42,000 +are poor, because you are a woman, because you are + +636 +00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,380 +a working class person, you will not be able to + +637 +00:38:45,380 --> 00:38:47,800 +succeed because this is a capitalist society in + +638 +00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,020 +which, again, only the rich get richer. The poor + +639 +00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:55,120 +have no chance. So the darkness, the tone, and the + +640 +00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,760 +vision of his novels are Tragic and dark. We'll + +641 +00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,380 +take examples and see how things go. So he exposes + +642 +00:39:03,380 --> 00:39:05,820 +these societies about the older truth, the + +643 +00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:08,460 +conflict between the tradition and the modern, the + +644 +00:39:08,460 --> 00:39:10,660 +conflict between the older generation, the younger + +645 +00:39:10,660 --> 00:39:13,120 +generation, between men and women, and how women + +646 +00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:17,950 +were struggling, were suffering. Many books, like, + +647 +00:39:18,330 --> 00:39:22,130 +listen, in Dickens, people say, like, Oliver was a + +648 +00:39:22,130 --> 00:39:25,170 +tool or a feather in the wind. Like fate was + +649 +00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:27,770 +controlling his life. And also, some people say + +650 +00:39:27,770 --> 00:39:32,450 +fate and destiny play a major role in the + +651 +00:39:32,450 --> 00:39:36,630 +destruction of characters. Fate. But I don't like + +652 +00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:39,270 +to say fate, because this is an unpoetic answer. + +653 +00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,080 +Yes, fate plays a role. But if the society is + +654 +00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:47,460 +destroying somebody's life, yeah, but it's his + +655 +00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:50,260 +fate. If you're surrendering to fate, it means you + +656 +00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:53,640 +don't want to change. You don't want to criticize. + +657 +00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:56,820 +You don't want for people, for others, for + +658 +00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,280 +institutions to change. So the poor people die, + +659 +00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,070 +starve to death. It's their fate. What should we + +660 +00:40:03,070 --> 00:40:08,070 +do? We have no choice. So for example, Tess of the + +661 +00:40:08,070 --> 00:40:11,770 +Derbarviers. Very, very sad story about a little + +662 +00:40:11,770 --> 00:40:15,530 +girl named Tess, whom the author describes as a + +663 +00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:19,570 +pure woman. Now her parents, poor family, poor + +664 +00:40:19,570 --> 00:40:25,850 +parents send her to work for a rich family, + +665 +00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:28,350 +because they think they are related. So they are + +666 +00:40:28,350 --> 00:40:30,410 +their Barvilles, and the other family is like + +667 +00:40:30,410 --> 00:40:32,590 +Dippie Field or something. So someone tells him, + +668 +00:40:32,750 --> 00:40:35,050 +the father, that you are related. So OK, let's + +669 +00:40:35,050 --> 00:40:37,410 +send our daughter. Maybe she will get rich. We + +670 +00:40:37,410 --> 00:40:39,350 +will get rich in a way or another. But because + +671 +00:40:39,350 --> 00:40:42,690 +she's a poor woman, a little innocent, poor woman, + +672 +00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:46,010 +she is attacked by Alec, the rich man she's raped. + +673 +00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,780 +She gets pregnant. She has a baby, names the baby + +674 +00:40:49,780 --> 00:40:55,700 +Soro, and the baby passes away. The baby dies. So + +675 +00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,820 +sad, right? So destructive. What happens to the + +676 +00:40:59,820 --> 00:41:02,800 +man? Nothing, because he's a rich man. He's a rich + +677 +00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,480 +man. Then she falls in love with someone named + +678 +00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:10,840 +Angel, ironically, who later on leaves her because + +679 +00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:14,960 +she tells him her past. She gets angry. She goes + +680 +00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,410 +back to Alec. And she takes revenge. She kills + +681 +00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,250 +him. Now, because she kills him, the society wakes + +682 +00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:24,710 +up. Wait a minute. Somebody committed a crime + +683 +00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:27,910 +here. Nobody came after the rapist, but everyone + +684 +00:41:27,910 --> 00:41:33,510 +was after Tess. Now, she's arrested. When Angel + +685 +00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:36,470 +comes to her, it was too late. She was arrested, + +686 +00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:41,490 +and she was executed. And the novel ends with a + +687 +00:41:41,490 --> 00:41:44,350 +famous description, famous paragraph beginning + +688 +00:41:44,350 --> 00:41:50,240 +with, justice was done. Which is irony? Why is + +689 +00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:53,000 +this irony? Why is it irony? Yeah? + +690 +00:41:57,660 --> 00:42:04,180 +In a + +691 +00:42:04,180 --> 00:42:07,820 +way, we're not justifying death. But in a way, + +692 +00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:10,680 +she's defending herself. She's taking justice into + +693 +00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:13,180 +her own hands because the society has failed her. + +694 +00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:15,580 +Why? Because she's poor. Why? Because she's a + +695 +00:42:15,580 --> 00:42:19,740 +woman. When a woman commits a crime, justice was + +696 +00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:21,820 +done. It's ironic because this is not justice. + +697 +00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:25,220 +Justice is not allowing this to happen, not + +698 +00:42:25,220 --> 00:42:30,900 +allowing rich people to get away with murder. OK, + +699 +00:42:31,140 --> 00:42:34,000 +some people will say, but this is one novel. Let's + +700 +00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,960 +see another example. The other example is The + +701 +00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,780 +Mayor of Castlebridge. In which this man, by the + +702 +00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,420 +way, most of these were made into movies, if not + +703 +00:42:42,420 --> 00:42:45,960 +all of them. You can watch them on YouTube. So + +704 +00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,480 +that's Hinchat, this man from the mayor of Kasab. + +705 +00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:52,340 +Listen to me, this is a really interesting story. + +706 +00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:54,940 +In the opening story, he was working with his wife + +707 +00:42:54,940 --> 00:42:57,740 +and daughter, and he finds a fair, like a market + +708 +00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:02,220 +or an exhibition. He gets drunk, and all of a + +709 +00:43:02,220 --> 00:43:04,380 +sudden he says, why don't people sell their wives? + +710 +00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,740 +Why don't people, when they get bored or tired of + +711 +00:43:07,740 --> 00:43:09,760 +their wives, why don't people sell their wives? + +712 +00:43:09,860 --> 00:43:13,960 +Just sell your wife. And his wife was like, shut + +713 +00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:15,980 +up. What the hell are you saying? Don't talk about + +714 +00:43:15,980 --> 00:43:19,130 +this. What are you doing? You did this before. + +715 +00:43:20,030 --> 00:43:24,330 +This is not a matter to kid about, to joke about. + +716 +00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,770 +He says, I'm serious. I want to sell my wife. Five + +717 +00:43:27,770 --> 00:43:30,590 +pounds for my wife. Give me five pounds, and I'll + +718 +00:43:30,590 --> 00:43:34,450 +give you my wife. And the wife was like, if you + +719 +00:43:34,450 --> 00:43:37,690 +take the money, I will never come back to you. He + +720 +00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:39,770 +says, I'm serious, and I'll give you my daughter + +721 +00:43:39,770 --> 00:43:42,550 +as bonus. Take the daughter as bonus. Five pounds + +722 +00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:45,870 +for my wife. And actually, someone pays the money. + +723 +00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,860 +Takes the wife and the kid, keeps drinking, he + +724 +00:43:50,860 --> 00:43:54,180 +wakes up, he doesn't find them. He spends the + +725 +00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:57,560 +whole novel, he becomes rich, successful, he rises + +726 +00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:01,340 +up, he becomes the mayor of Castelbridge. And + +727 +00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:03,600 +because this is hard, if this is Dickens, he will + +728 +00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:05,840 +eventually in a way or another find them. But + +729 +00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,000 +because this is Thomas Hardy, can he have them + +730 +00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,880 +back? No. He actually finds them, but I think the + +731 +00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,920 +wife dies and also the daughter dies. This is + +732 +00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:18,240 +Thomas Hardy. The scene, the selling scene, if you + +733 +00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:20,600 +Google the selling scene from the Mayacasa Bridge, + +734 +00:44:20,660 --> 00:44:23,000 +you will find it online. Very interesting read. + +735 +00:44:23,580 --> 00:44:26,760 +Really, really interesting stuff. And again, it + +736 +00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,500 +shows how the women were always victims of male + +737 +00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:36,340 +stupidity, not only violence. And finally, Thomas' + +738 +00:44:36,620 --> 00:44:39,300 +heart is Jude the Obscure. Jude is the name of a + +739 +00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:44,830 +man, not a woman. Maybe this is going to be + +740 +00:44:44,830 --> 00:44:48,310 +different. Maybe this is going to be optimistic, a + +741 +00:44:48,310 --> 00:44:52,550 +little bit happening. Let's see Thomas Hardy. So + +742 +00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:57,410 +Jude the Obscure is about a struggling working + +743 +00:44:57,410 --> 00:45:02,150 +class person named Jude. His only crime is that he + +744 +00:45:02,150 --> 00:45:06,100 +has ambition. But not ambition like Macbeth. He + +745 +00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,500 +doesn't kill anybody. He just wants to join a + +746 +00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,880 +university, a Christ minister, in which he refers + +747 +00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,460 +to Oxford University. But he's poor. He doesn't + +748 +00:45:15,460 --> 00:45:17,880 +have enough money. Only if you have money, you go + +749 +00:45:17,880 --> 00:45:19,980 +to university. You pay a lot of money. Only the + +750 +00:45:19,980 --> 00:45:26,010 +elite, the rich people. Can he go? No. because the + +751 +00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,750 +poor will remain poor for the rest of his life. He + +752 +00:45:28,750 --> 00:45:32,070 +belongs to the ruling, sorry, the working class. + +753 +00:45:32,150 --> 00:45:35,570 +He has this complex relationship with Sue. He + +754 +00:45:35,570 --> 00:45:37,750 +loves Sue. He's in love with her, but again, + +755 +00:45:37,810 --> 00:45:41,270 +because this is hard, he never marries her. Okay? + +756 +00:45:41,490 --> 00:45:44,110 +So he marries someone else. At the end of the + +757 +00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:44,570 +story, + +758 +00:45:47,290 --> 00:45:51,150 +both the children of both Sue and Jude commit + +759 +00:45:51,150 --> 00:45:57,630 +suicide. Okay, very dark. There's great despair + +760 +00:45:57,630 --> 00:46:00,970 +and disappointment in the values of the Victorian + +761 +00:46:00,970 --> 00:46:03,690 +age. So the struggle between ambition and human + +762 +00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:07,470 +weakness makes this Hardy's most tragically + +763 +00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:09,870 +disturbing novel. Yes, I like your reaction. + +764 +00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,780 +People think this is a disturbing novel. Come on, + +765 +00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,480 +it's too much. But believe me, many people would + +766 +00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:21,140 +love to read Hardy more than Dickens because we + +767 +00:46:21,140 --> 00:46:24,660 +like to be shaken. We like to come face to face to + +768 +00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:27,040 +experience other people's suffering. So we + +769 +00:46:27,040 --> 00:46:31,520 +compare, we learn, and everything. So he exposes, + +770 +00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:33,980 +and this is significant, Hardy exposes the + +771 +00:46:33,980 --> 00:46:39,980 +successful society that Keeps out outsiders. Are + +772 +00:46:39,980 --> 00:46:42,800 +you an outsider? Out. You can never be successful. + +773 +00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,260 +You can never rise. You should remain in your + +774 +00:46:46,260 --> 00:46:49,860 +position as poor. Who are the outsiders? Women. + +775 +00:46:51,420 --> 00:46:56,340 +ambitious working class men and other subclass + +776 +00:46:56,340 --> 00:46:59,780 +people who are not originally born to rich parents + +777 +00:46:59,780 --> 00:47:04,220 +and rich families. So these two people belong, + +778 +00:47:04,780 --> 00:47:07,020 +Dickens and Hardy belong to the Victorian Age. + +779 +00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,440 +Yes, Dickens is an early Victorian writer and + +780 +00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,340 +Hardy is a late Victorian writer. But remember + +781 +00:47:15,340 --> 00:47:20,170 +when we say The writer is the product of the + +782 +00:47:20,170 --> 00:47:23,230 +society. It's not accurate. Because we are also + +783 +00:47:23,230 --> 00:47:25,790 +the product of our parents' experiences, + +784 +00:47:26,270 --> 00:47:28,690 +education, learning, friends, attitudes, + +785 +00:47:29,030 --> 00:47:31,510 +philosophies, religious background, ideological + +786 +00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:35,190 +background, political background, what books we + +787 +00:47:35,190 --> 00:47:41,730 +read, what experiences we have. And then we write. + +788 +00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,710 +We react in a way or another differently. So we'll + +789 +00:47:45,710 --> 00:47:50,310 +stop here. Thank you very much. And next class + +790 +00:47:50,310 --> 00:47:53,610 +we'll speak about the women novelists of the + +791 +00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:58,910 +Victorian Age, starting with George Eliot. Thank + +792 +00:47:58,910 --> 00:47:59,330 +you very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c14014147b81668633599ec0cdfa1f6cd640b8e --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3012 @@ +1 +00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,510 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah. Welcome back to + +2 +00:00:23,510 --> 00:00:25,550 +the English literature course at the Islamic + +3 +00:00:25,550 --> 00:00:30,790 +University, the English department. Last time we + +4 +00:00:30,790 --> 00:00:36,170 +had to rush with the modest proposal by Daniel + +5 +00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:40,290 +Defoe. And I said the modest proposal is + +6 +00:00:40,290 --> 00:00:45,890 +basically, and it's an article rather than a work + +7 +00:00:45,890 --> 00:00:49,150 +of fiction. But in the book, + +8 +00:00:52,210 --> 00:00:55,050 +Here, it's right after the novel, when we're + +9 +00:00:55,050 --> 00:00:57,290 +talking about the novel. So it gives us the + +10 +00:00:57,290 --> 00:01:02,250 +impression that it is a whole story about stuff. + +11 +00:01:02,330 --> 00:01:05,090 +So this is prose, but it's an article rather than + +12 +00:01:05,090 --> 00:01:12,390 +a novel. Now, in my interpretation of, sorry, I + +13 +00:01:12,390 --> 00:01:15,890 +messed up. I have to begin again. + +14 +00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:27,760 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English + +15 +00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,200 +literature course at the Islamic University. Last + +16 +00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:35,760 +time we continued our lectures on the rise of the + +17 +00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:39,440 +novel, the 18th century, the Augustan Age. And we + +18 +00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:43,280 +stopped at Jonathan Swift. And in many ways, we + +19 +00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,300 +said Swift is interesting and different. He + +20 +00:01:47,300 --> 00:01:52,060 +doesn't fit. in an age where stories generally had + +21 +00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,220 +happy endings, to appeal to the readers, to try, + +22 +00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,140 +remember this stable and strong England or + +23 +00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,840 +Britain, the British Empire was seeking, they + +24 +00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:04,860 +didn't want change, they didn't want revolutions. + +25 +00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,860 +His books are generally very openly attacking + +26 +00:02:11,860 --> 00:02:14,560 +humanity in general and human beings in general, + +27 +00:02:14,640 --> 00:02:17,180 +but also the English society and the British + +28 +00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:20,660 +imperialism. As an Irish writer, his writing is + +29 +00:02:20,660 --> 00:02:27,340 +different. Now, how much of his Irishness is there + +30 +00:02:27,340 --> 00:02:31,960 +in his work, in his novels, in his essays and + +31 +00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,040 +articles, is something, an issue probably some of + +32 +00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,510 +you want to pursue later on and look into. But + +33 +00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:42,610 +certainly, Gulliver's Travels is a book that + +34 +00:02:42,610 --> 00:02:45,590 +openly, clearly satirizes and attacks the British + +35 +00:02:45,590 --> 00:02:48,970 +Empire. And this could be one reason why, in a + +36 +00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,650 +way, he was not received well by the readers, the + +37 +00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,030 +English, especially the English readers. So his + +38 +00:02:57,030 --> 00:02:59,250 +book, Gulliver's Travels, was meant to be a + +39 +00:02:59,250 --> 00:03:03,290 +serious satire against humanity, mankind, and in + +40 +00:03:03,290 --> 00:03:05,070 +particular against religion, the church, and + +41 +00:03:05,070 --> 00:03:08,480 +science, and the English imperialism. especially + +42 +00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,400 +when it comes to how they were treating Ireland + +43 +00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,220 +and the Irish people. But the book was soon turned + +44 +00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:18,480 +into a book of Children. It doesn't mean that + +45 +00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:20,600 +books written for children are not important and + +46 +00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,220 +they don't have the significant messages and + +47 +00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:26,620 +lessons and morals. They do. But it was, in my + +48 +00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:29,480 +opinion, was marginalized because it was critical. + +49 +00:03:30,380 --> 00:03:33,060 +Now his article, A Modest Proposal, was meant to + +50 +00:03:33,060 --> 00:03:37,880 +be a humorous article also to criticize the + +51 +00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,540 +British Empire. and imperialism of England, + +52 +00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:44,700 +especially against, again, the Irish people. But + +53 +00:03:44,700 --> 00:03:46,780 +everyone who took the article seriously was like, + +54 +00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:50,820 +come on, why are you doing this graphic suggestion + +55 +00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:56,980 +of proposing that the Irish people, because + +56 +00:03:56,980 --> 00:04:01,320 +poverty, starvation, famine, and they had too many + +57 +00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:04,480 +kids, he said, I have a modest proposal for you. + +58 +00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:08,610 +My suggestion is that the Irish people parents + +59 +00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:12,470 +should sell their kids to the English people to be + +60 +00:04:12,470 --> 00:04:16,970 +eaten. And he speaks about the benefits of eating + +61 +00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:20,290 +human flesh and how you can eat it, how you can + +62 +00:04:20,290 --> 00:04:22,050 +cook it, how you can prepare it in a very + +63 +00:04:22,050 --> 00:04:25,530 +disgusting graphic way. Many readers were like, + +64 +00:04:26,130 --> 00:04:30,350 +oh, but this is clearly satirical. It's not he + +65 +00:04:30,350 --> 00:04:34,410 +doesn't mean it. But this is how readers sometimes + +66 +00:04:34,410 --> 00:04:37,290 +take things. They took this seriously and they + +67 +00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:40,450 +took the other book, Gulliver's Travels, lightly. + +68 +00:04:40,890 --> 00:04:43,330 +Today we move to speak about Richardson Fielding + +69 +00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:47,250 +and hopefully if we have time we'll do something + +70 +00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:52,850 +on Lawrence Stern. Now Richardson was also one of + +71 +00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:56,970 +the most successful novelists of the age. He was a + +72 +00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,990 +publisher. Thank you for noticing this. Now in the + +73 +00:04:59,990 --> 00:05:02,230 +book, it says that he was one of the most + +74 +00:05:02,230 --> 00:05:06,090 +enormously successful authors of that time. But is + +75 +00:05:06,090 --> 00:05:08,590 +that because he wrote excellent literature or + +76 +00:05:08,590 --> 00:05:12,430 +because he was a publisher? If you are a + +77 +00:05:12,430 --> 00:05:17,160 +publisher, Exactly. But I'm not going to insult + +78 +00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,580 +him. This is in no way an attempt to insult a + +79 +00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:22,960 +particular famous writer. But to give you an idea + +80 +00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,780 +that people, especially women, had difficulty + +81 +00:05:25,780 --> 00:05:28,480 +publishing. And even men sometimes. You would look + +82 +00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,440 +for a publisher. And so many publishers. And many + +83 +00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,100 +of them would be like, Oh, this is not good for + +84 +00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:36,380 +publishing. Readers will not be interested in + +85 +00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:39,000 +reading about this. I'm not going to give you this + +86 +00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:41,020 +much money. I'm going to give you this little + +87 +00:05:41,020 --> 00:05:43,460 +money or something. But once you're a publisher, + +88 +00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,460 +like you said, you can publish everything you + +89 +00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:51,620 +write. And actually, his first novel, Pamela, was + +90 +00:05:51,620 --> 00:05:55,000 +meant to be letters, advice to people, to women, + +91 +00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:59,340 +et cetera. Notice the names of his novels. One is + +92 +00:05:59,340 --> 00:06:02,440 +Pamela. We see in the other slide a novel called + +93 +00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,080 +Clarissa. The names of women, the names of the + +94 +00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,100 +main characters. Don't forget, the largest portion + +95 +00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,360 +of readership in the 18th century were women. So + +96 +00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:14,840 +readers and publishers wanted to please them, to + +97 +00:06:14,840 --> 00:06:17,000 +appeal to them, to address them, because they + +98 +00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:23,110 +would buy this and that. is a novel about the + +99 +00:06:23,110 --> 00:06:28,270 +typical 18th century woman. She's good, but she is + +100 +00:06:28,270 --> 00:06:31,570 +poor. And if she's good, she's beautiful, she's, + +101 +00:06:31,710 --> 00:06:35,390 +you know, but generally these women fall victims + +102 +00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:39,570 +for rich men, rich people, especially younger + +103 +00:06:39,570 --> 00:06:42,990 +women. The story is generally told to us through + +104 +00:06:44,280 --> 00:06:48,200 +Letters, epistles. We call this type of novels + +105 +00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,480 +epistolary novels. What is an epistolary novel? A + +106 +00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:58,080 +novel that is mainly built on exchange of letters + +107 +00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,400 +or diaries, something like this. So he wants to + +108 +00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:05,790 +marry her. And she goes through a lot of trouble + +109 +00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,290 +and uncertainties and crises because she's poor. + +110 +00:07:09,330 --> 00:07:11,690 +She struggles. No one can defend her. She's all + +111 +00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,190 +alone. She doesn't have her rich family to protect + +112 +00:07:15,190 --> 00:07:18,790 +her and everything. Mr. B, interesting name, Mr. + +113 +00:07:18,910 --> 00:07:23,370 +B. I'm not sure what it is short for. So he's not + +114 +00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:25,150 +the first man. He's the second one. He's not Mr. + +115 +00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:29,490 +A. He's Mr. B. Could be significant. OK? He tries + +116 +00:07:29,490 --> 00:07:35,630 +to rape her. And we know anyone who rapes or tries + +117 +00:07:35,630 --> 00:07:38,750 +to rape should be put in prison, should be + +118 +00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:41,650 +punished, severely punished. This is one of the + +119 +00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:44,970 +worst crimes ever committed. Who's the victim? + +120 +00:07:45,370 --> 00:07:49,490 +Mostly, it's women. Eventually, at the end of some + +121 +00:07:49,490 --> 00:07:51,630 +time in the book, somewhere in the book, she + +122 +00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:55,350 +marries him. She agrees to marry him. He should be + +123 +00:07:55,350 --> 00:07:57,630 +arrested, right? But this is a man. A man can do + +124 +00:07:57,630 --> 00:08:00,190 +anything. If a woman does something wrong, a + +125 +00:08:00,190 --> 00:08:02,450 +mistake, she's horrible, she's a prostitute, she's + +126 +00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,550 +a thief, she's arrested, everyone is like, oh. But + +127 +00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,630 +if a man does this, cut him some slack. It's just + +128 +00:08:08,630 --> 00:08:11,710 +the look at talk. It's just a mistake. He didn't + +129 +00:08:11,710 --> 00:08:15,370 +mean it. Maybe he was under pressure or something. + +130 +00:08:15,450 --> 00:08:17,950 +And this is, again, the double standard of the + +131 +00:08:17,950 --> 00:08:20,850 +system. Some people, by the way, criticized Samuel + +132 +00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:24,780 +Richards on saying this is anti-feminist. But some + +133 +00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:27,780 +readers try to take this as an attack against a + +134 +00:08:27,780 --> 00:08:30,720 +society that is mistreating women, that has double + +135 +00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:34,760 +standards. What's double standards? Exactly, + +136 +00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:38,920 +something for men, something for women, okay? + +137 +00:08:40,020 --> 00:08:44,360 +Where men and women are not equal and the same. So + +138 +00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:48,080 +men always have more freedom to commit mistakes, + +139 +00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:51,740 +to commit crimes even, and they will get away with + +140 +00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:56,970 +it. Now, the book is about many things. It's about + +141 +00:08:56,970 --> 00:09:00,010 +marriage, it's about the power of money, it's + +142 +00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:03,070 +about women at that time, it's about the + +143 +00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:05,750 +relationships and how powerful women and men at + +144 +00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:09,270 +that time can always win the woman they want, etc. + +145 +00:09:09,690 --> 00:09:12,030 +Now this text, because it was interesting, it was + +146 +00:09:12,030 --> 00:09:16,320 +parodied. Very important term we spoke about so + +147 +00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,140 +many times, parody. We'll speak about probably + +148 +00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:23,100 +later in a bit. Parody, the classical definition + +149 +00:09:23,100 --> 00:09:29,120 +is a comic imitation, copy of something generally + +150 +00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,940 +a literary work. Now, parody is all over the + +151 +00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:35,680 +internet. Every day on Twitter, you see parody + +152 +00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:39,880 +accounts. Facebook, parody accounts. Not the real + +153 +00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:44,190 +Trump. Real Donald Trump, whatever. You see, + +154 +00:09:44,570 --> 00:09:47,610 +Donald Trump, a parody account. And sometimes you + +155 +00:09:47,610 --> 00:09:50,950 +can't distinguish between the real account and the + +156 +00:09:50,950 --> 00:09:53,950 +parody account. What does parody aim to? To + +157 +00:09:53,950 --> 00:09:58,890 +criticize. To change. To challenge. To change, to + +158 +00:09:58,890 --> 00:10:02,850 +attack, to satirize. So you imitate something. In + +159 +00:10:02,850 --> 00:10:05,450 +a way, you change something so people can see, oh, + +160 +00:10:05,790 --> 00:10:10,690 +interesting stuff. Okay? Parody. And he names his + +161 +00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,790 +novel, it was parodied by Henry Fielding. We'll + +162 +00:10:13,790 --> 00:10:16,750 +talk about Fielding in a bit. In a book named + +163 +00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:23,050 +Shamila. I like the choice of name here because + +164 +00:10:23,050 --> 00:10:26,190 +it's part of it. It's the same music. Pamela, + +165 +00:10:26,370 --> 00:10:29,450 +Shamila, Pamela, Shamila, right? But there is + +166 +00:10:29,450 --> 00:10:33,930 +shame here in the word. What significance does it + +167 +00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:36,930 +have? I'm not going to give you more details here. + +168 +00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,330 +This is enough for you. But if you want to know + +169 +00:10:39,330 --> 00:10:42,670 +more about Shamila, you can go read something. So + +170 +00:10:42,670 --> 00:10:47,150 +which is the parody? Shamila, because there's + +171 +00:10:47,150 --> 00:10:49,930 +shame here. The woman is shamed. The man is + +172 +00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:53,490 +shameless. And parody was very famous at that + +173 +00:10:53,490 --> 00:10:56,690 +time. Remember, we spoke about criticism and + +174 +00:10:56,690 --> 00:10:59,570 +journalism and the rise of the middle class and + +175 +00:10:59,570 --> 00:11:02,490 +readership. That's why many people wanted to + +176 +00:11:02,490 --> 00:11:04,850 +publish, why many people wanted to read. But + +177 +00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:08,490 +parody was one significant literary device that + +178 +00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:11,930 +made people write many works. So this man writes a + +179 +00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:15,110 +novel, somebody parodies him. Another man parodies + +180 +00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:17,790 +him. And another writer parodies him. And thus, we + +181 +00:11:17,790 --> 00:11:24,110 +have a lot of good literary works. The other book + +182 +00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,350 +by Richardson. So this is my comment here. That + +183 +00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:32,310 +the readers, some readers, or many, find the moral + +184 +00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:35,770 +tone of Richardson's novels hard to accept, + +185 +00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:42,920 +especially women. Hard to accept because women, in + +186 +00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,140 +his books, are always victims to male violence. + +187 +00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:49,480 +They can't defend themselves. They're not strong + +188 +00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:53,520 +enough. They're naive, inexperienced. Why are you + +189 +00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,340 +presenting women like this? Why are you exposing + +190 +00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:02,360 +women as poor and weak and helpless? Helpless in + +191 +00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:04,430 +the sense that they can't defend themselves. Maybe + +192 +00:12:04,430 --> 00:12:06,650 +he's trying to describe the society. Thank you + +193 +00:12:06,650 --> 00:12:08,670 +very much. Interesting. Don't usually take a + +194 +00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:12,510 +literary work as Shakespeare and Shiloh. Is + +195 +00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:15,270 +Shakespeare antisemitic? Or is he exposing the + +196 +00:12:15,270 --> 00:12:15,690 +society? + +197 +00:12:18,690 --> 00:12:22,370 +So Clarissa is another. Again, the name is + +198 +00:12:22,370 --> 00:12:24,930 +Clarissa, the name of the woman. But it's the + +199 +00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,950 +opposite. We have here a rich, beautiful woman and + +200 +00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:30,910 +a poor man, a womanizer. Womanizer is a man who + +201 +00:12:30,910 --> 00:12:36,590 +chases women, goes after women. Her parents say no + +202 +00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:39,830 +to loveless. They say, no. You shouldn't marry + +203 +00:12:39,830 --> 00:12:42,090 +this man. You should marry the other rich man. + +204 +00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:46,290 +Arranged marriage. It's always been around for + +205 +00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:49,010 +women. Women are always told what to do, and how + +206 +00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:51,890 +to do, and what not to do. It's interesting how + +207 +00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:54,690 +this ends, because we'll see when you don't listen + +208 +00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:57,110 +to your parents, like in Robinson Crusoe. Robinson + +209 +00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:59,830 +Crusoe didn't listen to his parents, remember? But + +210 +00:12:59,830 --> 00:13:02,500 +what happened to him? He became one of the richest + +211 +00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:07,000 +men ever. He owned an island. He became rich. + +212 +00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,240 +Yeah, he went through some difficulties. But + +213 +00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:15,620 +eventually, he became rich. But this woman says, + +214 +00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:18,300 +no, sorry. I'm not going to marry that old rich + +215 +00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:23,040 +man, mom, dad. She is convinced by Lovelace to + +216 +00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:26,020 +elope. You know, did we mention the word elope + +217 +00:13:26,020 --> 00:13:26,640 +before? + +218 +00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:34,070 +When two people, a woman and a man, agreed to run, + +219 +00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,010 +to escape, to run away, not to listen to their + +220 +00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:39,390 +parents and to get married. This is called elope. + +221 +00:13:39,950 --> 00:13:41,950 +Interesting word in English. We don't have an + +222 +00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:45,450 +equivalent for this in Arabic. If you want to + +223 +00:13:45,450 --> 00:13:48,590 +translate it into Arabic, you need to explain it. + +224 +00:13:49,090 --> 00:13:53,290 +So when two people decide to run away because + +225 +00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:57,810 +their parents don't give them their consent, their + +226 +00:13:57,810 --> 00:14:01,490 +approval. So they run away to get married. He + +227 +00:14:01,490 --> 00:14:05,370 +takes her to London. And London is generally a + +228 +00:14:05,370 --> 00:14:08,570 +place for sin, for vices, for corruption, for + +229 +00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,630 +death, generally. And that's the city in general + +230 +00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:16,050 +and London in particular. She lives among the + +231 +00:14:16,050 --> 00:14:19,570 +prostitutes where she thinks she viewed because + +232 +00:14:19,570 --> 00:14:21,770 +she's inexperienced. She doesn't know people. + +233 +00:14:21,890 --> 00:14:24,490 +She's a woman, inexperienced and naive and + +234 +00:14:24,490 --> 00:14:27,420 +gullible. and thinking that they are very + +235 +00:14:27,420 --> 00:14:30,560 +respectable people. But also, the book could be + +236 +00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,860 +implying that those people who took care of her + +237 +00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:35,880 +could be better than her parents, who didn't + +238 +00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,720 +listen to her, didn't engage in dialogue. So those + +239 +00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:41,860 +people also have morals and ethics of their own, + +240 +00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:45,340 +regardless what job they're doing. Again, because + +241 +00:14:45,340 --> 00:14:50,140 +man always wants to control woman. He drugs her + +242 +00:14:50,140 --> 00:14:56,870 +and rapes her. Before this, we spoke about Also, + +243 +00:14:57,110 --> 00:15:00,710 +the issue of rape in the novel. And it was + +244 +00:15:00,710 --> 00:15:03,610 +considered scandalous and objectionable. Mary + +245 +00:15:03,610 --> 00:15:07,650 +Manley. Mary Manley, thank you. She discussed this + +246 +00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:11,250 +first. And everyone was like, come on, shh. Don't + +247 +00:15:11,250 --> 00:15:16,090 +do this. Don't expose this. Don't take this out. + +248 +00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:18,290 +Keep it inside somewhere in the closet. + +249 +00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:24,220 +Scandalous. So he drugs her and rapes her. Rips + +250 +00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:27,600 +her. She dies. She goes again. Generally, women + +251 +00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,460 +react to difficult situations by crying, by going + +252 +00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:33,920 +insane, and by dying. And this is in English + +253 +00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:38,180 +literature. A very anti-feminist idea. But the + +254 +00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:42,360 +man, how does he die? In a fight. A man is a man. + +255 +00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:49,740 +He always dies fighting, dies brave. In a way, + +256 +00:15:49,780 --> 00:15:51,400 +yeah. I don't want to describe it as honorable, + +257 +00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,780 +but he dies fighting. When you read literature, + +258 +00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,020 +when you read novels and poems and plays, always + +259 +00:15:57,020 --> 00:16:00,880 +try to compare how things, how people react, how + +260 +00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,500 +women react, how men react. I was just discussing + +261 +00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:08,060 +Oliver Twist in today's class. When Nancy, a + +262 +00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680 +character in the book, dies, her best friend, + +263 +00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:17,520 +Bette, reacts by weeping and crying and going + +264 +00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,680 +crazy, and she's taken to hospital. Her friend + +265 +00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,580 +Tom, the boy, reacts by attacking the murderer. + +266 +00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:31,580 +Because he's a boy. But the girl always goes + +267 +00:16:31,580 --> 00:16:35,640 +insane. This is an anti-feminist idea. So the + +268 +00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,220 +woman is still a victim of men. So when we talk + +269 +00:16:40,220 --> 00:16:42,840 +about the rules of moral behavior in male and + +270 +00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,000 +female relationships here, the book gives the + +271 +00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,220 +impression that this is the norm. These norms are + +272 +00:16:49,220 --> 00:16:52,540 +fixed. This is the society. Again, some people + +273 +00:16:52,540 --> 00:16:54,560 +disagree with him, but some people say, I think + +274 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,960 +he's criticizing the society. He's not telling + +275 +00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,460 +women what to do. He's actually provoking women. + +276 +00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,060 +You know what provoking means? Provoking means you + +277 +00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:09,060 +should change your destination, like destiny, + +278 +00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:12,020 +sorry. You should change your life or you will end + +279 +00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:16,220 +up raped and killed, like this. So raise your + +280 +00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:19,160 +voice, fight for yourselves, defend yourselves in + +281 +00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,220 +a way or another. Interesting thing about + +282 +00:17:22,220 --> 00:17:24,440 +Richardson, because he was a publisher at that + +283 +00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,640 +time and later on in the Victorian Age, sometimes + +284 +00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,840 +the novels were not published like this like you + +285 +00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,440 +finish writing the book and you give it to the + +286 +00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,240 +publisher you publish it in chapters like two + +287 +00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:38,960 +chapters three chapters every every week or every + +288 +00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:42,660 +day this is called serialization installments you + +289 +00:17:42,660 --> 00:17:45,770 +know installments OK, like two, three chapters + +290 +00:17:45,770 --> 00:17:49,070 +every week. So sometimes he would receive fan mail + +291 +00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:52,050 +of people like, oh, why did you do this? We don't + +292 +00:17:52,050 --> 00:17:54,330 +like this. So if many people would disagree, + +293 +00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:56,850 +disapprove of something, he would change it in a + +294 +00:17:56,850 --> 00:18:01,550 +way to please them. Yes. Is this one reason why + +295 +00:18:01,550 --> 00:18:05,130 +he's successful? Maybe. Maybe. This is called + +296 +00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:08,470 +serialization. Serialization in a novel is when a + +297 +00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:10,710 +novel is published in parts or chapters. In parts, + +298 +00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:12,470 +in chapters, and in a story. + +299 +00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,220 +Now, one of the most interesting writers of this + +300 +00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:23,660 +era is Henry Fielding. Listen to him. Fielding is + +301 +00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:25,380 +known for parodying. + +302 +00:18:29,980 --> 00:18:34,240 +I'm not sure how Richardson reacted to this, + +303 +00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,500 +because he parodied Richardson all the time. So he + +304 +00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:41,300 +wrote Shamilah, parodying Shamilah. And also + +305 +00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:47,180 +Joseph Andrews, in part, is a parody for Pamela. + +306 +00:18:47,940 --> 00:18:49,880 +So every time he must write a book, it just goes + +307 +00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,380 +to Pamela and he parodies it. What an interesting + +308 +00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:55,580 +author he must be. Maybe someone can do a + +309 +00:18:55,580 --> 00:18:58,080 +presentation about this, to see the relationship + +310 +00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:59,760 +between Fielding and Richardson, whether + +311 +00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,300 +Richardson was happy with this or angry. Why do + +312 +00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,660 +you keep imitating me? Why do you keep repeating + +313 +00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,870 +what I'm saying in a way or another? I'll talk + +314 +00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,790 +about parody later on in more detail, but always + +315 +00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:14,050 +think of parody as a type of criticism. + +316 +00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:19,490 +So the difference is that maybe I don't have to + +317 +00:19:19,490 --> 00:19:22,030 +explain much, but maybe you could read the names + +318 +00:19:22,030 --> 00:19:27,150 +of the novels, Joseph and Tom and Clarissa and + +319 +00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:31,020 +Pamela. Boys and girls, male and female. So this + +320 +00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:36,120 +is the male perspective point of view of similar + +321 +00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:36,980 +experiences. + +322 +00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:47,460 +He calls his novels comic epics and prose. An + +323 +00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:53,060 +epic, like before, is a long heroic poem. Some + +324 +00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:56,220 +people say, The epic is the grandmother of the + +325 +00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,080 +novel, because it has the elements of the novel, + +326 +00:19:58,260 --> 00:20:01,300 +but it's in portrait. And the father of the novel, + +327 +00:20:01,540 --> 00:20:04,240 +or the mother of the novel, is the romance we + +328 +00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:09,220 +spoke about with Don Quixote and Vivian Tassin. So + +329 +00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:14,380 +he calls it Comic Epic in Portrait. And comic, + +330 +00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:16,440 +because he will usually focus on the comical + +331 +00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:21,780 +aspect. Sorry? So prose, because the novel is in + +332 +00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:25,540 +prose. Comic, because he usually focuses on the + +333 +00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:28,300 +humorous aspect, the main function of the novel. + +334 +00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:32,740 +Epic, because they are long, in a way, or others. + +335 +00:20:32,820 --> 00:20:36,980 +So usually he focuses on the complicated journeys. + +336 +00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:39,260 +And these are usually described as + +337 +00:20:42,180 --> 00:20:44,760 +Piekarsk novel is a novel about a character who + +338 +00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,920 +goes into a lot of adventures and travel and + +339 +00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:53,720 +crises and uncertainties. Piekarsk, always silent, + +340 +00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,920 +like dialogue and monologue. + +341 +00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:02,980 +Catalogue. Okay? + +342 +00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:10,740 +So what does he do? In Joseph Andrews, I don't + +343 +00:21:10,740 --> 00:21:12,660 +want to tell you the story in detail. There's + +344 +00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:14,360 +something in the book. You can read it for + +345 +00:21:14,360 --> 00:21:17,720 +yourself. But I want to flood you with + +346 +00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,660 +information. So Joseph Andrews also again begins + +347 +00:21:22,660 --> 00:21:28,060 +as a parody of Pamela. But then he changes it a + +348 +00:21:28,060 --> 00:21:31,860 +little bit. And actually Pamela herself is a + +349 +00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:35,740 +character in Joseph Andrews. So he's parodying, + +350 +00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,700 +and he's taking characters from other people, + +351 +00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,120 +borrowing them in a way. It's like, hey, Charlie + +352 +00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:41,880 +Johnson, can you give me this woman? I need a + +353 +00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,200 +woman in my book, and I want to use her in a way + +354 +00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,960 +or another. OK? His plots usually show the + +355 +00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:52,780 +strength and weakness of human beings. Generally, + +356 +00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:58,000 +in that society at that time, strength of men and + +357 +00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,630 +weaknesses of men. Women can always be victims. + +358 +00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:09,450 +Men can easily become victimizers. Men can defend + +359 +00:22:09,450 --> 00:22:14,830 +themselves. Women are defenseless. Women are not + +360 +00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:16,490 +allowed to do mistakes. Men are allowed to do + +361 +00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:19,770 +mistakes. Women are not forgiven. Men are + +362 +00:22:19,770 --> 00:22:23,040 +forgiven. Sometimes they are even rewarded. The + +363 +00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,000 +double standard. Okay? And that's the summary + +364 +00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,160 +here. The conclusion. Men always have fellow + +365 +00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:34,600 +freedom than women. They always win. They always + +366 +00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:39,220 +win. Or even if they die. They die in a fight. + +367 +00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:43,180 +Robinson Crusoe didn't listen to his parents and + +368 +00:22:43,180 --> 00:22:44,960 +he became one of the richest and richest people. + +369 +00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:48,480 +Clarissa didn't listen to her father. But she + +370 +00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:53,820 +died. She died. Horrible, horrible death. Remember + +371 +00:22:53,820 --> 00:22:56,280 +we spoke again about Robinson Crusoe, you see the + +372 +00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:58,500 +first person narrator, the journalistic first + +373 +00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,620 +person narrator, who says I was born, I did this, + +374 +00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,040 +I told my parents, I went, I was shipwrecked, I + +375 +00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:09,640 +saw, I met my man. Richardson using the epistolary + +376 +00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,940 +technique of changing letters and diary writing as + +377 +00:23:14,940 --> 00:23:17,080 +a way of telling us most of the events of the + +378 +00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,340 +story. Henry Fielding uses the third-person + +379 +00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:24,240 +narrator. Third-person narrator when he tells the + +380 +00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:28,200 +story about somebody. He wakes up. She does this. + +381 +00:23:28,360 --> 00:23:32,600 +They do that. They come. He saw her. She saw him. + +382 +00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,380 +She talked. This is called third person narrative. + +383 +00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,960 +It's easy to tell. If you open the novel, and you + +384 +00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:40,500 +see the pronoun I, I, I, I everywhere. First + +385 +00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,320 +person. I, me, mine. It's first person narrative. + +386 +00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,940 +Otherwise, generally. But sometimes he sticks his + +387 +00:23:47,940 --> 00:23:52,080 +head, and he addresses the reader directly. These + +388 +00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:53,980 +people were very conscious that people were + +389 +00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:57,180 +reading their books. So every time, every couple + +390 +00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:00,120 +of chapters, he would say, oh, dear reader, so + +391 +00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:03,380 +dear reader. I think in one book, what is that, + +392 +00:24:03,460 --> 00:24:05,240 +Jane Austen? At the end of the book, he says, + +393 +00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,060 +reader, I married him. Yes. Because they know that + +394 +00:24:08,060 --> 00:24:12,260 +the readers are following the events of the novel + +395 +00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,960 +chapters. So Henry, Joseph, and Bruce, he uses the + +396 +00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:22,590 +perspective, the point, the view, uses the third + +397 +00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:25,010 +part of the library. It's very interesting how the + +398 +00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:29,730 +novel in 50 years or less took many shapes, many + +399 +00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:33,550 +techniques, many styles, many structures, and many + +400 +00:24:33,550 --> 00:24:37,890 +tools. Which is still until now. I think we have + +401 +00:24:37,890 --> 00:24:40,910 +more experimentation. But this gives us the idea + +402 +00:24:40,910 --> 00:24:43,850 +about the classical novel where it has, generally + +403 +00:24:43,850 --> 00:24:46,910 +it has this arch for the plot. + +404 +00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:57,140 +See beginning, it goes up for the complication, + +405 +00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,660 +the climax, it goes down for the resolution. + +406 +00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,460 +And then I'm happy. Or I die. Or somebody dies. Or + +407 +00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:14,320 +something. Yes. We'll see now, an author who + +408 +00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,240 +didn't find this. Remember we spoke about + +409 +00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,760 +Portulia, Rose of Tikora. There was one guy who + +410 +00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,220 +was- No, no, no. Sorry, I'm not following the + +411 +00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,100 +rules. There are always these good people. They + +412 +00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,100 +will generally be branded negatively, framed + +413 +00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:30,860 +negatively by children. Yes. But eventually, many + +414 +00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,380 +people will praise them, recognize them, + +415 +00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:39,890 +appreciate them. This man is Lawrence Stern. I + +416 +00:25:39,890 --> 00:25:44,190 +love Lawrence Stern. He's one of the best. What's + +417 +00:25:44,190 --> 00:25:48,350 +his name? Lawrence Stern. So again, you have many + +418 +00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:52,310 +names to memorize. I'm fine with the Stern name. + +419 +00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:55,550 +Every time you talk, when you answer, just say + +420 +00:25:55,550 --> 00:26:00,030 +Stern. I'm fine. If you're not sure about the + +421 +00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:00,670 +Stern's name, + +422 +00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:12,050 +So, Lawrence's one text was there. It's Tristram + +423 +00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:17,410 +Shand. One of the most interesting novels of all + +424 +00:26:17,410 --> 00:26:21,210 +time. What's the name? Tristram Shand. Some people + +425 +00:26:21,210 --> 00:26:25,530 +call it Shand. But the big title is originally, + +426 +00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:30,130 +The Lives and Opinions of Tristram Shand Digital. + +427 +00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,800 +If you say Shan Di or Tristan or Shan Di, I'm fine + +428 +00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,660 +with that. Okay? + +429 +00:26:40,860 --> 00:26:42,500 +Now this story, + +430 +00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:49,280 +the live opinions of Tristan or Shan Di, does not + +431 +00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,740 +follow any of the rules of the stories we already + +432 +00:26:51,740 --> 00:26:56,880 +discussed. In my opinion, Lauren's turn is the + +433 +00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,740 +John Donne of the novel. Yes, because they both + +434 +00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:04,130 +broke their rules. He doesn't like them. As a + +435 +00:27:04,130 --> 00:27:08,190 +matter of fact, this book has also currently, as + +436 +00:27:08,190 --> 00:27:12,890 +an element, has what we call metafiction. Remember + +437 +00:27:12,890 --> 00:27:17,470 +metafiction? Metafiction is fiction about fiction. + +438 +00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:22,870 +Meaning, a literary work that speaks about + +439 +00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:28,510 +literary works. A literary work that, in a way, + +440 +00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:33,960 +discusses literature. A literary work that makes + +441 +00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:39,500 +you conscious you're reading a book of literature. + +442 +00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,840 +So simply speaking, fiction about fiction. It's + +443 +00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:47,100 +like when you watch a movie and in the movie some + +444 +00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:52,000 +people are making a movie. So the movie shows you + +445 +00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:56,300 +the experience of movie making. So metafiction, + +446 +00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,600 +fiction about it, simply speaking. When you read + +447 +00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,640 +the sonnet, the writer mentions poets, and sonnet + +448 +00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:08,080 +writing, and poetry, and that is living in a + +449 +00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:12,880 +particular way. So there's parody. And what is he + +450 +00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:17,660 +parodying? He's not particularly parodying one + +451 +00:28:17,660 --> 00:28:20,880 +text. He's parodying all the novels of his time. + +452 +00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:26,880 +So when he published this book, Year 17, or late, + +453 +00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,380 +later. + +454 +00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:33,820 +Everyone was writing the novel in the same + +455 +00:28:33,820 --> 00:28:39,200 +traditional classical way. I was born. I did this. + +456 +00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,040 +I said that. I traveled. I met. I got married. I + +457 +00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:49,540 +had kids. I had a job. I traveled to Europe again. + +458 +00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:54,170 +I want to go to America. And then I died. Or I met + +459 +00:28:54,170 --> 00:28:59,690 +somebody, I had a fight. So his disapproval of + +460 +00:28:59,690 --> 00:29:03,590 +this comes in the form of a literary work, Lord + +461 +00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:07,210 +Stern's The Life and Appearance of Justin + +462 +00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:10,690 +Churchill. What does he do in the novel? Listen to + +463 +00:29:10,690 --> 00:29:14,610 +it. Now, generally, typically, again, this is the + +464 +00:29:14,610 --> 00:29:18,090 +traditional line of the novel. Could be like this, + +465 +00:29:18,390 --> 00:29:21,190 +or like this, or like, you know, but this is + +466 +00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:27,160 +always moving. and then falling down. Shandi, + +467 +00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,940 +however, the novel that tells the story, + +468 +00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,600 +supposedly the opinions, we don't, by the way, + +469 +00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,000 +have opinions of Shandi, because many of them are + +470 +00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,440 +not there. He tells us the story of Tristan + +471 +00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:44,020 +Shandi, not when he was born or when he was young, + +472 +00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:46,820 +this is a first person narrator, but before even + +473 +00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,220 +his parents had him, before they got married. So + +474 +00:29:51,220 --> 00:29:54,420 +he begins, not from the beginning, From the very + +475 +00:29:54,420 --> 00:29:56,940 +beginning. Before the beginning. The beginning of + +476 +00:29:56,940 --> 00:29:59,320 +the beginning of the beginning that begins the + +477 +00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:03,040 +beginning. And in this funny way, the main + +478 +00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,340 +character is born actually somewhere after like 50 + +479 +00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:10,080 +or 70 pages. The main character, so what happens + +480 +00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:12,240 +in the beginning? He's just making fun of people + +481 +00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,300 +who say, I was born, and I did this, and I was a + +482 +00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,280 +kid, and I went to school, and I'm in something. + +483 +00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,940 +So sometimes people tell us stories, and we tell + +484 +00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:22,940 +them, why don't you tell us the story of your + +485 +00:30:22,940 --> 00:30:26,400 +grandmother while you were here? So get to the + +486 +00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,120 +point. Don't do this. Don't give me details, + +487 +00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:34,220 +meticulously detailed, for example, accounts about + +488 +00:30:34,220 --> 00:30:38,830 +something. The significant thing, he plays, he + +489 +00:30:38,830 --> 00:30:41,470 +destroys all the rules, the traditional rules. + +490 +00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:44,090 +Number one, he doesn't follow the traditional + +491 +00:30:44,090 --> 00:30:47,990 +classical timeline of the plot. He plays with the + +492 +00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:50,370 +characters. He plays with the time. When you read + +493 +00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:53,550 +the book, if you go to the library, the Stanford + +494 +00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:55,330 +University library, you will find, I think there + +495 +00:30:55,330 --> 00:30:58,570 +is a copy, could be two copies actually of the + +496 +00:30:58,570 --> 00:31:02,150 +book. You will see that the book is different. For + +497 +00:31:02,150 --> 00:31:06,790 +example, in all the dedication, the beginning of + +498 +00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:09,150 +the book. You write a book, hopefully, in Jamal. + +499 +00:31:09,810 --> 00:31:13,730 +And you say it to my grandmother. To my teacher, + +500 +00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,710 +whom I hated very much, and whose hatred inspired + +501 +00:31:17,710 --> 00:31:21,630 +me to write this book. To my dog, or to my cat, or + +502 +00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:26,530 +to my favorite pen or pencil, or to my Twitter + +503 +00:31:26,530 --> 00:31:29,210 +followers. This is your dedication. You find it + +504 +00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:31,910 +somewhere in the middle of the book. This is + +505 +00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,000 +called deconstruction. The table of contents, you + +506 +00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,560 +know the table of contents? It's somewhere near + +507 +00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,700 +the end. Some chapters are like 100 pages. Some + +508 +00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:43,340 +chapters are two sentences. + +509 +00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:51,500 +The chapters are not arranged chronologically like + +510 +00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:53,140 +chapter one, two, three. Some chapters are + +511 +00:31:53,140 --> 00:31:55,740 +missing, like chapter one and then three, four, + +512 +00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:59,500 +five, and then six, seven are missing. Some pages + +513 +00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,540 +are missing. Some pages are black, like black, + +514 +00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:05,580 +like nothing. And he says like, this is for the + +515 +00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:08,640 +reader to think of, to film, you know, to think of + +516 +00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,260 +and imagine a possible outcome of this. Some page, + +517 +00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,220 +one page is black, like ink. + +518 +00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,000 +Very interesting stuff. Many people loved this, by + +519 +00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,860 +the way, but some critics didn't. What are you + +520 +00:32:24,860 --> 00:32:29,180 +doing? And it is full of what we call digressions. + +521 +00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:31,480 +When I tell you a story and I change it to another + +522 +00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:35,360 +story, this is called digression, deviation, etc. + +523 +00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,280 +Like he digresses along and he never comes back to + +524 +00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:40,100 +the original story + +525 +00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,340 +Maybe in the summer you have time. If you have + +526 +00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:48,680 +time in the summer, you can read. It's a + +527 +00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:54,800 +challenge, but it's a very rewarding experience. A + +528 +00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,660 +lot of diversions. So this is a novel in the 18th + +529 +00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:02,840 +century that is not following any of the + +530 +00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,420 +traditional rules of novel writing. This is called + +531 +00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:12,630 +an experimental novel. Experimental? A novel that + +532 +00:33:12,630 --> 00:33:14,990 +wants to change the rules, to break the rules, to + +533 +00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:18,550 +change everything. It's also a modernist novel. + +534 +00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:19,510 +You know why modernist? + +535 +00:33:22,410 --> 00:33:25,970 +Some people think modernism is in the 20th + +536 +00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:28,390 +century. No. In my opinion, John Donne is a + +537 +00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:31,210 +modernist. A modernist author, someone who wants + +538 +00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:34,910 +to change the hierarchical rules. to break the + +539 +00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:38,710 +rules of writing. + +540 +00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:41,490 +So that's modernism. + +541 +00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:47,770 +So Tristram Shandy, in my opinion, is called an + +542 +00:33:47,770 --> 00:33:50,690 +experimental and a modernist novel because it + +543 +00:33:50,690 --> 00:33:53,770 +breaks the rules and tries to create new things in + +544 +00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:57,730 +the way people write. It was Samuel Johnson who + +545 +00:33:57,730 --> 00:34:00,670 +criticized this. He said something that is odd + +546 +00:34:00,670 --> 00:34:04,020 +doesn't live long. exactly like he said something + +547 +00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:07,980 +about John Donne criticizing his new way of + +548 +00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:10,740 +writing. Now, in the 20th century, this way of + +549 +00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:16,280 +writing novels became very famous. We have Ulysses + +550 +00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:19,160 +by James Joyce, sometimes Faulkner Breaks the + +551 +00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:21,600 +Rules, sometimes Kafka. Have you heard of Kafka? + +552 +00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,940 +Important names. Many people started, exactly like + +553 +00:34:24,940 --> 00:34:27,440 +many poets started imitating John Donne or writing + +554 +00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,760 +like John Donne, breaking the rules, not following + +555 +00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:34,730 +them. Many people started saying, oh, this is + +556 +00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:39,210 +really, really ahead of its time. So the book, in + +557 +00:34:39,210 --> 00:34:43,110 +a way, was written 200 years before its time. This + +558 +00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:46,390 +is how genius Lawrence has done. This is + +559 +00:34:46,390 --> 00:34:49,330 +significant. All my exams are always, you know, + +560 +00:34:50,450 --> 00:34:54,810 +including stuff from this guy. I think you should + +561 +00:34:54,810 --> 00:34:58,650 +tell. You can tell now what things I like to test + +562 +00:34:58,650 --> 00:35:04,510 +you in your exams. So again, what does he do? He + +563 +00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:06,410 +breaks everything, breaks the rules. For example, + +564 +00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:09,750 +the traditional plot this way, what does he do + +565 +00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:12,030 +again? He changes it. He changes it all. He's the + +566 +00:35:12,030 --> 00:35:15,250 +first one to do that. He wants to show us it's + +567 +00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,840 +very stupid and foolish to control the events. of + +568 +00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,300 +somebody to restrict them to rules of a plot + +569 +00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,680 +beginning and ending. And he also wants to mirror + +570 +00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,660 +life. He says, in life, this is not the novel. + +571 +00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,820 +Robinson Crusoe is not the typical true life of + +572 +00:35:31,820 --> 00:35:35,160 +Robinson Crusoe because he hides everything. And + +573 +00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:39,060 +he shows us several things that he wants to show + +574 +00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:42,960 +us. In this novel, he speaks everything that comes + +575 +00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:48,020 +to his mind. And that's why I'll show you later + +576 +00:35:48,020 --> 00:35:52,020 +on. This is a novel that uses a technique, a new + +577 +00:35:52,020 --> 00:35:55,740 +technique in story writing. But before that, let's + +578 +00:35:55,740 --> 00:36:02,820 +see this. This is something from the book. So when + +579 +00:36:02,820 --> 00:36:08,060 +he's talking and ranting and talking and talking + +580 +00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:12,940 +about details and details, he shows us his life, + +581 +00:36:13,020 --> 00:36:16,740 +how his life started. So this is probably the + +582 +00:36:16,740 --> 00:36:18,920 +parents and they're meeting and they're happy, + +583 +00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:20,920 +they're not happy, something, and then he goes + +584 +00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,570 +back to tell us when he was born or something. So + +585 +00:36:24,570 --> 00:36:28,970 +his idea of the plot doesn't follow a linear or + +586 +00:36:28,970 --> 00:36:33,710 +this arch form. It goes forward, backward, it goes + +587 +00:36:33,710 --> 00:36:36,210 +up, it goes something like this, it goes down, and + +588 +00:36:36,210 --> 00:36:40,850 +something like this. This is his idea of the plot + +589 +00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:43,210 +in the book. Sometimes it goes down, sometimes it + +590 +00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:46,810 +goes up. But his perfect line, he was only happy + +591 +00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:50,870 +with this. So in the book, look at the book page + +592 +00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:56,630 +87. Yep. So this is, in a way, what he's happy + +593 +00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:59,190 +with. He says, now this is my life. My life is + +594 +00:36:59,190 --> 00:37:02,110 +going to follow this line. And by the way, it's + +595 +00:37:02,110 --> 00:37:04,110 +very difficult for us to draw a line for our + +596 +00:37:04,110 --> 00:37:06,610 +lives. Because sometimes we don't know when we're + +597 +00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:10,770 +going up or back or forward or backward. But see, + +598 +00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,570 +this is the timeline. He tells us that this is + +599 +00:37:14,570 --> 00:37:17,330 +life. It goes up. It goes backward, forward, down, + +600 +00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:20,010 +up, et cetera. And it's interesting how it ends + +601 +00:37:20,010 --> 00:37:23,620 +with this circle thing, like a vicious. Vicious + +602 +00:37:23,620 --> 00:37:27,800 +circle. Vicious circle. That's Lawrence's study. + +603 +00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,320 +So it was first person? It was a first person + +604 +00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,040 +narrator. How did you know? The I. The I, thank + +605 +00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,920 +you. So I, I, I, me, my. It's a first person + +606 +00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:40,440 +narrator. He doesn't only use the first person + +607 +00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,800 +narrator. He uses something called stream of + +608 +00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,700 +consciousness. You know a stream? Stream describes + +609 +00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,100 +when water moving in a canal, like a river, a + +610 +00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:56,240 +stream. Consciousness is the ideas in your mind. + +611 +00:37:56,340 --> 00:38:01,460 +He doesn't only tell us the ideas. He gets inside + +612 +00:38:01,460 --> 00:38:07,620 +the mind of the character. He follows important + +613 +00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:10,860 +definition. The first one ever, the first author + +614 +00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:14,120 +ever to use this technique in narration is + +615 +00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:19,450 +Lawrence Stern in his novel It's called stream of + +616 +00:38:19,450 --> 00:38:21,970 +consciousness. Stream of consciousness follows the + +617 +00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:26,250 +thoughts, the ideas. of the characters as they + +618 +00:38:26,250 --> 00:38:29,730 +come, as they shape, as they form in their minds. + +619 +00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:33,470 +For example, when you tell me a story, or you tell + +620 +00:38:33,470 --> 00:38:36,050 +me what happened to you, why you're late. If I ask + +621 +00:38:36,050 --> 00:38:39,170 +you, why are you late? You say, I overslept. I was + +622 +00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:42,830 +preparing a presentation. And then my mom tried to + +623 +00:38:42,830 --> 00:38:46,330 +wake me up. I couldn't. I was tired. And I had to + +624 +00:38:46,330 --> 00:38:49,390 +have my breakfast. And I took a taxi. The taxi was + +625 +00:38:49,390 --> 00:38:52,350 +slow and et cetera. You tell me the story, the + +626 +00:38:52,350 --> 00:38:56,080 +ideas you think. represent you better, represent + +627 +00:38:56,080 --> 00:39:03,000 +you well. But what happens in our minds? It's a + +628 +00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,080 +lot. It's not something different. It's a lot. If + +629 +00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,760 +I get inside your mind or you get inside my mind + +630 +00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,040 +or you get inside anybody's mind there are all + +631 +00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,280 +sorts of crazy ideas there especially like when + +632 +00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,020 +you wake up when when we wake up when you tell a + +633 +00:39:22,020 --> 00:39:25,140 +story about yourself say oh this morning I my mom + +634 +00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:30,200 +awakened me and she prepared me she had already + +635 +00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,120 +prepared my favorite + +636 +00:39:34,890 --> 00:39:39,250 +Breakfast, pancake, boiled eggs, cup of tea or + +637 +00:39:39,250 --> 00:39:42,590 +something. That's the story. But in reality, when + +638 +00:39:42,590 --> 00:39:44,810 +we wake up every day in the morning, we have so + +639 +00:39:44,810 --> 00:39:49,130 +many things to think about. Another day, I have to + +640 +00:39:49,130 --> 00:39:53,190 +go to school. I have to go to my classes. I have + +641 +00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:56,870 +to read to prepare. Oh, my mom is shouting. Oh, + +642 +00:39:56,990 --> 00:40:00,570 +mom, stop shouting. It's going to be eggs and + +643 +00:40:00,570 --> 00:40:06,270 +pancake, eggs and olive oil and cheese every day, + +644 +00:40:06,370 --> 00:40:09,370 +like every day. I wish I can change. I wish I can + +645 +00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,810 +stay in bed for long. I have all these ideas. I + +646 +00:40:11,810 --> 00:40:14,130 +don't want to go out. But I have to go out. This + +647 +00:40:14,130 --> 00:40:17,070 +is a dream of consciousness and even more. That's + +648 +00:40:17,070 --> 00:40:20,110 +why in Robinson Crusoe, I said this about Robinson + +649 +00:40:20,110 --> 00:40:24,890 +Crusoe, it covers about 35 years in the life of + +650 +00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:30,610 +Robinson Crusoe in 400 pages. So 400 pages, 35 + +651 +00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:33,950 +years. In the 20th century, there is a novel + +652 +00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:39,910 +called Ulysses. Ulysses by James Joyce. Ulysses. + +653 +00:40:44,980 --> 00:40:50,100 +Ulysses is about 1,000 words. K means thousand. + +654 +00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:59,800 +Sorry, 1,000 pages. 1,000 pages. How long do you + +655 +00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:03,860 +think does the story tell us about the life of the + +656 +00:41:03,860 --> 00:41:07,040 +main character? How many years? How many months? + +657 +00:41:07,140 --> 00:41:16,500 +How many? If 400 pages, 35. 35. So how long do you + +658 +00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:20,820 +expect? How many years? 100. 100 years. Maybe + +659 +00:41:20,820 --> 00:41:24,920 +before he was born. Maybe before he was born. So + +660 +00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,280 +yeah, a thousand pages is going to tell us a lot + +661 +00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:33,240 +of details. Maybe about how his grandparents met + +662 +00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,840 +and what came of him and how his parents were born + +663 +00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:40,100 +and everything. But because in Ulysses, the author + +664 +00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:44,240 +takes The stream of consciousness technique of + +665 +00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:48,280 +narration taken from Tristram Shandy, it covers + +666 +00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:53,080 +only, can you guess? Say again? One day? Can you + +667 +00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:57,140 +guess? One week? You will be surprised. + +668 +00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,500 +Eighteen hours only. + +669 +00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:07,610 +How many pages can you write about your day when + +670 +00:42:07,610 --> 00:42:09,570 +you go back home today? How many pages can you + +671 +00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,770 +write at the end of the day? A couple of pages, + +672 +00:42:12,190 --> 00:42:16,470 +three pages, five pages. But if you get every + +673 +00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,870 +single little tiny idea that comes, that crosses + +674 +00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:22,590 +your mind about everything you notice. When you're + +675 +00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,590 +walking, we judge people. We think of stuff. We + +676 +00:42:25,590 --> 00:42:28,690 +decide. We always have a conflict between things. + +677 +00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,890 +So 1,000 pages, 18 hours. How can you do it? + +678 +00:42:33,970 --> 00:42:38,230 +Stream of consciousness. The narrator is inside + +679 +00:42:38,230 --> 00:42:41,790 +the mind, his own mind, her own mind, or the mind + +680 +00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:45,090 +of a particular character. And doesn't reveal + +681 +00:42:45,090 --> 00:42:49,990 +ideas. Reveals ideas even before they become ideas + +682 +00:42:49,990 --> 00:42:53,530 +and all sorts of ideas. So if you tell me, I went + +683 +00:42:53,530 --> 00:42:56,010 +to the cafeteria and I had a falafel sandwich. + +684 +00:42:56,810 --> 00:43:00,440 +That's the idea. But before that, it was like, am + +685 +00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,600 +I hungry? I think I'm hungry. I think, yeah, I + +686 +00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,600 +think I'm hungry. I should eat something before I + +687 +00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,700 +rush to class, or else I'll sleep or something. + +688 +00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:13,320 +Oh, I hate going to the cafeteria. It's crowded. + +689 +00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,660 +It's close. I hate everything there. I hate the + +690 +00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:20,040 +smell of food. Maybe I should go and grab some + +691 +00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:24,660 +pizza or cheesecake or ice cream or grab something + +692 +00:43:24,660 --> 00:43:29,950 +to drink or, oh, But I hate it. I don't want to + +693 +00:43:29,950 --> 00:43:31,910 +drink coffee. I hate coffee. Maybe something cold. + +694 +00:43:32,730 --> 00:43:35,390 +No, no, I think I am too hungry to drink + +695 +00:43:35,390 --> 00:43:37,050 +something. I think I'll eat something. It could be + +696 +00:43:37,050 --> 00:43:42,170 +falafel or maybe not. And then you go, you decide, + +697 +00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:46,220 +you eat something. So this is the idea before it + +698 +00:43:46,220 --> 00:43:49,900 +becomes an idea. Before it, you have so many ideas + +699 +00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:52,400 +and you... this is stream of consciousness. Isn't + +700 +00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,700 +this so stressful to write about? When I come back + +701 +00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,000 +home and I start thinking, I remember every single + +702 +00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:03,560 +thing I did? Of course. Listen, writing about + +703 +00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:08,210 +yourself could be stressful. But at the same time, + +704 +00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:12,050 +it could be releasing. You know, you release the + +705 +00:44:12,050 --> 00:44:17,230 +tension, the negativity, like you heal sometimes. + +706 +00:44:17,610 --> 00:44:20,410 +Sometimes you can't. That's why sometimes we need + +707 +00:44:20,410 --> 00:44:22,890 +people to talk to. If you're sad, you're angry, + +708 +00:44:22,990 --> 00:44:25,470 +you go to talk to your mom, your dad, your friend. + +709 +00:44:26,370 --> 00:44:28,530 +You call her, you chat with her. Are you online? + +710 +00:44:28,670 --> 00:44:31,910 +Let's chat. I am not feeling well. I had this + +711 +00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:34,990 +thing today with a teacher with one of my friends. + +712 +00:44:35,250 --> 00:44:38,760 +I'm not feeling good about it. And then when you + +713 +00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,880 +start talking, you heal. You release some of the + +714 +00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,100 +tension and the anger inside. But yeah, it is very + +715 +00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,220 +stressful. This one was very successful. And this + +716 +00:44:48,220 --> 00:44:50,600 +one is also very successful book. It's not easy to + +717 +00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:52,600 +read. But when you read it, it's very challenging. + +718 +00:44:53,580 --> 00:44:56,160 +Very challenging. Something really interesting. + +719 +00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:00,940 +I'll try to conclude here very quickly. So in a + +720 +00:45:00,940 --> 00:45:04,200 +novel, we have the characters. The character could + +721 +00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:10,490 +be The protagonist or antagonist? Flat or round? + +722 +00:45:10,590 --> 00:45:12,490 +Flat, someone who doesn't change. Round, someone + +723 +00:45:12,490 --> 00:45:15,550 +who changes. Complex. The theme, what is it about? + +724 +00:45:15,690 --> 00:45:19,350 +The plot. The classical plot is A, B, C. + +725 +00:45:19,490 --> 00:45:22,310 +Beginning, middle, and ending. But not Tristram + +726 +00:45:22,310 --> 00:45:24,810 +Shandy. He doesn't follow this. The point of view. + +727 +00:45:25,110 --> 00:45:28,510 +First person narrator, he, she, they. First person + +728 +00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:31,430 +narrator, I, and then the setting, the time, and + +729 +00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:33,530 +the place, and the age, and then the conflict. The + +730 +00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:36,690 +conflict could be between people, ages, or inside + +731 +00:45:36,690 --> 00:45:41,150 +your mind. Internal or? External. And finally, + +732 +00:45:41,590 --> 00:45:45,650 +that's the novel here. Many shapes, many forms. + +733 +00:45:46,170 --> 00:45:49,190 +When we speak about the ways we have the first + +734 +00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:51,910 +person journalistic point of view, the letters, + +735 +00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:55,170 +the episodes, the epistolary, the third person, + +736 +00:45:55,350 --> 00:45:58,170 +the all-knowing, a narrator, a stream of + +737 +00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,010 +consciousness. And we have a novel that can be + +738 +00:46:01,010 --> 00:46:04,780 +described as social novel. Psychological novel? + +739 +00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:08,540 +Philosophical novel? Romantic novel? Comic novel? + +740 +00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:12,020 +Satirical novel? Or even political novel? My last + +741 +00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:16,320 +point, can a story, can a novel include more? + +742 +00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:21,240 +Could it be socio-political? Yeah, it could be two + +743 +00:46:21,240 --> 00:46:24,580 +things. Can the same novel have two different + +744 +00:46:24,580 --> 00:46:26,100 +techniques of narrating? + +745 +00:46:28,860 --> 00:46:31,000 +First person, thank you. Or sometimes it could + +746 +00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,880 +change and move. It could be first person or third + +747 +00:46:33,880 --> 00:46:37,920 +person and also letters. Yes. Okay, especially in + +748 +00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,560 +the 20th century, the first real experimental + +749 +00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:46,280 +modernist novelist to break these barriers and + +750 +00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:46,600 +rules. + +751 +00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,540 +Lawrence Stern of Tristram Channel. Thank you very + +752 +00:46:53,540 --> 00:46:57,540 +much. I'll stop here. Do stay if you have any + +753 +00:46:57,540 --> 00:46:58,960 +question everyone. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c14014147b81668633599ec0cdfa1f6cd640b8e --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,3012 @@ +1 +00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,510 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah. Welcome back to + +2 +00:00:23,510 --> 00:00:25,550 +the English literature course at the Islamic + +3 +00:00:25,550 --> 00:00:30,790 +University, the English department. Last time we + +4 +00:00:30,790 --> 00:00:36,170 +had to rush with the modest proposal by Daniel + +5 +00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:40,290 +Defoe. And I said the modest proposal is + +6 +00:00:40,290 --> 00:00:45,890 +basically, and it's an article rather than a work + +7 +00:00:45,890 --> 00:00:49,150 +of fiction. But in the book, + +8 +00:00:52,210 --> 00:00:55,050 +Here, it's right after the novel, when we're + +9 +00:00:55,050 --> 00:00:57,290 +talking about the novel. So it gives us the + +10 +00:00:57,290 --> 00:01:02,250 +impression that it is a whole story about stuff. + +11 +00:01:02,330 --> 00:01:05,090 +So this is prose, but it's an article rather than + +12 +00:01:05,090 --> 00:01:12,390 +a novel. Now, in my interpretation of, sorry, I + +13 +00:01:12,390 --> 00:01:15,890 +messed up. I have to begin again. + +14 +00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:27,760 +Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English + +15 +00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,200 +literature course at the Islamic University. Last + +16 +00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:35,760 +time we continued our lectures on the rise of the + +17 +00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:39,440 +novel, the 18th century, the Augustan Age. And we + +18 +00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:43,280 +stopped at Jonathan Swift. And in many ways, we + +19 +00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,300 +said Swift is interesting and different. He + +20 +00:01:47,300 --> 00:01:52,060 +doesn't fit. in an age where stories generally had + +21 +00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,220 +happy endings, to appeal to the readers, to try, + +22 +00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,140 +remember this stable and strong England or + +23 +00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,840 +Britain, the British Empire was seeking, they + +24 +00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:04,860 +didn't want change, they didn't want revolutions. + +25 +00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,860 +His books are generally very openly attacking + +26 +00:02:11,860 --> 00:02:14,560 +humanity in general and human beings in general, + +27 +00:02:14,640 --> 00:02:17,180 +but also the English society and the British + +28 +00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:20,660 +imperialism. As an Irish writer, his writing is + +29 +00:02:20,660 --> 00:02:27,340 +different. Now, how much of his Irishness is there + +30 +00:02:27,340 --> 00:02:31,960 +in his work, in his novels, in his essays and + +31 +00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,040 +articles, is something, an issue probably some of + +32 +00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,510 +you want to pursue later on and look into. But + +33 +00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:42,610 +certainly, Gulliver's Travels is a book that + +34 +00:02:42,610 --> 00:02:45,590 +openly, clearly satirizes and attacks the British + +35 +00:02:45,590 --> 00:02:48,970 +Empire. And this could be one reason why, in a + +36 +00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,650 +way, he was not received well by the readers, the + +37 +00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,030 +English, especially the English readers. So his + +38 +00:02:57,030 --> 00:02:59,250 +book, Gulliver's Travels, was meant to be a + +39 +00:02:59,250 --> 00:03:03,290 +serious satire against humanity, mankind, and in + +40 +00:03:03,290 --> 00:03:05,070 +particular against religion, the church, and + +41 +00:03:05,070 --> 00:03:08,480 +science, and the English imperialism. especially + +42 +00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,400 +when it comes to how they were treating Ireland + +43 +00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,220 +and the Irish people. But the book was soon turned + +44 +00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:18,480 +into a book of Children. It doesn't mean that + +45 +00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:20,600 +books written for children are not important and + +46 +00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,220 +they don't have the significant messages and + +47 +00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:26,620 +lessons and morals. They do. But it was, in my + +48 +00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:29,480 +opinion, was marginalized because it was critical. + +49 +00:03:30,380 --> 00:03:33,060 +Now his article, A Modest Proposal, was meant to + +50 +00:03:33,060 --> 00:03:37,880 +be a humorous article also to criticize the + +51 +00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,540 +British Empire. and imperialism of England, + +52 +00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:44,700 +especially against, again, the Irish people. But + +53 +00:03:44,700 --> 00:03:46,780 +everyone who took the article seriously was like, + +54 +00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:50,820 +come on, why are you doing this graphic suggestion + +55 +00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:56,980 +of proposing that the Irish people, because + +56 +00:03:56,980 --> 00:04:01,320 +poverty, starvation, famine, and they had too many + +57 +00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:04,480 +kids, he said, I have a modest proposal for you. + +58 +00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:08,610 +My suggestion is that the Irish people parents + +59 +00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:12,470 +should sell their kids to the English people to be + +60 +00:04:12,470 --> 00:04:16,970 +eaten. And he speaks about the benefits of eating + +61 +00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:20,290 +human flesh and how you can eat it, how you can + +62 +00:04:20,290 --> 00:04:22,050 +cook it, how you can prepare it in a very + +63 +00:04:22,050 --> 00:04:25,530 +disgusting graphic way. Many readers were like, + +64 +00:04:26,130 --> 00:04:30,350 +oh, but this is clearly satirical. It's not he + +65 +00:04:30,350 --> 00:04:34,410 +doesn't mean it. But this is how readers sometimes + +66 +00:04:34,410 --> 00:04:37,290 +take things. They took this seriously and they + +67 +00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:40,450 +took the other book, Gulliver's Travels, lightly. + +68 +00:04:40,890 --> 00:04:43,330 +Today we move to speak about Richardson Fielding + +69 +00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:47,250 +and hopefully if we have time we'll do something + +70 +00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:52,850 +on Lawrence Stern. Now Richardson was also one of + +71 +00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:56,970 +the most successful novelists of the age. He was a + +72 +00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,990 +publisher. Thank you for noticing this. Now in the + +73 +00:04:59,990 --> 00:05:02,230 +book, it says that he was one of the most + +74 +00:05:02,230 --> 00:05:06,090 +enormously successful authors of that time. But is + +75 +00:05:06,090 --> 00:05:08,590 +that because he wrote excellent literature or + +76 +00:05:08,590 --> 00:05:12,430 +because he was a publisher? If you are a + +77 +00:05:12,430 --> 00:05:17,160 +publisher, Exactly. But I'm not going to insult + +78 +00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,580 +him. This is in no way an attempt to insult a + +79 +00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:22,960 +particular famous writer. But to give you an idea + +80 +00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,780 +that people, especially women, had difficulty + +81 +00:05:25,780 --> 00:05:28,480 +publishing. And even men sometimes. You would look + +82 +00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,440 +for a publisher. And so many publishers. And many + +83 +00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,100 +of them would be like, Oh, this is not good for + +84 +00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:36,380 +publishing. Readers will not be interested in + +85 +00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:39,000 +reading about this. I'm not going to give you this + +86 +00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:41,020 +much money. I'm going to give you this little + +87 +00:05:41,020 --> 00:05:43,460 +money or something. But once you're a publisher, + +88 +00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,460 +like you said, you can publish everything you + +89 +00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:51,620 +write. And actually, his first novel, Pamela, was + +90 +00:05:51,620 --> 00:05:55,000 +meant to be letters, advice to people, to women, + +91 +00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:59,340 +et cetera. Notice the names of his novels. One is + +92 +00:05:59,340 --> 00:06:02,440 +Pamela. We see in the other slide a novel called + +93 +00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,080 +Clarissa. The names of women, the names of the + +94 +00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,100 +main characters. Don't forget, the largest portion + +95 +00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,360 +of readership in the 18th century were women. So + +96 +00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:14,840 +readers and publishers wanted to please them, to + +97 +00:06:14,840 --> 00:06:17,000 +appeal to them, to address them, because they + +98 +00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:23,110 +would buy this and that. is a novel about the + +99 +00:06:23,110 --> 00:06:28,270 +typical 18th century woman. She's good, but she is + +100 +00:06:28,270 --> 00:06:31,570 +poor. And if she's good, she's beautiful, she's, + +101 +00:06:31,710 --> 00:06:35,390 +you know, but generally these women fall victims + +102 +00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:39,570 +for rich men, rich people, especially younger + +103 +00:06:39,570 --> 00:06:42,990 +women. The story is generally told to us through + +104 +00:06:44,280 --> 00:06:48,200 +Letters, epistles. We call this type of novels + +105 +00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,480 +epistolary novels. What is an epistolary novel? A + +106 +00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:58,080 +novel that is mainly built on exchange of letters + +107 +00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,400 +or diaries, something like this. So he wants to + +108 +00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:05,790 +marry her. And she goes through a lot of trouble + +109 +00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,290 +and uncertainties and crises because she's poor. + +110 +00:07:09,330 --> 00:07:11,690 +She struggles. No one can defend her. She's all + +111 +00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,190 +alone. She doesn't have her rich family to protect + +112 +00:07:15,190 --> 00:07:18,790 +her and everything. Mr. B, interesting name, Mr. + +113 +00:07:18,910 --> 00:07:23,370 +B. I'm not sure what it is short for. So he's not + +114 +00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:25,150 +the first man. He's the second one. He's not Mr. + +115 +00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:29,490 +A. He's Mr. B. Could be significant. OK? He tries + +116 +00:07:29,490 --> 00:07:35,630 +to rape her. And we know anyone who rapes or tries + +117 +00:07:35,630 --> 00:07:38,750 +to rape should be put in prison, should be + +118 +00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:41,650 +punished, severely punished. This is one of the + +119 +00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:44,970 +worst crimes ever committed. Who's the victim? + +120 +00:07:45,370 --> 00:07:49,490 +Mostly, it's women. Eventually, at the end of some + +121 +00:07:49,490 --> 00:07:51,630 +time in the book, somewhere in the book, she + +122 +00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:55,350 +marries him. She agrees to marry him. He should be + +123 +00:07:55,350 --> 00:07:57,630 +arrested, right? But this is a man. A man can do + +124 +00:07:57,630 --> 00:08:00,190 +anything. If a woman does something wrong, a + +125 +00:08:00,190 --> 00:08:02,450 +mistake, she's horrible, she's a prostitute, she's + +126 +00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,550 +a thief, she's arrested, everyone is like, oh. But + +127 +00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,630 +if a man does this, cut him some slack. It's just + +128 +00:08:08,630 --> 00:08:11,710 +the look at talk. It's just a mistake. He didn't + +129 +00:08:11,710 --> 00:08:15,370 +mean it. Maybe he was under pressure or something. + +130 +00:08:15,450 --> 00:08:17,950 +And this is, again, the double standard of the + +131 +00:08:17,950 --> 00:08:20,850 +system. Some people, by the way, criticized Samuel + +132 +00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:24,780 +Richards on saying this is anti-feminist. But some + +133 +00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:27,780 +readers try to take this as an attack against a + +134 +00:08:27,780 --> 00:08:30,720 +society that is mistreating women, that has double + +135 +00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:34,760 +standards. What's double standards? Exactly, + +136 +00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:38,920 +something for men, something for women, okay? + +137 +00:08:40,020 --> 00:08:44,360 +Where men and women are not equal and the same. So + +138 +00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:48,080 +men always have more freedom to commit mistakes, + +139 +00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:51,740 +to commit crimes even, and they will get away with + +140 +00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:56,970 +it. Now, the book is about many things. It's about + +141 +00:08:56,970 --> 00:09:00,010 +marriage, it's about the power of money, it's + +142 +00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:03,070 +about women at that time, it's about the + +143 +00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:05,750 +relationships and how powerful women and men at + +144 +00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:09,270 +that time can always win the woman they want, etc. + +145 +00:09:09,690 --> 00:09:12,030 +Now this text, because it was interesting, it was + +146 +00:09:12,030 --> 00:09:16,320 +parodied. Very important term we spoke about so + +147 +00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,140 +many times, parody. We'll speak about probably + +148 +00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:23,100 +later in a bit. Parody, the classical definition + +149 +00:09:23,100 --> 00:09:29,120 +is a comic imitation, copy of something generally + +150 +00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,940 +a literary work. Now, parody is all over the + +151 +00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:35,680 +internet. Every day on Twitter, you see parody + +152 +00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:39,880 +accounts. Facebook, parody accounts. Not the real + +153 +00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:44,190 +Trump. Real Donald Trump, whatever. You see, + +154 +00:09:44,570 --> 00:09:47,610 +Donald Trump, a parody account. And sometimes you + +155 +00:09:47,610 --> 00:09:50,950 +can't distinguish between the real account and the + +156 +00:09:50,950 --> 00:09:53,950 +parody account. What does parody aim to? To + +157 +00:09:53,950 --> 00:09:58,890 +criticize. To change. To challenge. To change, to + +158 +00:09:58,890 --> 00:10:02,850 +attack, to satirize. So you imitate something. In + +159 +00:10:02,850 --> 00:10:05,450 +a way, you change something so people can see, oh, + +160 +00:10:05,790 --> 00:10:10,690 +interesting stuff. Okay? Parody. And he names his + +161 +00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,790 +novel, it was parodied by Henry Fielding. We'll + +162 +00:10:13,790 --> 00:10:16,750 +talk about Fielding in a bit. In a book named + +163 +00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:23,050 +Shamila. I like the choice of name here because + +164 +00:10:23,050 --> 00:10:26,190 +it's part of it. It's the same music. Pamela, + +165 +00:10:26,370 --> 00:10:29,450 +Shamila, Pamela, Shamila, right? But there is + +166 +00:10:29,450 --> 00:10:33,930 +shame here in the word. What significance does it + +167 +00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:36,930 +have? I'm not going to give you more details here. + +168 +00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,330 +This is enough for you. But if you want to know + +169 +00:10:39,330 --> 00:10:42,670 +more about Shamila, you can go read something. So + +170 +00:10:42,670 --> 00:10:47,150 +which is the parody? Shamila, because there's + +171 +00:10:47,150 --> 00:10:49,930 +shame here. The woman is shamed. The man is + +172 +00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:53,490 +shameless. And parody was very famous at that + +173 +00:10:53,490 --> 00:10:56,690 +time. Remember, we spoke about criticism and + +174 +00:10:56,690 --> 00:10:59,570 +journalism and the rise of the middle class and + +175 +00:10:59,570 --> 00:11:02,490 +readership. That's why many people wanted to + +176 +00:11:02,490 --> 00:11:04,850 +publish, why many people wanted to read. But + +177 +00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:08,490 +parody was one significant literary device that + +178 +00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:11,930 +made people write many works. So this man writes a + +179 +00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:15,110 +novel, somebody parodies him. Another man parodies + +180 +00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:17,790 +him. And another writer parodies him. And thus, we + +181 +00:11:17,790 --> 00:11:24,110 +have a lot of good literary works. The other book + +182 +00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,350 +by Richardson. So this is my comment here. That + +183 +00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:32,310 +the readers, some readers, or many, find the moral + +184 +00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:35,770 +tone of Richardson's novels hard to accept, + +185 +00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:42,920 +especially women. Hard to accept because women, in + +186 +00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,140 +his books, are always victims to male violence. + +187 +00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:49,480 +They can't defend themselves. They're not strong + +188 +00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:53,520 +enough. They're naive, inexperienced. Why are you + +189 +00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,340 +presenting women like this? Why are you exposing + +190 +00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:02,360 +women as poor and weak and helpless? Helpless in + +191 +00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:04,430 +the sense that they can't defend themselves. Maybe + +192 +00:12:04,430 --> 00:12:06,650 +he's trying to describe the society. Thank you + +193 +00:12:06,650 --> 00:12:08,670 +very much. Interesting. Don't usually take a + +194 +00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:12,510 +literary work as Shakespeare and Shiloh. Is + +195 +00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:15,270 +Shakespeare antisemitic? Or is he exposing the + +196 +00:12:15,270 --> 00:12:15,690 +society? + +197 +00:12:18,690 --> 00:12:22,370 +So Clarissa is another. Again, the name is + +198 +00:12:22,370 --> 00:12:24,930 +Clarissa, the name of the woman. But it's the + +199 +00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,950 +opposite. We have here a rich, beautiful woman and + +200 +00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:30,910 +a poor man, a womanizer. Womanizer is a man who + +201 +00:12:30,910 --> 00:12:36,590 +chases women, goes after women. Her parents say no + +202 +00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:39,830 +to loveless. They say, no. You shouldn't marry + +203 +00:12:39,830 --> 00:12:42,090 +this man. You should marry the other rich man. + +204 +00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:46,290 +Arranged marriage. It's always been around for + +205 +00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:49,010 +women. Women are always told what to do, and how + +206 +00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:51,890 +to do, and what not to do. It's interesting how + +207 +00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:54,690 +this ends, because we'll see when you don't listen + +208 +00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:57,110 +to your parents, like in Robinson Crusoe. Robinson + +209 +00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:59,830 +Crusoe didn't listen to his parents, remember? But + +210 +00:12:59,830 --> 00:13:02,500 +what happened to him? He became one of the richest + +211 +00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:07,000 +men ever. He owned an island. He became rich. + +212 +00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,240 +Yeah, he went through some difficulties. But + +213 +00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:15,620 +eventually, he became rich. But this woman says, + +214 +00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:18,300 +no, sorry. I'm not going to marry that old rich + +215 +00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:23,040 +man, mom, dad. She is convinced by Lovelace to + +216 +00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:26,020 +elope. You know, did we mention the word elope + +217 +00:13:26,020 --> 00:13:26,640 +before? + +218 +00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:34,070 +When two people, a woman and a man, agreed to run, + +219 +00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,010 +to escape, to run away, not to listen to their + +220 +00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:39,390 +parents and to get married. This is called elope. + +221 +00:13:39,950 --> 00:13:41,950 +Interesting word in English. We don't have an + +222 +00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:45,450 +equivalent for this in Arabic. If you want to + +223 +00:13:45,450 --> 00:13:48,590 +translate it into Arabic, you need to explain it. + +224 +00:13:49,090 --> 00:13:53,290 +So when two people decide to run away because + +225 +00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:57,810 +their parents don't give them their consent, their + +226 +00:13:57,810 --> 00:14:01,490 +approval. So they run away to get married. He + +227 +00:14:01,490 --> 00:14:05,370 +takes her to London. And London is generally a + +228 +00:14:05,370 --> 00:14:08,570 +place for sin, for vices, for corruption, for + +229 +00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,630 +death, generally. And that's the city in general + +230 +00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:16,050 +and London in particular. She lives among the + +231 +00:14:16,050 --> 00:14:19,570 +prostitutes where she thinks she viewed because + +232 +00:14:19,570 --> 00:14:21,770 +she's inexperienced. She doesn't know people. + +233 +00:14:21,890 --> 00:14:24,490 +She's a woman, inexperienced and naive and + +234 +00:14:24,490 --> 00:14:27,420 +gullible. and thinking that they are very + +235 +00:14:27,420 --> 00:14:30,560 +respectable people. But also, the book could be + +236 +00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,860 +implying that those people who took care of her + +237 +00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:35,880 +could be better than her parents, who didn't + +238 +00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,720 +listen to her, didn't engage in dialogue. So those + +239 +00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:41,860 +people also have morals and ethics of their own, + +240 +00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:45,340 +regardless what job they're doing. Again, because + +241 +00:14:45,340 --> 00:14:50,140 +man always wants to control woman. He drugs her + +242 +00:14:50,140 --> 00:14:56,870 +and rapes her. Before this, we spoke about Also, + +243 +00:14:57,110 --> 00:15:00,710 +the issue of rape in the novel. And it was + +244 +00:15:00,710 --> 00:15:03,610 +considered scandalous and objectionable. Mary + +245 +00:15:03,610 --> 00:15:07,650 +Manley. Mary Manley, thank you. She discussed this + +246 +00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:11,250 +first. And everyone was like, come on, shh. Don't + +247 +00:15:11,250 --> 00:15:16,090 +do this. Don't expose this. Don't take this out. + +248 +00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:18,290 +Keep it inside somewhere in the closet. + +249 +00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:24,220 +Scandalous. So he drugs her and rapes her. Rips + +250 +00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:27,600 +her. She dies. She goes again. Generally, women + +251 +00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,460 +react to difficult situations by crying, by going + +252 +00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:33,920 +insane, and by dying. And this is in English + +253 +00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:38,180 +literature. A very anti-feminist idea. But the + +254 +00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:42,360 +man, how does he die? In a fight. A man is a man. + +255 +00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:49,740 +He always dies fighting, dies brave. In a way, + +256 +00:15:49,780 --> 00:15:51,400 +yeah. I don't want to describe it as honorable, + +257 +00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,780 +but he dies fighting. When you read literature, + +258 +00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,020 +when you read novels and poems and plays, always + +259 +00:15:57,020 --> 00:16:00,880 +try to compare how things, how people react, how + +260 +00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,500 +women react, how men react. I was just discussing + +261 +00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:08,060 +Oliver Twist in today's class. When Nancy, a + +262 +00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680 +character in the book, dies, her best friend, + +263 +00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:17,520 +Bette, reacts by weeping and crying and going + +264 +00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,680 +crazy, and she's taken to hospital. Her friend + +265 +00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,580 +Tom, the boy, reacts by attacking the murderer. + +266 +00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:31,580 +Because he's a boy. But the girl always goes + +267 +00:16:31,580 --> 00:16:35,640 +insane. This is an anti-feminist idea. So the + +268 +00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,220 +woman is still a victim of men. So when we talk + +269 +00:16:40,220 --> 00:16:42,840 +about the rules of moral behavior in male and + +270 +00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,000 +female relationships here, the book gives the + +271 +00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,220 +impression that this is the norm. These norms are + +272 +00:16:49,220 --> 00:16:52,540 +fixed. This is the society. Again, some people + +273 +00:16:52,540 --> 00:16:54,560 +disagree with him, but some people say, I think + +274 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,960 +he's criticizing the society. He's not telling + +275 +00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,460 +women what to do. He's actually provoking women. + +276 +00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,060 +You know what provoking means? Provoking means you + +277 +00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:09,060 +should change your destination, like destiny, + +278 +00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:12,020 +sorry. You should change your life or you will end + +279 +00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:16,220 +up raped and killed, like this. So raise your + +280 +00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:19,160 +voice, fight for yourselves, defend yourselves in + +281 +00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,220 +a way or another. Interesting thing about + +282 +00:17:22,220 --> 00:17:24,440 +Richardson, because he was a publisher at that + +283 +00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,640 +time and later on in the Victorian Age, sometimes + +284 +00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,840 +the novels were not published like this like you + +285 +00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,440 +finish writing the book and you give it to the + +286 +00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,240 +publisher you publish it in chapters like two + +287 +00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:38,960 +chapters three chapters every every week or every + +288 +00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:42,660 +day this is called serialization installments you + +289 +00:17:42,660 --> 00:17:45,770 +know installments OK, like two, three chapters + +290 +00:17:45,770 --> 00:17:49,070 +every week. So sometimes he would receive fan mail + +291 +00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:52,050 +of people like, oh, why did you do this? We don't + +292 +00:17:52,050 --> 00:17:54,330 +like this. So if many people would disagree, + +293 +00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:56,850 +disapprove of something, he would change it in a + +294 +00:17:56,850 --> 00:18:01,550 +way to please them. Yes. Is this one reason why + +295 +00:18:01,550 --> 00:18:05,130 +he's successful? Maybe. Maybe. This is called + +296 +00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:08,470 +serialization. Serialization in a novel is when a + +297 +00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:10,710 +novel is published in parts or chapters. In parts, + +298 +00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:12,470 +in chapters, and in a story. + +299 +00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,220 +Now, one of the most interesting writers of this + +300 +00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:23,660 +era is Henry Fielding. Listen to him. Fielding is + +301 +00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:25,380 +known for parodying. + +302 +00:18:29,980 --> 00:18:34,240 +I'm not sure how Richardson reacted to this, + +303 +00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,500 +because he parodied Richardson all the time. So he + +304 +00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:41,300 +wrote Shamilah, parodying Shamilah. And also + +305 +00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:47,180 +Joseph Andrews, in part, is a parody for Pamela. + +306 +00:18:47,940 --> 00:18:49,880 +So every time he must write a book, it just goes + +307 +00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,380 +to Pamela and he parodies it. What an interesting + +308 +00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:55,580 +author he must be. Maybe someone can do a + +309 +00:18:55,580 --> 00:18:58,080 +presentation about this, to see the relationship + +310 +00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:59,760 +between Fielding and Richardson, whether + +311 +00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,300 +Richardson was happy with this or angry. Why do + +312 +00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,660 +you keep imitating me? Why do you keep repeating + +313 +00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,870 +what I'm saying in a way or another? I'll talk + +314 +00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,790 +about parody later on in more detail, but always + +315 +00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:14,050 +think of parody as a type of criticism. + +316 +00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:19,490 +So the difference is that maybe I don't have to + +317 +00:19:19,490 --> 00:19:22,030 +explain much, but maybe you could read the names + +318 +00:19:22,030 --> 00:19:27,150 +of the novels, Joseph and Tom and Clarissa and + +319 +00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:31,020 +Pamela. Boys and girls, male and female. So this + +320 +00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:36,120 +is the male perspective point of view of similar + +321 +00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:36,980 +experiences. + +322 +00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:47,460 +He calls his novels comic epics and prose. An + +323 +00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:53,060 +epic, like before, is a long heroic poem. Some + +324 +00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:56,220 +people say, The epic is the grandmother of the + +325 +00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,080 +novel, because it has the elements of the novel, + +326 +00:19:58,260 --> 00:20:01,300 +but it's in portrait. And the father of the novel, + +327 +00:20:01,540 --> 00:20:04,240 +or the mother of the novel, is the romance we + +328 +00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:09,220 +spoke about with Don Quixote and Vivian Tassin. So + +329 +00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:14,380 +he calls it Comic Epic in Portrait. And comic, + +330 +00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:16,440 +because he will usually focus on the comical + +331 +00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:21,780 +aspect. Sorry? So prose, because the novel is in + +332 +00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:25,540 +prose. Comic, because he usually focuses on the + +333 +00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:28,300 +humorous aspect, the main function of the novel. + +334 +00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:32,740 +Epic, because they are long, in a way, or others. + +335 +00:20:32,820 --> 00:20:36,980 +So usually he focuses on the complicated journeys. + +336 +00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:39,260 +And these are usually described as + +337 +00:20:42,180 --> 00:20:44,760 +Piekarsk novel is a novel about a character who + +338 +00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,920 +goes into a lot of adventures and travel and + +339 +00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:53,720 +crises and uncertainties. Piekarsk, always silent, + +340 +00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,920 +like dialogue and monologue. + +341 +00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:02,980 +Catalogue. Okay? + +342 +00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:10,740 +So what does he do? In Joseph Andrews, I don't + +343 +00:21:10,740 --> 00:21:12,660 +want to tell you the story in detail. There's + +344 +00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:14,360 +something in the book. You can read it for + +345 +00:21:14,360 --> 00:21:17,720 +yourself. But I want to flood you with + +346 +00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,660 +information. So Joseph Andrews also again begins + +347 +00:21:22,660 --> 00:21:28,060 +as a parody of Pamela. But then he changes it a + +348 +00:21:28,060 --> 00:21:31,860 +little bit. And actually Pamela herself is a + +349 +00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:35,740 +character in Joseph Andrews. So he's parodying, + +350 +00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,700 +and he's taking characters from other people, + +351 +00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,120 +borrowing them in a way. It's like, hey, Charlie + +352 +00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:41,880 +Johnson, can you give me this woman? I need a + +353 +00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,200 +woman in my book, and I want to use her in a way + +354 +00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,960 +or another. OK? His plots usually show the + +355 +00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:52,780 +strength and weakness of human beings. Generally, + +356 +00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:58,000 +in that society at that time, strength of men and + +357 +00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,630 +weaknesses of men. Women can always be victims. + +358 +00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:09,450 +Men can easily become victimizers. Men can defend + +359 +00:22:09,450 --> 00:22:14,830 +themselves. Women are defenseless. Women are not + +360 +00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:16,490 +allowed to do mistakes. Men are allowed to do + +361 +00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:19,770 +mistakes. Women are not forgiven. Men are + +362 +00:22:19,770 --> 00:22:23,040 +forgiven. Sometimes they are even rewarded. The + +363 +00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,000 +double standard. Okay? And that's the summary + +364 +00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,160 +here. The conclusion. Men always have fellow + +365 +00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:34,600 +freedom than women. They always win. They always + +366 +00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:39,220 +win. Or even if they die. They die in a fight. + +367 +00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:43,180 +Robinson Crusoe didn't listen to his parents and + +368 +00:22:43,180 --> 00:22:44,960 +he became one of the richest and richest people. + +369 +00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:48,480 +Clarissa didn't listen to her father. But she + +370 +00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:53,820 +died. She died. Horrible, horrible death. Remember + +371 +00:22:53,820 --> 00:22:56,280 +we spoke again about Robinson Crusoe, you see the + +372 +00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:58,500 +first person narrator, the journalistic first + +373 +00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,620 +person narrator, who says I was born, I did this, + +374 +00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,040 +I told my parents, I went, I was shipwrecked, I + +375 +00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:09,640 +saw, I met my man. Richardson using the epistolary + +376 +00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,940 +technique of changing letters and diary writing as + +377 +00:23:14,940 --> 00:23:17,080 +a way of telling us most of the events of the + +378 +00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,340 +story. Henry Fielding uses the third-person + +379 +00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:24,240 +narrator. Third-person narrator when he tells the + +380 +00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:28,200 +story about somebody. He wakes up. She does this. + +381 +00:23:28,360 --> 00:23:32,600 +They do that. They come. He saw her. She saw him. + +382 +00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,380 +She talked. This is called third person narrative. + +383 +00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,960 +It's easy to tell. If you open the novel, and you + +384 +00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:40,500 +see the pronoun I, I, I, I everywhere. First + +385 +00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,320 +person. I, me, mine. It's first person narrative. + +386 +00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,940 +Otherwise, generally. But sometimes he sticks his + +387 +00:23:47,940 --> 00:23:52,080 +head, and he addresses the reader directly. These + +388 +00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:53,980 +people were very conscious that people were + +389 +00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:57,180 +reading their books. So every time, every couple + +390 +00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:00,120 +of chapters, he would say, oh, dear reader, so + +391 +00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:03,380 +dear reader. I think in one book, what is that, + +392 +00:24:03,460 --> 00:24:05,240 +Jane Austen? At the end of the book, he says, + +393 +00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,060 +reader, I married him. Yes. Because they know that + +394 +00:24:08,060 --> 00:24:12,260 +the readers are following the events of the novel + +395 +00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,960 +chapters. So Henry, Joseph, and Bruce, he uses the + +396 +00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:22,590 +perspective, the point, the view, uses the third + +397 +00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:25,010 +part of the library. It's very interesting how the + +398 +00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:29,730 +novel in 50 years or less took many shapes, many + +399 +00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:33,550 +techniques, many styles, many structures, and many + +400 +00:24:33,550 --> 00:24:37,890 +tools. Which is still until now. I think we have + +401 +00:24:37,890 --> 00:24:40,910 +more experimentation. But this gives us the idea + +402 +00:24:40,910 --> 00:24:43,850 +about the classical novel where it has, generally + +403 +00:24:43,850 --> 00:24:46,910 +it has this arch for the plot. + +404 +00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:57,140 +See beginning, it goes up for the complication, + +405 +00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,660 +the climax, it goes down for the resolution. + +406 +00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,460 +And then I'm happy. Or I die. Or somebody dies. Or + +407 +00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:14,320 +something. Yes. We'll see now, an author who + +408 +00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,240 +didn't find this. Remember we spoke about + +409 +00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,760 +Portulia, Rose of Tikora. There was one guy who + +410 +00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,220 +was- No, no, no. Sorry, I'm not following the + +411 +00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,100 +rules. There are always these good people. They + +412 +00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,100 +will generally be branded negatively, framed + +413 +00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:30,860 +negatively by children. Yes. But eventually, many + +414 +00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,380 +people will praise them, recognize them, + +415 +00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:39,890 +appreciate them. This man is Lawrence Stern. I + +416 +00:25:39,890 --> 00:25:44,190 +love Lawrence Stern. He's one of the best. What's + +417 +00:25:44,190 --> 00:25:48,350 +his name? Lawrence Stern. So again, you have many + +418 +00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:52,310 +names to memorize. I'm fine with the Stern name. + +419 +00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:55,550 +Every time you talk, when you answer, just say + +420 +00:25:55,550 --> 00:26:00,030 +Stern. I'm fine. If you're not sure about the + +421 +00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:00,670 +Stern's name, + +422 +00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:12,050 +So, Lawrence's one text was there. It's Tristram + +423 +00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:17,410 +Shand. One of the most interesting novels of all + +424 +00:26:17,410 --> 00:26:21,210 +time. What's the name? Tristram Shand. Some people + +425 +00:26:21,210 --> 00:26:25,530 +call it Shand. But the big title is originally, + +426 +00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:30,130 +The Lives and Opinions of Tristram Shand Digital. + +427 +00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,800 +If you say Shan Di or Tristan or Shan Di, I'm fine + +428 +00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,660 +with that. Okay? + +429 +00:26:40,860 --> 00:26:42,500 +Now this story, + +430 +00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:49,280 +the live opinions of Tristan or Shan Di, does not + +431 +00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,740 +follow any of the rules of the stories we already + +432 +00:26:51,740 --> 00:26:56,880 +discussed. In my opinion, Lauren's turn is the + +433 +00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,740 +John Donne of the novel. Yes, because they both + +434 +00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:04,130 +broke their rules. He doesn't like them. As a + +435 +00:27:04,130 --> 00:27:08,190 +matter of fact, this book has also currently, as + +436 +00:27:08,190 --> 00:27:12,890 +an element, has what we call metafiction. Remember + +437 +00:27:12,890 --> 00:27:17,470 +metafiction? Metafiction is fiction about fiction. + +438 +00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:22,870 +Meaning, a literary work that speaks about + +439 +00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:28,510 +literary works. A literary work that, in a way, + +440 +00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:33,960 +discusses literature. A literary work that makes + +441 +00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:39,500 +you conscious you're reading a book of literature. + +442 +00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,840 +So simply speaking, fiction about fiction. It's + +443 +00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:47,100 +like when you watch a movie and in the movie some + +444 +00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:52,000 +people are making a movie. So the movie shows you + +445 +00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:56,300 +the experience of movie making. So metafiction, + +446 +00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,600 +fiction about it, simply speaking. When you read + +447 +00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,640 +the sonnet, the writer mentions poets, and sonnet + +448 +00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:08,080 +writing, and poetry, and that is living in a + +449 +00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:12,880 +particular way. So there's parody. And what is he + +450 +00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:17,660 +parodying? He's not particularly parodying one + +451 +00:28:17,660 --> 00:28:20,880 +text. He's parodying all the novels of his time. + +452 +00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:26,880 +So when he published this book, Year 17, or late, + +453 +00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,380 +later. + +454 +00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:33,820 +Everyone was writing the novel in the same + +455 +00:28:33,820 --> 00:28:39,200 +traditional classical way. I was born. I did this. + +456 +00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,040 +I said that. I traveled. I met. I got married. I + +457 +00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:49,540 +had kids. I had a job. I traveled to Europe again. + +458 +00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:54,170 +I want to go to America. And then I died. Or I met + +459 +00:28:54,170 --> 00:28:59,690 +somebody, I had a fight. So his disapproval of + +460 +00:28:59,690 --> 00:29:03,590 +this comes in the form of a literary work, Lord + +461 +00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:07,210 +Stern's The Life and Appearance of Justin + +462 +00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:10,690 +Churchill. What does he do in the novel? Listen to + +463 +00:29:10,690 --> 00:29:14,610 +it. Now, generally, typically, again, this is the + +464 +00:29:14,610 --> 00:29:18,090 +traditional line of the novel. Could be like this, + +465 +00:29:18,390 --> 00:29:21,190 +or like this, or like, you know, but this is + +466 +00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:27,160 +always moving. and then falling down. Shandi, + +467 +00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,940 +however, the novel that tells the story, + +468 +00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,600 +supposedly the opinions, we don't, by the way, + +469 +00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,000 +have opinions of Shandi, because many of them are + +470 +00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,440 +not there. He tells us the story of Tristan + +471 +00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:44,020 +Shandi, not when he was born or when he was young, + +472 +00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:46,820 +this is a first person narrator, but before even + +473 +00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,220 +his parents had him, before they got married. So + +474 +00:29:51,220 --> 00:29:54,420 +he begins, not from the beginning, From the very + +475 +00:29:54,420 --> 00:29:56,940 +beginning. Before the beginning. The beginning of + +476 +00:29:56,940 --> 00:29:59,320 +the beginning of the beginning that begins the + +477 +00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:03,040 +beginning. And in this funny way, the main + +478 +00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,340 +character is born actually somewhere after like 50 + +479 +00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:10,080 +or 70 pages. The main character, so what happens + +480 +00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:12,240 +in the beginning? He's just making fun of people + +481 +00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,300 +who say, I was born, and I did this, and I was a + +482 +00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,280 +kid, and I went to school, and I'm in something. + +483 +00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,940 +So sometimes people tell us stories, and we tell + +484 +00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:22,940 +them, why don't you tell us the story of your + +485 +00:30:22,940 --> 00:30:26,400 +grandmother while you were here? So get to the + +486 +00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,120 +point. Don't do this. Don't give me details, + +487 +00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:34,220 +meticulously detailed, for example, accounts about + +488 +00:30:34,220 --> 00:30:38,830 +something. The significant thing, he plays, he + +489 +00:30:38,830 --> 00:30:41,470 +destroys all the rules, the traditional rules. + +490 +00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:44,090 +Number one, he doesn't follow the traditional + +491 +00:30:44,090 --> 00:30:47,990 +classical timeline of the plot. He plays with the + +492 +00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:50,370 +characters. He plays with the time. When you read + +493 +00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:53,550 +the book, if you go to the library, the Stanford + +494 +00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:55,330 +University library, you will find, I think there + +495 +00:30:55,330 --> 00:30:58,570 +is a copy, could be two copies actually of the + +496 +00:30:58,570 --> 00:31:02,150 +book. You will see that the book is different. For + +497 +00:31:02,150 --> 00:31:06,790 +example, in all the dedication, the beginning of + +498 +00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:09,150 +the book. You write a book, hopefully, in Jamal. + +499 +00:31:09,810 --> 00:31:13,730 +And you say it to my grandmother. To my teacher, + +500 +00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,710 +whom I hated very much, and whose hatred inspired + +501 +00:31:17,710 --> 00:31:21,630 +me to write this book. To my dog, or to my cat, or + +502 +00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:26,530 +to my favorite pen or pencil, or to my Twitter + +503 +00:31:26,530 --> 00:31:29,210 +followers. This is your dedication. You find it + +504 +00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:31,910 +somewhere in the middle of the book. This is + +505 +00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,000 +called deconstruction. The table of contents, you + +506 +00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,560 +know the table of contents? It's somewhere near + +507 +00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,700 +the end. Some chapters are like 100 pages. Some + +508 +00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:43,340 +chapters are two sentences. + +509 +00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:51,500 +The chapters are not arranged chronologically like + +510 +00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:53,140 +chapter one, two, three. Some chapters are + +511 +00:31:53,140 --> 00:31:55,740 +missing, like chapter one and then three, four, + +512 +00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:59,500 +five, and then six, seven are missing. Some pages + +513 +00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,540 +are missing. Some pages are black, like black, + +514 +00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:05,580 +like nothing. And he says like, this is for the + +515 +00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:08,640 +reader to think of, to film, you know, to think of + +516 +00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,260 +and imagine a possible outcome of this. Some page, + +517 +00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,220 +one page is black, like ink. + +518 +00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,000 +Very interesting stuff. Many people loved this, by + +519 +00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,860 +the way, but some critics didn't. What are you + +520 +00:32:24,860 --> 00:32:29,180 +doing? And it is full of what we call digressions. + +521 +00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:31,480 +When I tell you a story and I change it to another + +522 +00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:35,360 +story, this is called digression, deviation, etc. + +523 +00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,280 +Like he digresses along and he never comes back to + +524 +00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:40,100 +the original story + +525 +00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,340 +Maybe in the summer you have time. If you have + +526 +00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:48,680 +time in the summer, you can read. It's a + +527 +00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:54,800 +challenge, but it's a very rewarding experience. A + +528 +00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,660 +lot of diversions. So this is a novel in the 18th + +529 +00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:02,840 +century that is not following any of the + +530 +00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,420 +traditional rules of novel writing. This is called + +531 +00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:12,630 +an experimental novel. Experimental? A novel that + +532 +00:33:12,630 --> 00:33:14,990 +wants to change the rules, to break the rules, to + +533 +00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:18,550 +change everything. It's also a modernist novel. + +534 +00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:19,510 +You know why modernist? + +535 +00:33:22,410 --> 00:33:25,970 +Some people think modernism is in the 20th + +536 +00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:28,390 +century. No. In my opinion, John Donne is a + +537 +00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:31,210 +modernist. A modernist author, someone who wants + +538 +00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:34,910 +to change the hierarchical rules. to break the + +539 +00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:38,710 +rules of writing. + +540 +00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:41,490 +So that's modernism. + +541 +00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:47,770 +So Tristram Shandy, in my opinion, is called an + +542 +00:33:47,770 --> 00:33:50,690 +experimental and a modernist novel because it + +543 +00:33:50,690 --> 00:33:53,770 +breaks the rules and tries to create new things in + +544 +00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:57,730 +the way people write. It was Samuel Johnson who + +545 +00:33:57,730 --> 00:34:00,670 +criticized this. He said something that is odd + +546 +00:34:00,670 --> 00:34:04,020 +doesn't live long. exactly like he said something + +547 +00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:07,980 +about John Donne criticizing his new way of + +548 +00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:10,740 +writing. Now, in the 20th century, this way of + +549 +00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:16,280 +writing novels became very famous. We have Ulysses + +550 +00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:19,160 +by James Joyce, sometimes Faulkner Breaks the + +551 +00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:21,600 +Rules, sometimes Kafka. Have you heard of Kafka? + +552 +00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,940 +Important names. Many people started, exactly like + +553 +00:34:24,940 --> 00:34:27,440 +many poets started imitating John Donne or writing + +554 +00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,760 +like John Donne, breaking the rules, not following + +555 +00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:34,730 +them. Many people started saying, oh, this is + +556 +00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:39,210 +really, really ahead of its time. So the book, in + +557 +00:34:39,210 --> 00:34:43,110 +a way, was written 200 years before its time. This + +558 +00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:46,390 +is how genius Lawrence has done. This is + +559 +00:34:46,390 --> 00:34:49,330 +significant. All my exams are always, you know, + +560 +00:34:50,450 --> 00:34:54,810 +including stuff from this guy. I think you should + +561 +00:34:54,810 --> 00:34:58,650 +tell. You can tell now what things I like to test + +562 +00:34:58,650 --> 00:35:04,510 +you in your exams. So again, what does he do? He + +563 +00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:06,410 +breaks everything, breaks the rules. For example, + +564 +00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:09,750 +the traditional plot this way, what does he do + +565 +00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:12,030 +again? He changes it. He changes it all. He's the + +566 +00:35:12,030 --> 00:35:15,250 +first one to do that. He wants to show us it's + +567 +00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,840 +very stupid and foolish to control the events. of + +568 +00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,300 +somebody to restrict them to rules of a plot + +569 +00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,680 +beginning and ending. And he also wants to mirror + +570 +00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,660 +life. He says, in life, this is not the novel. + +571 +00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,820 +Robinson Crusoe is not the typical true life of + +572 +00:35:31,820 --> 00:35:35,160 +Robinson Crusoe because he hides everything. And + +573 +00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:39,060 +he shows us several things that he wants to show + +574 +00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:42,960 +us. In this novel, he speaks everything that comes + +575 +00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:48,020 +to his mind. And that's why I'll show you later + +576 +00:35:48,020 --> 00:35:52,020 +on. This is a novel that uses a technique, a new + +577 +00:35:52,020 --> 00:35:55,740 +technique in story writing. But before that, let's + +578 +00:35:55,740 --> 00:36:02,820 +see this. This is something from the book. So when + +579 +00:36:02,820 --> 00:36:08,060 +he's talking and ranting and talking and talking + +580 +00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:12,940 +about details and details, he shows us his life, + +581 +00:36:13,020 --> 00:36:16,740 +how his life started. So this is probably the + +582 +00:36:16,740 --> 00:36:18,920 +parents and they're meeting and they're happy, + +583 +00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:20,920 +they're not happy, something, and then he goes + +584 +00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,570 +back to tell us when he was born or something. So + +585 +00:36:24,570 --> 00:36:28,970 +his idea of the plot doesn't follow a linear or + +586 +00:36:28,970 --> 00:36:33,710 +this arch form. It goes forward, backward, it goes + +587 +00:36:33,710 --> 00:36:36,210 +up, it goes something like this, it goes down, and + +588 +00:36:36,210 --> 00:36:40,850 +something like this. This is his idea of the plot + +589 +00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:43,210 +in the book. Sometimes it goes down, sometimes it + +590 +00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:46,810 +goes up. But his perfect line, he was only happy + +591 +00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:50,870 +with this. So in the book, look at the book page + +592 +00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:56,630 +87. Yep. So this is, in a way, what he's happy + +593 +00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:59,190 +with. He says, now this is my life. My life is + +594 +00:36:59,190 --> 00:37:02,110 +going to follow this line. And by the way, it's + +595 +00:37:02,110 --> 00:37:04,110 +very difficult for us to draw a line for our + +596 +00:37:04,110 --> 00:37:06,610 +lives. Because sometimes we don't know when we're + +597 +00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:10,770 +going up or back or forward or backward. But see, + +598 +00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,570 +this is the timeline. He tells us that this is + +599 +00:37:14,570 --> 00:37:17,330 +life. It goes up. It goes backward, forward, down, + +600 +00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:20,010 +up, et cetera. And it's interesting how it ends + +601 +00:37:20,010 --> 00:37:23,620 +with this circle thing, like a vicious. Vicious + +602 +00:37:23,620 --> 00:37:27,800 +circle. Vicious circle. That's Lawrence's study. + +603 +00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,320 +So it was first person? It was a first person + +604 +00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,040 +narrator. How did you know? The I. The I, thank + +605 +00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,920 +you. So I, I, I, me, my. It's a first person + +606 +00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:40,440 +narrator. He doesn't only use the first person + +607 +00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,800 +narrator. He uses something called stream of + +608 +00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,700 +consciousness. You know a stream? Stream describes + +609 +00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,100 +when water moving in a canal, like a river, a + +610 +00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:56,240 +stream. Consciousness is the ideas in your mind. + +611 +00:37:56,340 --> 00:38:01,460 +He doesn't only tell us the ideas. He gets inside + +612 +00:38:01,460 --> 00:38:07,620 +the mind of the character. He follows important + +613 +00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:10,860 +definition. The first one ever, the first author + +614 +00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:14,120 +ever to use this technique in narration is + +615 +00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:19,450 +Lawrence Stern in his novel It's called stream of + +616 +00:38:19,450 --> 00:38:21,970 +consciousness. Stream of consciousness follows the + +617 +00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:26,250 +thoughts, the ideas. of the characters as they + +618 +00:38:26,250 --> 00:38:29,730 +come, as they shape, as they form in their minds. + +619 +00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:33,470 +For example, when you tell me a story, or you tell + +620 +00:38:33,470 --> 00:38:36,050 +me what happened to you, why you're late. If I ask + +621 +00:38:36,050 --> 00:38:39,170 +you, why are you late? You say, I overslept. I was + +622 +00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:42,830 +preparing a presentation. And then my mom tried to + +623 +00:38:42,830 --> 00:38:46,330 +wake me up. I couldn't. I was tired. And I had to + +624 +00:38:46,330 --> 00:38:49,390 +have my breakfast. And I took a taxi. The taxi was + +625 +00:38:49,390 --> 00:38:52,350 +slow and et cetera. You tell me the story, the + +626 +00:38:52,350 --> 00:38:56,080 +ideas you think. represent you better, represent + +627 +00:38:56,080 --> 00:39:03,000 +you well. But what happens in our minds? It's a + +628 +00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,080 +lot. It's not something different. It's a lot. If + +629 +00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,760 +I get inside your mind or you get inside my mind + +630 +00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,040 +or you get inside anybody's mind there are all + +631 +00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,280 +sorts of crazy ideas there especially like when + +632 +00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,020 +you wake up when when we wake up when you tell a + +633 +00:39:22,020 --> 00:39:25,140 +story about yourself say oh this morning I my mom + +634 +00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:30,200 +awakened me and she prepared me she had already + +635 +00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,120 +prepared my favorite + +636 +00:39:34,890 --> 00:39:39,250 +Breakfast, pancake, boiled eggs, cup of tea or + +637 +00:39:39,250 --> 00:39:42,590 +something. That's the story. But in reality, when + +638 +00:39:42,590 --> 00:39:44,810 +we wake up every day in the morning, we have so + +639 +00:39:44,810 --> 00:39:49,130 +many things to think about. Another day, I have to + +640 +00:39:49,130 --> 00:39:53,190 +go to school. I have to go to my classes. I have + +641 +00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:56,870 +to read to prepare. Oh, my mom is shouting. Oh, + +642 +00:39:56,990 --> 00:40:00,570 +mom, stop shouting. It's going to be eggs and + +643 +00:40:00,570 --> 00:40:06,270 +pancake, eggs and olive oil and cheese every day, + +644 +00:40:06,370 --> 00:40:09,370 +like every day. I wish I can change. I wish I can + +645 +00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,810 +stay in bed for long. I have all these ideas. I + +646 +00:40:11,810 --> 00:40:14,130 +don't want to go out. But I have to go out. This + +647 +00:40:14,130 --> 00:40:17,070 +is a dream of consciousness and even more. That's + +648 +00:40:17,070 --> 00:40:20,110 +why in Robinson Crusoe, I said this about Robinson + +649 +00:40:20,110 --> 00:40:24,890 +Crusoe, it covers about 35 years in the life of + +650 +00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:30,610 +Robinson Crusoe in 400 pages. So 400 pages, 35 + +651 +00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:33,950 +years. In the 20th century, there is a novel + +652 +00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:39,910 +called Ulysses. Ulysses by James Joyce. Ulysses. + +653 +00:40:44,980 --> 00:40:50,100 +Ulysses is about 1,000 words. K means thousand. + +654 +00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:59,800 +Sorry, 1,000 pages. 1,000 pages. How long do you + +655 +00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:03,860 +think does the story tell us about the life of the + +656 +00:41:03,860 --> 00:41:07,040 +main character? How many years? How many months? + +657 +00:41:07,140 --> 00:41:16,500 +How many? If 400 pages, 35. 35. So how long do you + +658 +00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:20,820 +expect? How many years? 100. 100 years. Maybe + +659 +00:41:20,820 --> 00:41:24,920 +before he was born. Maybe before he was born. So + +660 +00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,280 +yeah, a thousand pages is going to tell us a lot + +661 +00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:33,240 +of details. Maybe about how his grandparents met + +662 +00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,840 +and what came of him and how his parents were born + +663 +00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:40,100 +and everything. But because in Ulysses, the author + +664 +00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:44,240 +takes The stream of consciousness technique of + +665 +00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:48,280 +narration taken from Tristram Shandy, it covers + +666 +00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:53,080 +only, can you guess? Say again? One day? Can you + +667 +00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:57,140 +guess? One week? You will be surprised. + +668 +00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,500 +Eighteen hours only. + +669 +00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:07,610 +How many pages can you write about your day when + +670 +00:42:07,610 --> 00:42:09,570 +you go back home today? How many pages can you + +671 +00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,770 +write at the end of the day? A couple of pages, + +672 +00:42:12,190 --> 00:42:16,470 +three pages, five pages. But if you get every + +673 +00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,870 +single little tiny idea that comes, that crosses + +674 +00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:22,590 +your mind about everything you notice. When you're + +675 +00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,590 +walking, we judge people. We think of stuff. We + +676 +00:42:25,590 --> 00:42:28,690 +decide. We always have a conflict between things. + +677 +00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,890 +So 1,000 pages, 18 hours. How can you do it? + +678 +00:42:33,970 --> 00:42:38,230 +Stream of consciousness. The narrator is inside + +679 +00:42:38,230 --> 00:42:41,790 +the mind, his own mind, her own mind, or the mind + +680 +00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:45,090 +of a particular character. And doesn't reveal + +681 +00:42:45,090 --> 00:42:49,990 +ideas. Reveals ideas even before they become ideas + +682 +00:42:49,990 --> 00:42:53,530 +and all sorts of ideas. So if you tell me, I went + +683 +00:42:53,530 --> 00:42:56,010 +to the cafeteria and I had a falafel sandwich. + +684 +00:42:56,810 --> 00:43:00,440 +That's the idea. But before that, it was like, am + +685 +00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,600 +I hungry? I think I'm hungry. I think, yeah, I + +686 +00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,600 +think I'm hungry. I should eat something before I + +687 +00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,700 +rush to class, or else I'll sleep or something. + +688 +00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:13,320 +Oh, I hate going to the cafeteria. It's crowded. + +689 +00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,660 +It's close. I hate everything there. I hate the + +690 +00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:20,040 +smell of food. Maybe I should go and grab some + +691 +00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:24,660 +pizza or cheesecake or ice cream or grab something + +692 +00:43:24,660 --> 00:43:29,950 +to drink or, oh, But I hate it. I don't want to + +693 +00:43:29,950 --> 00:43:31,910 +drink coffee. I hate coffee. Maybe something cold. + +694 +00:43:32,730 --> 00:43:35,390 +No, no, I think I am too hungry to drink + +695 +00:43:35,390 --> 00:43:37,050 +something. I think I'll eat something. It could be + +696 +00:43:37,050 --> 00:43:42,170 +falafel or maybe not. And then you go, you decide, + +697 +00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:46,220 +you eat something. So this is the idea before it + +698 +00:43:46,220 --> 00:43:49,900 +becomes an idea. Before it, you have so many ideas + +699 +00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:52,400 +and you... this is stream of consciousness. Isn't + +700 +00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,700 +this so stressful to write about? When I come back + +701 +00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,000 +home and I start thinking, I remember every single + +702 +00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:03,560 +thing I did? Of course. Listen, writing about + +703 +00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:08,210 +yourself could be stressful. But at the same time, + +704 +00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:12,050 +it could be releasing. You know, you release the + +705 +00:44:12,050 --> 00:44:17,230 +tension, the negativity, like you heal sometimes. + +706 +00:44:17,610 --> 00:44:20,410 +Sometimes you can't. That's why sometimes we need + +707 +00:44:20,410 --> 00:44:22,890 +people to talk to. If you're sad, you're angry, + +708 +00:44:22,990 --> 00:44:25,470 +you go to talk to your mom, your dad, your friend. + +709 +00:44:26,370 --> 00:44:28,530 +You call her, you chat with her. Are you online? + +710 +00:44:28,670 --> 00:44:31,910 +Let's chat. I am not feeling well. I had this + +711 +00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:34,990 +thing today with a teacher with one of my friends. + +712 +00:44:35,250 --> 00:44:38,760 +I'm not feeling good about it. And then when you + +713 +00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,880 +start talking, you heal. You release some of the + +714 +00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,100 +tension and the anger inside. But yeah, it is very + +715 +00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,220 +stressful. This one was very successful. And this + +716 +00:44:48,220 --> 00:44:50,600 +one is also very successful book. It's not easy to + +717 +00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:52,600 +read. But when you read it, it's very challenging. + +718 +00:44:53,580 --> 00:44:56,160 +Very challenging. Something really interesting. + +719 +00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:00,940 +I'll try to conclude here very quickly. So in a + +720 +00:45:00,940 --> 00:45:04,200 +novel, we have the characters. The character could + +721 +00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:10,490 +be The protagonist or antagonist? Flat or round? + +722 +00:45:10,590 --> 00:45:12,490 +Flat, someone who doesn't change. Round, someone + +723 +00:45:12,490 --> 00:45:15,550 +who changes. Complex. The theme, what is it about? + +724 +00:45:15,690 --> 00:45:19,350 +The plot. The classical plot is A, B, C. + +725 +00:45:19,490 --> 00:45:22,310 +Beginning, middle, and ending. But not Tristram + +726 +00:45:22,310 --> 00:45:24,810 +Shandy. He doesn't follow this. The point of view. + +727 +00:45:25,110 --> 00:45:28,510 +First person narrator, he, she, they. First person + +728 +00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:31,430 +narrator, I, and then the setting, the time, and + +729 +00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:33,530 +the place, and the age, and then the conflict. The + +730 +00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:36,690 +conflict could be between people, ages, or inside + +731 +00:45:36,690 --> 00:45:41,150 +your mind. Internal or? External. And finally, + +732 +00:45:41,590 --> 00:45:45,650 +that's the novel here. Many shapes, many forms. + +733 +00:45:46,170 --> 00:45:49,190 +When we speak about the ways we have the first + +734 +00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:51,910 +person journalistic point of view, the letters, + +735 +00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:55,170 +the episodes, the epistolary, the third person, + +736 +00:45:55,350 --> 00:45:58,170 +the all-knowing, a narrator, a stream of + +737 +00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,010 +consciousness. And we have a novel that can be + +738 +00:46:01,010 --> 00:46:04,780 +described as social novel. Psychological novel? + +739 +00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:08,540 +Philosophical novel? Romantic novel? Comic novel? + +740 +00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:12,020 +Satirical novel? Or even political novel? My last + +741 +00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:16,320 +point, can a story, can a novel include more? + +742 +00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:21,240 +Could it be socio-political? Yeah, it could be two + +743 +00:46:21,240 --> 00:46:24,580 +things. Can the same novel have two different + +744 +00:46:24,580 --> 00:46:26,100 +techniques of narrating? + +745 +00:46:28,860 --> 00:46:31,000 +First person, thank you. Or sometimes it could + +746 +00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,880 +change and move. It could be first person or third + +747 +00:46:33,880 --> 00:46:37,920 +person and also letters. Yes. Okay, especially in + +748 +00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,560 +the 20th century, the first real experimental + +749 +00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:46,280 +modernist novelist to break these barriers and + +750 +00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:46,600 +rules. + +751 +00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,540 +Lawrence Stern of Tristram Channel. Thank you very + +752 +00:46:53,540 --> 00:46:57,540 +much. I'll stop here. Do stay if you have any + +753 +00:46:57,540 --> 00:46:58,960 +question everyone. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f11d731fdbdedcf652d52bb924266868e114c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2636 @@ +1 +00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:23,420 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh and + +2 +00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:27,120 +hello again everyone. So again we continue + +3 +00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,180 +Shakespeare today, class number four. We'll talk + +4 +00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,620 +more about Shakespeare's comedies, Shakespeare's + +5 +00:00:33,620 --> 00:00:37,280 +last plays and then we'll probably have some time + +6 +00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,650 +to speak about the sonnet. Last time, we had a + +7 +00:00:40,650 --> 00:00:43,990 +discussion about new themes that English + +8 +00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:47,390 +literature in the Renaissance was acquiring, was + +9 +00:00:47,390 --> 00:00:49,470 +discussing and tackling. And Shakespeare was one + +10 +00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,670 +of the early writers to discuss themes that are, + +11 +00:00:55,110 --> 00:00:58,090 +even today, important and significant. We've seen, + +12 +00:00:58,150 --> 00:01:02,230 +for example, Othello. We've seen Shylock. We said + +13 +00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:06,570 +these two characters are considered outsiders in a + +14 +00:01:06,570 --> 00:01:11,350 +sense. Othello was the black man from Africa. And + +15 +00:01:11,350 --> 00:01:14,450 +Shylock was the Jewish man from I don't know + +16 +00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:18,550 +where. Shylock is a Jew. He's Jewish. And he's + +17 +00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:23,170 +treated badly only mainly actually because of his + +18 +00:01:23,170 --> 00:01:28,250 +religion, not because of anything else. Othello is + +19 +00:01:28,250 --> 00:01:31,570 +hated because he's black because of his color. + +20 +00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:34,970 +These are issues and themes that Shakespeare is + +21 +00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:37,030 +raising. Some people accuse Shakespeare of being a + +22 +00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:40,480 +racist. Anti-feminism. You know racist if you hate + +23 +00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,560 +somebody because of his color origin, because he + +24 +00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:49,400 +or she is African or black or Asian or Chinese or + +25 +00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:54,190 +whatever. This is racism. It's horrible. Racism is + +26 +00:01:54,190 --> 00:01:57,450 +the worst thing you could ever have. And I'm sure + +27 +00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:01,470 +you're going to learn from literature not to be + +28 +00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:04,910 +racist. Now, if you hate Jews because they are + +29 +00:02:04,910 --> 00:02:08,770 +Jews, this is called anti-Semitism. Shakespeare is + +30 +00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:11,470 +accused sometimes by some people of being anti + +31 +00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:15,040 +-Semitic. because of the way, the horrible way + +32 +00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,380 +Shylock is depicted in the play, and because of + +33 +00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:23,060 +how horribly Shylock is treated in The Merchant of + +34 +00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:26,020 +Venice. But many critics defend Shakespeare. They + +35 +00:02:26,020 --> 00:02:27,720 +say, no, no, no, no. Shakespeare is not doing + +36 +00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,000 +this. because he's raising these questions. He's + +37 +00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,260 +bringing these questions up in the open so that + +38 +00:02:35,260 --> 00:02:38,620 +people can have discussions and debates and ask + +39 +00:02:38,620 --> 00:02:43,100 +questions and hopefully find the correct answers. + +40 +00:02:43,820 --> 00:02:47,080 +The same thing about, again, going back to + +41 +00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,420 +Othello. Othello was horribly treated, mainly. We + +42 +00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,400 +see Yag, one of the scariest characters in + +43 +00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:56,280 +Shakespeare, insult Othello only because he is + +44 +00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,450 +black. He calls him the Black Moor. He calls him + +45 +00:02:59,450 --> 00:03:03,430 +an animal. He hates the fact that he married the + +46 +00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:09,490 +most beautiful woman in Venice. And eventually, he + +47 +00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:15,090 +makes Othello kill his wife, this demon. Can you + +48 +00:03:15,090 --> 00:03:18,730 +imagine how hateful, how wicked someone has to be + +49 +00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:22,630 +to make someone kill his wife or someone kill her + +50 +00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:27,310 +husband? This is Iago. But interesting thing about + +51 +00:03:27,310 --> 00:03:30,670 +Iago, in Shakespeare, remember in Hamlet, he has + +52 +00:03:30,670 --> 00:03:33,230 +seven soliloquies, major soliloquies, and we love + +53 +00:03:33,230 --> 00:03:36,010 +him for that. We identify with him. We feel sorry + +54 +00:03:36,010 --> 00:03:39,330 +for Hamlet. We share his concern, his feelings, + +55 +00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:44,390 +his feelings of fear, of love, of hope, of even + +56 +00:03:44,390 --> 00:03:48,530 +hesitation, right? Because of the soliloquies. He + +57 +00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:51,570 +comes closer to us. He communicates with us. Now + +58 +00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:55,380 +in Othello, Iago does more soliloquies in a way or + +59 +00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:58,240 +another than Othello. So the question is here, + +60 +00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:01,120 +what is Shakespeare doing? Now, some critics + +61 +00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:06,420 +believe that at that time in the Elizabethan age, + +62 +00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:10,900 +some of the audience might have considered Iago as + +63 +00:04:10,900 --> 00:04:14,750 +the hero. as the protagonist, the main character, + +64 +00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:18,910 +because in a way he was protecting the European + +65 +00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:22,450 +white society from infiltration by black people, + +66 +00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:25,930 +by intruders, by foreigners, by outsiders, in a + +67 +00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:30,110 +way. This is of course racist, supremacist, which + +68 +00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:33,930 +is wrong. But now, because life has changed and + +69 +00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,130 +people have changed in so many ways, this is + +70 +00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:39,170 +considered totally, totally wrong. The same thing + +71 +00:04:39,170 --> 00:04:41,870 +applies to Shylock, The Mansion of Venice. This + +72 +00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:43,990 +play has been considered as a comedy for a long + +73 +00:04:43,990 --> 00:04:47,990 +time. Why? Because nobody dies, right? And because + +74 +00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:52,450 +it ends happily. But who's happy at the end? The + +75 +00:04:52,450 --> 00:04:57,600 +white Christian people. Bassanio, Portia, and + +76 +00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,600 +maybe Antonio's a little bit heavy. But Shylock, + +77 +00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,200 +he loses his daughter. He loses most of his money. + +78 +00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:08,820 +He loses his religion. He's forced to convert to + +79 +00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:12,080 +Christianity. And he loses his dignity and his + +80 +00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,420 +chance to take revenge. We're not talking about + +81 +00:05:16,420 --> 00:05:19,640 +revenge as a good thing here, At least, remember, + +82 +00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,620 +he was saying like, I am like you. It's not about + +83 +00:05:22,620 --> 00:05:25,520 +revenge. It's about the shared humanity. If you + +84 +00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,720 +wrong me, if you wrong me, I should, if I wrong + +85 +00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,900 +you, you take revenge. If I wrong you, okay, so + +86 +00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:37,080 +it's like people would say, no, I wrong you. We've + +87 +00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:42,470 +seen Antonio wrong him so many times. But only + +88 +00:05:42,470 --> 00:05:45,870 +Shylock, the intruder, the stranger, is not + +89 +00:05:45,870 --> 00:05:48,010 +allowed to take revenge. So it's not about + +90 +00:05:48,010 --> 00:05:50,750 +revenge, it's about equality. He's saying, I'm a + +91 +00:05:50,750 --> 00:05:54,270 +human being like you. If you prick us, don't we + +92 +00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:58,190 +bleed? If you tickle us, don't we laugh? If you + +93 +00:05:58,190 --> 00:06:02,530 +poison us, don't we die? We are the same, so why + +94 +00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:08,570 +not? And in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare is + +95 +00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:10,870 +also doing something brilliant, amazing about + +96 +00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:16,190 +women. Again, Shakespeare composed his plays to be + +97 +00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:20,650 +performed on the stage rather than published and + +98 +00:06:20,650 --> 00:06:24,710 +read. Now, women at that time were not allowed, + +99 +00:06:25,170 --> 00:06:27,530 +women, important point, were not allowed to + +100 +00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:29,750 +perform on the stage. But we have women + +101 +00:06:29,750 --> 00:06:32,170 +characters. So who would be playing these + +102 +00:06:32,170 --> 00:06:35,690 +characters? Young men, beardless young men with + +103 +00:06:35,690 --> 00:06:37,270 +soft voices. + +104 +00:06:39,870 --> 00:06:43,850 +So interesting. Now, Portia, we know Portia is a + +105 +00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:47,970 +man. But we suspend our disbelief. Portia is a man + +106 +00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:51,650 +playing the role of a woman. And now Portia, what + +107 +00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,910 +does she do in the play? She disguises as a man. + +108 +00:06:56,870 --> 00:07:00,850 +So a man, a woman, a man. and not an ordinary man, + +109 +00:07:01,030 --> 00:07:03,570 +a lawyer, intellectual, a thinker. At that time, + +110 +00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:06,070 +women were not allowed to be lawyers because they + +111 +00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:08,190 +were thought to be less intellectual, less + +112 +00:07:08,190 --> 00:07:10,670 +intelligent than men. But Shakespeare here defies + +113 +00:07:10,670 --> 00:07:16,810 +this custom, this idea. He shows that women are as + +114 +00:07:16,810 --> 00:07:19,790 +intellectual, if not more intellectual as men are. + +115 +00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:22,430 +But somewhere else, Shakespeare is accused of + +116 +00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:25,690 +being anti-feminist. OK, don't forget this word + +117 +00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:30,150 +feminine. You know feminine? Feminine? Feminist is + +118 +00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:33,390 +an activist, a person, usually a woman, who calls + +119 +00:07:33,390 --> 00:07:36,570 +for the equal rights of women, that women must + +120 +00:07:36,570 --> 00:07:39,570 +have their rights as men. Feminism is the norm. + +121 +00:07:39,890 --> 00:07:44,760 +Now, anti-feminist Anti-feminist, someone who + +122 +00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,540 +doesn't like women, someone who thinks women, + +123 +00:07:47,780 --> 00:07:50,040 +probably likes women, but thinks that women are + +124 +00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,080 +not equal, that they should stay at home, there + +125 +00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,500 +should be this, there was a common thing in the + +126 +00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:59,900 +past, which is very wrong now, that women should + +127 +00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:03,800 +be barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. Now + +128 +00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,340 +Shakespeare is proving them wrong. He's saying, + +129 +00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:11,020 +okay, Now, what did she do, Portia? She tricked + +130 +00:08:11,020 --> 00:08:14,200 +everyone. She managed to beat the unbeatable + +131 +00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:17,140 +Shylock. Shylock is cunning in so many ways. When + +132 +00:08:17,140 --> 00:08:19,600 +he says, oh, a pound of flesh just for Mary's + +133 +00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:24,400 +port. And now I want my pound of flesh. But what + +134 +00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,960 +the hell are you going to do with a pound of + +135 +00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:28,300 +flesh, Shylock? This is not meat. You don't eat + +136 +00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:31,660 +flesh. And he says, I will bait with it. I will + +137 +00:08:31,660 --> 00:08:34,420 +feed it to the fish. If it doesn't feed anything, + +138 +00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,260 +it will feed my revenge. Not for revenge, + +139 +00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,560 +probably, but for equality. Now, she beats him + +140 +00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:45,640 +because she says, there should be no one drop of + +141 +00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,780 +blood. If you take more blood, then you are trying + +142 +00:08:48,780 --> 00:08:52,340 +to kill someone in Venice. And if you do that, you + +143 +00:08:52,340 --> 00:08:58,260 +will have to be punished. So why does she beat + +144 +00:08:58,260 --> 00:09:03,750 +Shylock? Only because she changes hair. clothes, + +145 +00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:08,710 +and puts a fake mustache and a fake beard. So + +146 +00:09:08,710 --> 00:09:10,830 +Shakespeare is saying, this distinction between + +147 +00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:15,310 +men and women in intellect is fake. It's a matter + +148 +00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:18,090 +of, you know, it's a funny thing, because it's not + +149 +00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:23,510 +true. It's not true. So we have these important + +150 +00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:27,100 +issues. Shakespeare discussing them. 400 years + +151 +00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:30,760 +ago. This is how timeless, how brilliant, how + +152 +00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,540 +smart, how intelligent Shakespeare is. How + +153 +00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,700 +relevant he is even today. Everywhere Shakespeare + +154 +00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:41,120 +is universal and timeless. Not because of his + +155 +00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,060 +stories. Because I told you this maybe. The + +156 +00:09:44,060 --> 00:09:46,380 +stories in Shakespeare are mainly not his stories. + +157 +00:09:47,370 --> 00:09:50,250 +But because of the language, because of the plot, + +158 +00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:54,010 +because of the events, the scenes and the acts, + +159 +00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:57,410 +because of the ideas that address us even today. + +160 +00:09:57,730 --> 00:10:00,150 +We discussed Hamlet and we said there is some of + +161 +00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:04,900 +us in Hamlet and there is something from Hamlet I + +162 +00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:07,480 +have never, every time I teach to be or not to be, + +163 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:09,680 +like every one of the students, like to be or not + +164 +00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:11,380 +to be, that is a question. Because at one + +165 +00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:15,060 +particular point or more in our lives, we have + +166 +00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,000 +this crisis of identity, who we are, and then to + +167 +00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,860 +be or not to be, that is the question. Whether it + +168 +00:10:22,860 --> 00:10:27,280 +is noble in the mind to suffer the arrows and + +169 +00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:33,720 +slings of outrageous time. Or carry arms against a + +170 +00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:35,820 +sea of trouble, as Palestinians were suffering + +171 +00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:38,320 +because of the Israeli occupation, because of the + +172 +00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,280 +siege, because of the internal division. It's not + +173 +00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:46,340 +easy for individuals to fight this huge fight. So + +174 +00:10:46,340 --> 00:10:49,680 +we ask ourselves, should we live in submission, in + +175 +00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:55,160 +fear, in humiliation? and die thus, or should we + +176 +00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:58,560 +carry arms against a sea of trouble? Notice the + +177 +00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:01,100 +beautiful language, the metaphor. A sea of, not + +178 +00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:06,500 +only a sea, but a sea of? A sea of trouble, and by + +179 +00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:14,880 +opposing in them. To die, to flee. Now, I asked a + +180 +00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,820 +question in the assignment I'll be showing you + +181 +00:11:16,820 --> 00:11:20,580 +probably today. As a Palestinian, would you + +182 +00:11:20,580 --> 00:11:26,120 +sympathize more with Shylock, the guy from Africa, + +183 +00:11:26,780 --> 00:11:30,840 +probably originally an Arab, or with Shylock the + +184 +00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:35,880 +Jew? Remember, this is not about politics. It's + +185 +00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:39,750 +about humanity. How do you feel when you read + +186 +00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:45,330 +Shylock? Do we share + +187 +00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:49,930 +common fears, concerns, issues, ideas with + +188 +00:11:49,930 --> 00:11:54,870 +Shylock? Would you identify with Shylock? Please, + +189 +00:11:55,390 --> 00:12:00,850 +okay, go on. I think people see us as Palestinians + +190 +00:12:00,850 --> 00:12:05,710 +who are not very, + +191 +00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:10,800 +how can I say it, They think that we're injustice + +192 +00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,940 +and they think that we kill people and they see us + +193 +00:12:14,940 --> 00:12:18,760 +in a different way. Also the religion, they see us + +194 +00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:22,940 +as Muslims that girls if I go to America they + +195 +00:12:22,940 --> 00:12:28,380 +might say stuff about my hijab. I see myself as + +196 +00:12:28,380 --> 00:12:30,940 +Shia. So you're mistreated because of your + +197 +00:12:30,940 --> 00:12:34,220 +religion, because of how you look. Is that good? + +198 +00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,640 +That makes us victims now. Muslims all over the + +199 +00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,580 +world are accused of being terrorists. Which is + +200 +00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:45,380 +totally wrong. That's why there's Islamophobia. + +201 +00:12:45,540 --> 00:12:47,380 +People who hate Muslims just for being a Muslim. + +202 +00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:49,820 +So what's your religion or something? I'm a + +203 +00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:53,500 +Muslim. Somebody sees your hijab and then, oh, are + +204 +00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:55,780 +you a terrorist? This is racism. This is + +205 +00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:59,440 +Islamophobia. So in a way or another, we are + +206 +00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,120 +victims exactly as Shylock. Shylock is a victim. + +207 +00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:06,920 +In my opinion, Shylock now is more Palestinian + +208 +00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,500 +than Israeli. We share more with Shylock than many + +209 +00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:15,540 +Israeli occupiers do. And think about this and + +210 +00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,560 +probably see what you have to say here. Before I + +211 +00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:24,080 +move to Shakespeare's late plays, probably we have + +212 +00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:29,300 +two students here to recite. Shylock, go on. + +213 +00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:41,050 +Go on, please. Raise your voice, please. He has + +214 +00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:45,470 +disgusted me and handed me half a million dollars + +215 +00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:49,030 +at my closest market at my against, scorned my + +216 +00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:52,550 +nation, thwarted my burdens, called my friends, + +217 +00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:59,910 +hated my enemies. And what is his reasons? I'm a + +218 +00:13:59,910 --> 00:14:04,290 +Jew. He had not a Jew eyes. He had not a Jew + +219 +00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:08,590 +hands. organs, dementia, senses, affections that + +220 +00:14:08,590 --> 00:14:12,190 +phase him, filled with the same food, held with + +221 +00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:15,530 +the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, + +222 +00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:19,910 +hurted by the same means, warmed and colded by the + +223 +00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:22,650 +same winter and summer. As a Christian, if you + +224 +00:14:22,650 --> 00:14:28,710 +punk us, do we not bleed? If you tackle us, do we + +225 +00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:33,790 +not love? If we poison us, do we not die? And if + +226 +00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:38,530 +you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like + +227 +00:14:38,530 --> 00:14:42,790 +you and the rest, we will resemble you in that. If + +228 +00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:47,310 +a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility + +229 +00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,410 +revenge? Revenge. Revenge. If a Christian wrong a + +230 +00:14:52,410 --> 00:14:56,530 +Jew, what should his suffers by the Christian + +231 +00:14:56,530 --> 00:15:02,930 +example? Why revenge? Why? Revenge. The villain + +232 +00:15:02,930 --> 00:15:07,890 +you teach me, I will execute and it shall go hard + +233 +00:15:07,890 --> 00:15:12,390 +by, but I will better the instruction. Very good. + +234 +00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:17,290 +So the villain, the villain you teach me, I will + +235 +00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:19,710 +execute, but I will better the instruction. + +236 +00:15:21,180 --> 00:15:24,880 +Interesting. I have one of my students previously + +237 +00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,320 +changing this into a Palestinian context and + +238 +00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:32,320 +saying that, yeah, have not a Palestinian eyes, + +239 +00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:35,320 +have not a Palestinian organs, dimensions, senses, + +240 +00:15:35,460 --> 00:15:37,900 +affections. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If + +241 +00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,400 +you prick us, do we not bleed? If you poison us, + +242 +00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,720 +do we not die as a Christian, as a Jew? Yes, next. + +243 +00:15:51,210 --> 00:15:52,250 +On your mobile, okay. + +244 +00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:57,990 +He had disgraced me and hindered me half a + +245 +00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,230 +million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, + +246 +00:16:01,410 --> 00:16:04,450 +scorned my nation, tortured my burghers, called my + +247 +00:16:04,450 --> 00:16:07,670 +friends, hated my enemies. And what's his reason? + +248 +00:16:08,030 --> 00:16:10,990 +What's his reason? I'm a Palestinian. Had not a + +249 +00:16:10,990 --> 00:16:14,070 +Palestinian eyes, had not a Palestinian hands, + +250 +00:16:14,250 --> 00:16:17,050 +organs and menses since his affection and passion? + +251 +00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:20,140 +Feed with the same food, hurt with the same + +252 +00:16:20,140 --> 00:16:24,020 +weapons, subject to the same disease, healed by + +253 +00:16:24,020 --> 00:16:26,940 +the same means, warm and cool by the same winter + +254 +00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:30,460 +and summer as the Jews. If you pick us, do we not + +255 +00:16:30,460 --> 00:16:34,640 +bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you + +256 +00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:37,800 +poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, + +257 +00:16:37,940 --> 00:16:40,980 +shall we not revenge? If we like you in the wrist, + +258 +00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:43,680 +we will resemble you in that. If a Palestinian + +259 +00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,520 +wronged a Jew, what is his humanity? Revenge. If a + +260 +00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,340 +Jew wrong a Palestinian, what should his + +261 +00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:53,700 +sovereignness be by Jew example? Why? Revenge. The + +262 +00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,940 +villainy you teach me I execute, and it shall go + +263 +00:16:56,940 --> 00:16:59,780 +high, but I will the instruction. I will better + +264 +00:16:59,780 --> 00:17:04,320 +the instruction. But one thing I need to correct + +265 +00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:09,100 +here. One thing I need to correct here. Like, it's + +266 +00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,320 +interesting how you, I said it before, but you've + +267 +00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,560 +already done this. Very smart of you. But + +268 +00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,400 +remember, As Palestinians, we have a problem with + +269 +00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,500 +the Israeli occupations, with the Israelis. Not + +270 +00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,740 +the Jews. So I would use Zionist instead of Jew + +271 +00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:28,220 +here because we have nothing against Jews because + +272 +00:17:28,220 --> 00:17:32,740 +they are Jews. The occupiers happen to be Jews in + +273 +00:17:32,740 --> 00:17:34,460 +a way. Some of them are not Jews, by the way, and + +274 +00:17:34,460 --> 00:17:36,820 +we still resist them in the same way. Even if + +275 +00:17:36,820 --> 00:17:40,520 +Arabs occupy Palestine, Muslims. we have the right + +276 +00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:46,060 +to resist and fight back. One more, okay? Same or + +277 +00:17:46,060 --> 00:17:50,500 +all the way to the stage? Okay. The one from the + +278 +00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:56,700 +book. Please. Have not a Jew eyes, have not a Jew + +279 +00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,620 +hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, + +280 +00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,800 +passion, fed with the same food, hurt with the + +281 +00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,500 +same weapons, subject to the same diseases, Healed + +282 +00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:14,020 +by the same means. Warmed and cooled by the same + +283 +00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:19,360 +winter and summer. As the question is, if you pick + +284 +00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,860 +us, do we not bleed? Thank you very much. Now, + +285 +00:18:25,380 --> 00:18:31,380 +last time I said, oh, you notice that this text is + +286 +00:18:31,380 --> 00:18:33,500 +written differently. And we said this is prose. + +287 +00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,940 +Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse, in + +288 +00:18:36,940 --> 00:18:40,750 +poetry. But sometimes there are minor characters, + +289 +00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:43,810 +the messenger, an ignorant person, uneducated + +290 +00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:46,910 +person, a villain, someone not in his right mind. + +291 +00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:51,350 +So usually good people or main characters use + +292 +00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:53,990 +poetry. But sometimes bad characters, minor + +293 +00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:57,390 +characters use prose. But it's interesting how + +294 +00:18:57,390 --> 00:19:00,880 +Shakespeare gives Shylock prose. Some people think + +295 +00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:02,820 +because this is Shakespeare having something + +296 +00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:06,700 +against Shylock himself. Think of this. It's not + +297 +00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,760 +that crucial, but it's really interesting. We'll + +298 +00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,580 +continue with Shakespeare, like I said. + +299 +00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:25,790 +So we'll just wrap things up and then we go back + +300 +00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:29,310 +for the last play, The Tempest. Now remember again + +301 +00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,130 +in comedies we have again the world sometimes + +302 +00:19:32,130 --> 00:19:35,190 +turned upside down. Comedies end happily, nobody + +303 +00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,730 +dies. But it doesn't mean comedies are less + +304 +00:19:38,730 --> 00:19:41,210 +important, less significant than tragedies, + +305 +00:19:41,470 --> 00:19:43,710 +because the themes are also crucial themes of + +306 +00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:48,150 +identity, themes of love, jealousy, power, money, + +307 +00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:53,370 +etc. Okay, but sometimes even the comedies are in + +308 +00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:57,310 +a way, more important because they use fun to make + +309 +00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,110 +serious points, to make fun of the king or to make + +310 +00:20:00,110 --> 00:20:04,730 +fun of the monarchy in general. Even today, people + +311 +00:20:04,730 --> 00:20:07,590 +laugh at Shakespeare's jokes and funny situation + +312 +00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:09,770 +in his plays. And that's, again, how Shakespeare + +313 +00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:11,250 +is relevant. + +314 +00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,480 +Some of the jokes by the way and the practical + +315 +00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,900 +jokes cannot be seen unless we understand unless + +316 +00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:21,520 +we see them on the stage because we see the body + +317 +00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,320 +language and everything and also remember last + +318 +00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,600 +time we discussed something remember the word son + +319 +00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,100 +and son we said there's something called the pun + +320 +00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:35,300 +shakespeare plays on the word pun is play on words + +321 +00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,340 +when a word has two meanings or two words sound + +322 +00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,540 +the same So you think of it and like, there's a + +323 +00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:48,480 +joke, why is the river very rich? Why is the + +324 +00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,180 +river, you know the river, very rich? Because it + +325 +00:20:51,180 --> 00:20:52,260 +has two banks. + +326 +00:20:55,460 --> 00:21:06,050 +What does two banks mean? Yeah, and? Bank. So the + +327 +00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:08,990 +joke is that the word bank has two meanings, the + +328 +00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:13,570 +side of the river, West Bank, and a financial + +329 +00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:16,430 +institution where you have a lot of money. So in + +330 +00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,870 +English, many of the jokes depend on playing on + +331 +00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:22,410 +the words and words sounding the same. So + +332 +00:21:22,410 --> 00:21:25,310 +Shakespeare does this all the time. So pay + +333 +00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:29,010 +attention if the word means something else. Now in + +334 +00:21:29,010 --> 00:21:33,080 +Shakespeare's final plays, Some of his final plays + +335 +00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,740 +are really serious and dark, like Diamond of + +336 +00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:41,460 +Athens, in which there is this theme of hatred + +337 +00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:46,370 +towards a human being. Really serious. Some people + +338 +00:21:46,370 --> 00:21:48,530 +were like, Shakespeare is losing it. In a way, + +339 +00:21:48,570 --> 00:21:51,550 +Shakespeare is going to the darker stage. Because + +340 +00:21:51,550 --> 00:21:55,230 +this plain brief, it shows Taiman, who really + +341 +00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:57,930 +hates people for one reason. I'm not going to go + +342 +00:21:57,930 --> 00:22:00,770 +into details. But later on, he started to restore + +343 +00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:04,150 +hope. And remember, hope in Shakespeare is usually + +344 +00:22:04,150 --> 00:22:07,250 +represented by the younger generation, by a new + +345 +00:22:07,250 --> 00:22:13,980 +king, by a new life, a new cycle of life. describe + +346 +00:22:13,980 --> 00:22:17,840 +these late plays as many things, pastorals, + +347 +00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:20,960 +fables, tragic comedies sometimes. It's not a big + +348 +00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:26,500 +deal for me because it's not of crucial importance + +349 +00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,600 +here in this course. Now the last play we'll study + +350 +00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,160 +for Shakespeare is The Tempest. The Tempest is + +351 +00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:39,400 +said to be Shakespeare's one of the late, the last + +352 +00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,340 +plays. It's not the last one because we have King + +353 +00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:48,740 +Henry VIII. You know King Henry VIII? The + +354 +00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:53,300 +Renaissance, what did he do? What did he do? He's + +355 +00:22:53,300 --> 00:23:00,000 +an important name. Yeah, he said goodbye to the + +356 +00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,030 +Pope of Rome. He changed the whole religion in + +357 +00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:05,230 +England. + +358 +00:23:07,150 --> 00:23:09,330 +No, he didn't do it, but just that was like the + +359 +00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:12,730 +structure of life. He was the head of the Church + +360 +00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:16,330 +of England. The head of the church was the Pope in + +361 +00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,030 +Rome. So he separated this. He just lived a + +362 +00:23:21,030 --> 00:23:24,910 +totally different life for religion in many ways. + +363 +00:23:25,570 --> 00:23:28,590 +Now in The Tempest, also people find it + +364 +00:23:28,590 --> 00:23:30,930 +interesting because they think that some critics + +365 +00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:33,310 +think that Shakespeare was saying goodbye to the + +366 +00:23:33,310 --> 00:23:37,670 +theater, to people, and giving us hints. He's just + +367 +00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:41,720 +ending his career as a playwright. Now, the story + +368 +00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:45,080 +in brief, again, I don't want to go in much + +369 +00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:46,940 +detail. Probably you can if you find it + +370 +00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:54,160 +interesting. A king is exiled by his brother to an + +371 +00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:59,050 +island. The island is empty, you know? Why empty? + +372 +00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:04,030 +Because they think the island is empty. Because in + +373 +00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:07,510 +the Renaissance mentality, the native people were + +374 +00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:11,610 +not in a way considered civilized and modern like + +375 +00:24:11,610 --> 00:24:15,870 +the white Christians of Europe. Remember we spoke + +376 +00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:18,810 +about the geographical discoveries? Interesting. + +377 +00:24:19,610 --> 00:24:22,430 +But when we study the geographical discoveries, we + +378 +00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:24,710 +realize that millions of people were killed + +379 +00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,650 +because of these. So this is whitewashing. This is + +380 +00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:31,350 +erasing the natives. Okay. So the man, the man is + +381 +00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:35,400 +prosperous. He lives on an island because his + +382 +00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,940 +brother kicks him out of his kingdom and he steals + +383 +00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:40,820 +the kingdom for himself the throne now this guy + +384 +00:24:40,820 --> 00:24:43,820 +Prospero look at the name Prospero we'll comment + +385 +00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:48,460 +on the name in in a bit Prospero okay what does he + +386 +00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:51,580 +do he learns magic he's a magician in a way he + +387 +00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:55,740 +uses magic to trick his brother and restore his + +388 +00:24:55,740 --> 00:25:01,870 +kingdom okay In the play, he defeats the evil + +389 +00:25:01,870 --> 00:25:07,770 +savage native by the name of Caliban. So we have + +390 +00:25:07,770 --> 00:25:11,450 +number one, Prospero, the king. And number two, we + +391 +00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:17,230 +have Caliban. Caliban is the native of the island. + +392 +00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:19,230 +He is the owner of the island. The island is not + +393 +00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:22,730 +empty. But in the mentality of European + +394 +00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:26,510 +colonialism, remember colonialism? But + +395 +00:25:26,510 --> 00:25:32,830 +colonialism. Colonialism is the invasion, the + +396 +00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:35,370 +occupation of others lands and stealing all the + +397 +00:25:35,370 --> 00:25:40,210 +raw materials and resources. The British Empire + +398 +00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,660 +colonized large parts of the world. So Prospero, + +399 +00:25:45,860 --> 00:25:48,180 +in a way, was colonizing the island. Because + +400 +00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:49,820 +somewhere in the book, he says, my island. It's + +401 +00:25:49,820 --> 00:25:52,360 +not his island. But this is, again, the Western + +402 +00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:55,080 +European mentality of that time. That's why many + +403 +00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,880 +people, many critics now, like Edward Said, the + +404 +00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,040 +Palestinian Christian intellectual, believes that + +405 +00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:08,260 +the Tempest could be a fable or an allegory of + +406 +00:26:08,260 --> 00:26:09,180 +imperialism. + +407 +00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,860 +Imperialism, colonialism, imperialism. What does + +408 +00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:20,960 +it mean? It means it teaches the white Europeans, + +409 +00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,240 +the English people, that they have the right to go + +410 +00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:31,510 +occupy, control other lands. Because in a way, + +411 +00:26:31,790 --> 00:26:35,550 +they go to civilize, to educate the people. And we + +412 +00:26:35,550 --> 00:26:38,130 +know they don't civilize. They don't occupy. And + +413 +00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,650 +as Palestinians, we have paid a heavy price for + +414 +00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:44,970 +British colonialism and imperialism. We're still + +415 +00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:48,630 +under occupation because of this mentality, wide + +416 +00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:52,030 +mentality. Now, it's very funny. If you look at + +417 +00:26:52,030 --> 00:26:56,230 +the names, Prospero is like closer to prosper. + +418 +00:26:56,950 --> 00:27:01,550 +Prosper means? Prosper means to become rich. You + +419 +00:27:01,550 --> 00:27:04,830 +know prosperity? Prosperity to become rich. + +420 +00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:08,090 +Because this guy comes to an island and he makes + +421 +00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,870 +it rich. Makes it important. Gives it a name. And + +422 +00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:17,070 +Caliban is also a play on the word called anagram + +423 +00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:20,130 +cannibal. Do you know what the word cannibal + +424 +00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:24,750 +means? Cannibal. Cannibalism. + +425 +00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:33,990 +Cannibalism. is eating the flesh of a human being. + +426 +00:27:34,930 --> 00:27:39,710 +A cannibal is someone who eats the flesh of a + +427 +00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:45,650 +human being. Savage, you know? A savage. Some + +428 +00:27:45,650 --> 00:27:50,750 +people still exist. They do this. Very, very rare. + +429 +00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:54,550 +But it happens. It was in the news two or three + +430 +00:27:54,550 --> 00:28:01,470 +years ago. Cannibalism is eating human flesh. So + +431 +00:28:01,470 --> 00:28:04,470 +is Shakespeare playing on these words, is using + +432 +00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:09,830 +Caliban as cannibal, cannibal, cannibalism and + +433 +00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:12,750 +prosperoism. So the European is the good, the + +434 +00:28:12,750 --> 00:28:16,190 +rich, the educated, the civilized. And the natives + +435 +00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:20,150 +are? The bad, the cannibal, the savages, the + +436 +00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:28,350 +backwards, the uncivilized. So in a way, because + +437 +00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:32,490 +this man goes to that island, he assumes it's + +438 +00:28:32,490 --> 00:28:39,350 +empty, he controls it, he says it's my island, he + +439 +00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:43,890 +takes upon himself to civilize, to educate Caliban + +440 +00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:48,090 +in a way it's considered what? An allegory of + +441 +00:28:48,090 --> 00:28:50,890 +colonialism or of imperialism. Again, what does it + +442 +00:28:50,890 --> 00:28:53,770 +mean, an allegory of colonialism or imperialism? + +443 +00:28:54,270 --> 00:28:59,580 +When a literary text teaches you that you have the + +444 +00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:03,000 +right to go to other lands, occupy them, control + +445 +00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,020 +them, colonize them. We read funny stories + +446 +00:29:06,020 --> 00:29:08,420 +sometimes, like when we read the story about the + +447 +00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:12,040 +lion and the mouse. This is an allegory, how the + +448 +00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:17,220 +mouse, the little animal, can save the lion, the + +449 +00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:19,680 +king of the jungle. This is an allegory, an + +450 +00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:22,400 +allegory which teaches us a lesson. What lesson? + +451 +00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:27,580 +That the weak has a moral. Thank you. The weak can + +452 +00:29:27,580 --> 00:29:32,780 +sometimes be stronger than the strongest, can + +453 +00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:37,640 +help, can save the strong. So in a way, in the + +454 +00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:42,060 +mentality of Western people, literature did some + +455 +00:29:42,060 --> 00:29:45,860 +kind of or played some kind of role to teach them + +456 +00:29:45,860 --> 00:29:49,820 +that they have the moral obligation to go and + +457 +00:29:49,820 --> 00:29:53,480 +civilize other peoples around the world. But + +458 +00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,560 +sadly, this wasn't good. It was good for England + +459 +00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,660 +because it brought them a lot of riches, + +460 +00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,280 +prosperity and money and wealth. But for the + +461 +00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,060 +natives, it was really horrible. Even today, 400 + +462 +00:30:07,060 --> 00:30:10,380 +years later, 300 years later, 200 years later, 100 + +463 +00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:15,160 +years later, the natives still pay the price of + +464 +00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,650 +British imperialism and European imperialism. in + +465 +00:30:18,650 --> 00:30:23,410 +Africa, in Asia, and in America. So that's the + +466 +00:30:23,410 --> 00:30:26,570 +Tempest. Now in the Tempest, again, there are many + +467 +00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:30,470 +interesting things here. Look at this, the last + +468 +00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:40,310 +line here. Now my charms are all overthrown. The + +469 +00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:42,190 +speaker is prosperous. At the end of the play, he + +470 +00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:46,800 +says, OK, I won my kingdom back. I own that + +471 +00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,520 +island. My daughter is happily married, future + +472 +00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,760 +generation and hope. And now I don't need my + +473 +00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,640 +charms. Many critics believe that this is + +474 +00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,120 +Shakespeare saying goodbye to the audience and + +475 +00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:04,940 +saying goodbye. to the theater itself in general + +476 +00:31:04,940 --> 00:31:07,840 +and saying goodbye to us even now. Many people + +477 +00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,340 +love this, the Tempest, because they try to read + +478 +00:31:11,340 --> 00:31:13,740 +between the lines and see where Shakespeare is + +479 +00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:17,080 +saying goodbye. So my charms, charms means magic, + +480 +00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:21,800 +but isn't again literature magic? Doesn't + +481 +00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:26,620 +literature and fiction change our minds? Doesn't + +482 +00:31:26,620 --> 00:31:29,760 +literature help us grow, become better people, + +483 +00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:34,000 +learn, gain more experiences? Yes, it has the + +484 +00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:39,520 +magical power to make us better people, more open + +485 +00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:42,540 +minded, more understanding. That's a pun, right? + +486 +00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,990 +Sorry? Is it a pun? Charms? No, I'm not sure it is + +487 +00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:54,230 +a pun. It's an irony. Why? He's saying something + +488 +00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:59,710 +but he wants to say goodbye to people, to his + +489 +00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:04,990 +writings and plays. How is it irony? What is + +490 +00:32:04,990 --> 00:32:07,750 +irony? It's when you say something but you mean + +491 +00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,010 +something else. Probably, + +492 +00:32:12,050 --> 00:32:14,270 +I don't think it's irony, but it's funny how + +493 +00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:17,290 +Shakespeare is saying okay now all, now my charms + +494 +00:32:17,290 --> 00:32:23,890 +are all overthrown. But in reality he doesn't in + +495 +00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:29,050 +there Shakespeare begins here he actually scatters + +496 +00:32:29,050 --> 00:32:31,570 +his knowledge and charms all over the world all + +497 +00:32:31,570 --> 00:32:34,510 +around the world and that's why now we continue to + +498 +00:32:34,510 --> 00:32:37,770 +read Shakespeare and appreciate him and love and + +499 +00:32:37,770 --> 00:32:43,220 +love his writing okay So we go back finally to + +500 +00:32:43,220 --> 00:32:46,280 +Shakespeare, finally, to end this class. + +501 +00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:51,740 +Shakespeare using the very famous metaphor of the + +502 +00:32:51,740 --> 00:32:56,460 +world as a stage. Remember in Macbeth? Tomorrow + +503 +00:32:56,460 --> 00:33:01,160 +and tomorrow and tomorrow. No, that's King Lear. + +504 +00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,700 +Never, never, never King Lear. No, no, no, it's + +505 +00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:05,820 +King Lear. Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow is + +506 +00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:10,680 +Macbeth. When he says, A poor player describing + +507 +00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,880 +man. A poor player that struts and struts and + +508 +00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:18,260 +spins his hour upon the stage and then is heard? + +509 +00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:21,700 +No more. Now Sheikhs beweared this last time, I + +510 +00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,980 +think, some of you, one of you. All the world's a + +511 +00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:30,620 +stage. All the world's A stage and all men and + +512 +00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:34,600 +women merely players. They have their exits and + +513 +00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,860 +their entrances. And one man in his time plays + +514 +00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:43,160 +many parts. I like how Shakespeare says men and + +515 +00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:47,160 +women, men before, women we know, women didn't + +516 +00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,200 +perform on the stage then. And then later on he + +517 +00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,140 +says and one man plays many parts because + +518 +00:33:53,140 --> 00:33:56,040 +sometimes he plays the part of a woman. I don't + +519 +00:33:56,040 --> 00:34:00,120 +know. It could be funny. OK? So Shakespeare, we + +520 +00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,480 +stop here. But we go back to wrap things up before + +521 +00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,300 +we talk about the next class. Shakespeare is the + +522 +00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:11,360 +greatest poet, playwright, literary figure + +523 +00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,080 +probably not in the history of English literature, + +524 +00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:22,060 +but in the whole world. 400 years ago and now. + +525 +00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,240 +He's talking to us. The themes, the characters, + +526 +00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,880 +the jokes, the poetry, we still love, we still + +527 +00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,500 +care about. We watch Hamlet, we feel sad for + +528 +00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,800 +Hamlet. We watch Shylock, we feel sad for Shylock. + +529 +00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,800 +We watch Portia, we feel proud that Portia managed + +530 +00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,740 +to change something. The themes of shared + +531 +00:34:42,740 --> 00:34:45,580 +humanity, the themes of love, of power, of money, + +532 +00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:48,360 +are still themes today, are still issues we + +533 +00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,890 +discuss even today. Shakespeare is a universal + +534 +00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:56,610 +character. Shakespeare is timeless because he fits + +535 +00:34:56,610 --> 00:35:01,350 +everywhere and he fits in all societies, in all + +536 +00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:03,590 +places. That's why probably Shakespeare was + +537 +00:35:03,590 --> 00:35:06,250 +translated to almost all languages around the + +538 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,570 +world. He was performed and he's even adapted. + +539 +00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:13,790 +Many plays tried to change, like many productions + +540 +00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:18,820 +tried to change something in. Because we had one + +541 +00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:22,260 +interesting discussion with someone who performed + +542 +00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:28,480 +Othello in Africa. So what did they do? They made + +543 +00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460 +everyone black except for Othello. Or when you go + +544 +00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:35,540 +to China, how would you do this? So probably + +545 +00:35:35,540 --> 00:35:39,520 +Othello is a Chinese man. in a way. Maybe you can + +546 +00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,380 +play The Merchant of Venice where it takes place + +547 +00:35:43,380 --> 00:35:46,460 +in Palestine in occupied Jerusalem and Shylock is + +548 +00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:49,160 +a Palestinian guy trying to go to perform to + +549 +00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,880 +something having his house destroyed or trying to + +550 +00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,880 +take revenge. The beauty of Shakespeare is that he + +551 +00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,800 +keeps giving. You read Shakespeare, you enjoy the + +552 +00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,000 +language, and you love the characters. Even if the + +553 +00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,800 +characters are bad and wicked, sometimes you find + +554 +00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,540 +something interesting in them. He's master of + +555 +00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,380 +characterization. He's a master of + +556 +00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:15,020 +characterization. Now, if you have any question, + +557 +00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,260 +please do ask. This is, again, Shakespeare today. + +558 +00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:27,270 +The last slide. This is how we comment on + +559 +00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:31,710 +Shakespeare to conclude things. Remember, in the + +560 +00:36:31,710 --> 00:36:34,670 +Renaissance, now literature gives more answers + +561 +00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:39,430 +than religion. People would go to the theater + +562 +00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:43,110 +every time there's a play. But remember, + +563 +00:36:43,630 --> 00:36:46,810 +Shakespeare, particularly literature in general, + +564 +00:36:47,970 --> 00:36:54,930 +does not give us answers. When you read a literary + +565 +00:36:54,930 --> 00:36:57,470 +text, a poem, sometimes it's not about finding + +566 +00:36:57,470 --> 00:37:00,270 +answers. You could find your answer. But it's + +567 +00:37:00,270 --> 00:37:04,470 +about raising more questions, showing you + +568 +00:37:04,470 --> 00:37:06,910 +possibilities. What should I do, this or that? + +569 +00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:09,790 +Should I do like Hamlet? Should I act like + +570 +00:37:09,790 --> 00:37:12,290 +Othello? What happens if I do? What happens if I + +571 +00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:15,530 +don't? It gives us answers. Gives us + +572 +00:37:15,530 --> 00:37:18,330 +possibilities, I would say. But it raises many + +573 +00:37:18,330 --> 00:37:20,590 +questions. Many people say literature is about + +574 +00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,600 +raising questions, not answering them. Because it + +575 +00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,580 +makes you think. It makes you a better human + +576 +00:37:26,580 --> 00:37:29,480 +being, a better thinker, a better student, and a + +577 +00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,920 +better daughter, wife, husband, son, mother, + +578 +00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:36,700 +grandmother. Because you've seen it all. You've + +579 +00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,960 +lived it. When you read Hamlet, you live Hamlet. + +580 +00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,240 +You become Hamlet. You are Hamlet. And this is how + +581 +00:37:44,240 --> 00:37:48,020 +much experience we learn from just watching one + +582 +00:37:48,020 --> 00:37:51,560 +play. That's why Shakespeare is still relevant and + +583 +00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:53,980 +alive. His characters are alive in our + +584 +00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:57,800 +imagination. We quote him, we adapt him, we study + +585 +00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,940 +him. Because his plays fit all people, all + +586 +00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:04,760 +religions. Yeah, regardless of religion, + +587 +00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,540 +regardless of race. I posted these five questions + +588 +00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:12,810 +online on the Facebook group. You're supposed to + +589 +00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:19,430 +answer three of them. Listen, these are opinion + +590 +00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:22,990 +questions more or less. You know what opinion + +591 +00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:26,270 +question is? I want your opinion. I don't want you + +592 +00:38:26,270 --> 00:38:29,940 +to go copy from the internet. You're not supposed + +593 +00:38:29,940 --> 00:38:34,340 +to, like, reading this is enough. You're still + +594 +00:38:34,340 --> 00:38:36,820 +beginning to learn English and English literature. + +595 +00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,240 +If you want to read more about Hamlet, about + +596 +00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,520 +Othello, about The Tempest, about The Mansion of + +597 +00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:44,340 +Venice, it's up to you for more knowledge, for + +598 +00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:48,500 +more background information. But for these + +599 +00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,040 +questions, the discussions we had in the class + +600 +00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:56,380 +could be enough. Okay, so what I want you to do is + +601 +00:38:56,380 --> 00:39:01,100 +to choose three out of five questions Three out of + +602 +00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:04,100 +five for each question. You're supposed to write a + +603 +00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,340 +long paragraph like I don't know It's not about + +604 +00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:09,280 +how big it is. It's how well written it is. You're + +605 +00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,140 +learning how to write paragraphs in academic + +606 +00:39:11,140 --> 00:39:14,520 +writing apply this Topic sentence supporting + +607 +00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,240 +sentences. Give me your opinion. Give me your idea + +608 +00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:22,150 +about these questions for example We said that + +609 +00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:24,970 +Shakespeare humanizes the kings. He makes them + +610 +00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:28,770 +humans. But is he also exposing their weaknesses + +611 +00:39:28,770 --> 00:39:31,990 +implicitly and directly? What do you think? Give + +612 +00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:36,670 +examples from what we studied. How could Hamlet be + +613 +00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:41,830 +a typical Palestinian girl or boy? Is there + +614 +00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:48,120 +something in us from Hamlet? Do you identify with + +615 +00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,720 +him? The struggle, the crisis, the identity, how + +616 +00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:55,060 +he's caught between two worlds, the old and the + +617 +00:39:55,060 --> 00:39:55,380 +modern? + +618 +00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,180 +So what do you think? Give me your opinion. As a + +619 +00:40:04,180 --> 00:40:07,720 +Palestinian, would you identify more with Shylock + +620 +00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:15,230 +or with Othello? Which one do you find closer to + +621 +00:40:15,230 --> 00:40:17,850 +you, to your mentality, to your way of thinking as + +622 +00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:22,130 +a Palestinian? Which one would you feel more + +623 +00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:27,050 +sorrowful towards? Could a woman have achieved + +624 +00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:30,070 +what Shakespeare did? Shakespeare, the man, the + +625 +00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:33,230 +author, the playwright. Remember, women at that + +626 +00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,190 +time were not considered as intellectual, as + +627 +00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:40,670 +smart, as intelligent as men. And Shakespeare + +628 +00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,350 +somewhere, he proved that this is in a way wrong. + +629 +00:40:45,090 --> 00:40:49,090 +Why didn't a woman in Shakespeare's time wrote + +630 +00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,190 +these plays? Why didn't a woman write these plays? + +631 +00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,350 +What's wrong? Was it her problem? Was it the + +632 +00:40:56,350 --> 00:40:59,170 +society? We can learn about this from the plays, + +633 +00:40:59,310 --> 00:41:03,230 +from Ophelia, Gertrude, from probably Portia. + +634 +00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:06,210 +Maybe if you don't like the question, it's up to + +635 +00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:10,580 +you. And then, finally, some accuse Shakespeare of + +636 +00:41:10,580 --> 00:41:12,720 +being anti-feminist. What is anti-feminist? + +637 +00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:17,380 +Someone who thinks women are not equal to men, + +638 +00:41:17,740 --> 00:41:20,200 +they don't deserve equal rights, they should spend + +639 +00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,040 +their time at home in the kitchen. But other + +640 +00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:26,480 +critics say, no, no, no, no, Shakespeare is not + +641 +00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,460 +doing this because Shakespeare hates women or + +642 +00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,600 +thinks less of them, but because Shakespeare wants + +643 +00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,410 +to expose the society. It's an opinion question. + +644 +00:41:36,490 --> 00:41:40,090 +Do you agree? Prove it. Do you disagree? Also + +645 +00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:44,930 +prove it. From the examples we discussed here. + +646 +00:41:45,570 --> 00:41:50,430 +Again, if you want to read more online or go to + +647 +00:41:50,430 --> 00:41:52,490 +the library, read something more about any of + +648 +00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:56,450 +these plays, do it. But please don't copy paste. + +649 +00:41:56,770 --> 00:41:59,110 +If you copy paste, this is called plagiarism. + +650 +00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,360 +Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the worst thing a + +651 +00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,380 +student could do. Probably the second worst thing + +652 +00:42:10,380 --> 00:42:14,500 +next to racism. You're not racist. You're not + +653 +00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:18,440 +plagiarists. I want your opinion. I don't want + +654 +00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,960 +what people write online. okay this is five marks + +655 +00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:26,460 +if you want more questions please do ask I'll stop + +656 +00:42:26,460 --> 00:42:30,360 +here and I'll stay for 10 minutes if you need to + +657 +00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:32,820 +know more about the questions about Shakespeare or + +658 +00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:35,680 +anything thank you very much and see you next + +659 +00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,820 +class for the summit + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f11d731fdbdedcf652d52bb924266868e114c16 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2636 @@ +1 +00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:23,420 +As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh and + +2 +00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:27,120 +hello again everyone. So again we continue + +3 +00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,180 +Shakespeare today, class number four. We'll talk + +4 +00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,620 +more about Shakespeare's comedies, Shakespeare's + +5 +00:00:33,620 --> 00:00:37,280 +last plays and then we'll probably have some time + +6 +00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,650 +to speak about the sonnet. Last time, we had a + +7 +00:00:40,650 --> 00:00:43,990 +discussion about new themes that English + +8 +00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:47,390 +literature in the Renaissance was acquiring, was + +9 +00:00:47,390 --> 00:00:49,470 +discussing and tackling. And Shakespeare was one + +10 +00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,670 +of the early writers to discuss themes that are, + +11 +00:00:55,110 --> 00:00:58,090 +even today, important and significant. We've seen, + +12 +00:00:58,150 --> 00:01:02,230 +for example, Othello. We've seen Shylock. We said + +13 +00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:06,570 +these two characters are considered outsiders in a + +14 +00:01:06,570 --> 00:01:11,350 +sense. Othello was the black man from Africa. And + +15 +00:01:11,350 --> 00:01:14,450 +Shylock was the Jewish man from I don't know + +16 +00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:18,550 +where. Shylock is a Jew. He's Jewish. And he's + +17 +00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:23,170 +treated badly only mainly actually because of his + +18 +00:01:23,170 --> 00:01:28,250 +religion, not because of anything else. Othello is + +19 +00:01:28,250 --> 00:01:31,570 +hated because he's black because of his color. + +20 +00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:34,970 +These are issues and themes that Shakespeare is + +21 +00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:37,030 +raising. Some people accuse Shakespeare of being a + +22 +00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:40,480 +racist. Anti-feminism. You know racist if you hate + +23 +00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,560 +somebody because of his color origin, because he + +24 +00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:49,400 +or she is African or black or Asian or Chinese or + +25 +00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:54,190 +whatever. This is racism. It's horrible. Racism is + +26 +00:01:54,190 --> 00:01:57,450 +the worst thing you could ever have. And I'm sure + +27 +00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:01,470 +you're going to learn from literature not to be + +28 +00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:04,910 +racist. Now, if you hate Jews because they are + +29 +00:02:04,910 --> 00:02:08,770 +Jews, this is called anti-Semitism. Shakespeare is + +30 +00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:11,470 +accused sometimes by some people of being anti + +31 +00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:15,040 +-Semitic. because of the way, the horrible way + +32 +00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,380 +Shylock is depicted in the play, and because of + +33 +00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:23,060 +how horribly Shylock is treated in The Merchant of + +34 +00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:26,020 +Venice. But many critics defend Shakespeare. They + +35 +00:02:26,020 --> 00:02:27,720 +say, no, no, no, no. Shakespeare is not doing + +36 +00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,000 +this. because he's raising these questions. He's + +37 +00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,260 +bringing these questions up in the open so that + +38 +00:02:35,260 --> 00:02:38,620 +people can have discussions and debates and ask + +39 +00:02:38,620 --> 00:02:43,100 +questions and hopefully find the correct answers. + +40 +00:02:43,820 --> 00:02:47,080 +The same thing about, again, going back to + +41 +00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,420 +Othello. Othello was horribly treated, mainly. We + +42 +00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,400 +see Yag, one of the scariest characters in + +43 +00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:56,280 +Shakespeare, insult Othello only because he is + +44 +00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,450 +black. He calls him the Black Moor. He calls him + +45 +00:02:59,450 --> 00:03:03,430 +an animal. He hates the fact that he married the + +46 +00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:09,490 +most beautiful woman in Venice. And eventually, he + +47 +00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:15,090 +makes Othello kill his wife, this demon. Can you + +48 +00:03:15,090 --> 00:03:18,730 +imagine how hateful, how wicked someone has to be + +49 +00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:22,630 +to make someone kill his wife or someone kill her + +50 +00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:27,310 +husband? This is Iago. But interesting thing about + +51 +00:03:27,310 --> 00:03:30,670 +Iago, in Shakespeare, remember in Hamlet, he has + +52 +00:03:30,670 --> 00:03:33,230 +seven soliloquies, major soliloquies, and we love + +53 +00:03:33,230 --> 00:03:36,010 +him for that. We identify with him. We feel sorry + +54 +00:03:36,010 --> 00:03:39,330 +for Hamlet. We share his concern, his feelings, + +55 +00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:44,390 +his feelings of fear, of love, of hope, of even + +56 +00:03:44,390 --> 00:03:48,530 +hesitation, right? Because of the soliloquies. He + +57 +00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:51,570 +comes closer to us. He communicates with us. Now + +58 +00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:55,380 +in Othello, Iago does more soliloquies in a way or + +59 +00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:58,240 +another than Othello. So the question is here, + +60 +00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:01,120 +what is Shakespeare doing? Now, some critics + +61 +00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:06,420 +believe that at that time in the Elizabethan age, + +62 +00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:10,900 +some of the audience might have considered Iago as + +63 +00:04:10,900 --> 00:04:14,750 +the hero. as the protagonist, the main character, + +64 +00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:18,910 +because in a way he was protecting the European + +65 +00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:22,450 +white society from infiltration by black people, + +66 +00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:25,930 +by intruders, by foreigners, by outsiders, in a + +67 +00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:30,110 +way. This is of course racist, supremacist, which + +68 +00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:33,930 +is wrong. But now, because life has changed and + +69 +00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,130 +people have changed in so many ways, this is + +70 +00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:39,170 +considered totally, totally wrong. The same thing + +71 +00:04:39,170 --> 00:04:41,870 +applies to Shylock, The Mansion of Venice. This + +72 +00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:43,990 +play has been considered as a comedy for a long + +73 +00:04:43,990 --> 00:04:47,990 +time. Why? Because nobody dies, right? And because + +74 +00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:52,450 +it ends happily. But who's happy at the end? The + +75 +00:04:52,450 --> 00:04:57,600 +white Christian people. Bassanio, Portia, and + +76 +00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,600 +maybe Antonio's a little bit heavy. But Shylock, + +77 +00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,200 +he loses his daughter. He loses most of his money. + +78 +00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:08,820 +He loses his religion. He's forced to convert to + +79 +00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:12,080 +Christianity. And he loses his dignity and his + +80 +00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,420 +chance to take revenge. We're not talking about + +81 +00:05:16,420 --> 00:05:19,640 +revenge as a good thing here, At least, remember, + +82 +00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,620 +he was saying like, I am like you. It's not about + +83 +00:05:22,620 --> 00:05:25,520 +revenge. It's about the shared humanity. If you + +84 +00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,720 +wrong me, if you wrong me, I should, if I wrong + +85 +00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,900 +you, you take revenge. If I wrong you, okay, so + +86 +00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:37,080 +it's like people would say, no, I wrong you. We've + +87 +00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:42,470 +seen Antonio wrong him so many times. But only + +88 +00:05:42,470 --> 00:05:45,870 +Shylock, the intruder, the stranger, is not + +89 +00:05:45,870 --> 00:05:48,010 +allowed to take revenge. So it's not about + +90 +00:05:48,010 --> 00:05:50,750 +revenge, it's about equality. He's saying, I'm a + +91 +00:05:50,750 --> 00:05:54,270 +human being like you. If you prick us, don't we + +92 +00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:58,190 +bleed? If you tickle us, don't we laugh? If you + +93 +00:05:58,190 --> 00:06:02,530 +poison us, don't we die? We are the same, so why + +94 +00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:08,570 +not? And in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare is + +95 +00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:10,870 +also doing something brilliant, amazing about + +96 +00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:16,190 +women. Again, Shakespeare composed his plays to be + +97 +00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:20,650 +performed on the stage rather than published and + +98 +00:06:20,650 --> 00:06:24,710 +read. Now, women at that time were not allowed, + +99 +00:06:25,170 --> 00:06:27,530 +women, important point, were not allowed to + +100 +00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:29,750 +perform on the stage. But we have women + +101 +00:06:29,750 --> 00:06:32,170 +characters. So who would be playing these + +102 +00:06:32,170 --> 00:06:35,690 +characters? Young men, beardless young men with + +103 +00:06:35,690 --> 00:06:37,270 +soft voices. + +104 +00:06:39,870 --> 00:06:43,850 +So interesting. Now, Portia, we know Portia is a + +105 +00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:47,970 +man. But we suspend our disbelief. Portia is a man + +106 +00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:51,650 +playing the role of a woman. And now Portia, what + +107 +00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,910 +does she do in the play? She disguises as a man. + +108 +00:06:56,870 --> 00:07:00,850 +So a man, a woman, a man. and not an ordinary man, + +109 +00:07:01,030 --> 00:07:03,570 +a lawyer, intellectual, a thinker. At that time, + +110 +00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:06,070 +women were not allowed to be lawyers because they + +111 +00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:08,190 +were thought to be less intellectual, less + +112 +00:07:08,190 --> 00:07:10,670 +intelligent than men. But Shakespeare here defies + +113 +00:07:10,670 --> 00:07:16,810 +this custom, this idea. He shows that women are as + +114 +00:07:16,810 --> 00:07:19,790 +intellectual, if not more intellectual as men are. + +115 +00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:22,430 +But somewhere else, Shakespeare is accused of + +116 +00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:25,690 +being anti-feminist. OK, don't forget this word + +117 +00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:30,150 +feminine. You know feminine? Feminine? Feminist is + +118 +00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:33,390 +an activist, a person, usually a woman, who calls + +119 +00:07:33,390 --> 00:07:36,570 +for the equal rights of women, that women must + +120 +00:07:36,570 --> 00:07:39,570 +have their rights as men. Feminism is the norm. + +121 +00:07:39,890 --> 00:07:44,760 +Now, anti-feminist Anti-feminist, someone who + +122 +00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,540 +doesn't like women, someone who thinks women, + +123 +00:07:47,780 --> 00:07:50,040 +probably likes women, but thinks that women are + +124 +00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,080 +not equal, that they should stay at home, there + +125 +00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,500 +should be this, there was a common thing in the + +126 +00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:59,900 +past, which is very wrong now, that women should + +127 +00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:03,800 +be barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. Now + +128 +00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,340 +Shakespeare is proving them wrong. He's saying, + +129 +00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:11,020 +okay, Now, what did she do, Portia? She tricked + +130 +00:08:11,020 --> 00:08:14,200 +everyone. She managed to beat the unbeatable + +131 +00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:17,140 +Shylock. Shylock is cunning in so many ways. When + +132 +00:08:17,140 --> 00:08:19,600 +he says, oh, a pound of flesh just for Mary's + +133 +00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:24,400 +port. And now I want my pound of flesh. But what + +134 +00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,960 +the hell are you going to do with a pound of + +135 +00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:28,300 +flesh, Shylock? This is not meat. You don't eat + +136 +00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:31,660 +flesh. And he says, I will bait with it. I will + +137 +00:08:31,660 --> 00:08:34,420 +feed it to the fish. If it doesn't feed anything, + +138 +00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,260 +it will feed my revenge. Not for revenge, + +139 +00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,560 +probably, but for equality. Now, she beats him + +140 +00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:45,640 +because she says, there should be no one drop of + +141 +00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,780 +blood. If you take more blood, then you are trying + +142 +00:08:48,780 --> 00:08:52,340 +to kill someone in Venice. And if you do that, you + +143 +00:08:52,340 --> 00:08:58,260 +will have to be punished. So why does she beat + +144 +00:08:58,260 --> 00:09:03,750 +Shylock? Only because she changes hair. clothes, + +145 +00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:08,710 +and puts a fake mustache and a fake beard. So + +146 +00:09:08,710 --> 00:09:10,830 +Shakespeare is saying, this distinction between + +147 +00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:15,310 +men and women in intellect is fake. It's a matter + +148 +00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:18,090 +of, you know, it's a funny thing, because it's not + +149 +00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:23,510 +true. It's not true. So we have these important + +150 +00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:27,100 +issues. Shakespeare discussing them. 400 years + +151 +00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:30,760 +ago. This is how timeless, how brilliant, how + +152 +00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,540 +smart, how intelligent Shakespeare is. How + +153 +00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,700 +relevant he is even today. Everywhere Shakespeare + +154 +00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:41,120 +is universal and timeless. Not because of his + +155 +00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,060 +stories. Because I told you this maybe. The + +156 +00:09:44,060 --> 00:09:46,380 +stories in Shakespeare are mainly not his stories. + +157 +00:09:47,370 --> 00:09:50,250 +But because of the language, because of the plot, + +158 +00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:54,010 +because of the events, the scenes and the acts, + +159 +00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:57,410 +because of the ideas that address us even today. + +160 +00:09:57,730 --> 00:10:00,150 +We discussed Hamlet and we said there is some of + +161 +00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:04,900 +us in Hamlet and there is something from Hamlet I + +162 +00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:07,480 +have never, every time I teach to be or not to be, + +163 +00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:09,680 +like every one of the students, like to be or not + +164 +00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:11,380 +to be, that is a question. Because at one + +165 +00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:15,060 +particular point or more in our lives, we have + +166 +00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,000 +this crisis of identity, who we are, and then to + +167 +00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,860 +be or not to be, that is the question. Whether it + +168 +00:10:22,860 --> 00:10:27,280 +is noble in the mind to suffer the arrows and + +169 +00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:33,720 +slings of outrageous time. Or carry arms against a + +170 +00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:35,820 +sea of trouble, as Palestinians were suffering + +171 +00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:38,320 +because of the Israeli occupation, because of the + +172 +00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,280 +siege, because of the internal division. It's not + +173 +00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:46,340 +easy for individuals to fight this huge fight. So + +174 +00:10:46,340 --> 00:10:49,680 +we ask ourselves, should we live in submission, in + +175 +00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:55,160 +fear, in humiliation? and die thus, or should we + +176 +00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:58,560 +carry arms against a sea of trouble? Notice the + +177 +00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:01,100 +beautiful language, the metaphor. A sea of, not + +178 +00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:06,500 +only a sea, but a sea of? A sea of trouble, and by + +179 +00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:14,880 +opposing in them. To die, to flee. Now, I asked a + +180 +00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,820 +question in the assignment I'll be showing you + +181 +00:11:16,820 --> 00:11:20,580 +probably today. As a Palestinian, would you + +182 +00:11:20,580 --> 00:11:26,120 +sympathize more with Shylock, the guy from Africa, + +183 +00:11:26,780 --> 00:11:30,840 +probably originally an Arab, or with Shylock the + +184 +00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:35,880 +Jew? Remember, this is not about politics. It's + +185 +00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:39,750 +about humanity. How do you feel when you read + +186 +00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:45,330 +Shylock? Do we share + +187 +00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:49,930 +common fears, concerns, issues, ideas with + +188 +00:11:49,930 --> 00:11:54,870 +Shylock? Would you identify with Shylock? Please, + +189 +00:11:55,390 --> 00:12:00,850 +okay, go on. I think people see us as Palestinians + +190 +00:12:00,850 --> 00:12:05,710 +who are not very, + +191 +00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:10,800 +how can I say it, They think that we're injustice + +192 +00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,940 +and they think that we kill people and they see us + +193 +00:12:14,940 --> 00:12:18,760 +in a different way. Also the religion, they see us + +194 +00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:22,940 +as Muslims that girls if I go to America they + +195 +00:12:22,940 --> 00:12:28,380 +might say stuff about my hijab. I see myself as + +196 +00:12:28,380 --> 00:12:30,940 +Shia. So you're mistreated because of your + +197 +00:12:30,940 --> 00:12:34,220 +religion, because of how you look. Is that good? + +198 +00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,640 +That makes us victims now. Muslims all over the + +199 +00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,580 +world are accused of being terrorists. Which is + +200 +00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:45,380 +totally wrong. That's why there's Islamophobia. + +201 +00:12:45,540 --> 00:12:47,380 +People who hate Muslims just for being a Muslim. + +202 +00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:49,820 +So what's your religion or something? I'm a + +203 +00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:53,500 +Muslim. Somebody sees your hijab and then, oh, are + +204 +00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:55,780 +you a terrorist? This is racism. This is + +205 +00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:59,440 +Islamophobia. So in a way or another, we are + +206 +00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,120 +victims exactly as Shylock. Shylock is a victim. + +207 +00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:06,920 +In my opinion, Shylock now is more Palestinian + +208 +00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,500 +than Israeli. We share more with Shylock than many + +209 +00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:15,540 +Israeli occupiers do. And think about this and + +210 +00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,560 +probably see what you have to say here. Before I + +211 +00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:24,080 +move to Shakespeare's late plays, probably we have + +212 +00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:29,300 +two students here to recite. Shylock, go on. + +213 +00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:41,050 +Go on, please. Raise your voice, please. He has + +214 +00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:45,470 +disgusted me and handed me half a million dollars + +215 +00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:49,030 +at my closest market at my against, scorned my + +216 +00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:52,550 +nation, thwarted my burdens, called my friends, + +217 +00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:59,910 +hated my enemies. And what is his reasons? I'm a + +218 +00:13:59,910 --> 00:14:04,290 +Jew. He had not a Jew eyes. He had not a Jew + +219 +00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:08,590 +hands. organs, dementia, senses, affections that + +220 +00:14:08,590 --> 00:14:12,190 +phase him, filled with the same food, held with + +221 +00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:15,530 +the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, + +222 +00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:19,910 +hurted by the same means, warmed and colded by the + +223 +00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:22,650 +same winter and summer. As a Christian, if you + +224 +00:14:22,650 --> 00:14:28,710 +punk us, do we not bleed? If you tackle us, do we + +225 +00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:33,790 +not love? If we poison us, do we not die? And if + +226 +00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:38,530 +you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like + +227 +00:14:38,530 --> 00:14:42,790 +you and the rest, we will resemble you in that. If + +228 +00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:47,310 +a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility + +229 +00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,410 +revenge? Revenge. Revenge. If a Christian wrong a + +230 +00:14:52,410 --> 00:14:56,530 +Jew, what should his suffers by the Christian + +231 +00:14:56,530 --> 00:15:02,930 +example? Why revenge? Why? Revenge. The villain + +232 +00:15:02,930 --> 00:15:07,890 +you teach me, I will execute and it shall go hard + +233 +00:15:07,890 --> 00:15:12,390 +by, but I will better the instruction. Very good. + +234 +00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:17,290 +So the villain, the villain you teach me, I will + +235 +00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:19,710 +execute, but I will better the instruction. + +236 +00:15:21,180 --> 00:15:24,880 +Interesting. I have one of my students previously + +237 +00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,320 +changing this into a Palestinian context and + +238 +00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:32,320 +saying that, yeah, have not a Palestinian eyes, + +239 +00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:35,320 +have not a Palestinian organs, dimensions, senses, + +240 +00:15:35,460 --> 00:15:37,900 +affections. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If + +241 +00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,400 +you prick us, do we not bleed? If you poison us, + +242 +00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,720 +do we not die as a Christian, as a Jew? Yes, next. + +243 +00:15:51,210 --> 00:15:52,250 +On your mobile, okay. + +244 +00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:57,990 +He had disgraced me and hindered me half a + +245 +00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,230 +million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, + +246 +00:16:01,410 --> 00:16:04,450 +scorned my nation, tortured my burghers, called my + +247 +00:16:04,450 --> 00:16:07,670 +friends, hated my enemies. And what's his reason? + +248 +00:16:08,030 --> 00:16:10,990 +What's his reason? I'm a Palestinian. Had not a + +249 +00:16:10,990 --> 00:16:14,070 +Palestinian eyes, had not a Palestinian hands, + +250 +00:16:14,250 --> 00:16:17,050 +organs and menses since his affection and passion? + +251 +00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:20,140 +Feed with the same food, hurt with the same + +252 +00:16:20,140 --> 00:16:24,020 +weapons, subject to the same disease, healed by + +253 +00:16:24,020 --> 00:16:26,940 +the same means, warm and cool by the same winter + +254 +00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:30,460 +and summer as the Jews. If you pick us, do we not + +255 +00:16:30,460 --> 00:16:34,640 +bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you + +256 +00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:37,800 +poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, + +257 +00:16:37,940 --> 00:16:40,980 +shall we not revenge? If we like you in the wrist, + +258 +00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:43,680 +we will resemble you in that. If a Palestinian + +259 +00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,520 +wronged a Jew, what is his humanity? Revenge. If a + +260 +00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,340 +Jew wrong a Palestinian, what should his + +261 +00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:53,700 +sovereignness be by Jew example? Why? Revenge. The + +262 +00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,940 +villainy you teach me I execute, and it shall go + +263 +00:16:56,940 --> 00:16:59,780 +high, but I will the instruction. I will better + +264 +00:16:59,780 --> 00:17:04,320 +the instruction. But one thing I need to correct + +265 +00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:09,100 +here. One thing I need to correct here. Like, it's + +266 +00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,320 +interesting how you, I said it before, but you've + +267 +00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,560 +already done this. Very smart of you. But + +268 +00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,400 +remember, As Palestinians, we have a problem with + +269 +00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,500 +the Israeli occupations, with the Israelis. Not + +270 +00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,740 +the Jews. So I would use Zionist instead of Jew + +271 +00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:28,220 +here because we have nothing against Jews because + +272 +00:17:28,220 --> 00:17:32,740 +they are Jews. The occupiers happen to be Jews in + +273 +00:17:32,740 --> 00:17:34,460 +a way. Some of them are not Jews, by the way, and + +274 +00:17:34,460 --> 00:17:36,820 +we still resist them in the same way. Even if + +275 +00:17:36,820 --> 00:17:40,520 +Arabs occupy Palestine, Muslims. we have the right + +276 +00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:46,060 +to resist and fight back. One more, okay? Same or + +277 +00:17:46,060 --> 00:17:50,500 +all the way to the stage? Okay. The one from the + +278 +00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:56,700 +book. Please. Have not a Jew eyes, have not a Jew + +279 +00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,620 +hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, + +280 +00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,800 +passion, fed with the same food, hurt with the + +281 +00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,500 +same weapons, subject to the same diseases, Healed + +282 +00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:14,020 +by the same means. Warmed and cooled by the same + +283 +00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:19,360 +winter and summer. As the question is, if you pick + +284 +00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,860 +us, do we not bleed? Thank you very much. Now, + +285 +00:18:25,380 --> 00:18:31,380 +last time I said, oh, you notice that this text is + +286 +00:18:31,380 --> 00:18:33,500 +written differently. And we said this is prose. + +287 +00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,940 +Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse, in + +288 +00:18:36,940 --> 00:18:40,750 +poetry. But sometimes there are minor characters, + +289 +00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:43,810 +the messenger, an ignorant person, uneducated + +290 +00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:46,910 +person, a villain, someone not in his right mind. + +291 +00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:51,350 +So usually good people or main characters use + +292 +00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:53,990 +poetry. But sometimes bad characters, minor + +293 +00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:57,390 +characters use prose. But it's interesting how + +294 +00:18:57,390 --> 00:19:00,880 +Shakespeare gives Shylock prose. Some people think + +295 +00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:02,820 +because this is Shakespeare having something + +296 +00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:06,700 +against Shylock himself. Think of this. It's not + +297 +00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,760 +that crucial, but it's really interesting. We'll + +298 +00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,580 +continue with Shakespeare, like I said. + +299 +00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:25,790 +So we'll just wrap things up and then we go back + +300 +00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:29,310 +for the last play, The Tempest. Now remember again + +301 +00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,130 +in comedies we have again the world sometimes + +302 +00:19:32,130 --> 00:19:35,190 +turned upside down. Comedies end happily, nobody + +303 +00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,730 +dies. But it doesn't mean comedies are less + +304 +00:19:38,730 --> 00:19:41,210 +important, less significant than tragedies, + +305 +00:19:41,470 --> 00:19:43,710 +because the themes are also crucial themes of + +306 +00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:48,150 +identity, themes of love, jealousy, power, money, + +307 +00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:53,370 +etc. Okay, but sometimes even the comedies are in + +308 +00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:57,310 +a way, more important because they use fun to make + +309 +00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,110 +serious points, to make fun of the king or to make + +310 +00:20:00,110 --> 00:20:04,730 +fun of the monarchy in general. Even today, people + +311 +00:20:04,730 --> 00:20:07,590 +laugh at Shakespeare's jokes and funny situation + +312 +00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:09,770 +in his plays. And that's, again, how Shakespeare + +313 +00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:11,250 +is relevant. + +314 +00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,480 +Some of the jokes by the way and the practical + +315 +00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,900 +jokes cannot be seen unless we understand unless + +316 +00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:21,520 +we see them on the stage because we see the body + +317 +00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,320 +language and everything and also remember last + +318 +00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,600 +time we discussed something remember the word son + +319 +00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,100 +and son we said there's something called the pun + +320 +00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:35,300 +shakespeare plays on the word pun is play on words + +321 +00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,340 +when a word has two meanings or two words sound + +322 +00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,540 +the same So you think of it and like, there's a + +323 +00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:48,480 +joke, why is the river very rich? Why is the + +324 +00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,180 +river, you know the river, very rich? Because it + +325 +00:20:51,180 --> 00:20:52,260 +has two banks. + +326 +00:20:55,460 --> 00:21:06,050 +What does two banks mean? Yeah, and? Bank. So the + +327 +00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:08,990 +joke is that the word bank has two meanings, the + +328 +00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:13,570 +side of the river, West Bank, and a financial + +329 +00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:16,430 +institution where you have a lot of money. So in + +330 +00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,870 +English, many of the jokes depend on playing on + +331 +00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:22,410 +the words and words sounding the same. So + +332 +00:21:22,410 --> 00:21:25,310 +Shakespeare does this all the time. So pay + +333 +00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:29,010 +attention if the word means something else. Now in + +334 +00:21:29,010 --> 00:21:33,080 +Shakespeare's final plays, Some of his final plays + +335 +00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,740 +are really serious and dark, like Diamond of + +336 +00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:41,460 +Athens, in which there is this theme of hatred + +337 +00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:46,370 +towards a human being. Really serious. Some people + +338 +00:21:46,370 --> 00:21:48,530 +were like, Shakespeare is losing it. In a way, + +339 +00:21:48,570 --> 00:21:51,550 +Shakespeare is going to the darker stage. Because + +340 +00:21:51,550 --> 00:21:55,230 +this plain brief, it shows Taiman, who really + +341 +00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:57,930 +hates people for one reason. I'm not going to go + +342 +00:21:57,930 --> 00:22:00,770 +into details. But later on, he started to restore + +343 +00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:04,150 +hope. And remember, hope in Shakespeare is usually + +344 +00:22:04,150 --> 00:22:07,250 +represented by the younger generation, by a new + +345 +00:22:07,250 --> 00:22:13,980 +king, by a new life, a new cycle of life. describe + +346 +00:22:13,980 --> 00:22:17,840 +these late plays as many things, pastorals, + +347 +00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:20,960 +fables, tragic comedies sometimes. It's not a big + +348 +00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:26,500 +deal for me because it's not of crucial importance + +349 +00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,600 +here in this course. Now the last play we'll study + +350 +00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,160 +for Shakespeare is The Tempest. The Tempest is + +351 +00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:39,400 +said to be Shakespeare's one of the late, the last + +352 +00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,340 +plays. It's not the last one because we have King + +353 +00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:48,740 +Henry VIII. You know King Henry VIII? The + +354 +00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:53,300 +Renaissance, what did he do? What did he do? He's + +355 +00:22:53,300 --> 00:23:00,000 +an important name. Yeah, he said goodbye to the + +356 +00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,030 +Pope of Rome. He changed the whole religion in + +357 +00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:05,230 +England. + +358 +00:23:07,150 --> 00:23:09,330 +No, he didn't do it, but just that was like the + +359 +00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:12,730 +structure of life. He was the head of the Church + +360 +00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:16,330 +of England. The head of the church was the Pope in + +361 +00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,030 +Rome. So he separated this. He just lived a + +362 +00:23:21,030 --> 00:23:24,910 +totally different life for religion in many ways. + +363 +00:23:25,570 --> 00:23:28,590 +Now in The Tempest, also people find it + +364 +00:23:28,590 --> 00:23:30,930 +interesting because they think that some critics + +365 +00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:33,310 +think that Shakespeare was saying goodbye to the + +366 +00:23:33,310 --> 00:23:37,670 +theater, to people, and giving us hints. He's just + +367 +00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:41,720 +ending his career as a playwright. Now, the story + +368 +00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:45,080 +in brief, again, I don't want to go in much + +369 +00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:46,940 +detail. Probably you can if you find it + +370 +00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:54,160 +interesting. A king is exiled by his brother to an + +371 +00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:59,050 +island. The island is empty, you know? Why empty? + +372 +00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:04,030 +Because they think the island is empty. Because in + +373 +00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:07,510 +the Renaissance mentality, the native people were + +374 +00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:11,610 +not in a way considered civilized and modern like + +375 +00:24:11,610 --> 00:24:15,870 +the white Christians of Europe. Remember we spoke + +376 +00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:18,810 +about the geographical discoveries? Interesting. + +377 +00:24:19,610 --> 00:24:22,430 +But when we study the geographical discoveries, we + +378 +00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:24,710 +realize that millions of people were killed + +379 +00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,650 +because of these. So this is whitewashing. This is + +380 +00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:31,350 +erasing the natives. Okay. So the man, the man is + +381 +00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:35,400 +prosperous. He lives on an island because his + +382 +00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,940 +brother kicks him out of his kingdom and he steals + +383 +00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:40,820 +the kingdom for himself the throne now this guy + +384 +00:24:40,820 --> 00:24:43,820 +Prospero look at the name Prospero we'll comment + +385 +00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:48,460 +on the name in in a bit Prospero okay what does he + +386 +00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:51,580 +do he learns magic he's a magician in a way he + +387 +00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:55,740 +uses magic to trick his brother and restore his + +388 +00:24:55,740 --> 00:25:01,870 +kingdom okay In the play, he defeats the evil + +389 +00:25:01,870 --> 00:25:07,770 +savage native by the name of Caliban. So we have + +390 +00:25:07,770 --> 00:25:11,450 +number one, Prospero, the king. And number two, we + +391 +00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:17,230 +have Caliban. Caliban is the native of the island. + +392 +00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:19,230 +He is the owner of the island. The island is not + +393 +00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:22,730 +empty. But in the mentality of European + +394 +00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:26,510 +colonialism, remember colonialism? But + +395 +00:25:26,510 --> 00:25:32,830 +colonialism. Colonialism is the invasion, the + +396 +00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:35,370 +occupation of others lands and stealing all the + +397 +00:25:35,370 --> 00:25:40,210 +raw materials and resources. The British Empire + +398 +00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,660 +colonized large parts of the world. So Prospero, + +399 +00:25:45,860 --> 00:25:48,180 +in a way, was colonizing the island. Because + +400 +00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:49,820 +somewhere in the book, he says, my island. It's + +401 +00:25:49,820 --> 00:25:52,360 +not his island. But this is, again, the Western + +402 +00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:55,080 +European mentality of that time. That's why many + +403 +00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,880 +people, many critics now, like Edward Said, the + +404 +00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,040 +Palestinian Christian intellectual, believes that + +405 +00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:08,260 +the Tempest could be a fable or an allegory of + +406 +00:26:08,260 --> 00:26:09,180 +imperialism. + +407 +00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,860 +Imperialism, colonialism, imperialism. What does + +408 +00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:20,960 +it mean? It means it teaches the white Europeans, + +409 +00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,240 +the English people, that they have the right to go + +410 +00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:31,510 +occupy, control other lands. Because in a way, + +411 +00:26:31,790 --> 00:26:35,550 +they go to civilize, to educate the people. And we + +412 +00:26:35,550 --> 00:26:38,130 +know they don't civilize. They don't occupy. And + +413 +00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,650 +as Palestinians, we have paid a heavy price for + +414 +00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:44,970 +British colonialism and imperialism. We're still + +415 +00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:48,630 +under occupation because of this mentality, wide + +416 +00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:52,030 +mentality. Now, it's very funny. If you look at + +417 +00:26:52,030 --> 00:26:56,230 +the names, Prospero is like closer to prosper. + +418 +00:26:56,950 --> 00:27:01,550 +Prosper means? Prosper means to become rich. You + +419 +00:27:01,550 --> 00:27:04,830 +know prosperity? Prosperity to become rich. + +420 +00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:08,090 +Because this guy comes to an island and he makes + +421 +00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,870 +it rich. Makes it important. Gives it a name. And + +422 +00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:17,070 +Caliban is also a play on the word called anagram + +423 +00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:20,130 +cannibal. Do you know what the word cannibal + +424 +00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:24,750 +means? Cannibal. Cannibalism. + +425 +00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:33,990 +Cannibalism. is eating the flesh of a human being. + +426 +00:27:34,930 --> 00:27:39,710 +A cannibal is someone who eats the flesh of a + +427 +00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:45,650 +human being. Savage, you know? A savage. Some + +428 +00:27:45,650 --> 00:27:50,750 +people still exist. They do this. Very, very rare. + +429 +00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:54,550 +But it happens. It was in the news two or three + +430 +00:27:54,550 --> 00:28:01,470 +years ago. Cannibalism is eating human flesh. So + +431 +00:28:01,470 --> 00:28:04,470 +is Shakespeare playing on these words, is using + +432 +00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:09,830 +Caliban as cannibal, cannibal, cannibalism and + +433 +00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:12,750 +prosperoism. So the European is the good, the + +434 +00:28:12,750 --> 00:28:16,190 +rich, the educated, the civilized. And the natives + +435 +00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:20,150 +are? The bad, the cannibal, the savages, the + +436 +00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:28,350 +backwards, the uncivilized. So in a way, because + +437 +00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:32,490 +this man goes to that island, he assumes it's + +438 +00:28:32,490 --> 00:28:39,350 +empty, he controls it, he says it's my island, he + +439 +00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:43,890 +takes upon himself to civilize, to educate Caliban + +440 +00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:48,090 +in a way it's considered what? An allegory of + +441 +00:28:48,090 --> 00:28:50,890 +colonialism or of imperialism. Again, what does it + +442 +00:28:50,890 --> 00:28:53,770 +mean, an allegory of colonialism or imperialism? + +443 +00:28:54,270 --> 00:28:59,580 +When a literary text teaches you that you have the + +444 +00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:03,000 +right to go to other lands, occupy them, control + +445 +00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,020 +them, colonize them. We read funny stories + +446 +00:29:06,020 --> 00:29:08,420 +sometimes, like when we read the story about the + +447 +00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:12,040 +lion and the mouse. This is an allegory, how the + +448 +00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:17,220 +mouse, the little animal, can save the lion, the + +449 +00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:19,680 +king of the jungle. This is an allegory, an + +450 +00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:22,400 +allegory which teaches us a lesson. What lesson? + +451 +00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:27,580 +That the weak has a moral. Thank you. The weak can + +452 +00:29:27,580 --> 00:29:32,780 +sometimes be stronger than the strongest, can + +453 +00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:37,640 +help, can save the strong. So in a way, in the + +454 +00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:42,060 +mentality of Western people, literature did some + +455 +00:29:42,060 --> 00:29:45,860 +kind of or played some kind of role to teach them + +456 +00:29:45,860 --> 00:29:49,820 +that they have the moral obligation to go and + +457 +00:29:49,820 --> 00:29:53,480 +civilize other peoples around the world. But + +458 +00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,560 +sadly, this wasn't good. It was good for England + +459 +00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,660 +because it brought them a lot of riches, + +460 +00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,280 +prosperity and money and wealth. But for the + +461 +00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,060 +natives, it was really horrible. Even today, 400 + +462 +00:30:07,060 --> 00:30:10,380 +years later, 300 years later, 200 years later, 100 + +463 +00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:15,160 +years later, the natives still pay the price of + +464 +00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,650 +British imperialism and European imperialism. in + +465 +00:30:18,650 --> 00:30:23,410 +Africa, in Asia, and in America. So that's the + +466 +00:30:23,410 --> 00:30:26,570 +Tempest. Now in the Tempest, again, there are many + +467 +00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:30,470 +interesting things here. Look at this, the last + +468 +00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:40,310 +line here. Now my charms are all overthrown. The + +469 +00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:42,190 +speaker is prosperous. At the end of the play, he + +470 +00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:46,800 +says, OK, I won my kingdom back. I own that + +471 +00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,520 +island. My daughter is happily married, future + +472 +00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,760 +generation and hope. And now I don't need my + +473 +00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,640 +charms. Many critics believe that this is + +474 +00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,120 +Shakespeare saying goodbye to the audience and + +475 +00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:04,940 +saying goodbye. to the theater itself in general + +476 +00:31:04,940 --> 00:31:07,840 +and saying goodbye to us even now. Many people + +477 +00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,340 +love this, the Tempest, because they try to read + +478 +00:31:11,340 --> 00:31:13,740 +between the lines and see where Shakespeare is + +479 +00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:17,080 +saying goodbye. So my charms, charms means magic, + +480 +00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:21,800 +but isn't again literature magic? Doesn't + +481 +00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:26,620 +literature and fiction change our minds? Doesn't + +482 +00:31:26,620 --> 00:31:29,760 +literature help us grow, become better people, + +483 +00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:34,000 +learn, gain more experiences? Yes, it has the + +484 +00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:39,520 +magical power to make us better people, more open + +485 +00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:42,540 +minded, more understanding. That's a pun, right? + +486 +00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,990 +Sorry? Is it a pun? Charms? No, I'm not sure it is + +487 +00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:54,230 +a pun. It's an irony. Why? He's saying something + +488 +00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:59,710 +but he wants to say goodbye to people, to his + +489 +00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:04,990 +writings and plays. How is it irony? What is + +490 +00:32:04,990 --> 00:32:07,750 +irony? It's when you say something but you mean + +491 +00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,010 +something else. Probably, + +492 +00:32:12,050 --> 00:32:14,270 +I don't think it's irony, but it's funny how + +493 +00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:17,290 +Shakespeare is saying okay now all, now my charms + +494 +00:32:17,290 --> 00:32:23,890 +are all overthrown. But in reality he doesn't in + +495 +00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:29,050 +there Shakespeare begins here he actually scatters + +496 +00:32:29,050 --> 00:32:31,570 +his knowledge and charms all over the world all + +497 +00:32:31,570 --> 00:32:34,510 +around the world and that's why now we continue to + +498 +00:32:34,510 --> 00:32:37,770 +read Shakespeare and appreciate him and love and + +499 +00:32:37,770 --> 00:32:43,220 +love his writing okay So we go back finally to + +500 +00:32:43,220 --> 00:32:46,280 +Shakespeare, finally, to end this class. + +501 +00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:51,740 +Shakespeare using the very famous metaphor of the + +502 +00:32:51,740 --> 00:32:56,460 +world as a stage. Remember in Macbeth? Tomorrow + +503 +00:32:56,460 --> 00:33:01,160 +and tomorrow and tomorrow. No, that's King Lear. + +504 +00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,700 +Never, never, never King Lear. No, no, no, it's + +505 +00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:05,820 +King Lear. Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow is + +506 +00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:10,680 +Macbeth. When he says, A poor player describing + +507 +00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,880 +man. A poor player that struts and struts and + +508 +00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:18,260 +spins his hour upon the stage and then is heard? + +509 +00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:21,700 +No more. Now Sheikhs beweared this last time, I + +510 +00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,980 +think, some of you, one of you. All the world's a + +511 +00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:30,620 +stage. All the world's A stage and all men and + +512 +00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:34,600 +women merely players. They have their exits and + +513 +00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,860 +their entrances. And one man in his time plays + +514 +00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:43,160 +many parts. I like how Shakespeare says men and + +515 +00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:47,160 +women, men before, women we know, women didn't + +516 +00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,200 +perform on the stage then. And then later on he + +517 +00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,140 +says and one man plays many parts because + +518 +00:33:53,140 --> 00:33:56,040 +sometimes he plays the part of a woman. I don't + +519 +00:33:56,040 --> 00:34:00,120 +know. It could be funny. OK? So Shakespeare, we + +520 +00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,480 +stop here. But we go back to wrap things up before + +521 +00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,300 +we talk about the next class. Shakespeare is the + +522 +00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:11,360 +greatest poet, playwright, literary figure + +523 +00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,080 +probably not in the history of English literature, + +524 +00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:22,060 +but in the whole world. 400 years ago and now. + +525 +00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,240 +He's talking to us. The themes, the characters, + +526 +00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,880 +the jokes, the poetry, we still love, we still + +527 +00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,500 +care about. We watch Hamlet, we feel sad for + +528 +00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,800 +Hamlet. We watch Shylock, we feel sad for Shylock. + +529 +00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,800 +We watch Portia, we feel proud that Portia managed + +530 +00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,740 +to change something. The themes of shared + +531 +00:34:42,740 --> 00:34:45,580 +humanity, the themes of love, of power, of money, + +532 +00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:48,360 +are still themes today, are still issues we + +533 +00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,890 +discuss even today. Shakespeare is a universal + +534 +00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:56,610 +character. Shakespeare is timeless because he fits + +535 +00:34:56,610 --> 00:35:01,350 +everywhere and he fits in all societies, in all + +536 +00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:03,590 +places. That's why probably Shakespeare was + +537 +00:35:03,590 --> 00:35:06,250 +translated to almost all languages around the + +538 +00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,570 +world. He was performed and he's even adapted. + +539 +00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:13,790 +Many plays tried to change, like many productions + +540 +00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:18,820 +tried to change something in. Because we had one + +541 +00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:22,260 +interesting discussion with someone who performed + +542 +00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:28,480 +Othello in Africa. So what did they do? They made + +543 +00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460 +everyone black except for Othello. Or when you go + +544 +00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:35,540 +to China, how would you do this? So probably + +545 +00:35:35,540 --> 00:35:39,520 +Othello is a Chinese man. in a way. Maybe you can + +546 +00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,380 +play The Merchant of Venice where it takes place + +547 +00:35:43,380 --> 00:35:46,460 +in Palestine in occupied Jerusalem and Shylock is + +548 +00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:49,160 +a Palestinian guy trying to go to perform to + +549 +00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,880 +something having his house destroyed or trying to + +550 +00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,880 +take revenge. The beauty of Shakespeare is that he + +551 +00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,800 +keeps giving. You read Shakespeare, you enjoy the + +552 +00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,000 +language, and you love the characters. Even if the + +553 +00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,800 +characters are bad and wicked, sometimes you find + +554 +00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,540 +something interesting in them. He's master of + +555 +00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,380 +characterization. He's a master of + +556 +00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:15,020 +characterization. Now, if you have any question, + +557 +00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,260 +please do ask. This is, again, Shakespeare today. + +558 +00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:27,270 +The last slide. This is how we comment on + +559 +00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:31,710 +Shakespeare to conclude things. Remember, in the + +560 +00:36:31,710 --> 00:36:34,670 +Renaissance, now literature gives more answers + +561 +00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:39,430 +than religion. People would go to the theater + +562 +00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:43,110 +every time there's a play. But remember, + +563 +00:36:43,630 --> 00:36:46,810 +Shakespeare, particularly literature in general, + +564 +00:36:47,970 --> 00:36:54,930 +does not give us answers. When you read a literary + +565 +00:36:54,930 --> 00:36:57,470 +text, a poem, sometimes it's not about finding + +566 +00:36:57,470 --> 00:37:00,270 +answers. You could find your answer. But it's + +567 +00:37:00,270 --> 00:37:04,470 +about raising more questions, showing you + +568 +00:37:04,470 --> 00:37:06,910 +possibilities. What should I do, this or that? + +569 +00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:09,790 +Should I do like Hamlet? Should I act like + +570 +00:37:09,790 --> 00:37:12,290 +Othello? What happens if I do? What happens if I + +571 +00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:15,530 +don't? It gives us answers. Gives us + +572 +00:37:15,530 --> 00:37:18,330 +possibilities, I would say. But it raises many + +573 +00:37:18,330 --> 00:37:20,590 +questions. Many people say literature is about + +574 +00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,600 +raising questions, not answering them. Because it + +575 +00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,580 +makes you think. It makes you a better human + +576 +00:37:26,580 --> 00:37:29,480 +being, a better thinker, a better student, and a + +577 +00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,920 +better daughter, wife, husband, son, mother, + +578 +00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:36,700 +grandmother. Because you've seen it all. You've + +579 +00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,960 +lived it. When you read Hamlet, you live Hamlet. + +580 +00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,240 +You become Hamlet. You are Hamlet. And this is how + +581 +00:37:44,240 --> 00:37:48,020 +much experience we learn from just watching one + +582 +00:37:48,020 --> 00:37:51,560 +play. That's why Shakespeare is still relevant and + +583 +00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:53,980 +alive. His characters are alive in our + +584 +00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:57,800 +imagination. We quote him, we adapt him, we study + +585 +00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,940 +him. Because his plays fit all people, all + +586 +00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:04,760 +religions. Yeah, regardless of religion, + +587 +00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,540 +regardless of race. I posted these five questions + +588 +00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:12,810 +online on the Facebook group. You're supposed to + +589 +00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:19,430 +answer three of them. Listen, these are opinion + +590 +00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:22,990 +questions more or less. You know what opinion + +591 +00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:26,270 +question is? I want your opinion. I don't want you + +592 +00:38:26,270 --> 00:38:29,940 +to go copy from the internet. You're not supposed + +593 +00:38:29,940 --> 00:38:34,340 +to, like, reading this is enough. You're still + +594 +00:38:34,340 --> 00:38:36,820 +beginning to learn English and English literature. + +595 +00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,240 +If you want to read more about Hamlet, about + +596 +00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,520 +Othello, about The Tempest, about The Mansion of + +597 +00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:44,340 +Venice, it's up to you for more knowledge, for + +598 +00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:48,500 +more background information. But for these + +599 +00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,040 +questions, the discussions we had in the class + +600 +00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:56,380 +could be enough. Okay, so what I want you to do is + +601 +00:38:56,380 --> 00:39:01,100 +to choose three out of five questions Three out of + +602 +00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:04,100 +five for each question. You're supposed to write a + +603 +00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,340 +long paragraph like I don't know It's not about + +604 +00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:09,280 +how big it is. It's how well written it is. You're + +605 +00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,140 +learning how to write paragraphs in academic + +606 +00:39:11,140 --> 00:39:14,520 +writing apply this Topic sentence supporting + +607 +00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,240 +sentences. Give me your opinion. Give me your idea + +608 +00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:22,150 +about these questions for example We said that + +609 +00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:24,970 +Shakespeare humanizes the kings. He makes them + +610 +00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:28,770 +humans. But is he also exposing their weaknesses + +611 +00:39:28,770 --> 00:39:31,990 +implicitly and directly? What do you think? Give + +612 +00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:36,670 +examples from what we studied. How could Hamlet be + +613 +00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:41,830 +a typical Palestinian girl or boy? Is there + +614 +00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:48,120 +something in us from Hamlet? Do you identify with + +615 +00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,720 +him? The struggle, the crisis, the identity, how + +616 +00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:55,060 +he's caught between two worlds, the old and the + +617 +00:39:55,060 --> 00:39:55,380 +modern? + +618 +00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,180 +So what do you think? Give me your opinion. As a + +619 +00:40:04,180 --> 00:40:07,720 +Palestinian, would you identify more with Shylock + +620 +00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:15,230 +or with Othello? Which one do you find closer to + +621 +00:40:15,230 --> 00:40:17,850 +you, to your mentality, to your way of thinking as + +622 +00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:22,130 +a Palestinian? Which one would you feel more + +623 +00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:27,050 +sorrowful towards? Could a woman have achieved + +624 +00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:30,070 +what Shakespeare did? Shakespeare, the man, the + +625 +00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:33,230 +author, the playwright. Remember, women at that + +626 +00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,190 +time were not considered as intellectual, as + +627 +00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:40,670 +smart, as intelligent as men. And Shakespeare + +628 +00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,350 +somewhere, he proved that this is in a way wrong. + +629 +00:40:45,090 --> 00:40:49,090 +Why didn't a woman in Shakespeare's time wrote + +630 +00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,190 +these plays? Why didn't a woman write these plays? + +631 +00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,350 +What's wrong? Was it her problem? Was it the + +632 +00:40:56,350 --> 00:40:59,170 +society? We can learn about this from the plays, + +633 +00:40:59,310 --> 00:41:03,230 +from Ophelia, Gertrude, from probably Portia. + +634 +00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:06,210 +Maybe if you don't like the question, it's up to + +635 +00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:10,580 +you. And then, finally, some accuse Shakespeare of + +636 +00:41:10,580 --> 00:41:12,720 +being anti-feminist. What is anti-feminist? + +637 +00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:17,380 +Someone who thinks women are not equal to men, + +638 +00:41:17,740 --> 00:41:20,200 +they don't deserve equal rights, they should spend + +639 +00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,040 +their time at home in the kitchen. But other + +640 +00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:26,480 +critics say, no, no, no, no, Shakespeare is not + +641 +00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,460 +doing this because Shakespeare hates women or + +642 +00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,600 +thinks less of them, but because Shakespeare wants + +643 +00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,410 +to expose the society. It's an opinion question. + +644 +00:41:36,490 --> 00:41:40,090 +Do you agree? Prove it. Do you disagree? Also + +645 +00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:44,930 +prove it. From the examples we discussed here. + +646 +00:41:45,570 --> 00:41:50,430 +Again, if you want to read more online or go to + +647 +00:41:50,430 --> 00:41:52,490 +the library, read something more about any of + +648 +00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:56,450 +these plays, do it. But please don't copy paste. + +649 +00:41:56,770 --> 00:41:59,110 +If you copy paste, this is called plagiarism. + +650 +00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,360 +Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the worst thing a + +651 +00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,380 +student could do. Probably the second worst thing + +652 +00:42:10,380 --> 00:42:14,500 +next to racism. You're not racist. You're not + +653 +00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:18,440 +plagiarists. I want your opinion. I don't want + +654 +00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,960 +what people write online. okay this is five marks + +655 +00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:26,460 +if you want more questions please do ask I'll stop + +656 +00:42:26,460 --> 00:42:30,360 +here and I'll stay for 10 minutes if you need to + +657 +00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:32,820 +know more about the questions about Shakespeare or + +658 +00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:35,680 +anything thank you very much and see you next + +659 +00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,820 +class for the summit + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc9da8a4b72b7f8b04c93446448f19fdd470bd27 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@ +1 +00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,050 +Good day, everyone. And today we move to speak + +2 +00:00:25,050 --> 00:00:30,630 +about Victorian poetry. Last time we've seen how + +3 +00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:33,970 +women played a major role in the literature and + +4 +00:00:33,970 --> 00:00:40,330 +criticism of the Victorian Age. We said the 19th + +5 +00:00:40,330 --> 00:00:42,510 +century witnessed + +6 +00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:51,720 +some sort of a huge peak, a huge rise in the + +7 +00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,180 +production of novels. And we've seen how women + +8 +00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:59,900 +were contributing more to English literature and + +9 +00:00:59,900 --> 00:01:03,240 +the English, the body of English canon in general. + +10 +00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:09,110 +However, However, it doesn't mean that women were + +11 +00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,090 +free to do anything, to say anything. It meant + +12 +00:01:13,090 --> 00:01:16,170 +that they were more courageous, more independent. + +13 +00:01:16,770 --> 00:01:19,210 +Not that they were not brave before, but that the + +14 +00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:23,010 +society, in a way or another, improved, developed, + +15 +00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:26,210 +progressed a little bit, and women acquired more + +16 +00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:30,650 +and more tools of expression. Still, we've seen + +17 +00:01:30,650 --> 00:01:33,990 +how women would use sometimes pen names of men. in + +18 +00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:37,030 +order to be able to publish, to reach out to a + +19 +00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:41,090 +wider audience, so to speak. So today we move to + +20 +00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:43,210 +speak about the Victorian Age. I'm not going to go + +21 +00:01:43,210 --> 00:01:48,430 +in a lot of detail here. I'm picking two Victorian + +22 +00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:52,910 +poets, male poets, and you can go read more from + +23 +00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:56,260 +the book. resources about other female poets, + +24 +00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:59,160 +mainly Elizabeth Browning, for example. She was a + +25 +00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,640 +famous English Victorian poet of the time. So the + +26 +00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,500 +Victorian poetry, in a way or another, also + +27 +00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:11,790 +mirrors the age it was written in. We've seen how + +28 +00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:15,030 +the novel was a mirror of the social life, of + +29 +00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,810 +class division, of poverty, of corruption, of all + +30 +00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:21,370 +these sort of struggles. We've seen how women + +31 +00:02:21,370 --> 00:02:26,170 +novels were also tools of empowerment to give + +32 +00:02:26,170 --> 00:02:30,450 +women voices, to try to show good examples for + +33 +00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:33,010 +women, how women can be independent and end + +34 +00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:37,510 +achieving their goal, whatever. or whatever it is. + +35 +00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:41,610 +So today, we speak about the Victorian poetry. The + +36 +00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:45,630 +first major poet is Alfred Tennyson. + +37 +00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:53,510 +Now, Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian poet later on + +38 +00:02:53,510 --> 00:02:57,390 +became the poet of the nation, like the poet + +39 +00:02:57,390 --> 00:03:01,190 +laureate. The queen loved his poetry. Remember, + +40 +00:03:01,370 --> 00:03:06,470 +Queen Victoria became a widow early in her life. + +41 +00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,450 +And she lost her husband. And she remained + +42 +00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:13,330 +unmarried for, I think, 40 years or so. Really a + +43 +00:03:13,330 --> 00:03:17,390 +long period. And because his poetry is generally a + +44 +00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:22,080 +poetry of loss, regret, sadness, or unhappiness. + +45 +00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:27,740 +She loved his poetry. She read his poetry. And in + +46 +00:03:27,740 --> 00:03:29,960 +a way, this made his poetry even more and more + +47 +00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:31,960 +famous. When the queen reads your poetry and likes + +48 +00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,780 +your poetry, definitely it makes you a famous + +49 +00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,780 +writer, a famous name in your age. So his poetry + +50 +00:03:40,780 --> 00:03:44,400 +is, of course, totally different from the poetry + +51 +00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,220 +of the romantics. I say this sometimes. There was + +52 +00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:52,490 +an overlap. When some Victorian poets were writing + +53 +00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:54,990 +poetry, some also romantic poets were still alive + +54 +00:03:54,990 --> 00:03:57,610 +or writing poetry over there. But the sensibility, + +55 +00:03:57,730 --> 00:04:00,690 +the concerns, the interests were more or less + +56 +00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:05,230 +different. So for example, remember what nature + +57 +00:04:05,230 --> 00:04:08,410 +meant to the romantics? It meant beauty, truth, + +58 +00:04:09,010 --> 00:04:13,580 +right? Nature was poetry itself, but here he sees + +59 +00:04:13,580 --> 00:04:16,380 +something else in nature. It's no longer an object + +60 +00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:19,620 +of beauty. It's an object of cruelty, an object of + +61 +00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:23,360 +despair. This is more realistic for so many + +62 +00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,600 +people. The Victorian Age is more realistic than + +63 +00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:32,320 +the poetry of the Romantic Age. So nature read. in + +64 +00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:37,440 +tooth and claw. In a way, he is personifying + +65 +00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:43,140 +nature or not. But nature here is likened to a + +66 +00:04:43,140 --> 00:04:46,040 +monster, to an animal, probably a tiger or a lion, + +67 +00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,760 +a ferocious wild animal. Its claws, the claws of + +68 +00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,300 +the animals, the paws and the tooth are red + +69 +00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:02,310 +because Blood, yeah. So in a way, this is nature + +70 +00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,690 +for him. No longer my heart leaps up when I see a + +71 +00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:10,130 +rainbow. No longer I wander lonely as a cloud, and + +72 +00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:13,470 +my heart with pleasure fills and dances with the + +73 +00:05:13,470 --> 00:05:17,000 +daffodils. Nature is... So according to critics, + +74 +00:05:17,140 --> 00:05:19,260 +this is a more realistic vision of life, of + +75 +00:05:19,260 --> 00:05:22,200 +nature. Nature is not all roses and rainbows and + +76 +00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,540 +flowers and, you know, solitary reapers and + +77 +00:05:25,540 --> 00:05:29,240 +singers and everything. There is a lot of sadness + +78 +00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,860 +in life. There is a lot of despair, a lot of + +79 +00:05:31,860 --> 00:05:35,380 +pessimism in life. So here in this line, this is a + +80 +00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:37,600 +very famous line, like there's so many + +81 +00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,780 +interpretations, but we take the fact that he is + +82 +00:05:40,780 --> 00:05:46,050 +stressing the cruelty here. rather than how nature + +83 +00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:49,790 +is good to our senses, to our memories, and to our + +84 +00:05:49,790 --> 00:05:54,350 +experiences. How nature helps us recall these + +85 +00:05:54,350 --> 00:05:57,690 +memories in solitude, and then when in vacant or + +86 +00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:59,830 +in pensive mood, we dance with the daffodils, or + +87 +00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:02,730 +our hearts dance with the daffodils. So this is + +88 +00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:07,230 +one major change. Or two, actually. The realistic + +89 +00:06:07,230 --> 00:06:10,310 +vision of nature, and the fact that he focuses + +90 +00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:15,220 +here on the cruelty. the darkness of nature and + +91 +00:06:15,220 --> 00:06:19,000 +darkness of life. So one of his most important + +92 +00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,620 +poems is called In Memoriam, A H H, which is an + +93 +00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,160 +elegy to one of his friends. His name, I think, is + +94 +00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:32,100 +Arthur something. I don't care. So the poem is + +95 +00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:35,760 +about loss, regret, death, and despair and + +96 +00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:39,480 +pessimism. It's about how when you are, remember, + +97 +00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:41,980 +in the prime of your age, you can't simply just + +98 +00:06:41,980 --> 00:06:47,480 +like that, die. You could hope. Remember the + +99 +00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,680 +positivism of women writers who always believed + +100 +00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,100 +good things? will be coming, the good is yet to + +101 +00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:59,700 +come. Men were usually more pessimistic, darker + +102 +00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:04,060 +than women. And this is a great difference. And I + +103 +00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:06,440 +remember I said about this, I mentioned this last + +104 +00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,240 +time, how women were, I don't want to say that + +105 +00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:14,280 +they were Presumably contradicting men, like men + +106 +00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:16,400 +are all like, oh, we are all going to die. And + +107 +00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,760 +women are like, no, there is still hope for us. + +108 +00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:21,780 +It's not because they wanted to contradict, but at + +109 +00:07:21,780 --> 00:07:24,520 +least they wanted to give hope for women. Like for + +110 +00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:30,000 +women, with struggle, with more fighting, more + +111 +00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,880 +raising your voices, you can acquire more freedom + +112 +00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,040 +and independence. And this is the poem, actually, + +113 +00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:45,760 +that Queen Victoria loved. And some people think + +114 +00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,940 +that she considered her her favorite text ever. + +115 +00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:53,100 +Because again, she was a widow herself. She had a + +116 +00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:57,820 +man. dear to her heart, her husband. Not sure if + +117 +00:07:57,820 --> 00:08:00,840 +she liked him or not, but at least she loved the + +118 +00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:04,780 +poem here because it reminds her of loss, of + +119 +00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:09,160 +sadness, of darkness, of despair. So that's why + +120 +00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:11,140 +generally, generally, he's considered... It + +121 +00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,780 +doesn't mean all his poetry is poetry of loss and + +122 +00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,600 +despair, but sometimes you become more known for + +123 +00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,500 +one particular type of writing because of + +124 +00:08:19,500 --> 00:08:22,420 +something. So here, the fact that the queen loved + +125 +00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,560 +this poem about loss, death, and despair made + +126 +00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,620 +Tennyson more famous for this type of poetry. So + +127 +00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,540 +he's generally considered to be a poet of sadness. + +128 +00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,360 +Again, it doesn't mean. He was only solely + +129 +00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:41,060 +exclusively a poet of loss and sadness. So his + +130 +00:08:41,060 --> 00:08:43,640 +poetry shows a wide range of subject matter, and + +131 +00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,780 +not all his poems have a tone of unhappiness. But + +132 +00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:50,900 +he's more famous for the ones about sadness and + +133 +00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,040 +about loss. A one feature in his poetry is the + +134 +00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:00,280 +dramatic monologue. And as the name suggests, + +135 +00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:04,000 +monologue, some sort of a soliloquy, right? + +136 +00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,420 +Monologue. What is a monologue? It's when you have + +137 +00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:10,380 +a conversation with yourself. Exactly. Like, + +138 +00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,700 +you're talking to yourself. There's one character. + +139 +00:09:12,820 --> 00:09:17,000 +It's more like a one-man show with a dramatized + +140 +00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,800 +experience. This is not a play, so it's not a + +141 +00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,020 +soliloquy where you, in a way, you address the + +142 +00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:28,050 +audience. a speech by one person, one man's, one + +143 +00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:31,070 +woman's speech, where the thoughts are revealed, + +144 +00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:34,290 +where the character is developed through this + +145 +00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:40,870 +dramatic monologue. So this form uses a speaking + +146 +00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:46,820 +voice which shows the poets or the speakers with a + +147 +00:09:46,820 --> 00:09:50,720 +male or female thoughts, inner thoughts, I would + +148 +00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:55,220 +say, like a monologue in a way or another. And the + +149 +00:09:55,220 --> 00:09:59,140 +character itself comes out and is developed or + +150 +00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:03,080 +develops and evolves through the ideas and the + +151 +00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,280 +words of the monologue. So when you read the text, + +152 +00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,440 +you feel that there's one speaker, and the speaker + +153 +00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:12,750 +is, you know, In a dramatic way, revealing his or + +154 +00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:18,090 +her thoughts. In this monologue itself, the + +155 +00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:21,370 +character is developed. The plot, if we have a + +156 +00:10:21,370 --> 00:10:24,470 +plot of the poem, is also developed. The + +157 +00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:28,830 +characteristic features are revealed through + +158 +00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:32,730 +dramatic monologue. He did this in so many of his + +159 +00:10:32,730 --> 00:10:35,710 +poems. Dramatic monologue. What is dramatic + +160 +00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:38,530 +monologue? You have one voice, the voice of the + +161 +00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:41,110 +speaker, whether a man or a woman, that reveals + +162 +00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:44,790 +the inner thoughts, probably inner conflicts. + +163 +00:10:45,860 --> 00:10:48,940 +Similar to Assala-Lakwi, but Assala-Lakwi is + +164 +00:10:48,940 --> 00:10:52,340 +basically in drama, in play. This is in poetry + +165 +00:10:52,340 --> 00:10:56,740 +here. So, for example, in one of his poems, + +166 +00:10:58,140 --> 00:11:00,800 +entitled Ulysses, and Ulysses is taken from + +167 +00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,400 +Homer's The Odyssey. Do you know Homer? Homer's + +168 +00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,960 +The Odyssey, very ancient, one of the most ancient + +169 +00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:10,040 +epics, 2,000 years ago, The Odyssey, The Iliad. + +170 +00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:13,100 +Are you familiar with The Iliad and The Odyssey? + +171 +00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:16,530 +You should read more about this. At least read + +172 +00:11:16,530 --> 00:11:21,010 +more about Homer's The Odyssey. I'm not sure if + +173 +00:11:21,010 --> 00:11:24,250 +you heard about this in Arabic. So the main + +174 +00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:28,170 +character is Ulysses. And Ulysses becomes a main + +175 +00:11:28,170 --> 00:11:30,230 +character in many texts. We'll speak about this + +176 +00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:34,090 +next class, how in, for example, James Joyce's + +177 +00:11:34,090 --> 00:11:38,110 +novel Ulysses, there is a reference there. So the + +178 +00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:41,530 +hero is borrowed in a way or another from the + +179 +00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:48,070 +ancient times. So Ulysses speaks. in old age about + +180 +00:11:48,070 --> 00:11:52,970 +the need to go and find new worlds, new ambitions, + +181 +00:11:53,490 --> 00:11:58,190 +new experiences, new worlds. Remember I said this + +182 +00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:02,310 +somewhere in the novel and it's clearer in poetry. + +183 +00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:07,030 +The critics + +184 +00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:11,110 +and the poets and the authors were really obsessed + +185 +00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480 +with finding new worlds, finding new experiences. + +186 +00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:19,720 +In a way, people were tired, fed up with what was + +187 +00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:22,920 +going on. They wanted new things, real new things. + +188 +00:12:23,060 --> 00:12:25,700 +Like, come on, just... And by the way, we find + +189 +00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,860 +this everywhere at the end of every age. Like + +190 +00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:31,520 +somewhere at the end of the... Remember the + +191 +00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,700 +Renaissance? People were like, come on. We need + +192 +00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,340 +something new. And then a new era begins, a new + +193 +00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:41,140 +king, a new queen, a new movement. And then people + +194 +00:12:41,140 --> 00:12:44,840 +get tired, and the world keeps moving on and on + +195 +00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,240 +and on. So in this monologue, Ulysses here is + +196 +00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:53,980 +urging this new change, in a way mirroring the + +197 +00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:58,180 +mentality of the age, how people felt that they + +198 +00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,090 +wanted to change. So the line says here, It's from + +199 +00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:06,250 +Ulysses by Tennyson. And again, the character is + +200 +00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:10,930 +borrowed from Homer in The Odyssey. It is not too + +201 +00:13:10,930 --> 00:13:20,270 +late to seek a newer world. It is not too late to + +202 +00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:26,790 +seek a newer world. There's always time to seek a + +203 +00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:30,830 +new world, new ambitions, new experiences, just to + +204 +00:13:30,830 --> 00:13:36,720 +turn a page and start anew. Now, if you notice, I + +205 +00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:40,480 +like how he started this with this old form of it + +206 +00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:47,020 +is. Saying, like, let's leave the old age and + +207 +00:13:47,020 --> 00:13:50,820 +represent it here in its old form of poetry, of + +208 +00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:56,020 +literature, it is, and move forward to a newer + +209 +00:13:56,020 --> 00:14:03,710 +world, a world with new ambitions. new interests, + +210 +00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:08,090 +new experiences. We have had enough of this. We + +211 +00:14:08,090 --> 00:14:13,010 +have had too much of this. So this tone of loss, + +212 +00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:17,990 +of tragedy, of this urgent tone to change was + +213 +00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:23,630 +generally present in Innocent. Okay? So he wasn't + +214 +00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,510 +only a poet of loss and change and sadness and + +215 +00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:31,330 +unhappiness, but he was also a poet of change. He + +216 +00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:35,150 +wanted new experiences. He wanted to push for new + +217 +00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:39,430 +experiences. Now, because Tennyson... We'll see a + +218 +00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:41,910 +whole poem from Tennyson after this. Because + +219 +00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:46,350 +Tennyson was... + +220 +00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,980 +Also, the poet who praised the heroes who was + +221 +00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:54,160 +writing poetry on certain occasions, national + +222 +00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,900 +occasions, heroic, historic occasions of the time, + +223 +00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,640 +like the Crimean War of that time, he is + +224 +00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,800 +considered to be the national poet of England. + +225 +00:15:04,380 --> 00:15:06,840 +Like a poet laureate, so to speak. So Tennyson + +226 +00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:09,620 +became the national poet who composed poetry on + +227 +00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:12,260 +certain national occasions. + +228 +00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,040 +And of course, he became famous for praising the + +229 +00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:22,340 +heroes, the soldiers. For him, the soldiers are + +230 +00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:26,440 +the ones, not the politicians, that are defending + +231 +00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,960 +the country. Because they personally, they + +232 +00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,460 +literally sacrificed their own lives, shed their + +233 +00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:37,580 +own blood for the sake of the country. And this is + +234 +00:15:37,580 --> 00:15:41,840 +how he speaks about them. Maybe you will take this + +235 +00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:46,480 +as a criticism. But it's part of how he praises + +236 +00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:50,020 +these heroes. So theirs is referring to the + +237 +00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:54,060 +soldiers, the heroes. Theirs is not to reason why. + +238 +00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:58,260 +They don't argue. If there is a war, they just get + +239 +00:15:58,260 --> 00:16:00,700 +to receive the orders, the commands from the + +240 +00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,900 +leaders. They just go out. They don't say, why + +241 +00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:05,980 +should I be fighting Russia? Why should I be + +242 +00:16:05,980 --> 00:16:09,060 +fighting France? Why should I be going here and + +243 +00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:13,140 +there? They don't ask questions. Because they're + +244 +00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:17,390 +heroes, right? but also negative because they can + +245 +00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:19,530 +be sent here and there. Today, they're fighting + +246 +00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,510 +with Russia. Tomorrow, against Russia. Today, with + +247 +00:16:22,510 --> 00:16:24,370 +France. Tomorrow, against France. And this is + +248 +00:16:24,370 --> 00:16:27,210 +politics. Politics is dirty work. The people, the + +249 +00:16:27,210 --> 00:16:30,130 +politicians, the leaders are always sitting in + +250 +00:16:30,130 --> 00:16:34,650 +their homes comfortably, gaining the benefits of + +251 +00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:38,010 +the war. And the ordinary people lose their lives + +252 +00:16:38,010 --> 00:16:42,510 +and their futures. So there's not to reason why. + +253 +00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,540 +There's but to do, to fight, to struggle, action. + +254 +00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:54,560 +Some people speak, but those people do or die. So + +255 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:58,880 +they fight. They go. They take action. Deeds, not + +256 +00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:04,400 +words. And sometimes they die. So generally, + +257 +00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:09,100 +people love poets who praise the heroes, who, you + +258 +00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,300 +know, because these are the dead people. Everyone + +259 +00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,240 +loves the martyrs of the country, people who + +260 +00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,240 +defend us, people who resist the occupations and + +261 +00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,240 +the oppression. We love them. We love to praise + +262 +00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,340 +them. And we love the poetry that praises them. + +263 +00:17:22,340 --> 00:17:25,420 +And we love the poets that also praise those + +264 +00:17:25,420 --> 00:17:29,100 +heroes. But is there criticism implied here? I + +265 +00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,060 +guess yes. Because those people do. Other people? + +266 +00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,820 +Talk, talk, talk. Just speak words of those + +267 +00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:45,700 +people. Okay? So generally his poetry, his poems + +268 +00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:50,100 +combine history, like hysterical events here, + +269 +00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:53,660 +dramatic effect, the dramatic monologue, and there + +270 +00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:58,650 +is generally a tone of... Sadness and loss. An + +271 +00:17:58,650 --> 00:18:02,090 +atmosphere of sadness and loss. How do you feel + +272 +00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:04,570 +that? How do you find that? Number one, the + +273 +00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:07,430 +subject matter. When it's about death and dying, + +274 +00:18:07,910 --> 00:18:10,230 +when it's an elegy, of course there is going to be + +275 +00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:15,240 +an atmosphere, a tone of sadness. When there is + +276 +00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,160 +death and dying, so this poem here, there is death + +277 +00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,900 +and dying, right? And the poem before, there is + +278 +00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,440 +like, oh, too late. Let's do something else with + +279 +00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,580 +third of this. And then the one before, which one + +280 +00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:30,580 +here? Nature red in tooth and claw. So he's always + +281 +00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:34,220 +obsessed with this. Everything dies. Nature is + +282 +00:18:34,220 --> 00:18:37,860 +cruel. The age is like, we have had too much of + +283 +00:18:37,860 --> 00:18:40,400 +this. Let's do something else. So this is how we + +284 +00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:43,860 +see, we feel the tone and the atmosphere of the + +285 +00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:46,340 +poem. Look at the subject matter itself. What is + +286 +00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,920 +it about? Elegy. So probably it's dark. It's about + +287 +00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,340 +loss. Look at the words, the choice of words here, + +288 +00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:57,640 +the diction itself. Oh, die. But this is the kind + +289 +00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,760 +of death that is different. Like, those people are + +290 +00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,660 +proud. Like, I'm ready to die for my country. But + +291 +00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,340 +there could be an implied criticism when he says, + +292 +00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,260 +theirs to do and die, others only say and live. + +293 +00:19:12,780 --> 00:19:15,780 +Who are they? The people who push the soldiers, + +294 +00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,520 +the armies to the battles. And some wars we've + +295 +00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:23,260 +seen, whether in the Arab world or in Europe, some + +296 +00:19:23,260 --> 00:19:27,080 +wars broke only because of stupid, trivial things + +297 +00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,380 +between the royal families and the politicians, + +298 +00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:34,210 +and hundreds of thousands and millions of people. + +299 +00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:36,730 +We'll see about this next class when we talk about + +300 +00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:39,510 +the Great War, the First World War, when millions + +301 +00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:42,710 +and millions of people died. And all of them were + +302 +00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:45,070 +European, all of them were white, all of them were + +303 +00:19:45,070 --> 00:19:49,670 +Christians, almost all of them. So we'll speak + +304 +00:19:49,670 --> 00:19:52,890 +about, for example, now we move to Arnold after + +305 +00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:57,810 +this, how despite the loss, the sadness, the + +306 +00:19:57,810 --> 00:20:01,320 +unhappiness, they still believe there is a spark + +307 +00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:05,680 +of hope that the good is yet to come. And when the + +308 +00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,800 +First World War came and destroyed all this hope, + +309 +00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:11,380 +people lost faith in everything, in God, in the + +310 +00:20:11,380 --> 00:20:14,740 +Western civilization. So let's see this poem by + +311 +00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:20,540 +Tennyson. Can someone read, please? Okay. The + +312 +00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:24,280 +title is The Eagle. + +313 +00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:34,870 +Goes to the sun, a lonely man springs with a + +314 +00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:39,490 +phaser. Azure world. Azure world. He stands, a + +315 +00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:43,910 +wrinkled sea beneath him floods, crowds. He + +316 +00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:47,250 +watches from his mountain, from his mountain wall, + +317 +00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:50,070 +and like a thunderbolt it falls. Thank you. + +318 +00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:57,810 +Someone else? One more? Okay, please. He classed. + +319 +00:20:58,620 --> 00:21:01,780 +Cracked with crooked hands, flowed through the + +320 +00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:06,740 +sun's low lands, went with the azure world. He + +321 +00:21:06,740 --> 00:21:14,340 +stands in the wrinkled sea, near beneath him + +322 +00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:21,400 +clouds. He watches from his mountain walls as like + +323 +00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:29,970 +a thunderbolt. Like a thunderbolt. He, for one + +324 +00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:41,090 +more? One more? OK. Hiya. As you are. + +325 +00:21:48,830 --> 00:21:52,890 +Like a thunderbolt, + +326 +00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:57,820 +he falls. What is he talking about? Eagle. What is + +327 +00:21:57,820 --> 00:22:02,160 +an eagle? You know? You know, the huge, powerful + +328 +00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,680 +bird. You know, the bald eagle, the symbol of + +329 +00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,480 +many... It's the flag, the seal of many countries + +330 +00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,940 +in America and Egypt. Like, there's always this + +331 +00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,500 +eagle because the eagle represents what? Power, + +332 +00:22:16,260 --> 00:22:21,020 +right? Strength. It's mighty. It's huge, it's big. + +333 +00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,040 +And powerful. It's probably considered to be the + +334 +00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,480 +king of all birds in a way. A famous bird of prey. + +335 +00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,800 +Like it eats other birds and other animals. The + +336 +00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:38,280 +sharp sight, the sharp beak or bell, the strong, + +337 +00:22:38,460 --> 00:22:44,040 +the claws, the wings, the target. It soars up. + +338 +00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:47,390 +above the mountains, near the clouds in the sky. + +339 +00:22:48,250 --> 00:22:52,110 +So this bird, it sounds like a romantic poem with + +340 +00:22:52,110 --> 00:22:54,770 +an element of nature, but it's different in many + +341 +00:22:54,770 --> 00:23:02,250 +ways. Nature is used rather than nature is. The + +342 +00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:04,770 +text itself is the theme, is the source of beauty. + +343 +00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:08,190 +Nature here is used as a tool, a poetic, a + +344 +00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:10,670 +literary device. So what do you notice in the + +345 +00:23:10,670 --> 00:23:13,840 +text? Now, he's talking about an eagle. When you + +346 +00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,640 +read the text, what do you notice? What words do + +347 +00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:22,400 +you find interesting, appealing? No, no, no, just + +348 +00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,940 +pick words, circle words. Like what words do you + +349 +00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:29,060 +find interesting? Let's circle some of these + +350 +00:23:29,060 --> 00:23:32,920 +words. So, one word. + +351 +00:23:36,340 --> 00:23:42,760 +Can an eagle stand? Yes, it stands. So which is + +352 +00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:43,440 +more important? + +353 +00:23:46,260 --> 00:23:52,560 +He or stands? Why? He or stands? One word. So I'm + +354 +00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:54,660 +saying just one word. Pick one word, not phrases, + +355 +00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,080 +not sentences. One word. Why he? Why is he + +356 +00:23:58,080 --> 00:23:58,520 +interesting? + +357 +00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,220 +This is a bird. This is a person. It's something + +358 +00:24:07,220 --> 00:24:10,980 +he's trying to... He's implying something else. + +359 +00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:18,120 +Oh, interesting. So what else? Yes? Watches. Okay. + +360 +00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:24,460 +But also the eagle watches the praise. Okay. I + +361 +00:24:24,460 --> 00:24:30,240 +think he's comparing the... He's talking... He's + +362 +00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,590 +criticizing someone, but... The watches. Okay. + +363 +00:24:36,330 --> 00:24:38,730 +Now, my advice is that start with the little + +364 +00:24:38,730 --> 00:24:40,930 +things first, and then we come to the conclusions + +365 +00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:44,290 +and assumptions, what he means, what he implies. + +366 +00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,610 +So, let's circle the most significant words. So, + +367 +00:24:48,930 --> 00:24:53,670 +he goes for, like, hand. Okay, hand. Does an eagle + +368 +00:24:53,670 --> 00:24:59,320 +have hands or wings? Is it because it rhymes with + +369 +00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,000 +lands and stands, or is he saying something extra, + +370 +00:25:02,340 --> 00:25:13,100 +implying? And also he and him and he and he and + +371 +00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:17,480 +his. So there is emphasis here on the fact that + +372 +00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,000 +this could not be about an eagle, but the eagle + +373 +00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:27,050 +could be symbolizing something else. Let's jump to + +374 +00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:32,130 +conclusions. What does the eagle symbolize? A + +375 +00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:35,310 +person, maybe. But who is this person? Let's just + +376 +00:25:35,310 --> 00:25:38,130 +go back to the text. What does this bird do? + +377 +00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:42,590 +Number one, claps the crack with a crooked hand. + +378 +00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:45,430 +You know crooked Hillary? This is from Trump. + +379 +00:25:45,870 --> 00:25:52,900 +Crooked hands, like they can bend like this. And + +380 +00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:58,920 +close to the sun. So if this is the sun, if it is + +381 +00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:08,620 +a black sun, he flies like close to the sun, high + +382 +00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:16,140 +up above. Right? Close to the sun. In lonely lands + +383 +00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:21,100 +where nobody is there, that's ringed with azure. + +384 +00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:26,550 +What's azure? Do you watch football? Do you like + +385 +00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:31,870 +football? Yes. What is the Italian team usually + +386 +00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:34,370 +called? Yeah. + +387 +00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:48,070 +Why are they called... Because of their jerseys. + +388 +00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:48,810 +They're blue. + +389 +00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,860 +OK, so azure means green, because what is green + +390 +00:26:54,860 --> 00:27:00,880 +here? The skies and also beneath the sea. World, + +391 +00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:06,660 +he stands, so stands where? Up above. The wrinkled + +392 +00:27:06,660 --> 00:27:08,660 +sea, you know, because the sea is wrinkled with + +393 +00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:13,610 +the waves. Beneath him crawls. And even the sea + +394 +00:27:13,610 --> 00:27:18,230 +crawling, a baby crawls, right? Babies. Sometimes + +395 +00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:20,390 +older people, sometimes ordinary people when + +396 +00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:25,590 +they're hiding, they crawl. So he watches from the + +397 +00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:29,130 +mountain. If this is the mountain here, This is + +398 +00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:32,930 +the eagle. I don't know how to draw an eagle. This + +399 +00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:36,050 +is easy. This is difficult. So he watches from his + +400 +00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:39,270 +mountain walls. He's just watching. So we go back + +401 +00:27:39,270 --> 00:27:43,890 +to what? So flying up above close to the sun and + +402 +00:27:43,890 --> 00:27:45,910 +sometimes just watching. + +403 +00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:55,350 +Watching, like an eagle. Watching from the + +404 +00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:58,310 +mountain walls. They're like walls, you know? + +405 +00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:01,390 +Again, Trump wants to build walls. So what this + +406 +00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:05,030 +is, he's up above, detached, not because there + +407 +00:28:05,030 --> 00:28:10,870 +could be things here. So unlike a thunder, you + +408 +00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:12,410 +know, the lightning and the thunder, when it's + +409 +00:28:12,410 --> 00:28:14,570 +heavily raining, there's the lightning and the + +410 +00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:17,590 +thunder. So the lightning, there's the thunder, + +411 +00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:21,260 +they're huge. deafening sound we hear in the + +412 +00:28:21,260 --> 00:28:24,480 +storms, in the rainstorms, like a thunderbolt. + +413 +00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:30,900 +What does he do? He falls. So one moment up, one + +414 +00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:35,980 +moment down. It could be simply about an eagle. + +415 +00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,140 +But this is not a romantic poem where the poem + +416 +00:28:40,140 --> 00:28:44,560 +could be simply about a bunch of daffodils or a + +417 +00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:49,900 +sick rose or whatever. This is more. This is + +418 +00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,140 +hiding something. This is symbolizing something. + +419 +00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,260 +This could be an allegory. Now, do you like what + +420 +00:28:56,260 --> 00:28:58,300 +is the most important thing that happens in the + +421 +00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:02,620 +whole text? Usually, yeah, he falls. And falling + +422 +00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:09,140 +is loss. It's decline. Falling down, falling down, + +423 +00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:13,840 +you know? So one time you're up here, the next + +424 +00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,940 +moment you're just in the bottom. Falling. The + +425 +00:29:17,940 --> 00:29:21,540 +falling could be like naturally falling just to + +426 +00:29:21,540 --> 00:29:25,200 +get some prey and then to rise up again. But like + +427 +00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:31,200 +what you see in Arabic, you fly but later on you + +428 +00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,860 +will fall. So if this stands for what? What do you + +429 +00:29:34,860 --> 00:29:38,420 +think? What does the eagle stand for in a way? + +430 +00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:38,740 +For? + +431 +00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:50,250 +Okay, so people in control, people in authority, + +432 +00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:53,010 +like kings. + +433 +00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,830 +Exactly. It's like, you know, the ivory towers + +434 +00:29:59,830 --> 00:30:03,430 +detached from people. There are always walls + +435 +00:30:03,430 --> 00:30:06,890 +hiding behind the walls protecting your wealth and + +436 +00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:10,590 +your family against the people who are just down. + +437 +00:30:11,490 --> 00:30:16,360 +You don't even see them. So this could symbolize + +438 +00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,860 +power, authority, the king, the queen, people in + +439 +00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:26,320 +charge who are always strong and powerful. And + +440 +00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,520 +then, one moment, they can't. This could also + +441 +00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,560 +symbolize the whole Western civilization. It's one + +442 +00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,220 +moment there. It could end eventually. And if this + +443 +00:30:36,220 --> 00:30:40,060 +is the peak, this is what happened in the First + +444 +00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:43,180 +World War, war. All Europe was fighting with + +445 +00:30:43,180 --> 00:30:45,620 +Europe, and people were dying. This could be the + +446 +00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:49,060 +Victorian Age. They were hoping for change, for + +447 +00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:51,100 +development, for progress because of technology + +448 +00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,240 +and science and colonialism. But one moment, + +449 +00:30:55,240 --> 00:31:00,880 +London as a society is, for example, in poverty. + +450 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,600 +People are poor. People starve. There's a lot of + +451 +00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,720 +corruption. So it could symbolize many things. It + +452 +00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,020 +could symbolize people's hopes of a better life. + +453 +00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:12,720 +One moment you're very hopeful, the other moment + +454 +00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:16,520 +you're just there. They have a Spanish saying that + +455 +00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,600 +says, everything that goes up must go down. + +456 +00:31:18,780 --> 00:31:23,230 +Whatever goes up must go down. So, yeah, true. So + +457 +00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:27,170 +this could be, in a way, the idea behind this + +458 +00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:27,830 +text. + +459 +00:31:32,550 --> 00:31:33,130 +Exactly, + +460 +00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:39,810 +yeah, but the poem stops here. So where is the + +461 +00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:45,630 +eagle now? It's down the bottom. What's going on? + +462 +00:31:45,850 --> 00:31:50,720 +Is it just... A moment is this. Remember, what's + +463 +00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:55,260 +his name? George Herbert. The fall shall further + +464 +00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:59,320 +the flight in me. In his famous text, The Easter + +465 +00:31:59,320 --> 00:32:04,600 +Wings. When he says, the fall will further the + +466 +00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,840 +rise. If I fall, I will... That was a religious + +467 +00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:12,190 +poem. If you suffer, if you sin, It's bad, but + +468 +00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:15,170 +it's also good, because if you sin, you go back to + +469 +00:32:15,170 --> 00:32:19,710 +God, and then you are a better human being. So + +470 +00:32:19,710 --> 00:32:22,030 +this could be about loss, about the downfall of + +471 +00:32:22,030 --> 00:32:25,250 +civilization, the downfall of imperialism, the + +472 +00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:29,750 +downfall of authority that no one only keeps here + +473 +00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:34,390 +on top. Sooner or later, it's going to fall down, + +474 +00:32:34,910 --> 00:32:40,140 +break down. Okay, this is a really interesting + +475 +00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:44,200 +poem by Tennyson. Should we move? + +476 +00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:54,860 +Now, Matthew Arnold, finally. Matthew Arnold. + +477 +00:32:58,220 --> 00:33:01,740 +Okay, with Matthew, I will speak about one major + +478 +00:33:01,740 --> 00:33:04,880 +poem. It's called Dover Beach. Are you familiar + +479 +00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:06,600 +with Dover? Have you heard of Dover? + +480 +00:33:09,290 --> 00:33:12,270 +Dove. So this is Dover Beach. Dover Beach is a + +481 +00:33:12,270 --> 00:33:17,290 +place in England. You know, if this is England, do + +482 +00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,590 +you know how to draw England? If this is England + +483 +00:33:21,590 --> 00:33:25,810 +and this is France, this is Dover. So it's the + +484 +00:33:25,810 --> 00:33:30,750 +place, it's actually a mountain, a high area that + +485 +00:33:30,750 --> 00:33:36,350 +looks over the British Channel or British Canal + +486 +00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:39,530 +here. Does this area exist anywhere else? Yeah, + +487 +00:33:39,610 --> 00:33:42,590 +it's very famous in literature because it's very + +488 +00:33:42,590 --> 00:33:46,430 +close to Europe. It's the closest place to Europe. + +489 +00:33:46,890 --> 00:33:50,550 +It's also a mountain where people can stand on top + +490 +00:33:50,550 --> 00:33:53,410 +of the mountain and look to France and Europe and + +491 +00:33:53,410 --> 00:33:55,230 +to the sea below. Okay? + +492 +00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:02,970 +So he's talking about this area, the beach here. + +493 +00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:08,050 +The poet is up. on top of the mountain, Dover, the + +494 +00:34:08,050 --> 00:34:10,470 +Dover area, Dover Beach here, and looking down + +495 +00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:13,990 +upon the beach itself. We're not going to study + +496 +00:34:13,990 --> 00:34:17,930 +the whole poem, just taking the last stanza. So + +497 +00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:18,430 +generally, + +498 +00:34:21,250 --> 00:34:24,110 +Matthew Arnold is again trying to capture the + +499 +00:34:24,110 --> 00:34:28,620 +crisis of faith. People were losing faith in their + +500 +00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,320 +country, in themselves, in science, in knowledge, + +501 +00:34:32,020 --> 00:34:34,740 +in the church, in faith, in spirituality, in + +502 +00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:38,800 +everything. And this is the text that tries to + +503 +00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,800 +capture this tone, the atmosphere of the society, + +504 +00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,380 +the crisis of faith, which was a major theme, + +505 +00:34:45,820 --> 00:34:48,140 +especially in the poetry of the Victorian Age. The + +506 +00:34:48,140 --> 00:34:52,060 +crisis of faith, the crisis of belief, the loss of + +507 +00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,180 +faith, the loss of values, the decline of values. + +508 +00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:58,000 +Because again, remember how we said people, many + +509 +00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,290 +people believe that humanity is progressing + +510 +00:35:01,290 --> 00:35:04,510 +forward. There could be some slowing down + +511 +00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:09,010 +sometimes. But generally, it's going forward. But + +512 +00:35:09,010 --> 00:35:12,710 +many people believe that, no, we're not improving. + +513 +00:35:12,770 --> 00:35:17,080 +We're not progressing. The good things have long + +514 +00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:21,140 +gone. And the bad things are still, the worst is + +515 +00:35:21,140 --> 00:35:24,860 +still to come. So that is why this poem became + +516 +00:35:24,860 --> 00:35:27,960 +very famous. Some people think that this is the + +517 +00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:30,760 +most important single poem in the Victorian Age. + +518 +00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,440 +The most important poem in the Victorian Age. + +519 +00:35:34,820 --> 00:35:38,420 +Mainly because, again, it captures the essence of + +520 +00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:42,360 +the crisis of faith of that time. But we'll see + +521 +00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:46,800 +how he's a little bit different, Arnold. Okay? So + +522 +00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,380 +where is he? He looks over the English Channel + +523 +00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,680 +from Dover, seeing. He looks down. What does he + +524 +00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:58,400 +see? A calm sea. The sea is calm. The beach is + +525 +00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,860 +calm. No people there, and the sea is not rough. + +526 +00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:06,390 +Interesting, beautiful, right? Generally, like, + +527 +00:36:06,530 --> 00:36:08,950 +you see beauty. If you are a romantic poet, you + +528 +00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:12,170 +see beauty here. You see inspiration. It reminds + +529 +00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:15,410 +you of the good old days if you are a romantic. + +530 +00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:19,010 +But here, it inspires what? Nature inspires the + +531 +00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:25,550 +idea of the crisis of faith. In the poem, we see + +532 +00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:29,790 +the vision of the whole later Victorian era. The + +533 +00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:35,860 +vision is a vision of pessimism. Pessimism. Again, + +534 +00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:41,360 +similar to Tennyson in a way. But Arnold is a + +535 +00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:42,880 +little bit different, because at the end of the + +536 +00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:47,740 +poem, he has a way out of this. There is hope. + +537 +00:36:48,460 --> 00:36:52,880 +There is a way out of this whole crisis. Yes, he + +538 +00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:56,980 +admits that there is a crisis of faith. But the + +539 +00:36:56,980 --> 00:37:01,680 +way out of this is simply to love each other, to + +540 +00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:07,020 +be honest to each other. simply said and done. We + +541 +00:37:07,020 --> 00:37:11,180 +can all claim to want to be good, to love each + +542 +00:37:11,180 --> 00:37:12,980 +other, to be honest with each other, to be frank + +543 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:16,040 +with each other. But when it comes to real life, + +544 +00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,140 +life was getting a lot more difficult, especially + +545 +00:37:19,140 --> 00:37:22,260 +with jobs and competitions and conflicts + +546 +00:37:22,260 --> 00:37:26,280 +everywhere in the society. But this makes the poem + +547 +00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:30,900 +Because if you like dark stuff, this is dark, + +548 +00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,820 +pessimistic. But there's also hope. We love to + +549 +00:37:33,820 --> 00:37:36,260 +have hope at the end. Remember Shakespeare with + +550 +00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:39,300 +the younger generations always giving us some + +551 +00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:45,000 +hope, a new king, young people getting married, so + +552 +00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,960 +to speak. So the extract here, this is the last + +553 +00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:49,400 +stanza. + +554 +00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:59,480 +Dover Beach by Arnold, again. So when he speaks + +555 +00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:05,140 +about the crisis of belief and faith, he ends the + +556 +00:38:05,140 --> 00:38:07,660 +poem. It's a short poem, by the way. I think like + +557 +00:38:07,660 --> 00:38:15,100 +30-something lines. Even the word, ah. It's like a + +558 +00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:22,380 +sigh of relief. Like you can't even speak. Ah. + +559 +00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,420 +Love. Talking to his love. I don't know, his wife + +560 +00:38:26,420 --> 00:38:32,730 +or someone. Let us be true to one another, us, the + +561 +00:38:32,730 --> 00:38:36,390 +unity here. If you are by yourself, if I am by + +562 +00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:39,910 +myself, we're not going to find a way out of this. + +563 +00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:44,930 +Let us be true to one another. That's the way out + +564 +00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:50,270 +of this. For the world, the world, our world now, + +565 +00:38:50,350 --> 00:38:52,310 +our society, the Victorian Age, Western + +566 +00:38:52,310 --> 00:38:56,010 +civilization, which seems, and the word seems, + +567 +00:38:59,940 --> 00:39:05,480 +seems it's not true. There is a fake artificial + +568 +00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,640 +smiley there. So the world is horrible, but there + +569 +00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:14,180 +is always this smiley that makes it look what? It + +570 +00:39:14,180 --> 00:39:18,410 +seems Which seems to lie. I like the word lie here + +571 +00:39:18,410 --> 00:39:20,670 +because there could be a pun on lie not to tell + +572 +00:39:20,670 --> 00:39:24,790 +the truth. But lie here lies to lie before us like + +573 +00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,490 +they're out there in front of us standing or + +574 +00:39:28,490 --> 00:39:32,490 +sitting or whatever. So to lie before us like a + +575 +00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:36,570 +land of dreams. It's a land of dreams and visions. + +576 +00:39:37,530 --> 00:39:40,310 +We dream of a better life, but is it a better + +577 +00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:43,720 +life? Are we going there? So various, so + +578 +00:39:43,720 --> 00:39:46,420 +beautiful, so new. This is all in our dreams and + +579 +00:39:46,420 --> 00:39:51,480 +our hopes. Have, so this is all a parenthetical + +580 +00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:57,700 +statement. So the world has. Has. And I love how + +581 +00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,340 +he uses, this is Victorian Age, we don't + +582 +00:40:00,340 --> 00:40:03,160 +frequently find have and thee and thou unless + +583 +00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,640 +there is a reason. So have, in my opinion, he + +584 +00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,140 +thinks that this has been the case all along. + +585 +00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,900 +before Shakespeare, during Shakespeare, after + +586 +00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:16,140 +Shakespeare. The world has always been like this. + +587 +00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:21,020 +We have dreams and hopes and visions of a better + +588 +00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:25,660 +life, but in reality, the world has really neither + +589 +00:40:25,660 --> 00:40:31,080 +joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor + +590 +00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:35,500 +peace, nor help for pain. No, no, no, no. And this + +591 +00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:39,410 +is the pessimism here. Pessimism in the repetition + +592 +00:40:39,410 --> 00:40:46,370 +of the word, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no. So + +593 +00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:51,670 +because the world has nothing, nothing, no joy, no + +594 +00:40:51,670 --> 00:40:58,570 +love, no light, no certitude, certainty, no peace, + +595 +00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:04,090 +no help for pain, no one can help you relieve your + +596 +00:41:04,090 --> 00:41:08,030 +pain, release the pain, the anger. So let us be + +597 +00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:13,030 +true to one another. Let's love each other. And + +598 +00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,210 +this is the message here. So in this extract from + +599 +00:41:15,210 --> 00:41:22,470 +Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, the theme here is I + +600 +00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:24,530 +don't know what, like pessimism, + +601 +00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:32,160 +loss of faith, the crisis of belief. But also, + +602 +00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:36,020 +while the poet is exposing this world that lacks + +603 +00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:39,300 +everything, that has nothing. I think this reminds + +604 +00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,780 +me of King Lear at the end. No, no, no, never, + +605 +00:41:43,940 --> 00:41:48,860 +never, never. Why should a dog or a horse have a + +606 +00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:51,800 +life without no life, no breath at all? Never, + +607 +00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,570 +never, never, never. So there's an emphasis here + +608 +00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:59,110 +on the negativity here. So despite this fact, + +609 +00:41:59,250 --> 00:42:03,310 +despite the fact that the poem is about the crisis + +610 +00:42:03,310 --> 00:42:06,790 +of belief in the Victorian age, that people were + +611 +00:42:06,790 --> 00:42:10,470 +losing faith in everything, the poetry is giving + +612 +00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:14,010 +us a spark of hope. The poem is giving us + +613 +00:42:14,010 --> 00:42:19,690 +something to cling to, something to hold onto. And + +614 +00:42:19,690 --> 00:42:24,460 +this thing is? Let's love each other. Let's be + +615 +00:42:24,460 --> 00:42:27,600 +honest to each other. + +616 +00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,120 +Please, when you go home, read the whole poem or + +617 +00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:35,920 +listen to it. Watch it on YouTube. I'm sure you + +618 +00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:41,320 +will love it. But again, I'll stop here. No more + +619 +00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:44,740 +Victorian literature. We're moving to last class, + +620 +00:42:45,140 --> 00:42:50,120 +our last lecture on the 20th century poetry. But + +621 +00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:57,080 +listen. Wait a minute. We'll see how this idea, + +622 +00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:03,800 +we'll see this little tiny ray of hope, what + +623 +00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,000 +happens to it in the 20th century. Like, people + +624 +00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:12,600 +again had this dark, pessimistic atmosphere living + +625 +00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,280 +in, like, we should do something new. Let's work + +626 +00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:20,220 +together. Let's do something. And early in the + +627 +00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,620 +20th century, we have the Great War. So if people + +628 +00:43:24,620 --> 00:43:27,960 +had a tiny little shred of hope of a better life, + +629 +00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:34,540 +of a life, beautiful new life, a life of dreams, + +630 +00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:37,820 +of people becoming better, improving, progressing + +631 +00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:43,520 +forward, the war destroyed every tiny little shred + +632 +00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:43,980 +of hope. + +633 +00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:49,180 +And we'll see how this influences literature. And + +634 +00:43:49,180 --> 00:43:52,620 +then T.S. Eliot comes and says, April is the + +635 +00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:56,960 +cruelest month. So he's just going to summarize + +636 +00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,680 +and see how, for example, everything. And it's + +637 +00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:02,960 +beautiful how T.S. Eliot, in the opening line of + +638 +00:44:02,960 --> 00:44:08,630 +The Wasteland, he alludes to, remember, To Chaucer + +639 +00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:11,330 +himself. So we started this basically with + +640 +00:44:11,330 --> 00:44:13,970 +Chaucer, saying he's the father of English poetry. + +641 +00:44:14,750 --> 00:44:19,390 +And in his poem, The Canterbury Tales, he begins + +642 +00:44:19,390 --> 00:44:23,310 +describing spring and April, how beautiful it is, + +643 +00:44:23,390 --> 00:44:27,450 +how it gives new life, new hope, dreams and + +644 +00:44:27,450 --> 00:44:31,210 +visions, like the good is yet to come. So it's + +645 +00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,210 +like T.S. Eliot comes and says, OK, wait a minute. + +646 +00:44:34,370 --> 00:44:38,610 +Stop. Stop dreaming. So he goes back. He takes + +647 +00:44:38,610 --> 00:44:43,450 +Chaucer, drags him by his hand, and tells him it's + +648 +00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:46,710 +all a lie. All these hopes and dreams and visions + +649 +00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,130 +of a better life, it's a lie. And April is the + +650 +00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:58,790 +cruelest month. We'll stop here. And next class, I + +651 +00:44:58,790 --> 00:45:03,380 +will be speaking about Just certain trends in the + +652 +00:45:03,380 --> 00:45:06,960 +20th century. I just have to remind you, when we + +653 +00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,740 +say here, when we discuss the Romantic Age or the + +654 +00:45:09,740 --> 00:45:11,900 +Victorian Age or the 20th century, it's impossible + +655 +00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:15,640 +to cover every feature, every trend. And it's + +656 +00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,200 +wrong to assume that all poets wrote sad and + +657 +00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,700 +pessimistic poetry. Because there are always + +658 +00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:25,020 +different poets, or sometimes the poets would be + +659 +00:45:25,020 --> 00:45:28,940 +writing differently. But the major trends in a way + +660 +00:45:28,940 --> 00:45:34,320 +or another were dark, tragic, and poetry of loss, + +661 +00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:40,580 +despair, and pessimism. It's good that Matthew + +662 +00:45:40,580 --> 00:45:44,180 +Arnold here leaves us with a tiny little hope. We + +663 +00:45:44,180 --> 00:45:46,680 +will see what happens to the hope in the 20th + +664 +00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,600 +century. Thank you very much. If you have + +665 +00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,480 +questions, please do ask. If you have a comment, + +666 +00:45:53,180 --> 00:45:58,430 +feel free to express yourself. Yes. + +667 +00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:05,070 +Okay, thank you. Yeah, go on. + +668 +00:46:08,050 --> 00:46:08,410 +Say again. + +669 +00:46:15,830 --> 00:46:22,350 +Okay, which influences which? Poetry influences + +670 +00:46:22,350 --> 00:46:25,550 +literature or literature influences poetry? I + +671 +00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:29,950 +think it goes both ways. Society is life. + +672 +00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:36,910 +Literature, of course it does. Of course. + +673 +00:46:37,290 --> 00:46:40,030 +Generally, people say that all poets are products + +674 +00:46:40,030 --> 00:46:45,100 +of their time and societies. But again, it differs + +675 +00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:46,920 +from one poet to the other. That's why when we + +676 +00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,040 +discussed, for example, Charles Dickens and Thomas + +677 +00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:52,840 +Hardy, I said that, look, both are Victorian. Yes, + +678 +00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:54,360 +this is an early Victorian. This is a late + +679 +00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:56,420 +Victorian. But they produced totally different + +680 +00:46:56,420 --> 00:47:00,300 +literature. The more important question is whether + +681 +00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,880 +literature influences life. Does it influence + +682 +00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:08,220 +life? It certainly does in particular ways. Thank + +683 +00:47:08,220 --> 00:47:09,320 +you for your question. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc9da8a4b72b7f8b04c93446448f19fdd470bd27 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@ +1 +00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,050 +Good day, everyone. And today we move to speak + +2 +00:00:25,050 --> 00:00:30,630 +about Victorian poetry. Last time we've seen how + +3 +00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:33,970 +women played a major role in the literature and + +4 +00:00:33,970 --> 00:00:40,330 +criticism of the Victorian Age. We said the 19th + +5 +00:00:40,330 --> 00:00:42,510 +century witnessed + +6 +00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:51,720 +some sort of a huge peak, a huge rise in the + +7 +00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,180 +production of novels. And we've seen how women + +8 +00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:59,900 +were contributing more to English literature and + +9 +00:00:59,900 --> 00:01:03,240 +the English, the body of English canon in general. + +10 +00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:09,110 +However, However, it doesn't mean that women were + +11 +00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,090 +free to do anything, to say anything. It meant + +12 +00:01:13,090 --> 00:01:16,170 +that they were more courageous, more independent. + +13 +00:01:16,770 --> 00:01:19,210 +Not that they were not brave before, but that the + +14 +00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:23,010 +society, in a way or another, improved, developed, + +15 +00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:26,210 +progressed a little bit, and women acquired more + +16 +00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:30,650 +and more tools of expression. Still, we've seen + +17 +00:01:30,650 --> 00:01:33,990 +how women would use sometimes pen names of men. in + +18 +00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:37,030 +order to be able to publish, to reach out to a + +19 +00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:41,090 +wider audience, so to speak. So today we move to + +20 +00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:43,210 +speak about the Victorian Age. I'm not going to go + +21 +00:01:43,210 --> 00:01:48,430 +in a lot of detail here. I'm picking two Victorian + +22 +00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:52,910 +poets, male poets, and you can go read more from + +23 +00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:56,260 +the book. resources about other female poets, + +24 +00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:59,160 +mainly Elizabeth Browning, for example. She was a + +25 +00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,640 +famous English Victorian poet of the time. So the + +26 +00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,500 +Victorian poetry, in a way or another, also + +27 +00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:11,790 +mirrors the age it was written in. We've seen how + +28 +00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:15,030 +the novel was a mirror of the social life, of + +29 +00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,810 +class division, of poverty, of corruption, of all + +30 +00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:21,370 +these sort of struggles. We've seen how women + +31 +00:02:21,370 --> 00:02:26,170 +novels were also tools of empowerment to give + +32 +00:02:26,170 --> 00:02:30,450 +women voices, to try to show good examples for + +33 +00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:33,010 +women, how women can be independent and end + +34 +00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:37,510 +achieving their goal, whatever. or whatever it is. + +35 +00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:41,610 +So today, we speak about the Victorian poetry. The + +36 +00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:45,630 +first major poet is Alfred Tennyson. + +37 +00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:53,510 +Now, Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian poet later on + +38 +00:02:53,510 --> 00:02:57,390 +became the poet of the nation, like the poet + +39 +00:02:57,390 --> 00:03:01,190 +laureate. The queen loved his poetry. Remember, + +40 +00:03:01,370 --> 00:03:06,470 +Queen Victoria became a widow early in her life. + +41 +00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,450 +And she lost her husband. And she remained + +42 +00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:13,330 +unmarried for, I think, 40 years or so. Really a + +43 +00:03:13,330 --> 00:03:17,390 +long period. And because his poetry is generally a + +44 +00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:22,080 +poetry of loss, regret, sadness, or unhappiness. + +45 +00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:27,740 +She loved his poetry. She read his poetry. And in + +46 +00:03:27,740 --> 00:03:29,960 +a way, this made his poetry even more and more + +47 +00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:31,960 +famous. When the queen reads your poetry and likes + +48 +00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,780 +your poetry, definitely it makes you a famous + +49 +00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,780 +writer, a famous name in your age. So his poetry + +50 +00:03:40,780 --> 00:03:44,400 +is, of course, totally different from the poetry + +51 +00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,220 +of the romantics. I say this sometimes. There was + +52 +00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:52,490 +an overlap. When some Victorian poets were writing + +53 +00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:54,990 +poetry, some also romantic poets were still alive + +54 +00:03:54,990 --> 00:03:57,610 +or writing poetry over there. But the sensibility, + +55 +00:03:57,730 --> 00:04:00,690 +the concerns, the interests were more or less + +56 +00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:05,230 +different. So for example, remember what nature + +57 +00:04:05,230 --> 00:04:08,410 +meant to the romantics? It meant beauty, truth, + +58 +00:04:09,010 --> 00:04:13,580 +right? Nature was poetry itself, but here he sees + +59 +00:04:13,580 --> 00:04:16,380 +something else in nature. It's no longer an object + +60 +00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:19,620 +of beauty. It's an object of cruelty, an object of + +61 +00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:23,360 +despair. This is more realistic for so many + +62 +00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,600 +people. The Victorian Age is more realistic than + +63 +00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:32,320 +the poetry of the Romantic Age. So nature read. in + +64 +00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:37,440 +tooth and claw. In a way, he is personifying + +65 +00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:43,140 +nature or not. But nature here is likened to a + +66 +00:04:43,140 --> 00:04:46,040 +monster, to an animal, probably a tiger or a lion, + +67 +00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,760 +a ferocious wild animal. Its claws, the claws of + +68 +00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,300 +the animals, the paws and the tooth are red + +69 +00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:02,310 +because Blood, yeah. So in a way, this is nature + +70 +00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,690 +for him. No longer my heart leaps up when I see a + +71 +00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:10,130 +rainbow. No longer I wander lonely as a cloud, and + +72 +00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:13,470 +my heart with pleasure fills and dances with the + +73 +00:05:13,470 --> 00:05:17,000 +daffodils. Nature is... So according to critics, + +74 +00:05:17,140 --> 00:05:19,260 +this is a more realistic vision of life, of + +75 +00:05:19,260 --> 00:05:22,200 +nature. Nature is not all roses and rainbows and + +76 +00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,540 +flowers and, you know, solitary reapers and + +77 +00:05:25,540 --> 00:05:29,240 +singers and everything. There is a lot of sadness + +78 +00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,860 +in life. There is a lot of despair, a lot of + +79 +00:05:31,860 --> 00:05:35,380 +pessimism in life. So here in this line, this is a + +80 +00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:37,600 +very famous line, like there's so many + +81 +00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,780 +interpretations, but we take the fact that he is + +82 +00:05:40,780 --> 00:05:46,050 +stressing the cruelty here. rather than how nature + +83 +00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:49,790 +is good to our senses, to our memories, and to our + +84 +00:05:49,790 --> 00:05:54,350 +experiences. How nature helps us recall these + +85 +00:05:54,350 --> 00:05:57,690 +memories in solitude, and then when in vacant or + +86 +00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:59,830 +in pensive mood, we dance with the daffodils, or + +87 +00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:02,730 +our hearts dance with the daffodils. So this is + +88 +00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:07,230 +one major change. Or two, actually. The realistic + +89 +00:06:07,230 --> 00:06:10,310 +vision of nature, and the fact that he focuses + +90 +00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:15,220 +here on the cruelty. the darkness of nature and + +91 +00:06:15,220 --> 00:06:19,000 +darkness of life. So one of his most important + +92 +00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,620 +poems is called In Memoriam, A H H, which is an + +93 +00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,160 +elegy to one of his friends. His name, I think, is + +94 +00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:32,100 +Arthur something. I don't care. So the poem is + +95 +00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:35,760 +about loss, regret, death, and despair and + +96 +00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:39,480 +pessimism. It's about how when you are, remember, + +97 +00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:41,980 +in the prime of your age, you can't simply just + +98 +00:06:41,980 --> 00:06:47,480 +like that, die. You could hope. Remember the + +99 +00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,680 +positivism of women writers who always believed + +100 +00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,100 +good things? will be coming, the good is yet to + +101 +00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:59,700 +come. Men were usually more pessimistic, darker + +102 +00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:04,060 +than women. And this is a great difference. And I + +103 +00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:06,440 +remember I said about this, I mentioned this last + +104 +00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,240 +time, how women were, I don't want to say that + +105 +00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:14,280 +they were Presumably contradicting men, like men + +106 +00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:16,400 +are all like, oh, we are all going to die. And + +107 +00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,760 +women are like, no, there is still hope for us. + +108 +00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:21,780 +It's not because they wanted to contradict, but at + +109 +00:07:21,780 --> 00:07:24,520 +least they wanted to give hope for women. Like for + +110 +00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:30,000 +women, with struggle, with more fighting, more + +111 +00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,880 +raising your voices, you can acquire more freedom + +112 +00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,040 +and independence. And this is the poem, actually, + +113 +00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:45,760 +that Queen Victoria loved. And some people think + +114 +00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,940 +that she considered her her favorite text ever. + +115 +00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:53,100 +Because again, she was a widow herself. She had a + +116 +00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:57,820 +man. dear to her heart, her husband. Not sure if + +117 +00:07:57,820 --> 00:08:00,840 +she liked him or not, but at least she loved the + +118 +00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:04,780 +poem here because it reminds her of loss, of + +119 +00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:09,160 +sadness, of darkness, of despair. So that's why + +120 +00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:11,140 +generally, generally, he's considered... It + +121 +00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,780 +doesn't mean all his poetry is poetry of loss and + +122 +00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,600 +despair, but sometimes you become more known for + +123 +00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,500 +one particular type of writing because of + +124 +00:08:19,500 --> 00:08:22,420 +something. So here, the fact that the queen loved + +125 +00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,560 +this poem about loss, death, and despair made + +126 +00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,620 +Tennyson more famous for this type of poetry. So + +127 +00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,540 +he's generally considered to be a poet of sadness. + +128 +00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,360 +Again, it doesn't mean. He was only solely + +129 +00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:41,060 +exclusively a poet of loss and sadness. So his + +130 +00:08:41,060 --> 00:08:43,640 +poetry shows a wide range of subject matter, and + +131 +00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,780 +not all his poems have a tone of unhappiness. But + +132 +00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:50,900 +he's more famous for the ones about sadness and + +133 +00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,040 +about loss. A one feature in his poetry is the + +134 +00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:00,280 +dramatic monologue. And as the name suggests, + +135 +00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:04,000 +monologue, some sort of a soliloquy, right? + +136 +00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,420 +Monologue. What is a monologue? It's when you have + +137 +00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:10,380 +a conversation with yourself. Exactly. Like, + +138 +00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,700 +you're talking to yourself. There's one character. + +139 +00:09:12,820 --> 00:09:17,000 +It's more like a one-man show with a dramatized + +140 +00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,800 +experience. This is not a play, so it's not a + +141 +00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,020 +soliloquy where you, in a way, you address the + +142 +00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:28,050 +audience. a speech by one person, one man's, one + +143 +00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:31,070 +woman's speech, where the thoughts are revealed, + +144 +00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:34,290 +where the character is developed through this + +145 +00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:40,870 +dramatic monologue. So this form uses a speaking + +146 +00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:46,820 +voice which shows the poets or the speakers with a + +147 +00:09:46,820 --> 00:09:50,720 +male or female thoughts, inner thoughts, I would + +148 +00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:55,220 +say, like a monologue in a way or another. And the + +149 +00:09:55,220 --> 00:09:59,140 +character itself comes out and is developed or + +150 +00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:03,080 +develops and evolves through the ideas and the + +151 +00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,280 +words of the monologue. So when you read the text, + +152 +00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,440 +you feel that there's one speaker, and the speaker + +153 +00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:12,750 +is, you know, In a dramatic way, revealing his or + +154 +00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:18,090 +her thoughts. In this monologue itself, the + +155 +00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:21,370 +character is developed. The plot, if we have a + +156 +00:10:21,370 --> 00:10:24,470 +plot of the poem, is also developed. The + +157 +00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:28,830 +characteristic features are revealed through + +158 +00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:32,730 +dramatic monologue. He did this in so many of his + +159 +00:10:32,730 --> 00:10:35,710 +poems. Dramatic monologue. What is dramatic + +160 +00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:38,530 +monologue? You have one voice, the voice of the + +161 +00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:41,110 +speaker, whether a man or a woman, that reveals + +162 +00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:44,790 +the inner thoughts, probably inner conflicts. + +163 +00:10:45,860 --> 00:10:48,940 +Similar to Assala-Lakwi, but Assala-Lakwi is + +164 +00:10:48,940 --> 00:10:52,340 +basically in drama, in play. This is in poetry + +165 +00:10:52,340 --> 00:10:56,740 +here. So, for example, in one of his poems, + +166 +00:10:58,140 --> 00:11:00,800 +entitled Ulysses, and Ulysses is taken from + +167 +00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,400 +Homer's The Odyssey. Do you know Homer? Homer's + +168 +00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,960 +The Odyssey, very ancient, one of the most ancient + +169 +00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:10,040 +epics, 2,000 years ago, The Odyssey, The Iliad. + +170 +00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:13,100 +Are you familiar with The Iliad and The Odyssey? + +171 +00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:16,530 +You should read more about this. At least read + +172 +00:11:16,530 --> 00:11:21,010 +more about Homer's The Odyssey. I'm not sure if + +173 +00:11:21,010 --> 00:11:24,250 +you heard about this in Arabic. So the main + +174 +00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:28,170 +character is Ulysses. And Ulysses becomes a main + +175 +00:11:28,170 --> 00:11:30,230 +character in many texts. We'll speak about this + +176 +00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:34,090 +next class, how in, for example, James Joyce's + +177 +00:11:34,090 --> 00:11:38,110 +novel Ulysses, there is a reference there. So the + +178 +00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:41,530 +hero is borrowed in a way or another from the + +179 +00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:48,070 +ancient times. So Ulysses speaks. in old age about + +180 +00:11:48,070 --> 00:11:52,970 +the need to go and find new worlds, new ambitions, + +181 +00:11:53,490 --> 00:11:58,190 +new experiences, new worlds. Remember I said this + +182 +00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:02,310 +somewhere in the novel and it's clearer in poetry. + +183 +00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:07,030 +The critics + +184 +00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:11,110 +and the poets and the authors were really obsessed + +185 +00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480 +with finding new worlds, finding new experiences. + +186 +00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:19,720 +In a way, people were tired, fed up with what was + +187 +00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:22,920 +going on. They wanted new things, real new things. + +188 +00:12:23,060 --> 00:12:25,700 +Like, come on, just... And by the way, we find + +189 +00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,860 +this everywhere at the end of every age. Like + +190 +00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:31,520 +somewhere at the end of the... Remember the + +191 +00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,700 +Renaissance? People were like, come on. We need + +192 +00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,340 +something new. And then a new era begins, a new + +193 +00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:41,140 +king, a new queen, a new movement. And then people + +194 +00:12:41,140 --> 00:12:44,840 +get tired, and the world keeps moving on and on + +195 +00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,240 +and on. So in this monologue, Ulysses here is + +196 +00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:53,980 +urging this new change, in a way mirroring the + +197 +00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:58,180 +mentality of the age, how people felt that they + +198 +00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,090 +wanted to change. So the line says here, It's from + +199 +00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:06,250 +Ulysses by Tennyson. And again, the character is + +200 +00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:10,930 +borrowed from Homer in The Odyssey. It is not too + +201 +00:13:10,930 --> 00:13:20,270 +late to seek a newer world. It is not too late to + +202 +00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:26,790 +seek a newer world. There's always time to seek a + +203 +00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:30,830 +new world, new ambitions, new experiences, just to + +204 +00:13:30,830 --> 00:13:36,720 +turn a page and start anew. Now, if you notice, I + +205 +00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:40,480 +like how he started this with this old form of it + +206 +00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:47,020 +is. Saying, like, let's leave the old age and + +207 +00:13:47,020 --> 00:13:50,820 +represent it here in its old form of poetry, of + +208 +00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:56,020 +literature, it is, and move forward to a newer + +209 +00:13:56,020 --> 00:14:03,710 +world, a world with new ambitions. new interests, + +210 +00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:08,090 +new experiences. We have had enough of this. We + +211 +00:14:08,090 --> 00:14:13,010 +have had too much of this. So this tone of loss, + +212 +00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:17,990 +of tragedy, of this urgent tone to change was + +213 +00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:23,630 +generally present in Innocent. Okay? So he wasn't + +214 +00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,510 +only a poet of loss and change and sadness and + +215 +00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:31,330 +unhappiness, but he was also a poet of change. He + +216 +00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:35,150 +wanted new experiences. He wanted to push for new + +217 +00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:39,430 +experiences. Now, because Tennyson... We'll see a + +218 +00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:41,910 +whole poem from Tennyson after this. Because + +219 +00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:46,350 +Tennyson was... + +220 +00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,980 +Also, the poet who praised the heroes who was + +221 +00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:54,160 +writing poetry on certain occasions, national + +222 +00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,900 +occasions, heroic, historic occasions of the time, + +223 +00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,640 +like the Crimean War of that time, he is + +224 +00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,800 +considered to be the national poet of England. + +225 +00:15:04,380 --> 00:15:06,840 +Like a poet laureate, so to speak. So Tennyson + +226 +00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:09,620 +became the national poet who composed poetry on + +227 +00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:12,260 +certain national occasions. + +228 +00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,040 +And of course, he became famous for praising the + +229 +00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:22,340 +heroes, the soldiers. For him, the soldiers are + +230 +00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:26,440 +the ones, not the politicians, that are defending + +231 +00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,960 +the country. Because they personally, they + +232 +00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,460 +literally sacrificed their own lives, shed their + +233 +00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:37,580 +own blood for the sake of the country. And this is + +234 +00:15:37,580 --> 00:15:41,840 +how he speaks about them. Maybe you will take this + +235 +00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:46,480 +as a criticism. But it's part of how he praises + +236 +00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:50,020 +these heroes. So theirs is referring to the + +237 +00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:54,060 +soldiers, the heroes. Theirs is not to reason why. + +238 +00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:58,260 +They don't argue. If there is a war, they just get + +239 +00:15:58,260 --> 00:16:00,700 +to receive the orders, the commands from the + +240 +00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,900 +leaders. They just go out. They don't say, why + +241 +00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:05,980 +should I be fighting Russia? Why should I be + +242 +00:16:05,980 --> 00:16:09,060 +fighting France? Why should I be going here and + +243 +00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:13,140 +there? They don't ask questions. Because they're + +244 +00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:17,390 +heroes, right? but also negative because they can + +245 +00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:19,530 +be sent here and there. Today, they're fighting + +246 +00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,510 +with Russia. Tomorrow, against Russia. Today, with + +247 +00:16:22,510 --> 00:16:24,370 +France. Tomorrow, against France. And this is + +248 +00:16:24,370 --> 00:16:27,210 +politics. Politics is dirty work. The people, the + +249 +00:16:27,210 --> 00:16:30,130 +politicians, the leaders are always sitting in + +250 +00:16:30,130 --> 00:16:34,650 +their homes comfortably, gaining the benefits of + +251 +00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:38,010 +the war. And the ordinary people lose their lives + +252 +00:16:38,010 --> 00:16:42,510 +and their futures. So there's not to reason why. + +253 +00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,540 +There's but to do, to fight, to struggle, action. + +254 +00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:54,560 +Some people speak, but those people do or die. So + +255 +00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:58,880 +they fight. They go. They take action. Deeds, not + +256 +00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:04,400 +words. And sometimes they die. So generally, + +257 +00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:09,100 +people love poets who praise the heroes, who, you + +258 +00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,300 +know, because these are the dead people. Everyone + +259 +00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,240 +loves the martyrs of the country, people who + +260 +00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,240 +defend us, people who resist the occupations and + +261 +00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,240 +the oppression. We love them. We love to praise + +262 +00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,340 +them. And we love the poetry that praises them. + +263 +00:17:22,340 --> 00:17:25,420 +And we love the poets that also praise those + +264 +00:17:25,420 --> 00:17:29,100 +heroes. But is there criticism implied here? I + +265 +00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,060 +guess yes. Because those people do. Other people? + +266 +00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,820 +Talk, talk, talk. Just speak words of those + +267 +00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:45,700 +people. Okay? So generally his poetry, his poems + +268 +00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:50,100 +combine history, like hysterical events here, + +269 +00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:53,660 +dramatic effect, the dramatic monologue, and there + +270 +00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:58,650 +is generally a tone of... Sadness and loss. An + +271 +00:17:58,650 --> 00:18:02,090 +atmosphere of sadness and loss. How do you feel + +272 +00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:04,570 +that? How do you find that? Number one, the + +273 +00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:07,430 +subject matter. When it's about death and dying, + +274 +00:18:07,910 --> 00:18:10,230 +when it's an elegy, of course there is going to be + +275 +00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:15,240 +an atmosphere, a tone of sadness. When there is + +276 +00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,160 +death and dying, so this poem here, there is death + +277 +00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,900 +and dying, right? And the poem before, there is + +278 +00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,440 +like, oh, too late. Let's do something else with + +279 +00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,580 +third of this. And then the one before, which one + +280 +00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:30,580 +here? Nature red in tooth and claw. So he's always + +281 +00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:34,220 +obsessed with this. Everything dies. Nature is + +282 +00:18:34,220 --> 00:18:37,860 +cruel. The age is like, we have had too much of + +283 +00:18:37,860 --> 00:18:40,400 +this. Let's do something else. So this is how we + +284 +00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:43,860 +see, we feel the tone and the atmosphere of the + +285 +00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:46,340 +poem. Look at the subject matter itself. What is + +286 +00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,920 +it about? Elegy. So probably it's dark. It's about + +287 +00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,340 +loss. Look at the words, the choice of words here, + +288 +00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:57,640 +the diction itself. Oh, die. But this is the kind + +289 +00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,760 +of death that is different. Like, those people are + +290 +00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,660 +proud. Like, I'm ready to die for my country. But + +291 +00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,340 +there could be an implied criticism when he says, + +292 +00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,260 +theirs to do and die, others only say and live. + +293 +00:19:12,780 --> 00:19:15,780 +Who are they? The people who push the soldiers, + +294 +00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,520 +the armies to the battles. And some wars we've + +295 +00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:23,260 +seen, whether in the Arab world or in Europe, some + +296 +00:19:23,260 --> 00:19:27,080 +wars broke only because of stupid, trivial things + +297 +00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,380 +between the royal families and the politicians, + +298 +00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:34,210 +and hundreds of thousands and millions of people. + +299 +00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:36,730 +We'll see about this next class when we talk about + +300 +00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:39,510 +the Great War, the First World War, when millions + +301 +00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:42,710 +and millions of people died. And all of them were + +302 +00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:45,070 +European, all of them were white, all of them were + +303 +00:19:45,070 --> 00:19:49,670 +Christians, almost all of them. So we'll speak + +304 +00:19:49,670 --> 00:19:52,890 +about, for example, now we move to Arnold after + +305 +00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:57,810 +this, how despite the loss, the sadness, the + +306 +00:19:57,810 --> 00:20:01,320 +unhappiness, they still believe there is a spark + +307 +00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:05,680 +of hope that the good is yet to come. And when the + +308 +00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,800 +First World War came and destroyed all this hope, + +309 +00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:11,380 +people lost faith in everything, in God, in the + +310 +00:20:11,380 --> 00:20:14,740 +Western civilization. So let's see this poem by + +311 +00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:20,540 +Tennyson. Can someone read, please? Okay. The + +312 +00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:24,280 +title is The Eagle. + +313 +00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:34,870 +Goes to the sun, a lonely man springs with a + +314 +00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:39,490 +phaser. Azure world. Azure world. He stands, a + +315 +00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:43,910 +wrinkled sea beneath him floods, crowds. He + +316 +00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:47,250 +watches from his mountain, from his mountain wall, + +317 +00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:50,070 +and like a thunderbolt it falls. Thank you. + +318 +00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:57,810 +Someone else? One more? Okay, please. He classed. + +319 +00:20:58,620 --> 00:21:01,780 +Cracked with crooked hands, flowed through the + +320 +00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:06,740 +sun's low lands, went with the azure world. He + +321 +00:21:06,740 --> 00:21:14,340 +stands in the wrinkled sea, near beneath him + +322 +00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:21,400 +clouds. He watches from his mountain walls as like + +323 +00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:29,970 +a thunderbolt. Like a thunderbolt. He, for one + +324 +00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:41,090 +more? One more? OK. Hiya. As you are. + +325 +00:21:48,830 --> 00:21:52,890 +Like a thunderbolt, + +326 +00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:57,820 +he falls. What is he talking about? Eagle. What is + +327 +00:21:57,820 --> 00:22:02,160 +an eagle? You know? You know, the huge, powerful + +328 +00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,680 +bird. You know, the bald eagle, the symbol of + +329 +00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,480 +many... It's the flag, the seal of many countries + +330 +00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,940 +in America and Egypt. Like, there's always this + +331 +00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,500 +eagle because the eagle represents what? Power, + +332 +00:22:16,260 --> 00:22:21,020 +right? Strength. It's mighty. It's huge, it's big. + +333 +00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,040 +And powerful. It's probably considered to be the + +334 +00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,480 +king of all birds in a way. A famous bird of prey. + +335 +00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,800 +Like it eats other birds and other animals. The + +336 +00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:38,280 +sharp sight, the sharp beak or bell, the strong, + +337 +00:22:38,460 --> 00:22:44,040 +the claws, the wings, the target. It soars up. + +338 +00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:47,390 +above the mountains, near the clouds in the sky. + +339 +00:22:48,250 --> 00:22:52,110 +So this bird, it sounds like a romantic poem with + +340 +00:22:52,110 --> 00:22:54,770 +an element of nature, but it's different in many + +341 +00:22:54,770 --> 00:23:02,250 +ways. Nature is used rather than nature is. The + +342 +00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:04,770 +text itself is the theme, is the source of beauty. + +343 +00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:08,190 +Nature here is used as a tool, a poetic, a + +344 +00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:10,670 +literary device. So what do you notice in the + +345 +00:23:10,670 --> 00:23:13,840 +text? Now, he's talking about an eagle. When you + +346 +00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,640 +read the text, what do you notice? What words do + +347 +00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:22,400 +you find interesting, appealing? No, no, no, just + +348 +00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,940 +pick words, circle words. Like what words do you + +349 +00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:29,060 +find interesting? Let's circle some of these + +350 +00:23:29,060 --> 00:23:32,920 +words. So, one word. + +351 +00:23:36,340 --> 00:23:42,760 +Can an eagle stand? Yes, it stands. So which is + +352 +00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:43,440 +more important? + +353 +00:23:46,260 --> 00:23:52,560 +He or stands? Why? He or stands? One word. So I'm + +354 +00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:54,660 +saying just one word. Pick one word, not phrases, + +355 +00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,080 +not sentences. One word. Why he? Why is he + +356 +00:23:58,080 --> 00:23:58,520 +interesting? + +357 +00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,220 +This is a bird. This is a person. It's something + +358 +00:24:07,220 --> 00:24:10,980 +he's trying to... He's implying something else. + +359 +00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:18,120 +Oh, interesting. So what else? Yes? Watches. Okay. + +360 +00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:24,460 +But also the eagle watches the praise. Okay. I + +361 +00:24:24,460 --> 00:24:30,240 +think he's comparing the... He's talking... He's + +362 +00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,590 +criticizing someone, but... The watches. Okay. + +363 +00:24:36,330 --> 00:24:38,730 +Now, my advice is that start with the little + +364 +00:24:38,730 --> 00:24:40,930 +things first, and then we come to the conclusions + +365 +00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:44,290 +and assumptions, what he means, what he implies. + +366 +00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,610 +So, let's circle the most significant words. So, + +367 +00:24:48,930 --> 00:24:53,670 +he goes for, like, hand. Okay, hand. Does an eagle + +368 +00:24:53,670 --> 00:24:59,320 +have hands or wings? Is it because it rhymes with + +369 +00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,000 +lands and stands, or is he saying something extra, + +370 +00:25:02,340 --> 00:25:13,100 +implying? And also he and him and he and he and + +371 +00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:17,480 +his. So there is emphasis here on the fact that + +372 +00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,000 +this could not be about an eagle, but the eagle + +373 +00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:27,050 +could be symbolizing something else. Let's jump to + +374 +00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:32,130 +conclusions. What does the eagle symbolize? A + +375 +00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:35,310 +person, maybe. But who is this person? Let's just + +376 +00:25:35,310 --> 00:25:38,130 +go back to the text. What does this bird do? + +377 +00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:42,590 +Number one, claps the crack with a crooked hand. + +378 +00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:45,430 +You know crooked Hillary? This is from Trump. + +379 +00:25:45,870 --> 00:25:52,900 +Crooked hands, like they can bend like this. And + +380 +00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:58,920 +close to the sun. So if this is the sun, if it is + +381 +00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:08,620 +a black sun, he flies like close to the sun, high + +382 +00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:16,140 +up above. Right? Close to the sun. In lonely lands + +383 +00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:21,100 +where nobody is there, that's ringed with azure. + +384 +00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:26,550 +What's azure? Do you watch football? Do you like + +385 +00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:31,870 +football? Yes. What is the Italian team usually + +386 +00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:34,370 +called? Yeah. + +387 +00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:48,070 +Why are they called... Because of their jerseys. + +388 +00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:48,810 +They're blue. + +389 +00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,860 +OK, so azure means green, because what is green + +390 +00:26:54,860 --> 00:27:00,880 +here? The skies and also beneath the sea. World, + +391 +00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:06,660 +he stands, so stands where? Up above. The wrinkled + +392 +00:27:06,660 --> 00:27:08,660 +sea, you know, because the sea is wrinkled with + +393 +00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:13,610 +the waves. Beneath him crawls. And even the sea + +394 +00:27:13,610 --> 00:27:18,230 +crawling, a baby crawls, right? Babies. Sometimes + +395 +00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:20,390 +older people, sometimes ordinary people when + +396 +00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:25,590 +they're hiding, they crawl. So he watches from the + +397 +00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:29,130 +mountain. If this is the mountain here, This is + +398 +00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:32,930 +the eagle. I don't know how to draw an eagle. This + +399 +00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:36,050 +is easy. This is difficult. So he watches from his + +400 +00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:39,270 +mountain walls. He's just watching. So we go back + +401 +00:27:39,270 --> 00:27:43,890 +to what? So flying up above close to the sun and + +402 +00:27:43,890 --> 00:27:45,910 +sometimes just watching. + +403 +00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:55,350 +Watching, like an eagle. Watching from the + +404 +00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:58,310 +mountain walls. They're like walls, you know? + +405 +00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:01,390 +Again, Trump wants to build walls. So what this + +406 +00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:05,030 +is, he's up above, detached, not because there + +407 +00:28:05,030 --> 00:28:10,870 +could be things here. So unlike a thunder, you + +408 +00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:12,410 +know, the lightning and the thunder, when it's + +409 +00:28:12,410 --> 00:28:14,570 +heavily raining, there's the lightning and the + +410 +00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:17,590 +thunder. So the lightning, there's the thunder, + +411 +00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:21,260 +they're huge. deafening sound we hear in the + +412 +00:28:21,260 --> 00:28:24,480 +storms, in the rainstorms, like a thunderbolt. + +413 +00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:30,900 +What does he do? He falls. So one moment up, one + +414 +00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:35,980 +moment down. It could be simply about an eagle. + +415 +00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,140 +But this is not a romantic poem where the poem + +416 +00:28:40,140 --> 00:28:44,560 +could be simply about a bunch of daffodils or a + +417 +00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:49,900 +sick rose or whatever. This is more. This is + +418 +00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,140 +hiding something. This is symbolizing something. + +419 +00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,260 +This could be an allegory. Now, do you like what + +420 +00:28:56,260 --> 00:28:58,300 +is the most important thing that happens in the + +421 +00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:02,620 +whole text? Usually, yeah, he falls. And falling + +422 +00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:09,140 +is loss. It's decline. Falling down, falling down, + +423 +00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:13,840 +you know? So one time you're up here, the next + +424 +00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,940 +moment you're just in the bottom. Falling. The + +425 +00:29:17,940 --> 00:29:21,540 +falling could be like naturally falling just to + +426 +00:29:21,540 --> 00:29:25,200 +get some prey and then to rise up again. But like + +427 +00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:31,200 +what you see in Arabic, you fly but later on you + +428 +00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,860 +will fall. So if this stands for what? What do you + +429 +00:29:34,860 --> 00:29:38,420 +think? What does the eagle stand for in a way? + +430 +00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:38,740 +For? + +431 +00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:50,250 +Okay, so people in control, people in authority, + +432 +00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:53,010 +like kings. + +433 +00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,830 +Exactly. It's like, you know, the ivory towers + +434 +00:29:59,830 --> 00:30:03,430 +detached from people. There are always walls + +435 +00:30:03,430 --> 00:30:06,890 +hiding behind the walls protecting your wealth and + +436 +00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:10,590 +your family against the people who are just down. + +437 +00:30:11,490 --> 00:30:16,360 +You don't even see them. So this could symbolize + +438 +00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,860 +power, authority, the king, the queen, people in + +439 +00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:26,320 +charge who are always strong and powerful. And + +440 +00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,520 +then, one moment, they can't. This could also + +441 +00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,560 +symbolize the whole Western civilization. It's one + +442 +00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,220 +moment there. It could end eventually. And if this + +443 +00:30:36,220 --> 00:30:40,060 +is the peak, this is what happened in the First + +444 +00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:43,180 +World War, war. All Europe was fighting with + +445 +00:30:43,180 --> 00:30:45,620 +Europe, and people were dying. This could be the + +446 +00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:49,060 +Victorian Age. They were hoping for change, for + +447 +00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:51,100 +development, for progress because of technology + +448 +00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,240 +and science and colonialism. But one moment, + +449 +00:30:55,240 --> 00:31:00,880 +London as a society is, for example, in poverty. + +450 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,600 +People are poor. People starve. There's a lot of + +451 +00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,720 +corruption. So it could symbolize many things. It + +452 +00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,020 +could symbolize people's hopes of a better life. + +453 +00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:12,720 +One moment you're very hopeful, the other moment + +454 +00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:16,520 +you're just there. They have a Spanish saying that + +455 +00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,600 +says, everything that goes up must go down. + +456 +00:31:18,780 --> 00:31:23,230 +Whatever goes up must go down. So, yeah, true. So + +457 +00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:27,170 +this could be, in a way, the idea behind this + +458 +00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:27,830 +text. + +459 +00:31:32,550 --> 00:31:33,130 +Exactly, + +460 +00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:39,810 +yeah, but the poem stops here. So where is the + +461 +00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:45,630 +eagle now? It's down the bottom. What's going on? + +462 +00:31:45,850 --> 00:31:50,720 +Is it just... A moment is this. Remember, what's + +463 +00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:55,260 +his name? George Herbert. The fall shall further + +464 +00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:59,320 +the flight in me. In his famous text, The Easter + +465 +00:31:59,320 --> 00:32:04,600 +Wings. When he says, the fall will further the + +466 +00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,840 +rise. If I fall, I will... That was a religious + +467 +00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:12,190 +poem. If you suffer, if you sin, It's bad, but + +468 +00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:15,170 +it's also good, because if you sin, you go back to + +469 +00:32:15,170 --> 00:32:19,710 +God, and then you are a better human being. So + +470 +00:32:19,710 --> 00:32:22,030 +this could be about loss, about the downfall of + +471 +00:32:22,030 --> 00:32:25,250 +civilization, the downfall of imperialism, the + +472 +00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:29,750 +downfall of authority that no one only keeps here + +473 +00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:34,390 +on top. Sooner or later, it's going to fall down, + +474 +00:32:34,910 --> 00:32:40,140 +break down. Okay, this is a really interesting + +475 +00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:44,200 +poem by Tennyson. Should we move? + +476 +00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:54,860 +Now, Matthew Arnold, finally. Matthew Arnold. + +477 +00:32:58,220 --> 00:33:01,740 +Okay, with Matthew, I will speak about one major + +478 +00:33:01,740 --> 00:33:04,880 +poem. It's called Dover Beach. Are you familiar + +479 +00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:06,600 +with Dover? Have you heard of Dover? + +480 +00:33:09,290 --> 00:33:12,270 +Dove. So this is Dover Beach. Dover Beach is a + +481 +00:33:12,270 --> 00:33:17,290 +place in England. You know, if this is England, do + +482 +00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,590 +you know how to draw England? If this is England + +483 +00:33:21,590 --> 00:33:25,810 +and this is France, this is Dover. So it's the + +484 +00:33:25,810 --> 00:33:30,750 +place, it's actually a mountain, a high area that + +485 +00:33:30,750 --> 00:33:36,350 +looks over the British Channel or British Canal + +486 +00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:39,530 +here. Does this area exist anywhere else? Yeah, + +487 +00:33:39,610 --> 00:33:42,590 +it's very famous in literature because it's very + +488 +00:33:42,590 --> 00:33:46,430 +close to Europe. It's the closest place to Europe. + +489 +00:33:46,890 --> 00:33:50,550 +It's also a mountain where people can stand on top + +490 +00:33:50,550 --> 00:33:53,410 +of the mountain and look to France and Europe and + +491 +00:33:53,410 --> 00:33:55,230 +to the sea below. Okay? + +492 +00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:02,970 +So he's talking about this area, the beach here. + +493 +00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:08,050 +The poet is up. on top of the mountain, Dover, the + +494 +00:34:08,050 --> 00:34:10,470 +Dover area, Dover Beach here, and looking down + +495 +00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:13,990 +upon the beach itself. We're not going to study + +496 +00:34:13,990 --> 00:34:17,930 +the whole poem, just taking the last stanza. So + +497 +00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:18,430 +generally, + +498 +00:34:21,250 --> 00:34:24,110 +Matthew Arnold is again trying to capture the + +499 +00:34:24,110 --> 00:34:28,620 +crisis of faith. People were losing faith in their + +500 +00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,320 +country, in themselves, in science, in knowledge, + +501 +00:34:32,020 --> 00:34:34,740 +in the church, in faith, in spirituality, in + +502 +00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:38,800 +everything. And this is the text that tries to + +503 +00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,800 +capture this tone, the atmosphere of the society, + +504 +00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,380 +the crisis of faith, which was a major theme, + +505 +00:34:45,820 --> 00:34:48,140 +especially in the poetry of the Victorian Age. The + +506 +00:34:48,140 --> 00:34:52,060 +crisis of faith, the crisis of belief, the loss of + +507 +00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,180 +faith, the loss of values, the decline of values. + +508 +00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:58,000 +Because again, remember how we said people, many + +509 +00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,290 +people believe that humanity is progressing + +510 +00:35:01,290 --> 00:35:04,510 +forward. There could be some slowing down + +511 +00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:09,010 +sometimes. But generally, it's going forward. But + +512 +00:35:09,010 --> 00:35:12,710 +many people believe that, no, we're not improving. + +513 +00:35:12,770 --> 00:35:17,080 +We're not progressing. The good things have long + +514 +00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:21,140 +gone. And the bad things are still, the worst is + +515 +00:35:21,140 --> 00:35:24,860 +still to come. So that is why this poem became + +516 +00:35:24,860 --> 00:35:27,960 +very famous. Some people think that this is the + +517 +00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:30,760 +most important single poem in the Victorian Age. + +518 +00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,440 +The most important poem in the Victorian Age. + +519 +00:35:34,820 --> 00:35:38,420 +Mainly because, again, it captures the essence of + +520 +00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:42,360 +the crisis of faith of that time. But we'll see + +521 +00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:46,800 +how he's a little bit different, Arnold. Okay? So + +522 +00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,380 +where is he? He looks over the English Channel + +523 +00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,680 +from Dover, seeing. He looks down. What does he + +524 +00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:58,400 +see? A calm sea. The sea is calm. The beach is + +525 +00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,860 +calm. No people there, and the sea is not rough. + +526 +00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:06,390 +Interesting, beautiful, right? Generally, like, + +527 +00:36:06,530 --> 00:36:08,950 +you see beauty. If you are a romantic poet, you + +528 +00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:12,170 +see beauty here. You see inspiration. It reminds + +529 +00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:15,410 +you of the good old days if you are a romantic. + +530 +00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:19,010 +But here, it inspires what? Nature inspires the + +531 +00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:25,550 +idea of the crisis of faith. In the poem, we see + +532 +00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:29,790 +the vision of the whole later Victorian era. The + +533 +00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:35,860 +vision is a vision of pessimism. Pessimism. Again, + +534 +00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:41,360 +similar to Tennyson in a way. But Arnold is a + +535 +00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:42,880 +little bit different, because at the end of the + +536 +00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:47,740 +poem, he has a way out of this. There is hope. + +537 +00:36:48,460 --> 00:36:52,880 +There is a way out of this whole crisis. Yes, he + +538 +00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:56,980 +admits that there is a crisis of faith. But the + +539 +00:36:56,980 --> 00:37:01,680 +way out of this is simply to love each other, to + +540 +00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:07,020 +be honest to each other. simply said and done. We + +541 +00:37:07,020 --> 00:37:11,180 +can all claim to want to be good, to love each + +542 +00:37:11,180 --> 00:37:12,980 +other, to be honest with each other, to be frank + +543 +00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:16,040 +with each other. But when it comes to real life, + +544 +00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,140 +life was getting a lot more difficult, especially + +545 +00:37:19,140 --> 00:37:22,260 +with jobs and competitions and conflicts + +546 +00:37:22,260 --> 00:37:26,280 +everywhere in the society. But this makes the poem + +547 +00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:30,900 +Because if you like dark stuff, this is dark, + +548 +00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,820 +pessimistic. But there's also hope. We love to + +549 +00:37:33,820 --> 00:37:36,260 +have hope at the end. Remember Shakespeare with + +550 +00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:39,300 +the younger generations always giving us some + +551 +00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:45,000 +hope, a new king, young people getting married, so + +552 +00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,960 +to speak. So the extract here, this is the last + +553 +00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:49,400 +stanza. + +554 +00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:59,480 +Dover Beach by Arnold, again. So when he speaks + +555 +00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:05,140 +about the crisis of belief and faith, he ends the + +556 +00:38:05,140 --> 00:38:07,660 +poem. It's a short poem, by the way. I think like + +557 +00:38:07,660 --> 00:38:15,100 +30-something lines. Even the word, ah. It's like a + +558 +00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:22,380 +sigh of relief. Like you can't even speak. Ah. + +559 +00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,420 +Love. Talking to his love. I don't know, his wife + +560 +00:38:26,420 --> 00:38:32,730 +or someone. Let us be true to one another, us, the + +561 +00:38:32,730 --> 00:38:36,390 +unity here. If you are by yourself, if I am by + +562 +00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:39,910 +myself, we're not going to find a way out of this. + +563 +00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:44,930 +Let us be true to one another. That's the way out + +564 +00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:50,270 +of this. For the world, the world, our world now, + +565 +00:38:50,350 --> 00:38:52,310 +our society, the Victorian Age, Western + +566 +00:38:52,310 --> 00:38:56,010 +civilization, which seems, and the word seems, + +567 +00:38:59,940 --> 00:39:05,480 +seems it's not true. There is a fake artificial + +568 +00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,640 +smiley there. So the world is horrible, but there + +569 +00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:14,180 +is always this smiley that makes it look what? It + +570 +00:39:14,180 --> 00:39:18,410 +seems Which seems to lie. I like the word lie here + +571 +00:39:18,410 --> 00:39:20,670 +because there could be a pun on lie not to tell + +572 +00:39:20,670 --> 00:39:24,790 +the truth. But lie here lies to lie before us like + +573 +00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,490 +they're out there in front of us standing or + +574 +00:39:28,490 --> 00:39:32,490 +sitting or whatever. So to lie before us like a + +575 +00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:36,570 +land of dreams. It's a land of dreams and visions. + +576 +00:39:37,530 --> 00:39:40,310 +We dream of a better life, but is it a better + +577 +00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:43,720 +life? Are we going there? So various, so + +578 +00:39:43,720 --> 00:39:46,420 +beautiful, so new. This is all in our dreams and + +579 +00:39:46,420 --> 00:39:51,480 +our hopes. Have, so this is all a parenthetical + +580 +00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:57,700 +statement. So the world has. Has. And I love how + +581 +00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,340 +he uses, this is Victorian Age, we don't + +582 +00:40:00,340 --> 00:40:03,160 +frequently find have and thee and thou unless + +583 +00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,640 +there is a reason. So have, in my opinion, he + +584 +00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,140 +thinks that this has been the case all along. + +585 +00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,900 +before Shakespeare, during Shakespeare, after + +586 +00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:16,140 +Shakespeare. The world has always been like this. + +587 +00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:21,020 +We have dreams and hopes and visions of a better + +588 +00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:25,660 +life, but in reality, the world has really neither + +589 +00:40:25,660 --> 00:40:31,080 +joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor + +590 +00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:35,500 +peace, nor help for pain. No, no, no, no. And this + +591 +00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:39,410 +is the pessimism here. Pessimism in the repetition + +592 +00:40:39,410 --> 00:40:46,370 +of the word, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no. So + +593 +00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:51,670 +because the world has nothing, nothing, no joy, no + +594 +00:40:51,670 --> 00:40:58,570 +love, no light, no certitude, certainty, no peace, + +595 +00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:04,090 +no help for pain, no one can help you relieve your + +596 +00:41:04,090 --> 00:41:08,030 +pain, release the pain, the anger. So let us be + +597 +00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:13,030 +true to one another. Let's love each other. And + +598 +00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,210 +this is the message here. So in this extract from + +599 +00:41:15,210 --> 00:41:22,470 +Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, the theme here is I + +600 +00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:24,530 +don't know what, like pessimism, + +601 +00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:32,160 +loss of faith, the crisis of belief. But also, + +602 +00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:36,020 +while the poet is exposing this world that lacks + +603 +00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:39,300 +everything, that has nothing. I think this reminds + +604 +00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,780 +me of King Lear at the end. No, no, no, never, + +605 +00:41:43,940 --> 00:41:48,860 +never, never. Why should a dog or a horse have a + +606 +00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:51,800 +life without no life, no breath at all? Never, + +607 +00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,570 +never, never, never. So there's an emphasis here + +608 +00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:59,110 +on the negativity here. So despite this fact, + +609 +00:41:59,250 --> 00:42:03,310 +despite the fact that the poem is about the crisis + +610 +00:42:03,310 --> 00:42:06,790 +of belief in the Victorian age, that people were + +611 +00:42:06,790 --> 00:42:10,470 +losing faith in everything, the poetry is giving + +612 +00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:14,010 +us a spark of hope. The poem is giving us + +613 +00:42:14,010 --> 00:42:19,690 +something to cling to, something to hold onto. And + +614 +00:42:19,690 --> 00:42:24,460 +this thing is? Let's love each other. Let's be + +615 +00:42:24,460 --> 00:42:27,600 +honest to each other. + +616 +00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,120 +Please, when you go home, read the whole poem or + +617 +00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:35,920 +listen to it. Watch it on YouTube. I'm sure you + +618 +00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:41,320 +will love it. But again, I'll stop here. No more + +619 +00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:44,740 +Victorian literature. We're moving to last class, + +620 +00:42:45,140 --> 00:42:50,120 +our last lecture on the 20th century poetry. But + +621 +00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:57,080 +listen. Wait a minute. We'll see how this idea, + +622 +00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:03,800 +we'll see this little tiny ray of hope, what + +623 +00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,000 +happens to it in the 20th century. Like, people + +624 +00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:12,600 +again had this dark, pessimistic atmosphere living + +625 +00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,280 +in, like, we should do something new. Let's work + +626 +00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:20,220 +together. Let's do something. And early in the + +627 +00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,620 +20th century, we have the Great War. So if people + +628 +00:43:24,620 --> 00:43:27,960 +had a tiny little shred of hope of a better life, + +629 +00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:34,540 +of a life, beautiful new life, a life of dreams, + +630 +00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:37,820 +of people becoming better, improving, progressing + +631 +00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:43,520 +forward, the war destroyed every tiny little shred + +632 +00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:43,980 +of hope. + +633 +00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:49,180 +And we'll see how this influences literature. And + +634 +00:43:49,180 --> 00:43:52,620 +then T.S. Eliot comes and says, April is the + +635 +00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:56,960 +cruelest month. So he's just going to summarize + +636 +00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,680 +and see how, for example, everything. And it's + +637 +00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:02,960 +beautiful how T.S. Eliot, in the opening line of + +638 +00:44:02,960 --> 00:44:08,630 +The Wasteland, he alludes to, remember, To Chaucer + +639 +00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:11,330 +himself. So we started this basically with + +640 +00:44:11,330 --> 00:44:13,970 +Chaucer, saying he's the father of English poetry. + +641 +00:44:14,750 --> 00:44:19,390 +And in his poem, The Canterbury Tales, he begins + +642 +00:44:19,390 --> 00:44:23,310 +describing spring and April, how beautiful it is, + +643 +00:44:23,390 --> 00:44:27,450 +how it gives new life, new hope, dreams and + +644 +00:44:27,450 --> 00:44:31,210 +visions, like the good is yet to come. So it's + +645 +00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,210 +like T.S. Eliot comes and says, OK, wait a minute. + +646 +00:44:34,370 --> 00:44:38,610 +Stop. Stop dreaming. So he goes back. He takes + +647 +00:44:38,610 --> 00:44:43,450 +Chaucer, drags him by his hand, and tells him it's + +648 +00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:46,710 +all a lie. All these hopes and dreams and visions + +649 +00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,130 +of a better life, it's a lie. And April is the + +650 +00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:58,790 +cruelest month. We'll stop here. And next class, I + +651 +00:44:58,790 --> 00:45:03,380 +will be speaking about Just certain trends in the + +652 +00:45:03,380 --> 00:45:06,960 +20th century. I just have to remind you, when we + +653 +00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,740 +say here, when we discuss the Romantic Age or the + +654 +00:45:09,740 --> 00:45:11,900 +Victorian Age or the 20th century, it's impossible + +655 +00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:15,640 +to cover every feature, every trend. And it's + +656 +00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,200 +wrong to assume that all poets wrote sad and + +657 +00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,700 +pessimistic poetry. Because there are always + +658 +00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:25,020 +different poets, or sometimes the poets would be + +659 +00:45:25,020 --> 00:45:28,940 +writing differently. But the major trends in a way + +660 +00:45:28,940 --> 00:45:34,320 +or another were dark, tragic, and poetry of loss, + +661 +00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:40,580 +despair, and pessimism. It's good that Matthew + +662 +00:45:40,580 --> 00:45:44,180 +Arnold here leaves us with a tiny little hope. We + +663 +00:45:44,180 --> 00:45:46,680 +will see what happens to the hope in the 20th + +664 +00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,600 +century. Thank you very much. If you have + +665 +00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,480 +questions, please do ask. If you have a comment, + +666 +00:45:53,180 --> 00:45:58,430 +feel free to express yourself. Yes. + +667 +00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:05,070 +Okay, thank you. Yeah, go on. + +668 +00:46:08,050 --> 00:46:08,410 +Say again. + +669 +00:46:15,830 --> 00:46:22,350 +Okay, which influences which? Poetry influences + +670 +00:46:22,350 --> 00:46:25,550 +literature or literature influences poetry? I + +671 +00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:29,950 +think it goes both ways. Society is life. + +672 +00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:36,910 +Literature, of course it does. Of course. + +673 +00:46:37,290 --> 00:46:40,030 +Generally, people say that all poets are products + +674 +00:46:40,030 --> 00:46:45,100 +of their time and societies. But again, it differs + +675 +00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:46,920 +from one poet to the other. That's why when we + +676 +00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,040 +discussed, for example, Charles Dickens and Thomas + +677 +00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:52,840 +Hardy, I said that, look, both are Victorian. Yes, + +678 +00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:54,360 +this is an early Victorian. This is a late + +679 +00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:56,420 +Victorian. But they produced totally different + +680 +00:46:56,420 --> 00:47:00,300 +literature. The more important question is whether + +681 +00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,880 +literature influences life. Does it influence + +682 +00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:08,220 +life? It certainly does in particular ways. Thank + +683 +00:47:08,220 --> 00:47:09,320 +you for your question. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f608e791c9e631cd52d5e156b9aa4b49705871ac --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2800 @@ +1 +00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,670 +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Assalamualaikum. And + +2 +00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,050 +welcome back as usual. It's always good to see + +3 +00:00:27,050 --> 00:00:27,830 +you. + +4 +00:00:30,330 --> 00:00:35,330 +Today, as you see here, we begin a new chapter and + +5 +00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:40,770 +a new era. And as we have done this so many times, + +6 +00:00:40,850 --> 00:00:44,890 +every time we begin a new era, a new chapter, we + +7 +00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:47,550 +speak about the features, the characteristics. + +8 +00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:51,640 +Last time I said, These features are not like + +9 +00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:55,520 +black and white where we have them all the time or + +10 +00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:59,200 +we don't have them all the time. These features + +11 +00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:02,940 +characterize the most common literary works or we + +12 +00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:05,640 +can find most of them or some of them in the + +13 +00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:08,340 +majority of works because there will always be + +14 +00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:10,860 +authors and writers and poets and dramatists who + +15 +00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:15,550 +would change, experiment. We, for example, studied + +16 +00:01:15,550 --> 00:01:17,930 +John Donne, who was writing in the heyday of + +17 +00:01:17,930 --> 00:01:20,010 +neoclassicism, and he was writing totally + +18 +00:01:20,010 --> 00:01:23,890 +different poetry. So if the writer, the author, is + +19 +00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:27,290 +a product of his or her society and community, + +20 +00:01:28,220 --> 00:01:31,020 +which is generally true. Sometimes we have poets + +21 +00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:34,180 +who are different, who just try to swim against + +22 +00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,200 +the current, swim against the current. Today we + +23 +00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,240 +speak about the Augustan Age. The Augustan Age is + +24 +00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:42,540 +one of the most famous ages here because we have + +25 +00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:46,320 +things that are clearer than ever before. In this + +26 +00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:53,060 +age, we mainly speak about the novel, which is + +27 +00:01:53,060 --> 00:01:58,270 +prose, right? Yes. And we will also speak about + +28 +00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:02,310 +poetry. But for the first time, we're going to + +29 +00:02:02,310 --> 00:02:08,070 +start talking about not poetry, but prose. The + +30 +00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,630 +word novel, this is sometimes called the age of + +31 +00:02:11,630 --> 00:02:14,610 +the novel, the rise of the novel. The word novel + +32 +00:02:14,610 --> 00:02:19,730 +means new, say a novel idea. And even in English, + +33 +00:02:19,850 --> 00:02:23,230 +we say the word novice. When someone starts a new + +34 +00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:26,590 +job, he or she doesn't have enough experience, you + +35 +00:02:26,590 --> 00:02:31,030 +say she's novice. In Arabic, in Gaza sometimes, we + +36 +00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:35,610 +hear people say novi, The word originally comes + +37 +00:02:35,610 --> 00:02:40,650 +from novel. The word novella is a short novel. So + +38 +00:02:40,650 --> 00:02:45,850 +what is a novel? A novel is a fiction work written + +39 +00:02:45,850 --> 00:02:47,610 +in prose. + +40 +00:02:49,310 --> 00:02:53,410 +It was born around like in the late 17th century, + +41 +00:02:54,070 --> 00:02:56,630 +early 19th century. That's why it's called novel. + +42 +00:02:56,730 --> 00:03:00,170 +It started only 300 years ago. Unlike poetry that + +43 +00:03:00,170 --> 00:03:03,230 +started thousands of years ago, even thousands and + +44 +00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:07,160 +thousands of years ago. Okay, so the Augustan Age, + +45 +00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,360 +we'll speak later on when we speak about poetry, + +46 +00:03:09,540 --> 00:03:13,480 +we'll talk more about why we have this name, the + +47 +00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,380 +Augustan Age in literature. It is sometimes + +48 +00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:20,620 +described as the Age of Reason, the Age of + +49 +00:03:20,620 --> 00:03:24,440 +Thinking, where the mind, the brain, the + +50 +00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:27,430 +intellect, was considered to be more powerful, + +51 +00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:29,990 +more important, more significant for the stability + +52 +00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:34,570 +of the community than the heart, the emotions, and + +53 +00:03:34,570 --> 00:03:37,110 +the feelings. We'll see how this reflects on + +54 +00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:41,250 +literature in a way or another. So the age starts + +55 +00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:46,170 +around, again these dates are not again clear cut, + +56 +00:03:47,110 --> 00:03:55,010 +but more or less around 1713 to 1716. 89, so from + +57 +00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:59,130 +the beginning of the first half, the first quarter + +58 +00:03:59,130 --> 00:04:05,210 +of the 18th century to the late 18th century. So + +59 +00:04:05,210 --> 00:04:10,810 +yeah, same century, 18th century. Okay, when we + +60 +00:04:10,810 --> 00:04:12,870 +speak about politics, about the community, about + +61 +00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:17,570 +the society, we generally speak about the king, + +62 +00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:22,400 +right? The queen, politics. And we also said this + +63 +00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,700 +before, that sometimes the book hides and + +64 +00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:29,580 +whitewashes colonialism and imperialism and + +65 +00:04:29,580 --> 00:04:33,720 +presents it in a favorable way, okay, as a glory, + +66 +00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,880 +as geographical discovery. Remember previously, in + +67 +00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:43,060 +the previous age, the king was executed, was + +68 +00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:45,940 +removed and was replaced by Oliver Cromwell, the + +69 +00:04:45,940 --> 00:04:48,780 +Commonwealth. And he was followed by his son. I + +70 +00:04:48,780 --> 00:04:50,820 +have said this many times and I have to say it + +71 +00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:54,160 +again. And then they said, okay, let's bring back + +72 +00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,820 +the king because the king is important. But the + +73 +00:04:55,820 --> 00:04:59,940 +king started to lose a lot. The monarch started to + +74 +00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:03,390 +lose a lot. The king or the queen lost a lot of + +75 +00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:06,830 +their power, their privileges. And if the king was + +76 +00:05:06,830 --> 00:05:09,410 +getting weaker and weaker, it means the + +77 +00:05:09,410 --> 00:05:12,770 +parliament, the prime minister, the government, + +78 +00:05:12,910 --> 00:05:15,690 +the cabinet became stronger and stronger. Like + +79 +00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:18,550 +today, the monarchy in England is symbolic. It + +80 +00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:21,830 +started gradually. The queen is not the most + +81 +00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:24,050 +important person. People love the queen although + +82 +00:05:24,050 --> 00:05:27,710 +she spends a lot, wastes a lot of tax payer money. + +83 +00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:31,890 +Many people are not happy with this, but some + +84 +00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:34,970 +people like the idea of the queen. Okay, so this + +85 +00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:39,430 +is one thing. Every time the monarchy loses power, + +86 +00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:44,550 +the parliament gains more of this power and + +87 +00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:47,990 +privileges. Generally, when we speak about this + +88 +00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:50,450 +age, the 18th century, we speak about the + +89 +00:05:50,450 --> 00:05:54,150 +agricultural and industrial revolutions. There was + +90 +00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,960 +a revolution in advancements, inventions. People + +91 +00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:03,820 +invented so many things and every day, every week, + +92 +00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,140 +every month there would be new inventions that + +93 +00:06:06,140 --> 00:06:10,020 +made life easy, that most importantly made the + +94 +00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:15,080 +production, the processes of production faster. + +95 +00:06:16,690 --> 00:06:20,750 +cheaper and easier. And always remember the + +96 +00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:24,250 +printing press. The printing press, you would + +97 +00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,010 +spend two years to copy the Bible, one copy of the + +98 +00:06:27,010 --> 00:06:33,170 +Bible. But now, because of this, you could do 200 + +99 +00:06:33,170 --> 00:06:35,470 +copies in, I don't know, less than a year or + +100 +00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:40,700 +something. So same thing applies to the steam + +101 +00:06:40,700 --> 00:06:43,080 +machine, the engine, and later on the train. So + +102 +00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,600 +people would move on horses and animals. It would + +103 +00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,700 +take them ages and ages. But now things became + +104 +00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:54,560 +easier, faster, and probably better. And because + +105 +00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,420 +of this, or maybe as a result of this, sometimes + +106 +00:06:57,420 --> 00:06:59,700 +you can't know which leads to which, which came + +107 +00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:03,020 +first, the egg or the chicken, the hen. But it's a + +108 +00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:07,410 +circle. Always remember that England, the British + +109 +00:07:07,410 --> 00:07:12,650 +Empire was expanding. So was it expanding because + +110 +00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:16,540 +England wanted more raw materials? to control more + +111 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,740 +land, and also to open more markets. So they would + +112 +00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:24,280 +do a lot. Most of the production here would be + +113 +00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,180 +sold in the new world, in Asia, Africa, America, + +114 +00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:35,360 +Australia, here and there. So the new inventions, + +115 +00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:37,520 +again, meant that production + +116 +00:07:40,170 --> 00:07:45,630 +was faster, better, and easier in many ways. Okay, + +117 +00:07:45,690 --> 00:07:47,630 +you have a lot of products. What should you do + +118 +00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,030 +with them? You take them and sell them to the + +119 +00:07:52,030 --> 00:07:56,230 +colonies. You sell them to the colonies. So the + +120 +00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:59,550 +British Empire was ready, was a ready market, you + +121 +00:07:59,550 --> 00:08:05,850 +add a here, for British products. So whatever you + +122 +00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:09,750 +produce, you just dump it on the people in India, + +123 +00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:12,230 +in Africa, in America, in Australia, and they + +124 +00:08:12,230 --> 00:08:14,670 +would be buying it. And it meant that a lot of + +125 +00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:17,290 +people were getting rich by doing business. And + +126 +00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:20,010 +that was a reason why we have the middle class. We + +127 +00:08:20,010 --> 00:08:21,650 +spoke about the middle class before. Generally, + +128 +00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:23,750 +they're not rich people. They're not royalty. + +129 +00:08:25,950 --> 00:08:29,590 +noble family that would leave a lot of money and + +130 +00:08:29,590 --> 00:08:32,530 +inheritance for them. So those are people who + +131 +00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:35,570 +engaged in trade, in business, in inventions, and + +132 +00:08:35,570 --> 00:08:38,830 +they became rich and they played an important role + +133 +00:08:38,830 --> 00:08:44,780 +in literature. Many people this era here moved + +134 +00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,960 +from the village, the countryside, to the city, + +135 +00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:52,160 +seeking jobs, seeking better life chances, better + +136 +00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,220 +life opportunities. And at the same time, during + +137 +00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:59,440 +this age, many people from the British Empire, + +138 +00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:05,320 +mainly from Scotland and Ireland, moved to the new + +139 +00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,900 +world in America. Many reasons, actually. Life was + +140 +00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:13,620 +very difficult. When we speak about England or + +141 +00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:18,260 +Britain and Ireland and Scotland, sometimes we + +142 +00:09:18,260 --> 00:09:20,200 +need to go back to the history to understand + +143 +00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,340 +because a lot of Irish people consider England as + +144 +00:09:24,340 --> 00:09:28,140 +an occupier, a colonizer. It's an occupation. + +145 +00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:31,940 +Well, maybe we can talk about this later on when + +146 +00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:36,860 +we speak about Jonathan's wealth. Don't forget + +147 +00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:40,540 +that many of the Irish people were Catholics. So + +148 +00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:44,500 +they did not convert after King Henry VIII. So + +149 +00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:50,360 +they were always victimized by the English people. + +150 +00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,170 +More of this age. Elsewhere in the world. So + +151 +00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:58,110 +England was seeking stability. England was trying + +152 +00:09:58,110 --> 00:10:02,290 +to, you know, like Theresa May says nowadays, to + +153 +00:10:02,290 --> 00:10:06,670 +be strong and stable. Strong and stable means many + +154 +00:10:06,670 --> 00:10:10,210 +things. But most importantly here, around the age, + +155 +00:10:10,450 --> 00:10:14,850 +around England, we had important revolutions. + +156 +00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,370 +Number one, the French Revolution in France. And + +157 +00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:24,750 +France is only across the canal. You can see + +158 +00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:28,910 +France, some people swim from France to England. + +159 +00:10:29,090 --> 00:10:31,630 +Just take it swimming because it's a big distance, + +160 +00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:33,910 +but not that big that some people can actually + +161 +00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:38,630 +swim it. So France was always a threat because a + +162 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,430 +revolution, a rebellion in France means that + +163 +00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:46,260 +people in England might also think of a revolution + +164 +00:10:46,260 --> 00:10:50,060 +against oppression, against corruption. But + +165 +00:10:50,060 --> 00:10:52,980 +England has learned the lesson pretty well when + +166 +00:10:52,980 --> 00:10:56,020 +they executed the king and replaced him, and then + +167 +00:10:56,020 --> 00:10:58,640 +later on they restored the king. And so they were + +168 +00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:04,540 +always careful about not to be infected by, so to + +169 +00:11:04,540 --> 00:11:07,400 +speak, by another revolution. And probably equally + +170 +00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,620 +important, we speak about also the American + +171 +00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:16,650 +Declaration of Independence. America was mainly a + +172 +00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:17,910 +British colony. + +173 +00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:25,590 +It was occupied, so to speak, controlled by the + +174 +00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:27,650 +Queen of England or the King of England, the + +175 +00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:31,120 +monarchy. It followed The British Empire in many + +176 +00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,240 +ways, great parts of it. Some parts in America + +177 +00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,220 +even now are called New England. Is it a state? I + +178 +00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:40,300 +think it's a state in England, in America, called + +179 +00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:44,000 +New England. So even the names, there are names + +180 +00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:49,040 +after London and everything else. The declaration + +181 +00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,980 +of independence, the defeat of the British armies + +182 +00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:56,000 +meant that America was independent. And also we + +183 +00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,920 +have a very, very important date here, which is + +184 +00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:04,680 +the French Revolution. We're not studying French + +185 +00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:07,220 +literature, so we're not going to talk much here. + +186 +00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:10,640 +But one of the most interesting topics Modern + +187 +00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,820 +history is this French Revolution. If you're not + +188 +00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:16,460 +interested in history, maybe you want to read Les + +189 +00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:23,020 +Misérables by Victor Hugo. A real interesting + +190 +00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:27,120 +read. It's huge. It's big. Maybe you can watch a + +191 +00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,420 +movie. It was turned into a musical like three + +192 +00:12:29,420 --> 00:12:32,940 +years ago or four years ago. Beautiful. Les + +193 +00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:34,560 +Miserables. + +194 +00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:39,640 +So the most important thing about the French + +195 +00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:41,900 +Revolution is that it gave rights to the + +196 +00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:45,740 +individual. It tried to destroy the idea of the + +197 +00:12:45,740 --> 00:12:47,920 +monarchy being the king and being the most + +198 +00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,020 +powerful man in the society. The man, the + +199 +00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:52,920 +individual, the person became the most important + +200 +00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,340 +person in the society. And that's why they called + +201 +00:12:55,340 --> 00:12:58,720 +for three things, very important to know. Liberty, + +202 +00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:04,830 +equality, and fraternity. Liberty, equality, + +203 +00:13:05,710 --> 00:13:09,670 +fraternity and we are all equal and brothers and + +204 +00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:16,510 +free. Man was born free. Man was born free. How + +205 +00:13:16,510 --> 00:13:21,170 +did England feel about this? It took this as a + +206 +00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:26,270 +threat to its stability. A threat to its + +207 +00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:27,270 +stability. + +208 +00:13:31,890 --> 00:13:35,290 +Okay, most importantly, so there was, again, + +209 +00:13:35,390 --> 00:13:38,650 +political turmoil around. England was trying to be + +210 +00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:41,590 +stable and secure and safe to avoid another + +211 +00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,750 +revolution. Literature in general followed the + +212 +00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:48,710 +rules of decorum, especially in poetry. But the + +213 +00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:51,130 +most significant thing we speak here about is the + +214 +00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,830 +rise of the novel. Many things led to the rise of + +215 +00:13:54,830 --> 00:13:58,470 +the novel. Number one, remember we spoke about the + +216 +00:13:58,470 --> 00:14:00,970 +closure of the theater because the drama was dying + +217 +00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:06,250 +out. And we spoke about the rise of the middle + +218 +00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:10,490 +class. We also speak about here journalism. But + +219 +00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:12,790 +one of the most significant things here is that + +220 +00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:16,650 +writing became a profession and a significant job. + +221 +00:14:18,210 --> 00:14:21,550 +When I say it's a job, it means it's a paying job. + +222 +00:14:22,010 --> 00:14:25,290 +In the past, you had to have a patron, some rich + +223 +00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:28,710 +guy, a royalty who would provide you with + +224 +00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:32,030 +protection, financial aid, money, so you would + +225 +00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:35,670 +write poetry or something. Sometimes you have to + +226 +00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:40,850 +write good things about them because people did + +227 +00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:43,450 +not publish their work. So you would write poetry, + +228 +00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:45,650 +but you don't have money. So how would you live? + +229 +00:14:45,710 --> 00:14:48,790 +You need food, right? You need job. Now it became + +230 +00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:51,690 +a job, thanks to the rise of journalism. And of + +231 +00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:56,110 +course, the publishing houses were everywhere. So + +232 +00:14:56,110 --> 00:14:59,410 +a writer, if a publishing house would know that + +233 +00:14:59,410 --> 00:15:03,740 +Sabah, for example, is He's a writer. Sabah, what + +234 +00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,720 +do you think? Would you write for us regularly + +235 +00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,220 +every day or every week? Or sometimes, would you + +236 +00:15:08,220 --> 00:15:10,920 +publish a novel in our newspaper where you + +237 +00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:13,060 +publish, for example, two or three chapters every + +238 +00:15:13,060 --> 00:15:17,500 +week or something? So how much are you paying? + +239 +00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,540 +We're paying you this amount of money. Oh, good. + +240 +00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,880 +It's enough for me to live a good life sometimes, + +241 +00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:28,060 +like a life of a rich person. So even if you don't + +242 +00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:30,420 +want to write, because it's a job you have to + +243 +00:15:30,420 --> 00:15:33,900 +write. This could be negative sometimes because + +244 +00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:35,620 +you have to write a lot to make more money, + +245 +00:15:35,780 --> 00:15:41,260 +especially if you paid well. But generally, we + +246 +00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:44,140 +have had a lot of literary works thanks to + +247 +00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:47,030 +journalism. And the rise of the middle class is + +248 +00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:49,670 +significant. I told you this before, because the + +249 +00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:51,810 +middle class are originally not rich people who + +250 +00:15:51,810 --> 00:15:54,230 +become rich, who want to show off their riches. + +251 +00:15:54,650 --> 00:15:57,910 +This is not to insult the middle classes. But they + +252 +00:15:57,910 --> 00:16:00,450 +played a significant role, because they would read + +253 +00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:03,250 +the magazines, the newspapers, the novels, the + +254 +00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:06,070 +essays, the pamphlets, the articles. And they + +255 +00:16:06,070 --> 00:16:08,550 +would send their kids to school. They would have + +256 +00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:11,770 +their own libraries at home. So they show that + +257 +00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:15,950 +they are, yeah, they're not Royalty, they're not + +258 +00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:19,630 +very rich people, but they are educated in + +259 +00:16:19,630 --> 00:16:21,610 +addition to the fact that they have some money, a + +260 +00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:25,970 +good source of income. So important features of + +261 +00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:30,570 +this is number one, writing became a profession, a + +262 +00:16:30,570 --> 00:16:34,750 +paying job. So you don't have to depend on someone + +263 +00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:37,390 +to control you, to tell you what to write, what + +264 +00:16:37,390 --> 00:16:41,120 +not to write, to censor you. But does that mean + +265 +00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:43,600 +total independence? Does it mean the writer is + +266 +00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:49,200 +totally independent and free? Does it mean now you + +267 +00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,360 +have no one paying you money to write stuff? + +268 +00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:55,360 +You're just writing for a newspaper. Does it give + +269 +00:16:55,360 --> 00:17:01,730 +you total freedom? Yes or no? I mean, there's + +270 +00:17:01,730 --> 00:17:03,630 +always the government that you want to be careful + +271 +00:17:03,630 --> 00:17:07,710 +not to attack openly and criticize, satirize + +272 +00:17:07,710 --> 00:17:11,110 +openly. You could write freely if really not + +273 +00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:14,190 +following the rules of the Quran. You could. You + +274 +00:17:14,190 --> 00:17:17,310 +have your own identity. You don't have to follow + +275 +00:17:17,310 --> 00:17:21,690 +particular people's attitudes and ideologies. You + +276 +00:17:21,690 --> 00:17:24,430 +have to write what people like. Oh, interesting. + +277 +00:17:24,670 --> 00:17:28,390 +Thank you. Thank you, Haya. Yes, you get + +278 +00:17:28,390 --> 00:17:32,750 +independence. But when you want to write, you want + +279 +00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,130 +to please your readers. Many people, when you ask + +280 +00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:38,530 +people who write, I'm not sure if some of you + +281 +00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:42,690 +write stuff, poetry mainly or fiction. When you + +282 +00:17:42,690 --> 00:17:45,230 +ask people, why do you write? They will tell you + +283 +00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:48,090 +to communicate with people, to reach out to + +284 +00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:51,570 +people, right? But some people say, no, I write + +285 +00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,210 +for myself to release something inside. I don't + +286 +00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,890 +care about people. I don't care about readers. I + +287 +00:17:57,890 --> 00:18:00,790 +want to express myself. Whether you do it for this + +288 +00:18:00,790 --> 00:18:03,470 +or that, if you work for a publisher, you need to + +289 +00:18:03,470 --> 00:18:05,930 +please the publisher. But you also need to please + +290 +00:18:05,930 --> 00:18:10,910 +the readers themselves. interesting dynamic we + +291 +00:18:10,910 --> 00:18:16,570 +have here. Okay, so the rise of the novel was + +292 +00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:20,690 +mainly due to the rise of journalism and magazines + +293 +00:18:20,690 --> 00:18:25,210 +and publishing houses and also writing itself + +294 +00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:28,450 +became a paying job. The rise of the middle + +295 +00:18:28,450 --> 00:18:32,550 +classes was also significant to the rise of the + +296 +00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:37,450 +novel to this new genre in literature. Don't + +297 +00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:41,710 +forget that women So far, have we ever mentioned a + +298 +00:18:41,710 --> 00:18:46,570 +woman poet or writer or playwright? No. Can you + +299 +00:18:46,570 --> 00:18:49,130 +imagine that? That's crazy. It's like 1,000 years + +300 +00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:52,090 +in English literature. I'm sure there was a woman + +301 +00:18:52,090 --> 00:18:55,810 +here or there. But so far, we haven't mentioned + +302 +00:18:55,810 --> 00:18:57,130 +any woman at all. + +303 +00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:04,950 +Why is that? Are women unable to write like men? + +304 +00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:07,910 +Are they less intellectual? Are they not smart? + +305 +00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:14,190 +Why don't we have women who write poetry or drama? + +306 +00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:17,170 +Please. Because people who were in charge at that + +307 +00:19:17,170 --> 00:19:20,570 +time were anti-feminists. There was a lot of anti + +308 +00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:22,910 +-feminism in the society, and anti-feminism means + +309 +00:19:22,910 --> 00:19:26,230 +the belief that women are not as smart, as + +310 +00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:28,430 +intellectual. They come up, are they going to + +311 +00:19:28,430 --> 00:19:31,910 +write about kitchen stuff, diapers, babies, food, + +312 +00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,250 +cooking? It's not interesting. So there was a lot + +313 +00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,530 +of this looking down upon women, anti-feminism. + +314 +00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:43,050 +What else? You mean they were excluded because of + +315 +00:19:43,050 --> 00:19:45,770 +those people, no? Because, so what do you mean + +316 +00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:49,540 +exactly? They wrote, but nobody read them or + +317 +00:19:49,540 --> 00:19:52,180 +published them. OK, interesting. So maybe they + +318 +00:19:52,180 --> 00:19:57,060 +wrote stuff, but the critics of that time and the + +319 +00:19:57,060 --> 00:19:59,340 +publishers, like, would you publish this? My + +320 +00:19:59,340 --> 00:20:02,160 +daughter wrote this. Your daughter? I don't + +321 +00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,480 +publish for women. It could have happened. Even + +322 +00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:08,080 +nowadays, sometimes it happens. I don't want to + +323 +00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:10,240 +publish for a woman. Who wants to read stuff by a + +324 +00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,120 +woman? Maybe some of the earlier texts were + +325 +00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:15,160 +written by women. Interesting idea. So we don't + +326 +00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,450 +know. And we'll see later on, when we speak about + +327 +00:20:19,450 --> 00:20:22,050 +the Victorian Age, one of the most important + +328 +00:20:22,050 --> 00:20:25,610 +female writers in the Victorian Age is named + +329 +00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:34,330 +George Eliot. George? A woman? There is D.S. + +330 +00:20:34,370 --> 00:20:37,730 +Eliot, but that's somebody else. George Eliot? + +331 +00:20:38,130 --> 00:20:42,100 +Come on. A woman? Yes. She's a woman who changed, + +332 +00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,120 +who used a pen name or a pseudonym in order to be + +333 +00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,720 +published to reach out to more people. You will be + +334 +00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,120 +surprised. You know J.K. Rowling already, right? + +335 +00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,660 +Yeah. J.K. Rowling, the author of? Harry Potter. + +336 +00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:58,580 +Harry Potter. When she had trouble finding a + +337 +00:20:58,580 --> 00:21:01,400 +publisher. Now, according to many, actually I read + +338 +00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,440 +this like 10 years ago. She was richer than the + +339 +00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,040 +queen. I read something like 15 years ago that + +340 +00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:11,760 +says every letter she wrote, every letter, From + +341 +00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:17,540 +every letter, she made more than $300. Yeah, but + +342 +00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:20,700 +she was very poor. According to many sources, + +343 +00:21:20,820 --> 00:21:23,280 +she's now richer than that queen. She said, no, + +344 +00:21:23,380 --> 00:21:24,980 +this is an exaggeration. But she became, it's not + +345 +00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:28,180 +about becoming very rich. It's about becoming + +346 +00:21:28,180 --> 00:21:31,240 +famous and writing and reaching out to millions + +347 +00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,240 +and millions of people. Her books were translated + +348 +00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:38,240 +into, I think, 100 languages. No, more. And the + +349 +00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,140 +movies and everything. J.K. Rowling had trouble + +350 +00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:43,660 +finding a publisher. I think one reason is that + +351 +00:21:43,660 --> 00:21:46,640 +because she's a woman, even in the 20th century, + +352 +00:21:46,740 --> 00:21:50,980 +21st century. And you will be surprised to know + +353 +00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:55,080 +that this is one reason why we don't have her full + +354 +00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,180 +name on the cover. When she was accepted, I think + +355 +00:21:57,180 --> 00:22:00,700 +the publisher was like, listen, Can we not use + +356 +00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,120 +your first name so the readers don't know you're a + +357 +00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:06,200 +woman and would pick the book, assuming that the + +358 +00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,320 +author is a man? And they have this compromise + +359 +00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:15,560 +where she would write her name as J.K. J.K. + +360 +00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:16,400 +Rowling. + +361 +00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920 +J.K. Rowling. I'm not sure. + +362 +00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:31,080 +But that's in the 20th century. Isn't that + +363 +00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:34,340 +interesting? So women have always been victimized, + +364 +00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:40,120 +discriminated against. Now we have the first ever + +365 +00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:44,840 +female author in our course. We have women as, + +366 +00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,260 +remember at the beginning they were objects of sex + +367 +00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:51,300 +and desire and perfection, later on they were more + +368 +00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,460 +independent, in a way they're getting more + +369 +00:22:53,460 --> 00:22:57,400 +independent, right? We've seen Shakespeare. + +370 +00:22:57,660 --> 00:22:59,840 +Sometimes we have the weak woman. Sometimes the + +371 +00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:02,700 +powerful, strong woman like Portia, for example. + +372 +00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,940 +Now we have Afrabin. + +373 +00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:09,740 +Afrabin. + +374 +00:23:12,740 --> 00:23:16,400 +She's actually, by the way, look, she's not an + +375 +00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,500 +Augustan figure. But we pushed her here because we + +376 +00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,320 +are talking about the novel now. So she's a + +377 +00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,480 +novelist. She wrote drama, by the way. She wrote a + +378 +00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:31,100 +lot, she wrote like 30 novels. But many people say + +379 +00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,340 +that no, the real, the father of the novel is + +380 +00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:40,760 +Daniel Defoe, the man. She was ignored. In my + +381 +00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,920 +opinion, mainly because she was a woman and mainly + +382 +00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,360 +because the critics, you know critics, what + +383 +00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:48,940 +critics? Critics, nuqat, literary critics, were + +384 +00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:51,700 +all, almost all of them, I think all of them were + +385 +00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:57,180 +male. They neglected her. Aphra Behn is a + +386 +00:23:57,180 --> 00:23:59,900 +significant figure in our course. What's her name? + +387 +00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:03,540 +Aphra Behn. You should know her name, Aphra Behn. + +388 +00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,360 +And it's very interesting, not sure if we + +389 +00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:10,780 +mentioned Virginia Woolf before. Did we mention + +390 +00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:14,900 +Virginia Woolf? Virginia Woolf is a 20th century + +391 +00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:19,640 +critic, feminist, and author. What's feminist + +392 +00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:23,140 +again? Feminist? Feminine, you know, feminine? + +393 +00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:29,620 +Related to women. Feminist, IST here, is a person, + +394 +00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,520 +usually a woman, sometimes could be a man, who + +395 +00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,620 +struggles for the rights of women. Supports, + +396 +00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,360 +struggles, fights for the equal rights of women. + +397 +00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,700 +Remember what T.S. Eliot did to Joan Dunn? In a + +398 +00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:47,450 +way, she did the same to Aphra Behn. And by the + +399 +00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:49,150 +way, she was one of the people who praised John + +400 +00:24:49,150 --> 00:24:51,790 +Donne. Remember, many people were saying, oh, John + +401 +00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:55,690 +Donne is an anti-feminist. She was like, no. The + +402 +00:24:55,690 --> 00:24:58,430 +women in John Donne are powerful, are strong, and + +403 +00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:59,750 +independent. + +404 +00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:04,910 +So this is an interesting piece of information to + +405 +00:25:04,910 --> 00:25:08,930 +know. Women have always written fiction. Why? Why + +406 +00:25:08,930 --> 00:25:13,070 +is that? Why is this the case? Why would women + +407 +00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,970 +living in an oppressive society, a society that is + +408 +00:25:16,970 --> 00:25:20,150 +mistreating them, is considering them second-class + +409 +00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:23,110 +citizens, would be writing a lot of fiction? Why + +410 +00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,070 +would fiction be their resort? Can you guess? This + +411 +00:25:27,070 --> 00:25:31,710 +is their way out of the real? Amazing answer. This + +412 +00:25:31,710 --> 00:25:35,990 +is a way out of an oppressive society, out of the + +413 +00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:40,790 +real life into... To create a new world of their + +414 +00:25:40,790 --> 00:25:41,190 +own. + +415 +00:25:43,850 --> 00:25:47,410 +There is escapism here. They escape to a world of + +416 +00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:51,430 +their own creation, not the creation of men. What + +417 +00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:51,530 +else? + +418 +00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:59,680 +Interesting idea. I'm not sure how would you take + +419 +00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,240 +this, but I take it in the positive sense that + +420 +00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:06,360 +women are more emotional, more able to express + +421 +00:26:06,360 --> 00:26:09,340 +emotions than men. It's a matter of discussion, + +422 +00:26:09,460 --> 00:26:11,360 +but possible, yeah. What else? + +423 +00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:18,120 +Please. If they wrote about the reality, they + +424 +00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:22,300 +would be focusing on their struggle and their + +425 +00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,780 +case, so they chose the right fiction, so they + +426 +00:26:24,780 --> 00:26:27,420 +would have more options to write about. Write + +427 +00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:34,290 +about what? Like what? Like fairy tales. Only + +428 +00:26:34,290 --> 00:26:36,830 +fairy tales? Do women always only write about + +429 +00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:43,090 +fairy tales? They can write. They can symbolize + +430 +00:26:43,090 --> 00:26:46,290 +their case. Exactly. They can defend themselves in + +431 +00:26:46,290 --> 00:26:51,380 +fiction. They can resist the patriarchy, the man + +432 +00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:54,920 +-made rules. They can reject this. So writing is + +433 +00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:57,120 +also an act of resistance. Like us Palestinians, + +434 +00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,360 +when we write literature, when we write journalism + +435 +00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,160 +sometimes, we express ourselves, we reach out to + +436 +00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,400 +the people, we resist an oppressive occupier that + +437 +00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,420 +is killing us day and night. So that could be + +438 +00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:12,380 +some, yeah, please. Maybe they don't want the + +439 +00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:15,020 +writings to be, the theme of the writing to be + +440 +00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,860 +about men, only about men. We'll see this, yeah. + +441 +00:27:18,060 --> 00:27:22,840 +We'll have more women now than ever before, okay? + +442 +00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,820 +Don't forget, women were the greatest part of the + +443 +00:27:30,820 --> 00:27:37,430 +readership, okay? Now, Afrapin wrote several + +444 +00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:39,550 +books, like I just said. We're going just to + +445 +00:27:39,550 --> 00:27:42,070 +mention two and discuss one of them. The first one + +446 +00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:45,610 +is called Love Letters Between a Noble Man and His + +447 +00:27:45,610 --> 00:27:49,630 +Sister, or Love Letters, in short. Love Letters + +448 +00:27:49,630 --> 00:27:53,430 +Between a Gentleman, a Noble Gentleman, and His + +449 +00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,450 +Sister. A Noble Man and His Sister. Now, as the + +450 +00:27:58,450 --> 00:28:02,290 +name suggests, actually it's Love Letters, plural. + +451 +00:28:04,170 --> 00:28:07,830 +As the name suggests, the whole novel is based on + +452 +00:28:07,830 --> 00:28:12,390 +an exchange of letters and the word letter means + +453 +00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:19,310 +Risalah or sorry Epistle. Do you know this word? + +454 +00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:23,950 +With a silent T, like castle, like whistle. + +455 +00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:27,310 +Epistle means letter. + +456 +00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:35,570 +And from this, we have the famous word, it's + +457 +00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:42,150 +epistolary. In this regalia, we say the Ta. We + +458 +00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:47,290 +pronounce the Ta sound. It's epistle, epistolary + +459 +00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,930 +novel. This is important. What is an epistolary + +460 +00:28:51,930 --> 00:28:57,560 +novel? Please. Don't read. It's a book that has + +461 +00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:01,040 +letters exchanged between a person and the other. + +462 +00:29:01,060 --> 00:29:05,320 +Very good. The plot, the story is generally told + +463 +00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,300 +to us through letters. Simple or difficult? and + +464 +00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,740 +it's a new mode of writing because when you write + +465 +00:29:13,740 --> 00:29:16,060 +a novel you just want to describe things there's + +466 +00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:19,460 +dialogue you go here you talk about stuff but here + +467 +00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:22,360 +the major events are revealed to us through + +468 +00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,940 +letters so chapter one begins somebody is + +469 +00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,640 +described or somebody is talking and then says oh + +470 +00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,960 +i received this letter from my brother i wonder + +471 +00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,820 +what is he writing to me and she reads that and + +472 +00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:38,110 +the whole chapter ends with And then, oh, I feel + +473 +00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:40,230 +sorry for my brother. Maybe he's doing this. I + +474 +00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:42,750 +want to write him a letter and et cetera, even + +475 +00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:44,930 +without being this mechanical like I am being + +476 +00:29:44,930 --> 00:29:48,370 +right now. And the majority of the events would be + +477 +00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,450 +revealed through letters. It's funny because maybe + +478 +00:29:51,450 --> 00:29:57,530 +some people did not like this. But 60 years later, + +479 +00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:04,690 +60 years later, this type of novels became what? + +480 +00:30:04,910 --> 00:30:08,810 +Popular. You know why? Can you guess? Can you + +481 +00:30:08,810 --> 00:30:14,770 +guess why? Because men started writing. One + +482 +00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:18,570 +reason, maybe people were not ready here for the + +483 +00:30:18,570 --> 00:30:20,190 +novel or for the letters and epistles of the + +484 +00:30:20,190 --> 00:30:24,070 +novel. But later on, many things were done first + +485 +00:30:24,070 --> 00:30:27,230 +by women. And they were not considered, they were + +486 +00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:31,370 +neglected and ignored. When men wrote, Similar + +487 +00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:40,110 +things? Impressive. So this is Afrabin and love + +488 +00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:43,830 +letters between a noble man and his sister. Don't + +489 +00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:46,870 +forget, always remember critics have always been, + +490 +00:30:46,930 --> 00:30:51,630 +almost always been men. So whose opinion are we + +491 +00:30:51,630 --> 00:30:53,770 +reading? Even this book is written by two men. + +492 +00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,140 +But they're trying to be usually, this is a really + +493 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480 +very good book, but remember I told you you have + +494 +00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,980 +to be careful about things, about colonialism, + +495 +00:31:06,340 --> 00:31:10,340 +about whitewashing and stuff. Okay. Yes, please. + +496 +00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:14,120 +In the book it says that it became famous because + +497 +00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,960 +it was at the top of the literary fashion. Say + +498 +00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:20,000 +again? It says it was famous because it was at the + +499 +00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,600 +top of the literary fashion. Okay, who made it at + +500 +00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,180 +the top of the literary fashion? Male writers. + +501 +00:31:28,270 --> 00:31:31,530 +Okay, Oronoko. This sounds like a strange name. + +502 +00:31:31,930 --> 00:31:37,010 +Look at it, Oronoko. If your company is named + +503 +00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:39,910 +Oronoko, it would be fun to play with the O's and + +504 +00:31:39,910 --> 00:31:44,350 +the I's and the wheels. It looks like a truck or + +505 +00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:50,830 +something. Anyway, Oronoko, as the name suggests, + +506 +00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:55,250 +an English + +507 +00:31:55,250 --> 00:32:00,970 +name? No. A non-English name. This is a novel + +508 +00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:08,710 +written in around the late 17th century by + +509 +00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,720 +Aphra Behn. This is one of the most significant + +510 +00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:14,120 +early novels. It's actually a novella. I just said + +511 +00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:19,200 +what novella is, I think. Novella. Bigger than + +512 +00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,400 +short story. I would say like 50, like even more, + +513 +00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,020 +like 100 pages, 70 pages, 80 pages. It's a short + +514 +00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:32,020 +novella. It's a long short story. Okay? Now, the + +515 +00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:40,940 +story of Oronoko was inspired by a visit By Afra, + +516 +00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,020 +bent to one of England's colonies in Suriname in + +517 +00:32:45,020 --> 00:32:49,420 +South America. There, she met a black African + +518 +00:32:49,420 --> 00:32:50,240 +slave. + +519 +00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:59,840 +A black African slave. His name was Oronoco. He + +520 +00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:03,600 +was moved, he was taken into, we know millions of + +521 +00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,700 +Africans were brutally taken. Many of them were + +522 +00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:11,570 +killed. drowned, where they were taken as slaves + +523 +00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:15,050 +because America needed plantations. They needed + +524 +00:33:15,050 --> 00:33:19,910 +the workers. Now, this is a very sad story because + +525 +00:33:19,910 --> 00:33:23,930 +it tells a story of a man who was a prince in his + +526 +00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:27,330 +own hometown. He was the king, the most important + +527 +00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:31,590 +person. But see what colonialism is doing to him, + +528 +00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:35,630 +destroying him. But this is not, when you read it, + +529 +00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:38,170 +this is not only about feeling sad only for + +530 +00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:41,910 +princes and queens and kings becoming slaves. It's + +531 +00:33:41,910 --> 00:33:44,810 +about humanity as a whole. It's about, it's a + +532 +00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:49,170 +protest. It's an angry protest against slavery in + +533 +00:33:49,170 --> 00:33:51,570 +general. And this is probably one of the early + +534 +00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,950 +literary words to discuss slavery and colonialism + +535 +00:33:55,950 --> 00:33:59,310 +and the evils of colonialism. And who did this + +536 +00:33:59,310 --> 00:34:02,790 +first? Afrabi, a woman. + +537 +00:34:06,010 --> 00:34:11,430 +before men could do this. She did it first. She + +538 +00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:13,250 +was critical. Some people would say, yeah, because + +539 +00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:15,010 +generally a woman who was not happy with her + +540 +00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:19,230 +society would try to protest anything. No. This is + +541 +00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,280 +very condescending. in a way or another. So + +542 +00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,680 +Oronoko is originally an African prince who was + +543 +00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,840 +brought in chains to work in Suriname, a British + +544 +00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,940 +colony. The novel, this is the most significant + +545 +00:34:33,940 --> 00:34:36,760 +thing about the novel in many ways, other than the + +546 +00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:41,440 +fact that it was written by a woman. It's a strong + +547 +00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,440 +protest against, number one, slaves and slavery, + +548 +00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,540 +and trade and slave, and a strong protest against + +549 +00:34:49,980 --> 00:34:54,240 +colonialism and imperialism colonialism and + +550 +00:34:54,240 --> 00:35:00,650 +imperialism which shows that she's always Proud of + +551 +00:35:00,650 --> 00:35:03,990 +voicing her disagreement and protest against the + +552 +00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:07,630 +society, the politics, and everything. Not many + +553 +00:35:07,630 --> 00:35:09,530 +people did this at that time. Many people were + +554 +00:35:09,530 --> 00:35:13,230 +happy to travel and become rich, to own country, + +555 +00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,970 +to own people outside. And like I said, according + +556 +00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:19,590 +to Virginia Loft says something really interesting + +557 +00:35:19,590 --> 00:35:22,090 +about Afrabin. She says, I can't remember this + +558 +00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:25,450 +word for word, but she says, all the women in the + +559 +00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:29,910 +world should put roses on Afrabin's grave. because + +560 +00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:33,530 +she was one of the early women to speak up, to + +561 +00:35:33,530 --> 00:35:36,470 +struggle for the rights of women, for the equal + +562 +00:35:36,470 --> 00:35:40,930 +rights of women, to prove that women are as smart + +563 +00:35:40,930 --> 00:35:44,010 +as men, if not smarter, if not more intellectual, + +564 +00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:49,070 +and more daring. You know daring? Brave. Fearless. + +565 +00:35:49,530 --> 00:35:52,610 +They are criticizing the whole system here of + +566 +00:35:52,610 --> 00:35:56,130 +imperialism. Like John Donne, Afrabin was + +567 +00:35:56,130 --> 00:36:00,710 +considered an outsider. If John Donne was kicked + +568 +00:36:00,710 --> 00:36:04,230 +because of his writing against the current and + +569 +00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:07,170 +because of breaking the rules of the Quran, she + +570 +00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:13,630 +was considered an outsider because of her gender. + +571 +00:36:15,610 --> 00:36:18,410 +Because she's a woman. I'm sure if a man wrote + +572 +00:36:18,410 --> 00:36:20,790 +this, he would have been received, treated + +573 +00:36:20,790 --> 00:36:24,990 +differently by literary critics. Please. What did + +574 +00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,490 +you want to ask? Why she was an outsider? An + +575 +00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:31,850 +outsider, why? Because she was controlled and at + +576 +00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:34,230 +that time the society was controlled by men. Okay, + +577 +00:36:34,390 --> 00:36:37,410 +this is a patriarchal society, controlled by men. + +578 +00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:40,170 +The rules are decided by men. The critics are men. + +579 +00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:42,970 +The readers, the publishers probably are men. + +580 +00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,850 +Because she was writing something critical of this + +581 +00:36:46,850 --> 00:36:50,690 +society and imperialism. This is the interesting + +582 +00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:56,580 +story of Afrabin and Oronoko. You can read + +583 +00:36:56,580 --> 00:36:59,680 +Oronoko, by the way, in one city. And maybe you + +584 +00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:01,720 +can, I think you will find an audio book on + +585 +00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,040 +YouTube. If you have time, you can download a PDF + +586 +00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,200 +and you can listen to that, where you can improve + +587 +00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,600 +your listening skills and everything. Shayma? I + +588 +00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:17,260 +think that she was a psychopath. That was much + +589 +00:37:17,260 --> 00:37:19,980 +more difficult than she said in the film. She said + +590 +00:37:19,980 --> 00:37:22,440 +no to something. That could be it, yeah. Part of + +591 +00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:28,100 +it. She wasn't there saying that she was + +592 +00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,300 +prejudiced? No, not always. Like, then she was + +593 +00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:35,980 +alone and she wasn't criticized? In a way, I'm + +594 +00:37:35,980 --> 00:37:38,100 +saying here that she was neglected by critics. + +595 +00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:41,400 +Generally because she's a woman. And probably + +596 +00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,880 +partly because she was critical of the society and + +597 +00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:49,080 +life and imperialism and colonialism. We will see + +598 +00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:51,240 +this. This is an interesting point you raise here, + +599 +00:37:51,340 --> 00:37:55,960 +Shayma, because later on, remember when we speak + +600 +00:37:55,960 --> 00:38:00,010 +about Dryden, John Dryden? Remember? He was + +601 +00:38:00,010 --> 00:38:02,550 +described as the greatest satirist of all time, in + +602 +00:38:02,550 --> 00:38:05,590 +a way. He was a great poet in writing satire, + +603 +00:38:05,730 --> 00:38:07,530 +criticizing all people, sometimes personally, + +604 +00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:10,510 +attacking them personally. When women do this, + +605 +00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:15,110 +like we have here with Mary Manley, Mary de la + +606 +00:38:15,110 --> 00:38:18,450 +Revere Manley. If you find it difficult, you just + +607 +00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:23,370 +tell me, Mary Manley. Now, Mary Manley was one of + +608 +00:38:23,370 --> 00:38:29,040 +the greatest satirist in this age, in the Augustan + +609 +00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,880 +Age, the 18th century. But she didn't write satire + +610 +00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:37,160 +in poetry, she wrote satire in prose, in novels, + +611 +00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,960 +in prose, in fiction. Where sometimes she would + +612 +00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:43,260 +use real names, but mostly she would use fake + +613 +00:38:43,260 --> 00:38:45,760 +names, just so people don't know that she's + +614 +00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:49,620 +talking about them. Now when Dryden did this, the + +615 +00:38:49,620 --> 00:38:53,920 +very same thing, he was praised, celebrated. When + +616 +00:38:53,920 --> 00:39:02,440 +a woman did this, she was described as scandalous. + +617 +00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:09,160 +You're a woman. You shouldn't be writing about + +618 +00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,700 +this. You shouldn't be doing this. This is a man's + +619 +00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,520 +job. And this is the double standard we talk about + +620 +00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:17,940 +all the time. When a man does something, it's + +621 +00:39:17,940 --> 00:39:20,440 +okay, he's a man, it's a local talk or something. + +622 +00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,500 +But when a woman does it, whoa, wait a minute, why + +623 +00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:25,100 +are you doing this? You shouldn't be talking about + +624 +00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:29,180 +it. But she was daring, she was strong, she was + +625 +00:39:29,180 --> 00:39:33,550 +powerful. And I like the fact that in the book, + +626 +00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:36,670 +the authors here use the word scandalous in + +627 +00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:40,850 +inverted commas. So telling us how men as critics + +628 +00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:43,410 +reacted to her, but telling us at the same time, + +629 +00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:47,130 +we don't necessarily agree. So scandalous. And + +630 +00:39:47,130 --> 00:39:52,070 +also some of her themes about women, about women, + +631 +00:39:52,330 --> 00:39:55,830 +about, for example, issues that the society did + +632 +00:39:55,830 --> 00:39:57,730 +not want to speak about, such as rape, you know? + +633 +00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:03,040 +You know rape? So who's generally the victim of + +634 +00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:06,820 +rape? Women. So no one wanted to write about rape. + +635 +00:40:07,180 --> 00:40:10,000 +And she started including this issue, this theme + +636 +00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,200 +in her books. And many people would view this as + +637 +00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,060 +objectionable. You know objectionable? + +638 +00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,360 +Controversial. What's controversial? Like, come + +639 +00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,140 +on, you shouldn't be writing about it. This is + +640 +00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,560 +disgusting. This is sick. Yeah, probably we have + +641 +00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:28,220 +rape, but it's not this common like you're + +642 +00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:30,920 +describing it. It's bad, but it's not as bad as + +643 +00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,580 +you're talking about it. Because men are not + +644 +00:40:33,580 --> 00:40:36,900 +generally victim of rape. It's only women. So her + +645 +00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:42,000 +writing was very critical, sharp, critical satire + +646 +00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,140 +of the politics, the religion, the church, the + +647 +00:40:45,140 --> 00:40:49,620 +society, the community, men and everything. When + +648 +00:40:49,620 --> 00:40:54,620 +Dryden did this, he was praised. He was + +649 +00:40:54,620 --> 00:40:59,300 +celebrated. When a woman did this, she was + +650 +00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,820 +condemned and considered scandalous, + +651 +00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,560 +controversial. Is she controversial? She is + +652 +00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:14,160 +controversial in a society controlled by men, but + +653 +00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,180 +more or less. And it's funny because later on, + +654 +00:41:18,380 --> 00:41:21,420 +like 30, 50 years later, men started to include + +655 +00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:24,460 +these themes in their own writing. Were they + +656 +00:41:24,460 --> 00:41:28,100 +considered objectionable? No. So this is the + +657 +00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,940 +double standard. This is the double standard. So + +658 +00:41:31,940 --> 00:41:38,020 +Mary Manly again was a satirist. Her satire was + +659 +00:41:38,020 --> 00:41:42,920 +like Dryden, sharp and personal. But she was + +660 +00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:47,440 +considered a scandalous by who? So in your exam, + +661 +00:41:47,540 --> 00:41:54,880 +if I ask you, Mary Manley was scandalous, true or + +662 +00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,600 +false? False. She was a satirist. Why would you + +663 +00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,580 +use the word satire to describe what man writes? + +664 +00:42:02,980 --> 00:42:05,760 +And why would you describe as a scandal what a + +665 +00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,490 +woman writes? Double standards. So what she wrote + +666 +00:42:09,490 --> 00:42:13,870 +is satire. She exposes the weaknesses, the sins, + +667 +00:42:14,070 --> 00:42:19,990 +the vices, vices of the society. So two books, no + +668 +00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:23,750 +details here, okay, written by her, two novels. + +669 +00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,230 +Number one, The Secret History of Queen Zarab, or + +670 +00:42:28,230 --> 00:42:33,210 +Queen Zarab, not sure of the pronunciation. And + +671 +00:42:33,210 --> 00:42:39,100 +The New Atlantis. which is again a political book + +672 +00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:44,720 +that handled many objectionable themes such as + +673 +00:42:44,720 --> 00:42:48,740 +rape. Objectionable to who? To the society, to the + +674 +00:42:48,740 --> 00:42:50,740 +women, to the men, sorry, to the men of the + +675 +00:42:50,740 --> 00:42:54,420 +society, right? And it's funny because when these + +676 +00:42:54,420 --> 00:42:57,080 +themes were treated by men later on, they were not + +677 +00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:02,420 +considered as objectionable. In brief, to conclude + +678 +00:43:02,420 --> 00:43:09,560 +this class, Aphra Behn and Mary Manley are the + +679 +00:43:09,560 --> 00:43:14,280 +mothers of the English novel. Remember Chaucer? We + +680 +00:43:14,280 --> 00:43:17,580 +sometimes describe the father. Maybe you describe + +681 +00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,220 +Shakespeare as the father of, I don't know, the + +682 +00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,500 +English sonnet or the drama or something. Dryden + +683 +00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,620 +as the father of satire, I don't know. But it's + +684 +00:43:27,620 --> 00:43:30,480 +funny. When there is a father, everyone is okay + +685 +00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:34,350 +and happy. No one is looking for a mother. But + +686 +00:43:34,350 --> 00:43:38,150 +when we have Aphra Behn and Mary Manley as the + +687 +00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,410 +mothers of the novels, the people who really + +688 +00:43:40,410 --> 00:43:42,490 +started writing the novel, started the novel, + +689 +00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:47,030 +everyone was looking for a father because of the + +690 +00:43:47,030 --> 00:43:50,250 +double standards in this study. And indeed, Daniel + +691 +00:43:50,250 --> 00:43:54,330 +Defoe. We'll discuss Daniel Defoe next class. + +692 +00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:01,980 +Daniel Defoe is described as the father of the + +693 +00:44:01,980 --> 00:44:04,760 +English novel, the first author to write an + +694 +00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:09,120 +English novel. His novel is Robinson Crusoe, + +695 +00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:15,760 +written in 1719. We'll discuss this next class. + +696 +00:44:17,780 --> 00:44:20,900 +Please, if you have any question to ask. This is + +697 +00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:22,540 +interesting. I want you to think of the things we + +698 +00:44:22,540 --> 00:44:25,040 +said of yourselves, what you want to do in your + +699 +00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:27,300 +life and the double standards and how you can + +700 +00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:32,960 +overcome these double standards. Thank you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f608e791c9e631cd52d5e156b9aa4b49705871ac --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2800 @@ +1 +00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,670 +Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Assalamualaikum. And + +2 +00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,050 +welcome back as usual. It's always good to see + +3 +00:00:27,050 --> 00:00:27,830 +you. + +4 +00:00:30,330 --> 00:00:35,330 +Today, as you see here, we begin a new chapter and + +5 +00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:40,770 +a new era. And as we have done this so many times, + +6 +00:00:40,850 --> 00:00:44,890 +every time we begin a new era, a new chapter, we + +7 +00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:47,550 +speak about the features, the characteristics. + +8 +00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:51,640 +Last time I said, These features are not like + +9 +00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:55,520 +black and white where we have them all the time or + +10 +00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:59,200 +we don't have them all the time. These features + +11 +00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:02,940 +characterize the most common literary works or we + +12 +00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:05,640 +can find most of them or some of them in the + +13 +00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:08,340 +majority of works because there will always be + +14 +00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:10,860 +authors and writers and poets and dramatists who + +15 +00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:15,550 +would change, experiment. We, for example, studied + +16 +00:01:15,550 --> 00:01:17,930 +John Donne, who was writing in the heyday of + +17 +00:01:17,930 --> 00:01:20,010 +neoclassicism, and he was writing totally + +18 +00:01:20,010 --> 00:01:23,890 +different poetry. So if the writer, the author, is + +19 +00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:27,290 +a product of his or her society and community, + +20 +00:01:28,220 --> 00:01:31,020 +which is generally true. Sometimes we have poets + +21 +00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:34,180 +who are different, who just try to swim against + +22 +00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,200 +the current, swim against the current. Today we + +23 +00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,240 +speak about the Augustan Age. The Augustan Age is + +24 +00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:42,540 +one of the most famous ages here because we have + +25 +00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:46,320 +things that are clearer than ever before. In this + +26 +00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:53,060 +age, we mainly speak about the novel, which is + +27 +00:01:53,060 --> 00:01:58,270 +prose, right? Yes. And we will also speak about + +28 +00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:02,310 +poetry. But for the first time, we're going to + +29 +00:02:02,310 --> 00:02:08,070 +start talking about not poetry, but prose. The + +30 +00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,630 +word novel, this is sometimes called the age of + +31 +00:02:11,630 --> 00:02:14,610 +the novel, the rise of the novel. The word novel + +32 +00:02:14,610 --> 00:02:19,730 +means new, say a novel idea. And even in English, + +33 +00:02:19,850 --> 00:02:23,230 +we say the word novice. When someone starts a new + +34 +00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:26,590 +job, he or she doesn't have enough experience, you + +35 +00:02:26,590 --> 00:02:31,030 +say she's novice. In Arabic, in Gaza sometimes, we + +36 +00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:35,610 +hear people say novi, The word originally comes + +37 +00:02:35,610 --> 00:02:40,650 +from novel. The word novella is a short novel. So + +38 +00:02:40,650 --> 00:02:45,850 +what is a novel? A novel is a fiction work written + +39 +00:02:45,850 --> 00:02:47,610 +in prose. + +40 +00:02:49,310 --> 00:02:53,410 +It was born around like in the late 17th century, + +41 +00:02:54,070 --> 00:02:56,630 +early 19th century. That's why it's called novel. + +42 +00:02:56,730 --> 00:03:00,170 +It started only 300 years ago. Unlike poetry that + +43 +00:03:00,170 --> 00:03:03,230 +started thousands of years ago, even thousands and + +44 +00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:07,160 +thousands of years ago. Okay, so the Augustan Age, + +45 +00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,360 +we'll speak later on when we speak about poetry, + +46 +00:03:09,540 --> 00:03:13,480 +we'll talk more about why we have this name, the + +47 +00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,380 +Augustan Age in literature. It is sometimes + +48 +00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:20,620 +described as the Age of Reason, the Age of + +49 +00:03:20,620 --> 00:03:24,440 +Thinking, where the mind, the brain, the + +50 +00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:27,430 +intellect, was considered to be more powerful, + +51 +00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:29,990 +more important, more significant for the stability + +52 +00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:34,570 +of the community than the heart, the emotions, and + +53 +00:03:34,570 --> 00:03:37,110 +the feelings. We'll see how this reflects on + +54 +00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:41,250 +literature in a way or another. So the age starts + +55 +00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:46,170 +around, again these dates are not again clear cut, + +56 +00:03:47,110 --> 00:03:55,010 +but more or less around 1713 to 1716. 89, so from + +57 +00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:59,130 +the beginning of the first half, the first quarter + +58 +00:03:59,130 --> 00:04:05,210 +of the 18th century to the late 18th century. So + +59 +00:04:05,210 --> 00:04:10,810 +yeah, same century, 18th century. Okay, when we + +60 +00:04:10,810 --> 00:04:12,870 +speak about politics, about the community, about + +61 +00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:17,570 +the society, we generally speak about the king, + +62 +00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:22,400 +right? The queen, politics. And we also said this + +63 +00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,700 +before, that sometimes the book hides and + +64 +00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:29,580 +whitewashes colonialism and imperialism and + +65 +00:04:29,580 --> 00:04:33,720 +presents it in a favorable way, okay, as a glory, + +66 +00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,880 +as geographical discovery. Remember previously, in + +67 +00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:43,060 +the previous age, the king was executed, was + +68 +00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:45,940 +removed and was replaced by Oliver Cromwell, the + +69 +00:04:45,940 --> 00:04:48,780 +Commonwealth. And he was followed by his son. I + +70 +00:04:48,780 --> 00:04:50,820 +have said this many times and I have to say it + +71 +00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:54,160 +again. And then they said, okay, let's bring back + +72 +00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,820 +the king because the king is important. But the + +73 +00:04:55,820 --> 00:04:59,940 +king started to lose a lot. The monarch started to + +74 +00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:03,390 +lose a lot. The king or the queen lost a lot of + +75 +00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:06,830 +their power, their privileges. And if the king was + +76 +00:05:06,830 --> 00:05:09,410 +getting weaker and weaker, it means the + +77 +00:05:09,410 --> 00:05:12,770 +parliament, the prime minister, the government, + +78 +00:05:12,910 --> 00:05:15,690 +the cabinet became stronger and stronger. Like + +79 +00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:18,550 +today, the monarchy in England is symbolic. It + +80 +00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:21,830 +started gradually. The queen is not the most + +81 +00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:24,050 +important person. People love the queen although + +82 +00:05:24,050 --> 00:05:27,710 +she spends a lot, wastes a lot of tax payer money. + +83 +00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:31,890 +Many people are not happy with this, but some + +84 +00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:34,970 +people like the idea of the queen. Okay, so this + +85 +00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:39,430 +is one thing. Every time the monarchy loses power, + +86 +00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:44,550 +the parliament gains more of this power and + +87 +00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:47,990 +privileges. Generally, when we speak about this + +88 +00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:50,450 +age, the 18th century, we speak about the + +89 +00:05:50,450 --> 00:05:54,150 +agricultural and industrial revolutions. There was + +90 +00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,960 +a revolution in advancements, inventions. People + +91 +00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:03,820 +invented so many things and every day, every week, + +92 +00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,140 +every month there would be new inventions that + +93 +00:06:06,140 --> 00:06:10,020 +made life easy, that most importantly made the + +94 +00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:15,080 +production, the processes of production faster. + +95 +00:06:16,690 --> 00:06:20,750 +cheaper and easier. And always remember the + +96 +00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:24,250 +printing press. The printing press, you would + +97 +00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,010 +spend two years to copy the Bible, one copy of the + +98 +00:06:27,010 --> 00:06:33,170 +Bible. But now, because of this, you could do 200 + +99 +00:06:33,170 --> 00:06:35,470 +copies in, I don't know, less than a year or + +100 +00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:40,700 +something. So same thing applies to the steam + +101 +00:06:40,700 --> 00:06:43,080 +machine, the engine, and later on the train. So + +102 +00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,600 +people would move on horses and animals. It would + +103 +00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,700 +take them ages and ages. But now things became + +104 +00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:54,560 +easier, faster, and probably better. And because + +105 +00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,420 +of this, or maybe as a result of this, sometimes + +106 +00:06:57,420 --> 00:06:59,700 +you can't know which leads to which, which came + +107 +00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:03,020 +first, the egg or the chicken, the hen. But it's a + +108 +00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:07,410 +circle. Always remember that England, the British + +109 +00:07:07,410 --> 00:07:12,650 +Empire was expanding. So was it expanding because + +110 +00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:16,540 +England wanted more raw materials? to control more + +111 +00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,740 +land, and also to open more markets. So they would + +112 +00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:24,280 +do a lot. Most of the production here would be + +113 +00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,180 +sold in the new world, in Asia, Africa, America, + +114 +00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:35,360 +Australia, here and there. So the new inventions, + +115 +00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:37,520 +again, meant that production + +116 +00:07:40,170 --> 00:07:45,630 +was faster, better, and easier in many ways. Okay, + +117 +00:07:45,690 --> 00:07:47,630 +you have a lot of products. What should you do + +118 +00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,030 +with them? You take them and sell them to the + +119 +00:07:52,030 --> 00:07:56,230 +colonies. You sell them to the colonies. So the + +120 +00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:59,550 +British Empire was ready, was a ready market, you + +121 +00:07:59,550 --> 00:08:05,850 +add a here, for British products. So whatever you + +122 +00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:09,750 +produce, you just dump it on the people in India, + +123 +00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:12,230 +in Africa, in America, in Australia, and they + +124 +00:08:12,230 --> 00:08:14,670 +would be buying it. And it meant that a lot of + +125 +00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:17,290 +people were getting rich by doing business. And + +126 +00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:20,010 +that was a reason why we have the middle class. We + +127 +00:08:20,010 --> 00:08:21,650 +spoke about the middle class before. Generally, + +128 +00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:23,750 +they're not rich people. They're not royalty. + +129 +00:08:25,950 --> 00:08:29,590 +noble family that would leave a lot of money and + +130 +00:08:29,590 --> 00:08:32,530 +inheritance for them. So those are people who + +131 +00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:35,570 +engaged in trade, in business, in inventions, and + +132 +00:08:35,570 --> 00:08:38,830 +they became rich and they played an important role + +133 +00:08:38,830 --> 00:08:44,780 +in literature. Many people this era here moved + +134 +00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,960 +from the village, the countryside, to the city, + +135 +00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:52,160 +seeking jobs, seeking better life chances, better + +136 +00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,220 +life opportunities. And at the same time, during + +137 +00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:59,440 +this age, many people from the British Empire, + +138 +00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:05,320 +mainly from Scotland and Ireland, moved to the new + +139 +00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,900 +world in America. Many reasons, actually. Life was + +140 +00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:13,620 +very difficult. When we speak about England or + +141 +00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:18,260 +Britain and Ireland and Scotland, sometimes we + +142 +00:09:18,260 --> 00:09:20,200 +need to go back to the history to understand + +143 +00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,340 +because a lot of Irish people consider England as + +144 +00:09:24,340 --> 00:09:28,140 +an occupier, a colonizer. It's an occupation. + +145 +00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:31,940 +Well, maybe we can talk about this later on when + +146 +00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:36,860 +we speak about Jonathan's wealth. Don't forget + +147 +00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:40,540 +that many of the Irish people were Catholics. So + +148 +00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:44,500 +they did not convert after King Henry VIII. So + +149 +00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:50,360 +they were always victimized by the English people. + +150 +00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,170 +More of this age. Elsewhere in the world. So + +151 +00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:58,110 +England was seeking stability. England was trying + +152 +00:09:58,110 --> 00:10:02,290 +to, you know, like Theresa May says nowadays, to + +153 +00:10:02,290 --> 00:10:06,670 +be strong and stable. Strong and stable means many + +154 +00:10:06,670 --> 00:10:10,210 +things. But most importantly here, around the age, + +155 +00:10:10,450 --> 00:10:14,850 +around England, we had important revolutions. + +156 +00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,370 +Number one, the French Revolution in France. And + +157 +00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:24,750 +France is only across the canal. You can see + +158 +00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:28,910 +France, some people swim from France to England. + +159 +00:10:29,090 --> 00:10:31,630 +Just take it swimming because it's a big distance, + +160 +00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:33,910 +but not that big that some people can actually + +161 +00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:38,630 +swim it. So France was always a threat because a + +162 +00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,430 +revolution, a rebellion in France means that + +163 +00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:46,260 +people in England might also think of a revolution + +164 +00:10:46,260 --> 00:10:50,060 +against oppression, against corruption. But + +165 +00:10:50,060 --> 00:10:52,980 +England has learned the lesson pretty well when + +166 +00:10:52,980 --> 00:10:56,020 +they executed the king and replaced him, and then + +167 +00:10:56,020 --> 00:10:58,640 +later on they restored the king. And so they were + +168 +00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:04,540 +always careful about not to be infected by, so to + +169 +00:11:04,540 --> 00:11:07,400 +speak, by another revolution. And probably equally + +170 +00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,620 +important, we speak about also the American + +171 +00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:16,650 +Declaration of Independence. America was mainly a + +172 +00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:17,910 +British colony. + +173 +00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:25,590 +It was occupied, so to speak, controlled by the + +174 +00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:27,650 +Queen of England or the King of England, the + +175 +00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:31,120 +monarchy. It followed The British Empire in many + +176 +00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,240 +ways, great parts of it. Some parts in America + +177 +00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,220 +even now are called New England. Is it a state? I + +178 +00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:40,300 +think it's a state in England, in America, called + +179 +00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:44,000 +New England. So even the names, there are names + +180 +00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:49,040 +after London and everything else. The declaration + +181 +00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,980 +of independence, the defeat of the British armies + +182 +00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:56,000 +meant that America was independent. And also we + +183 +00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,920 +have a very, very important date here, which is + +184 +00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:04,680 +the French Revolution. We're not studying French + +185 +00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:07,220 +literature, so we're not going to talk much here. + +186 +00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:10,640 +But one of the most interesting topics Modern + +187 +00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,820 +history is this French Revolution. If you're not + +188 +00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:16,460 +interested in history, maybe you want to read Les + +189 +00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:23,020 +Misérables by Victor Hugo. A real interesting + +190 +00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:27,120 +read. It's huge. It's big. Maybe you can watch a + +191 +00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,420 +movie. It was turned into a musical like three + +192 +00:12:29,420 --> 00:12:32,940 +years ago or four years ago. Beautiful. Les + +193 +00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:34,560 +Miserables. + +194 +00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:39,640 +So the most important thing about the French + +195 +00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:41,900 +Revolution is that it gave rights to the + +196 +00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:45,740 +individual. It tried to destroy the idea of the + +197 +00:12:45,740 --> 00:12:47,920 +monarchy being the king and being the most + +198 +00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,020 +powerful man in the society. The man, the + +199 +00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:52,920 +individual, the person became the most important + +200 +00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,340 +person in the society. And that's why they called + +201 +00:12:55,340 --> 00:12:58,720 +for three things, very important to know. Liberty, + +202 +00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:04,830 +equality, and fraternity. Liberty, equality, + +203 +00:13:05,710 --> 00:13:09,670 +fraternity and we are all equal and brothers and + +204 +00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:16,510 +free. Man was born free. Man was born free. How + +205 +00:13:16,510 --> 00:13:21,170 +did England feel about this? It took this as a + +206 +00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:26,270 +threat to its stability. A threat to its + +207 +00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:27,270 +stability. + +208 +00:13:31,890 --> 00:13:35,290 +Okay, most importantly, so there was, again, + +209 +00:13:35,390 --> 00:13:38,650 +political turmoil around. England was trying to be + +210 +00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:41,590 +stable and secure and safe to avoid another + +211 +00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,750 +revolution. Literature in general followed the + +212 +00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:48,710 +rules of decorum, especially in poetry. But the + +213 +00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:51,130 +most significant thing we speak here about is the + +214 +00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,830 +rise of the novel. Many things led to the rise of + +215 +00:13:54,830 --> 00:13:58,470 +the novel. Number one, remember we spoke about the + +216 +00:13:58,470 --> 00:14:00,970 +closure of the theater because the drama was dying + +217 +00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:06,250 +out. And we spoke about the rise of the middle + +218 +00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:10,490 +class. We also speak about here journalism. But + +219 +00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:12,790 +one of the most significant things here is that + +220 +00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:16,650 +writing became a profession and a significant job. + +221 +00:14:18,210 --> 00:14:21,550 +When I say it's a job, it means it's a paying job. + +222 +00:14:22,010 --> 00:14:25,290 +In the past, you had to have a patron, some rich + +223 +00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:28,710 +guy, a royalty who would provide you with + +224 +00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:32,030 +protection, financial aid, money, so you would + +225 +00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:35,670 +write poetry or something. Sometimes you have to + +226 +00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:40,850 +write good things about them because people did + +227 +00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:43,450 +not publish their work. So you would write poetry, + +228 +00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:45,650 +but you don't have money. So how would you live? + +229 +00:14:45,710 --> 00:14:48,790 +You need food, right? You need job. Now it became + +230 +00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:51,690 +a job, thanks to the rise of journalism. And of + +231 +00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:56,110 +course, the publishing houses were everywhere. So + +232 +00:14:56,110 --> 00:14:59,410 +a writer, if a publishing house would know that + +233 +00:14:59,410 --> 00:15:03,740 +Sabah, for example, is He's a writer. Sabah, what + +234 +00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,720 +do you think? Would you write for us regularly + +235 +00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,220 +every day or every week? Or sometimes, would you + +236 +00:15:08,220 --> 00:15:10,920 +publish a novel in our newspaper where you + +237 +00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:13,060 +publish, for example, two or three chapters every + +238 +00:15:13,060 --> 00:15:17,500 +week or something? So how much are you paying? + +239 +00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,540 +We're paying you this amount of money. Oh, good. + +240 +00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,880 +It's enough for me to live a good life sometimes, + +241 +00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:28,060 +like a life of a rich person. So even if you don't + +242 +00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:30,420 +want to write, because it's a job you have to + +243 +00:15:30,420 --> 00:15:33,900 +write. This could be negative sometimes because + +244 +00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:35,620 +you have to write a lot to make more money, + +245 +00:15:35,780 --> 00:15:41,260 +especially if you paid well. But generally, we + +246 +00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:44,140 +have had a lot of literary works thanks to + +247 +00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:47,030 +journalism. And the rise of the middle class is + +248 +00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:49,670 +significant. I told you this before, because the + +249 +00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:51,810 +middle class are originally not rich people who + +250 +00:15:51,810 --> 00:15:54,230 +become rich, who want to show off their riches. + +251 +00:15:54,650 --> 00:15:57,910 +This is not to insult the middle classes. But they + +252 +00:15:57,910 --> 00:16:00,450 +played a significant role, because they would read + +253 +00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:03,250 +the magazines, the newspapers, the novels, the + +254 +00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:06,070 +essays, the pamphlets, the articles. And they + +255 +00:16:06,070 --> 00:16:08,550 +would send their kids to school. They would have + +256 +00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:11,770 +their own libraries at home. So they show that + +257 +00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:15,950 +they are, yeah, they're not Royalty, they're not + +258 +00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:19,630 +very rich people, but they are educated in + +259 +00:16:19,630 --> 00:16:21,610 +addition to the fact that they have some money, a + +260 +00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:25,970 +good source of income. So important features of + +261 +00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:30,570 +this is number one, writing became a profession, a + +262 +00:16:30,570 --> 00:16:34,750 +paying job. So you don't have to depend on someone + +263 +00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:37,390 +to control you, to tell you what to write, what + +264 +00:16:37,390 --> 00:16:41,120 +not to write, to censor you. But does that mean + +265 +00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:43,600 +total independence? Does it mean the writer is + +266 +00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:49,200 +totally independent and free? Does it mean now you + +267 +00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,360 +have no one paying you money to write stuff? + +268 +00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:55,360 +You're just writing for a newspaper. Does it give + +269 +00:16:55,360 --> 00:17:01,730 +you total freedom? Yes or no? I mean, there's + +270 +00:17:01,730 --> 00:17:03,630 +always the government that you want to be careful + +271 +00:17:03,630 --> 00:17:07,710 +not to attack openly and criticize, satirize + +272 +00:17:07,710 --> 00:17:11,110 +openly. You could write freely if really not + +273 +00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:14,190 +following the rules of the Quran. You could. You + +274 +00:17:14,190 --> 00:17:17,310 +have your own identity. You don't have to follow + +275 +00:17:17,310 --> 00:17:21,690 +particular people's attitudes and ideologies. You + +276 +00:17:21,690 --> 00:17:24,430 +have to write what people like. Oh, interesting. + +277 +00:17:24,670 --> 00:17:28,390 +Thank you. Thank you, Haya. Yes, you get + +278 +00:17:28,390 --> 00:17:32,750 +independence. But when you want to write, you want + +279 +00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,130 +to please your readers. Many people, when you ask + +280 +00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:38,530 +people who write, I'm not sure if some of you + +281 +00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:42,690 +write stuff, poetry mainly or fiction. When you + +282 +00:17:42,690 --> 00:17:45,230 +ask people, why do you write? They will tell you + +283 +00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:48,090 +to communicate with people, to reach out to + +284 +00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:51,570 +people, right? But some people say, no, I write + +285 +00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,210 +for myself to release something inside. I don't + +286 +00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,890 +care about people. I don't care about readers. I + +287 +00:17:57,890 --> 00:18:00,790 +want to express myself. Whether you do it for this + +288 +00:18:00,790 --> 00:18:03,470 +or that, if you work for a publisher, you need to + +289 +00:18:03,470 --> 00:18:05,930 +please the publisher. But you also need to please + +290 +00:18:05,930 --> 00:18:10,910 +the readers themselves. interesting dynamic we + +291 +00:18:10,910 --> 00:18:16,570 +have here. Okay, so the rise of the novel was + +292 +00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:20,690 +mainly due to the rise of journalism and magazines + +293 +00:18:20,690 --> 00:18:25,210 +and publishing houses and also writing itself + +294 +00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:28,450 +became a paying job. The rise of the middle + +295 +00:18:28,450 --> 00:18:32,550 +classes was also significant to the rise of the + +296 +00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:37,450 +novel to this new genre in literature. Don't + +297 +00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:41,710 +forget that women So far, have we ever mentioned a + +298 +00:18:41,710 --> 00:18:46,570 +woman poet or writer or playwright? No. Can you + +299 +00:18:46,570 --> 00:18:49,130 +imagine that? That's crazy. It's like 1,000 years + +300 +00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:52,090 +in English literature. I'm sure there was a woman + +301 +00:18:52,090 --> 00:18:55,810 +here or there. But so far, we haven't mentioned + +302 +00:18:55,810 --> 00:18:57,130 +any woman at all. + +303 +00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:04,950 +Why is that? Are women unable to write like men? + +304 +00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:07,910 +Are they less intellectual? Are they not smart? + +305 +00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:14,190 +Why don't we have women who write poetry or drama? + +306 +00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:17,170 +Please. Because people who were in charge at that + +307 +00:19:17,170 --> 00:19:20,570 +time were anti-feminists. There was a lot of anti + +308 +00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:22,910 +-feminism in the society, and anti-feminism means + +309 +00:19:22,910 --> 00:19:26,230 +the belief that women are not as smart, as + +310 +00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:28,430 +intellectual. They come up, are they going to + +311 +00:19:28,430 --> 00:19:31,910 +write about kitchen stuff, diapers, babies, food, + +312 +00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,250 +cooking? It's not interesting. So there was a lot + +313 +00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,530 +of this looking down upon women, anti-feminism. + +314 +00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:43,050 +What else? You mean they were excluded because of + +315 +00:19:43,050 --> 00:19:45,770 +those people, no? Because, so what do you mean + +316 +00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:49,540 +exactly? They wrote, but nobody read them or + +317 +00:19:49,540 --> 00:19:52,180 +published them. OK, interesting. So maybe they + +318 +00:19:52,180 --> 00:19:57,060 +wrote stuff, but the critics of that time and the + +319 +00:19:57,060 --> 00:19:59,340 +publishers, like, would you publish this? My + +320 +00:19:59,340 --> 00:20:02,160 +daughter wrote this. Your daughter? I don't + +321 +00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,480 +publish for women. It could have happened. Even + +322 +00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:08,080 +nowadays, sometimes it happens. I don't want to + +323 +00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:10,240 +publish for a woman. Who wants to read stuff by a + +324 +00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,120 +woman? Maybe some of the earlier texts were + +325 +00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:15,160 +written by women. Interesting idea. So we don't + +326 +00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,450 +know. And we'll see later on, when we speak about + +327 +00:20:19,450 --> 00:20:22,050 +the Victorian Age, one of the most important + +328 +00:20:22,050 --> 00:20:25,610 +female writers in the Victorian Age is named + +329 +00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:34,330 +George Eliot. George? A woman? There is D.S. + +330 +00:20:34,370 --> 00:20:37,730 +Eliot, but that's somebody else. George Eliot? + +331 +00:20:38,130 --> 00:20:42,100 +Come on. A woman? Yes. She's a woman who changed, + +332 +00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,120 +who used a pen name or a pseudonym in order to be + +333 +00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,720 +published to reach out to more people. You will be + +334 +00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,120 +surprised. You know J.K. Rowling already, right? + +335 +00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,660 +Yeah. J.K. Rowling, the author of? Harry Potter. + +336 +00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:58,580 +Harry Potter. When she had trouble finding a + +337 +00:20:58,580 --> 00:21:01,400 +publisher. Now, according to many, actually I read + +338 +00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,440 +this like 10 years ago. She was richer than the + +339 +00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,040 +queen. I read something like 15 years ago that + +340 +00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:11,760 +says every letter she wrote, every letter, From + +341 +00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:17,540 +every letter, she made more than $300. Yeah, but + +342 +00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:20,700 +she was very poor. According to many sources, + +343 +00:21:20,820 --> 00:21:23,280 +she's now richer than that queen. She said, no, + +344 +00:21:23,380 --> 00:21:24,980 +this is an exaggeration. But she became, it's not + +345 +00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:28,180 +about becoming very rich. It's about becoming + +346 +00:21:28,180 --> 00:21:31,240 +famous and writing and reaching out to millions + +347 +00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,240 +and millions of people. Her books were translated + +348 +00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:38,240 +into, I think, 100 languages. No, more. And the + +349 +00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,140 +movies and everything. J.K. Rowling had trouble + +350 +00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:43,660 +finding a publisher. I think one reason is that + +351 +00:21:43,660 --> 00:21:46,640 +because she's a woman, even in the 20th century, + +352 +00:21:46,740 --> 00:21:50,980 +21st century. And you will be surprised to know + +353 +00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:55,080 +that this is one reason why we don't have her full + +354 +00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,180 +name on the cover. When she was accepted, I think + +355 +00:21:57,180 --> 00:22:00,700 +the publisher was like, listen, Can we not use + +356 +00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,120 +your first name so the readers don't know you're a + +357 +00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:06,200 +woman and would pick the book, assuming that the + +358 +00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,320 +author is a man? And they have this compromise + +359 +00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:15,560 +where she would write her name as J.K. J.K. + +360 +00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:16,400 +Rowling. + +361 +00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920 +J.K. Rowling. I'm not sure. + +362 +00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:31,080 +But that's in the 20th century. Isn't that + +363 +00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:34,340 +interesting? So women have always been victimized, + +364 +00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:40,120 +discriminated against. Now we have the first ever + +365 +00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:44,840 +female author in our course. We have women as, + +366 +00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,260 +remember at the beginning they were objects of sex + +367 +00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:51,300 +and desire and perfection, later on they were more + +368 +00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,460 +independent, in a way they're getting more + +369 +00:22:53,460 --> 00:22:57,400 +independent, right? We've seen Shakespeare. + +370 +00:22:57,660 --> 00:22:59,840 +Sometimes we have the weak woman. Sometimes the + +371 +00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:02,700 +powerful, strong woman like Portia, for example. + +372 +00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,940 +Now we have Afrabin. + +373 +00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:09,740 +Afrabin. + +374 +00:23:12,740 --> 00:23:16,400 +She's actually, by the way, look, she's not an + +375 +00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,500 +Augustan figure. But we pushed her here because we + +376 +00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,320 +are talking about the novel now. So she's a + +377 +00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,480 +novelist. She wrote drama, by the way. She wrote a + +378 +00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:31,100 +lot, she wrote like 30 novels. But many people say + +379 +00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,340 +that no, the real, the father of the novel is + +380 +00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:40,760 +Daniel Defoe, the man. She was ignored. In my + +381 +00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,920 +opinion, mainly because she was a woman and mainly + +382 +00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,360 +because the critics, you know critics, what + +383 +00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:48,940 +critics? Critics, nuqat, literary critics, were + +384 +00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:51,700 +all, almost all of them, I think all of them were + +385 +00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:57,180 +male. They neglected her. Aphra Behn is a + +386 +00:23:57,180 --> 00:23:59,900 +significant figure in our course. What's her name? + +387 +00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:03,540 +Aphra Behn. You should know her name, Aphra Behn. + +388 +00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,360 +And it's very interesting, not sure if we + +389 +00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:10,780 +mentioned Virginia Woolf before. Did we mention + +390 +00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:14,900 +Virginia Woolf? Virginia Woolf is a 20th century + +391 +00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:19,640 +critic, feminist, and author. What's feminist + +392 +00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:23,140 +again? Feminist? Feminine, you know, feminine? + +393 +00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:29,620 +Related to women. Feminist, IST here, is a person, + +394 +00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,520 +usually a woman, sometimes could be a man, who + +395 +00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,620 +struggles for the rights of women. Supports, + +396 +00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,360 +struggles, fights for the equal rights of women. + +397 +00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,700 +Remember what T.S. Eliot did to Joan Dunn? In a + +398 +00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:47,450 +way, she did the same to Aphra Behn. And by the + +399 +00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:49,150 +way, she was one of the people who praised John + +400 +00:24:49,150 --> 00:24:51,790 +Donne. Remember, many people were saying, oh, John + +401 +00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:55,690 +Donne is an anti-feminist. She was like, no. The + +402 +00:24:55,690 --> 00:24:58,430 +women in John Donne are powerful, are strong, and + +403 +00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:59,750 +independent. + +404 +00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:04,910 +So this is an interesting piece of information to + +405 +00:25:04,910 --> 00:25:08,930 +know. Women have always written fiction. Why? Why + +406 +00:25:08,930 --> 00:25:13,070 +is that? Why is this the case? Why would women + +407 +00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,970 +living in an oppressive society, a society that is + +408 +00:25:16,970 --> 00:25:20,150 +mistreating them, is considering them second-class + +409 +00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:23,110 +citizens, would be writing a lot of fiction? Why + +410 +00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,070 +would fiction be their resort? Can you guess? This + +411 +00:25:27,070 --> 00:25:31,710 +is their way out of the real? Amazing answer. This + +412 +00:25:31,710 --> 00:25:35,990 +is a way out of an oppressive society, out of the + +413 +00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:40,790 +real life into... To create a new world of their + +414 +00:25:40,790 --> 00:25:41,190 +own. + +415 +00:25:43,850 --> 00:25:47,410 +There is escapism here. They escape to a world of + +416 +00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:51,430 +their own creation, not the creation of men. What + +417 +00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:51,530 +else? + +418 +00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:59,680 +Interesting idea. I'm not sure how would you take + +419 +00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,240 +this, but I take it in the positive sense that + +420 +00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:06,360 +women are more emotional, more able to express + +421 +00:26:06,360 --> 00:26:09,340 +emotions than men. It's a matter of discussion, + +422 +00:26:09,460 --> 00:26:11,360 +but possible, yeah. What else? + +423 +00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:18,120 +Please. If they wrote about the reality, they + +424 +00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:22,300 +would be focusing on their struggle and their + +425 +00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,780 +case, so they chose the right fiction, so they + +426 +00:26:24,780 --> 00:26:27,420 +would have more options to write about. Write + +427 +00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:34,290 +about what? Like what? Like fairy tales. Only + +428 +00:26:34,290 --> 00:26:36,830 +fairy tales? Do women always only write about + +429 +00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:43,090 +fairy tales? They can write. They can symbolize + +430 +00:26:43,090 --> 00:26:46,290 +their case. Exactly. They can defend themselves in + +431 +00:26:46,290 --> 00:26:51,380 +fiction. They can resist the patriarchy, the man + +432 +00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:54,920 +-made rules. They can reject this. So writing is + +433 +00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:57,120 +also an act of resistance. Like us Palestinians, + +434 +00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,360 +when we write literature, when we write journalism + +435 +00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,160 +sometimes, we express ourselves, we reach out to + +436 +00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,400 +the people, we resist an oppressive occupier that + +437 +00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,420 +is killing us day and night. So that could be + +438 +00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:12,380 +some, yeah, please. Maybe they don't want the + +439 +00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:15,020 +writings to be, the theme of the writing to be + +440 +00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,860 +about men, only about men. We'll see this, yeah. + +441 +00:27:18,060 --> 00:27:22,840 +We'll have more women now than ever before, okay? + +442 +00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,820 +Don't forget, women were the greatest part of the + +443 +00:27:30,820 --> 00:27:37,430 +readership, okay? Now, Afrapin wrote several + +444 +00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:39,550 +books, like I just said. We're going just to + +445 +00:27:39,550 --> 00:27:42,070 +mention two and discuss one of them. The first one + +446 +00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:45,610 +is called Love Letters Between a Noble Man and His + +447 +00:27:45,610 --> 00:27:49,630 +Sister, or Love Letters, in short. Love Letters + +448 +00:27:49,630 --> 00:27:53,430 +Between a Gentleman, a Noble Gentleman, and His + +449 +00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,450 +Sister. A Noble Man and His Sister. Now, as the + +450 +00:27:58,450 --> 00:28:02,290 +name suggests, actually it's Love Letters, plural. + +451 +00:28:04,170 --> 00:28:07,830 +As the name suggests, the whole novel is based on + +452 +00:28:07,830 --> 00:28:12,390 +an exchange of letters and the word letter means + +453 +00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:19,310 +Risalah or sorry Epistle. Do you know this word? + +454 +00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:23,950 +With a silent T, like castle, like whistle. + +455 +00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:27,310 +Epistle means letter. + +456 +00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:35,570 +And from this, we have the famous word, it's + +457 +00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:42,150 +epistolary. In this regalia, we say the Ta. We + +458 +00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:47,290 +pronounce the Ta sound. It's epistle, epistolary + +459 +00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,930 +novel. This is important. What is an epistolary + +460 +00:28:51,930 --> 00:28:57,560 +novel? Please. Don't read. It's a book that has + +461 +00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:01,040 +letters exchanged between a person and the other. + +462 +00:29:01,060 --> 00:29:05,320 +Very good. The plot, the story is generally told + +463 +00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,300 +to us through letters. Simple or difficult? and + +464 +00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,740 +it's a new mode of writing because when you write + +465 +00:29:13,740 --> 00:29:16,060 +a novel you just want to describe things there's + +466 +00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:19,460 +dialogue you go here you talk about stuff but here + +467 +00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:22,360 +the major events are revealed to us through + +468 +00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,940 +letters so chapter one begins somebody is + +469 +00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,640 +described or somebody is talking and then says oh + +470 +00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,960 +i received this letter from my brother i wonder + +471 +00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,820 +what is he writing to me and she reads that and + +472 +00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:38,110 +the whole chapter ends with And then, oh, I feel + +473 +00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:40,230 +sorry for my brother. Maybe he's doing this. I + +474 +00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:42,750 +want to write him a letter and et cetera, even + +475 +00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:44,930 +without being this mechanical like I am being + +476 +00:29:44,930 --> 00:29:48,370 +right now. And the majority of the events would be + +477 +00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,450 +revealed through letters. It's funny because maybe + +478 +00:29:51,450 --> 00:29:57,530 +some people did not like this. But 60 years later, + +479 +00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:04,690 +60 years later, this type of novels became what? + +480 +00:30:04,910 --> 00:30:08,810 +Popular. You know why? Can you guess? Can you + +481 +00:30:08,810 --> 00:30:14,770 +guess why? Because men started writing. One + +482 +00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:18,570 +reason, maybe people were not ready here for the + +483 +00:30:18,570 --> 00:30:20,190 +novel or for the letters and epistles of the + +484 +00:30:20,190 --> 00:30:24,070 +novel. But later on, many things were done first + +485 +00:30:24,070 --> 00:30:27,230 +by women. And they were not considered, they were + +486 +00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:31,370 +neglected and ignored. When men wrote, Similar + +487 +00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:40,110 +things? Impressive. So this is Afrabin and love + +488 +00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:43,830 +letters between a noble man and his sister. Don't + +489 +00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:46,870 +forget, always remember critics have always been, + +490 +00:30:46,930 --> 00:30:51,630 +almost always been men. So whose opinion are we + +491 +00:30:51,630 --> 00:30:53,770 +reading? Even this book is written by two men. + +492 +00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,140 +But they're trying to be usually, this is a really + +493 +00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480 +very good book, but remember I told you you have + +494 +00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,980 +to be careful about things, about colonialism, + +495 +00:31:06,340 --> 00:31:10,340 +about whitewashing and stuff. Okay. Yes, please. + +496 +00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:14,120 +In the book it says that it became famous because + +497 +00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,960 +it was at the top of the literary fashion. Say + +498 +00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:20,000 +again? It says it was famous because it was at the + +499 +00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,600 +top of the literary fashion. Okay, who made it at + +500 +00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,180 +the top of the literary fashion? Male writers. + +501 +00:31:28,270 --> 00:31:31,530 +Okay, Oronoko. This sounds like a strange name. + +502 +00:31:31,930 --> 00:31:37,010 +Look at it, Oronoko. If your company is named + +503 +00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:39,910 +Oronoko, it would be fun to play with the O's and + +504 +00:31:39,910 --> 00:31:44,350 +the I's and the wheels. It looks like a truck or + +505 +00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:50,830 +something. Anyway, Oronoko, as the name suggests, + +506 +00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:55,250 +an English + +507 +00:31:55,250 --> 00:32:00,970 +name? No. A non-English name. This is a novel + +508 +00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:08,710 +written in around the late 17th century by + +509 +00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,720 +Aphra Behn. This is one of the most significant + +510 +00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:14,120 +early novels. It's actually a novella. I just said + +511 +00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:19,200 +what novella is, I think. Novella. Bigger than + +512 +00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,400 +short story. I would say like 50, like even more, + +513 +00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,020 +like 100 pages, 70 pages, 80 pages. It's a short + +514 +00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:32,020 +novella. It's a long short story. Okay? Now, the + +515 +00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:40,940 +story of Oronoko was inspired by a visit By Afra, + +516 +00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,020 +bent to one of England's colonies in Suriname in + +517 +00:32:45,020 --> 00:32:49,420 +South America. There, she met a black African + +518 +00:32:49,420 --> 00:32:50,240 +slave. + +519 +00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:59,840 +A black African slave. His name was Oronoco. He + +520 +00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:03,600 +was moved, he was taken into, we know millions of + +521 +00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,700 +Africans were brutally taken. Many of them were + +522 +00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:11,570 +killed. drowned, where they were taken as slaves + +523 +00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:15,050 +because America needed plantations. They needed + +524 +00:33:15,050 --> 00:33:19,910 +the workers. Now, this is a very sad story because + +525 +00:33:19,910 --> 00:33:23,930 +it tells a story of a man who was a prince in his + +526 +00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:27,330 +own hometown. He was the king, the most important + +527 +00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:31,590 +person. But see what colonialism is doing to him, + +528 +00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:35,630 +destroying him. But this is not, when you read it, + +529 +00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:38,170 +this is not only about feeling sad only for + +530 +00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:41,910 +princes and queens and kings becoming slaves. It's + +531 +00:33:41,910 --> 00:33:44,810 +about humanity as a whole. It's about, it's a + +532 +00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:49,170 +protest. It's an angry protest against slavery in + +533 +00:33:49,170 --> 00:33:51,570 +general. And this is probably one of the early + +534 +00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,950 +literary words to discuss slavery and colonialism + +535 +00:33:55,950 --> 00:33:59,310 +and the evils of colonialism. And who did this + +536 +00:33:59,310 --> 00:34:02,790 +first? Afrabi, a woman. + +537 +00:34:06,010 --> 00:34:11,430 +before men could do this. She did it first. She + +538 +00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:13,250 +was critical. Some people would say, yeah, because + +539 +00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:15,010 +generally a woman who was not happy with her + +540 +00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:19,230 +society would try to protest anything. No. This is + +541 +00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,280 +very condescending. in a way or another. So + +542 +00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,680 +Oronoko is originally an African prince who was + +543 +00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,840 +brought in chains to work in Suriname, a British + +544 +00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,940 +colony. The novel, this is the most significant + +545 +00:34:33,940 --> 00:34:36,760 +thing about the novel in many ways, other than the + +546 +00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:41,440 +fact that it was written by a woman. It's a strong + +547 +00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,440 +protest against, number one, slaves and slavery, + +548 +00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,540 +and trade and slave, and a strong protest against + +549 +00:34:49,980 --> 00:34:54,240 +colonialism and imperialism colonialism and + +550 +00:34:54,240 --> 00:35:00,650 +imperialism which shows that she's always Proud of + +551 +00:35:00,650 --> 00:35:03,990 +voicing her disagreement and protest against the + +552 +00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:07,630 +society, the politics, and everything. Not many + +553 +00:35:07,630 --> 00:35:09,530 +people did this at that time. Many people were + +554 +00:35:09,530 --> 00:35:13,230 +happy to travel and become rich, to own country, + +555 +00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,970 +to own people outside. And like I said, according + +556 +00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:19,590 +to Virginia Loft says something really interesting + +557 +00:35:19,590 --> 00:35:22,090 +about Afrabin. She says, I can't remember this + +558 +00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:25,450 +word for word, but she says, all the women in the + +559 +00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:29,910 +world should put roses on Afrabin's grave. because + +560 +00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:33,530 +she was one of the early women to speak up, to + +561 +00:35:33,530 --> 00:35:36,470 +struggle for the rights of women, for the equal + +562 +00:35:36,470 --> 00:35:40,930 +rights of women, to prove that women are as smart + +563 +00:35:40,930 --> 00:35:44,010 +as men, if not smarter, if not more intellectual, + +564 +00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:49,070 +and more daring. You know daring? Brave. Fearless. + +565 +00:35:49,530 --> 00:35:52,610 +They are criticizing the whole system here of + +566 +00:35:52,610 --> 00:35:56,130 +imperialism. Like John Donne, Afrabin was + +567 +00:35:56,130 --> 00:36:00,710 +considered an outsider. If John Donne was kicked + +568 +00:36:00,710 --> 00:36:04,230 +because of his writing against the current and + +569 +00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:07,170 +because of breaking the rules of the Quran, she + +570 +00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:13,630 +was considered an outsider because of her gender. + +571 +00:36:15,610 --> 00:36:18,410 +Because she's a woman. I'm sure if a man wrote + +572 +00:36:18,410 --> 00:36:20,790 +this, he would have been received, treated + +573 +00:36:20,790 --> 00:36:24,990 +differently by literary critics. Please. What did + +574 +00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,490 +you want to ask? Why she was an outsider? An + +575 +00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:31,850 +outsider, why? Because she was controlled and at + +576 +00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:34,230 +that time the society was controlled by men. Okay, + +577 +00:36:34,390 --> 00:36:37,410 +this is a patriarchal society, controlled by men. + +578 +00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:40,170 +The rules are decided by men. The critics are men. + +579 +00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:42,970 +The readers, the publishers probably are men. + +580 +00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,850 +Because she was writing something critical of this + +581 +00:36:46,850 --> 00:36:50,690 +society and imperialism. This is the interesting + +582 +00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:56,580 +story of Afrabin and Oronoko. You can read + +583 +00:36:56,580 --> 00:36:59,680 +Oronoko, by the way, in one city. And maybe you + +584 +00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:01,720 +can, I think you will find an audio book on + +585 +00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,040 +YouTube. If you have time, you can download a PDF + +586 +00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,200 +and you can listen to that, where you can improve + +587 +00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,600 +your listening skills and everything. Shayma? I + +588 +00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:17,260 +think that she was a psychopath. That was much + +589 +00:37:17,260 --> 00:37:19,980 +more difficult than she said in the film. She said + +590 +00:37:19,980 --> 00:37:22,440 +no to something. That could be it, yeah. Part of + +591 +00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:28,100 +it. She wasn't there saying that she was + +592 +00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,300 +prejudiced? No, not always. Like, then she was + +593 +00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:35,980 +alone and she wasn't criticized? In a way, I'm + +594 +00:37:35,980 --> 00:37:38,100 +saying here that she was neglected by critics. + +595 +00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:41,400 +Generally because she's a woman. And probably + +596 +00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,880 +partly because she was critical of the society and + +597 +00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:49,080 +life and imperialism and colonialism. We will see + +598 +00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:51,240 +this. This is an interesting point you raise here, + +599 +00:37:51,340 --> 00:37:55,960 +Shayma, because later on, remember when we speak + +600 +00:37:55,960 --> 00:38:00,010 +about Dryden, John Dryden? Remember? He was + +601 +00:38:00,010 --> 00:38:02,550 +described as the greatest satirist of all time, in + +602 +00:38:02,550 --> 00:38:05,590 +a way. He was a great poet in writing satire, + +603 +00:38:05,730 --> 00:38:07,530 +criticizing all people, sometimes personally, + +604 +00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:10,510 +attacking them personally. When women do this, + +605 +00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:15,110 +like we have here with Mary Manley, Mary de la + +606 +00:38:15,110 --> 00:38:18,450 +Revere Manley. If you find it difficult, you just + +607 +00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:23,370 +tell me, Mary Manley. Now, Mary Manley was one of + +608 +00:38:23,370 --> 00:38:29,040 +the greatest satirist in this age, in the Augustan + +609 +00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,880 +Age, the 18th century. But she didn't write satire + +610 +00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:37,160 +in poetry, she wrote satire in prose, in novels, + +611 +00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,960 +in prose, in fiction. Where sometimes she would + +612 +00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:43,260 +use real names, but mostly she would use fake + +613 +00:38:43,260 --> 00:38:45,760 +names, just so people don't know that she's + +614 +00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:49,620 +talking about them. Now when Dryden did this, the + +615 +00:38:49,620 --> 00:38:53,920 +very same thing, he was praised, celebrated. When + +616 +00:38:53,920 --> 00:39:02,440 +a woman did this, she was described as scandalous. + +617 +00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:09,160 +You're a woman. You shouldn't be writing about + +618 +00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,700 +this. You shouldn't be doing this. This is a man's + +619 +00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,520 +job. And this is the double standard we talk about + +620 +00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:17,940 +all the time. When a man does something, it's + +621 +00:39:17,940 --> 00:39:20,440 +okay, he's a man, it's a local talk or something. + +622 +00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,500 +But when a woman does it, whoa, wait a minute, why + +623 +00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:25,100 +are you doing this? You shouldn't be talking about + +624 +00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:29,180 +it. But she was daring, she was strong, she was + +625 +00:39:29,180 --> 00:39:33,550 +powerful. And I like the fact that in the book, + +626 +00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:36,670 +the authors here use the word scandalous in + +627 +00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:40,850 +inverted commas. So telling us how men as critics + +628 +00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:43,410 +reacted to her, but telling us at the same time, + +629 +00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:47,130 +we don't necessarily agree. So scandalous. And + +630 +00:39:47,130 --> 00:39:52,070 +also some of her themes about women, about women, + +631 +00:39:52,330 --> 00:39:55,830 +about, for example, issues that the society did + +632 +00:39:55,830 --> 00:39:57,730 +not want to speak about, such as rape, you know? + +633 +00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:03,040 +You know rape? So who's generally the victim of + +634 +00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:06,820 +rape? Women. So no one wanted to write about rape. + +635 +00:40:07,180 --> 00:40:10,000 +And she started including this issue, this theme + +636 +00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,200 +in her books. And many people would view this as + +637 +00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,060 +objectionable. You know objectionable? + +638 +00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,360 +Controversial. What's controversial? Like, come + +639 +00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,140 +on, you shouldn't be writing about it. This is + +640 +00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,560 +disgusting. This is sick. Yeah, probably we have + +641 +00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:28,220 +rape, but it's not this common like you're + +642 +00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:30,920 +describing it. It's bad, but it's not as bad as + +643 +00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,580 +you're talking about it. Because men are not + +644 +00:40:33,580 --> 00:40:36,900 +generally victim of rape. It's only women. So her + +645 +00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:42,000 +writing was very critical, sharp, critical satire + +646 +00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,140 +of the politics, the religion, the church, the + +647 +00:40:45,140 --> 00:40:49,620 +society, the community, men and everything. When + +648 +00:40:49,620 --> 00:40:54,620 +Dryden did this, he was praised. He was + +649 +00:40:54,620 --> 00:40:59,300 +celebrated. When a woman did this, she was + +650 +00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,820 +condemned and considered scandalous, + +651 +00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,560 +controversial. Is she controversial? She is + +652 +00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:14,160 +controversial in a society controlled by men, but + +653 +00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,180 +more or less. And it's funny because later on, + +654 +00:41:18,380 --> 00:41:21,420 +like 30, 50 years later, men started to include + +655 +00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:24,460 +these themes in their own writing. Were they + +656 +00:41:24,460 --> 00:41:28,100 +considered objectionable? No. So this is the + +657 +00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,940 +double standard. This is the double standard. So + +658 +00:41:31,940 --> 00:41:38,020 +Mary Manly again was a satirist. Her satire was + +659 +00:41:38,020 --> 00:41:42,920 +like Dryden, sharp and personal. But she was + +660 +00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:47,440 +considered a scandalous by who? So in your exam, + +661 +00:41:47,540 --> 00:41:54,880 +if I ask you, Mary Manley was scandalous, true or + +662 +00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,600 +false? False. She was a satirist. Why would you + +663 +00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,580 +use the word satire to describe what man writes? + +664 +00:42:02,980 --> 00:42:05,760 +And why would you describe as a scandal what a + +665 +00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,490 +woman writes? Double standards. So what she wrote + +666 +00:42:09,490 --> 00:42:13,870 +is satire. She exposes the weaknesses, the sins, + +667 +00:42:14,070 --> 00:42:19,990 +the vices, vices of the society. So two books, no + +668 +00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:23,750 +details here, okay, written by her, two novels. + +669 +00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,230 +Number one, The Secret History of Queen Zarab, or + +670 +00:42:28,230 --> 00:42:33,210 +Queen Zarab, not sure of the pronunciation. And + +671 +00:42:33,210 --> 00:42:39,100 +The New Atlantis. which is again a political book + +672 +00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:44,720 +that handled many objectionable themes such as + +673 +00:42:44,720 --> 00:42:48,740 +rape. Objectionable to who? To the society, to the + +674 +00:42:48,740 --> 00:42:50,740 +women, to the men, sorry, to the men of the + +675 +00:42:50,740 --> 00:42:54,420 +society, right? And it's funny because when these + +676 +00:42:54,420 --> 00:42:57,080 +themes were treated by men later on, they were not + +677 +00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:02,420 +considered as objectionable. In brief, to conclude + +678 +00:43:02,420 --> 00:43:09,560 +this class, Aphra Behn and Mary Manley are the + +679 +00:43:09,560 --> 00:43:14,280 +mothers of the English novel. Remember Chaucer? We + +680 +00:43:14,280 --> 00:43:17,580 +sometimes describe the father. Maybe you describe + +681 +00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,220 +Shakespeare as the father of, I don't know, the + +682 +00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,500 +English sonnet or the drama or something. Dryden + +683 +00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,620 +as the father of satire, I don't know. But it's + +684 +00:43:27,620 --> 00:43:30,480 +funny. When there is a father, everyone is okay + +685 +00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:34,350 +and happy. No one is looking for a mother. But + +686 +00:43:34,350 --> 00:43:38,150 +when we have Aphra Behn and Mary Manley as the + +687 +00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,410 +mothers of the novels, the people who really + +688 +00:43:40,410 --> 00:43:42,490 +started writing the novel, started the novel, + +689 +00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:47,030 +everyone was looking for a father because of the + +690 +00:43:47,030 --> 00:43:50,250 +double standards in this study. And indeed, Daniel + +691 +00:43:50,250 --> 00:43:54,330 +Defoe. We'll discuss Daniel Defoe next class. + +692 +00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:01,980 +Daniel Defoe is described as the father of the + +693 +00:44:01,980 --> 00:44:04,760 +English novel, the first author to write an + +694 +00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:09,120 +English novel. His novel is Robinson Crusoe, + +695 +00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:15,760 +written in 1719. We'll discuss this next class. + +696 +00:44:17,780 --> 00:44:20,900 +Please, if you have any question to ask. This is + +697 +00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:22,540 +interesting. I want you to think of the things we + +698 +00:44:22,540 --> 00:44:25,040 +said of yourselves, what you want to do in your + +699 +00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:27,300 +life and the double standards and how you can + +700 +00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:32,960 +overcome these double standards. Thank you. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aab30901f87a05043e99fb78b61a96b7c43d5d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2932 @@ +1 +00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,970 +Assalamualaikum. And as always, welcome back. It's + +2 +00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:28,510 +always nice to see you. Good to see you, everyone. + +3 +00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:37,610 +So last time, again, I usually like to go back to + +4 +00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,190 +last time and connect classes. Last time we had + +5 +00:00:41,460 --> 00:00:43,920 +William Wordsworth, one of the most interesting + +6 +00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:47,880 +poets of all time. And he is, in a way, the + +7 +00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:51,040 +founder, probably the co-founder of Romanticism as + +8 +00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,360 +a movement. In the lyrical ballads, which contains + +9 +00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:56,760 +poetry by Wordsworth and Coleridge, + +10 +00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:04,950 +Later on, they added something we refer to as the + +11 +00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:09,450 +preface, the introduction, in which they spoke + +12 +00:01:09,450 --> 00:01:12,730 +about poetry, what it means to write poetry, the + +13 +00:01:12,730 --> 00:01:14,910 +language, the subject matter, and the sensibility, + +14 +00:01:15,470 --> 00:01:17,710 +nature, and man, and individuality, and + +15 +00:01:17,710 --> 00:01:22,490 +everything. Now, words, words. Remember the + +16 +00:01:22,490 --> 00:01:24,270 +definition? Can someone remind me of the + +17 +00:01:24,270 --> 00:01:31,290 +definition? It is spontaneous overflow of powerful + +18 +00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:34,330 +emotions. Very good. This is half of the + +19 +00:01:34,330 --> 00:01:38,150 +definition. The spontaneous overflow of powerful + +20 +00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:44,150 +emotions recollected in tranquility and peace. The + +21 +00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:49,120 +language is The language of everyday man and + +22 +00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,100 +woman, of course. Don't feel offended, okay? + +23 +00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,220 +Unless you have to. And the subject matters. + +24 +00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,980 +Situations from simple common life. Now, we will + +25 +00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:05,280 +move today to two other romantic poets. One is + +26 +00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,880 +Coleridge, Samuel Butler Coleridge, who is a + +27 +00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,680 +friend, a very close friend to William Wordsworth. + +28 +00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:14,180 +And then later on, we'll take Keats. who is a + +29 +00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:17,660 +second generation romantic poet. Okay, so + +30 +00:02:17,660 --> 00:02:22,080 +Coleridge was a friend. He was in so many ways + +31 +00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,360 +similar to William Wadsworth. But at the same + +32 +00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,260 +time, they had their own differences. They had + +33 +00:02:28,260 --> 00:02:31,540 +their own differences. And mainly because of these + +34 +00:02:31,540 --> 00:02:35,060 +differences, Coleridge published his own + +35 +00:02:36,170 --> 00:02:39,890 +autobiography later on which he called Biographia + +36 +00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:43,910 +Literaria, in other words, a literary biography in + +37 +00:02:43,910 --> 00:02:46,130 +which he speaks about himself and speaks about his + +38 +00:02:46,130 --> 00:02:50,610 +ideology and philosophy in poetry and in life. But + +39 +00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:54,940 +they share the common sensibility, the common + +40 +00:02:54,940 --> 00:02:57,620 +features of romanticism, generally the simplicity, + +41 +00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:02,960 +generally the conversational tone in poetry. When + +42 +00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,680 +we spoke about the Augustan poetry, in a way I + +43 +00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:11,080 +might have alluded to the fact that, I guess I + +44 +00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,300 +said this, in classical poetry there's always one + +45 +00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:19,630 +worldview. There's the poet, and the poet has one + +46 +00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:23,530 +voice. And the voice in the poem, the voice of the + +47 +00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:25,830 +poet, of the speaker, is dominant, dominating + +48 +00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,210 +everything. We've seen this in Marlow's Come Live + +49 +00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:30,170 +With Me and Be My Love, and We Will All The + +50 +00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,470 +Pleasures Prove, where the worldview, the idea of + +51 +00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:38,430 +the poet is dominating any other idea. That's why + +52 +00:03:38,430 --> 00:03:41,510 +we don't hear the woman. We don't sense the woman + +53 +00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:44,030 +there. And remember, we said John Donne was trying + +54 +00:03:44,030 --> 00:03:47,510 +to change this worldview. He wanted to break the + +55 +00:03:47,510 --> 00:03:50,330 +rules, break away with the rigidity. Now, + +56 +00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,350 +generally, classical poetry could be described as + +57 +00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:57,970 +monologic, like a monologue. where one person is + +58 +00:03:57,970 --> 00:04:00,890 +speaking and everyone else is supposed to be + +59 +00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:03,470 +audience, listener. For the romantics, because + +60 +00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:07,290 +they care about the individual, they create some + +61 +00:04:07,290 --> 00:04:09,450 +sort of conversation in their poetry or a + +62 +00:04:09,450 --> 00:04:14,540 +dialogue. In the other classes, I discussed Lucy + +63 +00:04:14,540 --> 00:04:17,700 +Gray. In Lucy Gray, we feel this. Yes, the father + +64 +00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:21,820 +tells the little girl, go to the town and fetch + +65 +00:04:21,820 --> 00:04:26,160 +your mother. And the daughter replies, I'll do + +66 +00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:30,580 +that. She obeys her father. This is a dialogue. + +67 +00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:34,710 +deep and profound, but it tells us that for the + +68 +00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:36,890 +romantics, they want everyone to speak up, + +69 +00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:42,270 +everyone to voice their opinions. So Coleridge and + +70 +00:04:42,270 --> 00:04:45,450 +Wordsworth, they both have this. They're known for + +71 +00:04:45,450 --> 00:04:47,730 +their what we call conversation poems, + +72 +00:04:48,330 --> 00:04:51,050 +conversation poetry. You read the poem, you feel + +73 +00:04:51,050 --> 00:04:54,730 +that there is a dialogue. However, despite these + +74 +00:04:54,730 --> 00:04:58,580 +similarities, there are differences. Amazing + +75 +00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:01,260 +friends, by the way. They were living in Lake + +76 +00:05:01,260 --> 00:05:04,700 +District together, but later on, everyone had his + +77 +00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:08,220 +own way of writing about poetry. So, for + +78 +00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:10,900 +Wordsworth, poetry is about the day-to-day world, + +79 +00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,080 +about life, everyday life. For Coleridge, he + +80 +00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,400 +wanted to change. He wanted to do the opposite. + +81 +00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,720 +Sometimes, I'm not sure if you filmed this in The + +82 +00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:24,770 +Daffodils, I wandered lonely as a cloud where What + +83 +00:05:24,770 --> 00:05:28,130 +was, in a way, transfers us from the world of + +84 +00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:33,910 +simplicity, seeing a bunch of daffodils, to a + +85 +00:05:33,910 --> 00:05:37,030 +supernatural world where man and nature are one, + +86 +00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:41,350 +where man unites and melts with nature, where your + +87 +00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:45,890 +heart dances, chomps and dances with daffodils. + +88 +00:05:46,630 --> 00:05:51,160 +Okay? Now, Coleridge does the opposite. He creates + +89 +00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,480 +a supernatural world. You know supernatural world, + +90 +00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,960 +some sort of like a magical world, a world that + +91 +00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,580 +can't be true in real life. Just like imaginative? + +92 +00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:04,160 +Like imaginative. Literature generally, all + +93 +00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,180 +literature is fiction and imaginative. Some of it + +94 +00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:09,720 +is based on truth and facts. But sometimes, like + +95 +00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:13,870 +Harry Potter. In Harry Potter, Harry Potter, there + +96 +00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:17,870 +are witches and wizards. There's magic. People + +97 +00:06:17,870 --> 00:06:22,570 +fly. There are dragons. People fly on brooms. We + +98 +00:06:22,570 --> 00:06:25,550 +know that this is magical. But is Harry Potter + +99 +00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:29,930 +realistic? Yes, it is realistic because of two + +100 +00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:32,130 +things. Some people speak about something called + +101 +00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:35,640 +magical realism. Okay, that's something I'm not + +102 +00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:39,620 +interested in here. But people ask this question. + +103 +00:06:40,060 --> 00:06:44,300 +Is Harry Potter someone... How does he behave? How + +104 +00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:47,420 +does he speak? How does he react? Does he do this + +105 +00:06:47,420 --> 00:06:50,500 +similar to the way we do as human beings? Yes. + +106 +00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,970 +Even when you watch the Smurfs. It's not + +107 +00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:58,070 +realistic. It's cartoon, right? But sometimes you + +108 +00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:01,130 +feel sad. You feel you like somebody. You hate + +109 +00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:03,330 +somebody. You react to somebody. Their reaction, + +110 +00:07:03,450 --> 00:07:05,790 +how they love each other. So some people would + +111 +00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,350 +say, Harry Potter is realistic. We can't take the + +112 +00:07:09,350 --> 00:07:11,530 +magic as an allegory about the power of + +113 +00:07:11,530 --> 00:07:13,410 +resistance, the power of struggle. Some people + +114 +00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:18,500 +take the magic as the power of friendship. Because + +115 +00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:23,000 +of the friendship, you know, Hermione and Ron and + +116 +00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,740 +Harry, how they were always sticking together, + +117 +00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:29,420 +they managed to be victorious, to beat the evil, + +118 +00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:33,960 +making use of other friends around them. By the + +119 +00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:39,050 +way, many people say Harry Potter is a taboo. It's + +120 +00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,750 +funny because it's taboo, it's haram. You + +121 +00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:44,250 +shouldn't watch, it's forbidden. And it's funny + +122 +00:07:44,250 --> 00:07:46,950 +because some Muslims said this, some Jews said + +123 +00:07:46,950 --> 00:07:49,670 +this, some Christians said this. So there's + +124 +00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:51,750 +something that unite all three religions here. + +125 +00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:54,330 +Because those people say that Harry Potter is + +126 +00:07:54,330 --> 00:07:57,350 +about teaching magic. No, we know magic is not + +127 +00:07:57,350 --> 00:08:01,750 +real. Like, you know, there are people who do + +128 +00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:06,730 +stuff, tricks. But we take this as an allegory, as + +129 +00:08:06,730 --> 00:08:10,030 +a metaphor, something that goes beyond this. So + +130 +00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:13,330 +Harry Potter is realistic because you could have a + +131 +00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:15,730 +friend like Harry. It's not about being an orphan. + +132 +00:08:16,190 --> 00:08:18,970 +It's about how he feels, how he talks, how he + +133 +00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:21,670 +eats, how he studies. He's like a typical student + +134 +00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:24,730 +here, someone who hates studies sometimes, + +135 +00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:26,890 +sometimes who doesn't want to do exams, sometimes + +136 +00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:31,850 +who wants to fight in order to help his friends in + +137 +00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,100 +a way or another. Sometimes we watch... Cartoons + +138 +00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:38,380 +where the main characters are animals. In a way, + +139 +00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:43,040 +yeah, it's cartoon. It's not real. Cartoons don't + +140 +00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:45,680 +exist in real life. Animals don't talk in real + +141 +00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:50,820 +life. But do they teach us lessons? Do they teach + +142 +00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:54,300 +us morals? Do they influence us? In a way, yes. + +143 +00:08:54,990 --> 00:08:57,830 +Now, later on I'll speak about this probably, but + +144 +00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,430 +since I just mentioned it, Kohlreich mentioned in + +145 +00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:07,670 +his criticism something called suspension of + +146 +00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:08,990 +disbelief. + +147 +00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:16,590 +You know suspend? If the study is suspended, you + +148 +00:09:16,590 --> 00:09:20,090 +no longer go to classes. If someone is suspended + +149 +00:09:20,090 --> 00:09:22,430 +from university, you're not allowed to come attend + +150 +00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:27,080 +the classes. Okay, so suspense in the story you + +151 +00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:31,140 +have sometimes suspense where you wait for stuff. + +152 +00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,900 +Suspension of belief or disbelief is a term that + +153 +00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:38,480 +Coleridge came up with, very significant. Listen, + +154 +00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,210 +literature is not about everything that happens in + +155 +00:09:44,210 --> 00:09:47,430 +life. Every little tiny thing that happens in + +156 +00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:50,330 +life. Literature is about selecting, choosing + +157 +00:09:50,330 --> 00:09:53,270 +representative issues. When I write a short story + +158 +00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,790 +about someone, about myself, about people, I don't + +159 +00:09:56,790 --> 00:10:01,160 +write every little piece of detail. I just choose + +160 +00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:05,000 +things to represent them in a way or another, to + +161 +00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,800 +portray how they react, how they act in a + +162 +00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,080 +particular situation. Now, in literature and in + +163 +00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,280 +movies, sometimes we see things that we don't + +164 +00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,440 +believe. That is not logical. That doesn't make + +165 +00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,720 +sense. Like sometimes in Hollywood action movies, + +166 +00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:23,320 +sometimes we'd be carrying a gun and we'd be + +167 +00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,860 +shooting for five minutes. And sometimes some + +168 +00:10:25,860 --> 00:10:30,870 +people around us Hasn't he run out of bullets yet? + +169 +00:10:31,570 --> 00:10:35,170 +We ask this question. Sometimes we see somebody in + +170 +00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:39,390 +a plane or in a train, and people ask, but we + +171 +00:10:39,390 --> 00:10:41,690 +didn't see him or her buy a ticket. How did he + +172 +00:10:41,690 --> 00:10:44,730 +manage to get through, right? And I have this + +173 +00:10:44,730 --> 00:10:47,930 +funny question. Someone, he was joking, of course. + +174 +00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:50,610 +He was like, I wonder why in movies sometimes + +175 +00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:55,460 +people don't eat. Unless it's about eating. So I + +176 +00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,260 +laughed and I remembered Coleridge. Because + +177 +00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:59,800 +Coleridge tells us that there's something we need + +178 +00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,900 +to do here. We need to suspend our disbelief or + +179 +00:11:02,900 --> 00:11:05,620 +our belief. What does it mean? It means we need to + +180 +00:11:05,620 --> 00:11:09,260 +stop being logical. We need to stop being + +181 +00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:17,100 +rational. So suspend your disbelief and follow the + +182 +00:11:17,100 --> 00:11:21,960 +plot and see what is behind, what is beyond the + +183 +00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,140 +plot because literature can't tell us everything. + +184 +00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,460 +Meaning you need to assume that it could have + +185 +00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:30,820 +happened in the cuts, in the shots. So if somebody + +186 +00:11:30,820 --> 00:11:33,300 +is shooting and the camera goes to the other + +187 +00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:36,680 +direction, I need to assume that he changed the + +188 +00:11:36,680 --> 00:11:40,400 +magazine in a way or another. If somebody doesn't + +189 +00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,760 +eat in the whole movie because + +190 +00:11:45,970 --> 00:11:48,870 +The producer here is only selecting parts where + +191 +00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:51,370 +he's at work, where he's doing other stuff other + +192 +00:11:51,370 --> 00:11:54,490 +than. It doesn't mean they just are fasting all + +193 +00:11:54,490 --> 00:11:56,690 +the time. You don't have to stop at everything. + +194 +00:11:56,830 --> 00:11:59,110 +Exactly, because that would be boring. It means + +195 +00:11:59,110 --> 00:12:01,370 +you will need to watch a movie that goes on for + +196 +00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:03,790 +five years or ten years or fifty years. You can't. + +197 +00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:06,470 +Can you watch a movie for fifty years or two years + +198 +00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:12,550 +or two months? No. It would be real life. And + +199 +00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:15,750 +literature is not about 100% real life. It's about + +200 +00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:19,050 +selecting things from real life. So the most + +201 +00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:21,370 +significant thing about Coleridge being different + +202 +00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:26,060 +is that he was interested in the super Natural. + +203 +00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:29,580 +The supernatural in the sense that he takes us + +204 +00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:34,440 +from a creative, imaginative world to the real + +205 +00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,880 +world in real life. I'll give you an example here + +206 +00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:39,940 +to make this clearer. + +207 +00:12:42,340 --> 00:12:44,820 +But before I do that, when I talk about The Rime + +208 +00:12:44,820 --> 00:12:46,820 +of the Ancient Mariner, there are two other texts + +209 +00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:50,480 +written by Coleridge. Really interesting. Some of + +210 +00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,660 +his texts are fragments. Listen. Coleridge was an + +211 +00:12:53,660 --> 00:12:57,380 +amazing critic. and an amazing poet at the same + +212 +00:12:57,380 --> 00:12:59,880 +time. But his problem is that he had a drug + +213 +00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,540 +problem. He was an opium addict. You know drug + +214 +00:13:03,540 --> 00:13:07,440 +addict? A drug addict? So he was addicted to + +215 +00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,990 +drugs, to opium. So sometimes he would be writing + +216 +00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:13,670 +an article or writing a poem, and somewhere in the + +217 +00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:16,430 +middle, he would just, you know, go high, feel + +218 +00:13:16,430 --> 00:13:20,650 +like take some drugs, and he would just be high. + +219 +00:13:20,950 --> 00:13:23,650 +And then he would stop doing it. Many people say + +220 +00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:25,790 +this is sad because he could have been an amazing, + +221 +00:13:26,610 --> 00:13:29,750 +comprehensive, profound critic. And some people + +222 +00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:32,250 +say, no, probably if it is because of the drugs, + +223 +00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:36,310 +we have the amazing stuff we have here. He's + +224 +00:13:36,310 --> 00:13:41,740 +Cristobal and Kubla Khan. Qubla Khan, where he + +225 +00:13:41,740 --> 00:13:45,590 +creates symbolic. Again, imaginative world. When + +226 +00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:50,050 +you read Kubla Khan, oh, he literally creates a + +227 +00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:54,650 +new world in a way similar but on a smaller scale + +228 +00:13:54,650 --> 00:13:58,690 +to the world that, what's her name, J.K. Rowling + +229 +00:13:58,690 --> 00:14:01,890 +creates in Harry Potter. Sometimes you feel like, + +230 +00:14:01,950 --> 00:14:04,510 +oh, my God, this J.K. Rowling is crazy. How can + +231 +00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,290 +she imagine this whole world with the minute + +232 +00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:10,110 +details? And that's the power of imagination we + +233 +00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:14,650 +have here. Kublai Khan is about a creative + +234 +00:14:14,650 --> 00:14:18,510 +imaginative world, imagination, which Coleridge + +235 +00:14:18,510 --> 00:14:21,190 +considers the most powerful of all human senses. + +236 +00:14:21,330 --> 00:14:24,330 +What is the most important sense of all for the + +237 +00:14:24,330 --> 00:14:27,210 +romantics in general, for Coleridge in particular? + +238 +00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:30,710 +Imagination, which is a romantic feature. The + +239 +00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:35,690 +power of imagination. The power of imagination. In + +240 +00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:39,520 +Christabel here, The poem, in the poem, he's + +241 +00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:44,520 +trying to search for a fuller meaning in life. In + +242 +00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:47,300 +a way, this is different from William Wood's work. + +243 +00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:52,240 +But the sad thing is that the poem is incomplete. + +244 +00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,320 +So some people say, ugh, this is a fragment. He + +245 +00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,820 +should have completed it. But some people say, no. + +246 +00:15:00,860 --> 00:15:03,900 +It's not about open-ended. It's just abruptly cut + +247 +00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:09,310 +short somewhere. In a way, The form, the structure + +248 +00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:12,510 +of the text is part of the meaning. In a way, he's + +249 +00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:15,590 +saying that you can't find full meaning. You can't + +250 +00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:19,770 +find, like when you search for fuller meaning and + +251 +00:15:19,770 --> 00:15:22,810 +understanding of life, you can't have that. You + +252 +00:15:22,810 --> 00:15:26,550 +can never have that. And his poem being a + +253 +00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:29,250 +fragment, it's like when someone says, if you + +254 +00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:34,430 +study hard, and just stops there. That's a + +255 +00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:39,790 +fragment, right? So you keep like, okay, what's + +256 +00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:41,690 +going to happen? If I study hard, what are you + +257 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:43,230 +going to do? Are you going to give us bonus? Are + +258 +00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:45,470 +you going to give us more marks? Are you going to + +259 +00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:49,610 +do another exam? What? And I just stop. Makes you + +260 +00:15:49,610 --> 00:15:54,060 +think, right? But it also probably creates some + +261 +00:15:54,060 --> 00:15:59,120 +sort of suspense, a world where you can't find an + +262 +00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,540 +ending to what you're looking for. And this is + +263 +00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:05,620 +life. Life throughout all our lives, we try to + +264 +00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:08,440 +search for meanings, right? For happiness. for + +265 +00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:13,040 +pleasure, for a purpose in our lives. And we keep + +266 +00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,800 +working and studying and working and making money + +267 +00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,360 +sometimes and making friends and having family. + +268 +00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:24,000 +And we grow old and sometimes we can't, we don't + +269 +00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,180 +feel that we really understand life or we really, + +270 +00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:33,040 +really have a full understanding of our own lives + +271 +00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,600 +at least. It's always incomplete. Like you said, + +272 +00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:39,780 +it's like an open-ended story. There's always more + +273 +00:16:39,780 --> 00:16:44,480 +to life. So he does this in his poems where he + +274 +00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,180 +generally goes to the medieval form of verse and + +275 +00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:52,000 +medieval settings. You know why? The romantics, I + +276 +00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:58,020 +guess I said this before, they try to skip the Age + +277 +00:16:58,020 --> 00:17:01,380 +of Reason. They try to skip the Augustan Age and + +278 +00:17:01,380 --> 00:17:04,420 +even the Elizabethan Age for many reasons and they + +279 +00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:06,460 +go back to the medieval ages. They take their + +280 +00:17:06,460 --> 00:17:09,600 +sittings and even their language and their style + +281 +00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,400 +because for them that was a very creative, very + +282 +00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,240 +imaginative world to go back. to go back to. But + +283 +00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,660 +again, the most important text, it's the longest + +284 +00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:24,340 +text by William, sorry, Samuel Coleridge. It's The + +285 +00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:28,040 +Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Very important, very + +286 +00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,800 +beautiful poem. I encourage you to go to YouTube + +287 +00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:32,860 +today and just Google The Rime of the Ancient + +288 +00:17:32,860 --> 00:17:38,300 +Mariner and enjoy the poem. The rhyme means song. + +289 +00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,470 +Mariner is a sailor. Doraemon and Angel Mariner. + +290 +00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:47,190 +Now it tells a story about a group of people, + +291 +00:17:47,450 --> 00:17:53,010 +about 200 people, who went to sea in a ship, and + +292 +00:17:53,010 --> 00:17:56,130 +they were just mariners, fishermen or something. + +293 +00:17:59,410 --> 00:18:02,710 +Now those people, again nature, right? Nature. + +294 +00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,070 +Those people get lost. And they are guided to the + +295 +00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:14,620 +right path by a bird. A white bird, a white sea + +296 +00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,140 +bird, it's called the albatross. + +297 +00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,000 +Not sure if this is originally an Arabic name. The + +298 +00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,930 +albatross, it's not There's the seagull. You know + +299 +00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:27,590 +the seagull we have here in Gaza? The seagull, + +300 +00:18:28,090 --> 00:18:31,370 +Nowras. This is Qatras. It's translated into + +301 +00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:34,710 +Qatras. It's huge. It's bigger than the seagull. + +302 +00:18:34,770 --> 00:18:37,430 +Not sure if they are the same species. The huge + +303 +00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:42,570 +white bird, it comes in a way it guides them to + +304 +00:18:42,570 --> 00:18:46,710 +safety. And they were like, oh. Because it saves + +305 +00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:48,670 +them in a way. It rescues them. They were like, + +306 +00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:54,130 +oh. That's an amazing bird. Thank you. But then + +307 +00:18:54,130 --> 00:18:59,750 +later on, one of the mariners, this ancient + +308 +00:18:59,750 --> 00:19:07,210 +mariner, shoots and kills the albatross. Just + +309 +00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:10,830 +kills the bird for no apparent reason. Stupid, + +310 +00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:14,460 +because man is foolish, right? And at the + +311 +00:19:14,460 --> 00:19:16,160 +beginning, his friends were, like, a little bit + +312 +00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,000 +angry. Nothing happens. And they were like, okay. + +313 +00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:22,920 +So they let it happen. No one punished him. No + +314 +00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:26,040 +one, you know, at least, you know, like, + +315 +00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:29,940 +reprimanded, rebuked him or did something to him. + +316 +00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:33,560 +And because of that, in a way, nature takes + +317 +00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:39,540 +revenge. The wind stops. The sun stops. The waves + +318 +00:19:39,540 --> 00:19:44,540 +stop. And the ship can't move. And they were lost. + +319 +00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:47,440 +They couldn't go home. They couldn't move. There + +320 +00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,580 +was no water to drink. Nothing. They were, again, + +321 +00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:54,820 +being punished by nature for violating, destroying + +322 +00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:57,340 +this natural element. We know in real life this + +323 +00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:58,980 +doesn't happen. This is what is meant by + +324 +00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,080 +supernatural. When you kill a bird, it's wrong. + +325 +00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,920 +It's horrible. Don't do this. But nothing happens. + +326 +00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:09,040 +Nature doesn't react like a cat reacts to you when + +327 +00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,500 +you cut a tree. It's horrible to nature. Don't do + +328 +00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:16,630 +it. But the wind is not going to stop. The sun is + +329 +00:20:16,630 --> 00:20:20,530 +not going to stop. But this is the supernatural + +330 +00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:27,290 +world of Coleridge here. Now, one by one, all the + +331 +00:20:27,290 --> 00:20:31,710 +sailors in the ship die in a very graphic way. The + +332 +00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:33,770 +description in the poem is really very graphic. + +333 +00:20:33,870 --> 00:20:36,510 +This is punishment for the mariner himself. Now, + +334 +00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:40,770 +he wishes he were dead here in a way, but he can't + +335 +00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:45,740 +even die. Very tough thing. When you wish to die + +336 +00:20:45,740 --> 00:20:48,840 +and you can't, it's a horrible feeling here. The + +337 +00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,080 +punishment for him is to be alive and to witness + +338 +00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:56,780 +every one of his friends die in front of him. And + +339 +00:20:56,780 --> 00:21:00,020 +it goes on the poem. And later on, he starts the + +340 +00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:02,880 +mariner, the ancient mariner, starts to appreciate + +341 +00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,920 +little life. Starts to see certain creatures, and + +342 +00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,920 +he sort of appreciates them, looks at them + +343 +00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:14,380 +differently. Remember when he killed the + +344 +00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:17,420 +albatross? He just was like, this is + +345 +00:21:17,420 --> 00:21:21,120 +insignificant. As a bird, it's insignificant. But + +346 +00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:23,220 +now he started to appreciate the little things, + +347 +00:21:23,340 --> 00:21:28,600 +the birds, the fish, the animals. And before this + +348 +00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,740 +happened, I have to say this because it's + +349 +00:21:30,740 --> 00:21:36,380 +significant. Before his friends died one by one, + +350 +00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:41,120 +they put the albatross around his neck. And it's + +351 +00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,260 +now, by the way, a famous idiom in English. When + +352 +00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:46,760 +you say something is an albatross around my neck + +353 +00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:50,340 +or his neck or her neck, it's like a curse. Like + +354 +00:21:50,340 --> 00:21:55,020 +you can't do it. For example, you You do something + +355 +00:21:55,020 --> 00:21:57,400 +wrong, something horrible, and you say, for + +356 +00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,860 +example, this is an albatross around my neck. You + +357 +00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:02,000 +don't study for a course. You don't get a high + +358 +00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,420 +score. So you say, this course, you feel guilty. + +359 +00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:08,240 +You feel it's like a curse that is chasing you + +360 +00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,380 +everywhere. So it's an albatross around the neck. + +361 +00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:15,010 +When he starts to appreciate nature, The albatross + +362 +00:22:15,010 --> 00:22:19,810 +falls and in a way he goes back to where he came + +363 +00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:24,630 +from. He doesn't die. He was saved. Why doesn't + +364 +00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:25,570 +Coleridge kill him? + +365 +00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:32,160 +He learns the lesson. If he dies, the whole story + +366 +00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:34,580 +is going to die. The whole tale is going to die + +367 +00:22:34,580 --> 00:22:37,300 +with him. And this is literature. The moral is + +368 +00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,180 +that literature is the moral, the lesson itself, + +369 +00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,220 +the story itself. Now his punishment, he's + +370 +00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:45,620 +punished here severely. But part of his + +371 +00:22:45,620 --> 00:22:49,280 +redemption, how to cleanse himself, to heal + +372 +00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,960 +himself, is to tell the story to everyone, to the + +373 +00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:57,010 +people around him, the people in town. So how does + +374 +00:22:57,010 --> 00:23:00,670 +the poem begin? Actually, the poem begins from the + +375 +00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:04,270 +end or in the middle, in media stress. We spoke + +376 +00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:08,460 +about this probably before. So he meets three + +377 +00:23:08,460 --> 00:23:11,600 +wedding guests, people going to a wedding. You + +378 +00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,540 +know, when you are going to a wedding to + +379 +00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:16,040 +celebrate, probably there's food and stuff, + +380 +00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:19,300 +celebrations, festive mood. And he was like, wait, + +381 +00:23:19,420 --> 00:23:21,720 +I'm going to tell you a story. And he's very old + +382 +00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:24,120 +with his beard and everything, and very + +383 +00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:26,460 +frightening. And the people are like, get out with + +384 +00:23:26,460 --> 00:23:28,260 +your bright eyes. We don't want to talk to you. + +385 +00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:33,720 +And he just kind of holds one of the guests, and + +386 +00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:39,040 +he physically makes this wedding guest listen to + +387 +00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,040 +his story. At the beginning, he doesn't want to. + +388 +00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:43,900 +He was reluctant. But later on, he was inspired + +389 +00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:48,220 +and attracted by the story. He was, wow, what a + +390 +00:23:48,220 --> 00:23:52,640 +lesson this is. Did a flashback? Yeah, he starts + +391 +00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:57,520 +by using flashback narrating the story, narrating + +392 +00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:03,240 +the story to the wedding, the guest here. Now, at + +393 +00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,540 +the end of the story, what happens is that they + +394 +00:24:05,540 --> 00:24:12,170 +both become sadder and wiser. Sad because we do a + +395 +00:24:12,170 --> 00:24:14,550 +lot of horrible things to ourselves, to people, to + +396 +00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:17,930 +nature, right? If I teach you how to respect + +397 +00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:20,030 +nature, how to love nature, how to appreciate + +398 +00:24:20,030 --> 00:24:22,770 +nature, you will feel guilty in a way. And if you + +399 +00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:26,870 +feel guilty and stop doing the pollution, throwing + +400 +00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,250 +rubbish here or there, to say the least, you're + +401 +00:24:30,250 --> 00:24:32,710 +going to become wiser and better. And literature + +402 +00:24:32,710 --> 00:24:35,050 +makes you wiser and better. Nature makes you + +403 +00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:39,010 +wiser. So Mother Nature is the best teacher here. + +404 +00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:46,060 +This is a romantic feature in this text. So let's + +405 +00:24:46,060 --> 00:24:49,560 +see how the text goes. You extract from the text. + +406 +00:24:51,860 --> 00:24:56,520 +Read, please. The rhyme of Agent Mariner. Day + +407 +00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,580 +after day, day after day, we stuck nor breathe nor + +408 +00:25:00,580 --> 00:25:04,800 +motion. Nor breath. Nor breath nor motion. As idle + +409 +00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:10,580 +as a printed chip upon Painted ship. Upon a + +410 +00:25:10,580 --> 00:25:13,880 +painted ocean, water, water everywhere, and all + +411 +00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:18,140 +the boards did shrink. Water, water everywhere, + +412 +00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:21,860 +nor any drops shrink. Yes. Okay. One more, please. + +413 +00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:27,660 +Day after day, day after day, we start no rain, no + +414 +00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:30,920 +emission. At the end of the end, a painted ship. + +415 +00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,590 +Upon a painted ocean. Upon a painted ocean. Water, + +416 +00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:41,390 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +417 +00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:44,830 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +418 +00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:47,830 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +419 +00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:48,630 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +420 +00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:50,030 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +421 +00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:50,730 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +422 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +423 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:51,010 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +424 +00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,570 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +425 +00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,730 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +426 +00:25:51,730 --> 00:25:52,050 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +427 +00:25:52,330 --> 00:25:58,650 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +428 +00:25:59,510 --> 00:26:03,330 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +429 +00:26:03,850 --> 00:26:06,760 +Water, And in many ways, he doesn't follow one + +430 +00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,780 +particular structure. Sometimes he uses stanzas of + +431 +00:26:08,780 --> 00:26:12,060 +six lines, five lines. The rhyme scheme is not the + +432 +00:26:12,060 --> 00:26:19,120 +same. It's not. So here, they A, B, C. Ocean, + +433 +00:26:19,540 --> 00:26:24,580 +motion, same. Okay, A, B, C, B. Motion, ocean. + +434 +00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:29,540 +Okay, schwa, schwa, and in. A, B, A, B. It doesn't + +435 +00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:32,280 +follow the rules, the strict rules of classical + +436 +00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:38,400 +poetry writing, et cetera. But look at this, the + +437 +00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,500 +beauty, the repetition, the simplicity, the + +438 +00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:45,400 +emotions here. Day after day, day after day. This + +439 +00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,660 +is a narrative story, by the way, a narrative + +440 +00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:52,930 +poem. It tells a story. We stuck. No breath, no + +441 +00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:55,350 +motion. We couldn't move. We were stuck somewhere. + +442 +00:26:55,910 --> 00:26:58,010 +As ideal as a painted chip. And this is one of the + +443 +00:26:58,010 --> 00:27:00,950 +most amazing similes. Remember the similes here? + +444 +00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:04,610 +When you liken something, like or as. He could + +445 +00:27:04,610 --> 00:27:07,830 +have stopped here. As ideal as a painted chip. + +446 +00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,660 +Ideal like something that doesn't move. If someone + +447 +00:27:13,660 --> 00:27:15,980 +stays at home, doesn't have a job, doesn't want to + +448 +00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:19,360 +work, we describe him or her as ideal, okay? But + +449 +00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:23,680 +he goes further to upon a tainted ocean. It's not + +450 +00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:27,860 +only like everything is still, nothing moves. + +451 +00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:31,850 +That's nature punishing them. Water, water + +452 +00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:34,930 +everywhere. And all the boards shrink. Generally, + +453 +00:27:35,490 --> 00:27:38,190 +when there's water, the boards don't shrink. The + +454 +00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:41,010 +wood doesn't shrink. It expands more or less. But + +455 +00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,050 +here, everything is turned upside down. Water, + +456 +00:27:44,210 --> 00:27:47,630 +water everywhere. Nor any drop to drink. This is + +457 +00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:50,490 +ironic. Could be. Because there's water all over + +458 +00:27:50,490 --> 00:27:53,090 +the place. Some people might say, no, this is not + +459 +00:27:53,090 --> 00:27:57,470 +ironic, because we don't drink the sea water. It's + +460 +00:27:57,470 --> 00:28:01,070 +salty. But in a way, there is this thing, water. + +461 +00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:05,310 +This is nature. Sometimes if you destroy nature, + +462 +00:28:05,430 --> 00:28:09,010 +violate nature, nature is going to take the most + +463 +00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:12,350 +important, significant thing you have as people. + +464 +00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:18,690 +So there is water, but it's polluted. There is + +465 +00:28:18,690 --> 00:28:21,670 +air, but it's polluted. Soil, polluted. Food, + +466 +00:28:22,030 --> 00:28:25,350 +polluted. Water, water everywhere. And all the + +467 +00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:29,110 +boats did shrink. Water, water everywhere. Nor any + +468 +00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:32,790 +drop. to drink. This could happen in Ramadan. So + +469 +00:28:32,790 --> 00:28:37,070 +maybe I see at 6 a.m. first day of Ramadan, she + +470 +00:28:37,070 --> 00:28:40,810 +would be waking up like water, water everywhere. + +471 +00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:47,290 +Nor any drop to drink. By the way, this is also + +472 +00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,190 +about global warming and climate change. This is a + +473 +00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,230 +romance. This is how poetry starts everything. And + +474 +00:28:55,230 --> 00:29:01,200 +finally, in the At the end of the poem, this is + +475 +00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,840 +the third stanza from the bottom. This is the + +476 +00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:04,840 +moral lesson here. + +477 +00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,700 +He prays best who loves best, all things both + +478 +00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,580 +great and small, for the dear God who loves us he + +479 +00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:24,700 +made and loves us all. Some people say this is + +480 +00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,160 +about Christianity. I don't think it is pure + +481 +00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,270 +religious poem. It's a romantic poem because for + +482 +00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:34,830 +people, nature is religion. In a way, nature is + +483 +00:29:34,830 --> 00:29:37,650 +God for the romantics because they worship, they + +484 +00:29:37,650 --> 00:29:41,790 +adore nature. In the text here, there is the other + +485 +00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:44,710 +actually stance that says, he breathes well who + +486 +00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:51,770 +loves well both man, bird, and beast. He breathes + +487 +00:29:51,770 --> 00:29:56,440 +best who loves best all things both great and and + +488 +00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,600 +small. That's the moral. You need to love all and + +489 +00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,600 +everything. And that's our friend Coleridge. + +490 +00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:07,900 +Really interesting. Please have time, if not now, + +491 +00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,840 +in the summer break, read his poetry, especially + +492 +00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,660 +this one. Really, really cool. I'll post a video + +493 +00:30:13,660 --> 00:30:17,700 +on the Facebook group tonight. But you're not + +494 +00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:19,700 +required to do more than this. This is an + +495 +00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,260 +introduction course, so we're just taking bits and + +496 +00:30:22,260 --> 00:30:26,730 +pieces. And by the way, listen, this is funny. + +497 +00:30:26,970 --> 00:30:31,590 +William Wordsworth did not like this poem. Go read + +498 +00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:33,330 +more about this. But he didn't like it. He didn't + +499 +00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:35,950 +like the marina. He didn't like the text in many + +500 +00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:39,110 +ways. But he was like, when we publish another + +501 +00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:41,990 +book, I'll take it out. But he couldn't. The + +502 +00:30:41,990 --> 00:30:44,850 +second book, the second edition, it was also + +503 +00:30:44,850 --> 00:30:48,850 +there. But he did not like it. Coleridge. One + +504 +00:30:48,850 --> 00:30:51,050 +thing I like about Coleridge is that he was one of + +505 +00:30:51,050 --> 00:30:54,020 +the early critics who praised John Donne. And this + +506 +00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,780 +is not surprising, by the way. Because in a way, + +507 +00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,360 +remember, the metaphysical and the dramatics share + +508 +00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:02,360 +some common features. He didn't follow all the + +509 +00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,280 +rules. Yeah, sure. Like John did. Yeah, in a way. + +510 +00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,020 +So with Google, we can know the reason? Yeah, do + +511 +00:31:11,020 --> 00:31:14,580 +that. That means that, you know. Yeah, yeah. But + +512 +00:31:14,580 --> 00:31:16,940 +sometimes I don't have, sometimes I find myself + +513 +00:31:16,940 --> 00:31:20,290 +chained. Because I want to say a lot of things, + +514 +00:31:20,390 --> 00:31:22,530 +but at the same time, I don't want to say a lot of + +515 +00:31:22,530 --> 00:31:24,230 +things, because this is an introduction course. + +516 +00:31:25,690 --> 00:31:28,510 +But this is to inspire you. This is to make you + +517 +00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:31,030 +love texts, love literature, love certain poetry, + +518 +00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:36,090 +and to go do more reading. OK. So this is John + +519 +00:31:36,090 --> 00:31:41,350 +Keats. We'll do something about Keats here. + +520 +00:31:41,390 --> 00:31:48,280 +Listen. OK, everyone? Let's go to Keats. Now, + +521 +00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,180 +after William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge, we + +522 +00:31:52,180 --> 00:31:54,660 +have what we call the younger generation, the + +523 +00:31:54,660 --> 00:31:57,140 +second generation of the romantics, and Keats is + +524 +00:31:57,140 --> 00:32:02,380 +one of them. Many people love Keats and appreciate + +525 +00:32:02,380 --> 00:32:05,700 +him and love his poetry because he died very + +526 +00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:08,780 +young. He was only 25 when he died young. + +527 +00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,080 +Remember? Many people died young, and it was like + +528 +00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:16,700 +it gives them this image about prophets, like + +529 +00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,020 +perfect people, as if they are fictional + +530 +00:32:19,020 --> 00:32:23,160 +characters, perfect fictional characters. But + +531 +00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,740 +actually, his poetry is beautiful. His poetry is + +532 +00:32:26,740 --> 00:32:30,320 +lively. His poetry is unique in many ways. It's + +533 +00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,720 +romantic, but it's unique in many ways. Of course, + +534 +00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,340 +he was inspired by Coleridge and Wordsworth, but + +535 +00:32:36,340 --> 00:32:40,420 +he was closer to Coleridge in a sense. than to + +536 +00:32:40,420 --> 00:32:43,180 +Wordsworth. We see how he is interested in, for + +537 +00:32:43,180 --> 00:32:47,480 +example, the mythical, classical, and medieval + +538 +00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:49,760 +backgrounds, how he was interested in the + +539 +00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,760 +supernatural rather than the natural, still + +540 +00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,420 +aromatic, and how some of his poetry is even + +541 +00:32:57,420 --> 00:33:02,120 +incomplete. So some of his poems remain fragments, + +542 +00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,600 +in fragments. So there are similarities between + +543 +00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,220 +Keats and... + +544 +00:33:08,090 --> 00:33:12,370 +And Coleridge. Now, Keats, if you want to remember + +545 +00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:16,010 +Keats, remember him as someone who was seeking + +546 +00:33:16,010 --> 00:33:20,930 +truth and beauty all his life. Again, in a way + +547 +00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,770 +like Coleridge, he was seeking for a fuller + +548 +00:33:23,770 --> 00:33:28,890 +meaning of life. In his poetry, you always find + +549 +00:33:28,890 --> 00:33:33,830 +this urgency to find truth, to find meaning, to + +550 +00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:37,170 +make sense of life. Because remember Shakespeare + +551 +00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:40,210 +was fascinated, obsessed with time, because time + +552 +00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:43,530 +was destructive. It kills all, every fear from + +553 +00:33:43,530 --> 00:33:47,290 +fear sometimes declines. Also Keats, in many ways, + +554 +00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:51,350 +he was obsessed with this. He was in a particular + +555 +00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:55,230 +trek or journey to find meaning, to give meaning, + +556 +00:33:55,330 --> 00:33:57,810 +to give more meaning or more truth to his life. + +557 +00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,220 +And sadly, he was, I think he drowned. Was it he + +558 +00:34:02,220 --> 00:34:04,300 +or Shelly? Was it he or Shelly who drowned? I + +559 +00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,840 +don't know. But he died very young, 25. And that's + +560 +00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:10,720 +very paradoxical. It's very sad when people are + +561 +00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:13,380 +interested in something. It's like when someone + +562 +00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,980 +who loves, adores kids very much, and then they + +563 +00:34:15,980 --> 00:34:19,980 +don't have kids. You feel sorry for them. So this + +564 +00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:23,020 +man wanted to give a lot of meaning to his life. + +565 +00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,940 +And paradoxically, this is one reason why a lot of + +566 +00:34:27,940 --> 00:34:29,980 +people love his poetry, read his poetry, do + +567 +00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:34,300 +research on his poetry in a way or another. So his + +568 +00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:39,980 +themes are focused on the search for... there is + +569 +00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:43,520 +this struggle, the search for beauty, for truth, + +570 +00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:47,160 +for happiness, for permanence, in a way for + +571 +00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:51,640 +immortality. You know immortality? Immortality, + +572 +00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,400 +like al-khlut, to live forever. Sadly, he died, + +573 +00:34:56,140 --> 00:34:58,580 +but because of poetry and literature, he lives + +574 +00:34:58,580 --> 00:35:03,240 +forever. Now, almost 200 years later, we study it, + +575 +00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,740 +we praise him, we appreciate him. We say good + +576 +00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:12,140 +things about him. Okay? So he is always doing this + +577 +00:35:12,140 --> 00:35:16,760 +search, seeking truth, seeking beauty. And where + +578 +00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,120 +does he find beauty and truth? Can you tell? + +579 +00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:28,040 +Nature in pottery. For him, pottery is truth. + +580 +00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,080 +Pottery, or not only pottery, but artistic + +581 +00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,540 +creation, like paintings, like sculptures, + +582 +00:35:35,940 --> 00:35:40,690 +anything that is art. Because, listen, What is + +583 +00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:42,510 +art? What is poetry? What is literature? Generally + +584 +00:35:42,510 --> 00:35:46,770 +about the best of us, in a way, the best of our + +585 +00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:49,130 +surroundings. Even if it is a tragedy or a sad + +586 +00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:51,710 +story, we pick the best. When you write a story, + +587 +00:35:51,790 --> 00:35:53,350 +when you write something, you want to write the + +588 +00:35:53,350 --> 00:35:57,850 +best possible piece or to paint. When you do a + +589 +00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:00,770 +painting, you don't say, I want to paint a bad + +590 +00:36:00,770 --> 00:36:04,210 +painting. because you want to express yourself in + +591 +00:36:04,210 --> 00:36:06,870 +the best possible way, or to impress, or to reach + +592 +00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:10,010 +out to people in a way or another. So some of his + +593 +00:36:10,010 --> 00:36:13,510 +poetry, again, like I said, remains in fragments. + +594 +00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:18,010 +His major poems, like Ode to the Nightingale, or a + +595 +00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:21,850 +nightingale, you know nightingale? You know, bird? + +596 +00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:27,770 +And Ode to a Grecian An. The An means vase. Or + +597 +00:36:27,770 --> 00:36:30,030 +vase, two pronunciations. You know vase? + +598 +00:36:37,250 --> 00:36:42,750 +Yeah. Excellent drawing, right? One mark for you, + +599 +00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:49,750 +minus. So Keats here, he comes to the conclusion + +600 +00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:54,750 +that art, literature, artistic creation is the + +601 +00:36:54,750 --> 00:36:58,630 +best possible way to give meaning to our lives, to + +602 +00:36:58,630 --> 00:37:03,200 +give life to our lives. Because he says, beauty is + +603 +00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,180 +truth, and truth is beauty. We'll see this. So he + +604 +00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:08,980 +shows that art and artistic creation can make + +605 +00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:13,160 +things permanent. And he is right. Listen, you + +606 +00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,480 +could do many things, and people will forget you + +607 +00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,420 +as soon as you die, or 10 years, or 15 years, or + +608 +00:37:19,420 --> 00:37:24,620 +100 years after you die. But when you produce art, + +609 +00:37:24,780 --> 00:37:26,580 +when you are a painter, when you are an artist, + +610 +00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:29,890 +When you write poetry, when you write literature, + +611 +00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:33,670 +it will live forever and people will study it and + +612 +00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:35,730 +people will appreciate it because literature is + +613 +00:37:35,730 --> 00:37:39,650 +timeless. and universal. We're studying + +614 +00:37:39,650 --> 00:37:41,190 +Shakespeare here, and he died. We're studying + +615 +00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:44,810 +Beowulf, and the author died, right? A thousand + +616 +00:37:44,810 --> 00:37:48,150 +years ago or even more or less. And this is the + +617 +00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:50,150 +beauty of literature. We study literature written + +618 +00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:52,970 +by people of different colors, people of different + +619 +00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,890 +religions, backgrounds, and ethnicities, + +620 +00:37:54,970 --> 00:37:57,410 +everything. We still love the literature and + +621 +00:37:57,410 --> 00:38:00,550 +appreciate it. So this is where he finds beauty. + +622 +00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:05,570 +and meaning and truth in art, in literature. So he + +623 +00:38:05,570 --> 00:38:08,010 +believes that poetry can keep human feelings and + +624 +00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:13,830 +ideas alive and forever. And this is the extract + +625 +00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:16,850 +we need to study here. It's taken from an ode to a + +626 +00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:19,410 +Grecian urn, to the vase. And by the way, he's + +627 +00:38:19,410 --> 00:38:22,850 +talking directly to this artistic creation, to the + +628 +00:38:22,850 --> 00:38:25,730 +vase itself. Interesting dialogue, interesting + +629 +00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:28,070 +conversation. You usually talk to people, right? + +630 +00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:32,970 +But here, art... is the other part of the + +631 +00:38:32,970 --> 00:38:37,370 +dialogue. When old age shall this generation + +632 +00:38:37,370 --> 00:38:40,890 +waste? When I grow old and die, but sadly he + +633 +00:38:40,890 --> 00:38:44,750 +didn't grow old. He didn't grow old. Yeah? Sad. So + +634 +00:38:44,750 --> 00:38:46,750 +when you find this in his poetry, it's like when + +635 +00:38:46,750 --> 00:38:48,750 +someone says, when I get married and I have kids + +636 +00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:51,450 +and I have my job, but this person telling this + +637 +00:38:51,450 --> 00:38:55,420 +story is already dead. You're like, oh. So he + +638 +00:38:55,420 --> 00:38:58,700 +makes us feel this. He shakes our hearts so many + +639 +00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,660 +times when you read the poem. Thou shalt thou, + +640 +00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:07,220 +you, the urn, right? In midst of other war than + +641 +00:39:07,220 --> 00:39:11,720 +ours, a friend to man to whom thou sayest. So + +642 +00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:14,660 +who's saying this? Who's the speaker here? The urn + +643 +00:39:14,660 --> 00:39:18,110 +itself. What does the urn tell us? What does the + +644 +00:39:18,110 --> 00:39:22,490 +text teach us? What does poetry teach us? He's + +645 +00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,610 +saying if the poem speaks, it's going to say this. + +646 +00:39:25,790 --> 00:39:28,670 +If the vase has an artistic expression, artistic + +647 +00:39:28,670 --> 00:39:31,450 +creation, if it speaks, what is it going to tell + +648 +00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:36,750 +us? Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Beauty is + +649 +00:39:36,750 --> 00:39:42,690 +truth. Truth, beauty. Truth, beauty. Beauty is + +650 +00:39:42,690 --> 00:39:45,430 +truth. Truth, beauty. That is all. That's it. + +651 +00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:48,650 +That's what life is about as a romantic poet here. + +652 +00:39:49,770 --> 00:39:54,010 +That is all you know on Earth, and all you need to + +653 +00:39:54,010 --> 00:39:57,170 +know. Ye here, you. We have this before, like + +654 +00:39:57,170 --> 00:40:04,190 +gather ye buds, in the sense it was your. So what + +655 +00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:09,880 +is Keats here? This is a text from an ode, or ode + +656 +00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,020 +to a Grecian Anne by Jones. I know we have so many + +657 +00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:19,800 +Jones, so focus on the last name. Keats. Keats. + +658 +00:40:20,180 --> 00:40:22,860 +When you want to add possessive S to Keats, it + +659 +00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:31,140 +could be like this. You say, or two options. You + +660 +00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:34,900 +have two options. Keats's, this is a Keats's poem. + +661 +00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:41,080 +I prefer this. It's clearer, but this is correct. + +662 +00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,840 +So what is he doing here? This text has the + +663 +00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,460 +features of romanticism, a feature of William, + +664 +00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,280 +what's his name, John Keats in particular, where + +665 +00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:56,180 +art is the most significant expression of beauty + +666 +00:40:56,180 --> 00:40:59,630 +and truth. where poetry, where literature is + +667 +00:40:59,630 --> 00:41:03,990 +beauty, is truth. Where literature, where poetry, + +668 +00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:09,190 +where art gives us meaning and makes us live + +669 +00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:15,110 +forever and ever and ever. Because he died young, + +670 +00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:20,670 +he was for Allah. Even now, he is a symbol of + +671 +00:41:20,670 --> 00:41:26,050 +romanticism and romantic movement. I'll stop here + +672 +00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:30,970 +for Keats, but I have an extra text just for fun, + +673 +00:41:31,090 --> 00:41:36,130 +so to speak. Okay? This is an extra slide where + +674 +00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:41,310 +you have things I just mentioned, how in autumn, + +675 +00:41:41,450 --> 00:41:43,390 +again, he does the same thing about stressing + +676 +00:41:43,390 --> 00:41:47,910 +beauty and fullness of life and how he symbolizes + +677 +00:41:47,910 --> 00:41:51,110 +the romantic movement. Now, just two or three + +678 +00:41:51,110 --> 00:41:56,180 +minutes maximum. In this poem, I've just been + +679 +00:41:56,180 --> 00:41:58,800 +kidding with my colleague here, and I told her + +680 +00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:04,780 +that there is a ghost living in this poem. This + +681 +00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:08,740 +poem is haunting the readers. It has been haunting + +682 +00:42:08,740 --> 00:42:11,820 +readers for a long time. Let's see what it does to + +683 +00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:17,670 +us. The title is Not this hand or the living hand, + +684 +00:42:17,770 --> 00:42:22,070 +this. Like when someone says this, you just try to + +685 +00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:25,950 +look. He's performing the poem. He's saying, this + +686 +00:42:25,950 --> 00:42:29,970 +living hand, this living hand. In a way, he gives + +687 +00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:33,590 +us the impression that this is the hand. You can + +688 +00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,470 +touch it. You can feel it. Now warm and capable. + +689 +00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:40,190 +Now, in a way, I think he's writing the poem while + +690 +00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:43,840 +he's writing the poem. It's like when you have a + +691 +00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:48,580 +dream and you're dreaming in the dream. Okay? So + +692 +00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:55,040 +this hand, this hand, now warm and capable of + +693 +00:42:55,040 --> 00:43:00,380 +earnest grasping would, if it were cold, you know, + +694 +00:43:00,740 --> 00:43:06,140 +when a person dies, lifeless, it goes cold. And in + +695 +00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:13,310 +icy silence of the tomb, you know, grave, So haunt + +696 +00:43:13,310 --> 00:43:15,850 +thy days. It's going, now it's full of life. You + +697 +00:43:15,850 --> 00:43:18,470 +look at the hand, but when it is icy and cold, + +698 +00:43:18,610 --> 00:43:21,950 +it's haunting, you know, haunting, like terrorizes + +699 +00:43:21,950 --> 00:43:25,930 +you, scares you in a way. Thy days and chill thy + +700 +00:43:25,930 --> 00:43:27,850 +dreaming nights. If you see it in a dream, it's + +701 +00:43:27,850 --> 00:43:31,080 +going to be spooky, frightening. that thou would + +702 +00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:34,720 +wish thine own heart dry of blood. You would wish, + +703 +00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:37,000 +oh, my God, I don't want to see this scene. You + +704 +00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,580 +wish your own heart, you wish you were dead. You + +705 +00:43:40,580 --> 00:43:44,220 +don't want to see this scene. So in my veins, now + +706 +00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:47,200 +the veins, you know, where the blood goes, in my + +707 +00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:53,280 +veins, red life might stream again and again. How + +708 +00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:57,240 +can something come to life again after it's dead? + +709 +00:43:58,470 --> 00:44:04,930 +And thou be conscious, calmed. See here. Who's he + +710 +00:44:04,930 --> 00:44:08,690 +talking to? To us, to the readers, to the future + +711 +00:44:08,690 --> 00:44:13,650 +readers. See here. See, here it is. Here it is. + +712 +00:44:13,750 --> 00:44:16,330 +This is my hand. So it's someone like you + +713 +00:44:16,330 --> 00:44:20,230 +imagining the hand writing a text. And all of a + +714 +00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:22,510 +sudden, in the text, he tells you, see? Just like + +715 +00:44:22,510 --> 00:44:26,810 +sticking the hand outside. I hold it towards you. + +716 +00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:30,410 +Like this. I swear when I first read this poem, I + +717 +00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:35,050 +was like really indulged in the poem. I was like, + +718 +00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:39,030 +oh, because I was visualizing the text, seeing the + +719 +00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:41,110 +hand, feeling the hand, imagining the hand, and + +720 +00:44:41,110 --> 00:44:44,790 +feeling the, you know? And then when he says, here + +721 +00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:49,660 +it is. I hold it towards you. I was like. I feel + +722 +00:44:49,660 --> 00:44:52,740 +that the hand was literally physically sticking + +723 +00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:56,140 +out of the book, out of the text, and reaching out + +724 +00:44:56,140 --> 00:44:59,480 +to me. This is a fragment. It's an incomplete + +725 +00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,020 +poem. It does magic to... Go back home, try to + +726 +00:45:03,020 --> 00:45:06,740 +read it, and visualize what's going on. And Keats + +727 +00:45:06,740 --> 00:45:10,840 +does this all the time. Funny here. I don't think + +728 +00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,320 +funny is the right word, but this is a living + +729 +00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:20,270 +text. he's reaching to us 200 years later through + +730 +00:45:20,270 --> 00:45:24,910 +his poetry through his writing he's dead but his + +731 +00:45:24,910 --> 00:45:29,410 +poetry is living alive forever thank you very much + +732 +00:45:29,410 --> 00:45:34,970 +we stop here and next class we continue with Chile + +733 +00:45:34,970 --> 00:45:36,810 +first Chile and + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c71e1de12c9b2058db16124a2dc517730173a82 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2968 @@ +1 +00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,970 +Assalamualaikum. And as always, welcome back. It's + +2 +00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:28,510 +always nice to see you. Good to see you, everyone. + +3 +00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:37,610 +So last time, again, I usually like to go back to + +4 +00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,190 +last time and connect classes. Last time we had + +5 +00:00:41,460 --> 00:00:43,920 +William Wordsworth, one of the most interesting + +6 +00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:47,880 +poets of all time. And he is, in a way, the + +7 +00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:51,040 +founder, probably the co-founder of Romanticism as + +8 +00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,360 +a movement. In the lyrical ballads, which contains + +9 +00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:56,760 +poetry by Wordsworth and Coleridge, + +10 +00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:04,950 +Later on, they added something we refer to as the + +11 +00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:09,450 +preface, the introduction, in which they spoke + +12 +00:01:09,450 --> 00:01:12,730 +about poetry, what it means to write poetry, the + +13 +00:01:12,730 --> 00:01:14,910 +language, the subject matter, and the sensibility, + +14 +00:01:15,470 --> 00:01:17,710 +nature, and man, and individuality, and + +15 +00:01:17,710 --> 00:01:22,490 +everything. Now, words, words. Remember the + +16 +00:01:22,490 --> 00:01:24,270 +definition? Can someone remind me of the + +17 +00:01:24,270 --> 00:01:31,290 +definition? It is spontaneous overflow of powerful + +18 +00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:34,330 +emotions. Very good. This is half of the + +19 +00:01:34,330 --> 00:01:38,150 +definition. The spontaneous overflow of powerful + +20 +00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:44,150 +emotions recollected in tranquility and peace. The + +21 +00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:49,120 +language is The language of everyday man and + +22 +00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,100 +woman, of course. Don't feel offended, okay? + +23 +00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,220 +Unless you have to. And the subject matters. + +24 +00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,980 +Situations from simple common life. Now, we will + +25 +00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:05,280 +move today to two other romantic poets. One is + +26 +00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,880 +Coleridge, Samuel Butler Coleridge, who is a + +27 +00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,680 +friend, a very close friend to William Wordsworth. + +28 +00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:14,180 +And then later on, we'll take Keats. who is a + +29 +00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:17,660 +second generation romantic poet. Okay, so + +30 +00:02:17,660 --> 00:02:22,080 +Coleridge was a friend. He was in so many ways + +31 +00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,360 +similar to William Wadsworth. But at the same + +32 +00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,260 +time, they had their own differences. They had + +33 +00:02:28,260 --> 00:02:31,540 +their own differences. And mainly because of these + +34 +00:02:31,540 --> 00:02:35,060 +differences, Coleridge published his own + +35 +00:02:36,170 --> 00:02:39,890 +autobiography later on which he called Biographia + +36 +00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:43,910 +Literaria, in other words, a literary biography in + +37 +00:02:43,910 --> 00:02:46,130 +which he speaks about himself and speaks about his + +38 +00:02:46,130 --> 00:02:50,610 +ideology and philosophy in poetry and in life. But + +39 +00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:54,940 +they share the common sensibility, the common + +40 +00:02:54,940 --> 00:02:57,620 +features of romanticism, generally the simplicity, + +41 +00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:02,960 +generally the conversational tone in poetry. When + +42 +00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,680 +we spoke about the Augustan poetry, in a way I + +43 +00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:11,080 +might have alluded to the fact that, I guess I + +44 +00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,300 +said this, in classical poetry there's always one + +45 +00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:19,630 +worldview. There's the poet, and the poet has one + +46 +00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:23,530 +voice. And the voice in the poem, the voice of the + +47 +00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:25,830 +poet, of the speaker, is dominant, dominating + +48 +00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,210 +everything. We've seen this in Marlow's Come Live + +49 +00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:30,170 +With Me and Be My Love, and We Will All The + +50 +00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,470 +Pleasures Prove, where the worldview, the idea of + +51 +00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:38,430 +the poet is dominating any other idea. That's why + +52 +00:03:38,430 --> 00:03:41,510 +we don't hear the woman. We don't sense the woman + +53 +00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:44,030 +there. And remember, we said John Donne was trying + +54 +00:03:44,030 --> 00:03:47,510 +to change this worldview. He wanted to break the + +55 +00:03:47,510 --> 00:03:50,330 +rules, break away with the rigidity. Now, + +56 +00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,350 +generally, classical poetry could be described as + +57 +00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:57,970 +monologic, like a monologue. where one person is + +58 +00:03:57,970 --> 00:04:00,890 +speaking and everyone else is supposed to be + +59 +00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:03,470 +audience, listener. For the romantics, because + +60 +00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:07,290 +they care about the individual, they create some + +61 +00:04:07,290 --> 00:04:09,450 +sort of conversation in their poetry or a + +62 +00:04:09,450 --> 00:04:14,540 +dialogue. In the other classes, I discussed Lucy + +63 +00:04:14,540 --> 00:04:17,700 +Gray. In Lucy Gray, we feel this. Yes, the father + +64 +00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:21,820 +tells the little girl, go to the town and fetch + +65 +00:04:21,820 --> 00:04:26,160 +your mother. And the daughter replies, I'll do + +66 +00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:30,580 +that. She obeys her father. This is a dialogue. + +67 +00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:34,710 +deep and profound, but it tells us that for the + +68 +00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:36,890 +romantics, they want everyone to speak up, + +69 +00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:42,270 +everyone to voice their opinions. So Coleridge and + +70 +00:04:42,270 --> 00:04:45,450 +Wordsworth, they both have this. They're known for + +71 +00:04:45,450 --> 00:04:47,730 +their what we call conversation poems, + +72 +00:04:48,330 --> 00:04:51,050 +conversation poetry. You read the poem, you feel + +73 +00:04:51,050 --> 00:04:54,730 +that there is a dialogue. However, despite these + +74 +00:04:54,730 --> 00:04:58,580 +similarities, there are differences. Amazing + +75 +00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:01,260 +friends, by the way. They were living in Lake + +76 +00:05:01,260 --> 00:05:04,700 +District together, but later on, everyone had his + +77 +00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:08,220 +own way of writing about poetry. So, for + +78 +00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:10,900 +Wordsworth, poetry is about the day-to-day world, + +79 +00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,080 +about life, everyday life. For Coleridge, he + +80 +00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,400 +wanted to change. He wanted to do the opposite. + +81 +00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,720 +Sometimes, I'm not sure if you filmed this in The + +82 +00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:24,770 +Daffodils, I wandered lonely as a cloud where What + +83 +00:05:24,770 --> 00:05:28,130 +was, in a way, transfers us from the world of + +84 +00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:33,910 +simplicity, seeing a bunch of daffodils, to a + +85 +00:05:33,910 --> 00:05:37,030 +supernatural world where man and nature are one, + +86 +00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:41,350 +where man unites and melts with nature, where your + +87 +00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:45,890 +heart dances, chomps and dances with daffodils. + +88 +00:05:46,630 --> 00:05:51,160 +Okay? Now, Coleridge does the opposite. He creates + +89 +00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,480 +a supernatural world. You know supernatural world, + +90 +00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,960 +some sort of like a magical world, a world that + +91 +00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,580 +can't be true in real life. Just like imaginative? + +92 +00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:04,160 +Like imaginative. Literature generally, all + +93 +00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,180 +literature is fiction and imaginative. Some of it + +94 +00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:09,720 +is based on truth and facts. But sometimes, like + +95 +00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:13,870 +Harry Potter. In Harry Potter, Harry Potter, there + +96 +00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:17,870 +are witches and wizards. There's magic. People + +97 +00:06:17,870 --> 00:06:22,570 +fly. There are dragons. People fly on brooms. We + +98 +00:06:22,570 --> 00:06:25,550 +know that this is magical. But is Harry Potter + +99 +00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:29,930 +realistic? Yes, it is realistic because of two + +100 +00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:32,130 +things. Some people speak about something called + +101 +00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:35,640 +magical realism. Okay, that's something I'm not + +102 +00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:39,620 +interested in here. But people ask this question. + +103 +00:06:40,060 --> 00:06:44,300 +Is Harry Potter someone... How does he behave? How + +104 +00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:47,420 +does he speak? How does he react? Does he do this + +105 +00:06:47,420 --> 00:06:50,500 +similar to the way we do as human beings? Yes. + +106 +00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,970 +Even when you watch the Smurfs. It's not + +107 +00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:58,070 +realistic. It's cartoon, right? But sometimes you + +108 +00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:01,130 +feel sad. You feel you like somebody. You hate + +109 +00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:03,330 +somebody. You react to somebody. Their reaction, + +110 +00:07:03,450 --> 00:07:05,790 +how they love each other. So some people would + +111 +00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,350 +say, Harry Potter is realistic. We can't take the + +112 +00:07:09,350 --> 00:07:11,530 +magic as an allegory about the power of + +113 +00:07:11,530 --> 00:07:13,410 +resistance, the power of struggle. Some people + +114 +00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:18,500 +take the magic as the power of friendship. Because + +115 +00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:23,000 +of the friendship, you know, Hermione and Ron and + +116 +00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,740 +Harry, how they were always sticking together, + +117 +00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:29,420 +they managed to be victorious, to beat the evil, + +118 +00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:33,960 +making use of other friends around them. By the + +119 +00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:39,050 +way, many people say Harry Potter is a taboo. It's + +120 +00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,750 +funny because it's taboo, it's haram. You + +121 +00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:44,250 +shouldn't watch, it's forbidden. And it's funny + +122 +00:07:44,250 --> 00:07:46,950 +because some Muslims said this, some Jews said + +123 +00:07:46,950 --> 00:07:49,670 +this, some Christians said this. So there's + +124 +00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:51,750 +something that unite all three religions here. + +125 +00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:54,330 +Because those people say that Harry Potter is + +126 +00:07:54,330 --> 00:07:57,350 +about teaching magic. No, we know magic is not + +127 +00:07:57,350 --> 00:08:01,750 +real. Like, you know, there are people who do + +128 +00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:06,730 +stuff, tricks. But we take this as an allegory, as + +129 +00:08:06,730 --> 00:08:10,030 +a metaphor, something that goes beyond this. So + +130 +00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:13,330 +Harry Potter is realistic because you could have a + +131 +00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:15,730 +friend like Harry. It's not about being an orphan. + +132 +00:08:16,190 --> 00:08:18,970 +It's about how he feels, how he talks, how he + +133 +00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:21,670 +eats, how he studies. He's like a typical student + +134 +00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:24,730 +here, someone who hates studies sometimes, + +135 +00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:26,890 +sometimes who doesn't want to do exams, sometimes + +136 +00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:31,850 +who wants to fight in order to help his friends in + +137 +00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,100 +a way or another. Sometimes we watch... Cartoons + +138 +00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:38,380 +where the main characters are animals. In a way, + +139 +00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:43,040 +yeah, it's cartoon. It's not real. Cartoons don't + +140 +00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:45,680 +exist in real life. Animals don't talk in real + +141 +00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:50,820 +life. But do they teach us lessons? Do they teach + +142 +00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:54,300 +us morals? Do they influence us? In a way, yes. + +143 +00:08:54,990 --> 00:08:57,830 +Now, later on I'll speak about this probably, but + +144 +00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,430 +since I just mentioned it, Kohlreich mentioned in + +145 +00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:07,670 +his criticism something called suspension of + +146 +00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:08,990 +disbelief. + +147 +00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:16,590 +You know suspend? If the study is suspended, you + +148 +00:09:16,590 --> 00:09:20,090 +no longer go to classes. If someone is suspended + +149 +00:09:20,090 --> 00:09:22,430 +from university, you're not allowed to come attend + +150 +00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:27,080 +the classes. Okay, so suspense in the story you + +151 +00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:31,140 +have sometimes suspense where you wait for stuff. + +152 +00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,900 +Suspension of belief or disbelief is a term that + +153 +00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:38,480 +Coleridge came up with, very significant. Listen, + +154 +00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,210 +literature is not about everything that happens in + +155 +00:09:44,210 --> 00:09:47,430 +life. Every little tiny thing that happens in + +156 +00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:50,330 +life. Literature is about selecting, choosing + +157 +00:09:50,330 --> 00:09:53,270 +representative issues. When I write a short story + +158 +00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,790 +about someone, about myself, about people, I don't + +159 +00:09:56,790 --> 00:10:01,160 +write every little piece of detail. I just choose + +160 +00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:05,000 +things to represent them in a way or another, to + +161 +00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,800 +portray how they react, how they act in a + +162 +00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,080 +particular situation. Now, in literature and in + +163 +00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,280 +movies, sometimes we see things that we don't + +164 +00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,440 +believe. That is not logical. That doesn't make + +165 +00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,720 +sense. Like sometimes in Hollywood action movies, + +166 +00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:23,320 +sometimes we'd be carrying a gun and we'd be + +167 +00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,860 +shooting for five minutes. And sometimes some + +168 +00:10:25,860 --> 00:10:30,870 +people around us Hasn't he run out of bullets yet? + +169 +00:10:31,570 --> 00:10:35,170 +We ask this question. Sometimes we see somebody in + +170 +00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:39,390 +a plane or in a train, and people ask, but we + +171 +00:10:39,390 --> 00:10:41,690 +didn't see him or her buy a ticket. How did he + +172 +00:10:41,690 --> 00:10:44,730 +manage to get through, right? And I have this + +173 +00:10:44,730 --> 00:10:47,930 +funny question. Someone, he was joking, of course. + +174 +00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:50,610 +He was like, I wonder why in movies sometimes + +175 +00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:55,460 +people don't eat. Unless it's about eating. So I + +176 +00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,260 +laughed and I remembered Coleridge. Because + +177 +00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:59,800 +Coleridge tells us that there's something we need + +178 +00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,900 +to do here. We need to suspend our disbelief or + +179 +00:11:02,900 --> 00:11:05,620 +our belief. What does it mean? It means we need to + +180 +00:11:05,620 --> 00:11:09,260 +stop being logical. We need to stop being + +181 +00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:17,100 +rational. So suspend your disbelief and follow the + +182 +00:11:17,100 --> 00:11:21,960 +plot and see what is behind, what is beyond the + +183 +00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,140 +plot because literature can't tell us everything. + +184 +00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,460 +Meaning you need to assume that it could have + +185 +00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:30,820 +happened in the cuts, in the shots. So if somebody + +186 +00:11:30,820 --> 00:11:33,300 +is shooting and the camera goes to the other + +187 +00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:36,680 +direction, I need to assume that he changed the + +188 +00:11:36,680 --> 00:11:40,400 +magazine in a way or another. If somebody doesn't + +189 +00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,760 +eat in the whole movie because + +190 +00:11:45,970 --> 00:11:48,870 +The producer here is only selecting parts where + +191 +00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:51,370 +he's at work, where he's doing other stuff other + +192 +00:11:51,370 --> 00:11:54,490 +than. It doesn't mean they just are fasting all + +193 +00:11:54,490 --> 00:11:56,690 +the time. You don't have to stop at everything. + +194 +00:11:56,830 --> 00:11:59,110 +Exactly, because that would be boring. It means + +195 +00:11:59,110 --> 00:12:01,370 +you will need to watch a movie that goes on for + +196 +00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:03,790 +five years or ten years or fifty years. You can't. + +197 +00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:06,470 +Can you watch a movie for fifty years or two years + +198 +00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:12,550 +or two months? No. It would be real life. And + +199 +00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:15,750 +literature is not about 100% real life. It's about + +200 +00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:19,050 +selecting things from real life. So the most + +201 +00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:21,370 +significant thing about Coleridge being different + +202 +00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:26,060 +is that he was interested in the super Natural. + +203 +00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:29,580 +The supernatural in the sense that he takes us + +204 +00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:34,440 +from a creative, imaginative world to the real + +205 +00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,880 +world in real life. I'll give you an example here + +206 +00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:39,940 +to make this clearer. + +207 +00:12:42,340 --> 00:12:44,820 +But before I do that, when I talk about The Rime + +208 +00:12:44,820 --> 00:12:46,820 +of the Ancient Mariner, there are two other texts + +209 +00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:50,480 +written by Coleridge. Really interesting. Some of + +210 +00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,660 +his texts are fragments. Listen. Coleridge was an + +211 +00:12:53,660 --> 00:12:57,380 +amazing critic. and an amazing poet at the same + +212 +00:12:57,380 --> 00:12:59,880 +time. But his problem is that he had a drug + +213 +00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,540 +problem. He was an opium addict. You know drug + +214 +00:13:03,540 --> 00:13:07,440 +addict? A drug addict? So he was addicted to + +215 +00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,990 +drugs, to opium. So sometimes he would be writing + +216 +00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:13,670 +an article or writing a poem, and somewhere in the + +217 +00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:16,430 +middle, he would just, you know, go high, feel + +218 +00:13:16,430 --> 00:13:20,650 +like take some drugs, and he would just be high. + +219 +00:13:20,950 --> 00:13:23,650 +And then he would stop doing it. Many people say + +220 +00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:25,790 +this is sad because he could have been an amazing, + +221 +00:13:26,610 --> 00:13:29,750 +comprehensive, profound critic. And some people + +222 +00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:32,250 +say, no, probably if it is because of the drugs, + +223 +00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:36,310 +we have the amazing stuff we have here. He's + +224 +00:13:36,310 --> 00:13:41,740 +Cristobal and Kubla Khan. Qubla Khan, where he + +225 +00:13:41,740 --> 00:13:45,590 +creates symbolic. Again, imaginative world. When + +226 +00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:50,050 +you read Kubla Khan, oh, he literally creates a + +227 +00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:54,650 +new world in a way similar but on a smaller scale + +228 +00:13:54,650 --> 00:13:58,690 +to the world that, what's her name, J.K. Rowling + +229 +00:13:58,690 --> 00:14:01,890 +creates in Harry Potter. Sometimes you feel like, + +230 +00:14:01,950 --> 00:14:04,510 +oh, my God, this J.K. Rowling is crazy. How can + +231 +00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,290 +she imagine this whole world with the minute + +232 +00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:10,110 +details? And that's the power of imagination we + +233 +00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:14,650 +have here. Kublai Khan is about a creative + +234 +00:14:14,650 --> 00:14:18,510 +imaginative world, imagination, which Coleridge + +235 +00:14:18,510 --> 00:14:21,190 +considers the most powerful of all human senses. + +236 +00:14:21,330 --> 00:14:24,330 +What is the most important sense of all for the + +237 +00:14:24,330 --> 00:14:27,210 +romantics in general, for Coleridge in particular? + +238 +00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:30,710 +Imagination, which is a romantic feature. The + +239 +00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:35,690 +power of imagination. The power of imagination. In + +240 +00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:39,520 +Christabel here, The poem, in the poem, he's + +241 +00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:44,520 +trying to search for a fuller meaning in life. In + +242 +00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:47,300 +a way, this is different from William Wood's work. + +243 +00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:52,240 +But the sad thing is that the poem is incomplete. + +244 +00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,320 +So some people say, ugh, this is a fragment. He + +245 +00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,820 +should have completed it. But some people say, no. + +246 +00:15:00,860 --> 00:15:03,900 +It's not about open-ended. It's just abruptly cut + +247 +00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:09,310 +short somewhere. In a way, The form, the structure + +248 +00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:12,510 +of the text is part of the meaning. In a way, he's + +249 +00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:15,590 +saying that you can't find full meaning. You can't + +250 +00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:19,770 +find, like when you search for fuller meaning and + +251 +00:15:19,770 --> 00:15:22,810 +understanding of life, you can't have that. You + +252 +00:15:22,810 --> 00:15:26,550 +can never have that. And his poem being a + +253 +00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:29,250 +fragment, it's like when someone says, if you + +254 +00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:34,430 +study hard, and just stops there. That's a + +255 +00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:39,790 +fragment, right? So you keep like, okay, what's + +256 +00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:41,690 +going to happen? If I study hard, what are you + +257 +00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:43,230 +going to do? Are you going to give us bonus? Are + +258 +00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:45,470 +you going to give us more marks? Are you going to + +259 +00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:49,610 +do another exam? What? And I just stop. Makes you + +260 +00:15:49,610 --> 00:15:54,060 +think, right? But it also probably creates some + +261 +00:15:54,060 --> 00:15:59,120 +sort of suspense, a world where you can't find an + +262 +00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,540 +ending to what you're looking for. And this is + +263 +00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:05,620 +life. Life throughout all our lives, we try to + +264 +00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:08,440 +search for meanings, right? For happiness. for + +265 +00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:13,040 +pleasure, for a purpose in our lives. And we keep + +266 +00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,800 +working and studying and working and making money + +267 +00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,360 +sometimes and making friends and having family. + +268 +00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:24,000 +And we grow old and sometimes we can't, we don't + +269 +00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,180 +feel that we really understand life or we really, + +270 +00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:33,040 +really have a full understanding of our own lives + +271 +00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,600 +at least. It's always incomplete. Like you said, + +272 +00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:39,780 +it's like an open-ended story. There's always more + +273 +00:16:39,780 --> 00:16:44,480 +to life. So he does this in his poems where he + +274 +00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,180 +generally goes to the medieval form of verse and + +275 +00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:52,000 +medieval settings. You know why? The romantics, I + +276 +00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:58,020 +guess I said this before, they try to skip the Age + +277 +00:16:58,020 --> 00:17:01,380 +of Reason. They try to skip the Augustan Age and + +278 +00:17:01,380 --> 00:17:04,420 +even the Elizabethan Age for many reasons and they + +279 +00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:06,460 +go back to the medieval ages. They take their + +280 +00:17:06,460 --> 00:17:09,600 +sittings and even their language and their style + +281 +00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,400 +because for them that was a very creative, very + +282 +00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,240 +imaginative world to go back. to go back to. But + +283 +00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,660 +again, the most important text, it's the longest + +284 +00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:24,340 +text by William, sorry, Samuel Coleridge. It's The + +285 +00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:28,040 +Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Very important, very + +286 +00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,800 +beautiful poem. I encourage you to go to YouTube + +287 +00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:32,860 +today and just Google The Rime of the Ancient + +288 +00:17:32,860 --> 00:17:38,300 +Mariner and enjoy the poem. The rhyme means song. + +289 +00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,470 +Mariner is a sailor. Doraemon and Angel Mariner. + +290 +00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:47,190 +Now it tells a story about a group of people, + +291 +00:17:47,450 --> 00:17:53,010 +about 200 people, who went to sea in a ship, and + +292 +00:17:53,010 --> 00:17:56,130 +they were just mariners, fishermen or something. + +293 +00:17:59,410 --> 00:18:02,710 +Now those people, again nature, right? Nature. + +294 +00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,070 +Those people get lost. And they are guided to the + +295 +00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:14,620 +right path by a bird. A white bird, a white sea + +296 +00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,140 +bird, it's called the albatross. + +297 +00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,000 +Not sure if this is originally an Arabic name. The + +298 +00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,930 +albatross, it's not There's the seagull. You know + +299 +00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:27,590 +the seagull we have here in Gaza? The seagull, + +300 +00:18:28,090 --> 00:18:31,370 +Nowras. This is Qatras. It's translated into + +301 +00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:34,710 +Qatras. It's huge. It's bigger than the seagull. + +302 +00:18:34,770 --> 00:18:37,430 +Not sure if they are the same species. The huge + +303 +00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:42,570 +white bird, it comes in a way it guides them to + +304 +00:18:42,570 --> 00:18:46,710 +safety. And they were like, oh. Because it saves + +305 +00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:48,670 +them in a way. It rescues them. They were like, + +306 +00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:54,130 +oh. That's an amazing bird. Thank you. But then + +307 +00:18:54,130 --> 00:18:59,750 +later on, one of the mariners, this ancient + +308 +00:18:59,750 --> 00:19:07,210 +mariner, shoots and kills the albatross. Just + +309 +00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:10,830 +kills the bird for no apparent reason. Stupid, + +310 +00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:14,460 +because man is foolish, right? And at the + +311 +00:19:14,460 --> 00:19:16,160 +beginning, his friends were, like, a little bit + +312 +00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,000 +angry. Nothing happens. And they were like, okay. + +313 +00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:22,920 +So they let it happen. No one punished him. No + +314 +00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:26,040 +one, you know, at least, you know, like, + +315 +00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:29,940 +reprimanded, rebuked him or did something to him. + +316 +00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:33,560 +And because of that, in a way, nature takes + +317 +00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:39,540 +revenge. The wind stops. The sun stops. The waves + +318 +00:19:39,540 --> 00:19:44,540 +stop. And the ship can't move. And they were lost. + +319 +00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:47,440 +They couldn't go home. They couldn't move. There + +320 +00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,580 +was no water to drink. Nothing. They were, again, + +321 +00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:54,820 +being punished by nature for violating, destroying + +322 +00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:57,340 +this natural element. We know in real life this + +323 +00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:58,980 +doesn't happen. This is what is meant by + +324 +00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,080 +supernatural. When you kill a bird, it's wrong. + +325 +00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,920 +It's horrible. Don't do this. But nothing happens. + +326 +00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:09,040 +Nature doesn't react like a cat reacts to you when + +327 +00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,500 +you cut a tree. It's horrible to nature. Don't do + +328 +00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:16,630 +it. But the wind is not going to stop. The sun is + +329 +00:20:16,630 --> 00:20:20,530 +not going to stop. But this is the supernatural + +330 +00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:27,290 +world of Coleridge here. Now, one by one, all the + +331 +00:20:27,290 --> 00:20:31,710 +sailors in the ship die in a very graphic way. The + +332 +00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:33,770 +description in the poem is really very graphic. + +333 +00:20:33,870 --> 00:20:36,510 +This is punishment for the mariner himself. Now, + +334 +00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:40,770 +he wishes he were dead here in a way, but he can't + +335 +00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:45,740 +even die. Very tough thing. When you wish to die + +336 +00:20:45,740 --> 00:20:48,840 +and you can't, it's a horrible feeling here. The + +337 +00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,080 +punishment for him is to be alive and to witness + +338 +00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:56,780 +every one of his friends die in front of him. And + +339 +00:20:56,780 --> 00:21:00,020 +it goes on the poem. And later on, he starts the + +340 +00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:02,880 +mariner, the ancient mariner, starts to appreciate + +341 +00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,920 +little life. Starts to see certain creatures, and + +342 +00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,920 +he sort of appreciates them, looks at them + +343 +00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:14,380 +differently. Remember when he killed the + +344 +00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:17,420 +albatross? He just was like, this is + +345 +00:21:17,420 --> 00:21:21,120 +insignificant. As a bird, it's insignificant. But + +346 +00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:23,220 +now he started to appreciate the little things, + +347 +00:21:23,340 --> 00:21:28,600 +the birds, the fish, the animals. And before this + +348 +00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,740 +happened, I have to say this because it's + +349 +00:21:30,740 --> 00:21:36,380 +significant. Before his friends died one by one, + +350 +00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:41,120 +they put the albatross around his neck. And it's + +351 +00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,260 +now, by the way, a famous idiom in English. When + +352 +00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:46,760 +you say something is an albatross around my neck + +353 +00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:50,340 +or his neck or her neck, it's like a curse. Like + +354 +00:21:50,340 --> 00:21:55,020 +you can't do it. For example, you You do something + +355 +00:21:55,020 --> 00:21:57,400 +wrong, something horrible, and you say, for + +356 +00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,860 +example, this is an albatross around my neck. You + +357 +00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:02,000 +don't study for a course. You don't get a high + +358 +00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,420 +score. So you say, this course, you feel guilty. + +359 +00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:08,240 +You feel it's like a curse that is chasing you + +360 +00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,380 +everywhere. So it's an albatross around the neck. + +361 +00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:15,010 +When he starts to appreciate nature, The albatross + +362 +00:22:15,010 --> 00:22:19,810 +falls and in a way he goes back to where he came + +363 +00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:24,630 +from. He doesn't die. He was saved. Why doesn't + +364 +00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:25,570 +Coleridge kill him? + +365 +00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:32,160 +He learns the lesson. If he dies, the whole story + +366 +00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:34,580 +is going to die. The whole tale is going to die + +367 +00:22:34,580 --> 00:22:37,300 +with him. And this is literature. The moral is + +368 +00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,180 +that literature is the moral, the lesson itself, + +369 +00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,220 +the story itself. Now his punishment, he's + +370 +00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:45,620 +punished here severely. But part of his + +371 +00:22:45,620 --> 00:22:49,280 +redemption, how to cleanse himself, to heal + +372 +00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,960 +himself, is to tell the story to everyone, to the + +373 +00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:57,010 +people around him, the people in town. So how does + +374 +00:22:57,010 --> 00:23:00,670 +the poem begin? Actually, the poem begins from the + +375 +00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:04,270 +end or in the middle, in media stress. We spoke + +376 +00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:08,460 +about this probably before. So he meets three + +377 +00:23:08,460 --> 00:23:11,600 +wedding guests, people going to a wedding. You + +378 +00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,540 +know, when you are going to a wedding to + +379 +00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:16,040 +celebrate, probably there's food and stuff, + +380 +00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:19,300 +celebrations, festive mood. And he was like, wait, + +381 +00:23:19,420 --> 00:23:21,720 +I'm going to tell you a story. And he's very old + +382 +00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:24,120 +with his beard and everything, and very + +383 +00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:26,460 +frightening. And the people are like, get out with + +384 +00:23:26,460 --> 00:23:28,260 +your bright eyes. We don't want to talk to you. + +385 +00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:33,720 +And he just kind of holds one of the guests, and + +386 +00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:39,040 +he physically makes this wedding guest listen to + +387 +00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,040 +his story. At the beginning, he doesn't want to. + +388 +00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:43,900 +He was reluctant. But later on, he was inspired + +389 +00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:48,220 +and attracted by the story. He was, wow, what a + +390 +00:23:48,220 --> 00:23:52,640 +lesson this is. Did a flashback? Yeah, he starts + +391 +00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:57,520 +by using flashback narrating the story, narrating + +392 +00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:03,240 +the story to the wedding, the guest here. Now, at + +393 +00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,540 +the end of the story, what happens is that they + +394 +00:24:05,540 --> 00:24:12,170 +both become sadder and wiser. Sad because we do a + +395 +00:24:12,170 --> 00:24:14,550 +lot of horrible things to ourselves, to people, to + +396 +00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:17,930 +nature, right? If I teach you how to respect + +397 +00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:20,030 +nature, how to love nature, how to appreciate + +398 +00:24:20,030 --> 00:24:22,770 +nature, you will feel guilty in a way. And if you + +399 +00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:26,870 +feel guilty and stop doing the pollution, throwing + +400 +00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,250 +rubbish here or there, to say the least, you're + +401 +00:24:30,250 --> 00:24:32,710 +going to become wiser and better. And literature + +402 +00:24:32,710 --> 00:24:35,050 +makes you wiser and better. Nature makes you + +403 +00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:39,010 +wiser. So Mother Nature is the best teacher here. + +404 +00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:46,060 +This is a romantic feature in this text. So let's + +405 +00:24:46,060 --> 00:24:49,560 +see how the text goes. You extract from the text. + +406 +00:24:51,860 --> 00:24:56,520 +Read, please. The rhyme of Agent Mariner. Day + +407 +00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,580 +after day, day after day, we stuck nor breathe nor + +408 +00:25:00,580 --> 00:25:04,800 +motion. Nor breath. Nor breath nor motion. As idle + +409 +00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:10,580 +as a printed chip upon Painted ship. Upon a + +410 +00:25:10,580 --> 00:25:13,880 +painted ocean, water, water everywhere, and all + +411 +00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:18,140 +the boards did shrink. Water, water everywhere, + +412 +00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:21,860 +nor any drops shrink. Yes. Okay. One more, please. + +413 +00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:27,660 +Day after day, day after day, we start no rain, no + +414 +00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:30,920 +emission. At the end of the end, a painted ship. + +415 +00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,590 +Upon a painted ocean. Upon a painted ocean. Water, + +416 +00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:41,390 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +417 +00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:44,830 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +418 +00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:47,830 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +419 +00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:48,630 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +420 +00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:50,030 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +421 +00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:50,730 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +422 +00:25:50,730 --> 00:25:50,730 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +423 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +424 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +425 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +426 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +427 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +428 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +429 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +430 +00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:51,010 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +431 +00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,010 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +432 +00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,570 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +433 +00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,570 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +434 +00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,730 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +435 +00:25:51,730 --> 00:25:52,050 +Water, water, everywhere. Water, water, + +436 +00:25:52,330 --> 00:25:58,650 +everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water, + +437 +00:25:59,510 --> 00:26:03,330 +water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. + +438 +00:26:03,850 --> 00:26:06,760 +Water, And in many ways, he doesn't follow one + +439 +00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,780 +particular structure. Sometimes he uses stanzas of + +440 +00:26:08,780 --> 00:26:12,060 +six lines, five lines. The rhyme scheme is not the + +441 +00:26:12,060 --> 00:26:19,120 +same. It's not. So here, they A, B, C. Ocean, + +442 +00:26:19,540 --> 00:26:24,580 +motion, same. Okay, A, B, C, B. Motion, ocean. + +443 +00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:29,540 +Okay, schwa, schwa, and in. A, B, A, B. It doesn't + +444 +00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:32,280 +follow the rules, the strict rules of classical + +445 +00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:38,400 +poetry writing, et cetera. But look at this, the + +446 +00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,500 +beauty, the repetition, the simplicity, the + +447 +00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:45,400 +emotions here. Day after day, day after day. This + +448 +00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,660 +is a narrative story, by the way, a narrative + +449 +00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:52,930 +poem. It tells a story. We stuck. No breath, no + +450 +00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:55,350 +motion. We couldn't move. We were stuck somewhere. + +451 +00:26:55,910 --> 00:26:58,010 +As ideal as a painted chip. And this is one of the + +452 +00:26:58,010 --> 00:27:00,950 +most amazing similes. Remember the similes here? + +453 +00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:04,610 +When you liken something, like or as. He could + +454 +00:27:04,610 --> 00:27:07,830 +have stopped here. As ideal as a painted chip. + +455 +00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,660 +Ideal like something that doesn't move. If someone + +456 +00:27:13,660 --> 00:27:15,980 +stays at home, doesn't have a job, doesn't want to + +457 +00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:19,360 +work, we describe him or her as ideal, okay? But + +458 +00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:23,680 +he goes further to upon a tainted ocean. It's not + +459 +00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:27,860 +only like everything is still, nothing moves. + +460 +00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:31,850 +That's nature punishing them. Water, water + +461 +00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:34,930 +everywhere. And all the boards shrink. Generally, + +462 +00:27:35,490 --> 00:27:38,190 +when there's water, the boards don't shrink. The + +463 +00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:41,010 +wood doesn't shrink. It expands more or less. But + +464 +00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,050 +here, everything is turned upside down. Water, + +465 +00:27:44,210 --> 00:27:47,630 +water everywhere. Nor any drop to drink. This is + +466 +00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:50,490 +ironic. Could be. Because there's water all over + +467 +00:27:50,490 --> 00:27:53,090 +the place. Some people might say, no, this is not + +468 +00:27:53,090 --> 00:27:57,470 +ironic, because we don't drink the sea water. It's + +469 +00:27:57,470 --> 00:28:01,070 +salty. But in a way, there is this thing, water. + +470 +00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:05,310 +This is nature. Sometimes if you destroy nature, + +471 +00:28:05,430 --> 00:28:09,010 +violate nature, nature is going to take the most + +472 +00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:12,350 +important, significant thing you have as people. + +473 +00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:18,690 +So there is water, but it's polluted. There is + +474 +00:28:18,690 --> 00:28:21,670 +air, but it's polluted. Soil, polluted. Food, + +475 +00:28:22,030 --> 00:28:25,350 +polluted. Water, water everywhere. And all the + +476 +00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:29,110 +boats did shrink. Water, water everywhere. Nor any + +477 +00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:32,790 +drop. to drink. This could happen in Ramadan. So + +478 +00:28:32,790 --> 00:28:37,070 +maybe I see at 6 a.m. first day of Ramadan, she + +479 +00:28:37,070 --> 00:28:40,810 +would be waking up like water, water everywhere. + +480 +00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:47,290 +Nor any drop to drink. By the way, this is also + +481 +00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,190 +about global warming and climate change. This is a + +482 +00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,230 +romance. This is how poetry starts everything. And + +483 +00:28:55,230 --> 00:29:01,200 +finally, in the At the end of the poem, this is + +484 +00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,840 +the third stanza from the bottom. This is the + +485 +00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:04,840 +moral lesson here. + +486 +00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,700 +He prays best who loves best, all things both + +487 +00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,580 +great and small, for the dear God who loves us he + +488 +00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:24,700 +made and loves us all. Some people say this is + +489 +00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,160 +about Christianity. I don't think it is pure + +490 +00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,270 +religious poem. It's a romantic poem because for + +491 +00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:34,830 +people, nature is religion. In a way, nature is + +492 +00:29:34,830 --> 00:29:37,650 +God for the romantics because they worship, they + +493 +00:29:37,650 --> 00:29:41,790 +adore nature. In the text here, there is the other + +494 +00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:44,710 +actually stance that says, he breathes well who + +495 +00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:51,770 +loves well both man, bird, and beast. He breathes + +496 +00:29:51,770 --> 00:29:56,440 +best who loves best all things both great and and + +497 +00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,600 +small. That's the moral. You need to love all and + +498 +00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,600 +everything. And that's our friend Coleridge. + +499 +00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:07,900 +Really interesting. Please have time, if not now, + +500 +00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,840 +in the summer break, read his poetry, especially + +501 +00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,660 +this one. Really, really cool. I'll post a video + +502 +00:30:13,660 --> 00:30:17,700 +on the Facebook group tonight. But you're not + +503 +00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:19,700 +required to do more than this. This is an + +504 +00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,260 +introduction course, so we're just taking bits and + +505 +00:30:22,260 --> 00:30:26,730 +pieces. And by the way, listen, this is funny. + +506 +00:30:26,970 --> 00:30:31,590 +William Wordsworth did not like this poem. Go read + +507 +00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:33,330 +more about this. But he didn't like it. He didn't + +508 +00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:35,950 +like the marina. He didn't like the text in many + +509 +00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:39,110 +ways. But he was like, when we publish another + +510 +00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:41,990 +book, I'll take it out. But he couldn't. The + +511 +00:30:41,990 --> 00:30:44,850 +second book, the second edition, it was also + +512 +00:30:44,850 --> 00:30:48,850 +there. But he did not like it. Coleridge. One + +513 +00:30:48,850 --> 00:30:51,050 +thing I like about Coleridge is that he was one of + +514 +00:30:51,050 --> 00:30:54,020 +the early critics who praised John Donne. And this + +515 +00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,780 +is not surprising, by the way. Because in a way, + +516 +00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,360 +remember, the metaphysical and the dramatics share + +517 +00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:02,360 +some common features. He didn't follow all the + +518 +00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,280 +rules. Yeah, sure. Like John did. Yeah, in a way. + +519 +00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,020 +So with Google, we can know the reason? Yeah, do + +520 +00:31:11,020 --> 00:31:14,580 +that. That means that, you know. Yeah, yeah. But + +521 +00:31:14,580 --> 00:31:16,940 +sometimes I don't have, sometimes I find myself + +522 +00:31:16,940 --> 00:31:20,290 +chained. Because I want to say a lot of things, + +523 +00:31:20,390 --> 00:31:22,530 +but at the same time, I don't want to say a lot of + +524 +00:31:22,530 --> 00:31:24,230 +things, because this is an introduction course. + +525 +00:31:25,690 --> 00:31:28,510 +But this is to inspire you. This is to make you + +526 +00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:31,030 +love texts, love literature, love certain poetry, + +527 +00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:36,090 +and to go do more reading. OK. So this is John + +528 +00:31:36,090 --> 00:31:41,350 +Keats. We'll do something about Keats here. + +529 +00:31:41,390 --> 00:31:48,280 +Listen. OK, everyone? Let's go to Keats. Now, + +530 +00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,180 +after William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge, we + +531 +00:31:52,180 --> 00:31:54,660 +have what we call the younger generation, the + +532 +00:31:54,660 --> 00:31:57,140 +second generation of the romantics, and Keats is + +533 +00:31:57,140 --> 00:32:02,380 +one of them. Many people love Keats and appreciate + +534 +00:32:02,380 --> 00:32:05,700 +him and love his poetry because he died very + +535 +00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:08,780 +young. He was only 25 when he died young. + +536 +00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,080 +Remember? Many people died young, and it was like + +537 +00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:16,700 +it gives them this image about prophets, like + +538 +00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,020 +perfect people, as if they are fictional + +539 +00:32:19,020 --> 00:32:23,160 +characters, perfect fictional characters. But + +540 +00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,740 +actually, his poetry is beautiful. His poetry is + +541 +00:32:26,740 --> 00:32:30,320 +lively. His poetry is unique in many ways. It's + +542 +00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,720 +romantic, but it's unique in many ways. Of course, + +543 +00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,340 +he was inspired by Coleridge and Wordsworth, but + +544 +00:32:36,340 --> 00:32:40,420 +he was closer to Coleridge in a sense. than to + +545 +00:32:40,420 --> 00:32:43,180 +Wordsworth. We see how he is interested in, for + +546 +00:32:43,180 --> 00:32:47,480 +example, the mythical, classical, and medieval + +547 +00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:49,760 +backgrounds, how he was interested in the + +548 +00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,760 +supernatural rather than the natural, still + +549 +00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,420 +aromatic, and how some of his poetry is even + +550 +00:32:57,420 --> 00:33:02,120 +incomplete. So some of his poems remain fragments, + +551 +00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,600 +in fragments. So there are similarities between + +552 +00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,220 +Keats and... + +553 +00:33:08,090 --> 00:33:12,370 +And Coleridge. Now, Keats, if you want to remember + +554 +00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:16,010 +Keats, remember him as someone who was seeking + +555 +00:33:16,010 --> 00:33:20,930 +truth and beauty all his life. Again, in a way + +556 +00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,770 +like Coleridge, he was seeking for a fuller + +557 +00:33:23,770 --> 00:33:28,890 +meaning of life. In his poetry, you always find + +558 +00:33:28,890 --> 00:33:33,830 +this urgency to find truth, to find meaning, to + +559 +00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:37,170 +make sense of life. Because remember Shakespeare + +560 +00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:40,210 +was fascinated, obsessed with time, because time + +561 +00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:43,530 +was destructive. It kills all, every fear from + +562 +00:33:43,530 --> 00:33:47,290 +fear sometimes declines. Also Keats, in many ways, + +563 +00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:51,350 +he was obsessed with this. He was in a particular + +564 +00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:55,230 +trek or journey to find meaning, to give meaning, + +565 +00:33:55,330 --> 00:33:57,810 +to give more meaning or more truth to his life. + +566 +00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,220 +And sadly, he was, I think he drowned. Was it he + +567 +00:34:02,220 --> 00:34:04,300 +or Shelly? Was it he or Shelly who drowned? I + +568 +00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,840 +don't know. But he died very young, 25. And that's + +569 +00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:10,720 +very paradoxical. It's very sad when people are + +570 +00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:13,380 +interested in something. It's like when someone + +571 +00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,980 +who loves, adores kids very much, and then they + +572 +00:34:15,980 --> 00:34:19,980 +don't have kids. You feel sorry for them. So this + +573 +00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:23,020 +man wanted to give a lot of meaning to his life. + +574 +00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,940 +And paradoxically, this is one reason why a lot of + +575 +00:34:27,940 --> 00:34:29,980 +people love his poetry, read his poetry, do + +576 +00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:34,300 +research on his poetry in a way or another. So his + +577 +00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:39,980 +themes are focused on the search for... there is + +578 +00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:43,520 +this struggle, the search for beauty, for truth, + +579 +00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:47,160 +for happiness, for permanence, in a way for + +580 +00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:51,640 +immortality. You know immortality? Immortality, + +581 +00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,400 +like al-khlut, to live forever. Sadly, he died, + +582 +00:34:56,140 --> 00:34:58,580 +but because of poetry and literature, he lives + +583 +00:34:58,580 --> 00:35:03,240 +forever. Now, almost 200 years later, we study it, + +584 +00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,740 +we praise him, we appreciate him. We say good + +585 +00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:12,140 +things about him. Okay? So he is always doing this + +586 +00:35:12,140 --> 00:35:16,760 +search, seeking truth, seeking beauty. And where + +587 +00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,120 +does he find beauty and truth? Can you tell? + +588 +00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:28,040 +Nature in pottery. For him, pottery is truth. + +589 +00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,080 +Pottery, or not only pottery, but artistic + +590 +00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,540 +creation, like paintings, like sculptures, + +591 +00:35:35,940 --> 00:35:40,690 +anything that is art. Because, listen, What is + +592 +00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:42,510 +art? What is poetry? What is literature? Generally + +593 +00:35:42,510 --> 00:35:46,770 +about the best of us, in a way, the best of our + +594 +00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:49,130 +surroundings. Even if it is a tragedy or a sad + +595 +00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:51,710 +story, we pick the best. When you write a story, + +596 +00:35:51,790 --> 00:35:53,350 +when you write something, you want to write the + +597 +00:35:53,350 --> 00:35:57,850 +best possible piece or to paint. When you do a + +598 +00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:00,770 +painting, you don't say, I want to paint a bad + +599 +00:36:00,770 --> 00:36:04,210 +painting. because you want to express yourself in + +600 +00:36:04,210 --> 00:36:06,870 +the best possible way, or to impress, or to reach + +601 +00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:10,010 +out to people in a way or another. So some of his + +602 +00:36:10,010 --> 00:36:13,510 +poetry, again, like I said, remains in fragments. + +603 +00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:18,010 +His major poems, like Ode to the Nightingale, or a + +604 +00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:21,850 +nightingale, you know nightingale? You know, bird? + +605 +00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:27,770 +And Ode to a Grecian An. The An means vase. Or + +606 +00:36:27,770 --> 00:36:30,030 +vase, two pronunciations. You know vase? + +607 +00:36:37,250 --> 00:36:42,750 +Yeah. Excellent drawing, right? One mark for you, + +608 +00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:49,750 +minus. So Keats here, he comes to the conclusion + +609 +00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:54,750 +that art, literature, artistic creation is the + +610 +00:36:54,750 --> 00:36:58,630 +best possible way to give meaning to our lives, to + +611 +00:36:58,630 --> 00:37:03,200 +give life to our lives. Because he says, beauty is + +612 +00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,180 +truth, and truth is beauty. We'll see this. So he + +613 +00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:08,980 +shows that art and artistic creation can make + +614 +00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:13,160 +things permanent. And he is right. Listen, you + +615 +00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,480 +could do many things, and people will forget you + +616 +00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,420 +as soon as you die, or 10 years, or 15 years, or + +617 +00:37:19,420 --> 00:37:24,620 +100 years after you die. But when you produce art, + +618 +00:37:24,780 --> 00:37:26,580 +when you are a painter, when you are an artist, + +619 +00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:29,890 +When you write poetry, when you write literature, + +620 +00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:33,670 +it will live forever and people will study it and + +621 +00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:35,730 +people will appreciate it because literature is + +622 +00:37:35,730 --> 00:37:39,650 +timeless. and universal. We're studying + +623 +00:37:39,650 --> 00:37:41,190 +Shakespeare here, and he died. We're studying + +624 +00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:44,810 +Beowulf, and the author died, right? A thousand + +625 +00:37:44,810 --> 00:37:48,150 +years ago or even more or less. And this is the + +626 +00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:50,150 +beauty of literature. We study literature written + +627 +00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:52,970 +by people of different colors, people of different + +628 +00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,890 +religions, backgrounds, and ethnicities, + +629 +00:37:54,970 --> 00:37:57,410 +everything. We still love the literature and + +630 +00:37:57,410 --> 00:38:00,550 +appreciate it. So this is where he finds beauty. + +631 +00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:05,570 +and meaning and truth in art, in literature. So he + +632 +00:38:05,570 --> 00:38:08,010 +believes that poetry can keep human feelings and + +633 +00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:13,830 +ideas alive and forever. And this is the extract + +634 +00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:16,850 +we need to study here. It's taken from an ode to a + +635 +00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:19,410 +Grecian urn, to the vase. And by the way, he's + +636 +00:38:19,410 --> 00:38:22,850 +talking directly to this artistic creation, to the + +637 +00:38:22,850 --> 00:38:25,730 +vase itself. Interesting dialogue, interesting + +638 +00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:28,070 +conversation. You usually talk to people, right? + +639 +00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:32,970 +But here, art... is the other part of the + +640 +00:38:32,970 --> 00:38:37,370 +dialogue. When old age shall this generation + +641 +00:38:37,370 --> 00:38:40,890 +waste? When I grow old and die, but sadly he + +642 +00:38:40,890 --> 00:38:44,750 +didn't grow old. He didn't grow old. Yeah? Sad. So + +643 +00:38:44,750 --> 00:38:46,750 +when you find this in his poetry, it's like when + +644 +00:38:46,750 --> 00:38:48,750 +someone says, when I get married and I have kids + +645 +00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:51,450 +and I have my job, but this person telling this + +646 +00:38:51,450 --> 00:38:55,420 +story is already dead. You're like, oh. So he + +647 +00:38:55,420 --> 00:38:58,700 +makes us feel this. He shakes our hearts so many + +648 +00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,660 +times when you read the poem. Thou shalt thou, + +649 +00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:07,220 +you, the urn, right? In midst of other war than + +650 +00:39:07,220 --> 00:39:11,720 +ours, a friend to man to whom thou sayest. So + +651 +00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:14,660 +who's saying this? Who's the speaker here? The urn + +652 +00:39:14,660 --> 00:39:18,110 +itself. What does the urn tell us? What does the + +653 +00:39:18,110 --> 00:39:22,490 +text teach us? What does poetry teach us? He's + +654 +00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,610 +saying if the poem speaks, it's going to say this. + +655 +00:39:25,790 --> 00:39:28,670 +If the vase has an artistic expression, artistic + +656 +00:39:28,670 --> 00:39:31,450 +creation, if it speaks, what is it going to tell + +657 +00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:36,750 +us? Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Beauty is + +658 +00:39:36,750 --> 00:39:42,690 +truth. Truth, beauty. Truth, beauty. Beauty is + +659 +00:39:42,690 --> 00:39:45,430 +truth. Truth, beauty. That is all. That's it. + +660 +00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:48,650 +That's what life is about as a romantic poet here. + +661 +00:39:49,770 --> 00:39:54,010 +That is all you know on Earth, and all you need to + +662 +00:39:54,010 --> 00:39:57,170 +know. Ye here, you. We have this before, like + +663 +00:39:57,170 --> 00:40:04,190 +gather ye buds, in the sense it was your. So what + +664 +00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:09,880 +is Keats here? This is a text from an ode, or ode + +665 +00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,020 +to a Grecian Anne by Jones. I know we have so many + +666 +00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:19,800 +Jones, so focus on the last name. Keats. Keats. + +667 +00:40:20,180 --> 00:40:22,860 +When you want to add possessive S to Keats, it + +668 +00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:31,140 +could be like this. You say, or two options. You + +669 +00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:34,900 +have two options. Keats's, this is a Keats's poem. + +670 +00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:41,080 +I prefer this. It's clearer, but this is correct. + +671 +00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,840 +So what is he doing here? This text has the + +672 +00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,460 +features of romanticism, a feature of William, + +673 +00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,280 +what's his name, John Keats in particular, where + +674 +00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:56,180 +art is the most significant expression of beauty + +675 +00:40:56,180 --> 00:40:59,630 +and truth. where poetry, where literature is + +676 +00:40:59,630 --> 00:41:03,990 +beauty, is truth. Where literature, where poetry, + +677 +00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:09,190 +where art gives us meaning and makes us live + +678 +00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:15,110 +forever and ever and ever. Because he died young, + +679 +00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:20,670 +he was for Allah. Even now, he is a symbol of + +680 +00:41:20,670 --> 00:41:26,050 +romanticism and romantic movement. I'll stop here + +681 +00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:30,970 +for Keats, but I have an extra text just for fun, + +682 +00:41:31,090 --> 00:41:36,130 +so to speak. Okay? This is an extra slide where + +683 +00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:41,310 +you have things I just mentioned, how in autumn, + +684 +00:41:41,450 --> 00:41:43,390 +again, he does the same thing about stressing + +685 +00:41:43,390 --> 00:41:47,910 +beauty and fullness of life and how he symbolizes + +686 +00:41:47,910 --> 00:41:51,110 +the romantic movement. Now, just two or three + +687 +00:41:51,110 --> 00:41:56,180 +minutes maximum. In this poem, I've just been + +688 +00:41:56,180 --> 00:41:58,800 +kidding with my colleague here, and I told her + +689 +00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:04,780 +that there is a ghost living in this poem. This + +690 +00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:08,740 +poem is haunting the readers. It has been haunting + +691 +00:42:08,740 --> 00:42:11,820 +readers for a long time. Let's see what it does to + +692 +00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:17,670 +us. The title is Not this hand or the living hand, + +693 +00:42:17,770 --> 00:42:22,070 +this. Like when someone says this, you just try to + +694 +00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:25,950 +look. He's performing the poem. He's saying, this + +695 +00:42:25,950 --> 00:42:29,970 +living hand, this living hand. In a way, he gives + +696 +00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:33,590 +us the impression that this is the hand. You can + +697 +00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,470 +touch it. You can feel it. Now warm and capable. + +698 +00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:40,190 +Now, in a way, I think he's writing the poem while + +699 +00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:43,840 +he's writing the poem. It's like when you have a + +700 +00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:48,580 +dream and you're dreaming in the dream. Okay? So + +701 +00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:55,040 +this hand, this hand, now warm and capable of + +702 +00:42:55,040 --> 00:43:00,380 +earnest grasping would, if it were cold, you know, + +703 +00:43:00,740 --> 00:43:06,140 +when a person dies, lifeless, it goes cold. And in + +704 +00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:13,310 +icy silence of the tomb, you know, grave, So haunt + +705 +00:43:13,310 --> 00:43:15,850 +thy days. It's going, now it's full of life. You + +706 +00:43:15,850 --> 00:43:18,470 +look at the hand, but when it is icy and cold, + +707 +00:43:18,610 --> 00:43:21,950 +it's haunting, you know, haunting, like terrorizes + +708 +00:43:21,950 --> 00:43:25,930 +you, scares you in a way. Thy days and chill thy + +709 +00:43:25,930 --> 00:43:27,850 +dreaming nights. If you see it in a dream, it's + +710 +00:43:27,850 --> 00:43:31,080 +going to be spooky, frightening. that thou would + +711 +00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:34,720 +wish thine own heart dry of blood. You would wish, + +712 +00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:37,000 +oh, my God, I don't want to see this scene. You + +713 +00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,580 +wish your own heart, you wish you were dead. You + +714 +00:43:40,580 --> 00:43:44,220 +don't want to see this scene. So in my veins, now + +715 +00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:47,200 +the veins, you know, where the blood goes, in my + +716 +00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:53,280 +veins, red life might stream again and again. How + +717 +00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:57,240 +can something come to life again after it's dead? + +718 +00:43:58,470 --> 00:44:04,930 +And thou be conscious, calmed. See here. Who's he + +719 +00:44:04,930 --> 00:44:08,690 +talking to? To us, to the readers, to the future + +720 +00:44:08,690 --> 00:44:13,650 +readers. See here. See, here it is. Here it is. + +721 +00:44:13,750 --> 00:44:16,330 +This is my hand. So it's someone like you + +722 +00:44:16,330 --> 00:44:20,230 +imagining the hand writing a text. And all of a + +723 +00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:22,510 +sudden, in the text, he tells you, see? Just like + +724 +00:44:22,510 --> 00:44:26,810 +sticking the hand outside. I hold it towards you. + +725 +00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:30,410 +Like this. I swear when I first read this poem, I + +726 +00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:35,050 +was like really indulged in the poem. I was like, + +727 +00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:39,030 +oh, because I was visualizing the text, seeing the + +728 +00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:41,110 +hand, feeling the hand, imagining the hand, and + +729 +00:44:41,110 --> 00:44:44,790 +feeling the, you know? And then when he says, here + +730 +00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:49,660 +it is. I hold it towards you. I was like. I feel + +731 +00:44:49,660 --> 00:44:52,740 +that the hand was literally physically sticking + +732 +00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:56,140 +out of the book, out of the text, and reaching out + +733 +00:44:56,140 --> 00:44:59,480 +to me. This is a fragment. It's an incomplete + +734 +00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,020 +poem. It does magic to... Go back home, try to + +735 +00:45:03,020 --> 00:45:06,740 +read it, and visualize what's going on. And Keats + +736 +00:45:06,740 --> 00:45:10,840 +does this all the time. Funny here. I don't think + +737 +00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,320 +funny is the right word, but this is a living + +738 +00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:20,270 +text. he's reaching to us 200 years later through + +739 +00:45:20,270 --> 00:45:24,910 +his poetry through his writing he's dead but his + +740 +00:45:24,910 --> 00:45:29,410 +poetry is living alive forever thank you very much + +741 +00:45:29,410 --> 00:45:34,970 +we stop here and next class we continue with Chile + +742 +00:45:34,970 --> 00:45:36,810 +first Chile and + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eac0d5da9c9c4404c282757bc9773461fbd470f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2772 @@ +1 +00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:23,770 +Good day everyone. Today we continue speaking + +2 +00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:29,010 +about the romantic movement. We are done with the + +3 +00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:34,430 +romantic poets. We finished Blake Coleridge, + +4 +00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:37,170 +William Wordsworth, John Keats, + +5 +00:00:39,710 --> 00:00:46,130 +Marlow, Marlow, Byron. Byron is not a romantic + +6 +00:00:46,130 --> 00:00:50,740 +poet. Although he speaks about women, courtly + +7 +00:00:50,740 --> 00:00:54,100 +love. Remember romantic poetry is not about women, + +8 +00:00:54,260 --> 00:00:56,980 +it's not about love relationships between men and + +9 +00:00:56,980 --> 00:01:01,420 +women. It's about nature, it's about loving + +10 +00:01:01,420 --> 00:01:03,540 +yourself, it's about individuality and all these + +11 +00:01:03,540 --> 00:01:07,880 +interesting themes. Today we move to speak about + +12 +00:01:09,380 --> 00:01:13,580 +two women poets, two romantic, sorry, two women + +13 +00:01:13,580 --> 00:01:18,780 +writers, authors, female romantic authors. The + +14 +00:01:18,780 --> 00:01:22,300 +first one is Mary Shelley. The second one is Jane + +15 +00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:25,240 +Austen. And before I begin, there are two things I + +16 +00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:31,260 +have to discuss. The first, Mary Shelley is Percy + +17 +00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:36,450 +Shelley's wife. Okay, despite the fact, and this + +18 +00:01:36,450 --> 00:01:39,350 +is very interesting, despite the fact that her + +19 +00:01:39,350 --> 00:01:43,190 +parents, especially her mom, played a great role + +20 +00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:48,710 +in developing Mary's skills as a writer, as a + +21 +00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,550 +thinker, as a critic, as an essayist. She's + +22 +00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:55,830 +usually attributed to her husband because her + +23 +00:01:55,830 --> 00:01:59,410 +husband's family name is used here, not her + +24 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,810 +parents, her original family name. And this is + +25 +00:02:02,810 --> 00:02:05,470 +something some women resist most of the time. And + +26 +00:02:05,470 --> 00:02:08,250 +here in Gaza, the laws were changed a little bit. + +27 +00:02:08,330 --> 00:02:11,710 +Now a woman can choose to take her husband's name + +28 +00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:15,010 +or to keep her own name. In America, sometimes + +29 +00:02:15,010 --> 00:02:18,850 +they do double. Like she keeps her name, her + +30 +00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:22,250 +family name, and she also uses her husband's, like + +31 +00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:26,390 +Hillary Rodham Clinton. So Clinton is the family + +32 +00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:32,240 +name of the husband. Rodham is her own surname. + +33 +00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,020 +And what I'm saying here is that sometimes women's + +34 +00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:39,000 +success is generally attributed not to themselves + +35 +00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,440 +or to their parents or particularly to their mom, + +36 +00:02:43,220 --> 00:02:47,300 +but to her husband. to a man who was behind her. + +37 +00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,960 +It's like every, there is a man behind every great + +38 +00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,600 +woman supporting her and pushing and pushing her + +39 +00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,700 +and this is really anti-feminist in a way or + +40 +00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:59,020 +another. The other thing is the fact that Jane + +41 +00:02:59,020 --> 00:03:04,010 +Austen is considered by many people, many readers + +42 +00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,610 +and critics to be a Victorian figure or rather a + +43 +00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:11,730 +pre-Victorian figure. Here, we're going to discuss + +44 +00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:15,070 +Jane Austen as a figure who was in between. She + +45 +00:03:15,070 --> 00:03:19,690 +was the transitioning link between romanticism and + +46 +00:03:19,690 --> 00:03:23,350 +the Victorian Age. In her novels, we'll see themes + +47 +00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:26,830 +and interests and concerns from the Romantic era, + +48 +00:03:27,010 --> 00:03:30,490 +Romantic period, and also she was preparing the + +49 +00:03:30,490 --> 00:03:33,610 +scene for the Victorian theme. So if someone tells + +50 +00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:36,310 +you, no, no, no, she's Victorian, okay, they have + +51 +00:03:36,310 --> 00:03:39,370 +a point. If someone says, no, she's pure Romantic, + +52 +00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:42,730 +they also have a point. In my opinion, she's both. + +53 +00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:47,930 +And sometimes it's not easy to give clear-cut + +54 +00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:52,210 +answers whether somebody is Victorian or not, or + +55 +00:03:52,210 --> 00:03:54,390 +romantic or not, because they could have common + +56 +00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:57,410 +features from a particular movement, but also they + +57 +00:03:57,410 --> 00:04:01,250 +could have their own individual personal features. + +58 +00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:03,490 +Like when we discussed Byron, we said Byron + +59 +00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:09,620 +returned back to Augustan Age idea of using irony + +60 +00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,800 +and satire as tools in poetry, something that most + +61 +00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:19,120 +of other romantics just didn't want to do, okay? + +62 +00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:26,960 +So Mary Wollstonecraft, her original family name, + +63 +00:04:27,460 --> 00:04:31,930 +it's huge, so big, it's a burden, right? And now + +64 +00:04:31,930 --> 00:04:36,930 +she uses, or many people refer to her basically as + +65 +00:04:36,930 --> 00:04:41,190 +Mary Shilley. Mary Shilley. Shilley was, she was + +66 +00:04:41,190 --> 00:04:43,650 +in a way, she had some critical opinions. She was + +67 +00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:46,010 +an essayist. She was also a short story writer. + +68 +00:04:46,390 --> 00:04:49,530 +But most importantly, she was a novelist. So + +69 +00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:52,390 +romanticism and romantic movement was mainly a + +70 +00:04:52,390 --> 00:04:58,180 +movement of poetry. Prose was developed in so many + +71 +00:04:58,180 --> 00:05:01,360 +ways, especially that some women were writing a + +72 +00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,620 +prose. They always wanted to find different ways. + +73 +00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:06,720 +They always wanted to experiment and to change the + +74 +00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:12,280 +techniques of men telling stories. Her most famous + +75 +00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:16,220 +text is called Frankenstein. Frankenstein. + +76 +00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:20,600 +Frankenstein. It's described as a Gothic novel. + +77 +00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:24,400 +Gothic novel and Gothic novels generally are + +78 +00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,960 +novels that take place among the ruins of ancient + +79 +00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,140 +buildings and castles and in forests and jungles + +80 +00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:35,700 +and sometimes there is an element of terror and + +81 +00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:41,320 +fear and something that intimidates the readers + +82 +00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:44,300 +that makes you feel that this is some sort of a + +83 +00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:47,870 +scary movie in a way. Okay? But basically, it + +84 +00:05:47,870 --> 00:05:51,470 +happens among, you know, mysterious buildings + +85 +00:05:51,470 --> 00:05:55,490 +with, you know, ancient histories and everything. + +86 +00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:58,490 +So this is basically what a Gothic novel is. This + +87 +00:05:58,490 --> 00:06:01,130 +is the basic definition. You can elaborate on that + +88 +00:06:01,130 --> 00:06:03,830 +more. So Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus, + +89 +00:06:03,910 --> 00:06:07,930 +Prometheus is the subtitle of the novel. It's in + +90 +00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:11,910 +ancient Greece or Greek mythology, Prometheus + +91 +00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:18,740 +brings the fire. from heaven somewhere to men, and + +92 +00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,600 +he was punished by the gods because fire was not + +93 +00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,160 +supposed to be given to men. So what Prometheus + +94 +00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:27,480 +does is to break the rules of the gods, to break + +95 +00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,020 +the rules, the barriers, and to bring something to + +96 +00:06:30,020 --> 00:06:33,320 +humanity, which is fire. For many, fire is + +97 +00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,760 +probably the most significant invention ever. What + +98 +00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,180 +happens in the story is that someone by the name + +99 +00:06:41,180 --> 00:06:46,930 +of Victor Frankenstein So who's Victor + +100 +00:06:46,930 --> 00:06:50,530 +Frankenstein? He's the main character. He's the + +101 +00:06:50,530 --> 00:06:53,810 +protagonist, the hero, so to speak. He's a + +102 +00:06:53,810 --> 00:06:57,550 +scientist, a student at university. Doing a lot of + +103 +00:06:57,550 --> 00:07:01,950 +research and experimentations, Victor Frankenstein + +104 +00:07:01,950 --> 00:07:06,690 +discovers the secret of life. You know, the secret + +105 +00:07:06,690 --> 00:07:11,850 +of life? Because no matter what humanity does, it + +106 +00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,980 +will not be able to give life to a dead body. It's + +107 +00:07:15,980 --> 00:07:21,620 +impossible. This is only the work of God. Because, + +108 +00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:25,980 +you know, using electricity and some technological + +109 +00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,420 +scientific advances, Victor discovers the secret + +110 +00:07:29,420 --> 00:07:32,800 +of life. What does he do? He's between, you know, + +111 +00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,920 +he's, like, caught between two options here. To + +112 +00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,300 +compete with God, you know, to be, remember, Dr. + +113 +00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:42,420 +Faustus, he wanted to be as powerful as God, to + +114 +00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:47,040 +know everything and do everything possible. So he + +115 +00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:51,890 +chooses to go into this path of trying to create + +116 +00:07:51,890 --> 00:07:54,830 +something, somebody. So he goes to a cemetery, to + +117 +00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:58,530 +a graveyard, and he collects body parts from dead + +118 +00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,310 +people. A head from here, a torso from here, a + +119 +00:08:01,310 --> 00:08:03,810 +hand from here, a leg from here, and he attaches + +120 +00:08:03,810 --> 00:08:07,510 +them together, and he uses the... Yeah, he + +121 +00:08:07,510 --> 00:08:11,610 +stitches the body parts together, and he breathes + +122 +00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:17,850 +life, life into this creature. He gives it life + +123 +00:08:17,850 --> 00:08:21,930 +using technology and science. Oh, interesting, + +124 +00:08:22,090 --> 00:08:24,390 +right? Of course, this is called science fiction. + +125 +00:08:24,550 --> 00:08:27,030 +We'll see in a bit what science fiction means. + +126 +00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:29,810 +It's impossible in real life. But in science + +127 +00:08:29,810 --> 00:08:33,110 +fiction novels, they tell us about how science + +128 +00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:38,810 +sometimes in the future, like in 3020, or people + +129 +00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:42,060 +on Mars, or aliens coming here, This is what + +130 +00:08:42,060 --> 00:08:45,160 +basically a science fiction novel does. It's about + +131 +00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:49,860 +what science can do that people can't really + +132 +00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:53,760 +imagine in real life, like how science can reach + +133 +00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:58,040 +out to other planets or other, you know, peoples + +134 +00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:03,300 +on Mars or Jupiter or other planets out there, or + +135 +00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:05,960 +how people can move in time and place, you know, + +136 +00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:09,080 +time machines. and everything. I know some people + +137 +00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:11,420 +who hate science fiction. They say, I don't + +138 +00:09:11,420 --> 00:09:14,840 +believe this. It's impossible for people to travel + +139 +00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,580 +across time and place in very short periods of + +140 +00:09:19,580 --> 00:09:22,600 +time. It's difficult to go back in time. But + +141 +00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,220 +remember, science fiction is some of the most + +142 +00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:27,780 +interesting imaginative and creative writing ever. + +143 +00:09:28,570 --> 00:09:31,450 +And according to many, science fiction has given + +144 +00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:34,510 +people and scientists and technology a lot of + +145 +00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:38,030 +ideas. I remember like 20 years ago, 25 years ago, + +146 +00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:40,910 +when we would watch a movie where a policeman + +147 +00:09:40,910 --> 00:09:45,030 +holds, for example, some sort of a TV or a screen + +148 +00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:48,530 +and would use, you know, touch things and move + +149 +00:09:48,530 --> 00:09:50,750 +things with fingers. Many people were like, what? + +150 +00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:53,650 +Like you touch a screen and everything moves and + +151 +00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,550 +now everything in our lives is touch screen. This + +152 +00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,970 +started decades ago in science fiction. So this is + +153 +00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,850 +basically about science doing the impossible. + +154 +00:10:05,630 --> 00:10:09,870 +Okay, so who's the main character? Victor + +155 +00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:13,870 +Frankenstein. The novel is named after him. Now he + +156 +00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:16,750 +creates a being sometimes referred to as a + +157 +00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:21,190 +creature being and he created like you know like + +158 +00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:26,850 +like a God. This creature is referred to as a + +159 +00:10:26,850 --> 00:10:32,510 +monster. Many people think that Frankenstein + +160 +00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:35,670 +refers to this creature or being or monster. No, + +161 +00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:39,370 +it actually refers to the scientist, the main + +162 +00:10:39,370 --> 00:10:42,550 +character, Victor Frankenstein. And the creature + +163 +00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:46,090 +remains unnamed throughout the whole novel. It + +164 +00:10:46,090 --> 00:10:50,470 +doesn't have a name, which is too sad. It's too + +165 +00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:53,830 +sad. Can you live without a name? Can you go on in + +166 +00:10:53,830 --> 00:10:56,210 +life and people calling you, hey, you, hey, + +167 +00:10:56,610 --> 00:10:59,470 +something? You have a name and when people call + +168 +00:10:59,470 --> 00:11:02,670 +you hey, you, or something, you say, yeah, yeah, + +169 +00:11:02,750 --> 00:11:07,490 +excuse me, I have a name, being a woman, hey, + +170 +00:11:07,590 --> 00:11:10,300 +woman. Come on. Yeah, I am a woman. I'm proud of + +171 +00:11:10,300 --> 00:11:13,460 +that. But I have a name. Call me by my name. So + +172 +00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:16,840 +don't mix this. If in the exam I ask you, I say + +173 +00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:21,640 +that true or false, the main character is the + +174 +00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,640 +creature named Frankenstein. It's wrong. And it's + +175 +00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,040 +actually one of the sad things. Now, When the + +176 +00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,020 +creature wakes up, comes to life, he looks so + +177 +00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:35,460 +ugly, so to speak, because of the stitches, + +178 +00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:38,080 +because of the body parts. And instead of taking + +179 +00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:42,080 +care of this creature as a baby or as a machine + +180 +00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,310 +you create, you invent, Victor Frankenstein runs + +181 +00:11:45,310 --> 00:11:49,190 +away. He abandons this creature, and he runs away, + +182 +00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:52,350 +and the creature gets very angry, very sad, learns + +183 +00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:54,630 +to speak, learns to read, learns to do many + +184 +00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:58,750 +interesting things by itself or himself, because + +185 +00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:03,270 +it is treated as a thing. Yes? This is very close + +186 +00:12:03,270 --> 00:12:05,930 +to the official infusion report from the US + +187 +00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,830 +Wikipedia. Yeah, yeah, exactly. In a way, like, + +188 +00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:12,050 +you don't have to take it literally, people giving + +189 +00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:15,030 +life to dead bodies. Like robots nowadays could be + +190 +00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:17,490 +like, you know Sophia? You know Sophia, the robot + +191 +00:12:17,490 --> 00:12:20,710 +that looks very intelligent. In a way, it looks + +192 +00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:22,770 +like. And we have so many movies, science fiction + +193 +00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:26,690 +movies about robots, you know, controlling their + +194 +00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:28,750 +own lives and destinies and rebelling against + +195 +00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:31,770 +human beings because of something, abuse or + +196 +00:12:31,770 --> 00:12:32,750 +something. + +197 +00:12:34,780 --> 00:12:37,780 +Now, the monster, I don't like to say the monster, + +198 +00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:39,660 +but it is described in the book as a monster, + +199 +00:12:40,220 --> 00:12:42,980 +comes to Victor and says, Victor, you created me. + +200 +00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,420 +You should take care of me. He says, No, go away. + +201 +00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,130 +Go away. You are hideous. OK, create something + +202 +00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,370 +else. Create a wife so I can have a company, + +203 +00:12:52,510 --> 00:12:54,410 +companion. And we can go to the mountains. We'll + +204 +00:12:54,410 --> 00:12:56,630 +not bother anybody, he said. He starts to do + +205 +00:12:56,630 --> 00:13:00,030 +something about it. And then he stops. He destroys + +206 +00:13:00,030 --> 00:13:03,510 +the other creature, the female creature he was + +207 +00:13:03,510 --> 00:13:08,350 +creating. He gets angry. He kills his brother. He + +208 +00:13:08,350 --> 00:13:12,190 +causes the death of several people. He kills. + +209 +00:13:13,020 --> 00:13:17,820 +Victor's wife, the night of the wedding. He kills + +210 +00:13:17,820 --> 00:13:21,060 +Victor Frankenstein himself. Now, what is + +211 +00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,180 +interesting about this novel is original in many + +212 +00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:25,560 +ways. It's one of the first science fiction + +213 +00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:28,360 +novels. It's one of the earliest Gothic novels in + +214 +00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,360 +English literature. But also the narrative of the + +215 +00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,380 +story is experimental and original. Only generally + +216 +00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,640 +women, men were doing the same thing again and + +217 +00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,540 +again and again. Yes, we have a lot of + +218 +00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:40,620 +experimentation like, you know, remember Tristram + +219 +00:13:40,620 --> 00:13:45,750 +Shandy, Lawrence Stern? And women usually wanted + +220 +00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:49,290 +to be different, to prove, to make a point, to + +221 +00:13:49,290 --> 00:13:51,910 +prove that they can write better than men. And + +222 +00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,090 +that's why they did an amazing job in this regard. + +223 +00:13:56,490 --> 00:14:00,430 +So the novel starts with Victor, I think it was + +224 +00:14:00,430 --> 00:14:05,000 +Victor and his sister exchanging letters. So it's + +225 +00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,760 +epistolary in a way. Epistolary using epistles, + +226 +00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,020 +letters. And then we shift to listen to the story. + +227 +00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,380 +We see everything through the mind and the eyes + +228 +00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:17,780 +and the perspective of Victor. And at the end of + +229 +00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:22,580 +the book, in a very surprising way, the narrative, + +230 +00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,940 +the narration shifts where we come face to face + +231 +00:14:25,940 --> 00:14:30,360 +with the monster and we listen to his story. And + +232 +00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:32,140 +it's very beautiful because generally in stories + +233 +00:14:32,140 --> 00:14:36,320 +like in Robinson Crusoe, we don't listen to Friday + +234 +00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:40,780 +talking unfiltered. He talks in the story, but + +235 +00:14:40,780 --> 00:14:44,810 +who? tells us what he said, what he didn't say. + +236 +00:14:45,290 --> 00:14:47,970 +It's the narrator. It's Robinson Crusoe himself. + +237 +00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:51,710 +But here, we come face to face with the monster, + +238 +00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:54,830 +with the creature, and he tells us, and we feel so + +239 +00:14:54,830 --> 00:14:58,130 +sad and so sorry for him. We sympathize with him. + +240 +00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:00,830 +In a way, we identify with him. He's like, I was + +241 +00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:03,450 +alone. He kept me. He abandoned me. I was like + +242 +00:15:03,450 --> 00:15:06,430 +Adam. If God didn't take care of Adam, he would + +243 +00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:09,490 +turn up into something, some kind of a monster. + +244 +00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,360 +just to create a female companion. I wanted + +245 +00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:15,840 +company. I wanted to talk to people. He didn't + +246 +00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:20,620 +even give me a name. And then the creature runs + +247 +00:15:20,620 --> 00:15:24,260 +away and disappears in the snow. Really beautiful + +248 +00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:28,960 +novel if you are into Gothic and science fiction. + +249 +00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:31,820 +In many ways, this is an experimental original + +250 +00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:38,010 +Now, what is romantic about this? We'll see, + +251 +00:15:38,290 --> 00:15:41,450 +again, so Frankenstein is an experimental novel in + +252 +00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:44,330 +its structure and narrative form, the way it's + +253 +00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:48,800 +built, the way it's told to us. The fact that + +254 +00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,480 +there is a shift in the narrative mode, and we + +255 +00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,740 +come face to face with the antagonist, with the + +256 +00:15:54,740 --> 00:15:58,800 +bad guy, and then we realize, wait a minute, the + +257 +00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:02,160 +bad guy is not that bad at all. Or at least, of + +258 +00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,260 +course, we never justify murder. We don't say, + +259 +00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:07,480 +yeah. Victor deserves to die, his wife deserves to + +260 +00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:09,340 +die, everybody else deserves to die. No, we don't + +261 +00:16:09,340 --> 00:16:12,960 +justify murder at all, but at least we try to + +262 +00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:13,760 +understand. + +263 +00:16:16,180 --> 00:16:20,120 +Yeah, not justifiable again, but we ask ourselves, + +264 +00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,820 +would we do the same thing or similar things if we + +265 +00:16:23,820 --> 00:16:28,380 +were in his shoes? I know his shoes are big, but + +266 +00:16:28,380 --> 00:16:32,060 +would we be reacting in a same way or a similar + +267 +00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:37,560 +way? in a way or another? Hopefully not, but who + +268 +00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,940 +knows? So the novel has romantic and anti-romantic + +269 +00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:44,400 +features. The idea that, remember imagination, + +270 +00:16:44,660 --> 00:16:46,220 +there is a lot about nature, imagination, + +271 +00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,840 +individuality, and the ordinary people, but also + +272 +00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,660 +here Mary Shelley is saying that it's very + +273 +00:16:53,660 --> 00:16:57,000 +dangerous to totally depend on your imagination. + +274 +00:16:59,030 --> 00:17:04,430 +imagination that is not at least, I would say, + +275 +00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:07,670 +controlled a little bit, controlled in a way where + +276 +00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:11,570 +man should know the limits, it's very dangerous. + +277 +00:17:12,330 --> 00:17:14,650 +And this is the result. You destroy yourself, you + +278 +00:17:14,650 --> 00:17:18,310 +create things that will be destructive. And we've + +279 +00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:21,090 +seen this in science, science making viruses, + +280 +00:17:21,910 --> 00:17:26,620 +scientists making diseases sometimes. in a way or + +281 +00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:29,060 +another. But again, it shows the romantic interest + +282 +00:17:29,060 --> 00:17:31,960 +in nature and the supernatural. It shows the + +283 +00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:36,740 +attempts of man to be as powerful as God. We've + +284 +00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:38,820 +seen this in Shakespeare. We've seen this in + +285 +00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:41,980 +Marlow. And it's repeated here. So again, this is + +286 +00:17:41,980 --> 00:17:44,660 +one, like I say here, one of the first modern + +287 +00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:47,160 +science fiction novels. What is science fiction? + +288 +00:17:47,540 --> 00:17:50,920 +This is, again, simply speaking, We've seen many + +289 +00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:53,940 +movies, many movies about science fiction and + +290 +00:17:53,940 --> 00:17:57,580 +books, stories about events, sometimes in the + +291 +00:17:57,580 --> 00:18:01,660 +future, which are affected by imaginary + +292 +00:18:01,660 --> 00:18:05,080 +developments in science. However, some of these + +293 +00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:08,480 +imaginary developments can sometimes become a + +294 +00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:11,620 +reality in a way or another, such as traveling in + +295 +00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:14,680 +time or other planets with life on them. So this + +296 +00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:19,910 +is basically Frankenstein. This is Mary Shelley. A + +297 +00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:23,850 +woman writer. She, by the way, she was one of the + +298 +00:18:23,850 --> 00:18:26,310 +people who supported her husband. It's not the + +299 +00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:30,670 +other way. When we get to hear Mary Shelley, oh, + +300 +00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:34,710 +her husband must have helped her. He could have + +301 +00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:36,670 +done this to her. He could have made her famous. + +302 +00:18:37,170 --> 00:18:40,130 +In a way, she was there to help him. Her mother + +303 +00:18:40,130 --> 00:18:45,410 +was a significant player in her future. Okay, any + +304 +00:18:45,410 --> 00:18:47,410 +question about Frankenstein, Mary Shelley? + +305 +00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:54,820 +Do you like science fiction? Does anybody here + +306 +00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,600 +like to watch science fiction movies? What do you + +307 +00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,260 +like about it? That in the future maybe we can + +308 +00:19:02,260 --> 00:19:05,560 +inspire from them trying to do something new. + +309 +00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:10,940 +Okay, inspiration, new. What else? Yes? I like + +310 +00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:15,300 +science fiction because you know it gives us hope + +311 +00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:19,080 +for the future. But I don't like time travel + +312 +00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,820 +because it doesn't make sense for me. Listen, + +313 +00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:26,940 +remember coleridge? Coleridge here comes in handy + +314 +00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:32,660 +where we need to suspend our disbelief. + +315 +00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,740 +You know it's impossible. But remember in the + +316 +00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,020 +past, in the past, Yeah, like in the past, it + +317 +00:19:41,020 --> 00:19:43,620 +would take you months to move from, I don't know, + +318 +00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,480 +London to somewhere in Asia, somewhere in Europe + +319 +00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:48,880 +even. And now you can just do it in two, three, + +320 +00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,660 +five hours. In a way, this is some sort of, you + +321 +00:19:52,660 --> 00:19:54,540 +know, it's traveling. It's not time traveling. + +322 +00:19:55,540 --> 00:19:59,520 +Just about speed. It's speed, yeah. I'm not + +323 +00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:01,920 +saying, I don't believe that in the future we will + +324 +00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:05,160 +be able to travel in time or to travel, you know. + +325 +00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:08,990 +What is it called in Harry Potter? Operating? + +326 +00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:11,630 +Operating? Is it operating? When they move from + +327 +00:20:11,630 --> 00:20:14,230 +one place to another using the fire and the + +328 +00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:18,150 +powder? Oh, I forgot Harry Potter. But I don't + +329 +00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:21,390 +think people can. Remember Hermione? Was it in + +330 +00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:23,410 +book one or book two? She also moved the + +331 +00:20:23,410 --> 00:20:27,360 +particular device. She had to turn to turn time, + +332 +00:20:28,180 --> 00:20:31,640 +time-turner device. But again, we use our + +333 +00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,360 +imagination here. We disable this logic a little + +334 +00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:39,500 +bit just to see what's going on. There is a movie + +335 +00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:41,840 +called Translator, I guess, Translator where + +336 +00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,100 +someone, they bring a translator to talk to some + +337 +00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:49,180 +of the aliens. A very beautiful one. I love the + +338 +00:20:49,180 --> 00:20:51,800 +movie. Especially, I love movies where you have + +339 +00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,840 +things about English and literature and like the + +340 +00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:59,180 +Dead Poets Society. You should watch this movie. A + +341 +00:20:59,180 --> 00:21:02,240 +lot of inspiration. It's dark a little bit. But + +342 +00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:06,660 +again, I love how when an alien comes from I don't + +343 +00:21:06,660 --> 00:21:10,160 +know where, and they go to someone who teaches + +344 +00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:12,800 +translation, who is specialized in translation, + +345 +00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:17,440 +come translate for us. It's mad, it's crazy + +346 +00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:20,960 +because it's impossible. But I laugh because I + +347 +00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,540 +identified with this. Many people are like + +348 +00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:27,880 +regularly like say, hey, do you have a minute? I + +349 +00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:29,700 +say, yeah, I have a class in 10 minutes. And they + +350 +00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,200 +say, can you translate these three pages for me? + +351 +00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,580 +And I'm like, but this is untranslatable. It's + +352 +00:21:37,580 --> 00:21:41,140 +sometimes almost impossible to translate stuff. A + +353 +00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:46,540 +friend of mine asked me to translate, All these + +354 +00:21:46,540 --> 00:21:52,090 +Arabic, how would you translate it? So seriously, + +355 +00:21:52,430 --> 00:21:55,910 +in many ways, I felt this connection between me + +356 +00:21:55,910 --> 00:21:58,610 +and the translator. Like, hey, translators can do + +357 +00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:01,630 +anything. Come translate because there's an alien + +358 +00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:05,430 +talking to us. So it could be about, you know, + +359 +00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,370 +things we experience on a different level, a + +360 +00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:11,350 +different scale. But Einstein, one of the theories + +361 +00:22:11,350 --> 00:22:16,270 +of Einstein say that we can travel in time if we + +362 +00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:21,240 +make the time be equal with the speed. But at this + +363 +00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:24,660 +moment, at least at this moment, no one of the + +364 +00:22:24,660 --> 00:22:29,920 +scientifics can prove that the time could be equal + +365 +00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,820 +with the speed. + +366 +00:22:33,470 --> 00:22:36,110 +It's possible, I'm not Einstein of course, and if + +367 +00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,470 +he says so it could be true, but who knows, maybe + +368 +00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:42,290 +in the future, in fifty years, in a hundred years, + +369 +00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:46,590 +in a thousand years. How could one person be in + +370 +00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:50,690 +both places, in the present and in the past? Yeah, + +371 +00:22:50,790 --> 00:22:54,690 +crazy. Maybe he's dead. Crazy, I don't know. I'm + +372 +00:22:54,690 --> 00:22:58,850 +not a scientist myself. I just, I just talk. Yes? + +373 +00:22:59,450 --> 00:23:02,550 +I was saying that science fiction makes us think. + +374 +00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:07,710 +When you watch a movie that creates a new idea and + +375 +00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:10,710 +you start thinking, oh this may be possible and + +376 +00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:13,530 +you start thinking about other things, things, you + +377 +00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:17,070 +know? So it brings a whole train of thought. Yeah, + +378 +00:23:17,130 --> 00:23:20,540 +I agree with Haya here. It's about thinking. It's + +379 +00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:22,640 +about imagination. It's about the power of + +380 +00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,840 +imagination and what you can do, what is possible + +381 +00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,200 +and what is impossible. Anyway, if you don't like + +382 +00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200 +science fiction, at least try to disable the logic + +383 +00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,700 +according to what we heard from Coleridge, the + +384 +00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,140 +suspension of disbelief. Take it as a metaphorical + +385 +00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:42,360 +expression, as an allegory. Because listen, + +386 +00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,680 +Beowulf itself is not It's not also, it's magical + +387 +00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:53,340 +also. Because we know dragons don't exist. We know + +388 +00:23:53,340 --> 00:23:56,780 +one man can dive I don't know how long deep in the + +389 +00:23:56,780 --> 00:23:59,460 +lake and fight the dragons and the monsters. We + +390 +00:23:59,460 --> 00:24:03,540 +know this. But we take this on an allegorical, + +391 +00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,660 +metaphorical level. Cartoon? Cartoon doesn't + +392 +00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:10,100 +exist. We have cartoon characters in real life. + +393 +00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,360 +Why do we enjoy Tom and Jerry? Why do you enjoy + +394 +00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:17,120 +the Smurfs? You watch the Smurfs? Did you watch + +395 +00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,360 +the movie Cuckoo? Yeah, Cuckoo. Oh, what a + +396 +00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:26,200 +beautiful and brave and what else? Entangled. What + +397 +00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:32,070 +other cartoon movies do we have? Yeah, really + +398 +00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:39,330 +beautiful movies. SpongeBob? Some SpongeBob fans + +399 +00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:44,420 +here. Good. So my point is that Why would you like + +400 +00:24:44,420 --> 00:24:48,900 +cartoon? Is cartoon real? Does it teach us + +401 +00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,580 +something? Does it touch our hearts? It's not only + +402 +00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,960 +about the fun and the laughter like we see in Tom + +403 +00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,100 +and Jerry. Although, listen, Tom and Jerry is + +404 +00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:02,470 +probably the most violent thing on TV. It's always + +405 +00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:05,210 +fighting, always, you know, Tom cutting + +406 +00:25:05,210 --> 00:25:09,430 +somebody's... Jerry cuts his tail, sometimes his + +407 +00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:11,890 +head, sometimes, you know, detonates the whole + +408 +00:25:11,890 --> 00:25:14,870 +house. A lot of violence. We laugh. We don't pay + +409 +00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:18,290 +much attention to the violence. And we know it's + +410 +00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:25,570 +not real. But we love sometimes to suspend even + +411 +00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,890 +our belief in real life because we want something + +412 +00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:32,390 +called relief, you know? We want a break. We want + +413 +00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:37,790 +some fun sometimes. Anyway, interesting how + +414 +00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:43,190 +significant literature is and fiction is. Now Jane + +415 +00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:46,850 +Austen, remember? Jane Austen could be a + +416 +00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:51,810 +transition link between Romanticism and Victorian + +417 +00:25:51,810 --> 00:25:55,960 +Age. If you want to take Jane Austen as a + +418 +00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,680 +Victorian figure, it's up to you. You want to take + +419 +00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,440 +her as a romantic figure, it's also up to you. But + +420 +00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,740 +definitely she has themes and features and + +421 +00:26:04,740 --> 00:26:09,000 +characteristics from both movements and eras. And + +422 +00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,840 +she was one of the most important writers of her + +423 +00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:18,420 +time. But always remember that Jane Austen was + +424 +00:26:18,420 --> 00:26:23,500 +only one of a long series or chain of female + +425 +00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:28,440 +writers, beginning from Aphra Behn, for example. + +426 +00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,200 +Aphra Behn will probably mention this. I mentioned + +427 +00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,060 +this already and I'll mention it again and again. + +428 +00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,880 +Virginia Woolf, the most significant female critic + +429 +00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,820 +and feminist activist and writer in the 20th + +430 +00:26:41,820 --> 00:26:45,400 +century, praises Afrabin of all women. She says + +431 +00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,200 +all the women in the world should put roses on her + +432 +00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,700 +grave. She started this movement. She encouraged + +433 +00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,700 +women to write. She showed the women how to write. + +434 +00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,240 +But again, personally, I would go to female + +435 +00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,930 +characters all the time. I'll go to the nun. in + +436 +00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:08,670 +Chosa's story and see how she defies the rule of + +437 +00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,350 +man. I'll go to Portia as one of the greatest + +438 +00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:15,410 +female characters ever, how she tried, she mocked, + +439 +00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:19,010 +she made fun of the man-made rules and patriarchy + +440 +00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:23,590 +only by changing her gown, her clothes, putting a + +441 +00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:27,290 +particular garment, and now she's a lawyer, and + +442 +00:27:27,290 --> 00:27:30,610 +now she can beat the court, deceive the court, and + +443 +00:27:30,610 --> 00:27:33,660 +can deceived the most cunning character in + +444 +00:27:33,660 --> 00:27:37,400 +Shakespeare, Shylock. So it starts from + +445 +00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,040 +literature, but it then transfers into real life. + +446 +00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:44,900 +Okay, so she's a late romantic, pre-Victorian + +447 +00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,460 +figure, or a romantic and a Victorian figure. Her + +448 +00:27:48,460 --> 00:27:52,860 +main interests usually go to the moral, the + +449 +00:27:52,860 --> 00:27:55,080 +social, and the psychological. If we focus on the + +450 +00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:59,040 +social, generally this is a Victorian issue theme, + +451 +00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,460 +because it's always about the society, corruption, + +452 +00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,160 +and poverty, and children, and education, et + +453 +00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:08,720 +cetera. Now, again, I don't want to say that women + +454 +00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,000 +writers mainly write about women, but they do. + +455 +00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,840 +Okay? But it doesn't mean all their writing is + +456 +00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:17,600 +about women and women themes. They have a variety + +457 +00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,640 +of issues and a variety of themes. But of course, + +458 +00:28:21,060 --> 00:28:23,420 +because women are like here, most Palestinian + +459 +00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:25,940 +poets and writers in Gaza, in the West Bank, in + +460 +00:28:25,940 --> 00:28:27,680 +Jerusalem, in the diaspora, they write about + +461 +00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,660 +Palestine. But not everything we write is about + +462 +00:28:30,660 --> 00:28:33,620 +Palestine. Sometimes we write as Palestinians. We + +463 +00:28:33,620 --> 00:28:36,750 +write like Palestinians. But you could write any + +464 +00:28:36,750 --> 00:28:40,470 +kind of poetry or novels or short stories. So she + +465 +00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:45,410 +writes mainly about young heroines who grow up to + +466 +00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:49,930 +search for, independently, to search for personal + +467 +00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:53,430 +happiness, where they try to turn things upside + +468 +00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:56,650 +down and inside out. So women are no longer + +469 +00:28:56,650 --> 00:29:03,320 +totally dependent on men. They are independent. So + +470 +00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,820 +her pictures are usually very vivid, very + +471 +00:29:06,820 --> 00:29:10,060 +detailed. She describes things in minute + +472 +00:29:10,060 --> 00:29:15,120 +description that sometimes men can't do. She uses + +473 +00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:21,100 +irony to show how absurd things are. And something + +474 +00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:24,060 +interesting about Austin, she doesn't include too + +475 +00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:26,580 +many characters in her novels. She just chooses + +476 +00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:30,280 +three or four families, three or four main + +477 +00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,440 +characters, and that's it. Many movies like, + +478 +00:29:33,740 --> 00:29:37,560 +sorry, novels later on have tens and dozens of + +479 +00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,840 +characters, and it could be confusing. Her point + +480 +00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,840 +is that I just want to focus on these, and they + +481 +00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,020 +can represent the whole society, the whole + +482 +00:29:47,020 --> 00:29:55,520 +society. Okay? Now, in her books, we'll see, for + +483 +00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:57,660 +example, how characters, how she gives the + +484 +00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:01,180 +characters the choices. And readers are generally + +485 +00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:04,480 +involved in the experience. We'll see how this + +486 +00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,460 +happens later on. So the reader, when you read + +487 +00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:09,940 +especially Jane Austen, sometimes you feel as a + +488 +00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:12,760 +character in the book. You identify everything is + +489 +00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,600 +revealed in front of you. Characters have options, + +490 +00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,280 +have choices, and they decide which option to + +491 +00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,380 +take. And you just want to follow them to see what + +492 +00:30:21,380 --> 00:30:24,700 +happens eventually because you also have your own + +493 +00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,820 +choices in life and how they make these choices. + +494 +00:30:29,790 --> 00:30:33,670 +In Sense and Sensibility, as the name suggests, + +495 +00:30:34,510 --> 00:30:37,830 +notice how the name changes. It's no longer a name + +496 +00:30:37,830 --> 00:30:43,060 +after the main character. We have this more in + +497 +00:30:43,060 --> 00:30:47,140 +women than in men, by the way. Okay? So sense and + +498 +00:30:47,140 --> 00:30:50,660 +sensibility. Well, she contrasts between sense and + +499 +00:30:50,660 --> 00:30:54,760 +sensibility, the Augustan age of mind and control + +500 +00:30:54,760 --> 00:30:57,220 +and brain, and of emotions and feelings and + +501 +00:30:57,220 --> 00:31:00,480 +imagination, the romantic age. So she contrasts + +502 +00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,140 +between two sisters, Eleanor, who is rational and + +503 +00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:07,420 +self-controlled, representing sense, the brain, + +504 +00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,640 +and Marianne, who is more emotional, standing for + +505 +00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,960 +sensibility, standing for, again, the Romantic Age + +506 +00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:22,360 +versus the Augustan Age. Interesting how, again, + +507 +00:31:22,780 --> 00:31:27,520 +as a woman, she's involved in this idea of + +508 +00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,820 +comparing and contrasting ages together. So this + +509 +00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:34,260 +is something critics did at that time, but she + +510 +00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:36,690 +does this in her... in her novel. + +511 +00:31:39,610 --> 00:31:44,110 +In Pride and Prejudice and Emma, so we have Pride + +512 +00:31:44,110 --> 00:31:47,950 +and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and + +513 +00:31:47,950 --> 00:31:51,430 +Mansfield Park, she usually shows that it's + +514 +00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:54,370 +important to know oneself in order to achieve + +515 +00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:57,870 +happiness, what you want to do. So, generally, she + +516 +00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,840 +focuses on this aspect of self-identifying + +517 +00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:03,940 +yourself, knowing yourself, understanding + +518 +00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:06,840 +yourself. Do you want to achieve happiness? Do you + +519 +00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,100 +want to be something? Do you want to be different? + +520 +00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,980 +Do you want to change your society, to change + +521 +00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:14,400 +somebody, to get somebody, to win somebody? Do you + +522 +00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,440 +want to do that? First and foremost, you have to + +523 +00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,380 +come face to face with yourself and to understand + +524 +00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:24,340 +what exactly you are, who you are, what you want, + +525 +00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,180 +understanding your identity. Remember, we spoke + +526 +00:32:27,180 --> 00:32:30,650 +about this in Hamlet also. at the beginning Hamlet + +527 +00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:35,530 +didn't know that he belonged to the old age of his + +528 +00:32:35,530 --> 00:32:38,630 +father asking him to commit suicide or to the new + +529 +00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:41,250 +modern age where he goes to university and knows + +530 +00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:44,570 +that a person who kills should be arrested and + +531 +00:32:44,570 --> 00:32:49,370 +taken by the police and then to be or not to be + +532 +00:32:49,370 --> 00:32:52,430 +that is the question and at the end when he + +533 +00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:56,030 +realizes who he is He changes from to be or not to + +534 +00:32:56,030 --> 00:32:59,770 +be to, it's I, Hamlet, the Dane. He knows that, + +535 +00:32:59,890 --> 00:33:03,230 +okay, I know who I am and I know what I want to do + +536 +00:33:03,230 --> 00:33:06,190 +in life. So this is significant in her books. + +537 +00:33:06,430 --> 00:33:09,330 +Understand yourself. And remember, this is + +538 +00:33:09,330 --> 00:33:12,370 +generally something that the reader feels. The + +539 +00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:15,890 +message is clear because you are involved in the + +540 +00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:21,650 +book, okay? Again, her novels and most of the + +541 +00:33:21,650 --> 00:33:23,810 +novels of these times because many people wanted + +542 +00:33:23,810 --> 00:33:26,610 +to please the readers. They wanted to publish + +543 +00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:29,710 +because publishers wanted a particular type of + +544 +00:33:29,710 --> 00:33:33,390 +genre of novel. So they would end happily ever + +545 +00:33:33,390 --> 00:33:37,070 +after with generally people getting married. But a + +546 +00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:39,430 +significant aspect in Jane Austen and this we find + +547 +00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:43,610 +this more often in women writers than in men. + +548 +00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:47,820 +where the reader is involved in a way or another. + +549 +00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:51,980 +The reader is part of... You identify, you are + +550 +00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:56,200 +addressed sometimes. For example, in Pride and + +551 +00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,800 +Prejudice, we'll see at the end of the novel, the + +552 +00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,400 +main character, I think Elizabeth Bennet, we'll + +553 +00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,400 +see now, she directly talks to the reader, and she + +554 +00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:11,580 +says, reader, is it here? No, sorry. This is in + +555 +00:34:11,580 --> 00:34:16,410 +Jane Eyre, not here. Sorry, I messed up. So here + +556 +00:34:16,410 --> 00:34:19,110 +the reader again is part of the experience itself, + +557 +00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,650 +part of the novel. Before we conclude romanticism, + +558 +00:34:25,310 --> 00:34:29,050 +we'll speak a little bit more about pride and + +559 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,910 +prejudice. There are many movies, Pride and + +560 +00:34:31,910 --> 00:34:33,810 +Prejudice. There was a movie like five years ago, + +561 +00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:37,740 +seven years ago, really interesting stuff. I know + +562 +00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:40,820 +many people who don't want to read romantic novels + +563 +00:34:40,820 --> 00:34:43,760 +from the Romantic Age or even Victorian novels. + +564 +00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:48,060 +They think that they're big and boring. So at + +565 +00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:50,380 +least try to watch the movie and then try to read + +566 +00:34:50,380 --> 00:34:55,560 +the novel. Now, Pride and Prejudice begins with + +567 +00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,860 +one of the most famous openings in literature. The + +568 +00:35:00,860 --> 00:35:05,360 +first line says, it is a truth universally + +569 +00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:11,830 +acknowledged that a single man in possession of a + +570 +00:35:11,830 --> 00:35:17,930 +good fortune must be in want of a wife. If you are + +571 +00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:22,630 +rich, you have money, you should get married. + +572 +00:35:24,970 --> 00:35:29,010 +If you have this, if you are rich, if you're + +573 +00:35:29,010 --> 00:35:32,810 +single, have the money, all you need now to + +574 +00:35:32,810 --> 00:35:37,700 +complete yourself in a way is a wife. So it is a + +575 +00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,140 +truth universally acknowledged that a single man + +576 +00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:44,420 +in possession of a good fortune must be in one of + +577 +00:35:44,420 --> 00:35:46,780 +them. This is the opening line, the first sentence + +578 +00:35:46,780 --> 00:35:50,880 +from Pride and Prejudice. Now, several people say + +579 +00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:55,500 +this is ironic. They say this is a famous irony + +580 +00:35:55,500 --> 00:36:02,440 +because the opposite happens. Because generally + +581 +00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:08,200 +here, it's the woman who is in the society is in + +582 +00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,920 +want of a man. Because in the book, the women + +583 +00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,280 +start to chase or one of the women starts to chase + +584 +00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:22,780 +the rich character. So it's like a woman who is + +585 +00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:27,340 +single should be looking for a man who has money. + +586 +00:36:28,450 --> 00:36:32,750 +And there are other layers of ironies. So in Pride + +587 +00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:34,590 +and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett, this is her + +588 +00:36:34,590 --> 00:36:38,670 +name. She's a central character. She dislikes Mr. + +589 +00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:45,790 +Darcy. He is wealthy, and he is in want of a wife, + +590 +00:36:45,850 --> 00:36:49,730 +of a woman or a wife. Now, because she hates him, + +591 +00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,980 +Simply because she hates him because of who he is, + +592 +00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,280 +she is prejudiced. No prejudice to dislike + +593 +00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,240 +somebody or something before even getting to know + +594 +00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,480 +them. It's just you have an idea. Generally, + +595 +00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:07,440 +unrealistic, unfounded. And the man, because he's + +596 +00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,500 +rich, he's full of himself, he's pride. He's + +597 +00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:12,920 +proud. He's a proud man. He is pride. He stands + +598 +00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:16,260 +for pride. She's prejudiced while he is pride + +599 +00:37:16,260 --> 00:37:19,320 +because she dislikes him at the beginning and he's + +600 +00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,490 +full of himself. Now, again, remember that + +601 +00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:25,270 +characters have to learn about themselves, to know + +602 +00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:27,490 +themselves, to understand themselves before + +603 +00:37:27,490 --> 00:37:32,370 +getting to achieve what they have to achieve. And + +604 +00:37:32,370 --> 00:37:36,350 +as expected from Jane Austen, the novel ends + +605 +00:37:36,350 --> 00:37:40,290 +happily. What is happiness here in the society? + +606 +00:37:40,510 --> 00:37:45,370 +They get married. Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. Say + +607 +00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:50,280 +again? Not at the beginning, right? Yeah. He + +608 +00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:53,920 +realized at the end that he is the true man. He's + +609 +00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:57,040 +a good man. But why? So this is the journey of + +610 +00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,620 +understanding, self-exploration, seeking to + +611 +00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:02,520 +understand yourself. Watch the movie. It's really + +612 +00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,200 +interesting. Try to read the book. So the happy + +613 +00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,680 +ending here is this is a social movie in a way or + +614 +00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,400 +another. Sorry, a social novel about society, + +615 +00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080 +about marriage, about men, about women, and + +616 +00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:19,220 +everything. Okay, that's Pride and Prejudice, very + +617 +00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:24,600 +famous novel. So, we come to a conclusion here, + +618 +00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:26,580 +romanticism in general. + +619 +00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:35,840 +We have again, how many male poets? Blake, + +620 +00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:41,620 +Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron, + +621 +00:38:41,740 --> 00:38:48,690 +and then we have Jane Austen, and do they all + +622 +00:38:48,690 --> 00:38:52,570 +share the same exact features? This applies to + +623 +00:38:52,570 --> 00:38:55,270 +almost all movements and theories in English. + +624 +00:38:55,490 --> 00:38:59,050 +Generally, we have basic general features and + +625 +00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:02,390 +characteristics that most of them share, and then + +626 +00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:06,350 +each one of them has their or its hair or his + +627 +00:39:06,350 --> 00:39:10,810 +particular features. We've seen this once again, + +628 +00:39:10,930 --> 00:39:14,630 +but basically, The romantic poets, the romantic + +629 +00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:18,130 +authors in general, they were writers, poets of + +630 +00:39:18,130 --> 00:39:22,040 +change. Yes, not radical political social change + +631 +00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,720 +at the beginning, but at least changing language, + +632 +00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:30,140 +changing the way poetry was composed. They found + +633 +00:39:30,140 --> 00:39:34,320 +constants in nature and art. Remember colorage, + +634 +00:39:34,660 --> 00:39:38,860 +supernatural elements? Wordsworth, nature, the + +635 +00:39:38,860 --> 00:39:42,300 +daffodils, the rainbow. And in the common man, + +636 +00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:48,070 +simple language, memory. But later on, for Keats + +637 +00:39:48,070 --> 00:39:53,770 +and Shelley, for example, art was the end. Art was + +638 +00:39:53,770 --> 00:39:56,750 +not only the means to an end, but also the end + +639 +00:39:56,750 --> 00:40:02,210 +itself. Because art and artistic creation give + +640 +00:40:02,210 --> 00:40:06,110 +meaning and give eternity and give life. And they + +641 +00:40:06,110 --> 00:40:10,830 +make our lives and experiences now and forever. + +642 +00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,700 +They could also see the dangers in the modern + +643 +00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,660 +world. Remember, the society, the corruption of + +644 +00:40:17,660 --> 00:40:21,240 +the city, depersonalization and decline. People + +645 +00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:24,820 +were no longer people. They were like machines + +646 +00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:28,760 +working in factories. They wanted to give man back + +647 +00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,620 +his dignity. And that's the feature of + +648 +00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:35,540 +individuality here. In their writings, the + +649 +00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:38,670 +security of the individual was threatened. An + +650 +00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:41,970 +individual was losing his or her identity, and + +651 +00:40:41,970 --> 00:40:45,870 +that's why we find generally common people, the + +652 +00:40:45,870 --> 00:40:48,910 +masses, themes about ordinary people, poor people, + +653 +00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,930 +unnamed people, people we never ever find in the + +654 +00:40:52,930 --> 00:40:56,410 +texts, the books of the Augustans generally. + +655 +00:40:57,510 --> 00:41:01,270 +Because basically it was about elite life and + +656 +00:41:01,270 --> 00:41:05,740 +courtly life. More or less, not 100%. So during + +657 +00:41:05,740 --> 00:41:07,880 +the Romantic period, prose writing developed + +658 +00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:13,400 +rapidly, thanks partly to some women writers, but + +659 +00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,300 +also some men. But always remember, poetry was + +660 +00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:19,760 +more dominant. In the Victorian Age, it's going to + +661 +00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:25,060 +be the opposite. The novel will be more dominant. + +662 +00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:28,600 +A number of novelists were women, such as Mary + +663 +00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:35,850 +Shelley and Jane Austen. And thus, we finish the + +664 +00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:40,990 +Romantic Movement. Not sure how you think about it + +665 +00:41:40,990 --> 00:41:46,190 +compared to the Augustan poetry, compared to John + +666 +00:41:46,190 --> 00:41:50,110 +Donne, compared to Chaucer, compared to Old + +667 +00:41:50,110 --> 00:41:56,210 +English. But many, I know many, especially, I was + +668 +00:41:56,210 --> 00:41:59,550 +reading this article that claims that the + +669 +00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,490 +romantics are more famous among women than among + +670 +00:42:03,490 --> 00:42:05,070 +men. + +671 +00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:10,810 +Because the claim is that Romantic poetry + +672 +00:42:10,810 --> 00:42:13,990 +literature gives voice to the subclass, the + +673 +00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:17,310 +marginalized, like Jonan was doing, to people who + +674 +00:42:17,310 --> 00:42:20,310 +nobody cares about. So when you read a poem as a + +675 +00:42:20,310 --> 00:42:23,150 +woman, you feel empowered, you feel that someone + +676 +00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,350 +is at least giving you a particular tool, is + +677 +00:42:26,350 --> 00:42:29,190 +creating, is inviting you to create your own + +678 +00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,690 +world, to change your own world in a way or + +679 +00:42:32,690 --> 00:42:33,730 +another. + +680 +00:42:35,770 --> 00:42:39,820 +Okay? Do we have any question, comment, or + +681 +00:42:39,820 --> 00:42:44,480 +something? Can you consider Jane Austen as a + +682 +00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:47,220 +veteran writer because she lived in a foreign + +683 +00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:49,640 +place? Yeah, could be. Yeah, she could be a + +684 +00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,980 +veteran because she experienced, she lived during + +685 +00:42:53,980 --> 00:42:56,920 +the, you know, some romantic poets and later on + +686 +00:42:56,920 --> 00:43:00,900 +with some early, early Victorians. Yeah, but not + +687 +00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:07,090 +exactly, but could be. Yes? Commentary? Chima? + +688 +00:43:08,170 --> 00:43:11,670 +Asil? Dream? Khadra? + +689 +00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:17,270 +Anyone? Don't have a Khadra here. + +690 +00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:27,940 +Okay, we stop. Thank you very much. And looking + +691 +00:43:27,940 --> 00:43:30,620 +forward to next class where we're going to begin + +692 +00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:35,100 +talking about the Victorian Age. And thank you + +693 +00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:35,500 +very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eac0d5da9c9c4404c282757bc9773461fbd470f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2772 @@ +1 +00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:23,770 +Good day everyone. Today we continue speaking + +2 +00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:29,010 +about the romantic movement. We are done with the + +3 +00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:34,430 +romantic poets. We finished Blake Coleridge, + +4 +00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:37,170 +William Wordsworth, John Keats, + +5 +00:00:39,710 --> 00:00:46,130 +Marlow, Marlow, Byron. Byron is not a romantic + +6 +00:00:46,130 --> 00:00:50,740 +poet. Although he speaks about women, courtly + +7 +00:00:50,740 --> 00:00:54,100 +love. Remember romantic poetry is not about women, + +8 +00:00:54,260 --> 00:00:56,980 +it's not about love relationships between men and + +9 +00:00:56,980 --> 00:01:01,420 +women. It's about nature, it's about loving + +10 +00:01:01,420 --> 00:01:03,540 +yourself, it's about individuality and all these + +11 +00:01:03,540 --> 00:01:07,880 +interesting themes. Today we move to speak about + +12 +00:01:09,380 --> 00:01:13,580 +two women poets, two romantic, sorry, two women + +13 +00:01:13,580 --> 00:01:18,780 +writers, authors, female romantic authors. The + +14 +00:01:18,780 --> 00:01:22,300 +first one is Mary Shelley. The second one is Jane + +15 +00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:25,240 +Austen. And before I begin, there are two things I + +16 +00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:31,260 +have to discuss. The first, Mary Shelley is Percy + +17 +00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:36,450 +Shelley's wife. Okay, despite the fact, and this + +18 +00:01:36,450 --> 00:01:39,350 +is very interesting, despite the fact that her + +19 +00:01:39,350 --> 00:01:43,190 +parents, especially her mom, played a great role + +20 +00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:48,710 +in developing Mary's skills as a writer, as a + +21 +00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,550 +thinker, as a critic, as an essayist. She's + +22 +00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:55,830 +usually attributed to her husband because her + +23 +00:01:55,830 --> 00:01:59,410 +husband's family name is used here, not her + +24 +00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,810 +parents, her original family name. And this is + +25 +00:02:02,810 --> 00:02:05,470 +something some women resist most of the time. And + +26 +00:02:05,470 --> 00:02:08,250 +here in Gaza, the laws were changed a little bit. + +27 +00:02:08,330 --> 00:02:11,710 +Now a woman can choose to take her husband's name + +28 +00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:15,010 +or to keep her own name. In America, sometimes + +29 +00:02:15,010 --> 00:02:18,850 +they do double. Like she keeps her name, her + +30 +00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:22,250 +family name, and she also uses her husband's, like + +31 +00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:26,390 +Hillary Rodham Clinton. So Clinton is the family + +32 +00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:32,240 +name of the husband. Rodham is her own surname. + +33 +00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,020 +And what I'm saying here is that sometimes women's + +34 +00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:39,000 +success is generally attributed not to themselves + +35 +00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,440 +or to their parents or particularly to their mom, + +36 +00:02:43,220 --> 00:02:47,300 +but to her husband. to a man who was behind her. + +37 +00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,960 +It's like every, there is a man behind every great + +38 +00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,600 +woman supporting her and pushing and pushing her + +39 +00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,700 +and this is really anti-feminist in a way or + +40 +00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:59,020 +another. The other thing is the fact that Jane + +41 +00:02:59,020 --> 00:03:04,010 +Austen is considered by many people, many readers + +42 +00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,610 +and critics to be a Victorian figure or rather a + +43 +00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:11,730 +pre-Victorian figure. Here, we're going to discuss + +44 +00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:15,070 +Jane Austen as a figure who was in between. She + +45 +00:03:15,070 --> 00:03:19,690 +was the transitioning link between romanticism and + +46 +00:03:19,690 --> 00:03:23,350 +the Victorian Age. In her novels, we'll see themes + +47 +00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:26,830 +and interests and concerns from the Romantic era, + +48 +00:03:27,010 --> 00:03:30,490 +Romantic period, and also she was preparing the + +49 +00:03:30,490 --> 00:03:33,610 +scene for the Victorian theme. So if someone tells + +50 +00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:36,310 +you, no, no, no, she's Victorian, okay, they have + +51 +00:03:36,310 --> 00:03:39,370 +a point. If someone says, no, she's pure Romantic, + +52 +00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:42,730 +they also have a point. In my opinion, she's both. + +53 +00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:47,930 +And sometimes it's not easy to give clear-cut + +54 +00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:52,210 +answers whether somebody is Victorian or not, or + +55 +00:03:52,210 --> 00:03:54,390 +romantic or not, because they could have common + +56 +00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:57,410 +features from a particular movement, but also they + +57 +00:03:57,410 --> 00:04:01,250 +could have their own individual personal features. + +58 +00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:03,490 +Like when we discussed Byron, we said Byron + +59 +00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:09,620 +returned back to Augustan Age idea of using irony + +60 +00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,800 +and satire as tools in poetry, something that most + +61 +00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:19,120 +of other romantics just didn't want to do, okay? + +62 +00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:26,960 +So Mary Wollstonecraft, her original family name, + +63 +00:04:27,460 --> 00:04:31,930 +it's huge, so big, it's a burden, right? And now + +64 +00:04:31,930 --> 00:04:36,930 +she uses, or many people refer to her basically as + +65 +00:04:36,930 --> 00:04:41,190 +Mary Shilley. Mary Shilley. Shilley was, she was + +66 +00:04:41,190 --> 00:04:43,650 +in a way, she had some critical opinions. She was + +67 +00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:46,010 +an essayist. She was also a short story writer. + +68 +00:04:46,390 --> 00:04:49,530 +But most importantly, she was a novelist. So + +69 +00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:52,390 +romanticism and romantic movement was mainly a + +70 +00:04:52,390 --> 00:04:58,180 +movement of poetry. Prose was developed in so many + +71 +00:04:58,180 --> 00:05:01,360 +ways, especially that some women were writing a + +72 +00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,620 +prose. They always wanted to find different ways. + +73 +00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:06,720 +They always wanted to experiment and to change the + +74 +00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:12,280 +techniques of men telling stories. Her most famous + +75 +00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:16,220 +text is called Frankenstein. Frankenstein. + +76 +00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:20,600 +Frankenstein. It's described as a Gothic novel. + +77 +00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:24,400 +Gothic novel and Gothic novels generally are + +78 +00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,960 +novels that take place among the ruins of ancient + +79 +00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,140 +buildings and castles and in forests and jungles + +80 +00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:35,700 +and sometimes there is an element of terror and + +81 +00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:41,320 +fear and something that intimidates the readers + +82 +00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:44,300 +that makes you feel that this is some sort of a + +83 +00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:47,870 +scary movie in a way. Okay? But basically, it + +84 +00:05:47,870 --> 00:05:51,470 +happens among, you know, mysterious buildings + +85 +00:05:51,470 --> 00:05:55,490 +with, you know, ancient histories and everything. + +86 +00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:58,490 +So this is basically what a Gothic novel is. This + +87 +00:05:58,490 --> 00:06:01,130 +is the basic definition. You can elaborate on that + +88 +00:06:01,130 --> 00:06:03,830 +more. So Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus, + +89 +00:06:03,910 --> 00:06:07,930 +Prometheus is the subtitle of the novel. It's in + +90 +00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:11,910 +ancient Greece or Greek mythology, Prometheus + +91 +00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:18,740 +brings the fire. from heaven somewhere to men, and + +92 +00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,600 +he was punished by the gods because fire was not + +93 +00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,160 +supposed to be given to men. So what Prometheus + +94 +00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:27,480 +does is to break the rules of the gods, to break + +95 +00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,020 +the rules, the barriers, and to bring something to + +96 +00:06:30,020 --> 00:06:33,320 +humanity, which is fire. For many, fire is + +97 +00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,760 +probably the most significant invention ever. What + +98 +00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,180 +happens in the story is that someone by the name + +99 +00:06:41,180 --> 00:06:46,930 +of Victor Frankenstein So who's Victor + +100 +00:06:46,930 --> 00:06:50,530 +Frankenstein? He's the main character. He's the + +101 +00:06:50,530 --> 00:06:53,810 +protagonist, the hero, so to speak. He's a + +102 +00:06:53,810 --> 00:06:57,550 +scientist, a student at university. Doing a lot of + +103 +00:06:57,550 --> 00:07:01,950 +research and experimentations, Victor Frankenstein + +104 +00:07:01,950 --> 00:07:06,690 +discovers the secret of life. You know, the secret + +105 +00:07:06,690 --> 00:07:11,850 +of life? Because no matter what humanity does, it + +106 +00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,980 +will not be able to give life to a dead body. It's + +107 +00:07:15,980 --> 00:07:21,620 +impossible. This is only the work of God. Because, + +108 +00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:25,980 +you know, using electricity and some technological + +109 +00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,420 +scientific advances, Victor discovers the secret + +110 +00:07:29,420 --> 00:07:32,800 +of life. What does he do? He's between, you know, + +111 +00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,920 +he's, like, caught between two options here. To + +112 +00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,300 +compete with God, you know, to be, remember, Dr. + +113 +00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:42,420 +Faustus, he wanted to be as powerful as God, to + +114 +00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:47,040 +know everything and do everything possible. So he + +115 +00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:51,890 +chooses to go into this path of trying to create + +116 +00:07:51,890 --> 00:07:54,830 +something, somebody. So he goes to a cemetery, to + +117 +00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:58,530 +a graveyard, and he collects body parts from dead + +118 +00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,310 +people. A head from here, a torso from here, a + +119 +00:08:01,310 --> 00:08:03,810 +hand from here, a leg from here, and he attaches + +120 +00:08:03,810 --> 00:08:07,510 +them together, and he uses the... Yeah, he + +121 +00:08:07,510 --> 00:08:11,610 +stitches the body parts together, and he breathes + +122 +00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:17,850 +life, life into this creature. He gives it life + +123 +00:08:17,850 --> 00:08:21,930 +using technology and science. Oh, interesting, + +124 +00:08:22,090 --> 00:08:24,390 +right? Of course, this is called science fiction. + +125 +00:08:24,550 --> 00:08:27,030 +We'll see in a bit what science fiction means. + +126 +00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:29,810 +It's impossible in real life. But in science + +127 +00:08:29,810 --> 00:08:33,110 +fiction novels, they tell us about how science + +128 +00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:38,810 +sometimes in the future, like in 3020, or people + +129 +00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:42,060 +on Mars, or aliens coming here, This is what + +130 +00:08:42,060 --> 00:08:45,160 +basically a science fiction novel does. It's about + +131 +00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:49,860 +what science can do that people can't really + +132 +00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:53,760 +imagine in real life, like how science can reach + +133 +00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:58,040 +out to other planets or other, you know, peoples + +134 +00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:03,300 +on Mars or Jupiter or other planets out there, or + +135 +00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:05,960 +how people can move in time and place, you know, + +136 +00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:09,080 +time machines. and everything. I know some people + +137 +00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:11,420 +who hate science fiction. They say, I don't + +138 +00:09:11,420 --> 00:09:14,840 +believe this. It's impossible for people to travel + +139 +00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,580 +across time and place in very short periods of + +140 +00:09:19,580 --> 00:09:22,600 +time. It's difficult to go back in time. But + +141 +00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,220 +remember, science fiction is some of the most + +142 +00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:27,780 +interesting imaginative and creative writing ever. + +143 +00:09:28,570 --> 00:09:31,450 +And according to many, science fiction has given + +144 +00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:34,510 +people and scientists and technology a lot of + +145 +00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:38,030 +ideas. I remember like 20 years ago, 25 years ago, + +146 +00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:40,910 +when we would watch a movie where a policeman + +147 +00:09:40,910 --> 00:09:45,030 +holds, for example, some sort of a TV or a screen + +148 +00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:48,530 +and would use, you know, touch things and move + +149 +00:09:48,530 --> 00:09:50,750 +things with fingers. Many people were like, what? + +150 +00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:53,650 +Like you touch a screen and everything moves and + +151 +00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,550 +now everything in our lives is touch screen. This + +152 +00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,970 +started decades ago in science fiction. So this is + +153 +00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,850 +basically about science doing the impossible. + +154 +00:10:05,630 --> 00:10:09,870 +Okay, so who's the main character? Victor + +155 +00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:13,870 +Frankenstein. The novel is named after him. Now he + +156 +00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:16,750 +creates a being sometimes referred to as a + +157 +00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:21,190 +creature being and he created like you know like + +158 +00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:26,850 +like a God. This creature is referred to as a + +159 +00:10:26,850 --> 00:10:32,510 +monster. Many people think that Frankenstein + +160 +00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:35,670 +refers to this creature or being or monster. No, + +161 +00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:39,370 +it actually refers to the scientist, the main + +162 +00:10:39,370 --> 00:10:42,550 +character, Victor Frankenstein. And the creature + +163 +00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:46,090 +remains unnamed throughout the whole novel. It + +164 +00:10:46,090 --> 00:10:50,470 +doesn't have a name, which is too sad. It's too + +165 +00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:53,830 +sad. Can you live without a name? Can you go on in + +166 +00:10:53,830 --> 00:10:56,210 +life and people calling you, hey, you, hey, + +167 +00:10:56,610 --> 00:10:59,470 +something? You have a name and when people call + +168 +00:10:59,470 --> 00:11:02,670 +you hey, you, or something, you say, yeah, yeah, + +169 +00:11:02,750 --> 00:11:07,490 +excuse me, I have a name, being a woman, hey, + +170 +00:11:07,590 --> 00:11:10,300 +woman. Come on. Yeah, I am a woman. I'm proud of + +171 +00:11:10,300 --> 00:11:13,460 +that. But I have a name. Call me by my name. So + +172 +00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:16,840 +don't mix this. If in the exam I ask you, I say + +173 +00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:21,640 +that true or false, the main character is the + +174 +00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,640 +creature named Frankenstein. It's wrong. And it's + +175 +00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,040 +actually one of the sad things. Now, When the + +176 +00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,020 +creature wakes up, comes to life, he looks so + +177 +00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:35,460 +ugly, so to speak, because of the stitches, + +178 +00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:38,080 +because of the body parts. And instead of taking + +179 +00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:42,080 +care of this creature as a baby or as a machine + +180 +00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,310 +you create, you invent, Victor Frankenstein runs + +181 +00:11:45,310 --> 00:11:49,190 +away. He abandons this creature, and he runs away, + +182 +00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:52,350 +and the creature gets very angry, very sad, learns + +183 +00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:54,630 +to speak, learns to read, learns to do many + +184 +00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:58,750 +interesting things by itself or himself, because + +185 +00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:03,270 +it is treated as a thing. Yes? This is very close + +186 +00:12:03,270 --> 00:12:05,930 +to the official infusion report from the US + +187 +00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,830 +Wikipedia. Yeah, yeah, exactly. In a way, like, + +188 +00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:12,050 +you don't have to take it literally, people giving + +189 +00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:15,030 +life to dead bodies. Like robots nowadays could be + +190 +00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:17,490 +like, you know Sophia? You know Sophia, the robot + +191 +00:12:17,490 --> 00:12:20,710 +that looks very intelligent. In a way, it looks + +192 +00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:22,770 +like. And we have so many movies, science fiction + +193 +00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:26,690 +movies about robots, you know, controlling their + +194 +00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:28,750 +own lives and destinies and rebelling against + +195 +00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:31,770 +human beings because of something, abuse or + +196 +00:12:31,770 --> 00:12:32,750 +something. + +197 +00:12:34,780 --> 00:12:37,780 +Now, the monster, I don't like to say the monster, + +198 +00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:39,660 +but it is described in the book as a monster, + +199 +00:12:40,220 --> 00:12:42,980 +comes to Victor and says, Victor, you created me. + +200 +00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,420 +You should take care of me. He says, No, go away. + +201 +00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,130 +Go away. You are hideous. OK, create something + +202 +00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,370 +else. Create a wife so I can have a company, + +203 +00:12:52,510 --> 00:12:54,410 +companion. And we can go to the mountains. We'll + +204 +00:12:54,410 --> 00:12:56,630 +not bother anybody, he said. He starts to do + +205 +00:12:56,630 --> 00:13:00,030 +something about it. And then he stops. He destroys + +206 +00:13:00,030 --> 00:13:03,510 +the other creature, the female creature he was + +207 +00:13:03,510 --> 00:13:08,350 +creating. He gets angry. He kills his brother. He + +208 +00:13:08,350 --> 00:13:12,190 +causes the death of several people. He kills. + +209 +00:13:13,020 --> 00:13:17,820 +Victor's wife, the night of the wedding. He kills + +210 +00:13:17,820 --> 00:13:21,060 +Victor Frankenstein himself. Now, what is + +211 +00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,180 +interesting about this novel is original in many + +212 +00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:25,560 +ways. It's one of the first science fiction + +213 +00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:28,360 +novels. It's one of the earliest Gothic novels in + +214 +00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,360 +English literature. But also the narrative of the + +215 +00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,380 +story is experimental and original. Only generally + +216 +00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,640 +women, men were doing the same thing again and + +217 +00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,540 +again and again. Yes, we have a lot of + +218 +00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:40,620 +experimentation like, you know, remember Tristram + +219 +00:13:40,620 --> 00:13:45,750 +Shandy, Lawrence Stern? And women usually wanted + +220 +00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:49,290 +to be different, to prove, to make a point, to + +221 +00:13:49,290 --> 00:13:51,910 +prove that they can write better than men. And + +222 +00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,090 +that's why they did an amazing job in this regard. + +223 +00:13:56,490 --> 00:14:00,430 +So the novel starts with Victor, I think it was + +224 +00:14:00,430 --> 00:14:05,000 +Victor and his sister exchanging letters. So it's + +225 +00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,760 +epistolary in a way. Epistolary using epistles, + +226 +00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,020 +letters. And then we shift to listen to the story. + +227 +00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,380 +We see everything through the mind and the eyes + +228 +00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:17,780 +and the perspective of Victor. And at the end of + +229 +00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:22,580 +the book, in a very surprising way, the narrative, + +230 +00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,940 +the narration shifts where we come face to face + +231 +00:14:25,940 --> 00:14:30,360 +with the monster and we listen to his story. And + +232 +00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:32,140 +it's very beautiful because generally in stories + +233 +00:14:32,140 --> 00:14:36,320 +like in Robinson Crusoe, we don't listen to Friday + +234 +00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:40,780 +talking unfiltered. He talks in the story, but + +235 +00:14:40,780 --> 00:14:44,810 +who? tells us what he said, what he didn't say. + +236 +00:14:45,290 --> 00:14:47,970 +It's the narrator. It's Robinson Crusoe himself. + +237 +00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:51,710 +But here, we come face to face with the monster, + +238 +00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:54,830 +with the creature, and he tells us, and we feel so + +239 +00:14:54,830 --> 00:14:58,130 +sad and so sorry for him. We sympathize with him. + +240 +00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:00,830 +In a way, we identify with him. He's like, I was + +241 +00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:03,450 +alone. He kept me. He abandoned me. I was like + +242 +00:15:03,450 --> 00:15:06,430 +Adam. If God didn't take care of Adam, he would + +243 +00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:09,490 +turn up into something, some kind of a monster. + +244 +00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,360 +just to create a female companion. I wanted + +245 +00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:15,840 +company. I wanted to talk to people. He didn't + +246 +00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:20,620 +even give me a name. And then the creature runs + +247 +00:15:20,620 --> 00:15:24,260 +away and disappears in the snow. Really beautiful + +248 +00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:28,960 +novel if you are into Gothic and science fiction. + +249 +00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:31,820 +In many ways, this is an experimental original + +250 +00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:38,010 +Now, what is romantic about this? We'll see, + +251 +00:15:38,290 --> 00:15:41,450 +again, so Frankenstein is an experimental novel in + +252 +00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:44,330 +its structure and narrative form, the way it's + +253 +00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:48,800 +built, the way it's told to us. The fact that + +254 +00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,480 +there is a shift in the narrative mode, and we + +255 +00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,740 +come face to face with the antagonist, with the + +256 +00:15:54,740 --> 00:15:58,800 +bad guy, and then we realize, wait a minute, the + +257 +00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:02,160 +bad guy is not that bad at all. Or at least, of + +258 +00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,260 +course, we never justify murder. We don't say, + +259 +00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:07,480 +yeah. Victor deserves to die, his wife deserves to + +260 +00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:09,340 +die, everybody else deserves to die. No, we don't + +261 +00:16:09,340 --> 00:16:12,960 +justify murder at all, but at least we try to + +262 +00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:13,760 +understand. + +263 +00:16:16,180 --> 00:16:20,120 +Yeah, not justifiable again, but we ask ourselves, + +264 +00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,820 +would we do the same thing or similar things if we + +265 +00:16:23,820 --> 00:16:28,380 +were in his shoes? I know his shoes are big, but + +266 +00:16:28,380 --> 00:16:32,060 +would we be reacting in a same way or a similar + +267 +00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:37,560 +way? in a way or another? Hopefully not, but who + +268 +00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,940 +knows? So the novel has romantic and anti-romantic + +269 +00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:44,400 +features. The idea that, remember imagination, + +270 +00:16:44,660 --> 00:16:46,220 +there is a lot about nature, imagination, + +271 +00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,840 +individuality, and the ordinary people, but also + +272 +00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,660 +here Mary Shelley is saying that it's very + +273 +00:16:53,660 --> 00:16:57,000 +dangerous to totally depend on your imagination. + +274 +00:16:59,030 --> 00:17:04,430 +imagination that is not at least, I would say, + +275 +00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:07,670 +controlled a little bit, controlled in a way where + +276 +00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:11,570 +man should know the limits, it's very dangerous. + +277 +00:17:12,330 --> 00:17:14,650 +And this is the result. You destroy yourself, you + +278 +00:17:14,650 --> 00:17:18,310 +create things that will be destructive. And we've + +279 +00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:21,090 +seen this in science, science making viruses, + +280 +00:17:21,910 --> 00:17:26,620 +scientists making diseases sometimes. in a way or + +281 +00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:29,060 +another. But again, it shows the romantic interest + +282 +00:17:29,060 --> 00:17:31,960 +in nature and the supernatural. It shows the + +283 +00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:36,740 +attempts of man to be as powerful as God. We've + +284 +00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:38,820 +seen this in Shakespeare. We've seen this in + +285 +00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:41,980 +Marlow. And it's repeated here. So again, this is + +286 +00:17:41,980 --> 00:17:44,660 +one, like I say here, one of the first modern + +287 +00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:47,160 +science fiction novels. What is science fiction? + +288 +00:17:47,540 --> 00:17:50,920 +This is, again, simply speaking, We've seen many + +289 +00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:53,940 +movies, many movies about science fiction and + +290 +00:17:53,940 --> 00:17:57,580 +books, stories about events, sometimes in the + +291 +00:17:57,580 --> 00:18:01,660 +future, which are affected by imaginary + +292 +00:18:01,660 --> 00:18:05,080 +developments in science. However, some of these + +293 +00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:08,480 +imaginary developments can sometimes become a + +294 +00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:11,620 +reality in a way or another, such as traveling in + +295 +00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:14,680 +time or other planets with life on them. So this + +296 +00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:19,910 +is basically Frankenstein. This is Mary Shelley. A + +297 +00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:23,850 +woman writer. She, by the way, she was one of the + +298 +00:18:23,850 --> 00:18:26,310 +people who supported her husband. It's not the + +299 +00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:30,670 +other way. When we get to hear Mary Shelley, oh, + +300 +00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:34,710 +her husband must have helped her. He could have + +301 +00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:36,670 +done this to her. He could have made her famous. + +302 +00:18:37,170 --> 00:18:40,130 +In a way, she was there to help him. Her mother + +303 +00:18:40,130 --> 00:18:45,410 +was a significant player in her future. Okay, any + +304 +00:18:45,410 --> 00:18:47,410 +question about Frankenstein, Mary Shelley? + +305 +00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:54,820 +Do you like science fiction? Does anybody here + +306 +00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,600 +like to watch science fiction movies? What do you + +307 +00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,260 +like about it? That in the future maybe we can + +308 +00:19:02,260 --> 00:19:05,560 +inspire from them trying to do something new. + +309 +00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:10,940 +Okay, inspiration, new. What else? Yes? I like + +310 +00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:15,300 +science fiction because you know it gives us hope + +311 +00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:19,080 +for the future. But I don't like time travel + +312 +00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,820 +because it doesn't make sense for me. Listen, + +313 +00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:26,940 +remember coleridge? Coleridge here comes in handy + +314 +00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:32,660 +where we need to suspend our disbelief. + +315 +00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,740 +You know it's impossible. But remember in the + +316 +00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,020 +past, in the past, Yeah, like in the past, it + +317 +00:19:41,020 --> 00:19:43,620 +would take you months to move from, I don't know, + +318 +00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,480 +London to somewhere in Asia, somewhere in Europe + +319 +00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:48,880 +even. And now you can just do it in two, three, + +320 +00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,660 +five hours. In a way, this is some sort of, you + +321 +00:19:52,660 --> 00:19:54,540 +know, it's traveling. It's not time traveling. + +322 +00:19:55,540 --> 00:19:59,520 +Just about speed. It's speed, yeah. I'm not + +323 +00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:01,920 +saying, I don't believe that in the future we will + +324 +00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:05,160 +be able to travel in time or to travel, you know. + +325 +00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:08,990 +What is it called in Harry Potter? Operating? + +326 +00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:11,630 +Operating? Is it operating? When they move from + +327 +00:20:11,630 --> 00:20:14,230 +one place to another using the fire and the + +328 +00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:18,150 +powder? Oh, I forgot Harry Potter. But I don't + +329 +00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:21,390 +think people can. Remember Hermione? Was it in + +330 +00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:23,410 +book one or book two? She also moved the + +331 +00:20:23,410 --> 00:20:27,360 +particular device. She had to turn to turn time, + +332 +00:20:28,180 --> 00:20:31,640 +time-turner device. But again, we use our + +333 +00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,360 +imagination here. We disable this logic a little + +334 +00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:39,500 +bit just to see what's going on. There is a movie + +335 +00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:41,840 +called Translator, I guess, Translator where + +336 +00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,100 +someone, they bring a translator to talk to some + +337 +00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:49,180 +of the aliens. A very beautiful one. I love the + +338 +00:20:49,180 --> 00:20:51,800 +movie. Especially, I love movies where you have + +339 +00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,840 +things about English and literature and like the + +340 +00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:59,180 +Dead Poets Society. You should watch this movie. A + +341 +00:20:59,180 --> 00:21:02,240 +lot of inspiration. It's dark a little bit. But + +342 +00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:06,660 +again, I love how when an alien comes from I don't + +343 +00:21:06,660 --> 00:21:10,160 +know where, and they go to someone who teaches + +344 +00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:12,800 +translation, who is specialized in translation, + +345 +00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:17,440 +come translate for us. It's mad, it's crazy + +346 +00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:20,960 +because it's impossible. But I laugh because I + +347 +00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,540 +identified with this. Many people are like + +348 +00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:27,880 +regularly like say, hey, do you have a minute? I + +349 +00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:29,700 +say, yeah, I have a class in 10 minutes. And they + +350 +00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,200 +say, can you translate these three pages for me? + +351 +00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,580 +And I'm like, but this is untranslatable. It's + +352 +00:21:37,580 --> 00:21:41,140 +sometimes almost impossible to translate stuff. A + +353 +00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:46,540 +friend of mine asked me to translate, All these + +354 +00:21:46,540 --> 00:21:52,090 +Arabic, how would you translate it? So seriously, + +355 +00:21:52,430 --> 00:21:55,910 +in many ways, I felt this connection between me + +356 +00:21:55,910 --> 00:21:58,610 +and the translator. Like, hey, translators can do + +357 +00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:01,630 +anything. Come translate because there's an alien + +358 +00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:05,430 +talking to us. So it could be about, you know, + +359 +00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,370 +things we experience on a different level, a + +360 +00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:11,350 +different scale. But Einstein, one of the theories + +361 +00:22:11,350 --> 00:22:16,270 +of Einstein say that we can travel in time if we + +362 +00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:21,240 +make the time be equal with the speed. But at this + +363 +00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:24,660 +moment, at least at this moment, no one of the + +364 +00:22:24,660 --> 00:22:29,920 +scientifics can prove that the time could be equal + +365 +00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,820 +with the speed. + +366 +00:22:33,470 --> 00:22:36,110 +It's possible, I'm not Einstein of course, and if + +367 +00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,470 +he says so it could be true, but who knows, maybe + +368 +00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:42,290 +in the future, in fifty years, in a hundred years, + +369 +00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:46,590 +in a thousand years. How could one person be in + +370 +00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:50,690 +both places, in the present and in the past? Yeah, + +371 +00:22:50,790 --> 00:22:54,690 +crazy. Maybe he's dead. Crazy, I don't know. I'm + +372 +00:22:54,690 --> 00:22:58,850 +not a scientist myself. I just, I just talk. Yes? + +373 +00:22:59,450 --> 00:23:02,550 +I was saying that science fiction makes us think. + +374 +00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:07,710 +When you watch a movie that creates a new idea and + +375 +00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:10,710 +you start thinking, oh this may be possible and + +376 +00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:13,530 +you start thinking about other things, things, you + +377 +00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:17,070 +know? So it brings a whole train of thought. Yeah, + +378 +00:23:17,130 --> 00:23:20,540 +I agree with Haya here. It's about thinking. It's + +379 +00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:22,640 +about imagination. It's about the power of + +380 +00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,840 +imagination and what you can do, what is possible + +381 +00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,200 +and what is impossible. Anyway, if you don't like + +382 +00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200 +science fiction, at least try to disable the logic + +383 +00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,700 +according to what we heard from Coleridge, the + +384 +00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,140 +suspension of disbelief. Take it as a metaphorical + +385 +00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:42,360 +expression, as an allegory. Because listen, + +386 +00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,680 +Beowulf itself is not It's not also, it's magical + +387 +00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:53,340 +also. Because we know dragons don't exist. We know + +388 +00:23:53,340 --> 00:23:56,780 +one man can dive I don't know how long deep in the + +389 +00:23:56,780 --> 00:23:59,460 +lake and fight the dragons and the monsters. We + +390 +00:23:59,460 --> 00:24:03,540 +know this. But we take this on an allegorical, + +391 +00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,660 +metaphorical level. Cartoon? Cartoon doesn't + +392 +00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:10,100 +exist. We have cartoon characters in real life. + +393 +00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,360 +Why do we enjoy Tom and Jerry? Why do you enjoy + +394 +00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:17,120 +the Smurfs? You watch the Smurfs? Did you watch + +395 +00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,360 +the movie Cuckoo? Yeah, Cuckoo. Oh, what a + +396 +00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:26,200 +beautiful and brave and what else? Entangled. What + +397 +00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:32,070 +other cartoon movies do we have? Yeah, really + +398 +00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:39,330 +beautiful movies. SpongeBob? Some SpongeBob fans + +399 +00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:44,420 +here. Good. So my point is that Why would you like + +400 +00:24:44,420 --> 00:24:48,900 +cartoon? Is cartoon real? Does it teach us + +401 +00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,580 +something? Does it touch our hearts? It's not only + +402 +00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,960 +about the fun and the laughter like we see in Tom + +403 +00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,100 +and Jerry. Although, listen, Tom and Jerry is + +404 +00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:02,470 +probably the most violent thing on TV. It's always + +405 +00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:05,210 +fighting, always, you know, Tom cutting + +406 +00:25:05,210 --> 00:25:09,430 +somebody's... Jerry cuts his tail, sometimes his + +407 +00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:11,890 +head, sometimes, you know, detonates the whole + +408 +00:25:11,890 --> 00:25:14,870 +house. A lot of violence. We laugh. We don't pay + +409 +00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:18,290 +much attention to the violence. And we know it's + +410 +00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:25,570 +not real. But we love sometimes to suspend even + +411 +00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,890 +our belief in real life because we want something + +412 +00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:32,390 +called relief, you know? We want a break. We want + +413 +00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:37,790 +some fun sometimes. Anyway, interesting how + +414 +00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:43,190 +significant literature is and fiction is. Now Jane + +415 +00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:46,850 +Austen, remember? Jane Austen could be a + +416 +00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:51,810 +transition link between Romanticism and Victorian + +417 +00:25:51,810 --> 00:25:55,960 +Age. If you want to take Jane Austen as a + +418 +00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,680 +Victorian figure, it's up to you. You want to take + +419 +00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,440 +her as a romantic figure, it's also up to you. But + +420 +00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,740 +definitely she has themes and features and + +421 +00:26:04,740 --> 00:26:09,000 +characteristics from both movements and eras. And + +422 +00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,840 +she was one of the most important writers of her + +423 +00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:18,420 +time. But always remember that Jane Austen was + +424 +00:26:18,420 --> 00:26:23,500 +only one of a long series or chain of female + +425 +00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:28,440 +writers, beginning from Aphra Behn, for example. + +426 +00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,200 +Aphra Behn will probably mention this. I mentioned + +427 +00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,060 +this already and I'll mention it again and again. + +428 +00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,880 +Virginia Woolf, the most significant female critic + +429 +00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,820 +and feminist activist and writer in the 20th + +430 +00:26:41,820 --> 00:26:45,400 +century, praises Afrabin of all women. She says + +431 +00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,200 +all the women in the world should put roses on her + +432 +00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,700 +grave. She started this movement. She encouraged + +433 +00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,700 +women to write. She showed the women how to write. + +434 +00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,240 +But again, personally, I would go to female + +435 +00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,930 +characters all the time. I'll go to the nun. in + +436 +00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:08,670 +Chosa's story and see how she defies the rule of + +437 +00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,350 +man. I'll go to Portia as one of the greatest + +438 +00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:15,410 +female characters ever, how she tried, she mocked, + +439 +00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:19,010 +she made fun of the man-made rules and patriarchy + +440 +00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:23,590 +only by changing her gown, her clothes, putting a + +441 +00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:27,290 +particular garment, and now she's a lawyer, and + +442 +00:27:27,290 --> 00:27:30,610 +now she can beat the court, deceive the court, and + +443 +00:27:30,610 --> 00:27:33,660 +can deceived the most cunning character in + +444 +00:27:33,660 --> 00:27:37,400 +Shakespeare, Shylock. So it starts from + +445 +00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,040 +literature, but it then transfers into real life. + +446 +00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:44,900 +Okay, so she's a late romantic, pre-Victorian + +447 +00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,460 +figure, or a romantic and a Victorian figure. Her + +448 +00:27:48,460 --> 00:27:52,860 +main interests usually go to the moral, the + +449 +00:27:52,860 --> 00:27:55,080 +social, and the psychological. If we focus on the + +450 +00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:59,040 +social, generally this is a Victorian issue theme, + +451 +00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,460 +because it's always about the society, corruption, + +452 +00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,160 +and poverty, and children, and education, et + +453 +00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:08,720 +cetera. Now, again, I don't want to say that women + +454 +00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,000 +writers mainly write about women, but they do. + +455 +00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,840 +Okay? But it doesn't mean all their writing is + +456 +00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:17,600 +about women and women themes. They have a variety + +457 +00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,640 +of issues and a variety of themes. But of course, + +458 +00:28:21,060 --> 00:28:23,420 +because women are like here, most Palestinian + +459 +00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:25,940 +poets and writers in Gaza, in the West Bank, in + +460 +00:28:25,940 --> 00:28:27,680 +Jerusalem, in the diaspora, they write about + +461 +00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,660 +Palestine. But not everything we write is about + +462 +00:28:30,660 --> 00:28:33,620 +Palestine. Sometimes we write as Palestinians. We + +463 +00:28:33,620 --> 00:28:36,750 +write like Palestinians. But you could write any + +464 +00:28:36,750 --> 00:28:40,470 +kind of poetry or novels or short stories. So she + +465 +00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:45,410 +writes mainly about young heroines who grow up to + +466 +00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:49,930 +search for, independently, to search for personal + +467 +00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:53,430 +happiness, where they try to turn things upside + +468 +00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:56,650 +down and inside out. So women are no longer + +469 +00:28:56,650 --> 00:29:03,320 +totally dependent on men. They are independent. So + +470 +00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,820 +her pictures are usually very vivid, very + +471 +00:29:06,820 --> 00:29:10,060 +detailed. She describes things in minute + +472 +00:29:10,060 --> 00:29:15,120 +description that sometimes men can't do. She uses + +473 +00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:21,100 +irony to show how absurd things are. And something + +474 +00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:24,060 +interesting about Austin, she doesn't include too + +475 +00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:26,580 +many characters in her novels. She just chooses + +476 +00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:30,280 +three or four families, three or four main + +477 +00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,440 +characters, and that's it. Many movies like, + +478 +00:29:33,740 --> 00:29:37,560 +sorry, novels later on have tens and dozens of + +479 +00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,840 +characters, and it could be confusing. Her point + +480 +00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,840 +is that I just want to focus on these, and they + +481 +00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,020 +can represent the whole society, the whole + +482 +00:29:47,020 --> 00:29:55,520 +society. Okay? Now, in her books, we'll see, for + +483 +00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:57,660 +example, how characters, how she gives the + +484 +00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:01,180 +characters the choices. And readers are generally + +485 +00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:04,480 +involved in the experience. We'll see how this + +486 +00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,460 +happens later on. So the reader, when you read + +487 +00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:09,940 +especially Jane Austen, sometimes you feel as a + +488 +00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:12,760 +character in the book. You identify everything is + +489 +00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,600 +revealed in front of you. Characters have options, + +490 +00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,280 +have choices, and they decide which option to + +491 +00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,380 +take. And you just want to follow them to see what + +492 +00:30:21,380 --> 00:30:24,700 +happens eventually because you also have your own + +493 +00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,820 +choices in life and how they make these choices. + +494 +00:30:29,790 --> 00:30:33,670 +In Sense and Sensibility, as the name suggests, + +495 +00:30:34,510 --> 00:30:37,830 +notice how the name changes. It's no longer a name + +496 +00:30:37,830 --> 00:30:43,060 +after the main character. We have this more in + +497 +00:30:43,060 --> 00:30:47,140 +women than in men, by the way. Okay? So sense and + +498 +00:30:47,140 --> 00:30:50,660 +sensibility. Well, she contrasts between sense and + +499 +00:30:50,660 --> 00:30:54,760 +sensibility, the Augustan age of mind and control + +500 +00:30:54,760 --> 00:30:57,220 +and brain, and of emotions and feelings and + +501 +00:30:57,220 --> 00:31:00,480 +imagination, the romantic age. So she contrasts + +502 +00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,140 +between two sisters, Eleanor, who is rational and + +503 +00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:07,420 +self-controlled, representing sense, the brain, + +504 +00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,640 +and Marianne, who is more emotional, standing for + +505 +00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,960 +sensibility, standing for, again, the Romantic Age + +506 +00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:22,360 +versus the Augustan Age. Interesting how, again, + +507 +00:31:22,780 --> 00:31:27,520 +as a woman, she's involved in this idea of + +508 +00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,820 +comparing and contrasting ages together. So this + +509 +00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:34,260 +is something critics did at that time, but she + +510 +00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:36,690 +does this in her... in her novel. + +511 +00:31:39,610 --> 00:31:44,110 +In Pride and Prejudice and Emma, so we have Pride + +512 +00:31:44,110 --> 00:31:47,950 +and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and + +513 +00:31:47,950 --> 00:31:51,430 +Mansfield Park, she usually shows that it's + +514 +00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:54,370 +important to know oneself in order to achieve + +515 +00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:57,870 +happiness, what you want to do. So, generally, she + +516 +00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,840 +focuses on this aspect of self-identifying + +517 +00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:03,940 +yourself, knowing yourself, understanding + +518 +00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:06,840 +yourself. Do you want to achieve happiness? Do you + +519 +00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,100 +want to be something? Do you want to be different? + +520 +00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,980 +Do you want to change your society, to change + +521 +00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:14,400 +somebody, to get somebody, to win somebody? Do you + +522 +00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,440 +want to do that? First and foremost, you have to + +523 +00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,380 +come face to face with yourself and to understand + +524 +00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:24,340 +what exactly you are, who you are, what you want, + +525 +00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,180 +understanding your identity. Remember, we spoke + +526 +00:32:27,180 --> 00:32:30,650 +about this in Hamlet also. at the beginning Hamlet + +527 +00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:35,530 +didn't know that he belonged to the old age of his + +528 +00:32:35,530 --> 00:32:38,630 +father asking him to commit suicide or to the new + +529 +00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:41,250 +modern age where he goes to university and knows + +530 +00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:44,570 +that a person who kills should be arrested and + +531 +00:32:44,570 --> 00:32:49,370 +taken by the police and then to be or not to be + +532 +00:32:49,370 --> 00:32:52,430 +that is the question and at the end when he + +533 +00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:56,030 +realizes who he is He changes from to be or not to + +534 +00:32:56,030 --> 00:32:59,770 +be to, it's I, Hamlet, the Dane. He knows that, + +535 +00:32:59,890 --> 00:33:03,230 +okay, I know who I am and I know what I want to do + +536 +00:33:03,230 --> 00:33:06,190 +in life. So this is significant in her books. + +537 +00:33:06,430 --> 00:33:09,330 +Understand yourself. And remember, this is + +538 +00:33:09,330 --> 00:33:12,370 +generally something that the reader feels. The + +539 +00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:15,890 +message is clear because you are involved in the + +540 +00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:21,650 +book, okay? Again, her novels and most of the + +541 +00:33:21,650 --> 00:33:23,810 +novels of these times because many people wanted + +542 +00:33:23,810 --> 00:33:26,610 +to please the readers. They wanted to publish + +543 +00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:29,710 +because publishers wanted a particular type of + +544 +00:33:29,710 --> 00:33:33,390 +genre of novel. So they would end happily ever + +545 +00:33:33,390 --> 00:33:37,070 +after with generally people getting married. But a + +546 +00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:39,430 +significant aspect in Jane Austen and this we find + +547 +00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:43,610 +this more often in women writers than in men. + +548 +00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:47,820 +where the reader is involved in a way or another. + +549 +00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:51,980 +The reader is part of... You identify, you are + +550 +00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:56,200 +addressed sometimes. For example, in Pride and + +551 +00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,800 +Prejudice, we'll see at the end of the novel, the + +552 +00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,400 +main character, I think Elizabeth Bennet, we'll + +553 +00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,400 +see now, she directly talks to the reader, and she + +554 +00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:11,580 +says, reader, is it here? No, sorry. This is in + +555 +00:34:11,580 --> 00:34:16,410 +Jane Eyre, not here. Sorry, I messed up. So here + +556 +00:34:16,410 --> 00:34:19,110 +the reader again is part of the experience itself, + +557 +00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,650 +part of the novel. Before we conclude romanticism, + +558 +00:34:25,310 --> 00:34:29,050 +we'll speak a little bit more about pride and + +559 +00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,910 +prejudice. There are many movies, Pride and + +560 +00:34:31,910 --> 00:34:33,810 +Prejudice. There was a movie like five years ago, + +561 +00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:37,740 +seven years ago, really interesting stuff. I know + +562 +00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:40,820 +many people who don't want to read romantic novels + +563 +00:34:40,820 --> 00:34:43,760 +from the Romantic Age or even Victorian novels. + +564 +00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:48,060 +They think that they're big and boring. So at + +565 +00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:50,380 +least try to watch the movie and then try to read + +566 +00:34:50,380 --> 00:34:55,560 +the novel. Now, Pride and Prejudice begins with + +567 +00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,860 +one of the most famous openings in literature. The + +568 +00:35:00,860 --> 00:35:05,360 +first line says, it is a truth universally + +569 +00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:11,830 +acknowledged that a single man in possession of a + +570 +00:35:11,830 --> 00:35:17,930 +good fortune must be in want of a wife. If you are + +571 +00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:22,630 +rich, you have money, you should get married. + +572 +00:35:24,970 --> 00:35:29,010 +If you have this, if you are rich, if you're + +573 +00:35:29,010 --> 00:35:32,810 +single, have the money, all you need now to + +574 +00:35:32,810 --> 00:35:37,700 +complete yourself in a way is a wife. So it is a + +575 +00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,140 +truth universally acknowledged that a single man + +576 +00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:44,420 +in possession of a good fortune must be in one of + +577 +00:35:44,420 --> 00:35:46,780 +them. This is the opening line, the first sentence + +578 +00:35:46,780 --> 00:35:50,880 +from Pride and Prejudice. Now, several people say + +579 +00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:55,500 +this is ironic. They say this is a famous irony + +580 +00:35:55,500 --> 00:36:02,440 +because the opposite happens. Because generally + +581 +00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:08,200 +here, it's the woman who is in the society is in + +582 +00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,920 +want of a man. Because in the book, the women + +583 +00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,280 +start to chase or one of the women starts to chase + +584 +00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:22,780 +the rich character. So it's like a woman who is + +585 +00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:27,340 +single should be looking for a man who has money. + +586 +00:36:28,450 --> 00:36:32,750 +And there are other layers of ironies. So in Pride + +587 +00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:34,590 +and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett, this is her + +588 +00:36:34,590 --> 00:36:38,670 +name. She's a central character. She dislikes Mr. + +589 +00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:45,790 +Darcy. He is wealthy, and he is in want of a wife, + +590 +00:36:45,850 --> 00:36:49,730 +of a woman or a wife. Now, because she hates him, + +591 +00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,980 +Simply because she hates him because of who he is, + +592 +00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,280 +she is prejudiced. No prejudice to dislike + +593 +00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,240 +somebody or something before even getting to know + +594 +00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,480 +them. It's just you have an idea. Generally, + +595 +00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:07,440 +unrealistic, unfounded. And the man, because he's + +596 +00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,500 +rich, he's full of himself, he's pride. He's + +597 +00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:12,920 +proud. He's a proud man. He is pride. He stands + +598 +00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:16,260 +for pride. She's prejudiced while he is pride + +599 +00:37:16,260 --> 00:37:19,320 +because she dislikes him at the beginning and he's + +600 +00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,490 +full of himself. Now, again, remember that + +601 +00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:25,270 +characters have to learn about themselves, to know + +602 +00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:27,490 +themselves, to understand themselves before + +603 +00:37:27,490 --> 00:37:32,370 +getting to achieve what they have to achieve. And + +604 +00:37:32,370 --> 00:37:36,350 +as expected from Jane Austen, the novel ends + +605 +00:37:36,350 --> 00:37:40,290 +happily. What is happiness here in the society? + +606 +00:37:40,510 --> 00:37:45,370 +They get married. Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. Say + +607 +00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:50,280 +again? Not at the beginning, right? Yeah. He + +608 +00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:53,920 +realized at the end that he is the true man. He's + +609 +00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:57,040 +a good man. But why? So this is the journey of + +610 +00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,620 +understanding, self-exploration, seeking to + +611 +00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:02,520 +understand yourself. Watch the movie. It's really + +612 +00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,200 +interesting. Try to read the book. So the happy + +613 +00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,680 +ending here is this is a social movie in a way or + +614 +00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,400 +another. Sorry, a social novel about society, + +615 +00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080 +about marriage, about men, about women, and + +616 +00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:19,220 +everything. Okay, that's Pride and Prejudice, very + +617 +00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:24,600 +famous novel. So, we come to a conclusion here, + +618 +00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:26,580 +romanticism in general. + +619 +00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:35,840 +We have again, how many male poets? Blake, + +620 +00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:41,620 +Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron, + +621 +00:38:41,740 --> 00:38:48,690 +and then we have Jane Austen, and do they all + +622 +00:38:48,690 --> 00:38:52,570 +share the same exact features? This applies to + +623 +00:38:52,570 --> 00:38:55,270 +almost all movements and theories in English. + +624 +00:38:55,490 --> 00:38:59,050 +Generally, we have basic general features and + +625 +00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:02,390 +characteristics that most of them share, and then + +626 +00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:06,350 +each one of them has their or its hair or his + +627 +00:39:06,350 --> 00:39:10,810 +particular features. We've seen this once again, + +628 +00:39:10,930 --> 00:39:14,630 +but basically, The romantic poets, the romantic + +629 +00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:18,130 +authors in general, they were writers, poets of + +630 +00:39:18,130 --> 00:39:22,040 +change. Yes, not radical political social change + +631 +00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,720 +at the beginning, but at least changing language, + +632 +00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:30,140 +changing the way poetry was composed. They found + +633 +00:39:30,140 --> 00:39:34,320 +constants in nature and art. Remember colorage, + +634 +00:39:34,660 --> 00:39:38,860 +supernatural elements? Wordsworth, nature, the + +635 +00:39:38,860 --> 00:39:42,300 +daffodils, the rainbow. And in the common man, + +636 +00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:48,070 +simple language, memory. But later on, for Keats + +637 +00:39:48,070 --> 00:39:53,770 +and Shelley, for example, art was the end. Art was + +638 +00:39:53,770 --> 00:39:56,750 +not only the means to an end, but also the end + +639 +00:39:56,750 --> 00:40:02,210 +itself. Because art and artistic creation give + +640 +00:40:02,210 --> 00:40:06,110 +meaning and give eternity and give life. And they + +641 +00:40:06,110 --> 00:40:10,830 +make our lives and experiences now and forever. + +642 +00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,700 +They could also see the dangers in the modern + +643 +00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,660 +world. Remember, the society, the corruption of + +644 +00:40:17,660 --> 00:40:21,240 +the city, depersonalization and decline. People + +645 +00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:24,820 +were no longer people. They were like machines + +646 +00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:28,760 +working in factories. They wanted to give man back + +647 +00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,620 +his dignity. And that's the feature of + +648 +00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:35,540 +individuality here. In their writings, the + +649 +00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:38,670 +security of the individual was threatened. An + +650 +00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:41,970 +individual was losing his or her identity, and + +651 +00:40:41,970 --> 00:40:45,870 +that's why we find generally common people, the + +652 +00:40:45,870 --> 00:40:48,910 +masses, themes about ordinary people, poor people, + +653 +00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,930 +unnamed people, people we never ever find in the + +654 +00:40:52,930 --> 00:40:56,410 +texts, the books of the Augustans generally. + +655 +00:40:57,510 --> 00:41:01,270 +Because basically it was about elite life and + +656 +00:41:01,270 --> 00:41:05,740 +courtly life. More or less, not 100%. So during + +657 +00:41:05,740 --> 00:41:07,880 +the Romantic period, prose writing developed + +658 +00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:13,400 +rapidly, thanks partly to some women writers, but + +659 +00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,300 +also some men. But always remember, poetry was + +660 +00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:19,760 +more dominant. In the Victorian Age, it's going to + +661 +00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:25,060 +be the opposite. The novel will be more dominant. + +662 +00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:28,600 +A number of novelists were women, such as Mary + +663 +00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:35,850 +Shelley and Jane Austen. And thus, we finish the + +664 +00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:40,990 +Romantic Movement. Not sure how you think about it + +665 +00:41:40,990 --> 00:41:46,190 +compared to the Augustan poetry, compared to John + +666 +00:41:46,190 --> 00:41:50,110 +Donne, compared to Chaucer, compared to Old + +667 +00:41:50,110 --> 00:41:56,210 +English. But many, I know many, especially, I was + +668 +00:41:56,210 --> 00:41:59,550 +reading this article that claims that the + +669 +00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,490 +romantics are more famous among women than among + +670 +00:42:03,490 --> 00:42:05,070 +men. + +671 +00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:10,810 +Because the claim is that Romantic poetry + +672 +00:42:10,810 --> 00:42:13,990 +literature gives voice to the subclass, the + +673 +00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:17,310 +marginalized, like Jonan was doing, to people who + +674 +00:42:17,310 --> 00:42:20,310 +nobody cares about. So when you read a poem as a + +675 +00:42:20,310 --> 00:42:23,150 +woman, you feel empowered, you feel that someone + +676 +00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,350 +is at least giving you a particular tool, is + +677 +00:42:26,350 --> 00:42:29,190 +creating, is inviting you to create your own + +678 +00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,690 +world, to change your own world in a way or + +679 +00:42:32,690 --> 00:42:33,730 +another. + +680 +00:42:35,770 --> 00:42:39,820 +Okay? Do we have any question, comment, or + +681 +00:42:39,820 --> 00:42:44,480 +something? Can you consider Jane Austen as a + +682 +00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:47,220 +veteran writer because she lived in a foreign + +683 +00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:49,640 +place? Yeah, could be. Yeah, she could be a + +684 +00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,980 +veteran because she experienced, she lived during + +685 +00:42:53,980 --> 00:42:56,920 +the, you know, some romantic poets and later on + +686 +00:42:56,920 --> 00:43:00,900 +with some early, early Victorians. Yeah, but not + +687 +00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:07,090 +exactly, but could be. Yes? Commentary? Chima? + +688 +00:43:08,170 --> 00:43:11,670 +Asil? Dream? Khadra? + +689 +00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:17,270 +Anyone? Don't have a Khadra here. + +690 +00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:27,940 +Okay, we stop. Thank you very much. And looking + +691 +00:43:27,940 --> 00:43:30,620 +forward to next class where we're going to begin + +692 +00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:35,100 +talking about the Victorian Age. And thank you + +693 +00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:35,500 +very much. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..022a1f689ddfd1bab9d290c5a60c98ef79b68fbe --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2280 @@ +1 +00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300 +Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have + +2 +00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400 +to the English literature course and it's always + +3 +00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040 +nice to have you back here. I know you don't have + +4 +00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400 +a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we + +5 +00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470 +move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or + +6 +00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230 +the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to + +7 +00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690 +poetry. And I know I said something about poetry + +8 +00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970 +when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet. + +9 +00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130 +And also, when we said that drama was mainly + +10 +00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430 +written in verse. Don't forget this. It was + +11 +00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260 +written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was + +12 +00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900 +verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist + +13 +00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720 +like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from + +14 +00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940 +blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with + +15 +00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660 +Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance + +16 +00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310 +poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four + +17 +00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650 +major points. Three poets, but we have one term, + +18 +00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550 +one literal term we need to know. Remember, we + +19 +00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910 +spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about + +20 +00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270 +patronage. We spoke about the English canon. + +21 +00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010 +Remember? You should know them. And again, the + +22 +00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610 +English canon is basically the most important + +23 +00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290 +literary works. the literary works that are deemed + +24 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350 +to be famous and of universal themes that we still + +25 +00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350 +study. We still, until this very day, research and + +26 +00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870 +study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum + +27 +00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170 +before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the + +28 +00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230 +rules of decorum. + +29 +00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350 +You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is + +30 +00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510 +where it comes from. Decor. Decorations. + +31 +00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590 +Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something + +32 +00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290 +that is probably organized in a particular way. + +33 +00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490 +Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way. + +34 +00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690 +In a way that would attract people, would make + +35 +00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510 +people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's + +36 +00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810 +this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of + +37 +00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810 +decorum are originally ancient rules from the time + +38 +00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310 +of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now + +39 +00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690 +there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named + +40 +00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230 +Horace. + +41 +00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130 +Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works + +42 +00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990 +of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The + +43 +00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050 +Odyssey, and other literary works that we still + +44 +00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490 +hear about nowadays and probably study. He said, + +45 +00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290 +OK, if we want to write great literature, we need + +46 +00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990 +to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you + +47 +00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490 +produce great work? How do you write great + +48 +00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290 +literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or + +49 +00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890 +the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the + +50 +00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430 +canon, write it again, many works. And for + +51 +00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950 +example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer, + +52 +00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210 +remember? So if we want to study great literature, + +53 +00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020 +we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So + +54 +00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720 +he studied the great literary works and came up + +55 +00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100 +with certain rules. And he said, he described + +56 +00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540 +these rules as the rules of decorum. You know, + +57 +00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320 +like when you behave, there are rules of + +58 +00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660 +etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In + +59 +00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220 +poetry and literature, these are similar to the + +60 +00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780 +rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the + +61 +00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660 +rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago + +62 +00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220 +by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England + +63 +00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980 +even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably + +64 +00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240 +500 years later. Many great critics and poets + +65 +00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900 +believe that only by imitating great literary + +66 +00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540 +works, we can provide our readers and the audience + +67 +00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150 +with great literary works. So why did Horace + +68 +00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810 +determine these rules? So that poets can imitate + +69 +00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310 +them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three + +70 +00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690 +points here I need to speak about. So again, the + +71 +00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890 +rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring + +72 +00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910 +poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write + +73 +00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130 +good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules. + +74 +00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100 +You need to follow these rules. What are they? + +75 +00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640 +Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme + +76 +00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480 +or the subject matter. + +77 +00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420 +What should I write about? What should I write + +78 +00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240 +about? Can I write about anything? Can I write + +79 +00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780 +about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about + +80 +00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560 +I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my + +81 +00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110 +sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they + +82 +00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970 +say your theme, topic, has to be of great + +83 +00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430 +importance, sometimes described as, examined here, + +84 +00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830 +should have universal truths, universal value. + +85 +00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300 +Moral, it has to touch very important subjects, + +86 +00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180 +not only personally, and generally it should be + +87 +00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220 +collective for the whole, something that affects + +88 +00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720 +the whole society. And that's why we find the + +89 +00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440 +literature of that time focusing more on kings and + +90 +00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600 +queens, royal family, about battles, about epics, + +91 +00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160 +about great fighters, about knights, about + +92 +00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940 +noblemen. Because they believed this is where the + +93 +00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040 +important issues lie. They lie with these people + +94 +00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640 +in the palace, in the court, out, in the + +95 +00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610 +battlefield. And even when you speak about other + +96 +00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810 +relationships between man and woman, you have to + +97 +00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870 +speak about courtly love. Love between probably + +98 +00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230 +noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism + +99 +00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550 +here in this sense when we speak about this. You + +100 +00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570 +know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism. + +101 +00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320 +There's a lot of mythologia here. So number one, I + +102 +00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900 +want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets + +103 +00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820 +or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write + +104 +00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860 +about everything. Don't write about your sandwich, + +105 +00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320 +your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write + +106 +00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880 +poetry has to be about highly important, highly + +107 +00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210 +sophisticated subject matters. Issues with + +108 +00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250 +universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like + +109 +00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810 +in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There + +110 +00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750 +are issues that are still relevant and important + +111 +00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350 +to us. That's number one. Number two, the + +112 +00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890 +language. + +113 +00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110 +Okay. There's something called poetic language. + +114 +00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120 +Meaning, does poetry have special language? For + +115 +00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940 +those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it. + +116 +00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740 +This word is not poetic, you don't use it. + +117 +00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220 +And vice versa probably. So according to the rules + +118 +00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680 +of the Quran, the language of literature has to be + +119 +00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340 +powerful, strong, highly embellished. + +120 +00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760 +Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the + +121 +00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640 +diction here, you know diction? Dictionary? + +122 +00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220 +Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful + +123 +00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140 +and attractive. Not only that, it has to be + +124 +00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310 +arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words + +125 +00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390 +carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and + +126 +00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470 +every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful + +127 +00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890 +line because of the choice of words, because how + +128 +00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590 +words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember + +129 +00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430 +we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa + +130 +00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490 +sometimes declines because the sound here reflects + +131 +00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260 +the mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the + +132 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880 +emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die. + +133 +00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120 +The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to + +134 +00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560 +be elite language, strong language, powerful + +135 +00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180 +language, highly sophisticated, embellished + +136 +00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560 +language. Because when you write about great + +137 +00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580 +things, you use great language, great rhetoric, + +138 +00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760 +the metaphors, the literal devices, everything. + +139 +00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620 +that's two and then finally the form or the + +140 +00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420 +structure the + +141 +00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660 +form so here we speak generally here there is the + +142 +00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680 +the content the content the form the shape what + +143 +00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000 +you see when you look at the text so what about + +144 +00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520 +the structure the structure has to be highly + +145 +00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260 +organized highly regular well written, well + +146 +00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020 +structured, well constructed. Very clear example + +147 +00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360 +here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways + +148 +00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260 +represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line + +149 +00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720 +has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme + +150 +00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520 +scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F, + +151 +00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280 +G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch, + +152 +00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980 +Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D. + +153 +00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580 +Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it + +154 +00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840 +talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the + +155 +00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400 +passing of time, about loss, about immortality, + +156 +00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560 +about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He + +157 +00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620 +uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He + +158 +00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840 +says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But + +159 +00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560 +that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or + +160 +00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000 +metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature. + +161 +00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360 +He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He + +162 +00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740 +exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the + +163 +00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700 +rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules + +164 +00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970 +of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary + +165 +00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450 +text has to have an elegant style, a grand style. + +166 +00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110 +Strong language, powerful language in the sense + +167 +00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390 +that it is highly embellished. Many people believe + +168 +00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230 +that this idea is elitist. Again, remember + +169 +00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630 +elitist? You know elitist? + +170 +00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480 +Elitist meaning that only educated people + +171 +00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280 +understand this. And only educated people can + +172 +00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120 +write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the + +173 +00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720 +rules of decorum. So if you don't study the + +174 +00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260 +language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you + +175 +00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720 +don't study how to write poetry, you will not be + +176 +00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500 +able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we + +177 +00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900 +mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the + +178 +00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660 +rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people + +179 +00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740 +generally were following these rules. Because when + +180 +00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580 +Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies + +181 +00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980 +rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to + +182 +00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520 +university, he studies ancient Greece and drama + +183 +00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280 +and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian + +184 +00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600 +literature. He studies these rules of decorum. + +185 +00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060 +Yes? + +186 +00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880 +He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes, + +187 +00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640 +listen, we do things, we don't know that we are + +188 +00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320 +following a particular opinion because we were + +189 +00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120 +born this way and we lived in a particular life + +190 +00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220 +where there are particular rules. So sometimes we + +191 +00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740 +don't feel that there are rules. Because they are + +192 +00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500 +there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We + +193 +00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580 +go to university. We get married. We have kids. We + +194 +00:12 + +223 +00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530 +clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may + +224 +00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670 +thee move, come live with me and be my love. + +225 +00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070 +Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy + +226 +00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590 +delight each May morning. If these delights thy + +227 +00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570 +mind may move, then live with me and be my love." + +228 +00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110 +It's a very beautiful poem here. + +229 +00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270 +The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by + +230 +00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450 +Christopher Marlowe. Come live with me, and be my + +231 +00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710 +love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with + +232 +00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550 +valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy + +233 +00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470 +mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks, + +234 +00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030 +seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow + +235 +00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520 +And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand + +236 +00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140 +fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain, + +237 +00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960 +Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made + +238 +00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100 +of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we + +239 +00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600 +pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With + +240 +00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000 +buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and + +241 +00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280 +ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs, + +242 +00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380 +Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's + +243 +00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600 +swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each + +244 +00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520 +May morning. If these delights thy mind may move, + +245 +00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640 +then live with me and be my love. Interesting. + +246 +00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260 +What do you think? We're going to study only the + +247 +00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260 +first two lines, OK? So what do you think? + +248 +00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910 +What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his + +249 +00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610 +beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in + +250 +00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990 +nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a + +251 +00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130 +very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A + +252 +00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550 +pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the + +253 +00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910 +pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does + +254 +00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110 +he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold. + +255 +00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430 +Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers + +256 +00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630 +and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love + +257 +00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590 +poem. A love poem. But generally it's about + +258 +00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310 +elegant kind of love. Because this is the most + +259 +00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210 +beautiful woman and this is the most romantic + +260 +00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080 +lover here. But let's see what the text itself + +261 +00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300 +says. Remember, the text, the title is The + +262 +00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360 +Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher + +263 +00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940 +Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is + +264 +00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560 +the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in + +265 +00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800 +life? + +266 +00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400 +Generally, a shepherd + +267 +00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510 +okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could + +268 +00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810 +be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he + +269 +00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470 +can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything + +270 +00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710 +coppersmith so he goes for to take care of + +271 +00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060 +somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the + +272 +00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040 +sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he + +273 +00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780 +has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's + +274 +00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860 +always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But + +275 +00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100 +my question is, does he own anything? No, he + +276 +00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120 +doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let + +277 +00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040 +alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the + +278 +00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420 +purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you + +279 +00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940 +count? Did anybody count the number of syllables + +280 +00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390 +here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, + +281 +00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430 +eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally, + +282 +00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810 +two syllables make and one, two, three, four, + +283 +00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330 +five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four + +284 +00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190 +feet each. This is again the structure, the + +285 +00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350 +decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you + +286 +00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670 +think? When you + +287 +00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010 +look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O + +288 +00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910 +-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you + +289 +00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410 +read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is + +290 +00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770 +generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point, + +291 +00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990 +listen to me, I said this before and I have to + +292 +00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230 +repeat it again. My point is that generally, every + +293 +00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670 +word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet + +294 +00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800 +carefully. is placed in its particular place in + +295 +00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120 +order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There + +296 +00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620 +is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually + +297 +00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960 +behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem, + +298 +00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700 +beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you + +299 +00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560 +go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing + +300 +00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520 +this. So come live with me and be my love, and we + +301 +00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690 +will all the pleasures go. So this creates some + +302 +00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490 +kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the + +303 +00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170 +imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is + +304 +00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690 +everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I + +305 +00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890 +own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but + +306 +00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610 +then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme. + +307 +00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510 +So generally + +308 +00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330 +if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check + +309 +00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130 +if there is something wrong in the text itself or + +310 +00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650 +what it means. So again, we go back. This is a + +311 +00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610 +speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures. + +312 +00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410 +But when you go back and realize that this is not + +313 +00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030 +a king, this is the language of a king or a + +314 +00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090 +prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we + +315 +00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150 +see that he is only a shepherd, with all due + +316 +00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850 +respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have + +317 +00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010 +gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So + +318 +00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350 +the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying, + +319 +00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450 +exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is + +320 +00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770 +exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So + +321 +00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810 +generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates + +322 +00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570 +tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of + +323 +00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450 +conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the + +324 +00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170 +whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and + +325 +00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550 +then all of a sudden there's something like you + +326 +00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570 +are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all + +327 +00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370 +of a sudden there's something you just bought your + +328 +00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170 +seatbelt and here it happens like this everything + +329 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090 +is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words + +330 +00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900 +And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy + +331 +00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620 +road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect + +332 +00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960 +rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates + +333 +00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540 +tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict, + +334 +00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940 +and then we find it in the fact that the speaker + +335 +00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740 +is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's + +336 +00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280 +promising his beloved everything. + +337 +00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760 +It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here. + +338 +00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220 +So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly + +339 +00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220 +love, idealized love. This is how the poets, + +340 +00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420 +again, were following the rules of the Quran of + +341 +00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900 +that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any + +342 +00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900 +question about Marlowe? What about the whole + +343 +00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560 +rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check + +344 +00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720 +this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A, + +345 +00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600 +A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back + +346 +00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280 +to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A, + +347 +00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000 +A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain + +348 +00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740 +metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs + +349 +00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300 +move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back + +350 +00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440 +again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme + +351 +00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200 +scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of + +352 +00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380 +the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza + +353 +00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680 +in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes + +354 +00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420 +we have very long poems. We don't have enough + +355 +00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680 +letters in the English alphabet. + +356 +00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300 +Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again, + +357 +00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820 +remember we're speaking about the Renaissance. + +358 +00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000 +During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look + +359 +00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490 +here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said + +360 +00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570 +people were looking for new discoveries, new ways + +361 +00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510 +of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each + +362 +00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030 +other, to man, to understand human nature. And + +363 +00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670 +when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet + +364 +00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630 +is the fictional representative + +365 +00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250 +of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do. + +366 +00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970 +They were ambitious. They were educated. They were + +367 +00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300 +people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip + +368 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780 +Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life + +369 +00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940 +Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a + +370 +00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100 +prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can + +371 +00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880 +say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But + +372 +00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560 +here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like + +373 +00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440 +knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by + +374 +00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820 +the king or the queen to certain people who + +375 +00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280 +achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a + +376 +00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400 +noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real + +377 +00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630 +life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died + +378 +00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630 +in battle, fighting, young. He was like + +379 +00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170 +Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away, + +380 +00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870 +when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He + +381 +00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570 +died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles, + +382 +00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650 +defending them, fighting. So again, in a way, + +383 +00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210 +reviving the old English mentality of knights and + +384 +00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130 +heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is + +385 +00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850 +Astrophel and Stella. + +386 +00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560 +Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So + +387 +00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080 +this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of + +388 +00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100 +many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as + +389 +00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120 +the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But + +390 +00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840 +again, sadly, he can't have her. So again, + +391 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860 +ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's + +392 +00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360 +see this extract from the text. The extract in + +393 +00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060 +many ways represents the mentality of people in + +394 +00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560 +the Renaissance. + +395 +00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300 +This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before + +396 +00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510 +we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A + +397 +00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750 +first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound + +398 +00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950 +here again? Regular, + +399 +00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410 +very musical. Can you count the syllables someone? + +400 +00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540 +Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait + +401 +00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350 +leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two, + +402 +00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690 +three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the + +403 +00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610 +book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh + +404 +00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450 +love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to + +405 +00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910 +dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten + +406 +00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230 +syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten + +407 +00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690 +syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet. + +408 +00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290 +Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more + +409 +00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210 +or one or two, like at least we have one sound, + +4 + +445 +00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460 +of money or even gold although funnily, ironically + +446 +00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420 +gold doesn't rust, you know rust metal rust so he + +447 +00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460 +wants to grow rich not in money but in things that + +448 +00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140 +don't rust. And the things that you don't rust are + +449 +00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680 +what? Your name, your reputation, your + +450 +00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940 +achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't. + +451 +00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980 +Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How + +452 +00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720 +famous you become for good things generally. + +453 +00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400 +Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This + +454 +00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660 +reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair + +455 +00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280 +sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean? + +456 +00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420 +Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain + +457 +00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290 +it? Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. + +458 +00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670 +Yes, please. + +459 +00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470 +You're adding too much to the line. The word love + +460 +00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310 +is not there. But he means it. He means it, but + +461 +00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750 +can you translate it word for word into good + +462 +00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010 +Arabic? + +463 +00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230 +This means that loss brings happiness. It's a + +464 +00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570 +paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose + +465 +00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350 +somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now + +466 +00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050 +here, whatever fades, anything that fades means + +467 +00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270 +end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice + +468 +00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830 +cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the + +469 +00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010 +world. But because it ends, + +470 +00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010 +it's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will + +471 +00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730 +eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the + +472 +00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550 +pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting + +473 +00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570 +here. The word order should be whatever fades + +474 +00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010 +brings fading pleasure. This is how poetic + +475 +00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410 +this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the + +476 +00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390 +music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it + +477 +00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290 +helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here. + +478 +00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710 +But you know what "but" means here? Except. All the + +479 +00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590 +students came, but one. So probably whatever fades + +480 +00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770 +could bring anything. + +481 +00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730 +Probably it's a little bit different here, but + +482 +00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130 +also it brings fading pleasures. Pleasures that + +483 +00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210 +end. So again, this is a man who aspires to + +484 +00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070 +greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater + +485 +00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770 +things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a + +486 +00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310 +way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't + +487 +00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470 +talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his + +488 +00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380 +name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe + +489 +00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860 +for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants. + +490 +00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360 +He wants greater things, greater things. Okay, + +491 +00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180 +finally, we'll move to speak about, finally, this is + +492 +00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860 +the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me. + +493 +00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100 +Listen to me. And I have to remind you of + +494 +00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720 +patronage and how many critics, many poets already + +495 +00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360 +had patrons who provided them with money and + +496 +00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700 +protection. + +497 +00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280 +Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way + +498 +00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640 +or another at the beginning of his life a + +499 +00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390 +controversial figure. Because probably he was + +500 +00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770 +critical of, I don't know, the regime, the + +501 +00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830 +authorities. So many people believed that he saw + +502 +00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850 +in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the + +503 +00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130 +queen in order to be close to her, to get probably + +504 +00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750 +money. And that's why later on he was described as + +505 +00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850 +the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of + +506 +00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890 +poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets + +507 +00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490 +this unless he is very close to the king or to the + +508 +00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590 +queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote + +509 +00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950 +several poems, two poems we will mention here, the + +510 +00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730 +most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look + +511 +00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730 +at the ancient writing here. There should be an E + +512 +00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410 +here in the original text. The fairy meaning + +513 +00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510 +fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings + +514 +00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550 +in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow + +515 +00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030 +old, they live forever. And here he writes this + +516 +00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290 +epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses + +517 +00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810 +something called the Spencer stanza or the + +518 +00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290 +Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. A + +519 +00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970 +stanza of nine lines, he kept repeating it again + +520 +00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110 +and again and again. Now people describe it as the + +521 +00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250 +Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza, rhyming A + +522 +00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390 +B A B B C B C C, fix the thing in the book, there's + +523 +00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490 +something wrong in the book. It's A B A B B C B C + +524 +00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610 +that's the rhyme scheme. And then there is an extra + +525 +00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390 +C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably + +526 +00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570 +we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a + +527 +00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210 +couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then + +528 +00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650 +all of a sudden we have one line. It's like + +529 +00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990 +similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12 + +530 +00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850 +lines and then we have a couplet, like a + +531 +00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430 +conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine + +532 +00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100 +lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy + +533 +00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300 +Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For + +534 +00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000 +many people, again, remember, Spencer started his + +535 +00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900 +life as a controversial figure. For many, he + +536 +00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980 +remains a controversial figure because they say that + +537 +00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100 +his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to + +538 +00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620 +flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here, + +539 +00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530 +The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. In + +540 +00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310 +which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a + +541 +00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430 +fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English + +542 +00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810 +people. + +543 +00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790 +She brings wealth and peace and protection and + +544 +00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860 +safety and security to England. And this is + +545 +00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340 +why, again, he's usually described as the most, + +546 +00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220 +this poem is the most important English poem or + +547 +00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160 +poem in English after Chaucer. You know why? + +548 +00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320 +Because there's a strong sense of English + +549 +00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520 +identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the + +550 +00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000 +Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What + +551 +00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520 +happens in the text? The Queen fights. + +552 +00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120 +for the security, the safety, and the prosperity + +553 +00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920 +of her people. + +554 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340 +And he indeed tried to revive the sense of + +555 +00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500 +English. When we read the poem we just read here, + +556 +00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640 +"Come Live With Me," there isn't much about the + +557 +00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980 +Englishness of the English people there. But here, + +558 +00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900 +this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and + +559 +00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850 +celebrates her as the queen that brings peace and + +560 +00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330 +money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a + +561 +00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450 +line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that + +562 +00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030 +many people memorize it. You should. + +563 +00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360 +But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're + +564 +00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120 +not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This + +565 +00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800 +is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer, + +566 +00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660 +the prince of poets, who was controversial, but + +567 +00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980 +then clearly he became close to the queen because + +568 +00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740 +he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted + +569 +00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840 +to convey a strong sense of the English identity + +570 +00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520 +in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in + +571 +00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870 +this line. Now this line is taken from another + +572 +00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950 +poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion. + +573 +00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850 +What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the + +574 +00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390 +exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say + +575 +00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610 +this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see + +576 +00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410 +how you do that. Yes. + +577 +00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410 +Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little, I + +578 +00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330 +end my song. So he had themes times another + +579 +00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150 +reading, yes, yes okay, also + +580 +00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810 +themes, yes, yes, what is this themes themes, sweet + +581 +00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730 +things run softly, themes th's + +582 +00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090 +ass + +583 +00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840 +Okay, generally, it could be a "that" or a "that," but + +584 +00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900 +in English, that's a few words where the "th" is only + +585 +00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870 +"that." Like Thomas, you know, Thomas, Thomas Hardy, + +586 +00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910 +Thailand, you know, the country and Thai, Thai food + +587 +00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230 +and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat + +588 +00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010 +a lot of thyme, almost every day, thyme. I had thyme + +589 +00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870 +and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme. + +590 +00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240 +This is another word, it's "Thames." Yes, the river. + +591 +00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520 +Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix + +592 +00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320 +between Thames and Times. The Times is a + +593 +00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360 +newspaper, I don't know, in England and in + +594 +00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540 +Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet + +595 +00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640 +Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I end my song. + +596 +00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180 +And notice how there is a part of England in the + +597 +00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820 +poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most + +598 +00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980 +important river, probably in Europe. In London, + +599 +00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740 +yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another + +600 +00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200 +personification, because he's talking to the river + +601 +00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960 +as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly + +602 +00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540 +till I end my song. My poem. + +603 +00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680 +A strong sense of the English, is there here. In a + +604 +00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500 +way, it's not very clear, but when you read the + +605 +00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780 +whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll + +606 +00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740 +find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look + +607 +00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840 +at this, if you count the syllables and you look + +608 +00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040 +at the other lines there, you'll find also a very + +609 +00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900 +regular form, poetic language. What is the subject + +610 +00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870 +matter here? The Queen of England. About how the + +611 +00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610 +queen, again, universal theme, important subject + +612 +00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490 +matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply + +613 +00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450 +the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has + +614 +00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710 +to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and + +615 +00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890 +powerful. How can you do that? Important subject + +616 +00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180 +matters. Highly embellished language, well + +617 +00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660 +structured forms, and then you have good and great + +618 +00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880 +portraits. I'll stop here unless any of you has a + +619 +00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420 +question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these + +620 +00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360 +are canonical poets. They are canonical poets. + +621 +00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760 +Yes? Shakespeare, + +622 +00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720 +in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer. + +623 +00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500 +Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but + +624 +00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800 +he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in + +625 +00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920 +his plays. Probably, when you study Shakespeare, + +626 +00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720 +you will know more about how he tries to change + +627 +00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120 +things. So he's not 100% following the rules of + +628 +00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280 +the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of + +629 +00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900 +poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen. + +630 +00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690 +And generally, again, remember, generally, when + +631 +00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790 +poets write good poetry about the queen, either + +632 +00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110 +the queen brings them to the palace and gives them + +633 +00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310 +money and everything, or \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3456cb52626359cd40273d9520adbde49f1d7199 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@ +1 +00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300 +Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have + +2 +00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400 +to the English literature course and it's always + +3 +00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040 +nice to have you back here. I know you don't have + +4 +00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400 +a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we + +5 +00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470 +move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or + +6 +00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230 +the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to + +7 +00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690 +poetry. And I know I said something about poetry + +8 +00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970 +when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet. + +9 +00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130 +And also, when we said that drama was mainly + +10 +00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430 +written in verse. Don't forget this. It was + +11 +00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260 +written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was + +12 +00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900 +verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist + +13 +00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720 +like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from + +14 +00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940 +blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with + +15 +00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660 +Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance + +16 +00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310 +poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four + +17 +00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650 +major points. Three poets, but we have one term, + +18 +00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550 +one literal term we need to know. Remember, we + +19 +00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910 +spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about + +20 +00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270 +patronage. We spoke about the English canon. + +21 +00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010 +Remember? You should know them. And again, the + +22 +00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610 +English canon is basically the most important + +23 +00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290 +literary works. the literary works that are deemed + +24 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350 +to be famous and of universal themes that we still + +25 +00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350 +study. We still, until this very day, research and + +26 +00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870 +study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum + +27 +00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170 +before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the + +28 +00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230 +rules of decorum. + +29 +00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350 +You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is + +30 +00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510 +where it comes from. Decor. Decorations. + +31 +00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590 +Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something + +32 +00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290 +that is probably organized in a particular way. + +33 +00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490 +Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way. + +34 +00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690 +In a way that would attract people, would make + +35 +00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510 +people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's + +36 +00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810 +this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of + +37 +00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810 +decorum are originally ancient rules from the time + +38 +00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310 +of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now + +39 +00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690 +there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named + +40 +00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230 +Horace. + +41 +00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130 +Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works + +42 +00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990 +of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The + +43 +00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050 +Odyssey, and other literary works that we still + +44 +00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490 +hear about nowadays and probably study. He said, + +45 +00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290 +OK, if we want to write great literature, we need + +46 +00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990 +to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you + +47 +00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490 +produce great work? How do you write great + +48 +00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290 +literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or + +49 +00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890 +the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the + +50 +00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430 +canon, write it again, many works. And for + +51 +00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950 +example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer, + +52 +00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210 +remember? So if we want to study great literature, + +53 +00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020 +we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So + +54 +00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720 +he studied the great literary works and came up + +55 +00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100 +with certain rules. And he said, he described + +56 +00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540 +these rules as the rules of decorum. You know, + +57 +00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320 +like when you behave, there are rules of + +58 +00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660 +etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In + +59 +00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220 +poetry and literature, these are similar to the + +60 +00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780 +rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the + +61 +00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660 +rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago + +62 +00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220 +by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England + +63 +00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980 +even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably + +64 +00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240 +500 years later. Many great critics and poets + +65 +00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900 +believe that only by imitating great literary + +66 +00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540 +works, we can provide our readers and the audience + +67 +00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150 +with great literary works. So why did Horace + +68 +00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810 +determine these rules? So that poets can imitate + +69 +00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310 +them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three + +70 +00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690 +points here I need to speak about. So again, the + +71 +00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890 +rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring + +72 +00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910 +poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write + +73 +00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130 +good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules. + +74 +00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100 +You need to follow these rules. What are they? + +75 +00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640 +Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme + +76 +00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480 +or the subject matter. + +77 +00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420 +What should I write about? What should I write + +78 +00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240 +about? Can I write about anything? Can I write + +79 +00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780 +about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about + +80 +00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560 +I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my + +81 +00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110 +sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they + +82 +00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970 +say your theme, topic, has to be of great + +83 +00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430 +importance, sometimes described as, examined here, + +84 +00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830 +should have universal truths, universal value. + +85 +00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300 +Moral, it has to touch very important subjects, + +86 +00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180 +not only personally, and generally it should be + +87 +00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220 +collective for the whole, something that affects + +88 +00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720 +the whole society. And that's why we find the + +89 +00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440 +literature of that time focusing more on kings and + +90 +00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600 +queens, royal family, about battles, about epics, + +91 +00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160 +about great fighters, about knights, about + +92 +00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940 +noblemen. Because they believed this is where the + +93 +00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040 +important issues lie. They lie with these people + +94 +00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640 +in the palace, in the court, out, in the + +95 +00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610 +battlefield. And even when you speak about other + +96 +00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810 +relationships between man and woman, you have to + +97 +00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870 +speak about courtly love. Love between probably + +98 +00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230 +noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism + +99 +00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550 +here in this sense when we speak about this. You + +100 +00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570 +know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism. + +101 +00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320 +There's a lot of mytholia here. So number one, I + +102 +00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900 +want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets + +103 +00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820 +or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write + +104 +00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860 +about everything. Don't write about your sandwich, + +105 +00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320 +your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write + +106 +00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880 +poetry has to be about highly important, highly + +107 +00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210 +sophisticated subject matters. Issues with + +108 +00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250 +universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like + +109 +00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810 +in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There + +110 +00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750 +are issues that are still relevant and important + +111 +00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350 +to us. That's number one. Number two, the + +112 +00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890 +language. + +113 +00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110 +Okay. There's something called poetic language. + +114 +00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120 +Meaning, does poetry have special language? For + +115 +00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940 +those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it. + +116 +00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740 +This word is not poetic, you don't use it. + +117 +00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220 +And vice versa probably. So according to the rules + +118 +00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680 +of the Quran, the language of literature has to be + +119 +00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340 +powerful, strong, highly embellished. + +120 +00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760 +Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the + +121 +00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640 +diction here, you know diction? Dictionary? + +122 +00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220 +Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful + +123 +00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140 +and attractive. Not only that, it has to be + +124 +00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310 +arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words + +125 +00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390 +carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and + +126 +00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470 +every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful + +127 +00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890 +line because of the choice of words, because how + +128 +00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590 +words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember + +129 +00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430 +we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa + +130 +00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490 +sometimes declines because the sound here reflects + +131 +00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260 +The mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the + +132 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880 +emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die. + +133 +00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120 +The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to + +134 +00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560 +be elite language, strong language, powerful + +135 +00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180 +language, highly sophisticated, embellished + +136 +00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560 +language. Because when you write about great + +137 +00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580 +things, you use great language, great rhetoric, + +138 +00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760 +the metaphors, the literal devices, everything. + +139 +00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620 +that's two and then finally the form or the + +140 +00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420 +structure the + +141 +00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660 +form so here we speak generally here there is the + +142 +00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680 +the content the content the form the shape what + +143 +00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000 +you see when you look at the text so what about + +144 +00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520 +the structure the structure has to be highly + +145 +00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260 +organized highly regular well written, well + +146 +00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020 +structured, well constructed. Very clear example + +147 +00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360 +here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways + +148 +00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260 +represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line + +149 +00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720 +has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme + +150 +00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520 +scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F, + +151 +00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280 +G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch, + +152 +00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980 +Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D. + +153 +00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580 +Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it + +154 +00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840 +talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the + +155 +00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400 +passing of time, about loss, about immortality, + +156 +00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560 +about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He + +157 +00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620 +uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He + +158 +00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840 +says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But + +159 +00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560 +that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or + +160 +00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000 +metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature. + +161 +00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360 +He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He + +162 +00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740 +exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the + +163 +00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700 +rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules + +164 +00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970 +of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary + +165 +00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450 +text has to have an elegant style, a grand style. + +166 +00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110 +Strong language, powerful language in the sense + +167 +00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390 +that it is highly embellished. Many people believe + +168 +00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230 +that this idea is elitist. Again, remember + +169 +00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630 +elitist? You know elitist? + +170 +00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480 +Elitist meaning that only educated people + +171 +00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280 +understand this. And only educated people can + +172 +00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120 +write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the + +173 +00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720 +rules of decorum. So if you don't study the + +174 +00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260 +language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you + +175 +00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720 +don't study how to write poetry, you will not be + +176 +00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500 +able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we + +177 +00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900 +mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the + +178 +00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660 +rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people + +179 +00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740 +generally were following these rules. Because when + +180 +00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580 +Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies + +181 +00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980 +rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to + +182 +00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520 +university, he studies ancient Greece and drama + +183 +00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280 +and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian + +184 +00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600 +literature. He studies these rules of decorum. + +185 +00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060 +Yes? + +186 +00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880 +He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes, + +187 +00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640 +listen, we do things, we don't know that we are + +188 +00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320 +following a particular opinion because we were + +189 +00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120 +born this way and we lived in a particular life + +190 +00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220 +where there are particular rules. So sometimes we + +191 +00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740 +don't feel that there are rules. Because they are + +192 +00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500 +there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We + +193 +00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580 +go to university. We get married. We have kids. We + +194 +00:12:53,580 --> 00:12:57,200 +have a job. We do what we achieve, our dreams and + +195 +00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,340 +things in life. But we sometimes don't realize + +196 +00:13:00,340 --> 00:13:03,340 +that we were following particular rules, decided + +197 +00:13:03,340 --> 00:13:07,460 +not by us, but by people who died probably 100, + +198 +00:13:07,660 --> 00:13:12,100 +200 years ago. So we'll see three poets here. + +199 +00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:18,820 +Three poets. who, in a way or another, were + +200 +00:13:18,820 --> 00:13:22,600 +applying these rules. I will comment on this and + +201 +00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:31,200 +see how things go. The first text is + +202 +00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:33,620 +by Christopher Marlowe. We come back to + +203 +00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:36,690 +Christopher Marlowe. Remember I said we have to go + +204 +00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:39,930 +back to him as a poet, not as a dramatist. He has + +205 +00:13:39,930 --> 00:13:42,330 +a famous poem, one of the most famous poems in + +206 +00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,910 +English literature. It's a canonical text. It's + +207 +00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:48,130 +called The Passionate Shepherd. Shepherd? The + +208 +00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:50,910 +Passionate Shepherd. The Passionate Shepherd to + +209 +00:13:50,910 --> 00:13:55,130 +His Love. Clearly the title suggests that it's a + +210 +00:13:55,130 --> 00:14:02,060 +love poem. Can someone read? Okay, please. Come + +211 +00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:06,360 +live with me and be my love, and we will owe the + +212 +00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:11,160 +pleasure through that valley's frost hills and + +213 +00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,520 +hills, coat of stevie mountains hills, and we will + +214 +00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:22,280 +sit upon the rocks seeing the ship birds beat + +215 +00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:28,020 +their clock by shallow rivers to whose bell + +216 +00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:39,320 +melodious birds sing madrigals and I will make + +217 +00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:43,560 +these beds of roses and a thousand fragrant poses + +218 +00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:48,180 +a calf of flowers and a kettle embroidered all + +219 +00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:51,800 +with leaves of myrtle a gown made of the finest + +220 +00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,900 +wool which from our pretty lamps we pull fair line + +221 +00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:01,720 +slippers for the cold with buckles of the purest + +222 +00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:06,770 +gold A belt of straw and ivy buds with coral + +223 +00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530 +clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may + +224 +00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670 +thee move, come live with me and be my love. + +225 +00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070 +Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy + +226 +00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590 +delight each May morning. If these delights thy + +227 +00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570 +mind may move, then live with me and be my love." + +228 +00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110 +It's a very beautiful poem here. + +229 +00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270 +The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by + +230 +00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450 +Christopher Nolan. Come live with me, and be my + +231 +00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710 +love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with + +232 +00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550 +valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy + +233 +00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470 +mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks, + +234 +00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030 +seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow + +235 +00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520 +And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand + +236 +00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140 +fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain, + +237 +00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960 +Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made + +238 +00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100 +of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we + +239 +00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600 +pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With + +240 +00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000 +buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and + +241 +00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280 +ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs, + +242 +00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380 +Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's + +243 +00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600 +swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each + +244 +00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520 +May morning. If these delights thy mind may move, + +245 +00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640 +then live with me and be my love. Interesting. + +246 +00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260 +What do you think? We're going to study only the + +247 +00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260 +first two lines, OK? So what do you think? + +248 +00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910 +What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his + +249 +00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610 +beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in + +250 +00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990 +nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a + +251 +00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130 +very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A + +252 +00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550 +pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the + +253 +00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910 +pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does + +254 +00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110 +he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold. + +255 +00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430 +Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers + +256 +00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630 +and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love + +257 +00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590 +poem. A love poem. But generally it's about + +258 +00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310 +elegant kind of love. Because this is the most + +259 +00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210 +beautiful woman and this is the most romantic + +260 +00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080 +lover here. But let's see what the text itself + +261 +00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300 +says. Remember, the text, the title is The + +262 +00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360 +Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher + +263 +00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940 +Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is + +264 +00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560 +the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in + +265 +00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800 +life? + +266 +00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400 +Generally, a shepherd + +267 +00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510 +okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could + +268 +00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810 +be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he + +269 +00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470 +can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything + +270 +00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710 +coppersmith so he goes for to take care of + +271 +00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060 +somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the + +272 +00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040 +sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he + +273 +00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780 +has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's + +274 +00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860 +always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But + +275 +00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100 +my question is, does he own anything? No, he + +276 +00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120 +doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let + +277 +00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040 +alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the + +278 +00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420 +purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you + +279 +00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940 +count? Did anybody count the number of syllables + +280 +00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390 +here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, + +281 +00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430 +eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally, + +282 +00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810 +two syllables make and one, two, three, four, + +283 +00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330 +five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four + +284 +00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190 +feet each. This is again the structure, the + +285 +00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350 +decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you + +286 +00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670 +think? When you + +287 +00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010 +look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O + +288 +00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910 +-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you + +289 +00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410 +read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is + +290 +00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770 +generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point, + +291 +00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990 +listen to me, I said this before and I have to + +292 +00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230 +repeat it again. My point is that generally, every + +293 +00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670 +word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet + +294 +00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800 +carefully. is placed in its particular place in + +295 +00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120 +order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There + +296 +00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620 +is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually + +297 +00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960 +behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem, + +298 +00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700 +beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you + +299 +00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560 +go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing + +300 +00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520 +this. So come live with me and be my love, and we + +301 +00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690 +will all the pleasures go. So this creates some + +302 +00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490 +kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the + +303 +00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170 +imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is + +304 +00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690 +everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I + +305 +00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890 +own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but + +306 +00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610 +then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme. + +307 +00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510 +So generally + +308 +00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330 +if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check + +309 +00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130 +if there is something wrong in the text itself or + +310 +00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650 +what it means. So again, we go back. This is a + +311 +00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610 +speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures. + +312 +00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410 +But when you go back and realize that this is not + +313 +00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030 +a king, this is the language of a king or a + +314 +00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090 +prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we + +315 +00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150 +see that he is only a shepherd, with all due + +316 +00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850 +respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have + +317 +00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010 +gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So + +318 +00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350 +the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying, + +319 +00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450 +exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is + +320 +00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770 +exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So + +321 +00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810 +generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates + +322 +00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570 +tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of + +323 +00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450 +conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the + +324 +00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170 +whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and + +325 +00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550 +then all of a sudden there's something like you + +326 +00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570 +are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all + +327 +00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370 +of a sudden there's something you just bought your + +328 +00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170 +seatbelt and here it happens like this everything + +329 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090 +is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words + +330 +00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900 +And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy + +331 +00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620 +road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect + +332 +00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960 +rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates + +333 +00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540 +tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict, + +334 +00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940 +and then we find it in the fact that the speaker + +335 +00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740 +is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's + +336 +00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280 +promising his beloved everything. + +337 +00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760 +It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here. + +338 +00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220 +So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly + +339 +00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220 +love, idealized love. This is how the poets, + +340 +00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420 +again, were following the rules of the Quran of + +341 +00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900 +that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any + +342 +00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900 +question about Marlowe? What about the whole + +343 +00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560 +rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check + +344 +00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720 +this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A, + +345 +00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600 +A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back + +346 +00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280 +to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A, + +347 +00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000 +A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain + +348 +00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740 +metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs + +349 +00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300 +move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back + +350 +00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440 +again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme + +351 +00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200 +scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of + +352 +00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380 +the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza + +353 +00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680 +in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes + +354 +00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420 +we have very long poems. We don't have enough + +355 +00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680 +letters in the English alphabet. + +356 +00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300 +Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again, + +357 +00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820 +remember we're speaking about the Renaissance. + +358 +00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000 +During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look + +359 +00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490 +here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said + +360 +00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570 +people were looking for new discoveries, new ways + +361 +00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510 +of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each + +362 +00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030 +other, to man, to understand human nature. And + +363 +00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670 +when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet + +364 +00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630 +is the fictional representative + +365 +00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250 +of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do. + +366 +00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970 +They were ambitious. They were educated. They were + +367 +00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300 +people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip + +368 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780 +Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life + +369 +00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940 +Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a + +370 +00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100 +prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can + +371 +00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880 +say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But + +372 +00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560 +here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like + +373 +00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440 +knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by + +374 +00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820 +the king or the queen to certain people who + +375 +00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280 +achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a + +376 +00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400 +noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real + +377 +00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630 +life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died + +378 +00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630 +in battle, fighting, young. He was like + +379 +00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170 +Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away, + +380 +00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870 +when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He + +381 +00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570 +died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles, + +382 +00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650 +defending them, fighting. So again, in a way, + +383 +00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210 +reviving the old English mentality of knights and + +384 +00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130 +heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is + +385 +00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850 +Astrophel and Stella. + +386 +00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560 +Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So + +387 +00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080 +this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of + +388 +00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100 +many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as + +389 +00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120 +the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But + +390 +00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840 +again, sadly, he can't have her. So again, + +391 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860 +ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's + +392 +00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360 +see this extract from the text. The extract in + +393 +00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060 +many ways represents the mentality of people in + +394 +00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560 +the Renaissance. + +395 +00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300 +This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before + +396 +00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510 +we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A + +397 +00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750 +first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound + +398 +00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950 +here again? Regular, + +399 +00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410 +very musical. Can you count the syllables someone? + +400 +00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540 +Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait + +401 +00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350 +leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two, + +402 +00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690 +three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the + +403 +00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610 +book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh + +404 +00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450 +love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to + +405 +00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910 +dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten + +406 +00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230 +syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten + +407 +00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690 +syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet. + +408 +00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290 +Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more + +409 +00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210 +or one or two, like at least we have one sound, + +410 +00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:37,350 +probably two or more, but with a vowel sound. So + +411 +00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:45,070 +the word cat, cats. Cats, still one. Teach, one + +412 +00:28:45,070 --> 00:28:48,910 +syllable. Teaches, two syllables. Teaching, two + +413 +00:28:48,910 --> 00:28:52,190 +syllables. Teacher, one syllable. Teacher, two + +414 +00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:55,670 +syllables. Teachers, still two syllables. + +415 +00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:59,850 +Teachers, teach, one syllable. Teacher, two + +416 +00:28:59,850 --> 00:29:01,470 +syllables. Teacher, two syllables. Teaching, two + +417 +00:29:01,470 --> 00:29:05,770 +syllables. Teaches, two syllables. Re-teach, also + +418 +00:29:05,770 --> 00:29:07,570 +two syllables. So it depends on how many vowel + +419 +00:29:07,570 --> 00:29:10,690 +sounds. It's about the sound, not the letter. Cry, + +420 +00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:19,620 +two syllables. Cries, also one. Cried, also one. + +421 +00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:27,720 +Cried, I cried. Crying, two. Crier, also two. So + +422 +00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,100 +we go for ten, ten, ten. Well structured, well + +423 +00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:34,600 +organized, also poetic. Someone read, please. + +424 +00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:39,920 +Okay. Believe me, O Love, which reaches but to + +425 +00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:43,360 +dust, and thou, my mind, aspire to higher things, + +426 +00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:48,740 +grow rich in which never takes trust whatever + +427 +00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:52,820 +fading pleasure brings. Okay, so thou means + +428 +00:29:55,010 --> 00:29:57,710 +reaches is reach because the subject in the old + +429 +00:29:57,710 --> 00:30:02,390 +English they added st or est for takes is takes + +430 +00:30:02,390 --> 00:30:05,690 +because in the past middle English they added th + +431 +00:30:05,690 --> 00:30:13,550 +instead of s for he she it does does have had so + +432 +00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:15,550 +what's going on what do you understand from this + +433 +00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:22,830 +Okay, he couldn't have hair, so what is he doing? + +434 +00:30:23,550 --> 00:30:28,910 +What is he suggesting? Okay, bye. Leave me. Okay, + +435 +00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:32,410 +so there is a personification here, right? Love + +436 +00:30:32,410 --> 00:30:34,990 +can't talk back. In a way, it could be an + +437 +00:30:34,990 --> 00:30:38,890 +apostrophe. Leave me, oh love. There's loss. + +438 +00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:45,680 +despair, agony, sadness which reaches back to dust + +439 +00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:51,840 +and now my mind he's addressing his mind he wants + +440 +00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,180 +to achieve higher things greater things if he + +441 +00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:59,040 +can't have his love he wants to aspire for + +442 +00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:06,420 +greatness for perfectness perfection for great + +443 +00:31:06,420 --> 00:31:09,240 +reputation probably more than wealth because he + +444 +00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,800 +says here grow rich but not rich by having a lot + +445 +00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460 +of money or even gold although funnily ironically + +446 +00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420 +gold doesn't rust you know rust metal rust so he + +447 +00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460 +wants to grow rich not in money but in things that + +448 +00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140 +don't rust And the things that you don't trust are + +449 +00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680 +what? Your name, your reputation, your + +450 +00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940 +achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't. + +451 +00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980 +Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How + +452 +00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720 +famous you become for good things generally. + +453 +00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400 +Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This + +454 +00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660 +reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair + +455 +00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280 +sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean? + +456 +00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420 +Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain + +457 +00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290 +it? Whatever fades, But fading pleasure rains. + +458 +00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670 +Yes, please. + +459 +00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470 +You're adding too much to the line. The word love + +460 +00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310 +is not there. But he means it. He means it, but + +461 +00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750 +can you translate it word for word into good + +462 +00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010 +Arabic? + +463 +00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230 +This means that loss brings happiness. It's a + +464 +00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570 +paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose + +465 +00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350 +somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now + +466 +00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050 +here, whatever fades, anything that fades means + +467 +00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270 +end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice + +468 +00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830 +cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the + +469 +00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010 +world. But because it ends, + +470 +00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010 +It's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will + +471 +00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730 +eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the + +472 +00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550 +pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting + +473 +00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570 +here. The word order should be whatever fades + +474 +00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010 +brings but fading pleasure. This is how poetic + +475 +00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410 +this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the + +476 +00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390 +music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it + +477 +00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290 +helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here. + +478 +00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710 +But you know what but means here? Except. All the + +479 +00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590 +students came, but one. So probably whatever fades + +480 +00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770 +could bring anything. + +481 +00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730 +Probably it's a little bit different here, but + +482 +00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130 +also it brings Fading pleasures. Pleasures that + +483 +00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210 +end. So again, this is a man who aspires to + +484 +00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070 +greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater + +485 +00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770 +things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a + +486 +00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310 +way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't + +487 +00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470 +talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his + +488 +00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380 +name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe + +489 +00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860 +for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants. + +490 +00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360 +He wants greater things, greater things. Okay, + +491 +00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180 +finally we'll move to speak about, finally this is + +492 +00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860 +the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me. + +493 +00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100 +Listen to me. And I have to remind you of + +494 +00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720 +patronage and how many critics, many poets already + +495 +00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360 +had patrons who provided them with money and + +496 +00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700 +protection. + +497 +00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280 +Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way + +498 +00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640 +or another at the beginning of his life a + +499 +00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390 +controversial figure. Because probably he was + +500 +00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770 +critical of, I don't know, the regime, the + +501 +00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830 +authorities. So many people believed that he saw + +502 +00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850 +in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the + +503 +00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130 +queen in order to be close to her, to get probably + +504 +00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750 +money. And that's why later on he was described as + +505 +00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850 +the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of + +506 +00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890 +poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets + +507 +00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490 +this unless he is very close to the king or to the + +508 +00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590 +queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote + +509 +00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950 +several poems, two poems we will mention here, the + +510 +00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730 +most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look + +511 +00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730 +at the ancient writing here. There should be an E + +512 +00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410 +here in the original text. The fairy meaning + +513 +00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510 +fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings + +514 +00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550 +in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow + +515 +00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030 +old, they live forever. And here he writes this + +516 +00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290 +epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses + +517 +00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810 +something called the Spencer stanza or the + +518 +00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290 +Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. a + +519 +00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970 +stanza of nine lines he kept repeating it again + +520 +00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110 +and again and again now people describe it as the + +521 +00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250 +Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza rhyming a + +522 +00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390 +b a b b c b c c fix the thing in the book there's + +523 +00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490 +something wrong in the book it's a b a b b c b c + +524 +00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610 +that's the rhyme scheme And then there is an extra + +525 +00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390 +C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably + +526 +00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570 +we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a + +527 +00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210 +couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then + +528 +00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650 +all of a sudden we have one line. It's like + +529 +00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990 +similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12 + +530 +00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850 +lines and then we have a couplet, like a + +531 +00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430 +conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine + +532 +00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100 +lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy + +533 +00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300 +Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For + +534 +00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000 +many people, again, remember, Spencer started his + +535 +00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900 +life as a controversial figure. For many, he + +536 +00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980 +remains controversial figure because they say that + +537 +00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100 +his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to + +538 +00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620 +flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here, + +539 +00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530 +The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. in + +540 +00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310 +which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a + +541 +00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430 +fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English + +542 +00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810 +people. + +543 +00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790 +She brings wealth and peace and protection and + +544 +00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860 +safety and security to To England. And this is + +545 +00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340 +why, again, he's usually described as the most, + +546 +00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220 +this poem is the most important English poem or + +547 +00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160 +poem in English after Chaucer. You know why? + +548 +00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320 +Because there's a strong sense of English + +549 +00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520 +identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the + +550 +00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000 +Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What + +551 +00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520 +happens in the text? The Queen fights. + +552 +00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120 +for the security, the safety, and the prosperity + +553 +00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920 +of her people. + +554 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340 +And he indeed tried to revive the sense of + +555 +00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500 +English. When we read the poem we just read here, + +556 +00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640 +Come Live With Me, there isn't much about the + +557 +00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980 +Englishness of the English people there. But here, + +558 +00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900 +this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and + +559 +00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850 +celebrates her as The queen that brings peace and + +560 +00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330 +money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a + +561 +00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450 +line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that + +562 +00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030 +many people memorize it. You should. + +563 +00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360 +But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're + +564 +00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120 +not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This + +565 +00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800 +is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer, + +566 +00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660 +the prince of poets, who was controversial, but + +567 +00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980 +then clearly he became close to the queen because + +568 +00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740 +he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted + +569 +00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840 +to convey a strong sense of the English identity + +570 +00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520 +in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in + +571 +00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870 +this line. Now this line is taken from another + +572 +00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950 +poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion. + +573 +00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850 +What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the + +574 +00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390 +exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say + +575 +00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610 +this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see + +576 +00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410 +how you do that. Yes. + +577 +00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410 +Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little I + +578 +00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330 +end my song. so he had themes times another + +579 +00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150 +reading yes yes okay also + +580 +00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810 +themes yes yes what is this themes themes sweet + +581 +00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730 +things run softly themes th's + +582 +00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090 +ass + +583 +00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840 +Okay, generally it could be a that or a that, but + +584 +00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900 +in English that's a few words where the th is only + +585 +00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870 +that. Like Thomas, you know Thomas, Thomas Hardy, + +586 +00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910 +Thailand, you know, the country and Thai Thai food + +587 +00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230 +and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat + +588 +00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010 +a lot of thyme almost every day, thyme I had thyme + +589 +00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870 +and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme + +590 +00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240 +This is another word, it's Tim's Yes, the river. + +591 +00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520 +Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix + +592 +00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320 +between Thames and Times. The Times is a + +593 +00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360 +newspaper, I don't know, in England and in + +594 +00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540 +Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet + +595 +00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640 +Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I am my song. + +596 +00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180 +And notice how there is a part of England in the + +597 +00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820 +poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most + +598 +00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980 +important river probably in Europe. In London, + +599 +00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740 +yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another + +600 +00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200 +personification because he's talking to the river + +601 +00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960 +as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly + +602 +00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540 +till I end my song. My poem. + +603 +00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680 +A strong sense of the English. is there here. In a + +604 +00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500 +way, it's not very clear, but when you read the + +605 +00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780 +whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll + +606 +00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740 +find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look + +607 +00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840 +at this, if you count the syllables and you look + +608 +00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040 +at the other lines there, you'll find also a very + +609 +00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900 +regular form, poetic language. What is the subject + +610 +00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870 +matter here? The Queen of England. about how the + +611 +00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610 +queen, again, universal theme, important subject + +612 +00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490 +matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply + +613 +00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450 +the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has + +614 +00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710 +to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and + +615 +00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890 +powerful. How can you do that? Important subject + +616 +00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180 +matters. Highly embellished language, well + +617 +00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660 +structured forms, and then you have good and great + +618 +00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880 +portrait. I'll stop here unless any of you has a + +619 +00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420 +question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these + +620 +00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360 +are canonical poets. They are canonical poets. + +621 +00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760 +Yes? Shakespeare, + +622 +00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720 +in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer. + +623 +00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500 +Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but + +624 +00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800 +he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in + +625 +00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920 +his plays. Probably when you study Shakespeare, + +626 +00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720 +you will know more about how he tries to change + +627 +00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120 +things. So he's not 100% following the rules of + +628 +00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280 +the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of + +629 +00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900 +poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen. + +630 +00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690 +And generally, again, remember, generally, When + +631 +00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790 +poets write good poetry about the queen, either + +632 +00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110 +the queen brings them to the palace and gives them + +633 +00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310 +money and everything, or another patron tells the + +634 +00:44:19,310 --> 00:44:22,790 +queen, hey, I have one of my people who wrote an + +635 +00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:26,230 +interesting poem about you. And I gave him money. + +636 +00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:31,970 +I'm good. So probably, yeah. I'll stop here. Thank + +637 +00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:35,370 +you very much. And we can talk later on after the + +638 +00:44:35,370 --> 00:44:37,290 +class about extra issues. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3456cb52626359cd40273d9520adbde49f1d7199 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@ +1 +00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300 +Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have + +2 +00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400 +to the English literature course and it's always + +3 +00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040 +nice to have you back here. I know you don't have + +4 +00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400 +a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we + +5 +00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470 +move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or + +6 +00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230 +the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to + +7 +00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690 +poetry. And I know I said something about poetry + +8 +00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970 +when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet. + +9 +00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130 +And also, when we said that drama was mainly + +10 +00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430 +written in verse. Don't forget this. It was + +11 +00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260 +written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was + +12 +00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900 +verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist + +13 +00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720 +like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from + +14 +00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940 +blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with + +15 +00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660 +Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance + +16 +00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310 +poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four + +17 +00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650 +major points. Three poets, but we have one term, + +18 +00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550 +one literal term we need to know. Remember, we + +19 +00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910 +spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about + +20 +00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270 +patronage. We spoke about the English canon. + +21 +00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010 +Remember? You should know them. And again, the + +22 +00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610 +English canon is basically the most important + +23 +00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290 +literary works. the literary works that are deemed + +24 +00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350 +to be famous and of universal themes that we still + +25 +00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350 +study. We still, until this very day, research and + +26 +00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870 +study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum + +27 +00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170 +before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the + +28 +00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230 +rules of decorum. + +29 +00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350 +You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is + +30 +00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510 +where it comes from. Decor. Decorations. + +31 +00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590 +Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something + +32 +00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290 +that is probably organized in a particular way. + +33 +00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490 +Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way. + +34 +00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690 +In a way that would attract people, would make + +35 +00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510 +people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's + +36 +00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810 +this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of + +37 +00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810 +decorum are originally ancient rules from the time + +38 +00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310 +of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now + +39 +00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690 +there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named + +40 +00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230 +Horace. + +41 +00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130 +Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works + +42 +00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990 +of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The + +43 +00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050 +Odyssey, and other literary works that we still + +44 +00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490 +hear about nowadays and probably study. He said, + +45 +00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290 +OK, if we want to write great literature, we need + +46 +00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990 +to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you + +47 +00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490 +produce great work? How do you write great + +48 +00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290 +literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or + +49 +00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890 +the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the + +50 +00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430 +canon, write it again, many works. And for + +51 +00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950 +example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer, + +52 +00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210 +remember? So if we want to study great literature, + +53 +00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020 +we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So + +54 +00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720 +he studied the great literary works and came up + +55 +00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100 +with certain rules. And he said, he described + +56 +00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540 +these rules as the rules of decorum. You know, + +57 +00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320 +like when you behave, there are rules of + +58 +00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660 +etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In + +59 +00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220 +poetry and literature, these are similar to the + +60 +00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780 +rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the + +61 +00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660 +rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago + +62 +00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220 +by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England + +63 +00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980 +even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably + +64 +00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240 +500 years later. Many great critics and poets + +65 +00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900 +believe that only by imitating great literary + +66 +00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540 +works, we can provide our readers and the audience + +67 +00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150 +with great literary works. So why did Horace + +68 +00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810 +determine these rules? So that poets can imitate + +69 +00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310 +them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three + +70 +00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690 +points here I need to speak about. So again, the + +71 +00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890 +rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring + +72 +00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910 +poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write + +73 +00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130 +good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules. + +74 +00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100 +You need to follow these rules. What are they? + +75 +00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640 +Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme + +76 +00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480 +or the subject matter. + +77 +00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420 +What should I write about? What should I write + +78 +00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240 +about? Can I write about anything? Can I write + +79 +00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780 +about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about + +80 +00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560 +I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my + +81 +00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110 +sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they + +82 +00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970 +say your theme, topic, has to be of great + +83 +00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430 +importance, sometimes described as, examined here, + +84 +00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830 +should have universal truths, universal value. + +85 +00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300 +Moral, it has to touch very important subjects, + +86 +00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180 +not only personally, and generally it should be + +87 +00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220 +collective for the whole, something that affects + +88 +00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720 +the whole society. And that's why we find the + +89 +00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440 +literature of that time focusing more on kings and + +90 +00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600 +queens, royal family, about battles, about epics, + +91 +00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160 +about great fighters, about knights, about + +92 +00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940 +noblemen. Because they believed this is where the + +93 +00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040 +important issues lie. They lie with these people + +94 +00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640 +in the palace, in the court, out, in the + +95 +00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610 +battlefield. And even when you speak about other + +96 +00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810 +relationships between man and woman, you have to + +97 +00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870 +speak about courtly love. Love between probably + +98 +00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230 +noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism + +99 +00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550 +here in this sense when we speak about this. You + +100 +00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570 +know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism. + +101 +00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320 +There's a lot of mytholia here. So number one, I + +102 +00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900 +want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets + +103 +00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820 +or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write + +104 +00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860 +about everything. Don't write about your sandwich, + +105 +00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320 +your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write + +106 +00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880 +poetry has to be about highly important, highly + +107 +00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210 +sophisticated subject matters. Issues with + +108 +00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250 +universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like + +109 +00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810 +in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There + +110 +00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750 +are issues that are still relevant and important + +111 +00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350 +to us. That's number one. Number two, the + +112 +00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890 +language. + +113 +00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110 +Okay. There's something called poetic language. + +114 +00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120 +Meaning, does poetry have special language? For + +115 +00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940 +those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it. + +116 +00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740 +This word is not poetic, you don't use it. + +117 +00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220 +And vice versa probably. So according to the rules + +118 +00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680 +of the Quran, the language of literature has to be + +119 +00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340 +powerful, strong, highly embellished. + +120 +00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760 +Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the + +121 +00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640 +diction here, you know diction? Dictionary? + +122 +00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220 +Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful + +123 +00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140 +and attractive. Not only that, it has to be + +124 +00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310 +arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words + +125 +00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390 +carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and + +126 +00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470 +every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful + +127 +00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890 +line because of the choice of words, because how + +128 +00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590 +words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember + +129 +00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430 +we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa + +130 +00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490 +sometimes declines because the sound here reflects + +131 +00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260 +The mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the + +132 +00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880 +emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die. + +133 +00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120 +The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to + +134 +00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560 +be elite language, strong language, powerful + +135 +00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180 +language, highly sophisticated, embellished + +136 +00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560 +language. Because when you write about great + +137 +00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580 +things, you use great language, great rhetoric, + +138 +00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760 +the metaphors, the literal devices, everything. + +139 +00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620 +that's two and then finally the form or the + +140 +00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420 +structure the + +141 +00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660 +form so here we speak generally here there is the + +142 +00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680 +the content the content the form the shape what + +143 +00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000 +you see when you look at the text so what about + +144 +00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520 +the structure the structure has to be highly + +145 +00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260 +organized highly regular well written, well + +146 +00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020 +structured, well constructed. Very clear example + +147 +00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360 +here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways + +148 +00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260 +represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line + +149 +00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720 +has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme + +150 +00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520 +scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F, + +151 +00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280 +G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch, + +152 +00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980 +Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D. + +153 +00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580 +Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it + +154 +00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840 +talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the + +155 +00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400 +passing of time, about loss, about immortality, + +156 +00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560 +about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He + +157 +00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620 +uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He + +158 +00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840 +says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But + +159 +00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560 +that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or + +160 +00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000 +metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature. + +161 +00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360 +He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He + +162 +00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740 +exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the + +163 +00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700 +rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules + +164 +00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970 +of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary + +165 +00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450 +text has to have an elegant style, a grand style. + +166 +00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110 +Strong language, powerful language in the sense + +167 +00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390 +that it is highly embellished. Many people believe + +168 +00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230 +that this idea is elitist. Again, remember + +169 +00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630 +elitist? You know elitist? + +170 +00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480 +Elitist meaning that only educated people + +171 +00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280 +understand this. And only educated people can + +172 +00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120 +write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the + +173 +00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720 +rules of decorum. So if you don't study the + +174 +00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260 +language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you + +175 +00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720 +don't study how to write poetry, you will not be + +176 +00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500 +able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we + +177 +00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900 +mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the + +178 +00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660 +rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people + +179 +00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740 +generally were following these rules. Because when + +180 +00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580 +Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies + +181 +00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980 +rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to + +182 +00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520 +university, he studies ancient Greece and drama + +183 +00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280 +and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian + +184 +00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600 +literature. He studies these rules of decorum. + +185 +00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060 +Yes? + +186 +00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880 +He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes, + +187 +00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640 +listen, we do things, we don't know that we are + +188 +00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320 +following a particular opinion because we were + +189 +00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120 +born this way and we lived in a particular life + +190 +00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220 +where there are particular rules. So sometimes we + +191 +00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740 +don't feel that there are rules. Because they are + +192 +00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500 +there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We + +193 +00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580 +go to university. We get married. We have kids. We + +194 +00:12:53,580 --> 00:12:57,200 +have a job. We do what we achieve, our dreams and + +195 +00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,340 +things in life. But we sometimes don't realize + +196 +00:13:00,340 --> 00:13:03,340 +that we were following particular rules, decided + +197 +00:13:03,340 --> 00:13:07,460 +not by us, but by people who died probably 100, + +198 +00:13:07,660 --> 00:13:12,100 +200 years ago. So we'll see three poets here. + +199 +00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:18,820 +Three poets. who, in a way or another, were + +200 +00:13:18,820 --> 00:13:22,600 +applying these rules. I will comment on this and + +201 +00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:31,200 +see how things go. The first text is + +202 +00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:33,620 +by Christopher Marlowe. We come back to + +203 +00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:36,690 +Christopher Marlowe. Remember I said we have to go + +204 +00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:39,930 +back to him as a poet, not as a dramatist. He has + +205 +00:13:39,930 --> 00:13:42,330 +a famous poem, one of the most famous poems in + +206 +00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,910 +English literature. It's a canonical text. It's + +207 +00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:48,130 +called The Passionate Shepherd. Shepherd? The + +208 +00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:50,910 +Passionate Shepherd. The Passionate Shepherd to + +209 +00:13:50,910 --> 00:13:55,130 +His Love. Clearly the title suggests that it's a + +210 +00:13:55,130 --> 00:14:02,060 +love poem. Can someone read? Okay, please. Come + +211 +00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:06,360 +live with me and be my love, and we will owe the + +212 +00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:11,160 +pleasure through that valley's frost hills and + +213 +00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,520 +hills, coat of stevie mountains hills, and we will + +214 +00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:22,280 +sit upon the rocks seeing the ship birds beat + +215 +00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:28,020 +their clock by shallow rivers to whose bell + +216 +00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:39,320 +melodious birds sing madrigals and I will make + +217 +00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:43,560 +these beds of roses and a thousand fragrant poses + +218 +00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:48,180 +a calf of flowers and a kettle embroidered all + +219 +00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:51,800 +with leaves of myrtle a gown made of the finest + +220 +00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,900 +wool which from our pretty lamps we pull fair line + +221 +00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:01,720 +slippers for the cold with buckles of the purest + +222 +00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:06,770 +gold A belt of straw and ivy buds with coral + +223 +00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530 +clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may + +224 +00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670 +thee move, come live with me and be my love. + +225 +00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070 +Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy + +226 +00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590 +delight each May morning. If these delights thy + +227 +00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570 +mind may move, then live with me and be my love." + +228 +00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110 +It's a very beautiful poem here. + +229 +00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270 +The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by + +230 +00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450 +Christopher Nolan. Come live with me, and be my + +231 +00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710 +love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with + +232 +00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550 +valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy + +233 +00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470 +mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks, + +234 +00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030 +seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow + +235 +00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520 +And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand + +236 +00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140 +fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain, + +237 +00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960 +Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made + +238 +00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100 +of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we + +239 +00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600 +pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With + +240 +00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000 +buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and + +241 +00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280 +ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs, + +242 +00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380 +Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's + +243 +00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600 +swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each + +244 +00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520 +May morning. If these delights thy mind may move, + +245 +00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640 +then live with me and be my love. Interesting. + +246 +00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260 +What do you think? We're going to study only the + +247 +00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260 +first two lines, OK? So what do you think? + +248 +00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910 +What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his + +249 +00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610 +beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in + +250 +00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990 +nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a + +251 +00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130 +very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A + +252 +00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550 +pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the + +253 +00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910 +pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does + +254 +00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110 +he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold. + +255 +00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430 +Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers + +256 +00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630 +and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love + +257 +00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590 +poem. A love poem. But generally it's about + +258 +00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310 +elegant kind of love. Because this is the most + +259 +00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210 +beautiful woman and this is the most romantic + +260 +00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080 +lover here. But let's see what the text itself + +261 +00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300 +says. Remember, the text, the title is The + +262 +00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360 +Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher + +263 +00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940 +Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is + +264 +00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560 +the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in + +265 +00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800 +life? + +266 +00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400 +Generally, a shepherd + +267 +00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510 +okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could + +268 +00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810 +be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he + +269 +00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470 +can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything + +270 +00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710 +coppersmith so he goes for to take care of + +271 +00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060 +somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the + +272 +00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040 +sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he + +273 +00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780 +has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's + +274 +00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860 +always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But + +275 +00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100 +my question is, does he own anything? No, he + +276 +00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120 +doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let + +277 +00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040 +alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the + +278 +00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420 +purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you + +279 +00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940 +count? Did anybody count the number of syllables + +280 +00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390 +here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, + +281 +00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430 +eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally, + +282 +00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810 +two syllables make and one, two, three, four, + +283 +00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330 +five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four + +284 +00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190 +feet each. This is again the structure, the + +285 +00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350 +decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you + +286 +00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670 +think? When you + +287 +00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010 +look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O + +288 +00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910 +-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you + +289 +00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410 +read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is + +290 +00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770 +generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point, + +291 +00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990 +listen to me, I said this before and I have to + +292 +00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230 +repeat it again. My point is that generally, every + +293 +00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670 +word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet + +294 +00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800 +carefully. is placed in its particular place in + +295 +00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120 +order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There + +296 +00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620 +is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually + +297 +00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960 +behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem, + +298 +00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700 +beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you + +299 +00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560 +go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing + +300 +00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520 +this. So come live with me and be my love, and we + +301 +00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690 +will all the pleasures go. So this creates some + +302 +00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490 +kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the + +303 +00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170 +imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is + +304 +00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690 +everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I + +305 +00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890 +own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but + +306 +00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610 +then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme. + +307 +00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510 +So generally + +308 +00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330 +if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check + +309 +00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130 +if there is something wrong in the text itself or + +310 +00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650 +what it means. So again, we go back. This is a + +311 +00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610 +speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures. + +312 +00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410 +But when you go back and realize that this is not + +313 +00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030 +a king, this is the language of a king or a + +314 +00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090 +prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we + +315 +00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150 +see that he is only a shepherd, with all due + +316 +00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850 +respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have + +317 +00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010 +gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So + +318 +00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350 +the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying, + +319 +00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450 +exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is + +320 +00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770 +exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So + +321 +00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810 +generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates + +322 +00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570 +tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of + +323 +00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450 +conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the + +324 +00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170 +whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and + +325 +00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550 +then all of a sudden there's something like you + +326 +00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570 +are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all + +327 +00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370 +of a sudden there's something you just bought your + +328 +00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170 +seatbelt and here it happens like this everything + +329 +00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090 +is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words + +330 +00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900 +And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy + +331 +00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620 +road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect + +332 +00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960 +rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates + +333 +00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540 +tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict, + +334 +00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940 +and then we find it in the fact that the speaker + +335 +00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740 +is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's + +336 +00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280 +promising his beloved everything. + +337 +00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760 +It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here. + +338 +00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220 +So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly + +339 +00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220 +love, idealized love. This is how the poets, + +340 +00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420 +again, were following the rules of the Quran of + +341 +00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900 +that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any + +342 +00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900 +question about Marlowe? What about the whole + +343 +00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560 +rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check + +344 +00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720 +this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A, + +345 +00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600 +A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back + +346 +00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280 +to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A, + +347 +00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000 +A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain + +348 +00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740 +metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs + +349 +00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300 +move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back + +350 +00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440 +again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme + +351 +00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200 +scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of + +352 +00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380 +the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza + +353 +00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680 +in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes + +354 +00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420 +we have very long poems. We don't have enough + +355 +00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680 +letters in the English alphabet. + +356 +00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300 +Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again, + +357 +00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820 +remember we're speaking about the Renaissance. + +358 +00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000 +During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look + +359 +00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490 +here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said + +360 +00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570 +people were looking for new discoveries, new ways + +361 +00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510 +of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each + +362 +00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030 +other, to man, to understand human nature. And + +363 +00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670 +when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet + +364 +00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630 +is the fictional representative + +365 +00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250 +of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do. + +366 +00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970 +They were ambitious. They were educated. They were + +367 +00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300 +people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip + +368 +00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780 +Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life + +369 +00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940 +Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a + +370 +00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100 +prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can + +371 +00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880 +say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But + +372 +00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560 +here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like + +373 +00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440 +knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by + +374 +00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820 +the king or the queen to certain people who + +375 +00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280 +achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a + +376 +00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400 +noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real + +377 +00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630 +life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died + +378 +00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630 +in battle, fighting, young. He was like + +379 +00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170 +Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away, + +380 +00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870 +when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He + +381 +00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570 +died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles, + +382 +00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650 +defending them, fighting. So again, in a way, + +383 +00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210 +reviving the old English mentality of knights and + +384 +00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130 +heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is + +385 +00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850 +Astrophel and Stella. + +386 +00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560 +Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So + +387 +00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080 +this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of + +388 +00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100 +many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as + +389 +00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120 +the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But + +390 +00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840 +again, sadly, he can't have her. So again, + +391 +00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860 +ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's + +392 +00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360 +see this extract from the text. The extract in + +393 +00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060 +many ways represents the mentality of people in + +394 +00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560 +the Renaissance. + +395 +00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300 +This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before + +396 +00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510 +we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A + +397 +00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750 +first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound + +398 +00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950 +here again? Regular, + +399 +00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410 +very musical. Can you count the syllables someone? + +400 +00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540 +Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait + +401 +00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350 +leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two, + +402 +00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690 +three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the + +403 +00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610 +book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh + +404 +00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450 +love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to + +405 +00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910 +dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten + +406 +00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230 +syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten + +407 +00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690 +syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet. + +408 +00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290 +Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more + +409 +00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210 +or one or two, like at least we have one sound, + +410 +00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:37,350 +probably two or more, but with a vowel sound. So + +411 +00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:45,070 +the word cat, cats. Cats, still one. Teach, one + +412 +00:28:45,070 --> 00:28:48,910 +syllable. Teaches, two syllables. Teaching, two + +413 +00:28:48,910 --> 00:28:52,190 +syllables. Teacher, one syllable. Teacher, two + +414 +00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:55,670 +syllables. Teachers, still two syllables. + +415 +00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:59,850 +Teachers, teach, one syllable. Teacher, two + +416 +00:28:59,850 --> 00:29:01,470 +syllables. Teacher, two syllables. Teaching, two + +417 +00:29:01,470 --> 00:29:05,770 +syllables. Teaches, two syllables. Re-teach, also + +418 +00:29:05,770 --> 00:29:07,570 +two syllables. So it depends on how many vowel + +419 +00:29:07,570 --> 00:29:10,690 +sounds. It's about the sound, not the letter. Cry, + +420 +00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:19,620 +two syllables. Cries, also one. Cried, also one. + +421 +00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:27,720 +Cried, I cried. Crying, two. Crier, also two. So + +422 +00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,100 +we go for ten, ten, ten. Well structured, well + +423 +00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:34,600 +organized, also poetic. Someone read, please. + +424 +00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:39,920 +Okay. Believe me, O Love, which reaches but to + +425 +00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:43,360 +dust, and thou, my mind, aspire to higher things, + +426 +00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:48,740 +grow rich in which never takes trust whatever + +427 +00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:52,820 +fading pleasure brings. Okay, so thou means + +428 +00:29:55,010 --> 00:29:57,710 +reaches is reach because the subject in the old + +429 +00:29:57,710 --> 00:30:02,390 +English they added st or est for takes is takes + +430 +00:30:02,390 --> 00:30:05,690 +because in the past middle English they added th + +431 +00:30:05,690 --> 00:30:13,550 +instead of s for he she it does does have had so + +432 +00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:15,550 +what's going on what do you understand from this + +433 +00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:22,830 +Okay, he couldn't have hair, so what is he doing? + +434 +00:30:23,550 --> 00:30:28,910 +What is he suggesting? Okay, bye. Leave me. Okay, + +435 +00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:32,410 +so there is a personification here, right? Love + +436 +00:30:32,410 --> 00:30:34,990 +can't talk back. In a way, it could be an + +437 +00:30:34,990 --> 00:30:38,890 +apostrophe. Leave me, oh love. There's loss. + +438 +00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:45,680 +despair, agony, sadness which reaches back to dust + +439 +00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:51,840 +and now my mind he's addressing his mind he wants + +440 +00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,180 +to achieve higher things greater things if he + +441 +00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:59,040 +can't have his love he wants to aspire for + +442 +00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:06,420 +greatness for perfectness perfection for great + +443 +00:31:06,420 --> 00:31:09,240 +reputation probably more than wealth because he + +444 +00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,800 +says here grow rich but not rich by having a lot + +445 +00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460 +of money or even gold although funnily ironically + +446 +00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420 +gold doesn't rust you know rust metal rust so he + +447 +00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460 +wants to grow rich not in money but in things that + +448 +00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140 +don't rust And the things that you don't trust are + +449 +00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680 +what? Your name, your reputation, your + +450 +00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940 +achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't. + +451 +00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980 +Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How + +452 +00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720 +famous you become for good things generally. + +453 +00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400 +Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This + +454 +00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660 +reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair + +455 +00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280 +sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean? + +456 +00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420 +Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain + +457 +00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290 +it? Whatever fades, But fading pleasure rains. + +458 +00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670 +Yes, please. + +459 +00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470 +You're adding too much to the line. The word love + +460 +00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310 +is not there. But he means it. He means it, but + +461 +00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750 +can you translate it word for word into good + +462 +00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010 +Arabic? + +463 +00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230 +This means that loss brings happiness. It's a + +464 +00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570 +paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose + +465 +00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350 +somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now + +466 +00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050 +here, whatever fades, anything that fades means + +467 +00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270 +end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice + +468 +00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830 +cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the + +469 +00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010 +world. But because it ends, + +470 +00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010 +It's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will + +471 +00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730 +eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the + +472 +00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550 +pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting + +473 +00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570 +here. The word order should be whatever fades + +474 +00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010 +brings but fading pleasure. This is how poetic + +475 +00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410 +this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the + +476 +00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390 +music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it + +477 +00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290 +helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here. + +478 +00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710 +But you know what but means here? Except. All the + +479 +00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590 +students came, but one. So probably whatever fades + +480 +00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770 +could bring anything. + +481 +00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730 +Probably it's a little bit different here, but + +482 +00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130 +also it brings Fading pleasures. Pleasures that + +483 +00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210 +end. So again, this is a man who aspires to + +484 +00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070 +greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater + +485 +00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770 +things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a + +486 +00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310 +way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't + +487 +00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470 +talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his + +488 +00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380 +name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe + +489 +00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860 +for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants. + +490 +00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360 +He wants greater things, greater things. Okay, + +491 +00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180 +finally we'll move to speak about, finally this is + +492 +00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860 +the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me. + +493 +00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100 +Listen to me. And I have to remind you of + +494 +00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720 +patronage and how many critics, many poets already + +495 +00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360 +had patrons who provided them with money and + +496 +00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700 +protection. + +497 +00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280 +Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way + +498 +00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640 +or another at the beginning of his life a + +499 +00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390 +controversial figure. Because probably he was + +500 +00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770 +critical of, I don't know, the regime, the + +501 +00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830 +authorities. So many people believed that he saw + +502 +00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850 +in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the + +503 +00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130 +queen in order to be close to her, to get probably + +504 +00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750 +money. And that's why later on he was described as + +505 +00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850 +the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of + +506 +00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890 +poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets + +507 +00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490 +this unless he is very close to the king or to the + +508 +00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590 +queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote + +509 +00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950 +several poems, two poems we will mention here, the + +510 +00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730 +most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look + +511 +00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730 +at the ancient writing here. There should be an E + +512 +00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410 +here in the original text. The fairy meaning + +513 +00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510 +fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings + +514 +00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550 +in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow + +515 +00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030 +old, they live forever. And here he writes this + +516 +00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290 +epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses + +517 +00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810 +something called the Spencer stanza or the + +518 +00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290 +Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. a + +519 +00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970 +stanza of nine lines he kept repeating it again + +520 +00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110 +and again and again now people describe it as the + +521 +00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250 +Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza rhyming a + +522 +00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390 +b a b b c b c c fix the thing in the book there's + +523 +00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490 +something wrong in the book it's a b a b b c b c + +524 +00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610 +that's the rhyme scheme And then there is an extra + +525 +00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390 +C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably + +526 +00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570 +we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a + +527 +00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210 +couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then + +528 +00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650 +all of a sudden we have one line. It's like + +529 +00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990 +similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12 + +530 +00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850 +lines and then we have a couplet, like a + +531 +00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430 +conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine + +532 +00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100 +lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy + +533 +00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300 +Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For + +534 +00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000 +many people, again, remember, Spencer started his + +535 +00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900 +life as a controversial figure. For many, he + +536 +00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980 +remains controversial figure because they say that + +537 +00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100 +his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to + +538 +00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620 +flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here, + +539 +00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530 +The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. in + +540 +00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310 +which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a + +541 +00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430 +fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English + +542 +00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810 +people. + +543 +00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790 +She brings wealth and peace and protection and + +544 +00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860 +safety and security to To England. And this is + +545 +00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340 +why, again, he's usually described as the most, + +546 +00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220 +this poem is the most important English poem or + +547 +00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160 +poem in English after Chaucer. You know why? + +548 +00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320 +Because there's a strong sense of English + +549 +00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520 +identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the + +550 +00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000 +Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What + +551 +00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520 +happens in the text? The Queen fights. + +552 +00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120 +for the security, the safety, and the prosperity + +553 +00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920 +of her people. + +554 +00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340 +And he indeed tried to revive the sense of + +555 +00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500 +English. When we read the poem we just read here, + +556 +00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640 +Come Live With Me, there isn't much about the + +557 +00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980 +Englishness of the English people there. But here, + +558 +00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900 +this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and + +559 +00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850 +celebrates her as The queen that brings peace and + +560 +00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330 +money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a + +561 +00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450 +line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that + +562 +00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030 +many people memorize it. You should. + +563 +00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360 +But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're + +564 +00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120 +not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This + +565 +00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800 +is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer, + +566 +00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660 +the prince of poets, who was controversial, but + +567 +00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980 +then clearly he became close to the queen because + +568 +00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740 +he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted + +569 +00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840 +to convey a strong sense of the English identity + +570 +00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520 +in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in + +571 +00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870 +this line. Now this line is taken from another + +572 +00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950 +poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion. + +573 +00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850 +What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the + +574 +00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390 +exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say + +575 +00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610 +this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see + +576 +00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410 +how you do that. Yes. + +577 +00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410 +Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little I + +578 +00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330 +end my song. so he had themes times another + +579 +00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150 +reading yes yes okay also + +580 +00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810 +themes yes yes what is this themes themes sweet + +581 +00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730 +things run softly themes th's + +582 +00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090 +ass + +583 +00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840 +Okay, generally it could be a that or a that, but + +584 +00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900 +in English that's a few words where the th is only + +585 +00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870 +that. Like Thomas, you know Thomas, Thomas Hardy, + +586 +00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910 +Thailand, you know, the country and Thai Thai food + +587 +00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230 +and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat + +588 +00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010 +a lot of thyme almost every day, thyme I had thyme + +589 +00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870 +and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme + +590 +00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240 +This is another word, it's Tim's Yes, the river. + +591 +00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520 +Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix + +592 +00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320 +between Thames and Times. The Times is a + +593 +00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360 +newspaper, I don't know, in England and in + +594 +00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540 +Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet + +595 +00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640 +Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I am my song. + +596 +00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180 +And notice how there is a part of England in the + +597 +00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820 +poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most + +598 +00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980 +important river probably in Europe. In London, + +599 +00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740 +yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another + +600 +00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200 +personification because he's talking to the river + +601 +00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960 +as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly + +602 +00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540 +till I end my song. My poem. + +603 +00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680 +A strong sense of the English. is there here. In a + +604 +00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500 +way, it's not very clear, but when you read the + +605 +00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780 +whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll + +606 +00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740 +find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look + +607 +00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840 +at this, if you count the syllables and you look + +608 +00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040 +at the other lines there, you'll find also a very + +609 +00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900 +regular form, poetic language. What is the subject + +610 +00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870 +matter here? The Queen of England. about how the + +611 +00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610 +queen, again, universal theme, important subject + +612 +00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490 +matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply + +613 +00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450 +the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has + +614 +00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710 +to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and + +615 +00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890 +powerful. How can you do that? Important subject + +616 +00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180 +matters. Highly embellished language, well + +617 +00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660 +structured forms, and then you have good and great + +618 +00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880 +portrait. I'll stop here unless any of you has a + +619 +00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420 +question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these + +620 +00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360 +are canonical poets. They are canonical poets. + +621 +00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760 +Yes? Shakespeare, + +622 +00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720 +in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer. + +623 +00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500 +Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but + +624 +00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800 +he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in + +625 +00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920 +his plays. Probably when you study Shakespeare, + +626 +00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720 +you will know more about how he tries to change + +627 +00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120 +things. So he's not 100% following the rules of + +628 +00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280 +the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of + +629 +00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900 +poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen. + +630 +00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690 +And generally, again, remember, generally, When + +631 +00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790 +poets write good poetry about the queen, either + +632 +00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110 +the queen brings them to the palace and gives them + +633 +00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310 +money and everything, or another patron tells the + +634 +00:44:19,310 --> 00:44:22,790 +queen, hey, I have one of my people who wrote an + +635 +00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:26,230 +interesting poem about you. And I gave him money. + +636 +00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:31,970 +I'm good. So probably, yeah. I'll stop here. Thank + +637 +00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:35,370 +you very much. And we can talk later on after the + +638 +00:44:35,370 --> 00:44:37,290 +class about extra issues. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_postprocess.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58240f95c8da5a14d41596fffe09775910d59423 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_postprocess.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2256 @@ +1 +00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:25,960 +Okay, السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته Hello again + +2 +00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:30,720 +everybody This is the second class in our course + +3 +00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:34,600 +Introduction to English Literature As we said last + +4 +00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,580 +time, this is a course about English literary + +5 +00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:42,440 +texts and authors in their historical contexts + +6 +00:00:43,150 --> 00:00:47,050 +This course enables us to understand the + +7 +00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:52,630 +influence, the impact of important events in + +8 +00:00:52,630 --> 00:00:56,090 +history on literature, on literary figures, and + +9 +00:00:56,090 --> 00:01:00,070 +also, of course, how literature also influenced + +10 +00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:03,790 +history in a way or another. We started by a brief + +11 +00:01:03,790 --> 00:01:08,030 +discussion about Old English. We said English + +12 +00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:12,410 +generally is divided into three main phases as a + +13 +00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:15,050 +language, also as a culture, and as literature. + +14 +00:01:15,510 --> 00:01:18,910 +The first one is Old English. And then we have + +15 +00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:22,910 +Middle English. And then we have Modern English, + +16 +00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:26,830 +what we have nowadays now. Old English as a + +17 +00:01:26,830 --> 00:01:34,150 +language, remember, it was not written down. Much + +18 +00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:37,170 +of the culture, much of the literary texts of that + +19 +00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:41,510 +time was oral. Oral, unwritten. It was even later + +20 +00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,070 +on when Christianity came to England, to Britain, + +21 +00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:49,990 +that some monks who were able to read and write + +22 +00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,540 +managed to write down some of these texts. Okay, + +23 +00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:56,620 +so thanks to the monks of the church, thanks to + +24 +00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,940 +Christianity that came in the fifth century to + +25 +00:01:59,940 --> 00:02:04,080 +England, we have some of the early English + +26 +00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:09,320 +literary poetry, mainly poetry written, and now we + +27 +00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,400 +can read it. Again, we can't... If you look at an + +28 +00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:15,420 +English, an old English text, we can't read it now + +29 +00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:18,210 +because it's totally different language. But + +30 +00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:21,030 +middle English, you probably can read the text and + +31 +00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:25,270 +understand the main idea sometimes. So if we say + +32 +00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:29,330 +the culture was oral, the culture was spoken, was + +33 +00:02:29,330 --> 00:02:32,410 +not written down, does that mean anything? Does + +34 +00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:36,670 +that change the way the text is written, the way + +35 +00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:39,550 +the text is composed? What do you think? Do you + +36 +00:02:39,550 --> 00:02:44,470 +think the text is going to be the same? How is + +37 +00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,450 +this going to influence the text? If the culture + +38 +00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,950 +is oral, like remember as Palestinians here, for + +39 +00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:54,590 +example, if you speak about 70 years ago, 80 years + +40 +00:02:54,590 --> 00:02:57,290 +ago, even 60 years ago, when most people, our + +41 +00:02:57,290 --> 00:03:00,070 +parents and grandparents were unable to read and + +42 +00:03:00,070 --> 00:03:02,730 +write, this influenced the way they think and the + +43 +00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,550 +way they, you know, their culture. So how was + +44 +00:03:07,550 --> 00:03:10,070 +English literature influenced by the fact that + +45 +00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:13,870 +this was an oral tradition mainly? Yes, please. + +46 +00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:16,950 +Some details are placed meaningfully for the text, + +47 +00:03:17,510 --> 00:03:21,870 +so that if the text you want to read aloud, the + +48 +00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,470 +smell is there. OK. So when you write this down, + +49 +00:03:27,050 --> 00:03:28,950 +for sure something is going to be missing. And + +50 +00:03:28,950 --> 00:03:32,390 +this is a very important point. When we say the + +51 +00:03:32,390 --> 00:03:38,110 +church helped guard, protect early English, we + +52 +00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:40,970 +also think of the literature that was not written + +53 +00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:44,490 +down because it went missing, because nobody was + +54 +00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:46,570 +there to write it down. And maybe, and this is + +55 +00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:51,190 +important, maybe because the church was selective. + +56 +00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:55,950 +You know what selective is? It would choose the + +57 +00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:59,830 +texts that they think is important for the church + +58 +00:03:59,830 --> 00:04:04,410 +and for God and for the people. That's why most of + +59 +00:04:04,410 --> 00:04:07,530 +the texts, not most, like I would say many or some + +60 +00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:11,790 +of the texts probably, I'm not sure how much, but + +61 +00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:18,050 +probably many of the texts of that period are + +62 +00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,250 +religious texts. So it indicates either people + +63 +00:04:21,250 --> 00:04:25,940 +were religious It depended totally on God + +64 +00:04:25,940 --> 00:04:28,320 +approaching or talking about God, the relationship + +65 +00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:31,200 +with God and the church. Or the church was + +66 +00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:35,740 +selective in what texts to write down. Because + +67 +00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:38,620 +some texts did not, for example, meet the + +68 +00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:44,100 +conditions or the criteria of the church. Or + +69 +00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:46,700 +because it wasn't easy to write everything. + +70 +00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:49,320 +Because writing was expensive. Ink was expensive. + +71 +00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:55,160 +Paper was expensive. Please. different as well + +72 +00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:59,160 +from maybe misheard or misunderstood. Of course, + +73 +00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,200 +yeah. Something we hear it by a different way, so + +74 +00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,060 +we will understand it by a different way. But + +75 +00:05:06,060 --> 00:05:11,420 +there is a risk. Okay, the written text is clear. + +76 +00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:16,700 +The oral text depends on memory. My question is, + +77 +00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:19,820 +if you want to deliver a message, to send a + +78 +00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:22,480 +message, and you ask a person to deliver it orally + +79 +00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,440 +rather than in written, are you going to do + +80 +00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:27,820 +something to this text to make it number one + +81 +00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:31,520 +memorable? To help the person in front of you, the + +82 +00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:35,260 +audience, to memorize and remember this text for a + +83 +00:05:35,260 --> 00:05:37,640 +longer time, a longer period? What do you think? + +84 +00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:40,760 +What are you going to do to the text? And again, + +85 +00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,540 +in other words, what are the features of old + +86 +00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:50,920 +English poetry? What are the features? Putting in + +87 +00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,160 +mind that this is oral culture. Yes, please. + +88 +00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:04,960 +Thank you very much. So the themes, the subject + +89 +00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,200 +matters, are things that people can relate to, can + +90 +00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:12,440 +see every day. The topics are generally wars, + +91 +00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:17,200 +battles, heroes, heroism. Excellent. What else? + +92 +00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:22,180 +What else? What do you think? In what particular + +93 +00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:27,360 +way was this story told, for example, in the form + +94 +00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,360 +of poetry? Okay, it's poetry. What are the + +95 +00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,840 +features of this poetry? Like number one, the + +96 +00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:36,860 +themes, the topics were generally about wars, + +97 +00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,260 +battles and fighting and invasions. So from our + +98 +00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:42,580 +own life, it's easy to remember because it's about + +99 +00:06:42,580 --> 00:06:51,800 +our lives. What else? Can you tell? Okay. Stories. + +100 +00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:57,560 +First of all, we have stories. The poetry of that + +101 +00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,140 +time was dependent largely on the narrative form. + +102 +00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:04,510 +If you want to make things memorable, because + +103 +00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:06,770 +people love stories. We love stories. We all love + +104 +00:07:06,770 --> 00:07:10,850 +stories. So most of the poems of that time were + +105 +00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:14,190 +dependent in a way or another on stories. Some of + +106 +00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:18,790 +these stories were factual, because they were + +107 +00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:23,590 +about a real battle, a real event in history, and + +108 +00:07:23,590 --> 00:07:27,550 +some of them were... were fictional, fictional + +109 +00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:30,670 +because they are imaginative. And this is, again, + +110 +00:07:30,890 --> 00:07:34,490 +basically literature is fiction. But you can write + +111 +00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:38,330 +literature about facts, about events in real life, + +112 +00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:41,310 +or you can make things up. So thank you very much. + +113 +00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:45,570 +Number two is the fact that these poems were to a + +114 +00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:49,530 +large extent Narrative in form. Narrative in form + +115 +00:07:49,530 --> 00:07:52,690 +means they tell a story. So if they speak about + +116 +00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:56,810 +war and battles and invasions, things from your + +117 +00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:01,750 +life, and if they tell these things in a story + +118 +00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:04,170 +form, you're going to remember. Do you have one + +119 +00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,910 +more thing to add about the nature of poetry of + +120 +00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:07,330 +that time? + +121 +00:08:13,540 --> 00:08:16,320 +The hardships exactly connect us with the point + +122 +00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,080 +here of the themes. What did you say here? Thank + +123 +00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:24,260 +you very much. So if a text is poetry, what is + +124 +00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:28,640 +poetry? Poetry is originally songs. Even in + +125 +00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:33,730 +Arabic, in all cultures, songs are poetry. But at + +126 +00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:35,850 +that time, because people couldn't exactly like + +127 +00:08:35,850 --> 00:08:38,270 +the Arabic literature, we talk about Arabic poetry + +128 +00:08:38,270 --> 00:08:40,590 +2000 years ago, when the Arabs couldn't read or + +129 +00:08:40,590 --> 00:08:43,670 +write. And again, there were poems like hundreds + +130 +00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:49,130 +of lines. So they depended on music, the rhyme, + +131 +00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,110 +the rhythm, the surah, the alliteration, they made + +132 +00:08:54,110 --> 00:09:00,410 +the poems musical. Much easier to memorize and to + +133 +00:09:00,410 --> 00:09:06,910 +remember. These are certain features that we have + +134 +00:09:06,910 --> 00:09:12,810 +to talk about when we speak about Old English. Now + +135 +00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:14,610 +let's take examples here. + +136 +00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:21,990 +We'll speak about several poems from Old English. + +137 +00:09:23,630 --> 00:09:27,150 +Some of them are anonymous. Anonymous, where we + +138 +00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:32,640 +don't know the name of the poet. And some of them + +139 +00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,400 +are attached to a name that we're not sure whether + +140 +00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,820 +this is the poet or not. But generally, we don't + +141 +00:09:38,820 --> 00:09:41,840 +care here. We care more about the text itself. The + +142 +00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:46,440 +first important text is called Kedemen's Hymn, + +143 +00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:49,400 +with an N silent there. Hymn. Hymn is a religious + +144 +00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:55,300 +song. See, even the name suggests that This is a + +145 +00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:58,300 +topic that the church would be interested in. It + +146 +00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:04,100 +is said that Kidman was a shepherd who heard the + +147 +00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:06,800 +voice of God and then started to write poetry to + +148 +00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,430 +praise God. When the church heard about the story + +149 +00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:13,030 +of this guy, because again, the church would take + +150 +00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,810 +much care about those people to bring more people + +151 +00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,190 +to the church, they brought him in, they took care + +152 +00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,890 +of him, and they wrote down all his poetry, or + +153 +00:10:23,890 --> 00:10:26,690 +most of his poetry. That's why we have it right + +154 +00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:30,330 +now. Look at the text here. Can someone please + +155 +00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:36,850 +read the... Could you read the couplet, the two + +156 +00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:39,140 +lines there? Yes, please. + +157 +00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,980 +Very good. + +158 +00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:47,820 +One more. + +159 +00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,580 +Very good. Someone here? Can you please read? What + +160 +00:10:55,580 --> 00:10:59,140 +page is it? Page three. Yes, please. + +161 +00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,500 +Now look at the text. Of course, this is not the + +162 +00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:10,680 +language it was written in. This is a modernized + +163 +00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:13,860 +version. This is a translation, more or less. OK? + +164 +00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,720 +So look at the text. What does the text itself + +165 +00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:22,660 +tell us about that time, the poet, the theme, the + +166 +00:11:22,660 --> 00:11:27,880 +form? Can you notice something in the shape of the + +167 +00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,620 +poem, the shape of the sonnet here, in the words, + +168 +00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,500 +the language used? What do you notice? Yes, + +169 +00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:38,000 +please. Go on. Okay, how did you know that this is + +170 +00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,420 +a religious song, a religious poem? + +171 +00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:45,780 +Okay, so the subject matter of this poem is + +172 +00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:48,640 +religion, is God. How did you know? Look at the + +173 +00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:55,320 +language. How many times the word God or any + +174 +00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:57,840 +reference to God is used there? How many times? + +175 +00:11:58,340 --> 00:12:03,360 +Can you count? One. Even before that, heaven's + +176 +00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:09,330 +kingdom, the keeper, The Lord, the power and his + +177 +00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:12,610 +wisdom. So almost every word, most of the words in + +178 +00:12:12,610 --> 00:12:16,790 +the text are religious words related to God. + +179 +00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:19,450 +Excellent. What else can the text tell you? + +180 +00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:28,810 +Anything you notice, anything that, please. Oh + +181 +00:12:28,810 --> 00:12:33,600 +yeah. Generally now in modern English, even in + +182 +00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,660 +Middle English, we don't have this physical gap. + +183 +00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:40,280 +It's usually a comma and the comma tells you + +184 +00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,280 +there's a pause here, where you have to stop. + +185 +00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,340 +Similar to the gap in the Arabic poetry. The gap + +186 +00:12:46,340 --> 00:12:49,380 +in the Arabic poetry gives you a pause, creates + +187 +00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:54,580 +also, what does it create, the gap? A rhythm. In + +188 +00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:59,770 +other words, music. It cuts the line into two + +189 +00:12:59,770 --> 00:13:03,150 +halves, makes it easier to remember, and makes it + +190 +00:13:03,150 --> 00:13:09,990 +more musical. So again, now we must praise of + +191 +00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:13,130 +heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the law of the + +192 +00:13:13,130 --> 00:13:17,730 +Lord, the power and his wisdom. The pause here. + +193 +00:13:18,850 --> 00:13:21,310 +helps with the music of the line. Again, this is + +194 +00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:23,010 +not the original text. I don't know the original. + +195 +00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:25,390 +I can't read the original text, actually. You need + +196 +00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,590 +to learn old English. It's totally like almost + +197 +00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:33,070 +totally different language. The gap here is called + +198 +00:13:33,070 --> 00:13:37,950 +caesura. We wrote this word down last time. A + +199 +00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:44,270 +caesura is like from Caesar. C-A, not C-E. C-A-E-S + +200 +00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:50,740 +-U-R-A. And it is a gap between a line or poetry + +201 +00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:55,400 +that creates a pose that creates music. So this is + +202 +00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,040 +again one feature of Old English already there. + +203 +00:14:00,140 --> 00:14:02,520 +And in the original text, we don't have this + +204 +00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:04,780 +there. We have the alliteration. The original + +205 +00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:07,360 +text, there is the repetition of the ha sound. Ha, + +206 +00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:10,340 +ha, ha. The ha sound is repeated probably three or + +207 +00:14:10,340 --> 00:14:13,240 +four times. It's called alliteration. Alliteration + +208 +00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,580 +is the repetition of a particular consonant sound, + +209 +00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,320 +again, which creates music. What else do you + +210 +00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:20,360 +notice about the language and the choice of words? + +211 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,260 +What else? Look at the lines there. + +212 +00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:34,090 +Remember we said poetry, in poetry, in literature + +213 +00:14:34,090 --> 00:14:42,810 +in general, and poetry in particular, every + +214 +00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:46,990 +word is there for a reason. Every word is there + +215 +00:14:46,990 --> 00:14:48,950 +for a reason. Because again, what does the poet + +216 +00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:52,770 +do? The poet selects, chooses the best words and + +217 +00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:56,020 +tries to put them in the best order. Right? In + +218 +00:14:56,020 --> 00:14:59,460 +order to achieve the utmost impact. And this is + +219 +00:14:59,460 --> 00:15:01,800 +poetry, in a way. I don't like this definition, + +220 +00:15:02,340 --> 00:15:05,100 +but this is more or less what poets do. They + +221 +00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:08,620 +choose the best words and put them in the order + +222 +00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,860 +that achieves the utmost impact. Meaning every + +223 +00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:15,720 +word counts. Where every word is put also counts. + +224 +00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,320 +So if he uses we instead of I, it makes a + +225 +00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:23,620 +difference. If he uses or she must. + +226 +00:15:24,460 --> 00:15:26,620 +It makes a difference. If he uses should, it + +227 +00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:30,340 +doesn't mean the same. Of course not. So what do + +228 +00:15:30,340 --> 00:15:33,100 +you notice? What else do you notice about the + +229 +00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:39,380 +power? Yes. Okay, interesting. + +230 +00:15:42,460 --> 00:15:43,160 +Okay, go on. + +231 +00:15:46,140 --> 00:15:48,680 +What does it mean? Does it make a difference if + +232 +00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,200 +you say, we must praise God? We should praise God? + +233 +00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:56,840 +Is it the same? Okay, so this must is a strong + +234 +00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,920 +language. In a way, you don't have an option. This + +235 +00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,040 +is the way out. This is the only way out. We and + +236 +00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,340 +even the we before, like everyone should be here, + +237 +00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,140 +must be here. It's not a matter of choice. We must + +238 +00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:17,320 +all praise God. And again, reflecting the strong + +239 +00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:19,860 +language of the church and the religious texts. + +240 +00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,250 +Say again? Compulsory in a way. It's obligatory. + +241 +00:16:26,330 --> 00:16:30,450 +Okay. What else? Very good. So we means + +242 +00:16:30,450 --> 00:16:34,250 +collective. Everyone has to be there, involved and + +243 +00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,350 +must is a strong emphatic language. Again + +244 +00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:41,510 +reflecting the nature of religious texts here. + +245 +00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:43,910 +Which one? + +246 +00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:50,490 +Alliteration, OK, this is again alliteration. But + +247 +00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:53,530 +remember, this is not the original text. In the + +248 +00:16:53,530 --> 00:16:55,950 +original text, there is an alliteration, but + +249 +00:16:55,950 --> 00:16:59,690 +repeated, represented by the ha sound. Twice more. + +250 +00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:09,270 +Thank you. God is everywhere. God is all-powerful. + +251 +00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:14,210 +He emphasizes this. Kedaman emphasizes this by + +252 +00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:19,160 +repeating so many words. To show that God is + +253 +00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:24,440 +powerful. God is all-powerful. + +254 +00:17:27,580 --> 00:17:30,160 +Oh, I love this. Thank you very much. What's your + +255 +00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,380 +name? Shayma. OK, what does now mean? Remember the + +256 +00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:37,280 +story we had last time about tomorrow will be + +257 +00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,600 +different? Yes. What did we say? There is + +258 +00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:44,240 +procrastination, will. OK, I'll do it next week. + +259 +00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,850 +I'll do it tomorrow. But in this text, we have + +260 +00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:53,670 +now. Now is urgent. Could you help me with this? + +261 +00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:58,410 +Okay, Tomono, now. It's urgent. So now gives again + +262 +00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:02,910 +a sense of urgency. Something that can't wait. + +263 +00:18:04,370 --> 00:18:07,430 +Again, going back to the nature of the English, + +264 +00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:10,910 +the religious language of that time. Number one, + +265 +00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:14,770 +it's emphatic, it's urgent, and it's collective. + +266 +00:18:15,550 --> 00:18:20,150 +And you, in a way, the listeners have no choice. + +267 +00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170 +If you choose God, you have to praise God all the + +268 +00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:26,210 +time. There's no choice. It's not about you + +269 +00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:29,330 +should. I don't advise you. You have. You have to. + +270 +00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:33,810 +Very good. Let's move to the second text here. + +271 +00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:43,180 +The second text is from something called Dior's + +272 +00:18:43,180 --> 00:18:43,740 +Lament. + +273 +00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:52,840 +And the text here, Dior could be the poet by the + +274 +00:18:52,840 --> 00:19:01,090 +way, but could also be the narrator. OK? Because + +275 +00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:03,890 +it's mentioned in the story somewhere, in the poem + +276 +00:19:03,890 --> 00:19:06,670 +somewhere, that the speaker's name is Dior. + +277 +00:19:06,790 --> 00:19:09,750 +Whether this is a poet or not, we're not sure. But + +278 +00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,630 +usually, I like to use Dior as the poet of the + +279 +00:19:13,630 --> 00:19:19,010 +text. Kidman is the poet for sure, for the first + +280 +00:19:19,010 --> 00:19:26,810 +one. Look at this. Of that, there was an end. So + +281 +00:19:26,810 --> 00:19:30,920 +there may be of this. When you read any line of + +282 +00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,220 +poetry, when you read any poem or any text in + +283 +00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:36,580 +English, try sometimes to think of, in order to + +284 +00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,260 +start analyzing it, understanding it. Look at what + +285 +00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:41,540 +we call the binaries. + +286 +00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:46,300 +Binaries or binary opposites. + +287 +00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,160 +The opposites, exactly. + +288 +00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,940 +If you want to understand the poem, try to see how + +289 +00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:02,040 +the poet is writing what he's writing. Remember, + +290 +00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:04,760 +every word counts. And usually in English + +291 +00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,940 +literature, the poets or the writers, the + +292 +00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,860 +novelists try to give you two options, like a kind + +293 +00:20:13,860 --> 00:20:17,260 +of a conflict between two worlds, opposites that + +294 +00:20:17,260 --> 00:20:22,630 +create what we call tension. And understanding + +295 +00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:26,130 +distinction gives you the theme and the topic of + +296 +00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:30,390 +the poem itself. If you look at the text, can you + +297 +00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,610 +find opposites? Can you find contrasting things, + +298 +00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:37,410 +probably, words? What is the first thing you + +299 +00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:38,050 +notice here? + +300 +00:20:41,290 --> 00:20:45,950 +Okay, choose one word. The first one is that. + +301 +00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:48,810 +That. There. + +302 +00:20:52,410 --> 00:20:59,450 +Or this. We have that meaning distant, meaning + +303 +00:20:59,450 --> 00:21:06,590 +past, already gone, finished. That, but this, + +304 +00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:11,050 +something near, something now. Okay, so there is + +305 +00:21:11,050 --> 00:21:17,850 +this contrast between the past and the present. In + +306 +00:21:17,850 --> 00:21:22,910 +addition to this, one more, we have Was and maybe. + +307 +00:21:23,310 --> 00:21:28,730 +Was also past simple. And maybe present or for the + +308 +00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:33,030 +near present or the future. For the future maybe. + +309 +00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,890 +And we said last time something about this very + +310 +00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:42,540 +quickly. We said in a way or another this is A + +311 +00:21:42,540 --> 00:21:46,900 +lament. You know a lament? Like something sad. + +312 +00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,300 +Like you're talking about something sad. But this + +313 +00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:57,720 +poet, he's sad, right? But he has hope for a + +314 +00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,780 +better tomorrow, for a better future. He's + +315 +00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:06,700 +optimistic. And this is shown clearly here in the + +316 +00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:11,380 +text. Of that there was an end, so there may be of + +317 +00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:17,820 +this. The poet also depends on logic. Thank you. + +318 +00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:22,680 +Where can you see that? Look at the, of that, + +319 +00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,800 +there was like you have a cause and effect + +320 +00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,500 +relationship. I've been there before. I've lived + +321 +00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,940 +difficult days. I've suffered before. And now all + +322 +00:22:31,940 --> 00:22:35,260 +this suffering is history. It's in the past. If + +323 +00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:42,930 +that was gone, then So there may be of this. This + +324 +00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:48,370 +too will end and I will overcome. The theme here + +325 +00:22:48,370 --> 00:22:53,550 +is personal suffering or personal struggle with + +326 +00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:58,790 +hope of a better life for the future. The funny + +327 +00:22:58,790 --> 00:23:01,550 +thing about this text is that it feels like + +328 +00:23:01,550 --> 00:23:04,710 +somebody wrote it just now, right? Or yesterday. + +329 +00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,540 +This is a text from over 1,000 years ago. And this + +330 +00:23:10,540 --> 00:23:13,560 +is, remember I said literature is universal and + +331 +00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:15,960 +timeless, and it touches our hearts across time + +332 +00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,180 +and place? This is an English poet who lived + +333 +00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:20,480 +somewhere in England. We don't know anything about + +334 +00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:25,110 +him. And you read it, and then. Wow, I love this + +335 +00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:28,690 +line of verse. Of that there was an end, so there + +336 +00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,030 +may be a will. So probably you could go home + +337 +00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:33,230 +today, you tweet this or post it on Facebook or + +338 +00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,010 +Instagram. It's one of my favorite lines, I love + +339 +00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:41,230 +it. Again, so notice how he creates the contrast + +340 +00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:45,930 +and how he builds this on logic. I also want you + +341 +00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:48,830 +to notice what happens in the middle. Listen, the + +342 +00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:52,870 +physical space here is called the caesura, right? + +343 +00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:56,610 +But even if we don't have the physical space, + +344 +00:23:58,810 --> 00:24:03,030 +The semicolon itself, the comma, or sometimes the + +345 +00:24:03,030 --> 00:24:08,650 +false stop creates the thing we have here for the + +346 +00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:08,970 +break. + +347 +00:24:15,950 --> 00:24:16,790 +Okay. + +348 +00:24:19,990 --> 00:24:23,370 +Now, before going to Beowulf, our most important + +349 +00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:26,110 +text of the day, I'll just very quickly go through + +350 +00:24:26,110 --> 00:24:31,830 +three other texts. We have The Wanderer and The + +351 +00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:38,570 +Seafarer. Both are elegies. An elegy, what is an + +352 +00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:43,050 +elegy? Elegy, a poem about the death of a loved + +353 +00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:49,530 +one. Elegy. A poem about + +354 +00:24:51,180 --> 00:24:55,060 +Death. Or the death of somebody. Yeah, exactly. + +355 +00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:59,380 +When somebody dies, someone you know, someone you + +356 +00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:04,180 +love, which is personal elegy. Or sometimes when a + +357 +00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:07,580 +very important person dies, a hero, someone you + +358 +00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,300 +don't know personally, but a very famous people + +359 +00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:15,520 +and you write poetry to praise them after their + +360 +00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,940 +death. It's called Elegy. So both of these poems + +361 +00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:24,540 +are elegies. Elegies generally are personal. They + +362 +00:25:24,540 --> 00:25:28,500 +express personal emotions and feelings of sadness + +363 +00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:35,040 +praising other dead people. And then we have the + +364 +00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:39,680 +dream of the rude. So if you notice sometimes we + +365 +00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,020 +take extracts, sometimes we do something briefly, + +366 +00:25:42,180 --> 00:25:44,320 +just we want to know the name and sometimes we + +367 +00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,240 +give more details. Now the dream of the rude, rude + +368 +00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:52,240 +means cross, you know the cross? Is the text + +369 +00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,840 +personal or religious? Religious. In a way, yeah. + +370 +00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,820 +Even the name itself suggests this. And the most + +371 +00:25:58,820 --> 00:26:00,860 +important part about The Dream of Darud is the + +372 +00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:04,120 +fact that it uses a new technique in narrating the + +373 +00:26:04,120 --> 00:26:07,600 +story. I just said in narrating the poem. There + +374 +00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,620 +is, again, remember the music, the narrative, the + +375 +00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:14,760 +battles. This particular poem uses a new + +376 +00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,000 +technique. It's called the dream vision technique. + +377 +00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:22,980 +When the story is told, about an experience you + +378 +00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,900 +had while you were asleep. And again, in so many + +379 +00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:31,500 +ways, people love dreams. People love it when you + +380 +00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,600 +tell them, hey, I had a dream last night. Tell me. + +381 +00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,980 +You were in my dream last night. Really? What + +382 +00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:40,880 +happened? What did I do? What did you do to me? Et + +383 +00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,320 +cetera. So generally, people love dreams. So as a + +384 +00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,480 +technique, again, by the way, nowadays people do + +385 +00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:49,520 +this. Sometimes we watch a movie, and then we + +386 +00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,060 +realize that the main character was, it's all in + +387 +00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:55,940 +the head of the main character. Oh, we like it. + +388 +00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,260 +Again, this is an ancient technique, an old + +389 +00:26:59,260 --> 00:27:04,060 +technique. That's, again, the dream of the rude. + +390 +00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,280 +It's a Christian religious text that uses a new + +391 +00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:12,260 +technique. So what is the point of this discussion + +392 +00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:15,900 +so far before going to Beowulf? The point is that + +393 +00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:20,180 +Old English was rich. And we had a variety of + +394 +00:27:20,180 --> 00:27:24,320 +themes, of topics, of poets who wrote about + +395 +00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,100 +several things. But some of the poets were known, + +396 +00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:32,300 +their names. And the majority, many of them were + +397 +00:27:32,790 --> 00:27:38,290 +Unknown, no names, whom we call anonymous. He's + +398 +00:27:38,290 --> 00:27:42,550 +anonymous. So, Kadaman is the name of the poem. + +399 +00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:45,770 +Teor is not probably, he's the main character, + +400 +00:27:45,890 --> 00:27:50,330 +could be the poet, but The Wanderer, The Seafarer, + +401 +00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,690 +The Dream of Darude, and Beowulf, four major texts + +402 +00:27:54,690 --> 00:27:58,290 +are all anonymous. You should know this. + +403 +00:27:59,170 --> 00:28:02,870 +Anonymous, we don't know the name. Or probably we + +404 +00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,510 +know that people were not interested in telling us + +405 +00:28:06,510 --> 00:28:09,450 +that they write poetry. But later on, everyone was + +406 +00:28:09,450 --> 00:28:11,050 +like, oh, this is my text. They would write their + +407 +00:28:11,050 --> 00:28:16,350 +names. Please. Some of the poets, they got famous + +408 +00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:18,850 +after their death. Yep, posthumously. Their + +409 +00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:22,310 +families see their poems, and they share it with + +410 +00:28:22,310 --> 00:28:24,020 +people. Yeah, sometimes they're published + +411 +00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:28,980 +posthumously, posthumously. And finally, Beowulf, + +412 +00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:35,020 +the most important Old English text. Beowulf. See + +413 +00:28:35,020 --> 00:28:38,620 +how it is spelled? We'll compare it a little bit + +414 +00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:48,620 +to the Battle of the Maldon. Beowulf, B-E O-W-U-L + +415 +00:28:48,620 --> 00:28:54,040 +-F. Beowulf is not the poet. It's the name of the + +416 +00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,500 +text and the name of the character, the hero. The + +417 +00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,980 +hero. Now, the Battle of the Malden, look at the + +418 +00:29:01,980 --> 00:29:05,760 +other text there. It's also a poem, but it is more + +419 +00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:11,320 +factual. OK? More factual. It's about fact, about + +420 +00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:14,160 +history, about probably a real battle that took + +421 +00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,900 +place. But Beowulf, is it factual? No, let's see + +422 +00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:24,560 +why. Now, what is the story of Beowulf? OK, so + +423 +00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,700 +Beowulf is a poem with about 3,000 lines. That's a + +424 +00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:33,620 +lot of lines. It tells the story about someone + +425 +00:29:33,620 --> 00:29:39,780 +named Beowulf, who is originally from Sweden. So + +426 +00:29:39,780 --> 00:29:43,860 +he's Swedish. Who goes to help the king of + +427 +00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:49,280 +Denmark. See the mixture here? We have an English + +428 +00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:56,580 +text, Swedish hero who goes to help the Danes. And + +429 +00:29:56,580 --> 00:29:58,480 +again, that was the nature of that period. People + +430 +00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,440 +from everywhere moved here and there and migrated. + +431 +00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,680 +Now, what does he do? He fights a monster called + +432 +00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,360 +Grindel. Do monsters exist? Do you believe in + +433 +00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:14,850 +monsters? They don't. So is this factual or + +434 +00:30:14,850 --> 00:30:17,210 +fictional? It's fictional. It's fictitious. It's + +435 +00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:21,790 +imaginary. And he really, he heroically and + +436 +00:30:21,790 --> 00:30:25,350 +bravely fights these monsters and kills the + +437 +00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:27,710 +monster. Maybe it's similar. This monster is + +438 +00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:30,930 +similar. Of course, yeah. Like sometimes when you + +439 +00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:34,410 +want to express particular ideas, you exaggerate. + +440 +00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:38,710 +So there could be in the book, it's said that + +441 +00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:43,020 +Beowulf is part myth. part fiction, and also part + +442 +00:30:43,020 --> 00:30:46,420 +history. There could have been a strong man named + +443 +00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:50,980 +Beowulf. Could be. But for sure, he did not fight + +444 +00:30:50,980 --> 00:30:55,260 +dragons and monsters. So when he kills the + +445 +00:30:55,260 --> 00:30:59,740 +monster, what happens? He's attacked by the + +446 +00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:03,130 +monster's mother. It's a whole family of monsters + +447 +00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:05,390 +here. And don't worry, there is no grandmother. + +448 +00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:11,110 +Okay, so he kills the Grindel, the daughter, the + +449 +00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:16,790 +daughter monster, and then he kills the mother. In + +450 +00:31:16,790 --> 00:31:19,610 +a way, when you fight monsters, you sacrifice + +451 +00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:23,370 +yourself. This is heroism. This is a hero. This is + +452 +00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:26,110 +what people of that time wanted. They wanted + +453 +00:31:26,110 --> 00:31:29,130 +heroes. They wanted people to defend them, to make + +454 +00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:31,690 +them feel safe. And this is a man who sacrifices + +455 +00:31:31,690 --> 00:31:35,090 +everything for the sake of his people and also for + +456 +00:31:35,090 --> 00:31:38,430 +the sake of other people. Now, this is Beowulf, + +457 +00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:42,850 +young, powerful, and strong. 50 years later, his + +458 +00:31:42,850 --> 00:31:43,790 +own people + +459 +00:31:46,620 --> 00:31:50,200 +are attacked by a dragon. You know dragon, the + +460 +00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:55,180 +mythical creature that breathes fire? Still + +461 +00:31:55,180 --> 00:31:57,780 +fictional, right? They don't exist, do they? + +462 +00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:02,100 +Probably in cartoon, in our imagination. And + +463 +00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,280 +again, he doesn't run away, he stands up, he + +464 +00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:12,700 +fights, he resists. He kills the dragon but is + +465 +00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:19,720 +injured himself and dies a hero's death. How much + +466 +00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:22,060 +of this is factual and how much of this is + +467 +00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:25,660 +fictional? How much is fact, how much is fiction? + +468 +00:32:28,180 --> 00:32:32,330 +Probably most of what I just said is fiction. So + +469 +00:32:32,330 --> 00:32:35,570 +it's mostly fiction. Probably there could have + +470 +00:32:35,570 --> 00:32:39,230 +been a man by the name of Beowulf who was a strong + +471 +00:32:39,230 --> 00:32:43,510 +man who resisted the invaders or whatever. But + +472 +00:32:43,510 --> 00:32:48,070 +when he dies, everybody mourns him. He succeeded + +473 +00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:51,850 +by someone to carry on the struggle against + +474 +00:32:51,850 --> 00:32:54,610 +enemies and against invaders and everything. So + +475 +00:32:54,610 --> 00:32:56,670 +what is the poem about? This is, again, an + +476 +00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,330 +anonymous text, a long text. It's called an epic + +477 +00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,250 +poem. An epic poem, it's a very long poem about + +478 +00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:05,350 +heroes, about battles, about fighting, about wars, + +479 +00:33:05,450 --> 00:33:09,190 +about invasions. This is an English text from over + +480 +00:33:09,190 --> 00:33:13,630 +1,000 years ago that talks about the themes are + +481 +00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:16,530 +heroism. + +482 +00:33:17,820 --> 00:33:23,460 +Resistance. Loyalty to not only loyalty to one's + +483 +00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:27,420 +people, but loyalty to humanity. Because when the + +484 +00:33:27,420 --> 00:33:30,280 +king of Denmark asked for help, he didn't + +485 +00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:30,740 +hesitate. + +486 +00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:41,400 +Paying back. That's the debt. If you have a debt, + +487 +00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:47,360 +you have to pay it back. What else? Bravery. This + +488 +00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,300 +is a story about bravery. This is what people + +489 +00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:51,760 +wanted. At a time of wars and battles and + +490 +00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,460 +invasions, poetry is about these things. But + +491 +00:33:55,460 --> 00:33:59,680 +again, not all texts were about battles and + +492 +00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:02,680 +fighting and invasions. We have texts about + +493 +00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,660 +people. By the way, Dior's, the specific story of + +494 +00:34:06,660 --> 00:34:09,600 +Dior is that he lost his job. He was unemployed, + +495 +00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240 +exactly like most people here now in Gaza. He lost + +496 +00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:17,680 +his job. And he wrote poetry. But someone else + +497 +00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:20,640 +heard the voice of God, and he wrote poetry. + +498 +00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:26,220 +Someone had somebody he loves die, and he wrote + +499 +00:34:26,220 --> 00:34:29,700 +poetry. So poetry, in so many ways, became famous + +500 +00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,080 +and famous, more famous and more famous. And + +501 +00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:34,600 +people who could, they composed poetry, because + +502 +00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,740 +poetry was an important expression, not only + +503 +00:34:38,740 --> 00:34:41,180 +personal expression, but also collective + +504 +00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:47,350 +expression. So when we speak about these texts and + +505 +00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:50,950 +the features of English, early English poetry, the + +506 +00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:55,710 +oral traditions and how the poets used again + +507 +00:34:55,710 --> 00:34:59,390 +narratives and stories and how they made use of + +508 +00:34:59,390 --> 00:35:02,710 +music in order to make their stories and their + +509 +00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:07,960 +poems memorable. We speak about Beowulf, the hero + +510 +00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:11,460 +of all heroes. Probably the first important + +511 +00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:16,660 +English fictional character is Beowulf. And until + +512 +00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:19,880 +this very moment, we see English literature taking + +513 +00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:22,520 +themes and ideas in a way or another directly or + +514 +00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,100 +indirectly from Old English. If you have + +515 +00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:31,760 +questions, please do ask. Do you have questions? + +516 +00:35:38,580 --> 00:35:39,240 +Yes, please. + +517 +00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:43,220 +Someone? + +518 +00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,780 +OK, this is how, when he dies, this is how people + +519 +00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:57,780 +praise him. The end of Beowulf is really sad. Even + +520 +00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:00,120 +when you read it, if you don't read the poem, you + +521 +00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,040 +read the story of Beowulf, and you know this is + +522 +00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,160 +fiction. Myth. You still feel sad for Beowulf + +523 +00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:11,140 +because everybody loves heroes. Everybody wants a + +524 +00:36:11,140 --> 00:36:14,660 +hero around us or want to be a hero. Can you read + +525 +00:36:14,660 --> 00:36:22,760 +please how the poem ends? Yes, go on. Beloved + +526 +00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:28,580 +Beowulf, keep well the vow that you swore long ago + +527 +00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:33,490 +in the days of your youth. Not to allow your glory + +528 +00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:37,330 +to diminish as long as you're alive. You lived. + +529 +00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:39,330 +One more, please. + +530 +00:36:46,450 --> 00:36:50,570 +Beloved Bewolf. Not to allow your glory diminish + +531 +00:36:50,570 --> 00:36:54,970 +as long as you live. Very good. So again, beloved + +532 +00:36:54,970 --> 00:36:58,450 +Bewolf. Look at the book, page six. And see how + +533 +00:36:58,450 --> 00:37:01,230 +the original text, the Old English text, has the + +534 +00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:05,110 +musical element of both, again, the gap, but also + +535 +00:37:05,110 --> 00:37:09,810 +the repetition of the la sound. I can't read Old + +536 +00:37:09,810 --> 00:37:12,190 +English, but it could be like this, in a way or + +537 +00:37:12,190 --> 00:37:16,210 +another. Leofa, bewolf, lust, eel, tila. There is + +538 +00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:19,210 +a lot of repetition of the la sound, musical + +539 +00:37:19,210 --> 00:37:22,010 +sound. But again, the la sound is different from + +540 +00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:24,890 +the sa sound, where it probably expresses, in a + +541 +00:37:24,890 --> 00:37:27,770 +way, happiness and enthusiasm. This is the bit + +542 +00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:31,270 +where, again, they're praising him as the greatest + +543 +00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:35,850 +of all heroes. Beloved Beowulf, keep well the vow + +544 +00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:38,690 +that you swore long ago in the days of your youth. + +545 +00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,240 +not to allow your glory to diminish as long as you + +546 +00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:48,120 +live. And indeed, Beowulf's glory outlived him + +547 +00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:53,380 +even more than 1,000 years after his death because + +548 +00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:59,240 +of poetry. Poetry immortalizes people and events + +549 +00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,300 +and stories. So finally, we have again a poem here + +550 +00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:09,240 +about what it means to be a human being, about the + +551 +00:38:09,240 --> 00:38:12,080 +passing of time, people in their youth and then in + +552 +00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:16,640 +their young age. We have a poem about heroism, + +553 +00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,120 +about struggle, a poem about the necessity of + +554 +00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:28,220 +fighting back. of resistance, of standing up to + +555 +00:38:28,220 --> 00:38:33,140 +injustice, of standing up to oppression, and + +556 +00:38:33,140 --> 00:38:36,520 +standing up to enemies. Probably, again, we as + +557 +00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,120 +Palestinians, we can learn a couple of lessons + +558 +00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:41,720 +from this. + +559 +00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:47,800 +OK? Someone wants to ask questions or add + +560 +00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:48,120 +something? + +561 +00:38:55,190 --> 00:39:00,050 +Okay, we'll stop here. For next class, we'll talk + +562 +00:39:00,050 --> 00:39:05,150 +a little bit about prose in Old English and then + +563 +00:39:05,150 --> 00:39:10,010 +move to Middle English and Geoffrey Chaucer. Thank + +564 +00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:13,790 +you very much. Good luck and see you next time. + diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt new file mode 100644 index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58240f95c8da5a14d41596fffe09775910d59423 --- /dev/null +++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt @@ -0,0 +1,2256 @@ +1 +00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:25,960 +Okay, السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته Hello again + +2 +00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:30,720 +everybody This is the second class in our course + +3 +00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:34,600 +Introduction to English Literature As we said last + +4 +00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,580 +time, this is a course about English literary + +5 +00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:42,440 +texts and authors in their historical contexts + +6 +00:00:43,150 --> 00:00:47,050 +This course enables us to understand the + +7 +00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:52,630 +influence, the impact of important events in + +8 +00:00:52,630 --> 00:00:56,090 +history on literature, on literary figures, and + +9 +00:00:56,090 --> 00:01:00,070 +also, of course, how literature also influenced + +10 +00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:03,790 +history in a way or another. We started by a brief + +11 +00:01:03,790 --> 00:01:08,030 +discussion about Old English. We said English + +12 +00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:12,410 +generally is divided into three main phases as a + +13 +00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:15,050 +language, also as a culture, and as literature. + +14 +00:01:15,510 --> 00:01:18,910 +The first one is Old English. And then we have + +15 +00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:22,910 +Middle English. And then we have Modern English, + +16 +00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:26,830 +what we have nowadays now. Old English as a + +17 +00:01:26,830 --> 00:01:34,150 +language, remember, it was not written down. Much + +18 +00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:37,170 +of the culture, much of the literary texts of that + +19 +00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:41,510 +time was oral. Oral, unwritten. It was even later + +20 +00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,070 +on when Christianity came to England, to Britain, + +21 +00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:49,990 +that some monks who were able to read and write + +22 +00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,540 +managed to write down some of these texts. Okay, + +23 +00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:56,620 +so thanks to the monks of the church, thanks to + +24 +00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,940 +Christianity that came in the fifth century to + +25 +00:01:59,940 --> 00:02:04,080 +England, we have some of the early English + +26 +00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:09,320 +literary poetry, mainly poetry written, and now we + +27 +00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,400 +can read it. Again, we can't... If you look at an + +28 +00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:15,420 +English, an old English text, we can't read it now + +29 +00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:18,210 +because it's totally different language. But + +30 +00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:21,030 +middle English, you probably can read the text and + +31 +00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:25,270 +understand the main idea sometimes. So if we say + +32 +00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:29,330 +the culture was oral, the culture was spoken, was + +33 +00:02:29,330 --> 00:02:32,410 +not written down, does that mean anything? Does + +34 +00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:36,670 +that change the way the text is written, the way + +35 +00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:39,550 +the text is composed? What do you think? Do you + +36 +00:02:39,550 --> 00:02:44,470 +think the text is going to be the same? How is + +37 +00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,450 +this going to influence the text? If the culture + +38 +00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,950 +is oral, like remember as Palestinians here, for + +39 +00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:54,590 +example, if you speak about 70 years ago, 80 years + +40 +00:02:54,590 --> 00:02:57,290 +ago, even 60 years ago, when most people, our + +41 +00:02:57,290 --> 00:03:00,070 +parents and grandparents were unable to read and + +42 +00:03:00,070 --> 00:03:02,730 +write, this influenced the way they think and the + +43 +00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,550 +way they, you know, their culture. So how was + +44 +00:03:07,550 --> 00:03:10,070 +English literature influenced by the fact that + +45 +00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:13,870 +this was an oral tradition mainly? Yes, please. + +46 +00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:16,950 +Some details are placed meaningfully for the text, + +47 +00:03:17,510 --> 00:03:21,870 +so that if the text you want to read aloud, the + +48 +00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,470 +smell is there. OK. So when you write this down, + +49 +00:03:27,050 --> 00:03:28,950 +for sure something is going to be missing. And + +50 +00:03:28,950 --> 00:03:32,390 +this is a very important point. When we say the + +51 +00:03:32,390 --> 00:03:38,110 +church helped guard, protect early English, we + +52 +00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:40,970 +also think of the literature that was not written + +53 +00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:44,490 +down because it went missing, because nobody was + +54 +00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:46,570 +there to write it down. And maybe, and this is + +55 +00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:51,190 +important, maybe because the church was selective. + +56 +00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:55,950 +You know what selective is? It would choose the + +57 +00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:59,830 +texts that they think is important for the church + +58 +00:03:59,830 --> 00:04:04,410 +and for God and for the people. That's why most of + +59 +00:04:04,410 --> 00:04:07,530 +the texts, not most, like I would say many or some + +60 +00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:11,790 +of the texts probably, I'm not sure how much, but + +61 +00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:18,050 +probably many of the texts of that period are + +62 +00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,250 +religious texts. So it indicates either people + +63 +00:04:21,250 --> 00:04:25,940 +were religious It depended totally on God + +64 +00:04:25,940 --> 00:04:28,320 +approaching or talking about God, the relationship + +65 +00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:31,200 +with God and the church. Or the church was + +66 +00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:35,740 +selective in what texts to write down. Because + +67 +00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:38,620 +some texts did not, for example, meet the + +68 +00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:44,100 +conditions or the criteria of the church. Or + +69 +00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:46,700 +because it wasn't easy to write everything. + +70 +00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:49,320 +Because writing was expensive. Ink was expensive. + +71 +00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:55,160 +Paper was expensive. Please. different as well + +72 +00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:59,160 +from maybe misheard or misunderstood. Of course, + +73 +00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,200 +yeah. Something we hear it by a different way, so + +74 +00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,060 +we will understand it by a different way. But + +75 +00:05:06,060 --> 00:05:11,420 +there is a risk. Okay, the written text is clear. + +76 +00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:16,700 +The oral text depends on memory. My question is, + +77 +00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:19,820 +if you want to deliver a message, to send a + +78 +00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:22,480 +message, and you ask a person to deliver it orally + +79 +00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,440 +rather than in written, are you going to do + +80 +00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:27,820 +something to this text to make it number one + +81 +00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:31,520 +memorable? To help the person in front of you, the + +82 +00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:35,260 +audience, to memorize and remember this text for a + +83 +00:05:35,260 --> 00:05:37,640 +longer time, a longer period? What do you think? + +84 +00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:40,760 +What are you going to do to the text? And again, + +85 +00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,540 +in other words, what are the features of old + +86 +00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:50,920 +English poetry? What are the features? Putting in + +87 +00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,160 +mind that this is oral culture. Yes, please. + +88 +00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:04,960 +Thank you very much. So the themes, the subject + +89 +00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,200 +matters, are things that people can relate to, can + +90 +00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:12,440 +see every day. The topics are generally wars, + +91 +00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:17,200 +battles, heroes, heroism. Excellent. What else? + +92 +00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:22,180 +What else? What do you think? In what particular + +93 +00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:27,360 +way was this story told, for example, in the form + +94 +00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,360 +of poetry? Okay, it's poetry. What are the + +95 +00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,840 +features of this poetry? Like number one, the + +96 +00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:36,860 +themes, the topics were generally about wars, + +97 +00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,260 +battles and fighting and invasions. So from our + +98 +00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:42,580 +own life, it's easy to remember because it's about + +99 +00:06:42,580 --> 00:06:51,800 +our lives. What else? Can you tell? Okay. Stories. + +100 +00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:57,560 +First of all, we have stories. The poetry of that + +101 +00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,140 +time was dependent largely on the narrative form. + +102 +00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:04,510 +If you want to make things memorable, because + +103 +00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:06,770 +people love stories. We love stories. We all love + +104 +00:07:06,770 --> 00:07:10,850 +stories. So most of the poems of that time were + +105 +00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:14,190 +dependent in a way or another on stories. Some of + +106 +00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:18,790 +these stories were factual, because they were + +107 +00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:23,590 +about a real battle, a real event in history, and + +108 +00:07:23,590 --> 00:07:27,550 +some of them were... were fictional, fictional + +109 +00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:30,670 +because they are imaginative. And this is, again, + +110 +00:07:30,890 --> 00:07:34,490 +basically literature is fiction. But you can write + +111 +00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:38,330 +literature about facts, about events in real life, + +112 +00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:41,310 +or you can make things up. So thank you very much. + +113 +00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:45,570 +Number two is the fact that these poems were to a + +114 +00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:49,530 +large extent Narrative in form. Narrative in form + +115 +00:07:49,530 --> 00:07:52,690 +means they tell a story. So if they speak about + +116 +00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:56,810 +war and battles and invasions, things from your + +117 +00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:01,750 +life, and if they tell these things in a story + +118 +00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:04,170 +form, you're going to remember. Do you have one + +119 +00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,910 +more thing to add about the nature of poetry of + +120 +00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:07,330 +that time? + +121 +00:08:13,540 --> 00:08:16,320 +The hardships exactly connect us with the point + +122 +00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,080 +here of the themes. What did you say here? Thank + +123 +00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:24,260 +you very much. So if a text is poetry, what is + +124 +00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:28,640 +poetry? Poetry is originally songs. Even in + +125 +00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:33,730 +Arabic, in all cultures, songs are poetry. But at + +126 +00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:35,850 +that time, because people couldn't exactly like + +127 +00:08:35,850 --> 00:08:38,270 +the Arabic literature, we talk about Arabic poetry + +128 +00:08:38,270 --> 00:08:40,590 +2000 years ago, when the Arabs couldn't read or + +129 +00:08:40,590 --> 00:08:43,670 +write. And again, there were poems like hundreds + +130 +00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:49,130 +of lines. So they depended on music, the rhyme, + +131 +00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,110 +the rhythm, the surah, the alliteration, they made + +132 +00:08:54,110 --> 00:09:00,410 +the poems musical. Much easier to memorize and to + +133 +00:09:00,410 --> 00:09:06,910 +remember. These are certain features that we have + +134 +00:09:06,910 --> 00:09:12,810 +to talk about when we speak about Old English. Now + +135 +00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:14,610 +let's take examples here. + +136 +00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:21,990 +We'll speak about several poems from Old English. + +137 +00:09:23,630 --> 00:09:27,150 +Some of them are anonymous. Anonymous, where we + +138 +00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:32,640 +don't know the name of the poet. And some of them + +139 +00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,400 +are attached to a name that we're not sure whether + +140 +00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,820 +this is the poet or not. But generally, we don't + +141 +00:09:38,820 --> 00:09:41,840 +care here. We care more about the text itself. The + +142 +00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:46,440 +first important text is called Kedemen's Hymn, + +143 +00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:49,400 +with an N silent there. Hymn. Hymn is a religious + +144 +00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:55,300 +song. See, even the name suggests that This is a + +145 +00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:58,300 +topic that the church would be interested in. It + +146 +00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:04,100 +is said that Kidman was a shepherd who heard the + +147 +00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:06,800 +voice of God and then started to write poetry to + +148 +00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,430 +praise God. When the church heard about the story + +149 +00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:13,030 +of this guy, because again, the church would take + +150 +00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,810 +much care about those people to bring more people + +151 +00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,190 +to the church, they brought him in, they took care + +152 +00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,890 +of him, and they wrote down all his poetry, or + +153 +00:10:23,890 --> 00:10:26,690 +most of his poetry. That's why we have it right + +154 +00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:30,330 +now. Look at the text here. Can someone please + +155 +00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:36,850 +read the... Could you read the couplet, the two + +156 +00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:39,140 +lines there? Yes, please. + +157 +00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,980 +Very good. + +158 +00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:47,820 +One more. + +159 +00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,580 +Very good. Someone here? Can you please read? What + +160 +00:10:55,580 --> 00:10:59,140 +page is it? Page three. Yes, please. + +161 +00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,500 +Now look at the text. Of course, this is not the + +162 +00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:10,680 +language it was written in. This is a modernized + +163 +00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:13,860 +version. This is a translation, more or less. OK? + +164 +00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,720 +So look at the text. What does the text itself + +165 +00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:22,660 +tell us about that time, the poet, the theme, the + +166 +00:11:22,660 --> 00:11:27,880 +form? Can you notice something in the shape of the + +167 +00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,620 +poem, the shape of the sonnet here, in the words, + +168 +00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,500 +the language used? What do you notice? Yes, + +169 +00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:38,000 +please. Go on. Okay, how did you know that this is + +170 +00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,420 +a religious song, a religious poem? + +171 +00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:45,780 +Okay, so the subject matter of this poem is + +172 +00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:48,640 +religion, is God. How did you know? Look at the + +173 +00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:55,320 +language. How many times the word God or any + +174 +00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:57,840 +reference to God is used there? How many times? + +175 +00:11:58,340 --> 00:12:03,360 +Can you count? One. Even before that, heaven's + +176 +00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:09,330 +kingdom, the keeper, The Lord, the power and his + +177 +00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:12,610 +wisdom. So almost every word, most of the words in + +178 +00:12:12,610 --> 00:12:16,790 +the text are religious words related to God. + +179 +00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:19,450 +Excellent. What else can the text tell you? + +180 +00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:28,810 +Anything you notice, anything that, please. Oh + +181 +00:12:28,810 --> 00:12:33,600 +yeah. Generally now in modern English, even in + +182 +00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,660 +Middle English, we don't have this physical gap. + +183 +00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:40,280 +It's usually a comma and the comma tells you + +184 +00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,280 +there's a pause here, where you have to stop. + +185 +00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,340 +Similar to the gap in the Arabic poetry. The gap + +186 +00:12:46,340 --> 00:12:49,380 +in the Arabic poetry gives you a pause, creates + +187 +00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:54,580 +also, what does it create, the gap? A rhythm. In + +188 +00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:59,770 +other words, music. It cuts the line into two + +189 +00:12:59,770 --> 00:13:03,150 +halves, makes it easier to remember, and makes it + +190 +00:13:03,150 --> 00:13:09,990 +more musical. So again, now we must praise of + +191 +00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:13,130 +heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the law of the + +192 +00:13:13,130 --> 00:13:17,730 +Lord, the power and his wisdom. The pause here. + +193 +00:13:18,850 --> 00:13:21,310 +helps with the music of the line. Again, this is + +194 +00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:23,010 +not the original text. I don't know the original. + +195 +00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:25,390 +I can't read the original text, actually. You need + +196 +00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,590 +to learn old English. It's totally like almost + +197 +00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:33,070 +totally different language. The gap here is called + +198 +00:13:33,070 --> 00:13:37,950 +caesura. We wrote this word down last time. A + +199 +00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:44,270 +caesura is like from Caesar. C-A, not C-E. C-A-E-S + +200 +00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:50,740 +-U-R-A. And it is a gap between a line or poetry + +201 +00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:55,400 +that creates a pose that creates music. So this is + +202 +00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,040 +again one feature of Old English already there. + +203 +00:14:00,140 --> 00:14:02,520 +And in the original text, we don't have this + +204 +00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:04,780 +there. We have the alliteration. The original + +205 +00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:07,360 +text, there is the repetition of the ha sound. Ha, + +206 +00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:10,340 +ha, ha. The ha sound is repeated probably three or + +207 +00:14:10,340 --> 00:14:13,240 +four times. It's called alliteration. Alliteration + +208 +00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,580 +is the repetition of a particular consonant sound, + +209 +00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,320 +again, which creates music. What else do you + +210 +00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:20,360 +notice about the language and the choice of words? + +211 +00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,260 +What else? Look at the lines there. + +212 +00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:34,090 +Remember we said poetry, in poetry, in literature + +213 +00:14:34,090 --> 00:14:42,810 +in general, and poetry in particular, every + +214 +00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:46,990 +word is there for a reason. Every word is there + +215 +00:14:46,990 --> 00:14:48,950 +for a reason. Because again, what does the poet + +216 +00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:52,770 +do? The poet selects, chooses the best words and + +217 +00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:56,020 +tries to put them in the best order. Right? In + +218 +00:14:56,020 --> 00:14:59,460 +order to achieve the utmost impact. And this is + +219 +00:14:59,460 --> 00:15:01,800 +poetry, in a way. I don't like this definition, + +220 +00:15:02,340 --> 00:15:05,100 +but this is more or less what poets do. They + +221 +00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:08,620 +choose the best words and put them in the order + +222 +00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,860 +that achieves the utmost impact. Meaning every + +223 +00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:15,720 +word counts. Where every word is put also counts. + +224 +00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,320 +So if he uses we instead of I, it makes a + +225 +00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:23,620 +difference. If he uses or she must. + +226 +00:15:24,460 --> 00:15:26,620 +It makes a difference. If he uses should, it + +227 +00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:30,340 +doesn't mean the same. Of course not. So what do + +228 +00:15:30,340 --> 00:15:33,100 +you notice? What else do you notice about the + +229 +00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:39,380 +power? Yes. Okay, interesting. + +230 +00:15:42,460 --> 00:15:43,160 +Okay, go on. + +231 +00:15:46,140 --> 00:15:48,680 +What does it mean? Does it make a difference if + +232 +00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,200 +you say, we must praise God? We should praise God? + +233 +00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:56,840 +Is it the same? Okay, so this must is a strong + +234 +00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,920 +language. In a way, you don't have an option. This + +235 +00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,040 +is the way out. This is the only way out. We and + +236 +00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,340 +even the we before, like everyone should be here, + +237 +00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,140 +must be here. It's not a matter of choice. We must + +238 +00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:17,320 +all praise God. And again, reflecting the strong + +239 +00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:19,860 +language of the church and the religious texts. + +240 +00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,250 +Say again? Compulsory in a way. It's obligatory. + +241 +00:16:26,330 --> 00:16:30,450 +Okay. What else? Very good. So we means + +242 +00:16:30,450 --> 00:16:34,250 +collective. Everyone has to be there, involved and + +243 +00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,350 +must is a strong emphatic language. Again + +244 +00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:41,510 +reflecting the nature of religious texts here. + +245 +00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:43,910 +Which one? + +246 +00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:50,490 +Alliteration, OK, this is again alliteration. But + +247 +00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:53,530 +remember, this is not the original text. In the + +248 +00:16:53,530 --> 00:16:55,950 +original text, there is an alliteration, but + +249 +00:16:55,950 --> 00:16:59,690 +repeated, represented by the ha sound. Twice more. + +250 +00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:09,270 +Thank you. God is everywhere. God is all-powerful. + +251 +00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:14,210 +He emphasizes this. Kedaman emphasizes this by + +252 +00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:19,160 +repeating so many words. To show that God is + +253 +00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:24,440 +powerful. God is all-powerful. + +254 +00:17:27,580 --> 00:17:30,160 +Oh, I love this. Thank you very much. What's your + +255 +00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,380 +name? Shayma. OK, what does now mean? Remember the + +256 +00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:37,280 +story we had last time about tomorrow will be + +257 +00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,600 +different? Yes. What did we say? There is + +258 +00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:44,240 +procrastination, will. OK, I'll do it next week. + +259 +00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,850 +I'll do it tomorrow. But in this text, we have + +260 +00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:53,670 +now. Now is urgent. Could you help me with this? + +261 +00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:58,410 +Okay, Tomono, now. It's urgent. So now gives again + +262 +00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:02,910 +a sense of urgency. Something that can't wait. + +263 +00:18:04,370 --> 00:18:07,430 +Again, going back to the nature of the English, + +264 +00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:10,910 +the religious language of that time. Number one, + +265 +00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:14,770 +it's emphatic, it's urgent, and it's collective. + +266 +00:18:15,550 --> 00:18:20,150 +And you, in a way, the listeners have no choice. + +267 +00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170 +If you choose God, you have to praise God all the + +268 +00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:26,210 +time. There's no choice. It's not about you + +269 +00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:29,330 +should. I don't advise you. You have. You have to. + +270 +00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:33,810 +Very good. Let's move to the second text here. + +271 +00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:43,180 +The second text is from something called Dior's + +272 +00:18:43,180 --> 00:18:43,740 +Lament. + +273 +00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:52,840 +And the text here, Dior could be the poet by the + +274 +00:18:52,840 --> 00:19:01,090 +way, but could also be the narrator. OK? Because + +275 +00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:03,890 +it's mentioned in the story somewhere, in the poem + +276 +00:19:03,890 --> 00:19:06,670 +somewhere, that the speaker's name is Dior. + +277 +00:19:06,790 --> 00:19:09,750 +Whether this is a poet or not, we're not sure. But + +278 +00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,630 +usually, I like to use Dior as the poet of the + +279 +00:19:13,630 --> 00:19:19,010 +text. Kidman is the poet for sure, for the first + +280 +00:19:19,010 --> 00:19:26,810 +one. Look at this. Of that, there was an end. So + +281 +00:19:26,810 --> 00:19:30,920 +there may be of this. When you read any line of + +282 +00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,220 +poetry, when you read any poem or any text in + +283 +00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:36,580 +English, try sometimes to think of, in order to + +284 +00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,260 +start analyzing it, understanding it. Look at what + +285 +00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:41,540 +we call the binaries. + +286 +00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:46,300 +Binaries or binary opposites. + +287 +00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,160 +The opposites, exactly. + +288 +00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,940 +If you want to understand the poem, try to see how + +289 +00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:02,040 +the poet is writing what he's writing. Remember, + +290 +00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:04,760 +every word counts. And usually in English + +291 +00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,940 +literature, the poets or the writers, the + +292 +00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,860 +novelists try to give you two options, like a kind + +293 +00:20:13,860 --> 00:20:17,260 +of a conflict between two worlds, opposites that + +294 +00:20:17,260 --> 00:20:22,630 +create what we call tension. And understanding + +295 +00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:26,130 +distinction gives you the theme and the topic of + +296 +00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:30,390 +the poem itself. If you look at the text, can you + +297 +00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,610 +find opposites? Can you find contrasting things, + +298 +00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:37,410 +probably, words? What is the first thing you + +299 +00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:38,050 +notice here? + +300 +00:20:41,290 --> 00:20:45,950 +Okay, choose one word. The first one is that. + +301 +00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:48,810 +That. There. + +302 +00:20:52,410 --> 00:20:59,450 +Or this. We have that meaning distant, meaning + +303 +00:20:59,450 --> 00:21:06,590 +past, already gone, finished. That, but this, + +304 +00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:11,050 +something near, something now. Okay, so there is + +305 +00:21:11,050 --> 00:21:17,850 +this contrast between the past and the present. In + +306 +00:21:17,850 --> 00:21:22,910 +addition to this, one more, we have Was and maybe. + +307 +00:21:23,310 --> 00:21:28,730 +Was also past simple. And maybe present or for the + +308 +00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:33,030 +near present or the future. For the future maybe. + +309 +00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,890 +And we said last time something about this very + +310 +00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:42,540 +quickly. We said in a way or another this is A + +311 +00:21:42,540 --> 00:21:46,900 +lament. You know a lament? Like something sad. + +312 +00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,300 +Like you're talking about something sad. But this + +313 +00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:57,720 +poet, he's sad, right? But he has hope for a + +314 +00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,780 +better tomorrow, for a better future. He's + +315 +00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:06,700 +optimistic. And this is shown clearly here in the + +316 +00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:11,380 +text. Of that there was an end, so there may be of + +317 +00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:17,820 +this. The poet also depends on logic. Thank you. + +318 +00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:22,680 +Where can you see that? Look at the, of that, + +319 +00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,800 +there was like you have a cause and effect + +320 +00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,500 +relationship. I've been there before. I've lived + +321 +00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,940 +difficult days. I've suffered before. And now all + +322 +00:22:31,940 --> 00:22:35,260 +this suffering is history. It's in the past. If + +323 +00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:42,930 +that was gone, then So there may be of this. This + +324 +00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:48,370 +too will end and I will overcome. The theme here + +325 +00:22:48,370 --> 00:22:53,550 +is personal suffering or personal struggle with + +326 +00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:58,790 +hope of a better life for the future. The funny + +327 +00:22:58,790 --> 00:23:01,550 +thing about this text is that it feels like + +328 +00:23:01,550 --> 00:23:04,710 +somebody wrote it just now, right? Or yesterday. + +329 +00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,540 +This is a text from over 1,000 years ago. And this + +330 +00:23:10,540 --> 00:23:13,560 +is, remember I said literature is universal and + +331 +00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:15,960 +timeless, and it touches our hearts across time + +332 +00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,180 +and place? This is an English poet who lived + +333 +00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:20,480 +somewhere in England. We don't know anything about + +334 +00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:25,110 +him. And you read it, and then. Wow, I love this + +335 +00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:28,690 +line of verse. Of that there was an end, so there + +336 +00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,030 +may be a will. So probably you could go home + +337 +00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:33,230 +today, you tweet this or post it on Facebook or + +338 +00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,010 +Instagram. It's one of my favorite lines, I love + +339 +00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:41,230 +it. Again, so notice how he creates the contrast + +340 +00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:45,930 +and how he builds this on logic. I also want you + +341 +00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:48,830 +to notice what happens in the middle. Listen, the + +342 +00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:52,870 +physical space here is called the caesura, right? + +343 +00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:56,610 +But even if we don't have the physical space, + +344 +00:23:58,810 --> 00:24:03,030 +The semicolon itself, the comma, or sometimes the + +345 +00:24:03,030 --> 00:24:08,650 +false stop creates the thing we have here for the + +346 +00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:08,970 +break. + +347 +00:24:15,950 --> 00:24:16,790 +Okay. + +348 +00:24:19,990 --> 00:24:23,370 +Now, before going to Beowulf, our most important + +349 +00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:26,110 +text of the day, I'll just very quickly go through + +350 +00:24:26,110 --> 00:24:31,830 +three other texts. We have The Wanderer and The + +351 +00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:38,570 +Seafarer. Both are elegies. An elegy, what is an + +352 +00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:43,050 +elegy? Elegy, a poem about the death of a loved + +353 +00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:49,530 +one. Elegy. A poem about + +354 +00:24:51,180 --> 00:24:55,060 +Death. Or the death of somebody. Yeah, exactly. + +355 +00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:59,380 +When somebody dies, someone you know, someone you + +356 +00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:04,180 +love, which is personal elegy. Or sometimes when a + +357 +00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:07,580 +very important person dies, a hero, someone you + +358 +00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,300 +don't know personally, but a very famous people + +359 +00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:15,520 +and you write poetry to praise them after their + +360 +00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,940 +death. It's called Elegy. So both of these poems + +361 +00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:24,540 +are elegies. Elegies generally are personal. They + +362 +00:25:24,540 --> 00:25:28,500 +express personal emotions and feelings of sadness + +363 +00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:35,040 +praising other dead people. And then we have the + +364 +00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:39,680 +dream of the rude. So if you notice sometimes we + +365 +00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,020 +take extracts, sometimes we do something briefly, + +366 +00:25:42,180 --> 00:25:44,320 +just we want to know the name and sometimes we + +367 +00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,240 +give more details. Now the dream of the rude, rude + +368 +00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:52,240 +means cross, you know the cross? Is the text + +369 +00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,840 +personal or religious? Religious. In a way, yeah. + +370 +00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,820 +Even the name itself suggests this. And the most + +371 +00:25:58,820 --> 00:26:00,860 +important part about The Dream of Darud is the + +372 +00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:04,120 +fact that it uses a new technique in narrating the + +373 +00:26:04,120 --> 00:26:07,600 +story. I just said in narrating the poem. There + +374 +00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,620 +is, again, remember the music, the narrative, the + +375 +00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:14,760 +battles. This particular poem uses a new + +376 +00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,000 +technique. It's called the dream vision technique. + +377 +00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:22,980 +When the story is told, about an experience you + +378 +00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,900 +had while you were asleep. And again, in so many + +379 +00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:31,500 +ways, people love dreams. People love it when you + +380 +00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,600 +tell them, hey, I had a dream last night. Tell me. + +381 +00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,980 +You were in my dream last night. Really? What + +382 +00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:40,880 +happened? What did I do? What did you do to me? Et + +383 +00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,320 +cetera. So generally, people love dreams. So as a + +384 +00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,480 +technique, again, by the way, nowadays people do + +385 +00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:49,520 +this. Sometimes we watch a movie, and then we + +386 +00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,060 +realize that the main character was, it's all in + +387 +00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:55,940 +the head of the main character. Oh, we like it. + +388 +00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,260 +Again, this is an ancient technique, an old + +389 +00:26:59,260 --> 00:27:04,060 +technique. That's, again, the dream of the rude. + +390 +00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,280 +It's a Christian religious text that uses a new + +391 +00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:12,260 +technique. So what is the point of this discussion + +392 +00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:15,900 +so far before going to Beowulf? The point is that + +393 +00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:20,180 +Old English was rich. And we had a variety of + +394 +00:27:20,180 --> 00:27:24,320 +themes, of topics, of poets who wrote about + +395 +00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,100 +several things. But some of the poets were known, + +396 +00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:32,300 +their names. And the majority, many of them were + +397 +00:27:32,790 --> 00:27:38,290 +Unknown, no names, whom we call anonymous. He's + +398 +00:27:38,290 --> 00:27:42,550 +anonymous. So, Kadaman is the name of the poem. + +399 +00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:45,770 +Teor is not probably, he's the main character, + +400 +00:27:45,890 --> 00:27:50,330 +could be the poet, but The Wanderer, The Seafarer, + +401 +00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,690 +The Dream of Darude, and Beowulf, four major texts + +402 +00:27:54,690 --> 00:27:58,290 +are all anonymous. You should know this. + +403 +00:27:59,170 --> 00:28:02,870 +Anonymous, we don't know the name. Or probably we + +404 +00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,510 +know that people were not interested in telling us + +405 +00:28:06,510 --> 00:28:09,450 +that they write poetry. But later on, everyone was + +406 +00:28:09,450 --> 00:28:11,050 +like, oh, this is my text. They would write their + +407 +00:28:11,050 --> 00:28:16,350 +names. Please. Some of the poets, they got famous + +408 +00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:18,850 +after their death. Yep, posthumously. Their + +409 +00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:22,310 +families see their poems, and they share it with + +410 +00:28:22,310 --> 00:28:24,020 +people. Yeah, sometimes they're published + +411 +00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:28,980 +posthumously, posthumously. And finally, Beowulf, + +412 +00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:35,020 +the most important Old English text. Beowulf. See + +413 +00:28:35,020 --> 00:28:38,620 +how it is spelled? We'll compare it a little bit + +414 +00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:48,620 +to the Battle of the Maldon. Beowulf, B-E O-W-U-L + +415 +00:28:48,620 --> 00:28:54,040 +-F. Beowulf is not the poet. It's the name of the + +416 +00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,500 +text and the name of the character, the hero. The + +417 +00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,980 +hero. Now, the Battle of the Malden, look at the + +418 +00:29:01,980 --> 00:29:05,760 +other text there. It's also a poem, but it is more + +419 +00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:11,320 +factual. OK? More factual. It's about fact, about + +420 +00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:14,160 +history, about probably a real battle that took + +421 +00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,900 +place. But Beowulf, is it factual? No, let's see + +422 +00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:24,560 +why. Now, what is the story of Beowulf? OK, so + +423 +00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,700 +Beowulf is a poem with about 3,000 lines. That's a + +424 +00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:33,620 +lot of lines. It tells the story about someone + +425 +00:29:33,620 --> 00:29:39,780 +named Beowulf, who is originally from Sweden. So + +426 +00:29:39,780 --> 00:29:43,860 +he's Swedish. Who goes to help the king of + +427 +00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:49,280 +Denmark. See the mixture here? We have an English + +428 +00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:56,580 +text, Swedish hero who goes to help the Danes. And + +429 +00:29:56,580 --> 00:29:58,480 +again, that was the nature of that period. People + +430 +00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,440 +from everywhere moved here and there and migrated. + +431 +00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,680 +Now, what does he do? He fights a monster called + +432 +00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,360 +Grindel. Do monsters exist? Do you believe in + +433 +00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:14,850 +monsters? They don't. So is this factual or + +434 +00:30:14,850 --> 00:30:17,210 +fictional? It's fictional. It's fictitious. It's + +435 +00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:21,790 +imaginary. And he really, he heroically and + +436 +00:30:21,790 --> 00:30:25,350 +bravely fights these monsters and kills the + +437 +00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:27,710 +monster. Maybe it's similar. This monster is + +438 +00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:30,930 +similar. Of course, yeah. Like sometimes when you + +439 +00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:34,410 +want to express particular ideas, you exaggerate. + +440 +00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:38,710 +So there could be in the book, it's said that + +441 +00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:43,020 +Beowulf is part myth. part fiction, and also part + +442 +00:30:43,020 --> 00:30:46,420 +history. There could have been a strong man named + +443 +00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:50,980 +Beowulf. Could be. But for sure, he did not fight + +444 +00:30:50,980 --> 00:30:55,260 +dragons and monsters. So when he kills the + +445 +00:30:55,260 --> 00:30:59,740 +monster, what happens? He's attacked by the + +446 +00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:03,130 +monster's mother. It's a whole family of monsters + +447 +00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:05,390 +here. And don't worry, there is no grandmother. + +448 +00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:11,110 +Okay, so he kills the Grindel, the daughter, the + +449 +00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:16,790 +daughter monster, and then he kills the mother. In + +450 +00:31:16,790 --> 00:31:19,610 +a way, when you fight monsters, you sacrifice + +451 +00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:23,370 +yourself. This is heroism. This is a hero. This is + +452 +00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:26,110 +what people of that time wanted. They wanted + +453 +00:31:26,110 --> 00:31:29,130 +heroes. They wanted people to defend them, to make + +454 +00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:31,690 +them feel safe. And this is a man who sacrifices + +455 +00:31:31,690 --> 00:31:35,090 +everything for the sake of his people and also for + +456 +00:31:35,090 --> 00:31:38,430 +the sake of other people. Now, this is Beowulf, + +457 +00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:42,850 +young, powerful, and strong. 50 years later, his + +458 +00:31:42,850 --> 00:31:43,790 +own people + +459 +00:31:46,620 --> 00:31:50,200 +are attacked by a dragon. You know dragon, the + +460 +00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:55,180 +mythical creature that breathes fire? Still + +461 +00:31:55,180 --> 00:31:57,780 +fictional, right? They don't exist, do they? + +462 +00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:02,100 +Probably in cartoon, in our imagination. And + +463 +00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,280 +again, he doesn't run away, he stands up, he + +464 +00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:12,700 +fights, he resists. He kills the dragon but is + +465 +00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:19,720 +injured himself and dies a hero's death. How much + +466 +00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:22,060 +of this is factual and how much of this is + +467 +00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:25,660 +fictional? How much is fact, how much is fiction? + +468 +00:32:28,180 --> 00:32:32,330 +Probably most of what I just said is fiction. So + +469 +00:32:32,330 --> 00:32:35,570 +it's mostly fiction. Probably there could have + +470 +00:32:35,570 --> 00:32:39,230 +been a man by the name of Beowulf who was a strong + +471 +00:32:39,230 --> 00:32:43,510 +man who resisted the invaders or whatever. But + +472 +00:32:43,510 --> 00:32:48,070 +when he dies, everybody mourns him. He succeeded + +473 +00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:51,850 +by someone to carry on the struggle against + +474 +00:32:51,850 --> 00:32:54,610 +enemies and against invaders and everything. So + +475 +00:32:54,610 --> 00:32:56,670 +what is the poem about? This is, again, an + +476 +00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,330 +anonymous text, a long text. It's called an epic + +477 +00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,250 +poem. An epic poem, it's a very long poem about + +478 +00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:05,350 +heroes, about battles, about fighting, about wars, + +479 +00:33:05,450 --> 00:33:09,190 +about invasions. This is an English text from over + +480 +00:33:09,190 --> 00:33:13,630 +1,000 years ago that talks about the themes are + +481 +00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:16,530 +heroism. + +482 +00:33:17,820 --> 00:33:23,460 +Resistance. Loyalty to not only loyalty to one's + +483 +00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:27,420 +people, but loyalty to humanity. Because when the + +484 +00:33:27,420 --> 00:33:30,280 +king of Denmark asked for help, he didn't + +485 +00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:30,740 +hesitate. + +486 +00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:41,400 +Paying back. That's the debt. If you have a debt, + +487 +00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:47,360 +you have to pay it back. What else? Bravery. This + +488 +00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,300 +is a story about bravery. This is what people + +489 +00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:51,760 +wanted. At a time of wars and battles and + +490 +00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,460 +invasions, poetry is about these things. But + +491 +00:33:55,460 --> 00:33:59,680 +again, not all texts were about battles and + +492 +00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:02,680 +fighting and invasions. We have texts about + +493 +00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,660 +people. By the way, Dior's, the specific story of + +494 +00:34:06,660 --> 00:34:09,600 +Dior is that he lost his job. He was unemployed, + +495 +00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240 +exactly like most people here now in Gaza. He lost + +496 +00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:17,680 +his job. And he wrote poetry. But someone else + +497 +00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:20,640 +heard the voice of God, and he wrote poetry. + +498 +00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:26,220 +Someone had somebody he loves die, and he wrote + +499 +00:34:26,220 --> 00:34:29,700 +poetry. So poetry, in so many ways, became famous + +500 +00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,080 +and famous, more famous and more famous. And + +501 +00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:34,600 +people who could, they composed poetry, because + +502 +00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,740 +poetry was an important expression, not only + +503 +00:34:38,740 --> 00:34:41,180 +personal expression, but also collective + +504 +00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:47,350 +expression. So when we speak about these texts and + +505 +00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:50,950 +the features of English, early English poetry, the + +506 +00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:55,710 +oral traditions and how the poets used again + +507 +00:34:55,710 --> 00:34:59,390 +narratives and stories and how they made use of + +508 +00:34:59,390 --> 00:35:02,710 +music in order to make their stories and their + +509 +00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:07,960 +poems memorable. We speak about Beowulf, the hero + +510 +00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:11,460 +of all heroes. Probably the first important + +511 +00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:16,660 +English fictional character is Beowulf. And until + +512 +00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:19,880 +this very moment, we see English literature taking + +513 +00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:22,520 +themes and ideas in a way or another directly or + +514 +00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,100 +indirectly from Old English. If you have + +515 +00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:31,760 +questions, please do ask. Do you have questions? + +516 +00:35:38,580 --> 00:35:39,240 +Yes, please. + +517 +00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:43,220 +Someone? + +518 +00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,780 +OK, this is how, when he dies, this is how people + +519 +00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:57,780 +praise him. The end of Beowulf is really sad. Even + +520 +00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:00,120 +when you read it, if you don't read the poem, you + +521 +00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,040 +read the story of Beowulf, and you know this is + +522 +00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,160 +fiction. Myth. You still feel sad for Beowulf + +523 +00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:11,140 +because everybody loves heroes. Everybody wants a + +524 +00:36:11,140 --> 00:36:14,660 +hero around us or want to be a hero. Can you read + +525 +00:36:14,660 --> 00:36:22,760 +please how the poem ends? Yes, go on. Beloved + +526 +00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:28,580 +Beowulf, keep well the vow that you swore long ago + +527 +00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:33,490 +in the days of your youth. Not to allow your glory + +528 +00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:37,330 +to diminish as long as you're alive. You lived. + +529 +00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:39,330 +One more, please. + +530 +00:36:46,450 --> 00:36:50,570 +Beloved Bewolf. Not to allow your glory diminish + +531 +00:36:50,570 --> 00:36:54,970 +as long as you live. Very good. So again, beloved + +532 +00:36:54,970 --> 00:36:58,450 +Bewolf. Look at the book, page six. And see how + +533 +00:36:58,450 --> 00:37:01,230 +the original text, the Old English text, has the + +534 +00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:05,110 +musical element of both, again, the gap, but also + +535 +00:37:05,110 --> 00:37:09,810 +the repetition of the la sound. I can't read Old + +536 +00:37:09,810 --> 00:37:12,190 +English, but it could be like this, in a way or + +537 +00:37:12,190 --> 00:37:16,210 +another. Leofa, bewolf, lust, eel, tila. There is + +538 +00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:19,210 +a lot of repetition of the la sound, musical + +539 +00:37:19,210 --> 00:37:22,010 +sound. But again, the la sound is different from + +540 +00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:24,890 +the sa sound, where it probably expresses, in a + +541 +00:37:24,890 --> 00:37:27,770 +way, happiness and enthusiasm. This is the bit + +542 +00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:31,270 +where, again, they're praising him as the greatest + +543 +00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:35,850 +of all heroes. Beloved Beowulf, keep well the vow + +544 +00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:38,690 +that you swore long ago in the days of your youth. + +545 +00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,240 +not to allow your glory to diminish as long as you + +546 +00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:48,120 +live. And indeed, Beowulf's glory outlived him + +547 +00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:53,380 +even more than 1,000 years after his death because + +548 +00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:59,240 +of poetry. Poetry immortalizes people and events + +549 +00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,300 +and stories. So finally, we have again a poem here + +550 +00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:09,240 +about what it means to be a human being, about the + +551 +00:38:09,240 --> 00:38:12,080 +passing of time, people in their youth and then in + +552 +00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:16,640 +their young age. We have a poem about heroism, + +553 +00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,120 +about struggle, a poem about the necessity of + +554 +00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:28,220 +fighting back. of resistance, of standing up to + +555 +00:38:28,220 --> 00:38:33,140 +injustice, of standing up to oppression, and + +556 +00:38:33,140 --> 00:38:36,520 +standing up to enemies. Probably, again, we as + +557 +00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,120 +Palestinians, we can learn a couple of lessons + +558 +00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:41,720 +from this. + +559 +00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:47,800 +OK? Someone wants to ask questions or add + +560 +00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:48,120 +something? + +561 +00:38:55,190 --> 00:39:00,050 +Okay, we'll stop here. For next class, we'll talk + +562 +00:39:00,050 --> 00:39:05,150 +a little bit about prose in Old English and then + +563 +00:39:05,150 --> 00:39:10,010 +move to Middle English and Geoffrey Chaucer. Thank + +564 +00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:13,790 +you very much. Good luck and see you next time. +