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+1
+00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:23,910
+As-salamu alaykum and good day everyone. Welcome
+
+2
+00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,090
+back and let's continue our lesson on our friend
+
+3
+00:00:27,090 --> 00:00:33,930
+John Donne. As we saw last time we examined some
+
+4
+00:00:33,930 --> 00:00:38,970
+texts by John Donne himself and by George Herbert
+
+5
+00:00:38,970 --> 00:00:42,450
+who is also a follower of John Donne. We realized
+
+6
+00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:47,910
+that during the Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages
+
+7
+00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:53,030
+there were poets, major poets following the rules
+
+8
+00:00:53,030 --> 00:00:56,990
+of decorum. They were writing according to a set
+
+9
+00:00:56,990 --> 00:00:59,910
+of rules they had to follow in a way or another.
+
+10
+00:01:01,230 --> 00:01:04,830
+But despite that, despite the strong current, the
+
+11
+00:01:04,830 --> 00:01:06,710
+many people who were writing this kind of
+
+12
+00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:11,050
+literature, there were some poets who were writing
+
+13
+00:01:11,050 --> 00:01:14,490
+something different, totally different. In a way,
+
+14
+00:01:14,590 --> 00:01:17,590
+they were experimenting on new forms, new
+
+15
+00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,150
+language, new themes. They were breaking the rules
+
+16
+00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:23,970
+of decorum. They were challenging the authority
+
+17
+00:01:23,970 --> 00:01:28,010
+itself, the mainstream opinion of what it is to
+
+18
+00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,510
+write poetry and literature. Today, I'll continue
+
+19
+00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:35,900
+talking about John Donne. and examine the features
+
+20
+00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,660
+of his poetry and that of the metaphysical poetry.
+
+21
+00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:42,500
+In general, last time I summed up the class and I
+
+22
+00:01:42,500 --> 00:01:46,820
+concluded saying that because John Donne did this,
+
+23
+00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:50,240
+because he wrote different poetry, he was not
+
+24
+00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:54,400
+welcomed in a way. He was not received well. He
+
+25
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,940
+was negatively framed, remember? As a bad poet, as
+
+26
+00:01:58,940 --> 00:02:02,840
+a difficult poet, A person who doesn't write
+
+27
+00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,740
+poetry but writes verse. So his poetry is not
+
+28
+00:02:05,740 --> 00:02:10,520
+poetry because it breaks the rules. For about 200
+
+29
+00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,840
+years, John Donne and his followers were outside
+
+30
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:16,580
+the English canon. Remember the English canon when
+
+31
+00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:20,000
+we said it's not objective? Because the people who
+
+32
+00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,200
+determine the canon are the people who benefit
+
+33
+00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,540
+from the canon, who are closer to the king
+
+34
+00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:31,720
+probably or the queen. And it was T.S. Eliot. And
+
+35
+00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,280
+we already know who T.S. Eliot is. He's a famous
+
+36
+00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:39,460
+20th century poet and critic. T.S. Eliot brought
+
+37
+00:02:39,460 --> 00:02:44,500
+those poets back to life. He resurrected them. He
+
+38
+00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,780
+opened their graves and brought them back to life
+
+39
+00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:50,360
+and made them famous again. He showed how
+
+40
+00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:52,980
+important their poetry was. And as a matter of
+
+41
+00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:55,180
+fact, many poets in the 20th century were
+
+42
+00:02:55,180 --> 00:02:59,620
+following the example of John Donne and his poets.
+
+43
+00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:02,900
+And a very important example how John Donne and
+
+44
+00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:07,860
+his followers were negatively framed is the fact
+
+45
+00:03:07,860 --> 00:03:10,000
+that they were described as metaphysical poets.
+
+46
+00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,220
+The term meta and physical, what does it have to
+
+47
+00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:16,560
+do with pottery? Physical and metaphysical, beyond
+
+48
+00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,720
+nature and supernatural and beyond the physical.
+
+49
+00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:23,180
+Many people try to explain the term, what it
+
+50
+00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:27,560
+means. But personally, I believe it doesn't mean
+
+51
+00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:32,300
+much. Because it was used as a negative word, as
+
+52
+00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:37,070
+TSE let's say, as a term of abuse. As an insult,
+
+53
+00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:40,990
+thank you. Metaphysical. Seriously, when you see,
+
+54
+00:03:41,130 --> 00:03:44,650
+when I tell you, OK, here is a romantic poem, and
+
+55
+00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:46,810
+here is a metaphysical poem, which one would you
+
+56
+00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:49,810
+choose before reading? Probably the romantic,
+
+57
+00:03:50,010 --> 00:03:54,250
+because it's a romantic poem. Something you might
+
+58
+00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:57,290
+find good, you think would be good. But
+
+59
+00:03:57,290 --> 00:04:02,010
+metaphysical poetry. So early in the 20th century,
+
+60
+00:04:02,270 --> 00:04:03,430
+TS Eliot again
+
+61
+00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:10,120
+showed how important Don and his followers were at
+
+62
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:14,450
+Marvel and at George Herbert. And many poets
+
+63
+00:04:14,450 --> 00:04:16,770
+started, in a way, imitating them, following them,
+
+64
+00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:19,650
+using them as examples. And they become, nowadays,
+
+65
+00:04:20,130 --> 00:04:21,930
+John Donne and his followers are more important
+
+66
+00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,670
+than Johnson and even probably Dryden and other
+
+67
+00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:29,490
+poets. And this is how funny life can be and
+
+68
+00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:32,130
+literature can be. When you are alive, nobody
+
+69
+00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:34,710
+cares about you. 100 years later, nobody cares
+
+70
+00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:37,450
+about you. 100 years, even 200 years later, nobody
+
+71
+00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:39,510
+cares about you. But later on, something happens
+
+72
+00:04:39,510 --> 00:04:42,410
+and you become the most important poet around.
+
+73
+00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,120
+John Donne, in my opinion, is one of the most
+
+74
+00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,240
+famous poets. Not only for his good poetry,
+
+75
+00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:51,620
+wonderful poetry, that still even today talks to
+
+76
+00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:55,640
+us like Shakespeare. But because he brought new
+
+77
+00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,200
+things, new themes, new forms to English poetry
+
+78
+00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:06,200
+early in the 17th century. So let's study more
+
+79
+00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,640
+about John Donne.
+
+80
+00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:14,340
+Remember this? Did we study this already before?
+
+81
+00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:21,480
+Can someone read? Please. Come live with me and be
+
+82
+00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,740
+my love and we will have some new pleasures as
+
+83
+00:05:24,740 --> 00:05:30,000
+well. Very good. Come live with me and be my love
+
+84
+00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,620
+and we will have some new pleasures as well.
+
+85
+00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:34,420
+Pleasures as well. Did we study this before
+
+86
+00:05:34,420 --> 00:05:39,120
+already? Yes. Who is the poet here? Did we study
+
+87
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,480
+this? Haven't we studied this before? Oh, we
+
+88
+00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,640
+studied something by Marlowe, remember? Are you
+
+89
+00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:52,020
+sure? Are you sure this is Marlowe? Remember the
+
+90
+00:05:52,020 --> 00:05:54,460
+passionate Chiba to his love? How does it begin?
+
+91
+00:05:56,020 --> 00:05:57,800
+Does anybody memorize the lines, the first
+
+92
+00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:00,760
+couplet? The passionate Chiba to his love. What
+
+93
+00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:07,840
+does he say? He says, What is this Marlowe? The
+
+94
+00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,200
+first line is Marlowe. What is the second one
+
+95
+00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:17,860
+Marlowe? All. This is Marlowe. Come live with me
+
+96
+00:06:17,860 --> 00:06:21,600
+and be my love and we will all the pleasures grow.
+
+97
+00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:28,580
+And this is done. Done says some, new. Here all,
+
+98
+00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:34,530
+old. Here some, but this some is new it's
+
+99
+00:06:34,530 --> 00:06:37,850
+interesting so let's try to compare between these
+
+100
+00:06:37,850 --> 00:06:42,970
+couplets so again this is مانو but this is دانس
+
+101
+00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:45,290
+what do you notice what is the major difference
+
+102
+00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:50,730
+here same number of feet same rhyme scheme same
+
+103
+00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:54,210
+almost everything same first line but the second
+
+104
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:01,890
+line we have here all the definite article, and
+
+105
+00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:09,950
+here we have some, but this some is new. And this
+
+106
+00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:11,790
+is the metaphysical poetry, this is John Donne. He
+
+107
+00:07:11,790 --> 00:07:15,210
+knew, he was conscious that he was writing new
+
+108
+00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:18,450
+poetry, that he was writing something different.
+
+109
+00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,540
+that he was changing the history of English poetry
+
+110
+00:07:22,540 --> 00:07:24,180
+in a way or another, that he was breaking the
+
+111
+00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:28,280
+rule. Many people, critics say that Jonathan was
+
+112
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,340
+just a digression. He just was writing poetry the
+
+113
+00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,790
+way he liked. That's true, but There's also strong
+
+114
+00:07:35,790 --> 00:07:39,050
+evidence in his poetry that John Donne knew that
+
+115
+00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,950
+he was contradicting, swimming against the
+
+116
+00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,650
+current, like some of you said last time, that he
+
+117
+00:07:44,650 --> 00:07:47,090
+was breaking the rules of decorum of the
+
+118
+00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:52,570
+Elizabethan poetry writing process. So here,
+
+119
+00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:55,590
+remember we said this represents the Elizabethan
+
+120
+00:07:55,590 --> 00:07:59,030
+English poetry. Rules, decorum, everything counts,
+
+121
+00:07:59,170 --> 00:08:02,150
+and the poet is idealistic. Remember the courtly
+
+122
+00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:05,260
+love? Come live with me and be like, because I own
+
+123
+00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:09,320
+all the pleasures, the idealism. Idealized love.
+
+124
+00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:11,500
+And in John Donne, we said John Donne is
+
+125
+00:08:11,500 --> 00:08:15,320
+realistic. He's an individual. He's more
+
+126
+00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:19,520
+realistic. He knows he can't own all. But when he
+
+127
+00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,400
+is doing this, he's contradicting. So he's saying
+
+128
+00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,200
+some in other ways. He's telling us, no one can
+
+129
+00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,880
+own all things. And at the same time, he tells us,
+
+130
+00:08:30,770 --> 00:08:35,950
+I have new kinds of pleasure, exactly like his
+
+131
+00:08:35,950 --> 00:08:40,950
+poetry, new kinds of poetry, poems in a way that
+
+132
+00:08:40,950 --> 00:08:44,090
+he is giving us new forms. We saw, for example,
+
+133
+00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:47,250
+the new rhyme scheme for the sonnet and we saw the
+
+134
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:52,760
+new themes he introduced to the sonnet. Turn the
+
+135
+00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,080
+sonnet from a love poem into a religious poem.
+
+136
+00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:01,220
+Remember, the sonnet is the most sacred form of
+
+137
+00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,080
+all poetry. 14 lines, love, Italian,
+
+138
+00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,920
+Shakespearean. For Don, he broke this. He mixed
+
+139
+00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000
+both forms, and he had his own form, the John
+
+140
+00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:18,750
+Donne form of sonnets. Is it about love? It's
+
+141
+00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:22,510
+about religion, about God, batter my heart, three
+
+142
+00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:29,110
+persons, God, death, be not proud, et cetera. In
+
+143
+00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:31,970
+this context here, I need to talk about something
+
+144
+00:09:31,970 --> 00:09:36,570
+called parody and something else called
+
+145
+00:09:36,570 --> 00:09:40,210
+intertextuality.
+
+146
+00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:46,080
+Listen. We spoke probably briefly about parody
+
+147
+00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,160
+before. Parody is to parody something to imitate,
+
+148
+00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,800
+to copy. You do something, I do something similar
+
+149
+00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,920
+to it. But I change a little bit. So parody in
+
+150
+00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,520
+Arabic is some kind of like muhaka, something like
+
+151
+00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:04,320
+this. When someone writes a text, you write a text
+
+152
+00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,360
+similar to it. We studied this probably in Arabic,
+
+153
+00:10:07,940 --> 00:10:10,100
+Jareer, Al-Farazdaq, and how they were writing,
+
+154
+00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,700
+using the same meter and the same rhyme to write
+
+155
+00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:16,580
+about the same thing, but it's the opposite. Now,
+
+156
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:20,520
+parody is a very important literary device.
+
+157
+00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,080
+Generally, it means when you imitate another
+
+158
+00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:30,490
+literary work. When you imitate another literal in
+
+159
+00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:35,810
+a comic way, okay? In a comic way, just to make
+
+160
+00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:40,950
+fun of it. However, for John Donne, comedy is also
+
+161
+00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:41,570
+serious.
+
+162
+00:10:44,450 --> 00:10:47,430
+It's not only comic, ha ha ha, let's laugh at
+
+163
+00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:49,970
+Marlow, let's make fun of Marlow. It's also
+
+164
+00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:53,130
+serious. Why is it serious? Because in his parody,
+
+165
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,110
+when we study the whole poem, we see how, for
+
+166
+00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,890
+example, Marlow is idealistic, is dreamy. Dreamy,
+
+167
+00:11:00,930 --> 00:11:03,470
+you know? He dreams of owning all the pleasures.
+
+168
+00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:07,110
+And we saw, for example, how he represents the
+
+169
+00:11:07,110 --> 00:11:15,210
+woman as silent and weak. He's just, she doesn't
+
+170
+00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:17,470
+reply, she doesn't act. She is not there in the
+
+171
+00:11:17,470 --> 00:11:21,670
+text. She's just listening to him. Assuming that
+
+172
+00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:25,070
+she is there. Probably he sent her a letter. So
+
+173
+00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:26,970
+come live with me and be my love. In a way, he's
+
+174
+00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:30,150
+very persuasive. He's tricking her. He doesn't
+
+175
+00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:33,250
+think highly of the woman. He thinks the woman is
+
+176
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:36,790
+not smart as he is. Because any smart woman would
+
+177
+00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:40,980
+say, come on, you're just a shepherd. I can't come
+
+178
+00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:43,620
+with you. You don't have one pleasure, let alone
+
+179
+00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:46,460
+all the pleasures. And instead of wasting your
+
+180
+00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:49,600
+time, go take care of the sheep you're supposed to
+
+181
+00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,660
+be taken care of. So the woman here is weak. It's
+
+182
+00:11:54,660 --> 00:11:58,100
+not weak, actually. It's presented as weak. And in
+
+183
+00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:59,860
+Dan, when you read the whole poem, you will
+
+184
+00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:04,980
+realize that he presents us with a smart woman, an
+
+185
+00:12:04,980 --> 00:12:05,480
+intellectual.
+
+186
+00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:12,620
+An intellectual, a woman who thinks for herself, a
+
+187
+00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:15,840
+woman who understands poetry and understands
+
+188
+00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,700
+debate and understands what the poet is trying to
+
+189
+00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,280
+do. So when Jonathan is doing this, he's
+
+190
+00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:28,400
+criticizing not only Marlowe, but criticizing
+
+191
+00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,560
+Marlowe's society. Thank you very much. He's
+
+192
+00:12:32,560 --> 00:12:35,480
+criticizing the society in which women are
+
+193
+00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:41,440
+negatively portrayed. as objects for men to own
+
+194
+00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,200
+and control. But in John Donne, the woman is
+
+195
+00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,700
+strong, is powerful, is independent. You know
+
+196
+00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:54,720
+independent? Yes. Not dependent on man. So that's
+
+197
+00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:57,980
+why parody for John Donne is very serious. Serious
+
+198
+00:12:57,980 --> 00:13:02,850
+because it criticizes not only other poets, but
+
+199
+00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,050
+also the society itself. He's telling, why are you
+
+200
+00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:11,130
+treating women this badly? Why? Why? Women are as
+
+201
+00:13:11,130 --> 00:13:15,490
+smart as men and maybe smarter. We see this
+
+202
+00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:20,050
+constantly in Joan Dunn's portrait. The other
+
+203
+00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:23,950
+thing is intertextuality. So again, how does Joan
+
+204
+00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:27,550
+Dunn criticize the society? By parodying it, by
+
+205
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:32,440
+making fun, by mocking. You know mock? Make fun of
+
+206
+00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:39,420
+something in a serious way. Intertextuality, in a
+
+207
+00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:41,220
+way it's similar to this. Text, you know text?
+
+208
+00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:47,300
+Intertext. Intertext, where texts are
+
+209
+00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:50,880
+interconnected, linked. Intertextuality in Arabic
+
+210
+00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,560
+is attanas.
+
+211
+00:13:56,740 --> 00:14:02,760
+When a critic, sorry, a poet quotes, uses poetry
+
+212
+00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:07,560
+from another poet, from another person. When a
+
+213
+00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:11,160
+writer uses a quote, a quotation, or an extract
+
+214
+00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,400
+from another text. This is called intertextuality.
+
+215
+00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,260
+Marlow says, come live with me and be my love. Don
+
+216
+00:14:21,260 --> 00:14:25,040
+says, come live with me and So this text has
+
+217
+00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:29,220
+intertextuality. Why? Because originally it was
+
+218
+00:14:29,220 --> 00:14:33,920
+said by Marlowe. But is John Donne criticizing,
+
+219
+00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:38,680
+copying Marlowe 100%, copy-paste, photocopying
+
+220
+00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:43,800
+him? No, he changed. But why does he do this? He
+
+221
+00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,840
+could have written the whole poem without this
+
+222
+00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,540
+couplet and it would be a totally different poem.
+
+223
+00:14:49,820 --> 00:14:53,880
+But he's telling us, wait, my whole poem here is
+
+224
+00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,380
+mainly to criticize Marlow and the society. So I'm
+
+225
+00:14:57,380 --> 00:14:59,860
+beginning from Marlow. You would say, hey, Dan is
+
+226
+00:14:59,860 --> 00:15:03,240
+using Marlow. I know many people confuse this,
+
+227
+00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:06,900
+confused between these couplets. He is using
+
+228
+00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:12,040
+Marlow not as, you know, to imitate him in a way
+
+229
+00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,840
+where he is following his steps. Oh, I want to be
+
+230
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,360
+like Marlow. I want to do like Marlow. He's doing
+
+231
+00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,920
+this to criticize him and criticize his portrait.
+
+232
+00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:27,400
+The idealism of the Elizabethan age, the way that
+
+233
+00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,060
+women were negatively portrayed as silent and
+
+234
+00:15:30,060 --> 00:15:37,200
+weak, and other things are mocked. criticized and
+
+235
+00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,880
+attacked in John Donne. He does this constantly in
+
+236
+00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:41,780
+an amazing way. That's why many women, by the way,
+
+237
+00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,760
+love John Donne's poetry. Because it gives them a
+
+238
+00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:49,320
+voice. It gives them a presence. And sometimes the
+
+239
+00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:53,860
+woman is smarter than the man himself. She can't
+
+240
+00:15:53,860 --> 00:15:56,080
+be tricked by, come live with me and be my love.
+
+241
+00:15:58,220 --> 00:16:02,120
+OK? So if in the exam I ask you to contextualize
+
+242
+00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,000
+this, In exam, there will be a question asking you
+
+243
+00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,140
+to contextualize extracts from poetry we studied.
+
+244
+00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:13,580
+Here, you should say, this is a text by Marlow
+
+245
+00:16:13,580 --> 00:16:16,200
+from a passionate shepherd or a passionate
+
+246
+00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:22,160
+shepherd to his love. In this couplet, the poet is
+
+247
+00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:26,540
+inviting his mistress or beloved and promising her
+
+248
+00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:29,940
+all the pleasures. Here, we have what we call
+
+249
+00:16:29,940 --> 00:16:38,040
+courtly love. or idealized love. What is idealized
+
+250
+00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:44,260
+love about idealism? Not realistic. Okay, so
+
+251
+00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:46,980
+Marlow, the passionate shepherd promising all,
+
+252
+00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:55,180
+however, the imperfect rhyme here might expose the
+
+253
+00:16:55,180 --> 00:17:03,660
+poet as fake, as ungenuine. Not truthful, because
+
+254
+00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:06,820
+we realize that he is a shepherd. He doesn't own
+
+255
+00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:10,740
+anything. If you need to comment on this, you
+
+256
+00:17:10,740 --> 00:17:14,780
+should say, this is by John Donne from a poem
+
+257
+00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:20,820
+called The Bait. You know what a bait is? Remember
+
+258
+00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:30,770
+Shylock? I'll bait with it. Bait. Shylock. When
+
+259
+00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:32,650
+they said, what do you want to do with a pound of
+
+260
+00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:35,970
+flesh? I will bait. Bait, to'am al-samaka. When
+
+261
+00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:39,290
+you want to fish, you use some kind of food for
+
+262
+00:17:39,290 --> 00:17:43,350
+strange name for a love poem. So this is by John
+
+263
+00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:48,310
+Donne from The Bait. In this poem, John Donne is
+
+264
+00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:51,750
+parodying Marlow.
+
+265
+00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:56,170
+It's important to use the word parody. Parodying
+
+266
+00:17:56,170 --> 00:18:01,310
+Marlow because he's criticizing Oh, and the
+
+267
+00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,430
+society. In this couplet, John Donne is more
+
+268
+00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:12,410
+realistic because he says some, not all, and at
+
+269
+00:18:12,410 --> 00:18:15,690
+the same time, he clearly tells us that he's
+
+270
+00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:20,030
+bringing new themes, new issues, new forms to
+
+271
+00:18:20,030 --> 00:18:25,150
+poetry. Again, John Donne criticizes Malo by
+
+272
+00:18:25,150 --> 00:18:26,250
+parodying him.
+
+273
+00:18:29,330 --> 00:18:32,850
+Criticizes the way he represents women. Criticizes
+
+274
+00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:38,170
+his idealized love. He's more realistic because he
+
+275
+00:18:38,170 --> 00:18:41,630
+uses the word son. And at the same time, John
+
+276
+00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:48,570
+Donne clearly and consciously tells us that he is
+
+277
+00:18:48,570 --> 00:18:53,750
+bringing new themes, new issues, and new forms to
+
+278
+00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:54,050
+poetry.
+
+279
+00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,790
+It's interesting what parody can do.
+
+280
+00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:05,970
+So this is again the summary I said last time.
+
+281
+00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,430
+Okay, for next class we can probably examine two
+
+282
+00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:19,650
+extracts from Andrew Marvel and Herbert. What are
+
+283
+00:19:19,650 --> 00:19:21,710
+the features of John Donne's portrait?
+
+284
+00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:31,890
+Someone.
+
+285
+00:19:35,450 --> 00:19:38,590
+Tell me, what are the features of John Donne's
+
+286
+00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:42,410
+poetry? What are the characteristics? I remember
+
+287
+00:19:42,410 --> 00:19:44,490
+we had the characteristics of Old English, Middle
+
+288
+00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:46,410
+English, Shakespeare, Marlow.
+
+289
+00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:51,830
+If you have to mention three or four features
+
+290
+00:19:51,830 --> 00:19:54,690
+about John Donne, what is special? What is
+
+291
+00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:56,410
+different about his poetry? Can you tell me,
+
+292
+00:19:57,250 --> 00:20:01,930
+please? His poetry,
+
+293
+00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:05,110
+thank you, is more realistic than the Elizabethan
+
+294
+00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:09,490
+poetry, which is generally idealistic. He's more
+
+295
+00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:11,450
+realistic.
+
+296
+00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:16,640
+His poetry is about a man's problems, a woman's
+
+297
+00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:21,180
+problems, about individual issues, things we face
+
+298
+00:20:21,180 --> 00:20:24,720
+probably on a daily basis, not idealized love.
+
+299
+00:20:28,340 --> 00:20:32,020
+In the sonnet, thank you. So this is an example,
+
+300
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,240
+but generally he introduced us to new poetic forms
+
+301
+00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,620
+where the meaning is more important than the rule.
+
+302
+00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,400
+For example, in the sonnet, He changes the rhyme
+
+303
+00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,360
+scheme, the form, and changes the theme itself of
+
+304
+00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:50,560
+the sonnet. Very good. More.
+
+305
+00:20:54,360 --> 00:20:54,840
+More.
+
+306
+00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,780
+I just, by the way, mentioned most of them right
+
+307
+00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:07,100
+now. OK, again, please. His poetry is a mixture
+
+308
+00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,660
+between love religion and daily life issues. OK,
+
+309
+00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,910
+so generally, his poetry mixes between secular and
+
+310
+00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:19,930
+religious. There are many love poems by John Donne
+
+311
+00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:21,950
+and many religious poems by John Donne, but
+
+312
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:24,650
+sometimes the same poem could have a mixture of
+
+313
+00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:28,190
+both. We discussed this when we spoke about battle
+
+314
+00:21:28,190 --> 00:21:31,150
+my heart three person God. There is this strong
+
+315
+00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:33,570
+love intimate relationship between him and the
+
+316
+00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:39,860
+person and the person in the poem is God. More.
+
+317
+00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,760
+Please. He uses parody.
+
+318
+00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,400
+Thank you very much. He was critical of his
+
+319
+00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:53,160
+community. In his poetry, he shows his opinion
+
+320
+00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,900
+about not only poetry, but also the society
+
+321
+00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:00,000
+itself. So he uses parody and intertextuality to
+
+322
+00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:06,140
+criticize. To criticize his society and poetry
+
+323
+00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:11,930
+itself. What else? Please. He had great knowledge
+
+324
+00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:17,690
+about the classical literature. Yeah, but it
+
+325
+00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:20,010
+doesn't show much in his portrait, because he
+
+326
+00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:24,010
+doesn't follow the rules of neoclassicism. He
+
+327
+00:22:24,010 --> 00:22:27,250
+breaks these rules. But again, you don't break
+
+328
+00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:31,110
+something unless you are well read into it. Yeah?
+
+329
+00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:38,080
+More? He wanted to say the same thing. He broke
+
+330
+00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,840
+the rules of Decorum. We've seen his poem,
+
+331
+00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:46,140
+remember, The Sun Rising? Some lines are five
+
+332
+00:22:46,140 --> 00:22:50,880
+feet, some two, some three. So he, simply
+
+333
+00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,860
+speaking, he breaks the rules of Decorum. What
+
+334
+00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:54,100
+else?
+
+335
+00:22:59,310 --> 00:23:03,350
+Okay, so let's go through the list and speak about
+
+336
+00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:06,050
+two or three features that I didn't mention
+
+337
+00:23:06,050 --> 00:23:10,950
+before. So number one, he introduces us to new
+
+338
+00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,510
+poetic forms, for example, the sonnet. Sorry, this
+
+339
+00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:18,830
+should be the sonnet, okay? And he didn't create
+
+340
+00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:22,290
+the sonnet, it was already there, but he changed
+
+341
+00:23:22,290 --> 00:23:26,350
+the theme and the form. He uses parody and
+
+342
+00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:30,900
+intertextuality sometimes. to make fun of, to
+
+343
+00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,040
+criticize the existing rules of decorum and social
+
+344
+00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:38,440
+rules. Mainly here, the status of women. In Donne,
+
+345
+00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:42,920
+the woman is equal to man. If not, sometimes
+
+346
+00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,180
+smarter and more intellectual than him. This is
+
+347
+00:23:46,180 --> 00:23:49,260
+new. This is like Shakespeare, like Portia in The
+
+348
+00:23:49,260 --> 00:23:52,700
+Magic of Venice. He uses the conceit. Listen, the
+
+349
+00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,120
+conceit is a very important
+
+350
+00:23:57,030 --> 00:23:59,870
+literary device in the metaphysical photo. A
+
+351
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:01,390
+conceit is generally a metaphor.
+
+352
+00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:07,570
+Remember a metaphor when you liken something to
+
+353
+00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:10,710
+something? But here a conceit is a literal device
+
+354
+00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:12,590
+where the relationship between the two things
+
+355
+00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:17,670
+you're talking about is unlikely. So you liken a
+
+356
+00:24:17,670 --> 00:24:24,220
+woman to a rose, right? You liken a woman to what?
+
+357
+00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,760
+To a tree, to the moon. Beautiful thing. But these
+
+358
+00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,120
+are conventional images. For Jonathan, he uses
+
+359
+00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:35,940
+totally different imagery. He uses what we call
+
+360
+00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:38,800
+the conceit. The conceit is a long metaphor.
+
+361
+00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,120
+a long metaphor. Sometimes the whole poem is one
+
+362
+00:24:45,120 --> 00:24:47,820
+metaphor, one conceit, in which the relationship
+
+363
+00:24:47,820 --> 00:24:52,020
+between A and B, when you say A is like B,
+
+364
+00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,580
+sometimes there is a similarity. When you say she
+
+365
+00:24:55,580 --> 00:25:00,660
+is like a rose, she is like a dove, you want to
+
+366
+00:25:00,660 --> 00:25:04,410
+say that she's peaceful like the dove. She's
+
+367
+00:25:04,410 --> 00:25:08,690
+beautiful as the rose, right? But here, for Joan
+
+368
+00:25:08,690 --> 00:25:12,050
+Dunn, the vehicle and the tenor do not usually
+
+369
+00:25:12,050 --> 00:25:14,310
+have an apparent relationship. Take this example.
+
+370
+00:25:14,730 --> 00:25:20,150
+When he talks to his wife, he tells her, we are
+
+371
+00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:22,890
+like stiff twin compasses. Do you know what a
+
+372
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:27,910
+compass is? Yeah, the compass is the device that
+
+373
+00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,790
+shows us north. But that's the compass. Here, this
+
+374
+00:25:31,790 --> 00:25:34,550
+is different. This is, in geometry, when you're
+
+375
+00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:37,630
+doing mathematics and draw shapes in geometry, you
+
+376
+00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:42,710
+know, you need to use this device to make circles.
+
+377
+00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950
+You know? What do you call this? Yeah.
+
+378
+00:25:50,190 --> 00:25:55,990
+So Jonathan is telling his wife that you and I are
+
+379
+00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:58,490
+like a stiff twin compasses.
+
+380
+00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:05,100
+What? Weird, strange. We're not used to this. This
+
+381
+00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:10,740
+is new. How? It's like you and I are like this,
+
+382
+00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,820
+like we're part of the same thing. We are one.
+
+383
+00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:20,020
+It's like you and I are like this notebook. How?
+
+384
+00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,460
+Weird, strange. But when you think of it, oh, we
+
+385
+00:26:24,460 --> 00:26:26,600
+are connected, we come together, even if we are
+
+386
+00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,440
+sometimes far away from each other, we're still
+
+387
+00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,180
+connected in the center here. Oh, that's genius.
+
+388
+00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,840
+That's new at the same time. So the stiff twin
+
+389
+00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,540
+compasses, he tells his wife lesson, we are one
+
+390
+00:26:38,540 --> 00:26:41,040
+because sometimes it's like this, the stiff twin
+
+391
+00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,500
+compasses. Sometimes I go away, but when I am
+
+392
+00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:51,020
+away, we are still connected. And he tells the
+
+393
+00:26:51,020 --> 00:26:53,960
+woman, his wife, you are the fixed foot. You are
+
+394
+00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:56,880
+here. So again, it's the woman who controls this
+
+395
+00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,320
+relationship. She is fixed here. She is the core
+
+396
+00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,160
+of the relationship. So no matter how long I am
+
+397
+00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,820
+far away, when I go around, at the end of the day,
+
+398
+00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:10,100
+I'm going to go back as long as you are fixed in
+
+399
+00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,840
+the middle. This is called a conceit. In another
+
+400
+00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:18,560
+poem called The Flea, this is another example. You
+
+401
+00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,140
+know what the flea is? What's the flea? A tiny
+
+402
+00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:28,620
+insect? Barghout? Barghout? You know? Barghout?
+
+403
+00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:33,500
+Insect? The flea. So a flea bites him, sucks his
+
+404
+00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,500
+blood, and bites the woman and sucks her blood.
+
+405
+00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:43,600
+And he tells her, listen, we are you, I, the flea
+
+406
+00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:49,160
+are one. Because our blood is inside one. And at
+
+407
+00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:51,660
+the beginning, it's like, this is strange in a
+
+408
+00:27:51,660 --> 00:27:54,800
+way. But when you come to think of it, it's also
+
+409
+00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,560
+genius. And imagine they, remember we spoke about
+
+410
+00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,220
+three persons, God, Trinity. Here, there's the
+
+411
+00:28:02,220 --> 00:28:06,720
+idea of Trinity again. Because the flea, you, and
+
+412
+00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,160
+I are like a religious triangle. We form it here.
+
+413
+00:28:11,550 --> 00:28:14,330
+His imagery and conceit sometimes might sound
+
+414
+00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:17,710
+strange. But when you analyze them, when you
+
+415
+00:28:17,710 --> 00:28:20,810
+understand them in their context, they are new and
+
+416
+00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:23,290
+innovative and genius and smart. They always make
+
+417
+00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:26,990
+you laugh. Really interesting. Because for John
+
+418
+00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:30,770
+Donne, he was fit up with, shall I compare the
+
+419
+00:28:30,770 --> 00:28:34,030
+blossoms of the day or the trees or the flowers or
+
+420
+00:28:34,030 --> 00:28:37,790
+the moon or the sun. Okay, realism against
+
+421
+00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:42,170
+Elizabethan idealism, display of wit. He was
+
+422
+00:28:42,170 --> 00:28:46,510
+educated and also wit, he was smart. He uses his
+
+423
+00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:49,690
+argumentative style. He tells you an idea and
+
+424
+00:28:49,690 --> 00:28:52,410
+you're like, you're crazy, this can't be possible.
+
+425
+00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:55,310
+At the end of the poem, interesting, that could be
+
+426
+00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:56,110
+possible in a way.
+
+427
+00:28:59,270 --> 00:29:02,130
+Yeah, and then he's convincing, you know, he's
+
+428
+00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:04,550
+argumentative. But when he does this, he's not
+
+429
+00:29:06,970 --> 00:29:10,650
+controlling the other person. Because in the flea,
+
+430
+00:29:11,050 --> 00:29:14,510
+when he tells the woman, oh, this flea is sacred.
+
+431
+00:29:14,650 --> 00:29:19,250
+It has our blood. What does she do? She kills the
+
+432
+00:29:19,250 --> 00:29:23,850
+flea. Yeah. Because she can't be deceived. She's
+
+433
+00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:27,430
+powerful. She's smart. Come on. And she kills the
+
+434
+00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:35,770
+flea to show that she can't be tricked by him. And
+
+435
+00:29:35,770 --> 00:29:40,010
+the dramatic, remember the poem last time, The Sun
+
+436
+00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:46,370
+Rising? How does it begin? Busy old fool unruly
+
+437
+00:29:46,370 --> 00:29:49,810
+sun. This is drama. This is dramatic. He
+
+438
+00:29:49,810 --> 00:29:53,890
+dramatizes his experience. He's sitting here. His
+
+439
+00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:57,270
+beloved is sitting there. A flea bites her, and a
+
+440
+00:29:57,270 --> 00:29:59,330
+flea bites him. And it's a whole poetic
+
+441
+00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:01,850
+experience. He dramatizes this in a beautiful way.
+
+442
+00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:04,710
+He wants to talk about his relationship to God,
+
+443
+00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:09,370
+with God. And then, butter my heart, three-person
+
+444
+00:30:09,370 --> 00:30:13,410
+God. It's like every poem is either an inner
+
+445
+00:30:13,410 --> 00:30:15,990
+personal dialogue, a soliloquy, or a public
+
+446
+00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:19,920
+speech. And that's the drama here. Again, he lived
+
+447
+00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,660
+during the golden age of drama, during the time of
+
+448
+00:30:22,660 --> 00:30:25,220
+Shakespeare. And he must have seen some of
+
+449
+00:30:25,220 --> 00:30:28,620
+Shakespeare's plays and other dramatists. So the
+
+450
+00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:32,280
+dramatic style is also there. Each poem is like a
+
+451
+00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:34,440
+sketch. When you go home today, try to read, for
+
+452
+00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,640
+example, or watch or listen to The Sun Rising on
+
+453
+00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,700
+YouTube. You'll see a lot of drama. Even if you
+
+454
+00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,340
+look at the poem, remember? I think I still have
+
+455
+00:30:45,340 --> 00:30:45,960
+it here.
+
+456
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:58,640
+okay okay okay do i have it i don't okay if you
+
+457
+00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:04,440
+look here everyone there's
+
+458
+00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:11,600
+also curtain what's curtain It's like there's a
+
+459
+00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,820
+stage here, and the curtain opens, and people are,
+
+460
+00:31:15,140 --> 00:31:18,100
+in a way, performing this act. This is what is
+
+461
+00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:22,800
+meant by drama. Drama that the singular experience
+
+462
+00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:28,240
+he lives comes out to life as a play, as a short
+
+463
+00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:32,300
+sketch that can easily be performed. He dramatizes
+
+464
+00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:35,180
+the experience, the way he speaks, the way he
+
+465
+00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:35,980
+portrays it.
+
+466
+00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:45,910
+And don't forget this, there is a lot of criticism
+
+467
+00:31:45,910 --> 00:31:50,290
+of mainstream established rules of decorum. Simply
+
+468
+00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:56,250
+speaking, John Donne breaks the rules. And
+
+469
+00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:00,430
+thematically speaking, Metaphysical poetry
+
+470
+00:32:00,430 --> 00:32:04,270
+empowers women. You know what empower means? Gives
+
+471
+00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:07,330
+them power. Gives them a voice and gives them
+
+472
+00:32:07,330 --> 00:32:10,850
+space in their... When you compare women in
+
+473
+00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:13,650
+Marlow, for example, sometimes Shakespeare, and
+
+474
+00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,490
+women in John Donne, you'll find that they have a
+
+475
+00:32:16,490 --> 00:32:19,870
+strong presence. Even if sometimes they don't
+
+476
+00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:22,050
+speak, they act. In The Flea, the woman doesn't
+
+477
+00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:26,440
+speak. But what does she do? She does the most
+
+478
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,740
+important thing. She acts. She kills the flame. He
+
+479
+00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:33,160
+gives her voice. That's why many women critics,
+
+480
+00:32:34,460 --> 00:32:38,240
+they love John Donne. And they praise him for the
+
+481
+00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,600
+way he depicts a powerful, strong woman. Even
+
+482
+00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:42,640
+Virginia Woolf. We'll talk about Virginia Woolf
+
+483
+00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,000
+probably in two months. She's a very famous
+
+484
+00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,560
+feminist of the 20th century. She praises John
+
+485
+00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:52,360
+Donne as a poet who depicts women as powerful as
+
+486
+00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:57,200
+the man is. And we have many personal experiences
+
+487
+00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,780
+rather than a poet who talks about the fairy queen
+
+488
+00:32:59,780 --> 00:33:03,140
+or the queen of England or the battles and the...
+
+489
+00:33:03,140 --> 00:33:06,300
+We have someone who speaks about, who conveys the
+
+490
+00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:10,040
+inner feelings of an individual, of a man. How he
+
+491
+00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:12,440
+feels when he's sad, when he's in love, when he's
+
+492
+00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:16,990
+not, etc. In brief, Metaphysical poetry is full of
+
+493
+00:33:16,990 --> 00:33:21,130
+modern ideas, modern ideas that we still feel
+
+494
+00:33:21,130 --> 00:33:26,010
+today and can internalize and externalize. There
+
+495
+00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:29,150
+are scientific geographical explorations, there is
+
+496
+00:33:29,150 --> 00:33:32,170
+original imagery there, and sometimes the inner
+
+497
+00:33:32,170 --> 00:33:35,610
+conflict in the soliloquies like the ones we had
+
+498
+00:33:35,610 --> 00:33:38,710
+in Shakespeare. The whole poem could be an
+
+499
+00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:42,430
+internal monologue in a way. Finally, they
+
+500
+00:33:42,430 --> 00:33:45,530
+experimented with language and verse forms with
+
+501
+00:33:45,530 --> 00:33:48,390
+great originality. Originality means new things.
+
+502
+00:33:49,250 --> 00:33:52,570
+They experimented with poetic forms like we saw in
+
+503
+00:33:52,570 --> 00:33:58,830
+the sonnet and the other texts, The Sun Rising.
+
+504
+00:34:00,610 --> 00:34:05,570
+Now, to conclude this, remember I said John Donne
+
+505
+00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:09,210
+was not well-received during his time and after.
+
+506
+00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,840
+Many critics of that time were not happy with John
+
+507
+00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,240
+Donne. And they said many horrible things about
+
+508
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,140
+him. So horrible that it influenced the way we see
+
+509
+00:34:22,140 --> 00:34:26,260
+John Donne even today. Many people nowadays, not
+
+510
+00:34:26,260 --> 00:34:29,280
+many, but some people who don't like John Donne
+
+511
+00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,040
+Generally, it's not because they don't like John
+
+512
+00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,520
+Donne, but because they read John Donne through
+
+513
+00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,860
+these critics. When you read what Ben Jonson, John
+
+514
+00:34:39,860 --> 00:34:44,520
+Dryden, Alexander Poe, Osama Johnson, what they
+
+515
+00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:46,620
+say about John Donne, you think, oh my God, this
+
+516
+00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:50,460
+is a horrible poet. And this is how serious and
+
+517
+00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:53,900
+dangerous framing is, remember? Framing when
+
+518
+00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,780
+critics make us think in a particular way. So I
+
+519
+00:34:57,780 --> 00:34:59,620
+tell you, don't read Shakespeare. Shakespeare is
+
+520
+00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:02,420
+difficult. So what do you think of Shakespeare?
+
+521
+00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,620
+He's difficult. Have you read Shakespeare? No. Ben
+
+522
+00:35:05,620 --> 00:35:07,280
+Jonson told me this, or somebody else told me.
+
+523
+00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:11,080
+That's why it's always good to read the text
+
+524
+00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:15,930
+itself for yourself. Go for the text. Try to
+
+525
+00:35:15,930 --> 00:35:18,110
+understand it. Read it once and twice and see how
+
+526
+00:35:18,110 --> 00:35:23,090
+it relates to you. So to summarize, the whole
+
+527
+00:35:23,090 --> 00:35:26,450
+reception thing, the framing, reception and
+
+528
+00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:29,670
+framing of John Donne, generally by mainstream
+
+529
+00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:32,450
+critics, the official critics, he was received
+
+530
+00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:35,890
+negatively. See, for example, Ben Johnson said he
+
+531
+00:35:35,890 --> 00:35:41,330
+would perish. Hanging. And he deserved hanging.
+
+532
+00:35:41,450 --> 00:35:45,410
+Oh, my God. When someone commits a crime, kills
+
+533
+00:35:45,410 --> 00:35:49,010
+somebody, maybe he deserves hanging, right? Why
+
+534
+00:35:49,010 --> 00:35:51,970
+would you hang someone because he breaks the rules
+
+535
+00:35:51,970 --> 00:35:57,830
+of poetry? This is how extreme. But in my opinion,
+
+536
+00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,110
+those people viewed John Donne as a threat. Oh,
+
+537
+00:36:02,210 --> 00:36:04,090
+someone writing different poetry. Maybe he's going
+
+538
+00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:07,770
+to steal all the patrons, all the money from us,
+
+539
+00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:11,420
+maybe. But many people love the rules of Decorum.
+
+540
+00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:14,000
+If you don't follow the rules, you're not a good
+
+541
+00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,620
+person. John Dryden said, John Donne affects the
+
+542
+00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:20,480
+metaphysics and he perplexes the mind of the first
+
+543
+00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:25,280
+six. The first six, women. You know what perplex
+
+544
+00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:31,240
+means? Confused. John Donne confuses women. This
+
+545
+00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:36,320
+is what Dryden says. Who the hell are you to speak
+
+546
+00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:41,720
+for women? Seriously. Who are you to speak for
+
+547
+00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:44,520
+women? Why do you appoint yourself as the
+
+548
+00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:45,700
+spokesperson for women?
+
+549
+00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,300
+His idea here, he says, in other words, he says
+
+550
+00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,760
+John Donne is anti-feminist. But I think he is
+
+551
+00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,180
+anti-feminist, because he assumes that women will
+
+552
+00:36:58,180 --> 00:37:01,680
+not understand John Donne's poetry. He thinks
+
+553
+00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,500
+women are less intellectual, are, I don't know,
+
+554
+00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:09,470
+maybe stupid. And that's how anti-feminist Dryden
+
+555
+00:37:09,470 --> 00:37:16,390
+is himself. So this guy says he would perish, he
+
+556
+00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:20,770
+deserves hanging. Dryden said he perplexes, he
+
+557
+00:37:20,770 --> 00:37:25,450
+confuses the mind of the fair sex, the women. And
+
+558
+00:37:25,450 --> 00:37:30,210
+then Samuel Johnson, another critic, said John
+
+559
+00:37:30,210 --> 00:37:38,010
+Donne uses a combination of dissimilar images and
+
+560
+00:37:38,010 --> 00:37:41,790
+heterogeneous ideas linked with violence.
+
+561
+00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:47,270
+Yeah, there is some dissimilarity when you read
+
+562
+00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:50,270
+some imagery by John Donne, some poetry, but later
+
+563
+00:37:50,270 --> 00:37:53,010
+on, upon second reading and a third reading and
+
+564
+00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,790
+more analysis and more interpretation, you can see
+
+565
+00:37:55,790 --> 00:37:58,450
+the connection. But if you don't want to see the
+
+566
+00:37:58,450 --> 00:37:59,650
+connection, you're not going to see the
+
+567
+00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:03,670
+connection. But again, I'll go back to framing.
+
+568
+00:38:04,650 --> 00:38:06,790
+When you study John Donne, and the first thing you
+
+569
+00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:09,590
+read about John Donne is what Johnson says here,
+
+570
+00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:11,790
+that he uses dissimilar ideas. And oh, yeah, he
+
+571
+00:38:11,790 --> 00:38:14,830
+uses dissimilar ideas. Bye bye, Donne. That's why
+
+572
+00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:18,010
+it's dangerous to read poets through what critics
+
+573
+00:38:18,010 --> 00:38:21,410
+say about him. Read the poet. Read the writer face
+
+574
+00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:23,690
+to face. Come face to face with his poetry. And
+
+575
+00:38:23,690 --> 00:38:29,510
+finally, many people said, OK, even Dryden. And
+
+576
+00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:33,630
+Johnson said, John Donne is not a poet, but they
+
+577
+00:38:33,630 --> 00:38:38,910
+said he is an intelligent person. He is a wit. He
+
+578
+00:38:38,910 --> 00:38:44,110
+has a strong sharp wit. He's smart. He's genius.
+
+579
+00:38:45,070 --> 00:38:50,670
+Even this Alexander Pope says no. John Donne
+
+580
+00:38:50,670 --> 00:38:54,610
+doesn't have imagination. This is how much they
+
+581
+00:38:54,610 --> 00:39:00,580
+disliked him. But believe me, it was much for his
+
+582
+00:39:00,580 --> 00:39:04,080
+breaking the rules, for him criticizing their way
+
+583
+00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,480
+of writing, the way poetry was written, than
+
+584
+00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:10,420
+anything else. It wasn't because his poetry was
+
+585
+00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:13,480
+bad. The evidence is that people like T.S. Eliot
+
+586
+00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:17,260
+nowadays, in the 20th century, 21st century,
+
+587
+00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,880
+studied him, loved him, and quoted him, and used
+
+588
+00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:28,410
+his poetry as praised him in a way or another. So
+
+589
+00:39:28,410 --> 00:39:30,550
+Ben Jonson was a contemporary of Shakespeare, but
+
+590
+00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:34,310
+Dryden and Johnson and Alexander Pope came later
+
+591
+00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:37,230
+after Shakespeare. But they played a very
+
+592
+00:39:37,230 --> 00:39:40,450
+important role in negatively framing John Donne
+
+593
+00:39:40,450 --> 00:39:43,770
+and kicking him out. But because John Donne is a
+
+594
+00:39:43,770 --> 00:39:47,390
+beautiful poet, strong genius, he came back to
+
+595
+00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:51,790
+life 200 years later. I'll stop here. And if you
+
+596
+00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:54,310
+have a question, please do ask.
+
+597
+00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:05,030
+No, no, no, you don't. But just that those people
+
+598
+00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:09,370
+criticized John Donne, it's probably too much for
+
+599
+00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,510
+you. Just I want you to know that at least Ben
+
+600
+00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:14,090
+Jensen said he deserved hanging. If you know this,
+
+601
+00:40:14,450 --> 00:40:17,910
+maybe one other thing that perplexes the minds of
+
+602
+00:40:17,910 --> 00:40:19,490
+the first six, that's enough. You don't have to
+
+603
+00:40:19,490 --> 00:40:21,830
+memorize everything. And you don't have to
+
+604
+00:40:21,830 --> 00:40:27,290
+memorize word for word. Thank you very much. I'll
+
+605
+00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:27,750
+stop here.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1012c362e3cabcff6d9da14a1c6163d0dd9b2591
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/-Z_jjBjonoU_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2420 @@
+1
+00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:23,910
+As-salamu alaykum and good day everyone. Welcome
+
+2
+00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,090
+back and let's continue our lesson on our friend
+
+3
+00:00:27,090 --> 00:00:33,930
+John Donne. As we saw last time we examined some
+
+4
+00:00:33,930 --> 00:00:38,970
+texts by John Donne himself and by George Herbert
+
+5
+00:00:38,970 --> 00:00:42,450
+who is also a follower of John Donne. We realized
+
+6
+00:00:42,450 --> 00:00:47,910
+that during the Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages
+
+7
+00:00:47,910 --> 00:00:53,030
+there were poets, major poets following the rules
+
+8
+00:00:53,030 --> 00:00:56,990
+of decorum. They were writing according to a set
+
+9
+00:00:56,990 --> 00:00:59,910
+of rules they had to follow in a way or another.
+
+10
+00:01:01,230 --> 00:01:04,830
+But despite that, despite the strong current, the
+
+11
+00:01:04,830 --> 00:01:06,710
+many people who were writing this kind of
+
+12
+00:01:06,710 --> 00:01:11,050
+literature, there were some poets who were writing
+
+13
+00:01:11,050 --> 00:01:14,490
+something different, totally different. In a way,
+
+14
+00:01:14,590 --> 00:01:17,590
+they were experimenting on new forms, new
+
+15
+00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,150
+language, new themes. They were breaking the rules
+
+16
+00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:23,970
+of decorum. They were challenging the authority
+
+17
+00:01:23,970 --> 00:01:28,010
+itself, the mainstream opinion of what it is to
+
+18
+00:01:28,010 --> 00:01:31,510
+write poetry and literature. Today, I'll continue
+
+19
+00:01:31,510 --> 00:01:35,900
+talking about John Donne. and examine the features
+
+20
+00:01:35,900 --> 00:01:38,660
+of his poetry and that of the metaphysical poetry.
+
+21
+00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:42,500
+In general, last time I summed up the class and I
+
+22
+00:01:42,500 --> 00:01:46,820
+concluded saying that because John Donne did this,
+
+23
+00:01:46,860 --> 00:01:50,240
+because he wrote different poetry, he was not
+
+24
+00:01:50,240 --> 00:01:54,400
+welcomed in a way. He was not received well. He
+
+25
+00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:58,940
+was negatively framed, remember? As a bad poet, as
+
+26
+00:01:58,940 --> 00:02:02,840
+a difficult poet, A person who doesn't write
+
+27
+00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:05,740
+poetry but writes verse. So his poetry is not
+
+28
+00:02:05,740 --> 00:02:10,520
+poetry because it breaks the rules. For about 200
+
+29
+00:02:10,520 --> 00:02:13,840
+years, John Donne and his followers were outside
+
+30
+00:02:13,840 --> 00:02:16,580
+the English canon. Remember the English canon when
+
+31
+00:02:16,580 --> 00:02:20,000
+we said it's not objective? Because the people who
+
+32
+00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:23,200
+determine the canon are the people who benefit
+
+33
+00:02:23,200 --> 00:02:25,540
+from the canon, who are closer to the king
+
+34
+00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:31,720
+probably or the queen. And it was T.S. Eliot. And
+
+35
+00:02:31,720 --> 00:02:34,280
+we already know who T.S. Eliot is. He's a famous
+
+36
+00:02:34,280 --> 00:02:39,460
+20th century poet and critic. T.S. Eliot brought
+
+37
+00:02:39,460 --> 00:02:44,500
+those poets back to life. He resurrected them. He
+
+38
+00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,780
+opened their graves and brought them back to life
+
+39
+00:02:47,780 --> 00:02:50,360
+and made them famous again. He showed how
+
+40
+00:02:50,360 --> 00:02:52,980
+important their poetry was. And as a matter of
+
+41
+00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:55,180
+fact, many poets in the 20th century were
+
+42
+00:02:55,180 --> 00:02:59,620
+following the example of John Donne and his poets.
+
+43
+00:02:59,980 --> 00:03:02,900
+And a very important example how John Donne and
+
+44
+00:03:02,900 --> 00:03:07,860
+his followers were negatively framed is the fact
+
+45
+00:03:07,860 --> 00:03:10,000
+that they were described as metaphysical poets.
+
+46
+00:03:11,160 --> 00:03:14,220
+The term meta and physical, what does it have to
+
+47
+00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:16,560
+do with pottery? Physical and metaphysical, beyond
+
+48
+00:03:16,560 --> 00:03:19,720
+nature and supernatural and beyond the physical.
+
+49
+00:03:21,040 --> 00:03:23,180
+Many people try to explain the term, what it
+
+50
+00:03:23,180 --> 00:03:27,560
+means. But personally, I believe it doesn't mean
+
+51
+00:03:27,560 --> 00:03:32,300
+much. Because it was used as a negative word, as
+
+52
+00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:37,070
+TSE let's say, as a term of abuse. As an insult,
+
+53
+00:03:37,170 --> 00:03:40,990
+thank you. Metaphysical. Seriously, when you see,
+
+54
+00:03:41,130 --> 00:03:44,650
+when I tell you, OK, here is a romantic poem, and
+
+55
+00:03:44,650 --> 00:03:46,810
+here is a metaphysical poem, which one would you
+
+56
+00:03:46,810 --> 00:03:49,810
+choose before reading? Probably the romantic,
+
+57
+00:03:50,010 --> 00:03:54,250
+because it's a romantic poem. Something you might
+
+58
+00:03:54,250 --> 00:03:57,290
+find good, you think would be good. But
+
+59
+00:03:57,290 --> 00:04:02,010
+metaphysical poetry. So early in the 20th century,
+
+60
+00:04:02,270 --> 00:04:03,430
+TS Eliot again
+
+61
+00:04:06,180 --> 00:04:10,120
+showed how important Don and his followers were at
+
+62
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:14,450
+Marvel and at George Herbert. And many poets
+
+63
+00:04:14,450 --> 00:04:16,770
+started, in a way, imitating them, following them,
+
+64
+00:04:17,050 --> 00:04:19,650
+using them as examples. And they become, nowadays,
+
+65
+00:04:20,130 --> 00:04:21,930
+John Donne and his followers are more important
+
+66
+00:04:21,930 --> 00:04:25,670
+than Johnson and even probably Dryden and other
+
+67
+00:04:25,670 --> 00:04:29,490
+poets. And this is how funny life can be and
+
+68
+00:04:29,490 --> 00:04:32,130
+literature can be. When you are alive, nobody
+
+69
+00:04:32,130 --> 00:04:34,710
+cares about you. 100 years later, nobody cares
+
+70
+00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:37,450
+about you. 100 years, even 200 years later, nobody
+
+71
+00:04:37,450 --> 00:04:39,510
+cares about you. But later on, something happens
+
+72
+00:04:39,510 --> 00:04:42,410
+and you become the most important poet around.
+
+73
+00:04:43,600 --> 00:04:46,120
+John Donne, in my opinion, is one of the most
+
+74
+00:04:46,120 --> 00:04:49,240
+famous poets. Not only for his good poetry,
+
+75
+00:04:49,340 --> 00:04:51,620
+wonderful poetry, that still even today talks to
+
+76
+00:04:51,620 --> 00:04:55,640
+us like Shakespeare. But because he brought new
+
+77
+00:04:55,640 --> 00:04:59,200
+things, new themes, new forms to English poetry
+
+78
+00:04:59,200 --> 00:05:06,200
+early in the 17th century. So let's study more
+
+79
+00:05:06,200 --> 00:05:08,640
+about John Donne.
+
+80
+00:05:11,780 --> 00:05:14,340
+Remember this? Did we study this already before?
+
+81
+00:05:14,500 --> 00:05:21,480
+Can someone read? Please. Come live with me and be
+
+82
+00:05:21,480 --> 00:05:24,740
+my love and we will have some new pleasures as
+
+83
+00:05:24,740 --> 00:05:30,000
+well. Very good. Come live with me and be my love
+
+84
+00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,620
+and we will have some new pleasures as well.
+
+85
+00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:34,420
+Pleasures as well. Did we study this before
+
+86
+00:05:34,420 --> 00:05:39,120
+already? Yes. Who is the poet here? Did we study
+
+87
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,480
+this? Haven't we studied this before? Oh, we
+
+88
+00:05:41,480 --> 00:05:45,640
+studied something by Marlowe, remember? Are you
+
+89
+00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:52,020
+sure? Are you sure this is Marlowe? Remember the
+
+90
+00:05:52,020 --> 00:05:54,460
+passionate Chiba to his love? How does it begin?
+
+91
+00:05:56,020 --> 00:05:57,800
+Does anybody memorize the lines, the first
+
+92
+00:05:57,800 --> 00:06:00,760
+couplet? The passionate Chiba to his love. What
+
+93
+00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:07,840
+does he say? He says, What is this Marlowe? The
+
+94
+00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,200
+first line is Marlowe. What is the second one
+
+95
+00:06:11,200 --> 00:06:17,860
+Marlowe? All. This is Marlowe. Come live with me
+
+96
+00:06:17,860 --> 00:06:21,600
+and be my love and we will all the pleasures grow.
+
+97
+00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:28,580
+And this is done. Done says some, new. Here all,
+
+98
+00:06:28,920 --> 00:06:34,530
+old. Here some, but this some is new it's
+
+99
+00:06:34,530 --> 00:06:37,850
+interesting so let's try to compare between these
+
+100
+00:06:37,850 --> 00:06:42,970
+couplets so again this is مانو but this is دانس
+
+101
+00:06:42,970 --> 00:06:45,290
+what do you notice what is the major difference
+
+102
+00:06:45,290 --> 00:06:50,730
+here same number of feet same rhyme scheme same
+
+103
+00:06:50,730 --> 00:06:54,210
+almost everything same first line but the second
+
+104
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:01,890
+line we have here all the definite article, and
+
+105
+00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:09,950
+here we have some, but this some is new. And this
+
+106
+00:07:09,950 --> 00:07:11,790
+is the metaphysical poetry, this is John Donne. He
+
+107
+00:07:11,790 --> 00:07:15,210
+knew, he was conscious that he was writing new
+
+108
+00:07:15,210 --> 00:07:18,450
+poetry, that he was writing something different.
+
+109
+00:07:19,520 --> 00:07:22,540
+that he was changing the history of English poetry
+
+110
+00:07:22,540 --> 00:07:24,180
+in a way or another, that he was breaking the
+
+111
+00:07:24,180 --> 00:07:28,280
+rule. Many people, critics say that Jonathan was
+
+112
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,340
+just a digression. He just was writing poetry the
+
+113
+00:07:31,340 --> 00:07:35,790
+way he liked. That's true, but There's also strong
+
+114
+00:07:35,790 --> 00:07:39,050
+evidence in his poetry that John Donne knew that
+
+115
+00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,950
+he was contradicting, swimming against the
+
+116
+00:07:41,950 --> 00:07:44,650
+current, like some of you said last time, that he
+
+117
+00:07:44,650 --> 00:07:47,090
+was breaking the rules of decorum of the
+
+118
+00:07:47,090 --> 00:07:52,570
+Elizabethan poetry writing process. So here,
+
+119
+00:07:52,930 --> 00:07:55,590
+remember we said this represents the Elizabethan
+
+120
+00:07:55,590 --> 00:07:59,030
+English poetry. Rules, decorum, everything counts,
+
+121
+00:07:59,170 --> 00:08:02,150
+and the poet is idealistic. Remember the courtly
+
+122
+00:08:02,150 --> 00:08:05,260
+love? Come live with me and be like, because I own
+
+123
+00:08:05,260 --> 00:08:09,320
+all the pleasures, the idealism. Idealized love.
+
+124
+00:08:09,780 --> 00:08:11,500
+And in John Donne, we said John Donne is
+
+125
+00:08:11,500 --> 00:08:15,320
+realistic. He's an individual. He's more
+
+126
+00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:19,520
+realistic. He knows he can't own all. But when he
+
+127
+00:08:19,520 --> 00:08:22,400
+is doing this, he's contradicting. So he's saying
+
+128
+00:08:22,400 --> 00:08:26,200
+some in other ways. He's telling us, no one can
+
+129
+00:08:26,200 --> 00:08:29,880
+own all things. And at the same time, he tells us,
+
+130
+00:08:30,770 --> 00:08:35,950
+I have new kinds of pleasure, exactly like his
+
+131
+00:08:35,950 --> 00:08:40,950
+poetry, new kinds of poetry, poems in a way that
+
+132
+00:08:40,950 --> 00:08:44,090
+he is giving us new forms. We saw, for example,
+
+133
+00:08:44,550 --> 00:08:47,250
+the new rhyme scheme for the sonnet and we saw the
+
+134
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:52,760
+new themes he introduced to the sonnet. Turn the
+
+135
+00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:57,080
+sonnet from a love poem into a religious poem.
+
+136
+00:08:58,160 --> 00:09:01,220
+Remember, the sonnet is the most sacred form of
+
+137
+00:09:01,220 --> 00:09:05,080
+all poetry. 14 lines, love, Italian,
+
+138
+00:09:05,520 --> 00:09:09,920
+Shakespearean. For Don, he broke this. He mixed
+
+139
+00:09:09,920 --> 00:09:13,000
+both forms, and he had his own form, the John
+
+140
+00:09:13,000 --> 00:09:18,750
+Donne form of sonnets. Is it about love? It's
+
+141
+00:09:18,750 --> 00:09:22,510
+about religion, about God, batter my heart, three
+
+142
+00:09:22,510 --> 00:09:29,110
+persons, God, death, be not proud, et cetera. In
+
+143
+00:09:29,110 --> 00:09:31,970
+this context here, I need to talk about something
+
+144
+00:09:31,970 --> 00:09:36,570
+called parody and something else called
+
+145
+00:09:36,570 --> 00:09:40,210
+intertextuality.
+
+146
+00:09:41,350 --> 00:09:46,080
+Listen. We spoke probably briefly about parody
+
+147
+00:09:46,080 --> 00:09:49,160
+before. Parody is to parody something to imitate,
+
+148
+00:09:50,680 --> 00:09:53,800
+to copy. You do something, I do something similar
+
+149
+00:09:53,800 --> 00:09:58,920
+to it. But I change a little bit. So parody in
+
+150
+00:09:58,920 --> 00:10:01,520
+Arabic is some kind of like muhaka, something like
+
+151
+00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:04,320
+this. When someone writes a text, you write a text
+
+152
+00:10:04,320 --> 00:10:07,360
+similar to it. We studied this probably in Arabic,
+
+153
+00:10:07,940 --> 00:10:10,100
+Jareer, Al-Farazdaq, and how they were writing,
+
+154
+00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,700
+using the same meter and the same rhyme to write
+
+155
+00:10:13,700 --> 00:10:16,580
+about the same thing, but it's the opposite. Now,
+
+156
+00:10:16,700 --> 00:10:20,520
+parody is a very important literary device.
+
+157
+00:10:21,760 --> 00:10:25,080
+Generally, it means when you imitate another
+
+158
+00:10:25,080 --> 00:10:30,490
+literary work. When you imitate another literal in
+
+159
+00:10:30,490 --> 00:10:35,810
+a comic way, okay? In a comic way, just to make
+
+160
+00:10:35,810 --> 00:10:40,950
+fun of it. However, for John Donne, comedy is also
+
+161
+00:10:40,950 --> 00:10:41,570
+serious.
+
+162
+00:10:44,450 --> 00:10:47,430
+It's not only comic, ha ha ha, let's laugh at
+
+163
+00:10:47,430 --> 00:10:49,970
+Marlow, let's make fun of Marlow. It's also
+
+164
+00:10:49,970 --> 00:10:53,130
+serious. Why is it serious? Because in his parody,
+
+165
+00:10:53,230 --> 00:10:56,110
+when we study the whole poem, we see how, for
+
+166
+00:10:56,110 --> 00:11:00,890
+example, Marlow is idealistic, is dreamy. Dreamy,
+
+167
+00:11:00,930 --> 00:11:03,470
+you know? He dreams of owning all the pleasures.
+
+168
+00:11:03,990 --> 00:11:07,110
+And we saw, for example, how he represents the
+
+169
+00:11:07,110 --> 00:11:15,210
+woman as silent and weak. He's just, she doesn't
+
+170
+00:11:15,210 --> 00:11:17,470
+reply, she doesn't act. She is not there in the
+
+171
+00:11:17,470 --> 00:11:21,670
+text. She's just listening to him. Assuming that
+
+172
+00:11:21,670 --> 00:11:25,070
+she is there. Probably he sent her a letter. So
+
+173
+00:11:25,070 --> 00:11:26,970
+come live with me and be my love. In a way, he's
+
+174
+00:11:26,970 --> 00:11:30,150
+very persuasive. He's tricking her. He doesn't
+
+175
+00:11:30,150 --> 00:11:33,250
+think highly of the woman. He thinks the woman is
+
+176
+00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:36,790
+not smart as he is. Because any smart woman would
+
+177
+00:11:36,790 --> 00:11:40,980
+say, come on, you're just a shepherd. I can't come
+
+178
+00:11:40,980 --> 00:11:43,620
+with you. You don't have one pleasure, let alone
+
+179
+00:11:43,620 --> 00:11:46,460
+all the pleasures. And instead of wasting your
+
+180
+00:11:46,460 --> 00:11:49,600
+time, go take care of the sheep you're supposed to
+
+181
+00:11:49,600 --> 00:11:54,660
+be taken care of. So the woman here is weak. It's
+
+182
+00:11:54,660 --> 00:11:58,100
+not weak, actually. It's presented as weak. And in
+
+183
+00:11:58,100 --> 00:11:59,860
+Dan, when you read the whole poem, you will
+
+184
+00:11:59,860 --> 00:12:04,980
+realize that he presents us with a smart woman, an
+
+185
+00:12:04,980 --> 00:12:05,480
+intellectual.
+
+186
+00:12:09,620 --> 00:12:12,620
+An intellectual, a woman who thinks for herself, a
+
+187
+00:12:12,620 --> 00:12:15,840
+woman who understands poetry and understands
+
+188
+00:12:15,840 --> 00:12:19,700
+debate and understands what the poet is trying to
+
+189
+00:12:19,700 --> 00:12:24,280
+do. So when Jonathan is doing this, he's
+
+190
+00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:28,400
+criticizing not only Marlowe, but criticizing
+
+191
+00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,560
+Marlowe's society. Thank you very much. He's
+
+192
+00:12:32,560 --> 00:12:35,480
+criticizing the society in which women are
+
+193
+00:12:35,480 --> 00:12:41,440
+negatively portrayed. as objects for men to own
+
+194
+00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:46,200
+and control. But in John Donne, the woman is
+
+195
+00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,700
+strong, is powerful, is independent. You know
+
+196
+00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:54,720
+independent? Yes. Not dependent on man. So that's
+
+197
+00:12:54,720 --> 00:12:57,980
+why parody for John Donne is very serious. Serious
+
+198
+00:12:57,980 --> 00:13:02,850
+because it criticizes not only other poets, but
+
+199
+00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,050
+also the society itself. He's telling, why are you
+
+200
+00:13:06,050 --> 00:13:11,130
+treating women this badly? Why? Why? Women are as
+
+201
+00:13:11,130 --> 00:13:15,490
+smart as men and maybe smarter. We see this
+
+202
+00:13:15,490 --> 00:13:20,050
+constantly in Joan Dunn's portrait. The other
+
+203
+00:13:20,050 --> 00:13:23,950
+thing is intertextuality. So again, how does Joan
+
+204
+00:13:23,950 --> 00:13:27,550
+Dunn criticize the society? By parodying it, by
+
+205
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:32,440
+making fun, by mocking. You know mock? Make fun of
+
+206
+00:13:32,440 --> 00:13:39,420
+something in a serious way. Intertextuality, in a
+
+207
+00:13:39,420 --> 00:13:41,220
+way it's similar to this. Text, you know text?
+
+208
+00:13:42,620 --> 00:13:47,300
+Intertext. Intertext, where texts are
+
+209
+00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:50,880
+interconnected, linked. Intertextuality in Arabic
+
+210
+00:13:50,880 --> 00:13:53,560
+is attanas.
+
+211
+00:13:56,740 --> 00:14:02,760
+When a critic, sorry, a poet quotes, uses poetry
+
+212
+00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:07,560
+from another poet, from another person. When a
+
+213
+00:14:07,560 --> 00:14:11,160
+writer uses a quote, a quotation, or an extract
+
+214
+00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,400
+from another text. This is called intertextuality.
+
+215
+00:14:18,300 --> 00:14:21,260
+Marlow says, come live with me and be my love. Don
+
+216
+00:14:21,260 --> 00:14:25,040
+says, come live with me and So this text has
+
+217
+00:14:25,040 --> 00:14:29,220
+intertextuality. Why? Because originally it was
+
+218
+00:14:29,220 --> 00:14:33,920
+said by Marlowe. But is John Donne criticizing,
+
+219
+00:14:34,140 --> 00:14:38,680
+copying Marlowe 100%, copy-paste, photocopying
+
+220
+00:14:38,680 --> 00:14:43,800
+him? No, he changed. But why does he do this? He
+
+221
+00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:45,840
+could have written the whole poem without this
+
+222
+00:14:45,840 --> 00:14:48,540
+couplet and it would be a totally different poem.
+
+223
+00:14:49,820 --> 00:14:53,880
+But he's telling us, wait, my whole poem here is
+
+224
+00:14:53,880 --> 00:14:57,380
+mainly to criticize Marlow and the society. So I'm
+
+225
+00:14:57,380 --> 00:14:59,860
+beginning from Marlow. You would say, hey, Dan is
+
+226
+00:14:59,860 --> 00:15:03,240
+using Marlow. I know many people confuse this,
+
+227
+00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:06,900
+confused between these couplets. He is using
+
+228
+00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:12,040
+Marlow not as, you know, to imitate him in a way
+
+229
+00:15:12,040 --> 00:15:15,840
+where he is following his steps. Oh, I want to be
+
+230
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:18,360
+like Marlow. I want to do like Marlow. He's doing
+
+231
+00:15:18,360 --> 00:15:21,920
+this to criticize him and criticize his portrait.
+
+232
+00:15:22,640 --> 00:15:27,400
+The idealism of the Elizabethan age, the way that
+
+233
+00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,060
+women were negatively portrayed as silent and
+
+234
+00:15:30,060 --> 00:15:37,200
+weak, and other things are mocked. criticized and
+
+235
+00:15:37,200 --> 00:15:39,880
+attacked in John Donne. He does this constantly in
+
+236
+00:15:39,880 --> 00:15:41,780
+an amazing way. That's why many women, by the way,
+
+237
+00:15:41,820 --> 00:15:44,760
+love John Donne's poetry. Because it gives them a
+
+238
+00:15:44,760 --> 00:15:49,320
+voice. It gives them a presence. And sometimes the
+
+239
+00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:53,860
+woman is smarter than the man himself. She can't
+
+240
+00:15:53,860 --> 00:15:56,080
+be tricked by, come live with me and be my love.
+
+241
+00:15:58,220 --> 00:16:02,120
+OK? So if in the exam I ask you to contextualize
+
+242
+00:16:02,120 --> 00:16:06,000
+this, In exam, there will be a question asking you
+
+243
+00:16:06,000 --> 00:16:09,140
+to contextualize extracts from poetry we studied.
+
+244
+00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:13,580
+Here, you should say, this is a text by Marlow
+
+245
+00:16:13,580 --> 00:16:16,200
+from a passionate shepherd or a passionate
+
+246
+00:16:16,200 --> 00:16:22,160
+shepherd to his love. In this couplet, the poet is
+
+247
+00:16:22,160 --> 00:16:26,540
+inviting his mistress or beloved and promising her
+
+248
+00:16:26,540 --> 00:16:29,940
+all the pleasures. Here, we have what we call
+
+249
+00:16:29,940 --> 00:16:38,040
+courtly love. or idealized love. What is idealized
+
+250
+00:16:38,040 --> 00:16:44,260
+love about idealism? Not realistic. Okay, so
+
+251
+00:16:44,260 --> 00:16:46,980
+Marlow, the passionate shepherd promising all,
+
+252
+00:16:47,160 --> 00:16:55,180
+however, the imperfect rhyme here might expose the
+
+253
+00:16:55,180 --> 00:17:03,660
+poet as fake, as ungenuine. Not truthful, because
+
+254
+00:17:03,660 --> 00:17:06,820
+we realize that he is a shepherd. He doesn't own
+
+255
+00:17:06,820 --> 00:17:10,740
+anything. If you need to comment on this, you
+
+256
+00:17:10,740 --> 00:17:14,780
+should say, this is by John Donne from a poem
+
+257
+00:17:14,780 --> 00:17:20,820
+called The Bait. You know what a bait is? Remember
+
+258
+00:17:20,820 --> 00:17:30,770
+Shylock? I'll bait with it. Bait. Shylock. When
+
+259
+00:17:30,770 --> 00:17:32,650
+they said, what do you want to do with a pound of
+
+260
+00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:35,970
+flesh? I will bait. Bait, to'am al-samaka. When
+
+261
+00:17:35,970 --> 00:17:39,290
+you want to fish, you use some kind of food for
+
+262
+00:17:39,290 --> 00:17:43,350
+strange name for a love poem. So this is by John
+
+263
+00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:48,310
+Donne from The Bait. In this poem, John Donne is
+
+264
+00:17:48,310 --> 00:17:51,750
+parodying Marlow.
+
+265
+00:17:52,930 --> 00:17:56,170
+It's important to use the word parody. Parodying
+
+266
+00:17:56,170 --> 00:18:01,310
+Marlow because he's criticizing Oh, and the
+
+267
+00:18:01,310 --> 00:18:05,430
+society. In this couplet, John Donne is more
+
+268
+00:18:05,430 --> 00:18:12,410
+realistic because he says some, not all, and at
+
+269
+00:18:12,410 --> 00:18:15,690
+the same time, he clearly tells us that he's
+
+270
+00:18:15,690 --> 00:18:20,030
+bringing new themes, new issues, new forms to
+
+271
+00:18:20,030 --> 00:18:25,150
+poetry. Again, John Donne criticizes Malo by
+
+272
+00:18:25,150 --> 00:18:26,250
+parodying him.
+
+273
+00:18:29,330 --> 00:18:32,850
+Criticizes the way he represents women. Criticizes
+
+274
+00:18:32,850 --> 00:18:38,170
+his idealized love. He's more realistic because he
+
+275
+00:18:38,170 --> 00:18:41,630
+uses the word son. And at the same time, John
+
+276
+00:18:41,630 --> 00:18:48,570
+Donne clearly and consciously tells us that he is
+
+277
+00:18:48,570 --> 00:18:53,750
+bringing new themes, new issues, and new forms to
+
+278
+00:18:53,750 --> 00:18:54,050
+poetry.
+
+279
+00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,790
+It's interesting what parody can do.
+
+280
+00:19:02,950 --> 00:19:05,970
+So this is again the summary I said last time.
+
+281
+00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,430
+Okay, for next class we can probably examine two
+
+282
+00:19:13,430 --> 00:19:19,650
+extracts from Andrew Marvel and Herbert. What are
+
+283
+00:19:19,650 --> 00:19:21,710
+the features of John Donne's portrait?
+
+284
+00:19:31,390 --> 00:19:31,890
+Someone.
+
+285
+00:19:35,450 --> 00:19:38,590
+Tell me, what are the features of John Donne's
+
+286
+00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:42,410
+poetry? What are the characteristics? I remember
+
+287
+00:19:42,410 --> 00:19:44,490
+we had the characteristics of Old English, Middle
+
+288
+00:19:44,490 --> 00:19:46,410
+English, Shakespeare, Marlow.
+
+289
+00:19:49,350 --> 00:19:51,830
+If you have to mention three or four features
+
+290
+00:19:51,830 --> 00:19:54,690
+about John Donne, what is special? What is
+
+291
+00:19:54,690 --> 00:19:56,410
+different about his poetry? Can you tell me,
+
+292
+00:19:57,250 --> 00:20:01,930
+please? His poetry,
+
+293
+00:20:02,090 --> 00:20:05,110
+thank you, is more realistic than the Elizabethan
+
+294
+00:20:05,110 --> 00:20:09,490
+poetry, which is generally idealistic. He's more
+
+295
+00:20:09,490 --> 00:20:11,450
+realistic.
+
+296
+00:20:12,710 --> 00:20:16,640
+His poetry is about a man's problems, a woman's
+
+297
+00:20:16,640 --> 00:20:21,180
+problems, about individual issues, things we face
+
+298
+00:20:21,180 --> 00:20:24,720
+probably on a daily basis, not idealized love.
+
+299
+00:20:28,340 --> 00:20:32,020
+In the sonnet, thank you. So this is an example,
+
+300
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,240
+but generally he introduced us to new poetic forms
+
+301
+00:20:36,240 --> 00:20:40,620
+where the meaning is more important than the rule.
+
+302
+00:20:41,760 --> 00:20:45,400
+For example, in the sonnet, He changes the rhyme
+
+303
+00:20:45,400 --> 00:20:49,360
+scheme, the form, and changes the theme itself of
+
+304
+00:20:49,360 --> 00:20:50,560
+the sonnet. Very good. More.
+
+305
+00:20:54,360 --> 00:20:54,840
+More.
+
+306
+00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:01,780
+I just, by the way, mentioned most of them right
+
+307
+00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:07,100
+now. OK, again, please. His poetry is a mixture
+
+308
+00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,660
+between love religion and daily life issues. OK,
+
+309
+00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:15,910
+so generally, his poetry mixes between secular and
+
+310
+00:21:15,910 --> 00:21:19,930
+religious. There are many love poems by John Donne
+
+311
+00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:21,950
+and many religious poems by John Donne, but
+
+312
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:24,650
+sometimes the same poem could have a mixture of
+
+313
+00:21:24,650 --> 00:21:28,190
+both. We discussed this when we spoke about battle
+
+314
+00:21:28,190 --> 00:21:31,150
+my heart three person God. There is this strong
+
+315
+00:21:31,150 --> 00:21:33,570
+love intimate relationship between him and the
+
+316
+00:21:33,570 --> 00:21:39,860
+person and the person in the poem is God. More.
+
+317
+00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:42,760
+Please. He uses parody.
+
+318
+00:21:45,640 --> 00:21:48,400
+Thank you very much. He was critical of his
+
+319
+00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:53,160
+community. In his poetry, he shows his opinion
+
+320
+00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,900
+about not only poetry, but also the society
+
+321
+00:21:56,900 --> 00:22:00,000
+itself. So he uses parody and intertextuality to
+
+322
+00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:06,140
+criticize. To criticize his society and poetry
+
+323
+00:22:06,140 --> 00:22:11,930
+itself. What else? Please. He had great knowledge
+
+324
+00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:17,690
+about the classical literature. Yeah, but it
+
+325
+00:22:17,690 --> 00:22:20,010
+doesn't show much in his portrait, because he
+
+326
+00:22:20,010 --> 00:22:24,010
+doesn't follow the rules of neoclassicism. He
+
+327
+00:22:24,010 --> 00:22:27,250
+breaks these rules. But again, you don't break
+
+328
+00:22:27,250 --> 00:22:31,110
+something unless you are well read into it. Yeah?
+
+329
+00:22:31,590 --> 00:22:38,080
+More? He wanted to say the same thing. He broke
+
+330
+00:22:38,080 --> 00:22:41,840
+the rules of Decorum. We've seen his poem,
+
+331
+00:22:41,940 --> 00:22:46,140
+remember, The Sun Rising? Some lines are five
+
+332
+00:22:46,140 --> 00:22:50,880
+feet, some two, some three. So he, simply
+
+333
+00:22:50,880 --> 00:22:53,860
+speaking, he breaks the rules of Decorum. What
+
+334
+00:22:53,860 --> 00:22:54,100
+else?
+
+335
+00:22:59,310 --> 00:23:03,350
+Okay, so let's go through the list and speak about
+
+336
+00:23:03,350 --> 00:23:06,050
+two or three features that I didn't mention
+
+337
+00:23:06,050 --> 00:23:10,950
+before. So number one, he introduces us to new
+
+338
+00:23:10,950 --> 00:23:13,510
+poetic forms, for example, the sonnet. Sorry, this
+
+339
+00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:18,830
+should be the sonnet, okay? And he didn't create
+
+340
+00:23:18,830 --> 00:23:22,290
+the sonnet, it was already there, but he changed
+
+341
+00:23:22,290 --> 00:23:26,350
+the theme and the form. He uses parody and
+
+342
+00:23:26,350 --> 00:23:30,900
+intertextuality sometimes. to make fun of, to
+
+343
+00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:34,040
+criticize the existing rules of decorum and social
+
+344
+00:23:34,040 --> 00:23:38,440
+rules. Mainly here, the status of women. In Donne,
+
+345
+00:23:38,860 --> 00:23:42,920
+the woman is equal to man. If not, sometimes
+
+346
+00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:46,180
+smarter and more intellectual than him. This is
+
+347
+00:23:46,180 --> 00:23:49,260
+new. This is like Shakespeare, like Portia in The
+
+348
+00:23:49,260 --> 00:23:52,700
+Magic of Venice. He uses the conceit. Listen, the
+
+349
+00:23:52,700 --> 00:23:54,120
+conceit is a very important
+
+350
+00:23:57,030 --> 00:23:59,870
+literary device in the metaphysical photo. A
+
+351
+00:23:59,870 --> 00:24:01,390
+conceit is generally a metaphor.
+
+352
+00:24:04,470 --> 00:24:07,570
+Remember a metaphor when you liken something to
+
+353
+00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:10,710
+something? But here a conceit is a literal device
+
+354
+00:24:10,710 --> 00:24:12,590
+where the relationship between the two things
+
+355
+00:24:12,590 --> 00:24:17,670
+you're talking about is unlikely. So you liken a
+
+356
+00:24:17,670 --> 00:24:24,220
+woman to a rose, right? You liken a woman to what?
+
+357
+00:24:24,320 --> 00:24:28,760
+To a tree, to the moon. Beautiful thing. But these
+
+358
+00:24:28,760 --> 00:24:32,120
+are conventional images. For Jonathan, he uses
+
+359
+00:24:32,120 --> 00:24:35,940
+totally different imagery. He uses what we call
+
+360
+00:24:35,940 --> 00:24:38,800
+the conceit. The conceit is a long metaphor.
+
+361
+00:24:41,880 --> 00:24:45,120
+a long metaphor. Sometimes the whole poem is one
+
+362
+00:24:45,120 --> 00:24:47,820
+metaphor, one conceit, in which the relationship
+
+363
+00:24:47,820 --> 00:24:52,020
+between A and B, when you say A is like B,
+
+364
+00:24:53,560 --> 00:24:55,580
+sometimes there is a similarity. When you say she
+
+365
+00:24:55,580 --> 00:25:00,660
+is like a rose, she is like a dove, you want to
+
+366
+00:25:00,660 --> 00:25:04,410
+say that she's peaceful like the dove. She's
+
+367
+00:25:04,410 --> 00:25:08,690
+beautiful as the rose, right? But here, for Joan
+
+368
+00:25:08,690 --> 00:25:12,050
+Dunn, the vehicle and the tenor do not usually
+
+369
+00:25:12,050 --> 00:25:14,310
+have an apparent relationship. Take this example.
+
+370
+00:25:14,730 --> 00:25:20,150
+When he talks to his wife, he tells her, we are
+
+371
+00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:22,890
+like stiff twin compasses. Do you know what a
+
+372
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:27,910
+compass is? Yeah, the compass is the device that
+
+373
+00:25:27,910 --> 00:25:31,790
+shows us north. But that's the compass. Here, this
+
+374
+00:25:31,790 --> 00:25:34,550
+is different. This is, in geometry, when you're
+
+375
+00:25:34,550 --> 00:25:37,630
+doing mathematics and draw shapes in geometry, you
+
+376
+00:25:37,630 --> 00:25:42,710
+know, you need to use this device to make circles.
+
+377
+00:25:43,550 --> 00:25:45,950
+You know? What do you call this? Yeah.
+
+378
+00:25:50,190 --> 00:25:55,990
+So Jonathan is telling his wife that you and I are
+
+379
+00:25:55,990 --> 00:25:58,490
+like a stiff twin compasses.
+
+380
+00:26:02,340 --> 00:26:05,100
+What? Weird, strange. We're not used to this. This
+
+381
+00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:10,740
+is new. How? It's like you and I are like this,
+
+382
+00:26:10,880 --> 00:26:13,820
+like we're part of the same thing. We are one.
+
+383
+00:26:14,440 --> 00:26:20,020
+It's like you and I are like this notebook. How?
+
+384
+00:26:20,960 --> 00:26:24,460
+Weird, strange. But when you think of it, oh, we
+
+385
+00:26:24,460 --> 00:26:26,600
+are connected, we come together, even if we are
+
+386
+00:26:26,600 --> 00:26:29,440
+sometimes far away from each other, we're still
+
+387
+00:26:29,440 --> 00:26:32,180
+connected in the center here. Oh, that's genius.
+
+388
+00:26:32,880 --> 00:26:35,840
+That's new at the same time. So the stiff twin
+
+389
+00:26:35,840 --> 00:26:38,540
+compasses, he tells his wife lesson, we are one
+
+390
+00:26:38,540 --> 00:26:41,040
+because sometimes it's like this, the stiff twin
+
+391
+00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:45,500
+compasses. Sometimes I go away, but when I am
+
+392
+00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:51,020
+away, we are still connected. And he tells the
+
+393
+00:26:51,020 --> 00:26:53,960
+woman, his wife, you are the fixed foot. You are
+
+394
+00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:56,880
+here. So again, it's the woman who controls this
+
+395
+00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,320
+relationship. She is fixed here. She is the core
+
+396
+00:27:00,320 --> 00:27:03,160
+of the relationship. So no matter how long I am
+
+397
+00:27:03,160 --> 00:27:06,820
+far away, when I go around, at the end of the day,
+
+398
+00:27:06,860 --> 00:27:10,100
+I'm going to go back as long as you are fixed in
+
+399
+00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,840
+the middle. This is called a conceit. In another
+
+400
+00:27:13,840 --> 00:27:18,560
+poem called The Flea, this is another example. You
+
+401
+00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:22,140
+know what the flea is? What's the flea? A tiny
+
+402
+00:27:22,140 --> 00:27:28,620
+insect? Barghout? Barghout? You know? Barghout?
+
+403
+00:27:29,620 --> 00:27:33,500
+Insect? The flea. So a flea bites him, sucks his
+
+404
+00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,500
+blood, and bites the woman and sucks her blood.
+
+405
+00:27:36,560 --> 00:27:43,600
+And he tells her, listen, we are you, I, the flea
+
+406
+00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:49,160
+are one. Because our blood is inside one. And at
+
+407
+00:27:49,160 --> 00:27:51,660
+the beginning, it's like, this is strange in a
+
+408
+00:27:51,660 --> 00:27:54,800
+way. But when you come to think of it, it's also
+
+409
+00:27:54,800 --> 00:27:58,560
+genius. And imagine they, remember we spoke about
+
+410
+00:27:58,560 --> 00:28:02,220
+three persons, God, Trinity. Here, there's the
+
+411
+00:28:02,220 --> 00:28:06,720
+idea of Trinity again. Because the flea, you, and
+
+412
+00:28:06,720 --> 00:28:10,160
+I are like a religious triangle. We form it here.
+
+413
+00:28:11,550 --> 00:28:14,330
+His imagery and conceit sometimes might sound
+
+414
+00:28:14,330 --> 00:28:17,710
+strange. But when you analyze them, when you
+
+415
+00:28:17,710 --> 00:28:20,810
+understand them in their context, they are new and
+
+416
+00:28:20,810 --> 00:28:23,290
+innovative and genius and smart. They always make
+
+417
+00:28:23,290 --> 00:28:26,990
+you laugh. Really interesting. Because for John
+
+418
+00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:30,770
+Donne, he was fit up with, shall I compare the
+
+419
+00:28:30,770 --> 00:28:34,030
+blossoms of the day or the trees or the flowers or
+
+420
+00:28:34,030 --> 00:28:37,790
+the moon or the sun. Okay, realism against
+
+421
+00:28:37,790 --> 00:28:42,170
+Elizabethan idealism, display of wit. He was
+
+422
+00:28:42,170 --> 00:28:46,510
+educated and also wit, he was smart. He uses his
+
+423
+00:28:46,510 --> 00:28:49,690
+argumentative style. He tells you an idea and
+
+424
+00:28:49,690 --> 00:28:52,410
+you're like, you're crazy, this can't be possible.
+
+425
+00:28:52,530 --> 00:28:55,310
+At the end of the poem, interesting, that could be
+
+426
+00:28:55,310 --> 00:28:56,110
+possible in a way.
+
+427
+00:28:59,270 --> 00:29:02,130
+Yeah, and then he's convincing, you know, he's
+
+428
+00:29:02,130 --> 00:29:04,550
+argumentative. But when he does this, he's not
+
+429
+00:29:06,970 --> 00:29:10,650
+controlling the other person. Because in the flea,
+
+430
+00:29:11,050 --> 00:29:14,510
+when he tells the woman, oh, this flea is sacred.
+
+431
+00:29:14,650 --> 00:29:19,250
+It has our blood. What does she do? She kills the
+
+432
+00:29:19,250 --> 00:29:23,850
+flea. Yeah. Because she can't be deceived. She's
+
+433
+00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:27,430
+powerful. She's smart. Come on. And she kills the
+
+434
+00:29:27,430 --> 00:29:35,770
+flea to show that she can't be tricked by him. And
+
+435
+00:29:35,770 --> 00:29:40,010
+the dramatic, remember the poem last time, The Sun
+
+436
+00:29:40,010 --> 00:29:46,370
+Rising? How does it begin? Busy old fool unruly
+
+437
+00:29:46,370 --> 00:29:49,810
+sun. This is drama. This is dramatic. He
+
+438
+00:29:49,810 --> 00:29:53,890
+dramatizes his experience. He's sitting here. His
+
+439
+00:29:53,890 --> 00:29:57,270
+beloved is sitting there. A flea bites her, and a
+
+440
+00:29:57,270 --> 00:29:59,330
+flea bites him. And it's a whole poetic
+
+441
+00:29:59,330 --> 00:30:01,850
+experience. He dramatizes this in a beautiful way.
+
+442
+00:30:02,250 --> 00:30:04,710
+He wants to talk about his relationship to God,
+
+443
+00:30:04,770 --> 00:30:09,370
+with God. And then, butter my heart, three-person
+
+444
+00:30:09,370 --> 00:30:13,410
+God. It's like every poem is either an inner
+
+445
+00:30:13,410 --> 00:30:15,990
+personal dialogue, a soliloquy, or a public
+
+446
+00:30:15,990 --> 00:30:19,920
+speech. And that's the drama here. Again, he lived
+
+447
+00:30:19,920 --> 00:30:22,660
+during the golden age of drama, during the time of
+
+448
+00:30:22,660 --> 00:30:25,220
+Shakespeare. And he must have seen some of
+
+449
+00:30:25,220 --> 00:30:28,620
+Shakespeare's plays and other dramatists. So the
+
+450
+00:30:28,620 --> 00:30:32,280
+dramatic style is also there. Each poem is like a
+
+451
+00:30:32,280 --> 00:30:34,440
+sketch. When you go home today, try to read, for
+
+452
+00:30:34,440 --> 00:30:38,640
+example, or watch or listen to The Sun Rising on
+
+453
+00:30:38,640 --> 00:30:41,700
+YouTube. You'll see a lot of drama. Even if you
+
+454
+00:30:41,700 --> 00:30:45,340
+look at the poem, remember? I think I still have
+
+455
+00:30:45,340 --> 00:30:45,960
+it here.
+
+456
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:58,640
+okay okay okay do i have it i don't okay if you
+
+457
+00:30:58,640 --> 00:31:04,440
+look here everyone there's
+
+458
+00:31:04,440 --> 00:31:11,600
+also curtain what's curtain It's like there's a
+
+459
+00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,820
+stage here, and the curtain opens, and people are,
+
+460
+00:31:15,140 --> 00:31:18,100
+in a way, performing this act. This is what is
+
+461
+00:31:18,100 --> 00:31:22,800
+meant by drama. Drama that the singular experience
+
+462
+00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:28,240
+he lives comes out to life as a play, as a short
+
+463
+00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:32,300
+sketch that can easily be performed. He dramatizes
+
+464
+00:31:32,300 --> 00:31:35,180
+the experience, the way he speaks, the way he
+
+465
+00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:35,980
+portrays it.
+
+466
+00:31:41,810 --> 00:31:45,910
+And don't forget this, there is a lot of criticism
+
+467
+00:31:45,910 --> 00:31:50,290
+of mainstream established rules of decorum. Simply
+
+468
+00:31:50,290 --> 00:31:56,250
+speaking, John Donne breaks the rules. And
+
+469
+00:31:56,250 --> 00:32:00,430
+thematically speaking, Metaphysical poetry
+
+470
+00:32:00,430 --> 00:32:04,270
+empowers women. You know what empower means? Gives
+
+471
+00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:07,330
+them power. Gives them a voice and gives them
+
+472
+00:32:07,330 --> 00:32:10,850
+space in their... When you compare women in
+
+473
+00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:13,650
+Marlow, for example, sometimes Shakespeare, and
+
+474
+00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,490
+women in John Donne, you'll find that they have a
+
+475
+00:32:16,490 --> 00:32:19,870
+strong presence. Even if sometimes they don't
+
+476
+00:32:19,870 --> 00:32:22,050
+speak, they act. In The Flea, the woman doesn't
+
+477
+00:32:22,050 --> 00:32:26,440
+speak. But what does she do? She does the most
+
+478
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:29,740
+important thing. She acts. She kills the flame. He
+
+479
+00:32:29,740 --> 00:32:33,160
+gives her voice. That's why many women critics,
+
+480
+00:32:34,460 --> 00:32:38,240
+they love John Donne. And they praise him for the
+
+481
+00:32:38,240 --> 00:32:40,600
+way he depicts a powerful, strong woman. Even
+
+482
+00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:42,640
+Virginia Woolf. We'll talk about Virginia Woolf
+
+483
+00:32:42,640 --> 00:32:45,000
+probably in two months. She's a very famous
+
+484
+00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,560
+feminist of the 20th century. She praises John
+
+485
+00:32:47,560 --> 00:32:52,360
+Donne as a poet who depicts women as powerful as
+
+486
+00:32:52,360 --> 00:32:57,200
+the man is. And we have many personal experiences
+
+487
+00:32:57,200 --> 00:32:59,780
+rather than a poet who talks about the fairy queen
+
+488
+00:32:59,780 --> 00:33:03,140
+or the queen of England or the battles and the...
+
+489
+00:33:03,140 --> 00:33:06,300
+We have someone who speaks about, who conveys the
+
+490
+00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:10,040
+inner feelings of an individual, of a man. How he
+
+491
+00:33:10,040 --> 00:33:12,440
+feels when he's sad, when he's in love, when he's
+
+492
+00:33:12,440 --> 00:33:16,990
+not, etc. In brief, Metaphysical poetry is full of
+
+493
+00:33:16,990 --> 00:33:21,130
+modern ideas, modern ideas that we still feel
+
+494
+00:33:21,130 --> 00:33:26,010
+today and can internalize and externalize. There
+
+495
+00:33:26,010 --> 00:33:29,150
+are scientific geographical explorations, there is
+
+496
+00:33:29,150 --> 00:33:32,170
+original imagery there, and sometimes the inner
+
+497
+00:33:32,170 --> 00:33:35,610
+conflict in the soliloquies like the ones we had
+
+498
+00:33:35,610 --> 00:33:38,710
+in Shakespeare. The whole poem could be an
+
+499
+00:33:38,710 --> 00:33:42,430
+internal monologue in a way. Finally, they
+
+500
+00:33:42,430 --> 00:33:45,530
+experimented with language and verse forms with
+
+501
+00:33:45,530 --> 00:33:48,390
+great originality. Originality means new things.
+
+502
+00:33:49,250 --> 00:33:52,570
+They experimented with poetic forms like we saw in
+
+503
+00:33:52,570 --> 00:33:58,830
+the sonnet and the other texts, The Sun Rising.
+
+504
+00:34:00,610 --> 00:34:05,570
+Now, to conclude this, remember I said John Donne
+
+505
+00:34:05,570 --> 00:34:09,210
+was not well-received during his time and after.
+
+506
+00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,840
+Many critics of that time were not happy with John
+
+507
+00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:17,240
+Donne. And they said many horrible things about
+
+508
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:22,140
+him. So horrible that it influenced the way we see
+
+509
+00:34:22,140 --> 00:34:26,260
+John Donne even today. Many people nowadays, not
+
+510
+00:34:26,260 --> 00:34:29,280
+many, but some people who don't like John Donne
+
+511
+00:34:30,360 --> 00:34:33,040
+Generally, it's not because they don't like John
+
+512
+00:34:33,040 --> 00:34:36,520
+Donne, but because they read John Donne through
+
+513
+00:34:36,520 --> 00:34:39,860
+these critics. When you read what Ben Jonson, John
+
+514
+00:34:39,860 --> 00:34:44,520
+Dryden, Alexander Poe, Osama Johnson, what they
+
+515
+00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:46,620
+say about John Donne, you think, oh my God, this
+
+516
+00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:50,460
+is a horrible poet. And this is how serious and
+
+517
+00:34:50,460 --> 00:34:53,900
+dangerous framing is, remember? Framing when
+
+518
+00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,780
+critics make us think in a particular way. So I
+
+519
+00:34:57,780 --> 00:34:59,620
+tell you, don't read Shakespeare. Shakespeare is
+
+520
+00:34:59,620 --> 00:35:02,420
+difficult. So what do you think of Shakespeare?
+
+521
+00:35:02,480 --> 00:35:05,620
+He's difficult. Have you read Shakespeare? No. Ben
+
+522
+00:35:05,620 --> 00:35:07,280
+Jonson told me this, or somebody else told me.
+
+523
+00:35:07,600 --> 00:35:11,080
+That's why it's always good to read the text
+
+524
+00:35:11,080 --> 00:35:15,930
+itself for yourself. Go for the text. Try to
+
+525
+00:35:15,930 --> 00:35:18,110
+understand it. Read it once and twice and see how
+
+526
+00:35:18,110 --> 00:35:23,090
+it relates to you. So to summarize, the whole
+
+527
+00:35:23,090 --> 00:35:26,450
+reception thing, the framing, reception and
+
+528
+00:35:26,450 --> 00:35:29,670
+framing of John Donne, generally by mainstream
+
+529
+00:35:29,670 --> 00:35:32,450
+critics, the official critics, he was received
+
+530
+00:35:32,450 --> 00:35:35,890
+negatively. See, for example, Ben Johnson said he
+
+531
+00:35:35,890 --> 00:35:41,330
+would perish. Hanging. And he deserved hanging.
+
+532
+00:35:41,450 --> 00:35:45,410
+Oh, my God. When someone commits a crime, kills
+
+533
+00:35:45,410 --> 00:35:49,010
+somebody, maybe he deserves hanging, right? Why
+
+534
+00:35:49,010 --> 00:35:51,970
+would you hang someone because he breaks the rules
+
+535
+00:35:51,970 --> 00:35:57,830
+of poetry? This is how extreme. But in my opinion,
+
+536
+00:35:58,410 --> 00:36:02,110
+those people viewed John Donne as a threat. Oh,
+
+537
+00:36:02,210 --> 00:36:04,090
+someone writing different poetry. Maybe he's going
+
+538
+00:36:04,090 --> 00:36:07,770
+to steal all the patrons, all the money from us,
+
+539
+00:36:07,790 --> 00:36:11,420
+maybe. But many people love the rules of Decorum.
+
+540
+00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:14,000
+If you don't follow the rules, you're not a good
+
+541
+00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,620
+person. John Dryden said, John Donne affects the
+
+542
+00:36:17,620 --> 00:36:20,480
+metaphysics and he perplexes the mind of the first
+
+543
+00:36:20,480 --> 00:36:25,280
+six. The first six, women. You know what perplex
+
+544
+00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:31,240
+means? Confused. John Donne confuses women. This
+
+545
+00:36:31,240 --> 00:36:36,320
+is what Dryden says. Who the hell are you to speak
+
+546
+00:36:36,320 --> 00:36:41,720
+for women? Seriously. Who are you to speak for
+
+547
+00:36:41,720 --> 00:36:44,520
+women? Why do you appoint yourself as the
+
+548
+00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:45,700
+spokesperson for women?
+
+549
+00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,300
+His idea here, he says, in other words, he says
+
+550
+00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,760
+John Donne is anti-feminist. But I think he is
+
+551
+00:36:55,760 --> 00:36:58,180
+anti-feminist, because he assumes that women will
+
+552
+00:36:58,180 --> 00:37:01,680
+not understand John Donne's poetry. He thinks
+
+553
+00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:04,500
+women are less intellectual, are, I don't know,
+
+554
+00:37:04,560 --> 00:37:09,470
+maybe stupid. And that's how anti-feminist Dryden
+
+555
+00:37:09,470 --> 00:37:16,390
+is himself. So this guy says he would perish, he
+
+556
+00:37:16,390 --> 00:37:20,770
+deserves hanging. Dryden said he perplexes, he
+
+557
+00:37:20,770 --> 00:37:25,450
+confuses the mind of the fair sex, the women. And
+
+558
+00:37:25,450 --> 00:37:30,210
+then Samuel Johnson, another critic, said John
+
+559
+00:37:30,210 --> 00:37:38,010
+Donne uses a combination of dissimilar images and
+
+560
+00:37:38,010 --> 00:37:41,790
+heterogeneous ideas linked with violence.
+
+561
+00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:47,270
+Yeah, there is some dissimilarity when you read
+
+562
+00:37:47,270 --> 00:37:50,270
+some imagery by John Donne, some poetry, but later
+
+563
+00:37:50,270 --> 00:37:53,010
+on, upon second reading and a third reading and
+
+564
+00:37:53,010 --> 00:37:55,790
+more analysis and more interpretation, you can see
+
+565
+00:37:55,790 --> 00:37:58,450
+the connection. But if you don't want to see the
+
+566
+00:37:58,450 --> 00:37:59,650
+connection, you're not going to see the
+
+567
+00:37:59,650 --> 00:38:03,670
+connection. But again, I'll go back to framing.
+
+568
+00:38:04,650 --> 00:38:06,790
+When you study John Donne, and the first thing you
+
+569
+00:38:06,790 --> 00:38:09,590
+read about John Donne is what Johnson says here,
+
+570
+00:38:09,670 --> 00:38:11,790
+that he uses dissimilar ideas. And oh, yeah, he
+
+571
+00:38:11,790 --> 00:38:14,830
+uses dissimilar ideas. Bye bye, Donne. That's why
+
+572
+00:38:14,830 --> 00:38:18,010
+it's dangerous to read poets through what critics
+
+573
+00:38:18,010 --> 00:38:21,410
+say about him. Read the poet. Read the writer face
+
+574
+00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:23,690
+to face. Come face to face with his poetry. And
+
+575
+00:38:23,690 --> 00:38:29,510
+finally, many people said, OK, even Dryden. And
+
+576
+00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:33,630
+Johnson said, John Donne is not a poet, but they
+
+577
+00:38:33,630 --> 00:38:38,910
+said he is an intelligent person. He is a wit. He
+
+578
+00:38:38,910 --> 00:38:44,110
+has a strong sharp wit. He's smart. He's genius.
+
+579
+00:38:45,070 --> 00:38:50,670
+Even this Alexander Pope says no. John Donne
+
+580
+00:38:50,670 --> 00:38:54,610
+doesn't have imagination. This is how much they
+
+581
+00:38:54,610 --> 00:39:00,580
+disliked him. But believe me, it was much for his
+
+582
+00:39:00,580 --> 00:39:04,080
+breaking the rules, for him criticizing their way
+
+583
+00:39:04,080 --> 00:39:08,480
+of writing, the way poetry was written, than
+
+584
+00:39:08,480 --> 00:39:10,420
+anything else. It wasn't because his poetry was
+
+585
+00:39:10,420 --> 00:39:13,480
+bad. The evidence is that people like T.S. Eliot
+
+586
+00:39:13,480 --> 00:39:17,260
+nowadays, in the 20th century, 21st century,
+
+587
+00:39:17,900 --> 00:39:21,880
+studied him, loved him, and quoted him, and used
+
+588
+00:39:21,880 --> 00:39:28,410
+his poetry as praised him in a way or another. So
+
+589
+00:39:28,410 --> 00:39:30,550
+Ben Jonson was a contemporary of Shakespeare, but
+
+590
+00:39:30,550 --> 00:39:34,310
+Dryden and Johnson and Alexander Pope came later
+
+591
+00:39:34,310 --> 00:39:37,230
+after Shakespeare. But they played a very
+
+592
+00:39:37,230 --> 00:39:40,450
+important role in negatively framing John Donne
+
+593
+00:39:40,450 --> 00:39:43,770
+and kicking him out. But because John Donne is a
+
+594
+00:39:43,770 --> 00:39:47,390
+beautiful poet, strong genius, he came back to
+
+595
+00:39:47,390 --> 00:39:51,790
+life 200 years later. I'll stop here. And if you
+
+596
+00:39:51,790 --> 00:39:54,310
+have a question, please do ask.
+
+597
+00:40:02,390 --> 00:40:05,030
+No, no, no, you don't. But just that those people
+
+598
+00:40:05,030 --> 00:40:09,370
+criticized John Donne, it's probably too much for
+
+599
+00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,510
+you. Just I want you to know that at least Ben
+
+600
+00:40:11,510 --> 00:40:14,090
+Jensen said he deserved hanging. If you know this,
+
+601
+00:40:14,450 --> 00:40:17,910
+maybe one other thing that perplexes the minds of
+
+602
+00:40:17,910 --> 00:40:19,490
+the first six, that's enough. You don't have to
+
+603
+00:40:19,490 --> 00:40:21,830
+memorize everything. And you don't have to
+
+604
+00:40:21,830 --> 00:40:27,290
+memorize word for word. Thank you very much. I'll
+
+605
+00:40:27,290 --> 00:40:27,750
+stop here.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7ff4508aa8a210ef9ed1f1c07b813f9ea8b89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2576 @@
+1
+00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:25,870
+Assalamu alaikum and welcome back to the English
+
+2
+00:00:25,870 --> 00:00:28,730
+introduction to English literature course. We
+
+3
+00:00:28,730 --> 00:00:33,010
+continue our journey discussing and examining the
+
+4
+00:00:33,010 --> 00:00:37,270
+Renaissance and the Renaissance figures, literary
+
+5
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:40,140
+figures. Like I said before, we're done with
+
+6
+00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:42,540
+Shakespeare. But at the same time, we are never
+
+7
+00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:45,520
+done with Shakespeare, because Shakespeare keeps
+
+8
+00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,900
+showing up every now and then. Today, we move to
+
+9
+00:00:49,900 --> 00:00:53,420
+speak about more dramatists in the Elizabethan
+
+10
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:56,360
+age. But before I do that, there are three things
+
+11
+00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,540
+I want to say. Number one, Shakespeare was a
+
+12
+00:01:01,540 --> 00:01:01,840
+veteran.
+
+13
+00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:10,820
+A veteran is a person who lives in two ages. He
+
+14
+00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,320
+was a veteran not because he lived at the end of
+
+15
+00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:16,520
+the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th
+
+16
+00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:20,980
+century, but because he also lived at the time of
+
+17
+00:01:20,980 --> 00:01:25,040
+Queen Elizabeth and also King James. So we have
+
+18
+00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:28,540
+Elizabeth and
+
+19
+00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:32,060
+King James I.
+
+20
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:37,850
+who ruled England at the beginning of the 17th
+
+21
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:40,650
+century. So Shakespeare was a veteran. He was both
+
+22
+00:01:40,650 --> 00:01:45,490
+Elizabethan and Jacobian. James, Jacobian
+
+23
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:49,290
+literature figure. Elizabethan literature,
+
+24
+00:01:49,770 --> 00:01:55,000
+literature that was written during the life of of
+
+25
+00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,320
+Queen Elizabeth. But sometimes Shakespeare is
+
+26
+00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,460
+generally referred to as an Elizabethan figure,
+
+27
+00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,780
+although he died more than 15 years later after
+
+28
+00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:08,360
+her death. So a veteran is a person who lives in
+
+29
+00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,680
+two eras, in two ages, during two reigns or
+
+30
+00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:15,600
+whatever. The other thing I want to speak about
+
+31
+00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:19,660
+before I begin is a very important term for the
+
+32
+00:02:19,660 --> 00:02:22,100
+course and every course we're studying at the
+
+33
+00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:24,040
+English department. It's called the English Canon.
+
+34
+00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:32,440
+A canon. And the English canon is a very important
+
+35
+00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,520
+terminology we need to understand. Have you ever
+
+36
+00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,760
+heard of the word canon? Yes. I heard camera.
+
+37
+00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:44,140
+Camera, canon, okay. Interesting. Good to link
+
+38
+00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:48,700
+things. The English canon refers to the most
+
+39
+00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:52,590
+important literary work in English literature. The
+
+40
+00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:55,510
+English canon, again, refers to the most important
+
+41
+00:02:55,510 --> 00:02:58,070
+literary works, the most important literary
+
+42
+00:02:58,070 --> 00:03:02,190
+figures, like Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Marlow,
+
+43
+00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,270
+Milton, also novelists and playwrights, William
+
+44
+00:03:07,270 --> 00:03:12,230
+Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Charles Dickens, Thomas
+
+45
+00:03:12,230 --> 00:03:14,910
+Hardy, the names that when we study English
+
+46
+00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,680
+literature here in Gaza, for example, We study
+
+47
+00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:20,400
+these names. When people in China study English
+
+48
+00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,200
+literature, they also study Shakespeare, and
+
+49
+00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,320
+Marlow, and Johnson, and Dickens, and Hardy, and
+
+50
+00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,340
+Tesseri. When people in Africa study English
+
+51
+00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:29,440
+literature, in South America, and everywhere,
+
+52
+00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:34,160
+generally the most important literary figures and
+
+53
+00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:37,380
+literary works are studied. So those people and
+
+54
+00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:41,720
+these texts are called canonical texts. What is
+
+55
+00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,260
+the canon again? It's the most important literary
+
+56
+00:03:44,260 --> 00:03:48,190
+works and literary figures. the most anthologized.
+
+57
+00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:51,090
+When you open any English literary anthology,
+
+58
+00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:53,890
+you'll find Shakespeare. You'll find Wordsworth.
+
+59
+00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:57,390
+You'll find T.S. Eliot. When you open any book
+
+60
+00:03:57,390 --> 00:04:00,130
+about literature, you'll find these names there.
+
+61
+00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:04,690
+So the English canon as a term is something we
+
+62
+00:04:04,690 --> 00:04:08,370
+should know. But more important than this is how
+
+63
+00:04:08,370 --> 00:04:14,510
+accurate, how good, how objective the canon is. Is
+
+64
+00:04:14,510 --> 00:04:17,710
+it objective? Does it mean everyone in the English
+
+65
+00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:21,830
+canon is a good writer who wrote well and everyone
+
+66
+00:04:21,830 --> 00:04:27,390
+who is not a canonical writer canonical author was
+
+67
+00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:29,710
+kicked out of the canon because he wasn't good?
+
+68
+00:04:30,890 --> 00:04:34,650
+Let's go back. Now, in the 20th century, many
+
+69
+00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,830
+critics started to do some kind of revisiting,
+
+70
+00:04:39,670 --> 00:04:43,650
+rereading the canon. People no longer take things
+
+71
+00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:48,130
+for granted. It's like, OK, Shakespeare is always
+
+72
+00:04:48,130 --> 00:04:50,570
+in the canon. He's the only author that is always
+
+73
+00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:54,510
+in the canon. So he's the most canonical author.
+
+74
+00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:58,910
+People who started studying and analyzing to
+
+75
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:01,750
+understand the canon and what authors, what texts
+
+76
+00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:04,890
+we have and why, they realized very interesting
+
+77
+00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:08,930
+things. Number one, they realized that all or
+
+78
+00:05:08,930 --> 00:05:13,850
+almost all authors are men. So which excludes?
+
+79
+00:05:14,350 --> 00:05:19,310
+Women. Generally it excludes women. Two, almost
+
+80
+00:05:19,310 --> 00:05:26,010
+all the authors are white Christians. It excludes
+
+81
+00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:30,290
+non-Christians and excludes non-white people,
+
+82
+00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:34,270
+people of color. And almost all the people in the
+
+83
+00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:38,170
+canon are European. When it comes to England,
+
+84
+00:05:38,310 --> 00:05:43,010
+mostly they focus on people of London. What does
+
+85
+00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:48,470
+it mean? It means The canon as a term is not fair.
+
+86
+00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:52,790
+It's subjective. Because sometimes if your writing
+
+87
+00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:57,510
+is different, or if you don't try to please the
+
+88
+00:05:57,510 --> 00:06:02,110
+mainstream, the official people, people are not
+
+89
+00:06:02,110 --> 00:06:05,110
+going to be happy with you or with your writing.
+
+90
+00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,190
+So you will be kicked out of the canon. So that's
+
+91
+00:06:08,190 --> 00:06:11,130
+number one. We'll go back to the canon next week
+
+92
+00:06:11,130 --> 00:06:14,490
+when we discuss John Donne. But again, the canon
+
+93
+00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:18,390
+is the most important literary works of a
+
+94
+00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:20,530
+particular era. When we speak about the English
+
+95
+00:06:20,530 --> 00:06:23,930
+canon in literature, we speak about the big names,
+
+96
+00:06:24,130 --> 00:06:29,010
+big texts, Hamlet, Macbeth, texts by other people,
+
+97
+00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:31,860
+etc. Not only Shakespeare, but other poets,
+
+98
+00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:38,380
+Johnson, Marlow, Samuel Johnson, Dryden, Milton, T
+
+99
+00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:40,660
+.S. Eliot, William Wadsworth, William Blake. These
+
+100
+00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:44,040
+are always there listed as important figures. But
+
+101
+00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,780
+do we have other figures who were excluded and
+
+102
+00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:50,080
+kicked out? In this course, we will reveal some of
+
+103
+00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:52,800
+these names. And we'll study them to understand
+
+104
+00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,660
+why they were kicked out. And generally, it was
+
+105
+00:06:55,660 --> 00:06:59,480
+because they didn't write Things similar to the
+
+106
+00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:05,040
+mainstream idea of what it is to write poetry. The
+
+107
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:10,660
+second term is patronage. You know patron?
+
+108
+00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:17,340
+Patronage. A patron is like a sponsor. You know
+
+109
+00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,960
+what a sponsor is? Someone who gives you money.
+
+110
+00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:24,130
+Exactly, like someone who gives you money to
+
+111
+00:07:24,130 --> 00:07:26,870
+study, gives you money to build your house, to
+
+112
+00:07:26,870 --> 00:07:30,170
+start your project. So a rich man, a businessman
+
+113
+00:07:30,170 --> 00:07:35,390
+who gives you a politician maybe, a donor who
+
+114
+00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:38,390
+gives you money so you can start something, a
+
+115
+00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:42,500
+patron. Or patronage is also another important
+
+116
+00:07:42,500 --> 00:07:45,000
+term we need to understand if we just need to
+
+117
+00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,040
+understand the classical Elizabethan literature
+
+118
+00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,800
+before and after. Now, in literature, a patron is
+
+119
+00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,100
+someone, generally a man, but sometimes could be a
+
+120
+00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:59,260
+woman, who belongs to the high class, sometimes
+
+121
+00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,440
+the royal family, and who has a lot of money,
+
+122
+00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,660
+rich. What does this person do? He gives the poet
+
+123
+00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:12,560
+money. and provides the poet with protection.
+
+124
+00:08:17,860 --> 00:08:20,180
+Remember we're talking about the Elizabethan age
+
+125
+00:08:20,180 --> 00:08:23,440
+and even before Chaucer by the way had a patron.
+
+126
+00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:26,380
+He couldn't write poetry sometimes because he
+
+127
+00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:28,760
+didn't have someone to support him because if you
+
+128
+00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,420
+don't have money Being a poet was not a job.
+
+129
+00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,080
+Nobody would be buying you poetry. So you have to
+
+130
+00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:38,560
+have a job. If you have a job, you don't have time
+
+131
+00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:43,400
+to write poetry. So a patron, again, what's a
+
+132
+00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,400
+patron? Someone, usually a man, a rich man with
+
+133
+00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,960
+money. Sometimes the patrons, usually they have a
+
+134
+00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,220
+literary taste. So because they love poetry, they
+
+135
+00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:55,880
+love literature, they take care of poets. So they
+
+136
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:09:00,790
+give poets money. in order to keep writing, to
+
+137
+00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:02,790
+write more. And they also provide them with
+
+138
+00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:06,090
+protection. You know protection? If you say
+
+139
+00:09:06,090 --> 00:09:08,750
+something that displeases someone, if you
+
+140
+00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,750
+criticize someone, maybe someone wants to arrest
+
+141
+00:09:12,750 --> 00:09:15,130
+you, to punish you for something, they say, oh,
+
+142
+00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:19,530
+no, no, no, no. Don't. This man is protected by
+
+143
+00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:22,370
+this patron. So some kind of political and social.
+
+144
+00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:26,850
+And he would invite you to his court, his palace,
+
+145
+00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,060
+And patronage had played an amazing role in
+
+146
+00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:33,740
+supporting... Remember we spoke about the printing
+
+147
+00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,740
+press, how it encouraged mass production?
+
+148
+00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:40,420
+Patronage also encouraged a lot of literary texts.
+
+149
+00:09:41,700 --> 00:09:44,740
+Now, as a poet, you stay at home, you have enough
+
+150
+00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,160
+money to live, and you can write as much poetry as
+
+151
+00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:53,520
+you can, as possible. However, this patronage came
+
+152
+00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,560
+with a tax, a sacrifice. If someone gives you
+
+153
+00:09:57,560 --> 00:10:01,320
+money, supports you with money, you need to write
+
+154
+00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,720
+good poetry about them, to praise them. If he
+
+155
+00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,720
+brings a new cat, you'll be writing, oh, cat, thou
+
+156
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,920
+art. Shall I compare thee to the best cats in the
+
+157
+00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,760
+world? Or shall I compare thee to lions? You are
+
+158
+00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,420
+more fearful and intimidated. If he buys a mobile
+
+159
+00:10:17,420 --> 00:10:22,300
+phone, you'll be like, wow. So you need to write
+
+160
+00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:27,740
+good poetry to praise them. So again. A patron is
+
+161
+00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:30,640
+a person usually with a literary taste and a lot
+
+162
+00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:34,460
+of money who provides poets with money and
+
+163
+00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:39,020
+protection. And it's a change for praise, for good
+
+164
+00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,820
+poetry sometimes. We'll speak about this later on.
+
+165
+00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,680
+We'll mention this again and again, important
+
+166
+00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:49,700
+terms. Now let's go to Christopher Marlowe.
+
+167
+00:10:50,220 --> 00:10:55,360
+Christopher Marlowe. Listen. Marlowe
+
+168
+00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:01,710
+was a poet in a way he was contemporary to
+
+169
+00:11:01,710 --> 00:11:04,750
+Shakespeare. He was a dramatist and a poet. We
+
+170
+00:11:04,750 --> 00:11:08,470
+study him today as a dramatist. Later on, we'll
+
+171
+00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:15,950
+come back to him. Many critics believe that Marlow
+
+172
+00:11:15,950 --> 00:11:19,390
+could have become more famous than Shakespeare.
+
+173
+00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:23,170
+Not many, some critics. Could have surpassed
+
+174
+00:11:23,170 --> 00:11:23,570
+Shakespeare.
+
+175
+00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,560
+But the sad thing is that Marlow died very young
+
+176
+00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:34,580
+at the age of 32. And there is something
+
+177
+00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:37,220
+mysterious about poets who die young. There are
+
+178
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:39,820
+many English poets who die very young. And when
+
+179
+00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:43,540
+they die very young, they have this kind of aura
+
+180
+00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:47,520
+about them. They look like prophets. People love
+
+181
+00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,000
+them more, love their poetry more, and respect
+
+182
+00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,500
+them more. Because you feel that they died because
+
+183
+00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,360
+of their poetry. They died because they wanted.
+
+184
+00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,500
+It's like teachers who die young, they become like
+
+185
+00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:03,100
+woe. But sometimes, later on, they live forever,
+
+186
+00:12:03,980 --> 00:12:06,660
+which is not good for some students, maybe. So
+
+187
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,240
+what I'm saying here is that the fact that Marlow
+
+188
+00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:16,540
+died young, at the age of 32, made him famous poet
+
+189
+00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:20,100
+and dramatist. Many believe he was, during his
+
+190
+00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,930
+lifetime, he was the most famous dramatist. The
+
+191
+00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,150
+most famous dramatist. More than Shakespeare,
+
+192
+00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:29,530
+because Shakespeare at that time was beginning to
+
+193
+00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:31,930
+write the good stuff we're studying. We just
+
+194
+00:12:31,930 --> 00:12:37,390
+started. He was starting. So had he not died
+
+195
+00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:41,810
+young, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, become
+
+196
+00:12:41,810 --> 00:12:44,530
+more famous than Shakespeare according to some
+
+197
+00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:47,570
+views. Now there are similarities and differences
+
+198
+00:12:47,570 --> 00:12:51,570
+between him and Shakespeare. But before I go
+
+199
+00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:54,810
+there, I'll tell you something, a very funny story
+
+200
+00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:56,770
+about, not funny, but really interesting, about
+
+201
+00:12:56,770 --> 00:13:00,130
+poets dying because of the poetry and how
+
+202
+00:13:00,130 --> 00:13:02,810
+patronage is really a fun thing, how it
+
+203
+00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,470
+influences. Because if you have a patron, there
+
+204
+00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:09,330
+are usually competitors. Other poets want to take
+
+205
+00:13:09,330 --> 00:13:11,790
+money, so they just write bitter poetry to your
+
+206
+00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:14,650
+patron and et cetera. I'll tell you this story
+
+207
+00:13:14,650 --> 00:13:18,940
+about Abu Tamam in Arabic. You know Abu Tamam? Abu
+
+208
+00:13:18,940 --> 00:13:21,060
+Tanabbi, Abu Tamam, famous poems. And I told you
+
+209
+00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,980
+before, you need, if you want to love English
+
+210
+00:13:23,980 --> 00:13:27,400
+literature, you need to love Arabic literature and
+
+211
+00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,560
+vice versa. Start with the beautiful poetry, the
+
+212
+00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,900
+beautiful stories about poets and authors and
+
+213
+00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:37,680
+everything. Now Abu Tamam was praising one of the,
+
+214
+00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,300
+that's Al Mutanabbi. Abu Tamam was praising the
+
+215
+00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,720
+caliph sometime.
+
+216
+00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:53,860
+And the other poets around kind of didn't want the
+
+217
+00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:56,960
+caliph to like Abu Tamam and his poetry. So he was
+
+218
+00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:01,700
+like praising again his patron, the caliph,
+
+219
+00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,620
+saying, So
+
+220
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,980
+the
+
+221
+00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:09,380
+caliph,
+
+222
+00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,100
+praising him, comparing him to famous Arab
+
+223
+00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:20,780
+generals, poets and people and fighters and
+
+224
+00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:23,700
+everything. So one of the poets sitting around
+
+225
+00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:29,060
+competing told the caliph,
+
+226
+00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:34,690
+Yes, it's okay. This is not good poetry. He's just
+
+227
+00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:38,250
+likening you to ordinary Arab shepherds and
+
+228
+00:14:38,250 --> 00:14:43,970
+Bedouins and desert people. And this was, you
+
+229
+00:14:43,970 --> 00:14:46,710
+know, Abu Tamman felt pressured here because
+
+230
+00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:49,150
+someone is competing with him. So he just nodded
+
+231
+00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:52,490
+something like this. He nodded like this and
+
+232
+00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:56,060
+waited and remained silent for a short while. In
+
+233
+00:14:56,060 --> 00:14:58,220
+Arabic, it's very famous in Arabic literature.
+
+234
+00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,760
+It's called Imaet Abu Tamam, or Itraqet Abu Tamam.
+
+235
+00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:04,000
+Look it up on Google. Itraqet Abu Tamam, meaning
+
+236
+00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,240
+when Abu Tamam reacted to this guy accusing him of
+
+237
+00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:13,160
+not likening the caliph to something worthy. So he
+
+238
+00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:17,120
+nodded like this, and he raised his head. And he
+
+239
+00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,800
+said two of the most important lines of poetry in
+
+240
+00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:38,970
+Arabic literature. He replied, saying, You know
+
+241
+00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:39,430
+what it means?
+
+242
+00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:50,510
+I gave an example. I likened him to things lower
+
+243
+00:15:50,510 --> 00:15:56,020
+than him. فالله قد ضرب الأقل لمثله مثلا من المشكات
+
+244
+00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,960
+والنبراسي الله ايش قال عن نفسه عن نوره الله نوره
+
+245
+00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:03,860
+مثلا نوره كمشكاة مشكاة is nothing compared to
+
+246
+00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:08,060
+God's light but God used this مشكاة to make it
+
+247
+00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680
+clearer to this so I was like whoa now the guy
+
+248
+00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,760
+telling the story he said I looked at the poem the
+
+249
+00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:18,060
+text and I didn't find these lines so he
+
+250
+00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,880
+improvised them you know improvised To save him
+
+251
+00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,520
+without preparation, all of a sudden. Improvise
+
+252
+00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:30,340
+them. He cuts
+
+253
+00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:35,760
+a piece of his flesh. Because the best of the
+
+254
+00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,780
+best, it takes from your health, your life, your
+
+255
+00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:44,290
+soul. It drains your life. And he adds, وَمَا
+
+256
+00:16:44,290 --> 00:16:46,970
+لَبِثَ أَبُو تَمَّامُ حَتّى مَاتَ بَعْدَهَا. يعني
+
+257
+00:16:46,970 --> 00:16:50,070
+كأنه أبو تمام died because of these two lines of
+
+258
+00:16:50,070 --> 00:16:51,910
+verse because this is the best of the best he
+
+259
+00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:55,090
+could have. And it's very beautiful here because
+
+260
+00:16:55,870 --> 00:16:58,290
+Yes, people believe that poetry could kill poets.
+
+261
+00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,670
+And that's why people love poets and respect them.
+
+262
+00:17:01,010 --> 00:17:04,430
+Because we think they're just suffering for us,
+
+263
+00:17:04,830 --> 00:17:07,550
+sacrificing their own lives for us. And it's very
+
+264
+00:17:07,550 --> 00:17:10,810
+funny how the patron thing here is at play where
+
+265
+00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:15,670
+poets are competing. So Christopher Malo died
+
+266
+00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:18,270
+young. He is different from Shakespeare in two
+
+267
+00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:20,870
+main things. Number one, he went to university.
+
+268
+00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:24,110
+Remember, Shakespeare didn't go to university. He
+
+269
+00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:27,950
+went to a grammar school to study grammar, study
+
+270
+00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:33,410
+rhetoric, study Greek drama, whatever Now this guy
+
+271
+00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,710
+is described as a university wit, you know, wit,
+
+272
+00:17:37,070 --> 00:17:44,350
+university wit The people who went to university
+
+273
+00:17:44,350 --> 00:17:47,310
+either Oxford or Cambridge are described as
+
+274
+00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:52,320
+university wits Shakespeare didn't go there. So he
+
+275
+00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,600
+was more educated. He learned more about cultures,
+
+276
+00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:58,480
+about tragedy, about literature, about language,
+
+277
+00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,980
+about grammar. The other thing generally when we
+
+278
+00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:04,280
+speak about Shakespeare remember Shakespeare we
+
+279
+00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:08,920
+said usually he gives every character the
+
+280
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:13,460
+appropriate language and appropriate reactions
+
+281
+00:18:13,460 --> 00:18:18,980
+that would reflect number one his social class and
+
+282
+00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:22,700
+his psychological status Again, for Shakespeare, a
+
+283
+00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:26,280
+king speaks like kings. A queen speaks like
+
+284
+00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:30,360
+queens. A princess speaks like a princess. A
+
+285
+00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:34,240
+prince speaks like a prince. A porter, a
+
+286
+00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:39,070
+gravedigger, speaks like gravediggers. A
+
+287
+00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:41,890
+messenger, an educated man, speaks like the
+
+288
+00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:44,710
+educated people. An illiterate person speaks like
+
+289
+00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,350
+everyone has his language. And this is something
+
+290
+00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:50,370
+that tells about the genius of Shakespeare. It's
+
+291
+00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:53,050
+not easy. I know people who write short stories,
+
+292
+00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,130
+and there is a kid five years old in the story,
+
+293
+00:18:56,170 --> 00:18:59,370
+and the kid speaks like an educated person, a
+
+294
+00:18:59,370 --> 00:19:02,530
+university graduate. Sometimes it's not realistic.
+
+295
+00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,170
+Shakespeare gives a very, in a way, realistic
+
+296
+00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:08,500
+image about the language. In Hamlet, Hamlet is a
+
+297
+00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,280
+poet, right? A university student, so his
+
+298
+00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,240
+language, his poetry is really interesting,
+
+299
+00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:16,360
+beautiful. But when he is confused, when he is
+
+300
+00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:18,920
+suffering psychologically, when he pretends to be
+
+301
+00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,460
+mad, his language is influenced, it changes,
+
+302
+00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:27,140
+deteriorates. Now in Marlow, everybody speaks a
+
+303
+00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,120
+very highly poetic language. So Marlow is
+
+304
+00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,680
+different. Almost everybody, no matter whether
+
+305
+00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,760
+you're suffering or not, whether you are a woman
+
+306
+00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,140
+or a man, whether you are rich or poor, educated
+
+307
+00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:40,500
+or uneducated, usually people speak very poetic
+
+308
+00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,260
+language. So two differences between Shakespeare
+
+309
+00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,960
+and Marlow. Marlow went to university, Shakespeare
+
+310
+00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,860
+didn't. He only went to a grammar school.
+
+311
+00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,860
+Shakespeare uses a language that fits the person's
+
+312
+00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,680
+social and psychological status. Marlow gives
+
+313
+00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,460
+every character in his play a highly poetic
+
+314
+00:20:01,460 --> 00:20:07,360
+language. Okay? Now, we've studied two important
+
+315
+00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:12,960
+works by Marlow. Number one is Dr. Faustus. Listen
+
+316
+00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:19,110
+to me. Explain this in detail. Dr. Faustus. And as
+
+317
+00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:24,350
+the name suggests, the main character is a doctor.
+
+318
+00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,810
+And his name is Faustus. Now, Dr. Faustus tells
+
+319
+00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:34,110
+it's a tragedy that tells the story of a
+
+320
+00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:38,970
+scientist, a man of knowledge and learning, a man
+
+321
+00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:42,050
+who almost knows everything. And I think it was
+
+322
+00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:44,970
+possible then 400 years ago to know everything. I
+
+323
+00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:50,700
+don't know. But because Dr. Faustus is a tragic
+
+324
+00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:59,720
+hero, you know, tragic hero, he has a tragic flow.
+
+325
+00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:06,640
+Tragic flow, a weakness. He has some problem.
+
+326
+00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,520
+Remember Hamlet has too much hesitation. Othello,
+
+327
+00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:18,130
+too much jealousy. Macbeth, Too much ambition.
+
+328
+00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:23,210
+Remember, we said that man wanted to achieve
+
+329
+00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:27,250
+perfection, but man is not perfect. So this leads
+
+330
+00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:33,030
+to his downfall. Now, Dr. Faustus had too much
+
+331
+00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:40,050
+ambition and too much pride. Excess, excessive,
+
+332
+00:21:40,290 --> 00:21:43,750
+you know excessive? Too much, a lot. It's good to
+
+333
+00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:46,210
+be ambitious, but it's not good to be over
+
+334
+00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:49,850
+ambitious or to be ambitious like Dr. Faustus. So
+
+335
+00:21:49,850 --> 00:21:55,730
+he knows everything and now he wants to know more.
+
+336
+00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:00,050
+He learns magic and he manages to summon the
+
+337
+00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:05,230
+devil, Satan. And he signs a contract. Remember
+
+338
+00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:07,690
+the contract, the bond in Shylock, the mansion of
+
+339
+00:22:07,690 --> 00:22:12,250
+Venice? He signs a bond with the devil.
+
+340
+00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:20,770
+He gets unlimited access to knowledge everywhere,
+
+341
+00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:23,130
+every time, in the past, in the future, anything
+
+342
+00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:29,530
+in exchange for what? His soul. So we have his
+
+343
+00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:34,550
+soul in exchange for Knowledge. Would you do that?
+
+344
+00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:39,970
+Really? You wouldn't? This is not one day, one
+
+345
+00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:44,330
+year, two years, five years, 24 years of unlimited
+
+346
+00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:51,890
+access to knowledge in exchange for... No, 24
+
+347
+00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,450
+years later you give your soul in exchange for
+
+348
+00:22:54,450 --> 00:22:55,830
+this, so you pay later on.
+
+349
+00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:02,210
+So 24 years, would you like that? Would you accept
+
+350
+00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:04,470
+that? I would do it because I wouldn't live as
+
+351
+00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:08,650
+long as... Yeah, that's possible Or I know one of
+
+352
+00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:10,830
+the other group once, you know what I'm saying? I
+
+353
+00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,170
+would give my soul for a year of unlimited
+
+354
+00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:21,610
+internet or unlimited electricity Okay,
+
+355
+00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:25,650
+it's funny but again priorities This is 24 years
+
+356
+00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,790
+unlimited access, exposure to knowledge. And he
+
+357
+00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:33,070
+lives a life of a person who can summon everybody,
+
+358
+00:23:33,330 --> 00:23:36,330
+know everything, ask everybody about anything,
+
+359
+00:23:36,590 --> 00:23:39,970
+goes back in time and in the future, and gets the
+
+360
+00:23:39,970 --> 00:23:43,070
+knowledge he wants. And before he signs the bond,
+
+361
+00:23:43,210 --> 00:23:45,130
+the angels and the people around him are like,
+
+362
+00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:47,630
+Faustus, don't do this. You're stealing. Again,
+
+363
+00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:49,390
+listen. He's not stealing himself, his life.
+
+364
+00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:51,670
+Because if he sells his life, he's going to die
+
+365
+00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,510
+later on. But he's selling his soul, the most
+
+366
+00:23:54,510 --> 00:24:00,350
+important thing a man or a woman has. And now, in
+
+367
+00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:03,870
+a blink of an eye, the 24 years just passed. And
+
+368
+00:24:03,870 --> 00:24:07,450
+one hour before that, the clock strikes 12 for
+
+369
+00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:11,670
+Satan to come. Satan, the devil, he regrets
+
+370
+00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:16,470
+everything. He feels very remorseful. He wishes
+
+371
+00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:22,600
+that he hadn't accepted the deal with satan but
+
+372
+00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:28,380
+can he go back it's too late it's too late look at
+
+373
+00:24:28,380 --> 00:24:32,760
+the the extract here this is an extract page 35
+
+374
+00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:40,480
+look here this is dr faustus when time is the
+
+375
+00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:46,980
+clock is ticking oh
+
+376
+00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:54,330
+soul Be changed into little water drops and fall
+
+377
+00:24:54,330 --> 00:25:00,370
+into the ocean. Be found ugly hell. Give not. Come
+
+378
+00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:08,030
+not, Lucifer. I'll burn my box. Now, too late to
+
+379
+00:25:08,030 --> 00:25:11,690
+burn your box. Someone read this, please. OK.
+
+380
+00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:16,680
+Also, bees change into little water drops and fall
+
+381
+00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,000
+into ocean. Never be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap
+
+382
+00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,960
+nut, lucifer. Lucifer. Lucifer. I'll burn my box.
+
+383
+00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,840
+I'll burn my box. Yeah? Also, bees change into
+
+384
+00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:34,200
+little water drops and fall into the ocean. Never
+
+385
+00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,920
+be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap nut, lucifer.
+
+386
+00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,140
+I'll burn my box. Excellent reading. Yeah, please.
+
+387
+00:25:43,570 --> 00:25:47,630
+Also, we change into little water drops, and fall
+
+388
+00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:51,590
+into the ocean near we found. Ugly hill gave nut,
+
+389
+00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:55,490
+come nut, lucifer. I'll burn my house. And like we
+
+390
+00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,170
+said last time, this doesn't perfectly rhyme here.
+
+391
+00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:07,170
+So this is A, B, C, and D. No rhyme here, despite
+
+392
+00:26:07,170 --> 00:26:09,950
+the S for plural. And this is something we
+
+393
+00:26:09,950 --> 00:26:17,060
+described as blank. Verse without rhyme scheme.
+
+394
+00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,360
+Irregular rhyme scheme. Irregular rhyme scheme is
+
+395
+00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:26,860
+different. It has rhythm. What is he talking to?
+
+396
+00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,720
+Oh, okay. He's talking to his soul. Can his soul
+
+397
+00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,720
+talk back? No. What do you call this in poetry, in
+
+398
+00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:39,020
+literature?
+
+399
+00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,760
+No. I'm not sure whether he's alone or not. I'll
+
+400
+00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,220
+have to check this. But when you talk to someone
+
+401
+00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:57,540
+who doesn't hear or something that doesn't...
+
+402
+00:26:57,540 --> 00:27:03,610
+Is a soul a human being? Can the soul talk back?
+
+403
+00:27:03,790 --> 00:27:07,610
+Can it listen to you? So you give things the
+
+404
+00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:09,510
+features of a human being. What is this?
+
+405
+00:27:11,570 --> 00:27:16,270
+Personification. From person, personify.
+
+406
+00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:22,880
+What is a personification? Yeah, when you say, oh,
+
+407
+00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,380
+fan, oh, mobile, my best mobile, you're talking to
+
+408
+00:27:26,380 --> 00:27:29,640
+your best mobile. But here, we don't only have a
+
+409
+00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,100
+personification of the soul. He's talking directly
+
+410
+00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:34,960
+to something that is not there here. Generally,
+
+411
+00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,800
+this is also called in literature an apostrophe.
+
+412
+00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,660
+You know apostrophe? Yes. When we say count, this
+
+413
+00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:50,630
+is an apostrophe. But in literature, when you call
+
+414
+00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:53,330
+something that doesn't hear you, that is far away,
+
+415
+00:27:53,710 --> 00:27:56,130
+or something that is not there, when you call for
+
+416
+00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,790
+them, oh soul, this is called an apostrophe. An
+
+417
+00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:04,090
+apostrophe always has a personification. When you
+
+418
+00:28:04,090 --> 00:28:10,450
+say, oh fan, my lovely fan. Can it talk back to
+
+419
+00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:14,790
+you? It's called an apostrophe. An apostrophe. So
+
+420
+00:28:14,790 --> 00:28:17,190
+he's talking to his soul and he's also directing
+
+421
+00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:23,050
+his speech to the hell. Ugly hell. Give not, come
+
+422
+00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:27,610
+not Lucifer. Don't open your mouth. Don't take me.
+
+423
+00:28:28,110 --> 00:28:32,090
+Lucifer is the name of the devil, Satan. Don't
+
+424
+00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:36,030
+come Satan. Don't come oh devil. Because
+
+425
+00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:44,150
+I regret everything. I want to burn my box. I want
+
+426
+00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:47,750
+to burn my box. But it's too late. And this is,
+
+427
+00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:51,290
+again, in a way, it reflects something about that
+
+428
+00:28:51,290 --> 00:28:53,350
+time, the society, when people wanted to know
+
+429
+00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:56,490
+everything. But many people wanted to know more
+
+430
+00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,730
+than it is possible for a human being. So the
+
+431
+00:29:00,730 --> 00:29:04,600
+theme here is excessive ambition. The tragic hero
+
+432
+00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,420
+here has too much pride, too much pride because he
+
+433
+00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:10,640
+doesn't listen to anybody, and too much ambition
+
+434
+00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,960
+because he wants to know everything. He breaks the
+
+435
+00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,260
+barrier between what it means to be a human being
+
+436
+00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:19,620
+and what it means to be, I don't know, an angel
+
+437
+00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:24,180
+maybe, or a superhero. What happens at the end?
+
+438
+00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:28,400
+Does he die? Yeah, of course. His soul is taken by
+
+439
+00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,400
+the devil. Why does he believe that he is correct?
+
+440
+00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:40,770
+Because he breaks the norms. Because he signs a
+
+441
+00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:44,570
+bond, not with the angels, but with the devil. And
+
+442
+00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:49,250
+the devil takes you only to hell. Lucifer is the
+
+443
+00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:55,770
+name of the devil. Another text by Christopher
+
+444
+00:29:55,770 --> 00:30:01,550
+Malo is The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta. And as
+
+445
+00:30:01,550 --> 00:30:04,250
+the name suggests, look at the name. What is
+
+446
+00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:08,130
+interesting in the name? Oh, Jew. Interesting.
+
+447
+00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:09,690
+Reminds us of what?
+
+448
+00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:19,290
+Now, Marlow wrote his text before Shakespeare
+
+449
+00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:25,890
+wrote The Legend of Venice. Before. And it's true
+
+450
+00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:28,770
+that Shakespeare was inspired by Marlow.
+
+451
+00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:35,560
+In many ways, the Jew of Malta has the character
+
+452
+00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:41,840
+Barabas. He's the first main Jewish character in
+
+453
+00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,420
+English literature.
+
+454
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,180
+And in this text, we have also the first main
+
+455
+00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:55,980
+black servant, black character, Isamora. Black
+
+456
+00:30:55,980 --> 00:31:01,490
+character, Barabas' servant. Look at the
+
+457
+00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110
+interesting story of this play. It's a tragedy, of
+
+458
+00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:05,330
+course.
+
+459
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:11,690
+The story takes place in Malta. You know Malta?
+
+460
+00:31:11,850 --> 00:31:12,930
+It's around near here.
+
+461
+00:31:15,610 --> 00:31:20,870
+It tells the story of Malta, a place controlled
+
+462
+00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:26,490
+and ruled by Christians. By Christians. Now the
+
+463
+00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:30,110
+Ottoman Empire, you know, the Muslims, the Turks,
+
+464
+00:31:30,570 --> 00:31:35,870
+Turkey now, the Ottoman Empire sends a message to
+
+465
+00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,270
+Malta, to the ruler, saying, give us money, if you
+
+466
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,750
+don't, we will invade you and destroy you and kill
+
+467
+00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:47,590
+you. And the ruler is like, oh, I can't defend. I
+
+468
+00:31:47,590 --> 00:31:51,410
+don't have a strong army. But I have a plan. I'll
+
+469
+00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,170
+collect the money from the Jewish people, the
+
+470
+00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:56,950
+Jewish merchants, and give the money to the Turks.
+
+471
+00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,630
+It's interesting how we have black people,
+
+472
+00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:05,630
+Muslims, Jews, and Christians in a text 450 years
+
+473
+00:32:05,630 --> 00:32:09,610
+ago. I don't want to describe this as a clash of
+
+474
+00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,310
+civilizations, a clash of this. But we'll see how
+
+475
+00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:17,170
+not only Jews, but also Muslims and black people
+
+476
+00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,410
+are represented negatively. There is a lot of
+
+477
+00:32:22,410 --> 00:32:27,330
+racism here. Barabbas is depicted in a really
+
+478
+00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,390
+horrible, horrible way. A lot worse than Shylock.
+
+479
+00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:32,470
+Because in Shylock, sometimes we feel sorry for
+
+480
+00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:35,350
+him. We sympathize with him. But this is horrible
+
+481
+00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:39,450
+depiction. That's why many Jewish people hate and
+
+482
+00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,130
+dislike Marlow, accuse him of being anti-Semitic,
+
+483
+00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,770
+and I think he is. But don't be happy about any
+
+484
+00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:50,130
+racist person because Darul was once a racist,
+
+485
+00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:52,770
+always a racist. He's racist against Jews, against
+
+486
+00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:56,110
+Muslims, and against Africans and black people. So
+
+487
+00:32:56,110 --> 00:32:59,810
+the story in brief goes like this. The money is
+
+488
+00:32:59,810 --> 00:33:02,170
+taken from Barabas and other merchants to be given
+
+489
+00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:08,330
+to the Ottomans and Barabas feels angry and he
+
+490
+00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,450
+wants to take revenge. He uses his daughter and
+
+491
+00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,550
+that's probably the worst thing I have ever said.
+
+492
+00:33:16,810 --> 00:33:20,790
+Someone using his own daughter to take revenge and
+
+493
+00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:22,810
+because of his daughter two people fall in love
+
+494
+00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,570
+with her and that's his plan and they kill each
+
+495
+00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:30,690
+other, they die. First People, two people who die
+
+496
+00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:34,990
+here. And his daughter Abigail discovers how
+
+497
+00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:38,090
+horrible her father is and like Jessica in the
+
+498
+00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:40,930
+mansion of Venice, she leaves her father, she
+
+499
+00:33:40,930 --> 00:33:44,430
+converts to Christianity. And is that it? Is that
+
+500
+00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,430
+all? Of course not. He swears to take revenge.
+
+501
+00:33:53,670 --> 00:33:59,040
+To come after his daughter. She becomes a nun, you
+
+502
+00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,500
+know, a nun, a woman who gives herself to God in a
+
+503
+00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:07,740
+church. He uses Isamor with his help. He poisons
+
+504
+00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:11,920
+not only his daughter, but all the nuns in the
+
+505
+00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880
+church and they all died, including his daughter.
+
+506
+00:34:16,540 --> 00:34:22,380
+Is that all? We haven't started yet. Very long,
+
+507
+00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,510
+very complicated story, interesting story. But
+
+508
+00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,650
+remember in Shakespeare, in Shylock, we were like,
+
+509
+00:34:28,750 --> 00:34:31,970
+oh, he's good, he's not here. Oh, I feel sorry for
+
+510
+00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:37,990
+him. With Isamur, it's always evil, pure evil. So
+
+511
+00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:42,030
+later on, when he is discovered, he's arrested in
+
+512
+00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:44,830
+a way, but he again kills the people who arrested
+
+513
+00:34:44,830 --> 00:34:47,450
+him. He causes the death of many people. And then
+
+514
+00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:50,650
+he sends to the Ottomans, who haven't yet received
+
+515
+00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,270
+the money, tells them, listen, I'll help you
+
+516
+00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:57,900
+occupy Malta. Conspires with them, they attack
+
+517
+00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,140
+Malta, they occupy the whole island and many
+
+518
+00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:03,700
+people are killed and they choose him to be the
+
+519
+00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,080
+ruler. And then that's it? No. He conspires
+
+520
+00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680
+against other people, wants to kill more people
+
+521
+00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,520
+and causes the death of more probably scores of
+
+522
+00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,380
+people. I think hundreds of people died because of
+
+523
+00:35:18,380 --> 00:35:22,810
+Barabbas. and at the end he's discovered they knew
+
+524
+00:35:22,810 --> 00:35:26,390
+that he was behind most of these evil things and
+
+525
+00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:29,330
+he was put in a cauldron you know a pot and he was
+
+526
+00:35:29,330 --> 00:35:33,410
+killed tragedy horrible tragedy i'm not sure
+
+527
+00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:35,530
+whether you would like to watch something like
+
+528
+00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:38,550
+this or read something like this it's very tragic
+
+529
+00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:43,780
+very dark and there's a lot of racism yes I think,
+
+530
+00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:45,940
+remember in Shakespeare, we asked, is Shakespeare
+
+531
+00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,220
+a racist or was he exposing racism in his age?
+
+532
+00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,820
+Many people say Shakespeare was as racist as any
+
+533
+00:35:52,820 --> 00:35:59,300
+Elizabethan person. But here we have a lot of anti
+
+534
+00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,040
+-Muslim, Islamophobia, anti-Jewish sentiment, anti
+
+535
+00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,100
+-Semitism, and racism against black people.
+
+536
+00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,880
+Yeah, it's a matter of question. But I wouldn't
+
+537
+00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,880
+generally describe Shakespeare as a racist. But he
+
+538
+00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,420
+discusses racism. In my opinion, he's exposing
+
+539
+00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:22,240
+racism in his community. But this one, we don't
+
+540
+00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:27,340
+generally feel one tiny little bit of sorrow for
+
+541
+00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:31,480
+this man. He's evil. A man who uses his daughter
+
+542
+00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,560
+as a prostitute to kill people. A man who kills
+
+543
+00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,500
+his own daughter, who poisons her. Notice the
+
+544
+00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,500
+stereotype about Jews poisoning people and
+
+545
+00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:40,840
+everything.
+
+546
+00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:48,100
+That's Christopher Marlowe. We'll come back to
+
+547
+00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:59,360
+Marlowe as a poet. OK? We'll just, sorry? So why?
+
+548
+00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,860
+Maybe he wrote this tragedy. No, Hitler is a
+
+549
+00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:06,400
+racist person. He's a Nazi. He's a horrible person
+
+550
+00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,800
+who hated not only Jews, but Muslims and black
+
+551
+00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300
+people and all people who were different. He was a
+
+552
+00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,020
+white supremacist who believed only that Germans
+
+553
+00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:19,940
+are the pure race. There's no justification for
+
+554
+00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,040
+hurting anyone, let alone burning millions and
+
+555
+00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,580
+millions of people. I read that Hitler loved a
+
+556
+00:37:25,580 --> 00:37:29,420
+Jewish girl. Many stories about Hitler are really
+
+557
+00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:33,750
+like fake in so many ways. But what he did is
+
+558
+00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,630
+horrible. And as Palestinians, we don't like, we
+
+559
+00:37:39,630 --> 00:37:44,310
+hate Hitler. We shouldn't have any kind of
+
+560
+00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:49,410
+sentiment. Remember, we detach ourselves from
+
+561
+00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,850
+these racists. And at the same time, the Jews
+
+562
+00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:58,790
+generally are not to blame for what's going on to
+
+563
+00:37:58,790 --> 00:38:02,980
+us. We have the Zionist movement, Israel, many of
+
+564
+00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:04,700
+them are Jews, and that's the problem, the
+
+565
+00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:05,260
+occupation.
+
+566
+00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,980
+The Holocaust does not justify the destruction of
+
+567
+00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,770
+Palestine and the occupation of Palestine. And
+
+568
+00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,570
+also, the occupation does not mean we should be OK
+
+569
+00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,870
+with people killing like Hitler and everything.
+
+570
+00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:24,270
+But that's something else. So in brief, probably
+
+571
+00:38:24,270 --> 00:38:27,030
+we can leave Ben Johnson for next class. Ben
+
+572
+00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:30,310
+Johnson, very quickly, he was arrested at the
+
+573
+00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:34,050
+beginning of his life, more than once. And maybe
+
+574
+00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:36,170
+because he was critical of the monarchy, he was
+
+575
+00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:39,790
+critical of some people, he went to prison. But
+
+576
+00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:44,360
+clearly, later on, he realized that, OK, I know
+
+577
+00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,500
+how to be close to probably the king or the queen.
+
+578
+00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:52,100
+And he was friends, in a way, with King James. So
+
+579
+00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,500
+he, like Shakespeare, he's a veteran. He was
+
+580
+00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,020
+Elizabethan and Jacobian at the same time. He
+
+581
+00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,860
+wrote several plays, every man in his humor, every
+
+582
+00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,960
+man out of his humor. And two more important works
+
+583
+00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,160
+are Volpone and The Alchemist, like chemistry,
+
+584
+00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,000
+alchemist. I'm not going to tell you more about
+
+585
+00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,540
+this because only we need to know the names here.
+
+586
+00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,540
+But more important than this, and I'll stop here,
+
+587
+00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,560
+is what is called the mask.
+
+588
+00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:35,340
+The mask. And I'll conclude here. Remember the
+
+589
+00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:39,460
+play The Globe the stage people would be standing
+
+590
+00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,060
+and paying probably a penny and people would be in
+
+591
+00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:44,860
+the rows paying more money rich people Now the
+
+592
+00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:53,140
+mosque is also a play But But as a play the mosque
+
+593
+00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,380
+because King James loved the theater, so he
+
+594
+00:39:56,380 --> 00:39:58,960
+wouldn't go out He brought the theater and the
+
+595
+00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,820
+people and everything inside. He's the king,
+
+596
+00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,130
+right? And Johnson became a friend of hers. He
+
+597
+00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,710
+wrote several masks. A mask is a short play,
+
+598
+00:40:09,110 --> 00:40:11,430
+written especially for the king and the royal
+
+599
+00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:17,170
+family, performed on occasions only once. The king
+
+600
+00:40:17,170 --> 00:40:20,470
+shouldn't watch something twice. He's a king. So
+
+601
+00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,750
+short, written particularly for the king and the
+
+602
+00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:27,190
+royal family, performed once. And generally, we
+
+603
+00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,630
+don't have professional actors. they would, the
+
+604
+00:40:31,630 --> 00:40:36,070
+actors would be members of the noble families and
+
+605
+00:40:36,070 --> 00:40:39,590
+the royal families and this is the mask, mask from
+
+606
+00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:44,010
+mask because when the actors were on the stage you
+
+607
+00:40:44,010 --> 00:40:46,150
+know it wasn't good for the royal and noble people
+
+608
+00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:49,390
+to be actors they would hide their faces or part
+
+609
+00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:51,830
+of their faces you would still recognize them but
+
+610
+00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:57,060
+it's still like they're being someone else so the
+
+611
+00:40:57,060 --> 00:41:00,020
+mask is different from the play it's short it's
+
+612
+00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,080
+generally written for the royal family about the
+
+613
+00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,500
+royal family performed once and the actors are not
+
+614
+00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500
+professional actors but from the noble from the
+
+615
+00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,040
+noble and the royal families an important text
+
+616
+00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:19,560
+here is a play written by again Johnson written by
+
+617
+00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:25,400
+Johnson it's called the mask of queens as the name
+
+618
+00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:35,160
+suggests Mask, a play written by Johnson. Short to
+
+619
+00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:39,260
+be performed once in the court for the king and
+
+620
+00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:41,820
+the royal family and the noble family.
+
+621
+00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,420
+Now, we finished generally Ben Johnson. I'll stop
+
+622
+00:41:48,420 --> 00:41:52,020
+here. For next class, we'll have again in brief
+
+623
+00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:55,240
+two more dramatists, but then we'll speak about a
+
+624
+00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,000
+very important movement called
+
+625
+00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:03,260
+The Puritans. And we'll see what happened to
+
+626
+00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:10,480
+English drama and theater. If you have a question,
+
+627
+00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:11,380
+please do ask.
+
+628
+00:42:14,860 --> 00:42:18,380
+Marlow, Shakespeare. Think of comparing and
+
+629
+00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:22,840
+contrasting Shylock and Barabas.
+
+630
+00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:28,100
+Any question?
+
+631
+00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:32,430
+Please. If Shakespeare was a black person,
+
+632
+00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,810
+wouldn't he be included to the margins? Here? The
+
+633
+00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:40,750
+canon. The canon, et cetera? Yes, the canon. There
+
+634
+00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:45,470
+were many black people then, but probably he will
+
+635
+00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:47,770
+be ignored. Later on, we'll see how women were
+
+636
+00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,530
+ignored from the canon. Not because they don't
+
+637
+00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:54,770
+write well, but because they are women. So the
+
+638
+00:42:54,770 --> 00:42:59,860
+canon is not objective. For example, Afrabin wrote
+
+639
+00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:04,700
+a novel, a short novel, 50 years before the main
+
+640
+00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,400
+novel, the main novelist, Daniel Defoe. But 50
+
+641
+00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,860
+years later, when a man wrote a prose text, the
+
+642
+00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:16,840
+novel was like, whoa, this is something new. And
+
+643
+00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:20,060
+Afrabin was ignored. So I'll stop here. Thank you
+
+644
+00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:22,480
+very much. And we'll see you next week, inshallah.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1d7ff4508aa8a210ef9ed1f1c07b813f9ea8b89a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/0zmDRUuZ2vk_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2576 @@
+1
+00:00:20,910 --> 00:00:25,870
+Assalamu alaikum and welcome back to the English
+
+2
+00:00:25,870 --> 00:00:28,730
+introduction to English literature course. We
+
+3
+00:00:28,730 --> 00:00:33,010
+continue our journey discussing and examining the
+
+4
+00:00:33,010 --> 00:00:37,270
+Renaissance and the Renaissance figures, literary
+
+5
+00:00:37,270 --> 00:00:40,140
+figures. Like I said before, we're done with
+
+6
+00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:42,540
+Shakespeare. But at the same time, we are never
+
+7
+00:00:42,540 --> 00:00:45,520
+done with Shakespeare, because Shakespeare keeps
+
+8
+00:00:45,520 --> 00:00:49,900
+showing up every now and then. Today, we move to
+
+9
+00:00:49,900 --> 00:00:53,420
+speak about more dramatists in the Elizabethan
+
+10
+00:00:53,420 --> 00:00:56,360
+age. But before I do that, there are three things
+
+11
+00:00:56,360 --> 00:01:01,540
+I want to say. Number one, Shakespeare was a
+
+12
+00:01:01,540 --> 00:01:01,840
+veteran.
+
+13
+00:01:05,360 --> 00:01:10,820
+A veteran is a person who lives in two ages. He
+
+14
+00:01:10,820 --> 00:01:13,320
+was a veteran not because he lived at the end of
+
+15
+00:01:13,320 --> 00:01:16,520
+the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th
+
+16
+00:01:16,520 --> 00:01:20,980
+century, but because he also lived at the time of
+
+17
+00:01:20,980 --> 00:01:25,040
+Queen Elizabeth and also King James. So we have
+
+18
+00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:28,540
+Elizabeth and
+
+19
+00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:32,060
+King James I.
+
+20
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:37,850
+who ruled England at the beginning of the 17th
+
+21
+00:01:37,850 --> 00:01:40,650
+century. So Shakespeare was a veteran. He was both
+
+22
+00:01:40,650 --> 00:01:45,490
+Elizabethan and Jacobian. James, Jacobian
+
+23
+00:01:45,490 --> 00:01:49,290
+literature figure. Elizabethan literature,
+
+24
+00:01:49,770 --> 00:01:55,000
+literature that was written during the life of of
+
+25
+00:01:55,000 --> 00:01:57,320
+Queen Elizabeth. But sometimes Shakespeare is
+
+26
+00:01:57,320 --> 00:01:59,460
+generally referred to as an Elizabethan figure,
+
+27
+00:01:59,560 --> 00:02:03,780
+although he died more than 15 years later after
+
+28
+00:02:03,780 --> 00:02:08,360
+her death. So a veteran is a person who lives in
+
+29
+00:02:08,360 --> 00:02:11,680
+two eras, in two ages, during two reigns or
+
+30
+00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:15,600
+whatever. The other thing I want to speak about
+
+31
+00:02:15,600 --> 00:02:19,660
+before I begin is a very important term for the
+
+32
+00:02:19,660 --> 00:02:22,100
+course and every course we're studying at the
+
+33
+00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:24,040
+English department. It's called the English Canon.
+
+34
+00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:32,440
+A canon. And the English canon is a very important
+
+35
+00:02:32,440 --> 00:02:35,520
+terminology we need to understand. Have you ever
+
+36
+00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:39,760
+heard of the word canon? Yes. I heard camera.
+
+37
+00:02:40,460 --> 00:02:44,140
+Camera, canon, okay. Interesting. Good to link
+
+38
+00:02:44,140 --> 00:02:48,700
+things. The English canon refers to the most
+
+39
+00:02:48,700 --> 00:02:52,590
+important literary work in English literature. The
+
+40
+00:02:52,590 --> 00:02:55,510
+English canon, again, refers to the most important
+
+41
+00:02:55,510 --> 00:02:58,070
+literary works, the most important literary
+
+42
+00:02:58,070 --> 00:03:02,190
+figures, like Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Marlow,
+
+43
+00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,270
+Milton, also novelists and playwrights, William
+
+44
+00:03:07,270 --> 00:03:12,230
+Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Charles Dickens, Thomas
+
+45
+00:03:12,230 --> 00:03:14,910
+Hardy, the names that when we study English
+
+46
+00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,680
+literature here in Gaza, for example, We study
+
+47
+00:03:17,680 --> 00:03:20,400
+these names. When people in China study English
+
+48
+00:03:20,400 --> 00:03:22,200
+literature, they also study Shakespeare, and
+
+49
+00:03:22,200 --> 00:03:25,320
+Marlow, and Johnson, and Dickens, and Hardy, and
+
+50
+00:03:25,320 --> 00:03:27,340
+Tesseri. When people in Africa study English
+
+51
+00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:29,440
+literature, in South America, and everywhere,
+
+52
+00:03:30,980 --> 00:03:34,160
+generally the most important literary figures and
+
+53
+00:03:34,160 --> 00:03:37,380
+literary works are studied. So those people and
+
+54
+00:03:37,380 --> 00:03:41,720
+these texts are called canonical texts. What is
+
+55
+00:03:41,720 --> 00:03:44,260
+the canon again? It's the most important literary
+
+56
+00:03:44,260 --> 00:03:48,190
+works and literary figures. the most anthologized.
+
+57
+00:03:48,450 --> 00:03:51,090
+When you open any English literary anthology,
+
+58
+00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:53,890
+you'll find Shakespeare. You'll find Wordsworth.
+
+59
+00:03:54,090 --> 00:03:57,390
+You'll find T.S. Eliot. When you open any book
+
+60
+00:03:57,390 --> 00:04:00,130
+about literature, you'll find these names there.
+
+61
+00:04:00,790 --> 00:04:04,690
+So the English canon as a term is something we
+
+62
+00:04:04,690 --> 00:04:08,370
+should know. But more important than this is how
+
+63
+00:04:08,370 --> 00:04:14,510
+accurate, how good, how objective the canon is. Is
+
+64
+00:04:14,510 --> 00:04:17,710
+it objective? Does it mean everyone in the English
+
+65
+00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:21,830
+canon is a good writer who wrote well and everyone
+
+66
+00:04:21,830 --> 00:04:27,390
+who is not a canonical writer canonical author was
+
+67
+00:04:27,390 --> 00:04:29,710
+kicked out of the canon because he wasn't good?
+
+68
+00:04:30,890 --> 00:04:34,650
+Let's go back. Now, in the 20th century, many
+
+69
+00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,830
+critics started to do some kind of revisiting,
+
+70
+00:04:39,670 --> 00:04:43,650
+rereading the canon. People no longer take things
+
+71
+00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:48,130
+for granted. It's like, OK, Shakespeare is always
+
+72
+00:04:48,130 --> 00:04:50,570
+in the canon. He's the only author that is always
+
+73
+00:04:50,570 --> 00:04:54,510
+in the canon. So he's the most canonical author.
+
+74
+00:04:55,430 --> 00:04:58,910
+People who started studying and analyzing to
+
+75
+00:04:58,910 --> 00:05:01,750
+understand the canon and what authors, what texts
+
+76
+00:05:01,750 --> 00:05:04,890
+we have and why, they realized very interesting
+
+77
+00:05:04,890 --> 00:05:08,930
+things. Number one, they realized that all or
+
+78
+00:05:08,930 --> 00:05:13,850
+almost all authors are men. So which excludes?
+
+79
+00:05:14,350 --> 00:05:19,310
+Women. Generally it excludes women. Two, almost
+
+80
+00:05:19,310 --> 00:05:26,010
+all the authors are white Christians. It excludes
+
+81
+00:05:26,010 --> 00:05:30,290
+non-Christians and excludes non-white people,
+
+82
+00:05:30,490 --> 00:05:34,270
+people of color. And almost all the people in the
+
+83
+00:05:34,270 --> 00:05:38,170
+canon are European. When it comes to England,
+
+84
+00:05:38,310 --> 00:05:43,010
+mostly they focus on people of London. What does
+
+85
+00:05:43,010 --> 00:05:48,470
+it mean? It means The canon as a term is not fair.
+
+86
+00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:52,790
+It's subjective. Because sometimes if your writing
+
+87
+00:05:52,790 --> 00:05:57,510
+is different, or if you don't try to please the
+
+88
+00:05:57,510 --> 00:06:02,110
+mainstream, the official people, people are not
+
+89
+00:06:02,110 --> 00:06:05,110
+going to be happy with you or with your writing.
+
+90
+00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,190
+So you will be kicked out of the canon. So that's
+
+91
+00:06:08,190 --> 00:06:11,130
+number one. We'll go back to the canon next week
+
+92
+00:06:11,130 --> 00:06:14,490
+when we discuss John Donne. But again, the canon
+
+93
+00:06:14,490 --> 00:06:18,390
+is the most important literary works of a
+
+94
+00:06:18,390 --> 00:06:20,530
+particular era. When we speak about the English
+
+95
+00:06:20,530 --> 00:06:23,930
+canon in literature, we speak about the big names,
+
+96
+00:06:24,130 --> 00:06:29,010
+big texts, Hamlet, Macbeth, texts by other people,
+
+97
+00:06:29,110 --> 00:06:31,860
+etc. Not only Shakespeare, but other poets,
+
+98
+00:06:32,220 --> 00:06:38,380
+Johnson, Marlow, Samuel Johnson, Dryden, Milton, T
+
+99
+00:06:38,380 --> 00:06:40,660
+.S. Eliot, William Wadsworth, William Blake. These
+
+100
+00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:44,040
+are always there listed as important figures. But
+
+101
+00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:46,780
+do we have other figures who were excluded and
+
+102
+00:06:46,780 --> 00:06:50,080
+kicked out? In this course, we will reveal some of
+
+103
+00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:52,800
+these names. And we'll study them to understand
+
+104
+00:06:52,800 --> 00:06:55,660
+why they were kicked out. And generally, it was
+
+105
+00:06:55,660 --> 00:06:59,480
+because they didn't write Things similar to the
+
+106
+00:06:59,480 --> 00:07:05,040
+mainstream idea of what it is to write poetry. The
+
+107
+00:07:05,040 --> 00:07:10,660
+second term is patronage. You know patron?
+
+108
+00:07:11,500 --> 00:07:17,340
+Patronage. A patron is like a sponsor. You know
+
+109
+00:07:17,340 --> 00:07:20,960
+what a sponsor is? Someone who gives you money.
+
+110
+00:07:21,870 --> 00:07:24,130
+Exactly, like someone who gives you money to
+
+111
+00:07:24,130 --> 00:07:26,870
+study, gives you money to build your house, to
+
+112
+00:07:26,870 --> 00:07:30,170
+start your project. So a rich man, a businessman
+
+113
+00:07:30,170 --> 00:07:35,390
+who gives you a politician maybe, a donor who
+
+114
+00:07:35,390 --> 00:07:38,390
+gives you money so you can start something, a
+
+115
+00:07:38,390 --> 00:07:42,500
+patron. Or patronage is also another important
+
+116
+00:07:42,500 --> 00:07:45,000
+term we need to understand if we just need to
+
+117
+00:07:45,000 --> 00:07:48,040
+understand the classical Elizabethan literature
+
+118
+00:07:48,040 --> 00:07:51,800
+before and after. Now, in literature, a patron is
+
+119
+00:07:51,800 --> 00:07:55,100
+someone, generally a man, but sometimes could be a
+
+120
+00:07:55,100 --> 00:07:59,260
+woman, who belongs to the high class, sometimes
+
+121
+00:07:59,260 --> 00:08:02,440
+the royal family, and who has a lot of money,
+
+122
+00:08:02,560 --> 00:08:06,660
+rich. What does this person do? He gives the poet
+
+123
+00:08:06,660 --> 00:08:12,560
+money. and provides the poet with protection.
+
+124
+00:08:17,860 --> 00:08:20,180
+Remember we're talking about the Elizabethan age
+
+125
+00:08:20,180 --> 00:08:23,440
+and even before Chaucer by the way had a patron.
+
+126
+00:08:24,080 --> 00:08:26,380
+He couldn't write poetry sometimes because he
+
+127
+00:08:26,380 --> 00:08:28,760
+didn't have someone to support him because if you
+
+128
+00:08:28,760 --> 00:08:32,420
+don't have money Being a poet was not a job.
+
+129
+00:08:32,900 --> 00:08:36,080
+Nobody would be buying you poetry. So you have to
+
+130
+00:08:36,080 --> 00:08:38,560
+have a job. If you have a job, you don't have time
+
+131
+00:08:38,560 --> 00:08:43,400
+to write poetry. So a patron, again, what's a
+
+132
+00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:47,400
+patron? Someone, usually a man, a rich man with
+
+133
+00:08:47,400 --> 00:08:49,960
+money. Sometimes the patrons, usually they have a
+
+134
+00:08:49,960 --> 00:08:53,220
+literary taste. So because they love poetry, they
+
+135
+00:08:53,220 --> 00:08:55,880
+love literature, they take care of poets. So they
+
+136
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:09:00,790
+give poets money. in order to keep writing, to
+
+137
+00:09:00,790 --> 00:09:02,790
+write more. And they also provide them with
+
+138
+00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:06,090
+protection. You know protection? If you say
+
+139
+00:09:06,090 --> 00:09:08,750
+something that displeases someone, if you
+
+140
+00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,750
+criticize someone, maybe someone wants to arrest
+
+141
+00:09:12,750 --> 00:09:15,130
+you, to punish you for something, they say, oh,
+
+142
+00:09:15,410 --> 00:09:19,530
+no, no, no, no. Don't. This man is protected by
+
+143
+00:09:19,530 --> 00:09:22,370
+this patron. So some kind of political and social.
+
+144
+00:09:23,350 --> 00:09:26,850
+And he would invite you to his court, his palace,
+
+145
+00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,060
+And patronage had played an amazing role in
+
+146
+00:09:31,060 --> 00:09:33,740
+supporting... Remember we spoke about the printing
+
+147
+00:09:33,740 --> 00:09:35,740
+press, how it encouraged mass production?
+
+148
+00:09:36,540 --> 00:09:40,420
+Patronage also encouraged a lot of literary texts.
+
+149
+00:09:41,700 --> 00:09:44,740
+Now, as a poet, you stay at home, you have enough
+
+150
+00:09:44,740 --> 00:09:49,160
+money to live, and you can write as much poetry as
+
+151
+00:09:49,160 --> 00:09:53,520
+you can, as possible. However, this patronage came
+
+152
+00:09:53,520 --> 00:09:57,560
+with a tax, a sacrifice. If someone gives you
+
+153
+00:09:57,560 --> 00:10:01,320
+money, supports you with money, you need to write
+
+154
+00:10:01,320 --> 00:10:04,720
+good poetry about them, to praise them. If he
+
+155
+00:10:04,720 --> 00:10:07,720
+brings a new cat, you'll be writing, oh, cat, thou
+
+156
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,920
+art. Shall I compare thee to the best cats in the
+
+157
+00:10:10,920 --> 00:10:13,760
+world? Or shall I compare thee to lions? You are
+
+158
+00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,420
+more fearful and intimidated. If he buys a mobile
+
+159
+00:10:17,420 --> 00:10:22,300
+phone, you'll be like, wow. So you need to write
+
+160
+00:10:22,300 --> 00:10:27,740
+good poetry to praise them. So again. A patron is
+
+161
+00:10:27,740 --> 00:10:30,640
+a person usually with a literary taste and a lot
+
+162
+00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:34,460
+of money who provides poets with money and
+
+163
+00:10:34,460 --> 00:10:39,020
+protection. And it's a change for praise, for good
+
+164
+00:10:39,020 --> 00:10:42,820
+poetry sometimes. We'll speak about this later on.
+
+165
+00:10:43,040 --> 00:10:45,680
+We'll mention this again and again, important
+
+166
+00:10:45,680 --> 00:10:49,700
+terms. Now let's go to Christopher Marlowe.
+
+167
+00:10:50,220 --> 00:10:55,360
+Christopher Marlowe. Listen. Marlowe
+
+168
+00:10:58,530 --> 00:11:01,710
+was a poet in a way he was contemporary to
+
+169
+00:11:01,710 --> 00:11:04,750
+Shakespeare. He was a dramatist and a poet. We
+
+170
+00:11:04,750 --> 00:11:08,470
+study him today as a dramatist. Later on, we'll
+
+171
+00:11:08,470 --> 00:11:15,950
+come back to him. Many critics believe that Marlow
+
+172
+00:11:15,950 --> 00:11:19,390
+could have become more famous than Shakespeare.
+
+173
+00:11:19,470 --> 00:11:23,170
+Not many, some critics. Could have surpassed
+
+174
+00:11:23,170 --> 00:11:23,570
+Shakespeare.
+
+175
+00:11:26,200 --> 00:11:29,560
+But the sad thing is that Marlow died very young
+
+176
+00:11:29,560 --> 00:11:34,580
+at the age of 32. And there is something
+
+177
+00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:37,220
+mysterious about poets who die young. There are
+
+178
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:39,820
+many English poets who die very young. And when
+
+179
+00:11:39,820 --> 00:11:43,540
+they die very young, they have this kind of aura
+
+180
+00:11:43,540 --> 00:11:47,520
+about them. They look like prophets. People love
+
+181
+00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,000
+them more, love their poetry more, and respect
+
+182
+00:11:50,000 --> 00:11:52,500
+them more. Because you feel that they died because
+
+183
+00:11:52,500 --> 00:11:55,360
+of their poetry. They died because they wanted.
+
+184
+00:11:55,600 --> 00:11:58,500
+It's like teachers who die young, they become like
+
+185
+00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:03,100
+woe. But sometimes, later on, they live forever,
+
+186
+00:12:03,980 --> 00:12:06,660
+which is not good for some students, maybe. So
+
+187
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:10,240
+what I'm saying here is that the fact that Marlow
+
+188
+00:12:10,240 --> 00:12:16,540
+died young, at the age of 32, made him famous poet
+
+189
+00:12:16,540 --> 00:12:20,100
+and dramatist. Many believe he was, during his
+
+190
+00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:24,930
+lifetime, he was the most famous dramatist. The
+
+191
+00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,150
+most famous dramatist. More than Shakespeare,
+
+192
+00:12:27,290 --> 00:12:29,530
+because Shakespeare at that time was beginning to
+
+193
+00:12:29,530 --> 00:12:31,930
+write the good stuff we're studying. We just
+
+194
+00:12:31,930 --> 00:12:37,390
+started. He was starting. So had he not died
+
+195
+00:12:37,390 --> 00:12:41,810
+young, he would have surpassed Shakespeare, become
+
+196
+00:12:41,810 --> 00:12:44,530
+more famous than Shakespeare according to some
+
+197
+00:12:44,530 --> 00:12:47,570
+views. Now there are similarities and differences
+
+198
+00:12:47,570 --> 00:12:51,570
+between him and Shakespeare. But before I go
+
+199
+00:12:51,570 --> 00:12:54,810
+there, I'll tell you something, a very funny story
+
+200
+00:12:54,810 --> 00:12:56,770
+about, not funny, but really interesting, about
+
+201
+00:12:56,770 --> 00:13:00,130
+poets dying because of the poetry and how
+
+202
+00:13:00,130 --> 00:13:02,810
+patronage is really a fun thing, how it
+
+203
+00:13:02,810 --> 00:13:06,470
+influences. Because if you have a patron, there
+
+204
+00:13:06,470 --> 00:13:09,330
+are usually competitors. Other poets want to take
+
+205
+00:13:09,330 --> 00:13:11,790
+money, so they just write bitter poetry to your
+
+206
+00:13:11,790 --> 00:13:14,650
+patron and et cetera. I'll tell you this story
+
+207
+00:13:14,650 --> 00:13:18,940
+about Abu Tamam in Arabic. You know Abu Tamam? Abu
+
+208
+00:13:18,940 --> 00:13:21,060
+Tanabbi, Abu Tamam, famous poems. And I told you
+
+209
+00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,980
+before, you need, if you want to love English
+
+210
+00:13:23,980 --> 00:13:27,400
+literature, you need to love Arabic literature and
+
+211
+00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,560
+vice versa. Start with the beautiful poetry, the
+
+212
+00:13:30,560 --> 00:13:32,900
+beautiful stories about poets and authors and
+
+213
+00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:37,680
+everything. Now Abu Tamam was praising one of the,
+
+214
+00:13:38,720 --> 00:13:43,300
+that's Al Mutanabbi. Abu Tamam was praising the
+
+215
+00:13:43,300 --> 00:13:44,720
+caliph sometime.
+
+216
+00:13:47,680 --> 00:13:53,860
+And the other poets around kind of didn't want the
+
+217
+00:13:53,860 --> 00:13:56,960
+caliph to like Abu Tamam and his poetry. So he was
+
+218
+00:13:56,960 --> 00:14:01,700
+like praising again his patron, the caliph,
+
+219
+00:14:01,860 --> 00:14:05,620
+saying, So
+
+220
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:08,980
+the
+
+221
+00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:09,380
+caliph,
+
+222
+00:14:13,880 --> 00:14:17,100
+praising him, comparing him to famous Arab
+
+223
+00:14:17,100 --> 00:14:20,780
+generals, poets and people and fighters and
+
+224
+00:14:20,780 --> 00:14:23,700
+everything. So one of the poets sitting around
+
+225
+00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:29,060
+competing told the caliph,
+
+226
+00:14:31,850 --> 00:14:34,690
+Yes, it's okay. This is not good poetry. He's just
+
+227
+00:14:34,690 --> 00:14:38,250
+likening you to ordinary Arab shepherds and
+
+228
+00:14:38,250 --> 00:14:43,970
+Bedouins and desert people. And this was, you
+
+229
+00:14:43,970 --> 00:14:46,710
+know, Abu Tamman felt pressured here because
+
+230
+00:14:46,710 --> 00:14:49,150
+someone is competing with him. So he just nodded
+
+231
+00:14:49,150 --> 00:14:52,490
+something like this. He nodded like this and
+
+232
+00:14:52,490 --> 00:14:56,060
+waited and remained silent for a short while. In
+
+233
+00:14:56,060 --> 00:14:58,220
+Arabic, it's very famous in Arabic literature.
+
+234
+00:14:58,400 --> 00:15:01,760
+It's called Imaet Abu Tamam, or Itraqet Abu Tamam.
+
+235
+00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:04,000
+Look it up on Google. Itraqet Abu Tamam, meaning
+
+236
+00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,240
+when Abu Tamam reacted to this guy accusing him of
+
+237
+00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:13,160
+not likening the caliph to something worthy. So he
+
+238
+00:15:13,160 --> 00:15:17,120
+nodded like this, and he raised his head. And he
+
+239
+00:15:17,120 --> 00:15:21,800
+said two of the most important lines of poetry in
+
+240
+00:15:21,800 --> 00:15:38,970
+Arabic literature. He replied, saying, You know
+
+241
+00:15:38,970 --> 00:15:39,430
+what it means?
+
+242
+00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:50,510
+I gave an example. I likened him to things lower
+
+243
+00:15:50,510 --> 00:15:56,020
+than him. فالله قد ضرب الأقل لمثله مثلا من المشكات
+
+244
+00:15:56,020 --> 00:15:59,960
+والنبراسي الله ايش قال عن نفسه عن نوره الله نوره
+
+245
+00:15:59,960 --> 00:16:03,860
+مثلا نوره كمشكاة مشكاة is nothing compared to
+
+246
+00:16:03,860 --> 00:16:08,060
+God's light but God used this مشكاة to make it
+
+247
+00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680
+clearer to this so I was like whoa now the guy
+
+248
+00:16:12,680 --> 00:16:15,760
+telling the story he said I looked at the poem the
+
+249
+00:16:15,760 --> 00:16:18,060
+text and I didn't find these lines so he
+
+250
+00:16:18,060 --> 00:16:22,880
+improvised them you know improvised To save him
+
+251
+00:16:22,880 --> 00:16:25,520
+without preparation, all of a sudden. Improvise
+
+252
+00:16:25,520 --> 00:16:30,340
+them. He cuts
+
+253
+00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:35,760
+a piece of his flesh. Because the best of the
+
+254
+00:16:35,760 --> 00:16:38,780
+best, it takes from your health, your life, your
+
+255
+00:16:38,780 --> 00:16:44,290
+soul. It drains your life. And he adds, وَمَا
+
+256
+00:16:44,290 --> 00:16:46,970
+لَبِثَ أَبُو تَمَّامُ حَتّى مَاتَ بَعْدَهَا. يعني
+
+257
+00:16:46,970 --> 00:16:50,070
+كأنه أبو تمام died because of these two lines of
+
+258
+00:16:50,070 --> 00:16:51,910
+verse because this is the best of the best he
+
+259
+00:16:51,910 --> 00:16:55,090
+could have. And it's very beautiful here because
+
+260
+00:16:55,870 --> 00:16:58,290
+Yes, people believe that poetry could kill poets.
+
+261
+00:16:58,350 --> 00:17:00,670
+And that's why people love poets and respect them.
+
+262
+00:17:01,010 --> 00:17:04,430
+Because we think they're just suffering for us,
+
+263
+00:17:04,830 --> 00:17:07,550
+sacrificing their own lives for us. And it's very
+
+264
+00:17:07,550 --> 00:17:10,810
+funny how the patron thing here is at play where
+
+265
+00:17:10,810 --> 00:17:15,670
+poets are competing. So Christopher Malo died
+
+266
+00:17:15,670 --> 00:17:18,270
+young. He is different from Shakespeare in two
+
+267
+00:17:18,270 --> 00:17:20,870
+main things. Number one, he went to university.
+
+268
+00:17:21,210 --> 00:17:24,110
+Remember, Shakespeare didn't go to university. He
+
+269
+00:17:24,110 --> 00:17:27,950
+went to a grammar school to study grammar, study
+
+270
+00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:33,410
+rhetoric, study Greek drama, whatever Now this guy
+
+271
+00:17:33,410 --> 00:17:36,710
+is described as a university wit, you know, wit,
+
+272
+00:17:37,070 --> 00:17:44,350
+university wit The people who went to university
+
+273
+00:17:44,350 --> 00:17:47,310
+either Oxford or Cambridge are described as
+
+274
+00:17:47,310 --> 00:17:52,320
+university wits Shakespeare didn't go there. So he
+
+275
+00:17:52,320 --> 00:17:55,600
+was more educated. He learned more about cultures,
+
+276
+00:17:55,820 --> 00:17:58,480
+about tragedy, about literature, about language,
+
+277
+00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,980
+about grammar. The other thing generally when we
+
+278
+00:18:01,980 --> 00:18:04,280
+speak about Shakespeare remember Shakespeare we
+
+279
+00:18:04,280 --> 00:18:08,920
+said usually he gives every character the
+
+280
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:13,460
+appropriate language and appropriate reactions
+
+281
+00:18:13,460 --> 00:18:18,980
+that would reflect number one his social class and
+
+282
+00:18:18,980 --> 00:18:22,700
+his psychological status Again, for Shakespeare, a
+
+283
+00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:26,280
+king speaks like kings. A queen speaks like
+
+284
+00:18:26,280 --> 00:18:30,360
+queens. A princess speaks like a princess. A
+
+285
+00:18:30,360 --> 00:18:34,240
+prince speaks like a prince. A porter, a
+
+286
+00:18:34,240 --> 00:18:39,070
+gravedigger, speaks like gravediggers. A
+
+287
+00:18:39,070 --> 00:18:41,890
+messenger, an educated man, speaks like the
+
+288
+00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:44,710
+educated people. An illiterate person speaks like
+
+289
+00:18:44,710 --> 00:18:48,350
+everyone has his language. And this is something
+
+290
+00:18:48,350 --> 00:18:50,370
+that tells about the genius of Shakespeare. It's
+
+291
+00:18:50,370 --> 00:18:53,050
+not easy. I know people who write short stories,
+
+292
+00:18:53,470 --> 00:18:56,130
+and there is a kid five years old in the story,
+
+293
+00:18:56,170 --> 00:18:59,370
+and the kid speaks like an educated person, a
+
+294
+00:18:59,370 --> 00:19:02,530
+university graduate. Sometimes it's not realistic.
+
+295
+00:19:03,030 --> 00:19:05,170
+Shakespeare gives a very, in a way, realistic
+
+296
+00:19:05,170 --> 00:19:08,500
+image about the language. In Hamlet, Hamlet is a
+
+297
+00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,280
+poet, right? A university student, so his
+
+298
+00:19:11,280 --> 00:19:13,240
+language, his poetry is really interesting,
+
+299
+00:19:13,460 --> 00:19:16,360
+beautiful. But when he is confused, when he is
+
+300
+00:19:16,360 --> 00:19:18,920
+suffering psychologically, when he pretends to be
+
+301
+00:19:18,920 --> 00:19:21,460
+mad, his language is influenced, it changes,
+
+302
+00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:27,140
+deteriorates. Now in Marlow, everybody speaks a
+
+303
+00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:30,120
+very highly poetic language. So Marlow is
+
+304
+00:19:30,120 --> 00:19:32,680
+different. Almost everybody, no matter whether
+
+305
+00:19:32,680 --> 00:19:34,760
+you're suffering or not, whether you are a woman
+
+306
+00:19:34,760 --> 00:19:38,140
+or a man, whether you are rich or poor, educated
+
+307
+00:19:38,140 --> 00:19:40,500
+or uneducated, usually people speak very poetic
+
+308
+00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,260
+language. So two differences between Shakespeare
+
+309
+00:19:43,260 --> 00:19:46,960
+and Marlow. Marlow went to university, Shakespeare
+
+310
+00:19:46,960 --> 00:19:48,860
+didn't. He only went to a grammar school.
+
+311
+00:19:49,600 --> 00:19:53,860
+Shakespeare uses a language that fits the person's
+
+312
+00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:58,680
+social and psychological status. Marlow gives
+
+313
+00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,460
+every character in his play a highly poetic
+
+314
+00:20:01,460 --> 00:20:07,360
+language. Okay? Now, we've studied two important
+
+315
+00:20:07,360 --> 00:20:12,960
+works by Marlow. Number one is Dr. Faustus. Listen
+
+316
+00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:19,110
+to me. Explain this in detail. Dr. Faustus. And as
+
+317
+00:20:19,110 --> 00:20:24,350
+the name suggests, the main character is a doctor.
+
+318
+00:20:24,710 --> 00:20:28,810
+And his name is Faustus. Now, Dr. Faustus tells
+
+319
+00:20:28,810 --> 00:20:34,110
+it's a tragedy that tells the story of a
+
+320
+00:20:34,110 --> 00:20:38,970
+scientist, a man of knowledge and learning, a man
+
+321
+00:20:38,970 --> 00:20:42,050
+who almost knows everything. And I think it was
+
+322
+00:20:42,050 --> 00:20:44,970
+possible then 400 years ago to know everything. I
+
+323
+00:20:44,970 --> 00:20:50,700
+don't know. But because Dr. Faustus is a tragic
+
+324
+00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:59,720
+hero, you know, tragic hero, he has a tragic flow.
+
+325
+00:21:01,560 --> 00:21:06,640
+Tragic flow, a weakness. He has some problem.
+
+326
+00:21:07,300 --> 00:21:11,520
+Remember Hamlet has too much hesitation. Othello,
+
+327
+00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:18,130
+too much jealousy. Macbeth, Too much ambition.
+
+328
+00:21:19,290 --> 00:21:23,210
+Remember, we said that man wanted to achieve
+
+329
+00:21:23,210 --> 00:21:27,250
+perfection, but man is not perfect. So this leads
+
+330
+00:21:27,250 --> 00:21:33,030
+to his downfall. Now, Dr. Faustus had too much
+
+331
+00:21:33,030 --> 00:21:40,050
+ambition and too much pride. Excess, excessive,
+
+332
+00:21:40,290 --> 00:21:43,750
+you know excessive? Too much, a lot. It's good to
+
+333
+00:21:43,750 --> 00:21:46,210
+be ambitious, but it's not good to be over
+
+334
+00:21:46,210 --> 00:21:49,850
+ambitious or to be ambitious like Dr. Faustus. So
+
+335
+00:21:49,850 --> 00:21:55,730
+he knows everything and now he wants to know more.
+
+336
+00:21:55,870 --> 00:22:00,050
+He learns magic and he manages to summon the
+
+337
+00:22:00,050 --> 00:22:05,230
+devil, Satan. And he signs a contract. Remember
+
+338
+00:22:05,230 --> 00:22:07,690
+the contract, the bond in Shylock, the mansion of
+
+339
+00:22:07,690 --> 00:22:12,250
+Venice? He signs a bond with the devil.
+
+340
+00:22:15,610 --> 00:22:20,770
+He gets unlimited access to knowledge everywhere,
+
+341
+00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:23,130
+every time, in the past, in the future, anything
+
+342
+00:22:23,130 --> 00:22:29,530
+in exchange for what? His soul. So we have his
+
+343
+00:22:29,530 --> 00:22:34,550
+soul in exchange for Knowledge. Would you do that?
+
+344
+00:22:35,610 --> 00:22:39,970
+Really? You wouldn't? This is not one day, one
+
+345
+00:22:39,970 --> 00:22:44,330
+year, two years, five years, 24 years of unlimited
+
+346
+00:22:44,330 --> 00:22:51,890
+access to knowledge in exchange for... No, 24
+
+347
+00:22:51,890 --> 00:22:54,450
+years later you give your soul in exchange for
+
+348
+00:22:54,450 --> 00:22:55,830
+this, so you pay later on.
+
+349
+00:22:59,230 --> 00:23:02,210
+So 24 years, would you like that? Would you accept
+
+350
+00:23:02,210 --> 00:23:04,470
+that? I would do it because I wouldn't live as
+
+351
+00:23:04,470 --> 00:23:08,650
+long as... Yeah, that's possible Or I know one of
+
+352
+00:23:08,650 --> 00:23:10,830
+the other group once, you know what I'm saying? I
+
+353
+00:23:10,830 --> 00:23:16,170
+would give my soul for a year of unlimited
+
+354
+00:23:16,170 --> 00:23:21,610
+internet or unlimited electricity Okay,
+
+355
+00:23:21,850 --> 00:23:25,650
+it's funny but again priorities This is 24 years
+
+356
+00:23:25,650 --> 00:23:28,790
+unlimited access, exposure to knowledge. And he
+
+357
+00:23:28,790 --> 00:23:33,070
+lives a life of a person who can summon everybody,
+
+358
+00:23:33,330 --> 00:23:36,330
+know everything, ask everybody about anything,
+
+359
+00:23:36,590 --> 00:23:39,970
+goes back in time and in the future, and gets the
+
+360
+00:23:39,970 --> 00:23:43,070
+knowledge he wants. And before he signs the bond,
+
+361
+00:23:43,210 --> 00:23:45,130
+the angels and the people around him are like,
+
+362
+00:23:45,510 --> 00:23:47,630
+Faustus, don't do this. You're stealing. Again,
+
+363
+00:23:47,730 --> 00:23:49,390
+listen. He's not stealing himself, his life.
+
+364
+00:23:49,930 --> 00:23:51,670
+Because if he sells his life, he's going to die
+
+365
+00:23:51,670 --> 00:23:54,510
+later on. But he's selling his soul, the most
+
+366
+00:23:54,510 --> 00:24:00,350
+important thing a man or a woman has. And now, in
+
+367
+00:24:00,350 --> 00:24:03,870
+a blink of an eye, the 24 years just passed. And
+
+368
+00:24:03,870 --> 00:24:07,450
+one hour before that, the clock strikes 12 for
+
+369
+00:24:07,450 --> 00:24:11,670
+Satan to come. Satan, the devil, he regrets
+
+370
+00:24:11,670 --> 00:24:16,470
+everything. He feels very remorseful. He wishes
+
+371
+00:24:16,470 --> 00:24:22,600
+that he hadn't accepted the deal with satan but
+
+372
+00:24:22,600 --> 00:24:28,380
+can he go back it's too late it's too late look at
+
+373
+00:24:28,380 --> 00:24:32,760
+the the extract here this is an extract page 35
+
+374
+00:24:32,760 --> 00:24:40,480
+look here this is dr faustus when time is the
+
+375
+00:24:40,480 --> 00:24:46,980
+clock is ticking oh
+
+376
+00:24:46,980 --> 00:24:54,330
+soul Be changed into little water drops and fall
+
+377
+00:24:54,330 --> 00:25:00,370
+into the ocean. Be found ugly hell. Give not. Come
+
+378
+00:25:00,370 --> 00:25:08,030
+not, Lucifer. I'll burn my box. Now, too late to
+
+379
+00:25:08,030 --> 00:25:11,690
+burn your box. Someone read this, please. OK.
+
+380
+00:25:13,180 --> 00:25:16,680
+Also, bees change into little water drops and fall
+
+381
+00:25:16,680 --> 00:25:21,000
+into ocean. Never be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap
+
+382
+00:25:21,000 --> 00:25:24,960
+nut, lucifer. Lucifer. Lucifer. I'll burn my box.
+
+383
+00:25:24,960 --> 00:25:29,840
+I'll burn my box. Yeah? Also, bees change into
+
+384
+00:25:29,840 --> 00:25:34,200
+little water drops and fall into the ocean. Never
+
+385
+00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,920
+be found. Ugly hip, gap nut, gap nut, lucifer.
+
+386
+00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,140
+I'll burn my box. Excellent reading. Yeah, please.
+
+387
+00:25:43,570 --> 00:25:47,630
+Also, we change into little water drops, and fall
+
+388
+00:25:47,630 --> 00:25:51,590
+into the ocean near we found. Ugly hill gave nut,
+
+389
+00:25:51,970 --> 00:25:55,490
+come nut, lucifer. I'll burn my house. And like we
+
+390
+00:25:55,490 --> 00:25:59,170
+said last time, this doesn't perfectly rhyme here.
+
+391
+00:25:59,350 --> 00:26:07,170
+So this is A, B, C, and D. No rhyme here, despite
+
+392
+00:26:07,170 --> 00:26:09,950
+the S for plural. And this is something we
+
+393
+00:26:09,950 --> 00:26:17,060
+described as blank. Verse without rhyme scheme.
+
+394
+00:26:17,640 --> 00:26:21,360
+Irregular rhyme scheme. Irregular rhyme scheme is
+
+395
+00:26:21,360 --> 00:26:26,860
+different. It has rhythm. What is he talking to?
+
+396
+00:26:30,920 --> 00:26:35,720
+Oh, okay. He's talking to his soul. Can his soul
+
+397
+00:26:35,720 --> 00:26:38,720
+talk back? No. What do you call this in poetry, in
+
+398
+00:26:38,720 --> 00:26:39,020
+literature?
+
+399
+00:26:44,160 --> 00:26:47,760
+No. I'm not sure whether he's alone or not. I'll
+
+400
+00:26:47,760 --> 00:26:50,220
+have to check this. But when you talk to someone
+
+401
+00:26:50,220 --> 00:26:57,540
+who doesn't hear or something that doesn't...
+
+402
+00:26:57,540 --> 00:27:03,610
+Is a soul a human being? Can the soul talk back?
+
+403
+00:27:03,790 --> 00:27:07,610
+Can it listen to you? So you give things the
+
+404
+00:27:07,610 --> 00:27:09,510
+features of a human being. What is this?
+
+405
+00:27:11,570 --> 00:27:16,270
+Personification. From person, personify.
+
+406
+00:27:18,580 --> 00:27:22,880
+What is a personification? Yeah, when you say, oh,
+
+407
+00:27:23,080 --> 00:27:26,380
+fan, oh, mobile, my best mobile, you're talking to
+
+408
+00:27:26,380 --> 00:27:29,640
+your best mobile. But here, we don't only have a
+
+409
+00:27:29,640 --> 00:27:32,100
+personification of the soul. He's talking directly
+
+410
+00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:34,960
+to something that is not there here. Generally,
+
+411
+00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:37,800
+this is also called in literature an apostrophe.
+
+412
+00:27:40,940 --> 00:27:44,660
+You know apostrophe? Yes. When we say count, this
+
+413
+00:27:44,660 --> 00:27:50,630
+is an apostrophe. But in literature, when you call
+
+414
+00:27:50,630 --> 00:27:53,330
+something that doesn't hear you, that is far away,
+
+415
+00:27:53,710 --> 00:27:56,130
+or something that is not there, when you call for
+
+416
+00:27:56,130 --> 00:27:59,790
+them, oh soul, this is called an apostrophe. An
+
+417
+00:27:59,790 --> 00:28:04,090
+apostrophe always has a personification. When you
+
+418
+00:28:04,090 --> 00:28:10,450
+say, oh fan, my lovely fan. Can it talk back to
+
+419
+00:28:10,450 --> 00:28:14,790
+you? It's called an apostrophe. An apostrophe. So
+
+420
+00:28:14,790 --> 00:28:17,190
+he's talking to his soul and he's also directing
+
+421
+00:28:17,190 --> 00:28:23,050
+his speech to the hell. Ugly hell. Give not, come
+
+422
+00:28:23,050 --> 00:28:27,610
+not Lucifer. Don't open your mouth. Don't take me.
+
+423
+00:28:28,110 --> 00:28:32,090
+Lucifer is the name of the devil, Satan. Don't
+
+424
+00:28:32,090 --> 00:28:36,030
+come Satan. Don't come oh devil. Because
+
+425
+00:28:38,570 --> 00:28:44,150
+I regret everything. I want to burn my box. I want
+
+426
+00:28:44,150 --> 00:28:47,750
+to burn my box. But it's too late. And this is,
+
+427
+00:28:48,110 --> 00:28:51,290
+again, in a way, it reflects something about that
+
+428
+00:28:51,290 --> 00:28:53,350
+time, the society, when people wanted to know
+
+429
+00:28:53,350 --> 00:28:56,490
+everything. But many people wanted to know more
+
+430
+00:28:56,490 --> 00:29:00,730
+than it is possible for a human being. So the
+
+431
+00:29:00,730 --> 00:29:04,600
+theme here is excessive ambition. The tragic hero
+
+432
+00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:08,420
+here has too much pride, too much pride because he
+
+433
+00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:10,640
+doesn't listen to anybody, and too much ambition
+
+434
+00:29:10,640 --> 00:29:14,960
+because he wants to know everything. He breaks the
+
+435
+00:29:14,960 --> 00:29:17,260
+barrier between what it means to be a human being
+
+436
+00:29:17,260 --> 00:29:19,620
+and what it means to be, I don't know, an angel
+
+437
+00:29:19,620 --> 00:29:24,180
+maybe, or a superhero. What happens at the end?
+
+438
+00:29:24,240 --> 00:29:28,400
+Does he die? Yeah, of course. His soul is taken by
+
+439
+00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,400
+the devil. Why does he believe that he is correct?
+
+440
+00:29:34,730 --> 00:29:40,770
+Because he breaks the norms. Because he signs a
+
+441
+00:29:40,770 --> 00:29:44,570
+bond, not with the angels, but with the devil. And
+
+442
+00:29:44,570 --> 00:29:49,250
+the devil takes you only to hell. Lucifer is the
+
+443
+00:29:49,250 --> 00:29:55,770
+name of the devil. Another text by Christopher
+
+444
+00:29:55,770 --> 00:30:01,550
+Malo is The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta. And as
+
+445
+00:30:01,550 --> 00:30:04,250
+the name suggests, look at the name. What is
+
+446
+00:30:04,250 --> 00:30:08,130
+interesting in the name? Oh, Jew. Interesting.
+
+447
+00:30:08,670 --> 00:30:09,690
+Reminds us of what?
+
+448
+00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:19,290
+Now, Marlow wrote his text before Shakespeare
+
+449
+00:30:19,290 --> 00:30:25,890
+wrote The Legend of Venice. Before. And it's true
+
+450
+00:30:25,890 --> 00:30:28,770
+that Shakespeare was inspired by Marlow.
+
+451
+00:30:31,460 --> 00:30:35,560
+In many ways, the Jew of Malta has the character
+
+452
+00:30:35,560 --> 00:30:41,840
+Barabas. He's the first main Jewish character in
+
+453
+00:30:41,840 --> 00:30:42,420
+English literature.
+
+454
+00:30:45,480 --> 00:30:49,180
+And in this text, we have also the first main
+
+455
+00:30:49,180 --> 00:30:55,980
+black servant, black character, Isamora. Black
+
+456
+00:30:55,980 --> 00:31:01,490
+character, Barabas' servant. Look at the
+
+457
+00:31:01,490 --> 00:31:05,110
+interesting story of this play. It's a tragedy, of
+
+458
+00:31:05,110 --> 00:31:05,330
+course.
+
+459
+00:31:08,890 --> 00:31:11,690
+The story takes place in Malta. You know Malta?
+
+460
+00:31:11,850 --> 00:31:12,930
+It's around near here.
+
+461
+00:31:15,610 --> 00:31:20,870
+It tells the story of Malta, a place controlled
+
+462
+00:31:20,870 --> 00:31:26,490
+and ruled by Christians. By Christians. Now the
+
+463
+00:31:26,490 --> 00:31:30,110
+Ottoman Empire, you know, the Muslims, the Turks,
+
+464
+00:31:30,570 --> 00:31:35,870
+Turkey now, the Ottoman Empire sends a message to
+
+465
+00:31:35,870 --> 00:31:39,270
+Malta, to the ruler, saying, give us money, if you
+
+466
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,750
+don't, we will invade you and destroy you and kill
+
+467
+00:31:41,750 --> 00:31:47,590
+you. And the ruler is like, oh, I can't defend. I
+
+468
+00:31:47,590 --> 00:31:51,410
+don't have a strong army. But I have a plan. I'll
+
+469
+00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:53,170
+collect the money from the Jewish people, the
+
+470
+00:31:53,170 --> 00:31:56,950
+Jewish merchants, and give the money to the Turks.
+
+471
+00:31:58,630 --> 00:32:00,630
+It's interesting how we have black people,
+
+472
+00:32:00,830 --> 00:32:05,630
+Muslims, Jews, and Christians in a text 450 years
+
+473
+00:32:05,630 --> 00:32:09,610
+ago. I don't want to describe this as a clash of
+
+474
+00:32:09,610 --> 00:32:12,310
+civilizations, a clash of this. But we'll see how
+
+475
+00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:17,170
+not only Jews, but also Muslims and black people
+
+476
+00:32:17,170 --> 00:32:22,410
+are represented negatively. There is a lot of
+
+477
+00:32:22,410 --> 00:32:27,330
+racism here. Barabbas is depicted in a really
+
+478
+00:32:27,330 --> 00:32:30,390
+horrible, horrible way. A lot worse than Shylock.
+
+479
+00:32:30,470 --> 00:32:32,470
+Because in Shylock, sometimes we feel sorry for
+
+480
+00:32:32,470 --> 00:32:35,350
+him. We sympathize with him. But this is horrible
+
+481
+00:32:35,350 --> 00:32:39,450
+depiction. That's why many Jewish people hate and
+
+482
+00:32:39,450 --> 00:32:43,130
+dislike Marlow, accuse him of being anti-Semitic,
+
+483
+00:32:43,170 --> 00:32:47,770
+and I think he is. But don't be happy about any
+
+484
+00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:50,130
+racist person because Darul was once a racist,
+
+485
+00:32:50,290 --> 00:32:52,770
+always a racist. He's racist against Jews, against
+
+486
+00:32:52,770 --> 00:32:56,110
+Muslims, and against Africans and black people. So
+
+487
+00:32:56,110 --> 00:32:59,810
+the story in brief goes like this. The money is
+
+488
+00:32:59,810 --> 00:33:02,170
+taken from Barabas and other merchants to be given
+
+489
+00:33:02,170 --> 00:33:08,330
+to the Ottomans and Barabas feels angry and he
+
+490
+00:33:08,330 --> 00:33:12,450
+wants to take revenge. He uses his daughter and
+
+491
+00:33:12,450 --> 00:33:15,550
+that's probably the worst thing I have ever said.
+
+492
+00:33:16,810 --> 00:33:20,790
+Someone using his own daughter to take revenge and
+
+493
+00:33:20,790 --> 00:33:22,810
+because of his daughter two people fall in love
+
+494
+00:33:22,810 --> 00:33:25,570
+with her and that's his plan and they kill each
+
+495
+00:33:25,570 --> 00:33:30,690
+other, they die. First People, two people who die
+
+496
+00:33:30,690 --> 00:33:34,990
+here. And his daughter Abigail discovers how
+
+497
+00:33:34,990 --> 00:33:38,090
+horrible her father is and like Jessica in the
+
+498
+00:33:38,090 --> 00:33:40,930
+mansion of Venice, she leaves her father, she
+
+499
+00:33:40,930 --> 00:33:44,430
+converts to Christianity. And is that it? Is that
+
+500
+00:33:44,430 --> 00:33:51,430
+all? Of course not. He swears to take revenge.
+
+501
+00:33:53,670 --> 00:33:59,040
+To come after his daughter. She becomes a nun, you
+
+502
+00:33:59,040 --> 00:34:02,500
+know, a nun, a woman who gives herself to God in a
+
+503
+00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:07,740
+church. He uses Isamor with his help. He poisons
+
+504
+00:34:07,740 --> 00:34:11,920
+not only his daughter, but all the nuns in the
+
+505
+00:34:11,920 --> 00:34:14,880
+church and they all died, including his daughter.
+
+506
+00:34:16,540 --> 00:34:22,380
+Is that all? We haven't started yet. Very long,
+
+507
+00:34:22,440 --> 00:34:26,510
+very complicated story, interesting story. But
+
+508
+00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,650
+remember in Shakespeare, in Shylock, we were like,
+
+509
+00:34:28,750 --> 00:34:31,970
+oh, he's good, he's not here. Oh, I feel sorry for
+
+510
+00:34:31,970 --> 00:34:37,990
+him. With Isamur, it's always evil, pure evil. So
+
+511
+00:34:37,990 --> 00:34:42,030
+later on, when he is discovered, he's arrested in
+
+512
+00:34:42,030 --> 00:34:44,830
+a way, but he again kills the people who arrested
+
+513
+00:34:44,830 --> 00:34:47,450
+him. He causes the death of many people. And then
+
+514
+00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:50,650
+he sends to the Ottomans, who haven't yet received
+
+515
+00:34:50,650 --> 00:34:53,270
+the money, tells them, listen, I'll help you
+
+516
+00:34:53,270 --> 00:34:57,900
+occupy Malta. Conspires with them, they attack
+
+517
+00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:01,140
+Malta, they occupy the whole island and many
+
+518
+00:35:01,140 --> 00:35:03,700
+people are killed and they choose him to be the
+
+519
+00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:08,080
+ruler. And then that's it? No. He conspires
+
+520
+00:35:08,080 --> 00:35:11,680
+against other people, wants to kill more people
+
+521
+00:35:11,680 --> 00:35:15,520
+and causes the death of more probably scores of
+
+522
+00:35:15,520 --> 00:35:18,380
+people. I think hundreds of people died because of
+
+523
+00:35:18,380 --> 00:35:22,810
+Barabbas. and at the end he's discovered they knew
+
+524
+00:35:22,810 --> 00:35:26,390
+that he was behind most of these evil things and
+
+525
+00:35:26,390 --> 00:35:29,330
+he was put in a cauldron you know a pot and he was
+
+526
+00:35:29,330 --> 00:35:33,410
+killed tragedy horrible tragedy i'm not sure
+
+527
+00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:35,530
+whether you would like to watch something like
+
+528
+00:35:35,530 --> 00:35:38,550
+this or read something like this it's very tragic
+
+529
+00:35:38,550 --> 00:35:43,780
+very dark and there's a lot of racism yes I think,
+
+530
+00:35:43,920 --> 00:35:45,940
+remember in Shakespeare, we asked, is Shakespeare
+
+531
+00:35:45,940 --> 00:35:49,220
+a racist or was he exposing racism in his age?
+
+532
+00:35:49,920 --> 00:35:52,820
+Many people say Shakespeare was as racist as any
+
+533
+00:35:52,820 --> 00:35:59,300
+Elizabethan person. But here we have a lot of anti
+
+534
+00:35:59,300 --> 00:36:05,040
+-Muslim, Islamophobia, anti-Jewish sentiment, anti
+
+535
+00:36:05,040 --> 00:36:08,100
+-Semitism, and racism against black people.
+
+536
+00:36:10,680 --> 00:36:12,880
+Yeah, it's a matter of question. But I wouldn't
+
+537
+00:36:12,880 --> 00:36:15,880
+generally describe Shakespeare as a racist. But he
+
+538
+00:36:15,880 --> 00:36:18,420
+discusses racism. In my opinion, he's exposing
+
+539
+00:36:18,420 --> 00:36:22,240
+racism in his community. But this one, we don't
+
+540
+00:36:22,240 --> 00:36:27,340
+generally feel one tiny little bit of sorrow for
+
+541
+00:36:27,340 --> 00:36:31,480
+this man. He's evil. A man who uses his daughter
+
+542
+00:36:31,480 --> 00:36:35,560
+as a prostitute to kill people. A man who kills
+
+543
+00:36:35,560 --> 00:36:38,500
+his own daughter, who poisons her. Notice the
+
+544
+00:36:38,500 --> 00:36:40,500
+stereotype about Jews poisoning people and
+
+545
+00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:40,840
+everything.
+
+546
+00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:48,100
+That's Christopher Marlowe. We'll come back to
+
+547
+00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:59,360
+Marlowe as a poet. OK? We'll just, sorry? So why?
+
+548
+00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,860
+Maybe he wrote this tragedy. No, Hitler is a
+
+549
+00:37:03,860 --> 00:37:06,400
+racist person. He's a Nazi. He's a horrible person
+
+550
+00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,800
+who hated not only Jews, but Muslims and black
+
+551
+00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,300
+people and all people who were different. He was a
+
+552
+00:37:12,300 --> 00:37:15,020
+white supremacist who believed only that Germans
+
+553
+00:37:15,020 --> 00:37:19,940
+are the pure race. There's no justification for
+
+554
+00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,040
+hurting anyone, let alone burning millions and
+
+555
+00:37:23,040 --> 00:37:25,580
+millions of people. I read that Hitler loved a
+
+556
+00:37:25,580 --> 00:37:29,420
+Jewish girl. Many stories about Hitler are really
+
+557
+00:37:30,450 --> 00:37:33,750
+like fake in so many ways. But what he did is
+
+558
+00:37:33,750 --> 00:37:39,630
+horrible. And as Palestinians, we don't like, we
+
+559
+00:37:39,630 --> 00:37:44,310
+hate Hitler. We shouldn't have any kind of
+
+560
+00:37:44,310 --> 00:37:49,410
+sentiment. Remember, we detach ourselves from
+
+561
+00:37:49,410 --> 00:37:54,850
+these racists. And at the same time, the Jews
+
+562
+00:37:54,850 --> 00:37:58,790
+generally are not to blame for what's going on to
+
+563
+00:37:58,790 --> 00:38:02,980
+us. We have the Zionist movement, Israel, many of
+
+564
+00:38:02,980 --> 00:38:04,700
+them are Jews, and that's the problem, the
+
+565
+00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:05,260
+occupation.
+
+566
+00:38:07,960 --> 00:38:10,980
+The Holocaust does not justify the destruction of
+
+567
+00:38:10,980 --> 00:38:13,770
+Palestine and the occupation of Palestine. And
+
+568
+00:38:13,770 --> 00:38:17,570
+also, the occupation does not mean we should be OK
+
+569
+00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:19,870
+with people killing like Hitler and everything.
+
+570
+00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:24,270
+But that's something else. So in brief, probably
+
+571
+00:38:24,270 --> 00:38:27,030
+we can leave Ben Johnson for next class. Ben
+
+572
+00:38:27,030 --> 00:38:30,310
+Johnson, very quickly, he was arrested at the
+
+573
+00:38:30,310 --> 00:38:34,050
+beginning of his life, more than once. And maybe
+
+574
+00:38:34,050 --> 00:38:36,170
+because he was critical of the monarchy, he was
+
+575
+00:38:36,170 --> 00:38:39,790
+critical of some people, he went to prison. But
+
+576
+00:38:39,790 --> 00:38:44,360
+clearly, later on, he realized that, OK, I know
+
+577
+00:38:44,360 --> 00:38:48,500
+how to be close to probably the king or the queen.
+
+578
+00:38:48,720 --> 00:38:52,100
+And he was friends, in a way, with King James. So
+
+579
+00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,500
+he, like Shakespeare, he's a veteran. He was
+
+580
+00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,020
+Elizabethan and Jacobian at the same time. He
+
+581
+00:38:58,020 --> 00:39:02,860
+wrote several plays, every man in his humor, every
+
+582
+00:39:02,860 --> 00:39:06,960
+man out of his humor. And two more important works
+
+583
+00:39:06,960 --> 00:39:12,160
+are Volpone and The Alchemist, like chemistry,
+
+584
+00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:16,000
+alchemist. I'm not going to tell you more about
+
+585
+00:39:16,000 --> 00:39:18,540
+this because only we need to know the names here.
+
+586
+00:39:18,720 --> 00:39:20,540
+But more important than this, and I'll stop here,
+
+587
+00:39:21,540 --> 00:39:24,560
+is what is called the mask.
+
+588
+00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:35,340
+The mask. And I'll conclude here. Remember the
+
+589
+00:39:35,340 --> 00:39:39,460
+play The Globe the stage people would be standing
+
+590
+00:39:39,460 --> 00:39:42,060
+and paying probably a penny and people would be in
+
+591
+00:39:42,060 --> 00:39:44,860
+the rows paying more money rich people Now the
+
+592
+00:39:44,860 --> 00:39:53,140
+mosque is also a play But But as a play the mosque
+
+593
+00:39:53,140 --> 00:39:56,380
+because King James loved the theater, so he
+
+594
+00:39:56,380 --> 00:39:58,960
+wouldn't go out He brought the theater and the
+
+595
+00:39:58,960 --> 00:40:00,820
+people and everything inside. He's the king,
+
+596
+00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:05,130
+right? And Johnson became a friend of hers. He
+
+597
+00:40:05,130 --> 00:40:07,710
+wrote several masks. A mask is a short play,
+
+598
+00:40:09,110 --> 00:40:11,430
+written especially for the king and the royal
+
+599
+00:40:11,430 --> 00:40:17,170
+family, performed on occasions only once. The king
+
+600
+00:40:17,170 --> 00:40:20,470
+shouldn't watch something twice. He's a king. So
+
+601
+00:40:20,470 --> 00:40:23,750
+short, written particularly for the king and the
+
+602
+00:40:23,750 --> 00:40:27,190
+royal family, performed once. And generally, we
+
+603
+00:40:27,190 --> 00:40:31,630
+don't have professional actors. they would, the
+
+604
+00:40:31,630 --> 00:40:36,070
+actors would be members of the noble families and
+
+605
+00:40:36,070 --> 00:40:39,590
+the royal families and this is the mask, mask from
+
+606
+00:40:39,590 --> 00:40:44,010
+mask because when the actors were on the stage you
+
+607
+00:40:44,010 --> 00:40:46,150
+know it wasn't good for the royal and noble people
+
+608
+00:40:46,150 --> 00:40:49,390
+to be actors they would hide their faces or part
+
+609
+00:40:49,390 --> 00:40:51,830
+of their faces you would still recognize them but
+
+610
+00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:57,060
+it's still like they're being someone else so the
+
+611
+00:40:57,060 --> 00:41:00,020
+mask is different from the play it's short it's
+
+612
+00:41:00,020 --> 00:41:02,080
+generally written for the royal family about the
+
+613
+00:41:02,080 --> 00:41:05,500
+royal family performed once and the actors are not
+
+614
+00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,500
+professional actors but from the noble from the
+
+615
+00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,040
+noble and the royal families an important text
+
+616
+00:41:12,040 --> 00:41:19,560
+here is a play written by again Johnson written by
+
+617
+00:41:19,560 --> 00:41:25,400
+Johnson it's called the mask of queens as the name
+
+618
+00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:35,160
+suggests Mask, a play written by Johnson. Short to
+
+619
+00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:39,260
+be performed once in the court for the king and
+
+620
+00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:41,820
+the royal family and the noble family.
+
+621
+00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:48,420
+Now, we finished generally Ben Johnson. I'll stop
+
+622
+00:41:48,420 --> 00:41:52,020
+here. For next class, we'll have again in brief
+
+623
+00:41:52,020 --> 00:41:55,240
+two more dramatists, but then we'll speak about a
+
+624
+00:41:55,240 --> 00:41:57,000
+very important movement called
+
+625
+00:41:59,820 --> 00:42:03,260
+The Puritans. And we'll see what happened to
+
+626
+00:42:03,260 --> 00:42:10,480
+English drama and theater. If you have a question,
+
+627
+00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:11,380
+please do ask.
+
+628
+00:42:14,860 --> 00:42:18,380
+Marlow, Shakespeare. Think of comparing and
+
+629
+00:42:18,380 --> 00:42:22,840
+contrasting Shylock and Barabas.
+
+630
+00:42:25,340 --> 00:42:28,100
+Any question?
+
+631
+00:42:29,370 --> 00:42:32,430
+Please. If Shakespeare was a black person,
+
+632
+00:42:32,630 --> 00:42:37,810
+wouldn't he be included to the margins? Here? The
+
+633
+00:42:37,810 --> 00:42:40,750
+canon. The canon, et cetera? Yes, the canon. There
+
+634
+00:42:40,750 --> 00:42:45,470
+were many black people then, but probably he will
+
+635
+00:42:45,470 --> 00:42:47,770
+be ignored. Later on, we'll see how women were
+
+636
+00:42:47,770 --> 00:42:50,530
+ignored from the canon. Not because they don't
+
+637
+00:42:50,530 --> 00:42:54,770
+write well, but because they are women. So the
+
+638
+00:42:54,770 --> 00:42:59,860
+canon is not objective. For example, Afrabin wrote
+
+639
+00:42:59,860 --> 00:43:04,700
+a novel, a short novel, 50 years before the main
+
+640
+00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:09,400
+novel, the main novelist, Daniel Defoe. But 50
+
+641
+00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:12,860
+years later, when a man wrote a prose text, the
+
+642
+00:43:12,860 --> 00:43:16,840
+novel was like, whoa, this is something new. And
+
+643
+00:43:16,840 --> 00:43:20,060
+Afrabin was ignored. So I'll stop here. Thank you
+
+644
+00:43:20,060 --> 00:43:22,480
+very much. And we'll see you next week, inshallah.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2272 @@
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,810
+Hello everyone. Welcome back to English
+
+2
+00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:26,330
+Literature, Introduction to English Literature
+
+3
+00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:31,530
+course at the Islamic University. Last time we had
+
+4
+00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,210
+a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a
+
+5
+00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:41,770
+major Middle English figure whom we described as
+
+6
+00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:45,470
+the father of English literature. His name is
+
+7
+00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:51,840
+Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary
+
+8
+00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,960
+figure in the Middle English literary traditions.
+
+9
+00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:59,680
+Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by
+
+10
+00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,260
+several European, mainly Italian and French
+
+11
+00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:08,770
+writers. But in time, he realized that he has to
+
+12
+00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:12,030
+work on something more significant than imitating
+
+13
+00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,710
+European writers, which is the British identity,
+
+14
+00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:20,150
+the English identity. And his major text, as we
+
+15
+00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:24,550
+said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury.
+
+16
+00:01:25,550 --> 00:01:30,630
+The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name.
+
+17
+00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,270
+The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of
+
+18
+00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:41,110
+24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We
+
+19
+00:01:41,110 --> 00:01:44,410
+discussed some extracts from the poem, and we
+
+20
+00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:49,910
+reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in
+
+21
+00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:55,640
+a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles.
+
+22
+00:01:56,300 --> 00:01:59,500
+We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman
+
+23
+00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:05,960
+is trying to challenge her community by not
+
+24
+00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,740
+following the rules of the church, as we probably
+
+25
+00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:13,940
+guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the
+
+26
+00:02:13,940 --> 00:02:17,180
+knight we read about in Old English. He's no
+
+27
+00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,900
+longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man
+
+28
+00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:27,760
+for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen
+
+29
+00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,560
+how the philosopher is more interested in
+
+30
+00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,180
+collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer
+
+31
+00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:38,360
+uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English.
+
+32
+00:02:39,250 --> 00:02:41,790
+The English language started to be shaped. The
+
+33
+00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,650
+English, as we know it now, started from Middle
+
+34
+00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:45,750
+English. When we look at the Middle English text,
+
+35
+00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:48,350
+we can figure it out. The spelling is different,
+
+36
+00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:52,690
+but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke
+
+37
+00:02:52,690 --> 00:02:56,170
+about new themes. Cultural, British cultural,
+
+38
+00:02:56,290 --> 00:02:59,790
+English cultural, issues started to materialize in
+
+39
+00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:02,810
+a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new
+
+40
+00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:05,130
+people, especially again women started to appear
+
+41
+00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:07,830
+in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of
+
+42
+00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:11,870
+desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen
+
+43
+00:03:11,870 --> 00:03:14,630
+how the nun was in a way or another showing women
+
+44
+00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:18,450
+how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her
+
+45
+00:03:18,450 --> 00:03:23,050
+identity as a woman rather than as a character of
+
+46
+00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:28,770
+desire or someone controlled by a man. So going
+
+47
+00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,830
+back to that class, we see again the major themes,
+
+48
+00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:38,350
+major issues. Number one, the old English hero has
+
+49
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:43,510
+become A man of love, a man of romance. A man
+
+50
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,850
+interested in, again, collecting money. A man
+
+51
+00:03:46,850 --> 00:03:50,350
+interested in improving his own personal status
+
+52
+00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:54,230
+rather than sacrificing himself for the society,
+
+53
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:59,430
+for the people. And then old values of religious
+
+54
+00:03:59,430 --> 00:04:05,110
+idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we
+
+55
+00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:10,260
+must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic
+
+56
+00:04:10,260 --> 00:04:13,180
+religious values have started to change, and
+
+57
+00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:17,440
+people started to look for worldly gains. Women
+
+58
+00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,260
+started to appear first as objects of desire, but
+
+59
+00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:24,660
+later on, sometimes once in a while, there were
+
+60
+00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:28,580
+strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself.
+
+61
+00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,640
+At the beginning, again, remember, there has
+
+62
+00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,220
+always been European influence. But at this time,
+
+63
+00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:41,300
+England was working hard to shape its own
+
+64
+00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,300
+identity. When I speak about the English identity,
+
+65
+00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,920
+it's like what it takes to make an English text
+
+66
+00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,760
+English. Not only the language, but also the
+
+67
+00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,080
+culture and the setting maybe takes place in
+
+68
+00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,600
+England. It talks about English themes and
+
+69
+00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:05,300
+lifestyles. And again, important poets, important
+
+70
+00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:08,800
+figures like Chaucer started to work on the
+
+71
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,820
+national identity, to create a sense of national
+
+72
+00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:15,440
+identity. People now can identify as English and
+
+73
+00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,900
+be proud of this identity. Literature did a great
+
+74
+00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:26,500
+deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest
+
+75
+00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:29,710
+national myths of that time we'll come back to
+
+76
+00:05:29,710 --> 00:05:32,910
+this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
+
+77
+00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:35,570
+Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur
+
+78
+00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,450
+is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries
+
+79
+00:05:39,450 --> 00:05:41,690
+around this time. It was an oral tradition. And
+
+80
+00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:44,570
+later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was
+
+81
+00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:48,090
+written down. The story tells of King Arthur.
+
+82
+00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,630
+We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably
+
+83
+00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,770
+there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had
+
+84
+00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,760
+knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those
+
+85
+00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,260
+fighters always stood against evil, always stood
+
+86
+00:06:04,260 --> 00:06:07,940
+for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur
+
+87
+00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:11,500
+still, in a way or another, like once in a while,
+
+88
+00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:14,640
+shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry.
+
+89
+00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,960
+These are significant English names. We speak
+
+90
+00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,020
+about the rapidly changing society and how English
+
+91
+00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:27,900
+as a language and a culture was developing at that
+
+92
+00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:31,540
+time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas
+
+93
+00:06:31,540 --> 00:06:34,620
+about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major
+
+94
+00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:36,580
+issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time,
+
+95
+00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:40,860
+ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes,
+
+96
+00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,760
+please, one. He was an excellent poet, an
+
+97
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:50,080
+important figure, okay? He was the father of
+
+98
+00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:54,280
+English literature. What did he do? What features
+
+99
+00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:55,920
+does his poetry have?
+
+100
+00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,800
+A wide picture of the English life. His poetry
+
+101
+00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220
+describes the life mainly the middle class, the
+
+102
+00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:11,160
+ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had
+
+103
+00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,540
+to be a religious person or a hero to be in
+
+104
+00:07:13,540 --> 00:07:16,540
+poetry. But now more and more people started to
+
+105
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,750
+show up. Yes.
+
+106
+00:07:21,590 --> 00:07:25,690
+Important point here. Irony started to be used as
+
+107
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,270
+a tool where you say something and you mean the
+
+108
+00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:30,610
+opposite. You say something and you mean something
+
+109
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,190
+else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher
+
+110
+00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,930
+has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we
+
+111
+00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:41,590
+pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a
+
+112
+00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:44,370
+little gold. But then we remember that a
+
+113
+00:07:44,370 --> 00:07:48,310
+philosopher is supposed to be interested in
+
+114
+00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:48,670
+knowledge.
+
+115
+00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,550
+And a little gold is still probably a lot of
+
+116
+00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:57,850
+money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh,
+
+117
+00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:01,530
+interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions.
+
+118
+00:08:02,930 --> 00:08:05,550
+Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about
+
+119
+00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,390
+what things he did, what he introduced to English
+
+120
+00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:15,810
+literature, please? He used
+
+121
+00:08:15,810 --> 00:08:18,770
+rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there.
+
+122
+00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:21,590
+In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and
+
+123
+00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,290
+rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the
+
+124
+00:08:23,290 --> 00:08:26,130
+alliteration. But he also continued using the
+
+125
+00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,870
+musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and
+
+126
+00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:33,750
+the music. More? Please. He wanted.
+
+127
+00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:40,570
+OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an
+
+128
+00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:44,370
+uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120
+
+129
+00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:50,130
+stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan
+
+130
+00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:56,770
+for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer
+
+131
+00:08:56,770 --> 00:09:02,120
+brings more and more women to his poetry. And
+
+132
+00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,260
+we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong
+
+133
+00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,600
+character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is.
+
+134
+00:09:09,620 --> 00:09:12,660
+It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to
+
+135
+00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:15,640
+particular rules of the church, rules mainly
+
+136
+00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,780
+devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender
+
+137
+00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:25,980
+heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess
+
+138
+00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:32,550
+that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting
+
+139
+00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:35,530
+these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be
+
+140
+00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:42,130
+modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we
+
+141
+00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:46,730
+have a nun who is all sentiment, all about
+
+142
+00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:51,430
+emotions and love and feelings. This could be,
+
+143
+00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,590
+again, part of the problem in the society he's
+
+144
+00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:57,270
+discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how
+
+145
+00:09:57,270 --> 00:10:00,130
+people claim to be one thing, but in reality they
+
+146
+00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:04,450
+are another. But could this tell us more about the
+
+147
+00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:08,510
+nun trying to change the image of women? Probably.
+
+148
+00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:16,670
+Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more
+
+149
+00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,780
+English texts, more English poetry. But we're not
+
+150
+00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,140
+going to go in detail here, just in brief. The
+
+151
+00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,280
+first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called
+
+152
+00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:35,460
+John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not
+
+153
+00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:39,720
+English. In English, this means a confession or
+
+154
+00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,680
+the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And
+
+155
+00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,300
+this, again, shows how the writer is affected very
+
+156
+00:10:49,300 --> 00:10:54,730
+good, is influenced by by other European
+
+157
+00:10:54,730 --> 00:10:59,230
+literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably
+
+158
+00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:04,570
+German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how
+
+159
+00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:11,290
+long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33
+
+160
+00:11:11,290 --> 00:11:16,510
+,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text.
+
+161
+00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:23,370
+Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now,
+
+162
+00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:28,570
+as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a
+
+163
+00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,170
+person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing
+
+164
+00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:35,830
+women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting
+
+165
+00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:37,990
+their enemies. Again, this is the changing society
+
+166
+00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:42,490
+here, but chasing women in a way or another. And
+
+167
+00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:46,230
+at one point in the poem, the main character
+
+168
+00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,100
+decides to give up love. He says, I've done too
+
+169
+00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,080
+much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be
+
+170
+00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,900
+a different human being. Which is good. OK?
+
+171
+00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,460
+Probably we think he's going to be a reformed
+
+172
+00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:10,360
+person. But then we realize that he only does this
+
+173
+00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:15,700
+because he's a very, very old man. So he only
+
+174
+00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,380
+gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100
+
+175
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:24,530
+maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we
+
+176
+00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:28,090
+say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of
+
+177
+00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:31,530
+it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love
+
+178
+00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:34,150
+because you are a very old man, not because you
+
+179
+00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:36,750
+want to. And again, this is another use of iron
+
+180
+00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:42,310
+here, where people are made fun of. In a way,
+
+181
+00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,530
+we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good
+
+182
+00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:48,610
+man because he stops doing something that is not
+
+183
+00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,160
+Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't
+
+184
+00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,320
+stop because he wants to, but because he's an old
+
+185
+00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,480
+man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text
+
+186
+00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:07,800
+is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland.
+
+187
+00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:16,220
+This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also,
+
+188
+00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,180
+I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long
+
+189
+00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:25,760
+poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman,
+
+190
+00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,260
+he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in
+
+191
+00:13:30,260 --> 00:13:33,900
+early English, old English, we had little irony
+
+192
+00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,600
+and more religion, more heroism. But here, people
+
+193
+00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:42,100
+started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now,
+
+194
+00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:45,000
+it's easy to criticize people because people are
+
+195
+00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,000
+selfish, hypocritical.
+
+196
+00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,100
+And remember the dream vision we spoke about
+
+197
+00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,460
+before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this
+
+198
+00:13:57,460 --> 00:14:00,580
+story is told, this poem is part dream, part
+
+199
+00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:05,480
+reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a
+
+200
+00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,040
+poem that feels like someone is dreaming or
+
+201
+00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,580
+someone telling us a dream. So these are two main
+
+202
+00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:19,980
+texts from two main poems from Middle English. The
+
+203
+00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:25,880
+last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop
+
+204
+00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,760
+for a moment here to talk about Sargawen.
+
+205
+00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:37,780
+Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a
+
+206
+00:14:37,780 --> 00:14:43,500
+very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500
+
+207
+00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:49,180
+lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The
+
+208
+00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,720
+author is anonymous.
+
+209
+00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,040
+The author is anonymous.
+
+210
+00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,820
+Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it
+
+211
+00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:07,880
+is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the
+
+212
+00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:14,200
+round table. Remember the round table? of King
+
+213
+00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,980
+Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first
+
+214
+00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:23,060
+moment we hear the word knight, we remember very
+
+215
+00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:27,940
+quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a
+
+216
+00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:32,180
+knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's
+
+217
+00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:37,180
+supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless.
+
+218
+00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:41,690
+a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of
+
+219
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,210
+others to protect others, to bring safety, like
+
+220
+00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:48,010
+Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King
+
+221
+00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:52,550
+Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now,
+
+222
+00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:55,830
+what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500
+
+223
+00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:02,450
+lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight,
+
+224
+00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:07,490
+dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a
+
+225
+00:16:07,490 --> 00:16:11,530
+knight, on a green horse shows up at the place
+
+226
+00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:16,830
+where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge
+
+227
+00:16:16,830 --> 00:16:21,970
+any one of you to a duel, to a fight.
+
+228
+00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:33,380
+This challenge includes someone to cut the green
+
+229
+00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:39,360
+knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only
+
+230
+00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,900
+killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage
+
+231
+00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,680
+to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a
+
+232
+00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,500
+year and a day, I will come back and I will cut
+
+233
+00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,860
+your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to.
+
+234
+00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,390
+See how changed the knights are? And then King
+
+235
+00:16:59,390 --> 00:17:04,610
+Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a
+
+236
+00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:07,450
+relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK,
+
+237
+00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:10,770
+I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green
+
+238
+00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:16,310
+knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's
+
+239
+00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,570
+not dead because he uses magic. And this is a
+
+240
+00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:23,260
+myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far,
+
+241
+00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:25,540
+so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's
+
+242
+00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:29,740
+brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King
+
+243
+00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:33,140
+Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears,
+
+244
+00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:38,040
+Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He
+
+245
+00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:42,700
+finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in
+
+246
+00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100
+a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by
+
+247
+00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830
+the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him,
+
+248
+00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310
+tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her.
+
+249
+00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810
+Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay
+
+250
+00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750
+the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised,
+
+251
+00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000
+and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a
+
+252
+00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460
+long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt
+
+253
+00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060
+by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this,
+
+254
+00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620
+if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No
+
+255
+00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040
+one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now
+
+256
+00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940
+originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will
+
+257
+00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240
+not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He
+
+258
+00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680
+shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He
+
+259
+00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960
+doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching
+
+260
+00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380
+for the green knight, and the green knight tries
+
+261
+00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080
+to kill him, but he fails.
+
+262
+00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710
+And then at the end, we realize that the green
+
+263
+00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590
+knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's
+
+264
+00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190
+the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So
+
+265
+00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070
+he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers
+
+266
+00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270
+this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly
+
+267
+00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030
+embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell
+
+268
+00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010
+people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't
+
+269
+00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040
+defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry
+
+270
+00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820
+I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the
+
+271
+00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130
+green knight forgives him. He goes back to King
+
+272
+00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010
+Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa.
+
+273
+00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650
+Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he
+
+274
+00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690
+cut off the head a year ago, and his head should
+
+275
+00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950
+be cut by now. But when he comes back, people
+
+276
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870
+think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man
+
+277
+00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830
+that cuts off the head of the knight, and the
+
+278
+00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270
+knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated
+
+279
+00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430
+as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as
+
+280
+00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110
+readers, as audience, we know that he is a
+
+281
+00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010
+deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is,
+
+282
+00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310
+who is the main character in this poem, this long
+
+283
+00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310
+poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main
+
+284
+00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850
+character is the character who takes a lot of
+
+285
+00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270
+space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he
+
+286
+00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170
+do? Does he achieve something? Does he do
+
+287
+00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420
+something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a
+
+288
+00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440
+main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false
+
+289
+00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440
+hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book.
+
+290
+00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480
+He's an anti-hero.
+
+291
+00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660
+An important term we should know. In modern
+
+292
+00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080
+literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many
+
+293
+00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640
+anti-heroes. The main character who basically does
+
+294
+00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920
+nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of
+
+295
+00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520
+English literature is probably Segaway.
+
+296
+00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860
+And see how people at that time were thinking
+
+297
+00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540
+ahead of their time. This is something new and
+
+298
+00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360
+modern, where a main character is not the hero. So
+
+299
+00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240
+what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a
+
+300
+00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360
+main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf,
+
+301
+00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480
+doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do
+
+302
+00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220
+important things. Later on, this will be a major
+
+303
+00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520
+theme and a major technique in English literature
+
+304
+00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620
+and world literature, and even in movies in the
+
+305
+00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320
+20th century. What does this tell us again about
+
+306
+00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520
+the time? It tells us how the society was
+
+307
+00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330
+changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they
+
+308
+00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450
+started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get
+
+309
+00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410
+to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief,
+
+310
+00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930
+Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest
+
+311
+00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950
+and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable?
+
+312
+00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090
+He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He
+
+313
+00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470
+basically does nothing. And Segawin is the
+
+314
+00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630
+antihero, perhaps the first in English literature.
+
+315
+00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000
+We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to
+
+316
+00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340
+go into detail here because we'll focus on
+
+317
+00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500
+Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic
+
+318
+00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560
+things about medieval drama is that it was highly
+
+319
+00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220
+biblical drama.
+
+320
+00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160
+The stories of the drama of that age were taken
+
+321
+00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860
+from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to
+
+322
+00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320
+know. So they would take a story of some saint, a
+
+323
+00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980
+story of certain prophets or certain people, bad
+
+324
+00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620
+or good, from the Bible, and they would be
+
+325
+00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200
+performed either in the church or around the
+
+326
+00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940
+church. Don't forget the Bible was in what
+
+327
+00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940
+language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So
+
+328
+00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340
+perhaps the actors will be talking about
+
+329
+00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560
+something, and the audience, the English people,
+
+330
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100
+would be like, huh? What's going on? But again,
+
+331
+00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000
+because of the drama, because of the drama and the
+
+332
+00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800
+performance, it's easier. The difference between
+
+333
+00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880
+poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even
+
+334
+00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180
+until the 17th century. Drama was written in
+
+335
+00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200
+verse, in poetry. But the difference between
+
+336
+00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120
+poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to
+
+337
+00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920
+be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage
+
+338
+00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080
+and poetry was written basically to be sung. But
+
+339
+00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540
+both are written in poetry. The drama of this time
+
+340
+00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540
+is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of
+
+341
+00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880
+the terms, because they would take miraculous and
+
+342
+00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020
+mysterious events or people from the Bible, and
+
+343
+00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860
+they would act them. The purpose is to teach
+
+344
+00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480
+people good values, religious values, how to be
+
+345
+00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310
+good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this
+
+346
+00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210
+an act of literary expression? Could be. But it
+
+347
+00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450
+was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach
+
+348
+00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750
+people the Christian values. And again, we go back
+
+349
+00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310
+how the church itself took care, wrote down many
+
+350
+00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270
+old English texts. And now the church is also part
+
+351
+00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810
+of the development of the play. Now, a very
+
+352
+00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890
+important, probably the most important
+
+353
+00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260
+Invention in the history of literature in general
+
+354
+00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940
+and production and writing and books is the
+
+355
+00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340
+invention of the printing press. What is the
+
+356
+00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600
+printing press?
+
+357
+00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140
+What is the printing press? Okay. It's the
+
+358
+00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040
+invention of the machine.
+
+359
+00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660
+Okay, how do you think people made books before
+
+360
+00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420
+this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down.
+
+361
+00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500
+Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to
+
+362
+00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620
+watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took
+
+363
+00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500
+over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One
+
+364
+00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260
+year. I'm not sure how many people would it take.
+
+365
+00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980
+Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend
+
+366
+00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940
+one whole year copying a book. That is why books
+
+367
+00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900
+were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to
+
+368
+00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400
+produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them.
+
+369
+00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060
+Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous
+
+370
+00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500
+man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests,
+
+371
+00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990
+he's German. Although some people say, no, it
+
+372
+00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070
+wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing
+
+373
+00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670
+press. But it's a very important invention. Why is
+
+374
+00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470
+it important? Because now there is mass production
+
+375
+00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290
+of books. You don't just make one, two, ten
+
+376
+00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510
+copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies.
+
+377
+00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990
+Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying
+
+378
+00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010
+the book by hand. So the printing press was the
+
+379
+00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770
+invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg.
+
+380
+00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150
+He's a German man. What we care about is what
+
+381
+00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110
+William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the
+
+382
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390
+1470s, in the second half of the 15th century.
+
+383
+00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500
+That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the
+
+384
+00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240
+printing press to London, to England. And soon
+
+385
+00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140
+after, the first book that was published, was
+
+386
+00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500
+printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It
+
+387
+00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420
+is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made
+
+388
+00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140
+100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years.
+
+389
+00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200
+We just said that probably it takes more than one
+
+390
+00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480
+year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible.
+
+391
+00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240
+Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster.
+
+392
+00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320
+And that's the most important thing. This is what
+
+393
+00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380
+we call mass production. We'll talk about the
+
+394
+00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920
+technique in a bit. But this is what we care about
+
+395
+00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100
+more here. William Caxton, a very famous name.
+
+396
+00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860
+Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing
+
+397
+00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740
+press. He brought it to England. And the first
+
+398
+00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320
+book naturally to be printed is the Bible.
+
+399
+00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780
+Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the
+
+400
+00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200
+Knights of the Round Table. It was the first
+
+401
+00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340
+literature book to be printed by...
+
+402
+00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040
+In England. And the first literary book. In
+
+403
+00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740
+Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other
+
+404
+00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700
+books that were, of course, printed at that time,
+
+405
+00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550
+Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget
+
+406
+00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510
+this. Let's see this video, this very short video
+
+407
+00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810
+of the printing press. Now, again, look at this,
+
+408
+00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310
+watch and we'll comment on this video.
+
+409
+00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250
+The apprentice here is shown operating a replica
+
+410
+00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150
+of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of
+
+411
+00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490
+printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than
+
+412
+00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130
+hand copying books. In just under two years,
+
+413
+00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490
+Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin
+
+414
+00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010
+Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same
+
+415
+00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530
+amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this
+
+416
+00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780
+press in action at passages. The exhibit is
+
+417
+00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940
+currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK.
+
+418
+00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320
+So basically, the printing press at that time
+
+419
+00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660
+would, again, very quickly replace handwriting,
+
+420
+00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100
+hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the
+
+421
+00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820
+Bible in two years, the same period that would
+
+422
+00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720
+take one person to copy one copy. Now generally,
+
+423
+00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720
+the idea was to have so many letters of the
+
+424
+00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460
+alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital,
+
+425
+00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680
+and small, and to have as many letters as possible
+
+426
+00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660
+in middle. And then you put the letters. If you
+
+427
+00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380
+want to write a particular page, whatever the page
+
+428
+00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820
+is, you arrange the letters to give you this text.
+
+429
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640
+OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's
+
+430
+00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700
+say, assume, because this text was not already
+
+431
+00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660
+written by then. But April is the cruelest month.
+
+432
+00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080
+So what they do is they bring people to arrange
+
+433
+00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580
+the letters to produce this whole page. You have a
+
+434
+00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260
+whole text written, as we saw in the video, and
+
+435
+00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740
+they bring the letters to make the text they have
+
+436
+00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840
+on a particular page. Could be one page, could be
+
+437
+00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020
+two pages. And what happens is that they solve
+
+438
+00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860
+this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they
+
+439
+00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040
+bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And
+
+440
+00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920
+they start to make, for example, this is when they
+
+441
+00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060
+arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to
+
+442
+00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740
+arrange the letters of one page, one day, two
+
+443
+00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920
+days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once
+
+444
+00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890
+you have the text here of a particular page, And
+
+445
+00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870
+the ink, you make as many copies of this as
+
+446
+00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010
+possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred
+
+447
+00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870
+copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it
+
+448
+00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970
+aside and you go to the second page and you
+
+449
+00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890
+scramble the letters and you start over again. And
+
+450
+00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750
+then you bring them together, and you have 100,
+
+451
+00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750
+200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still
+
+452
+00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110
+slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's
+
+453
+00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670
+not faster. It's a lot faster, because again,
+
+454
+00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060
+almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have
+
+455
+00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640
+probably the same amount of time that would take
+
+456
+00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180
+one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This
+
+457
+00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900
+is the most important invention here, because it
+
+458
+00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860
+helped mass production of literature. Mass
+
+459
+00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140
+production of literature. Do you have any
+
+460
+00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650
+questions so far? So in brief, in addition to
+
+461
+00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050
+Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio
+
+462
+00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310
+Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a
+
+463
+00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850
+major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's
+
+464
+00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890
+the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's
+
+465
+00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960
+about the rapidly changing society about false
+
+466
+00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160
+knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final
+
+467
+00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880
+name in Middle English is someone, some poet
+
+468
+00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500
+called John Skilton. Before we comment on John
+
+469
+00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760
+Skilton, can someone please read his poem and
+
+470
+00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320
+raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance.
+
+471
+00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000
+by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of
+
+472
+00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260
+cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and
+
+473
+00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060
+shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance.
+
+474
+00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800
+Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation.
+
+475
+00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500
+Exclamation.
+
+476
+00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420
+Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark?
+
+477
+00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610
+Yeah, by way of Yes.
+
+478
+00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650
+Very good. One more. Over there, please.
+
+479
+00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570
+Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear.
+
+480
+00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920
+Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on
+
+481
+00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840
+the whole nation of cats wild and
+
+482
+00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080
+tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send
+
+483
+00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610
+them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By
+
+484
+00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210
+the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that
+
+485
+00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550
+is written probably around these times, right?
+
+486
+00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970
+Because the text is about cats. Someone is
+
+487
+00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310
+complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat
+
+488
+00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650
+or a mouse. What does the text communicate with
+
+489
+00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990
+you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text?
+
+490
+00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430
+It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main
+
+491
+00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070
+character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero,
+
+492
+00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550
+no longer a man even. New characters, new themes,
+
+493
+00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630
+new people started to appear. This is a bird, a
+
+494
+00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170
+pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's
+
+495
+00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730
+complaining about all cats, not only wild cats,
+
+496
+00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950
+but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's
+
+497
+00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510
+wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this
+
+498
+00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250
+prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer
+
+499
+00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970
+for you to be good and to go to paradise, to
+
+500
+00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830
+heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame.
+
+501
+00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340
+This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny
+
+502
+00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220
+text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry
+
+503
+00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500
+should be the texts, the literature of the elite,
+
+504
+00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340
+the high class. Only important educated people,
+
+505
+00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900
+the king, the queen, the palace, serious language,
+
+506
+00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860
+serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle
+
+507
+00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960
+English era people who started to change this, to
+
+508
+00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220
+include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I
+
+509
+00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100
+think this is a text that was written for
+
+510
+00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480
+children, for kids, to challenge again the idea
+
+511
+00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980
+that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich
+
+512
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300
+people, the famous people, the educated people.
+
+513
+00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600
+This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling
+
+514
+00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710
+us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about
+
+515
+00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330
+anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly
+
+516
+00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670
+sophisticated or difficult language. It could be
+
+517
+00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470
+anything. Another explanation could be the fact
+
+518
+00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410
+that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism
+
+519
+00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410
+when you use animals instead of people or an
+
+520
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330
+allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop
+
+521
+00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620
+when the mouse and the lion We love these stories.
+
+522
+00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180
+We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember
+
+523
+00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820
+them. But we also learn some values. We learn some
+
+524
+00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780
+lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a
+
+525
+00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160
+person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining
+
+526
+00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120
+about the rich people, the king, the church, the
+
+527
+00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040
+government maybe?
+
+528
+00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460
+But cats still?
+
+529
+00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050
+can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end
+
+530
+00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650
+here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton
+
+531
+00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670
+is one of the late Middle English poets. He
+
+532
+00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190
+brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and
+
+533
+00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110
+fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about
+
+534
+00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410
+everything. It doesn't have to be about battles
+
+535
+00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850
+and wars and irony and knights. It could be about
+
+536
+00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550
+cats and birds.
+
+537
+00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790
+Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most
+
+538
+00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830
+important conclusion here, he shows the perfect
+
+539
+00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690
+example of strong sense of English language and
+
+540
+00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890
+English identity in literature, in language, in
+
+541
+00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980
+thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free
+
+542
+00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700
+itself from the influences of Europe and European
+
+543
+00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560
+countries like Italy and France and Germany and
+
+544
+00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700
+Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on.
+
+545
+00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280
+Does cats and birds symbolize something specific
+
+546
+00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700
+or the right of children? What do you think? Do
+
+547
+00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920
+cats here symbolize Something, does the bird
+
+548
+00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540
+symbolize something? Think of this. We probably
+
+549
+00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680
+can talk about this later on. But like, we have
+
+550
+00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600
+this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for
+
+551
+00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220
+Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for
+
+552
+00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900
+kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there
+
+553
+00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720
+is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna
+
+554
+00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750
+yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political
+
+555
+00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990
+message against the British occupation of Egypt at
+
+556
+00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930
+that time. But why would people use symbolism and
+
+557
+00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350
+animals instead of using real characters?
+
+558
+00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450
+Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to
+
+559
+00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030
+make it easier for people to remember and
+
+560
+00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650
+memorize, to understand this unimplied message
+
+561
+00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150
+here, finally.
+
+562
+00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370
+He wants his poem to be published. If he
+
+563
+00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670
+criticizes the political establishment,
+
+564
+00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090
+they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK,
+
+565
+00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270
+thank you very much. We stop here. We end our
+
+566
+00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850
+discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next
+
+567
+00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930
+time, we do Renaissance literature and
+
+568
+00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290
+Shakespeare.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec87769fb39ba8502b5b86ebea138e1d287fda60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/4fnQEZ7N2iA_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2272 @@
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:23,810
+Hello everyone. Welcome back to English
+
+2
+00:00:23,810 --> 00:00:26,330
+Literature, Introduction to English Literature
+
+3
+00:00:26,330 --> 00:00:31,530
+course at the Islamic University. Last time we had
+
+4
+00:00:31,530 --> 00:00:36,210
+a sort of probably uninteresting discussion on a
+
+5
+00:00:36,210 --> 00:00:41,770
+major Middle English figure whom we described as
+
+6
+00:00:41,770 --> 00:00:45,470
+the father of English literature. His name is
+
+7
+00:00:47,620 --> 00:00:51,840
+Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer is a major literary
+
+8
+00:00:51,840 --> 00:00:54,960
+figure in the Middle English literary traditions.
+
+9
+00:00:55,780 --> 00:00:59,680
+Geoffrey Chaucer originally was influenced by
+
+10
+00:00:59,680 --> 00:01:03,260
+several European, mainly Italian and French
+
+11
+00:01:03,260 --> 00:01:08,770
+writers. But in time, he realized that he has to
+
+12
+00:01:08,770 --> 00:01:12,030
+work on something more significant than imitating
+
+13
+00:01:12,030 --> 00:01:15,710
+European writers, which is the British identity,
+
+14
+00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:20,150
+the English identity. And his major text, as we
+
+15
+00:01:20,150 --> 00:01:24,550
+said last time, is The Canterbury. The Canterbury.
+
+16
+00:01:25,550 --> 00:01:30,630
+The Canterbury. Tales. You should know the name.
+
+17
+00:01:30,950 --> 00:01:35,270
+The Canterbury Tales is, again, the long poem of
+
+18
+00:01:35,270 --> 00:01:41,110
+24 tales in poetic forms by Geoffrey Chaucer. We
+
+19
+00:01:41,110 --> 00:01:44,410
+discussed some extracts from the poem, and we
+
+20
+00:01:44,410 --> 00:01:49,910
+reflected on how these poems, how these lines, in
+
+21
+00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:55,640
+a way or another show a wide range of lifestyles.
+
+22
+00:01:56,300 --> 00:01:59,500
+We discussed, for example, how the nun as a woman
+
+23
+00:01:59,500 --> 00:02:05,960
+is trying to challenge her community by not
+
+24
+00:02:05,960 --> 00:02:10,740
+following the rules of the church, as we probably
+
+25
+00:02:10,740 --> 00:02:13,940
+guessed. We've seen how the knight was not the
+
+26
+00:02:13,940 --> 00:02:17,180
+knight we read about in Old English. He's no
+
+27
+00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:23,900
+longer Beowulf. The knight is selfish, each man
+
+28
+00:02:23,900 --> 00:02:27,760
+for himself, and there is no other. And we've seen
+
+29
+00:02:27,760 --> 00:02:30,560
+how the philosopher is more interested in
+
+30
+00:02:30,560 --> 00:02:34,180
+collecting money, gold, and how, again, Chaucer
+
+31
+00:02:34,180 --> 00:02:38,360
+uses irony to talk about this. So Middle English.
+
+32
+00:02:39,250 --> 00:02:41,790
+The English language started to be shaped. The
+
+33
+00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,650
+English, as we know it now, started from Middle
+
+34
+00:02:43,650 --> 00:02:45,750
+English. When we look at the Middle English text,
+
+35
+00:02:45,810 --> 00:02:48,350
+we can figure it out. The spelling is different,
+
+36
+00:02:48,450 --> 00:02:52,690
+but some words can be easily figured out. We spoke
+
+37
+00:02:52,690 --> 00:02:56,170
+about new themes. Cultural, British cultural,
+
+38
+00:02:56,290 --> 00:02:59,790
+English cultural, issues started to materialize in
+
+39
+00:02:59,790 --> 00:03:02,810
+a way or another. We spoke about new themes, new
+
+40
+00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:05,130
+people, especially again women started to appear
+
+41
+00:03:05,130 --> 00:03:07,830
+in poems. At the beginning, they were objects of
+
+42
+00:03:07,830 --> 00:03:11,870
+desire. Not good, not good enough. But we've seen
+
+43
+00:03:11,870 --> 00:03:14,630
+how the nun was in a way or another showing women
+
+44
+00:03:14,630 --> 00:03:18,450
+how to struggle and how to show her humanity, her
+
+45
+00:03:18,450 --> 00:03:23,050
+identity as a woman rather than as a character of
+
+46
+00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:28,770
+desire or someone controlled by a man. So going
+
+47
+00:03:28,770 --> 00:03:32,830
+back to that class, we see again the major themes,
+
+48
+00:03:33,090 --> 00:03:38,350
+major issues. Number one, the old English hero has
+
+49
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:43,510
+become A man of love, a man of romance. A man
+
+50
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,850
+interested in, again, collecting money. A man
+
+51
+00:03:46,850 --> 00:03:50,350
+interested in improving his own personal status
+
+52
+00:03:50,350 --> 00:03:54,230
+rather than sacrificing himself for the society,
+
+53
+00:03:54,410 --> 00:03:59,430
+for the people. And then old values of religious
+
+54
+00:03:59,430 --> 00:04:05,110
+idealism. We've seen how Kadaman, remember, now we
+
+55
+00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:10,260
+must praise God. These religious, pure idealistic
+
+56
+00:04:10,260 --> 00:04:13,180
+religious values have started to change, and
+
+57
+00:04:13,180 --> 00:04:17,440
+people started to look for worldly gains. Women
+
+58
+00:04:17,440 --> 00:04:21,260
+started to appear first as objects of desire, but
+
+59
+00:04:21,260 --> 00:04:24,660
+later on, sometimes once in a while, there were
+
+60
+00:04:24,660 --> 00:04:28,580
+strong women. We've seen this in Chaucer himself.
+
+61
+00:04:29,360 --> 00:04:31,640
+At the beginning, again, remember, there has
+
+62
+00:04:31,640 --> 00:04:36,220
+always been European influence. But at this time,
+
+63
+00:04:36,600 --> 00:04:41,300
+England was working hard to shape its own
+
+64
+00:04:41,300 --> 00:04:43,300
+identity. When I speak about the English identity,
+
+65
+00:04:43,500 --> 00:04:46,920
+it's like what it takes to make an English text
+
+66
+00:04:46,920 --> 00:04:50,760
+English. Not only the language, but also the
+
+67
+00:04:50,760 --> 00:04:54,080
+culture and the setting maybe takes place in
+
+68
+00:04:54,080 --> 00:04:58,600
+England. It talks about English themes and
+
+69
+00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:05,300
+lifestyles. And again, important poets, important
+
+70
+00:05:05,300 --> 00:05:08,800
+figures like Chaucer started to work on the
+
+71
+00:05:08,800 --> 00:05:11,820
+national identity, to create a sense of national
+
+72
+00:05:11,820 --> 00:05:15,440
+identity. People now can identify as English and
+
+73
+00:05:15,440 --> 00:05:19,900
+be proud of this identity. Literature did a great
+
+74
+00:05:19,900 --> 00:05:26,500
+deal of help here. Okay? Now, one of the greatest
+
+75
+00:05:26,500 --> 00:05:29,710
+national myths of that time we'll come back to
+
+76
+00:05:29,710 --> 00:05:32,910
+this, is King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
+
+77
+00:05:32,910 --> 00:05:35,570
+Table. We'll talk about him in a bit. King Arthur
+
+78
+00:05:35,570 --> 00:05:39,450
+is said to be from the fifth and sixth centuries
+
+79
+00:05:39,450 --> 00:05:41,690
+around this time. It was an oral tradition. And
+
+80
+00:05:41,690 --> 00:05:44,570
+later on, probably hundreds of years later, it was
+
+81
+00:05:44,570 --> 00:05:48,090
+written down. The story tells of King Arthur.
+
+82
+00:05:49,550 --> 00:05:51,630
+We're not sure whether there was a king. Probably
+
+83
+00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,770
+there was a king whose name is Arthur. And he had
+
+84
+00:05:54,770 --> 00:06:00,760
+knights, warriors, fighters. around him. Those
+
+85
+00:06:00,760 --> 00:06:04,260
+fighters always stood against evil, always stood
+
+86
+00:06:04,260 --> 00:06:07,940
+for good. Until this very moment, King Arthur
+
+87
+00:06:07,940 --> 00:06:11,500
+still, in a way or another, like once in a while,
+
+88
+00:06:11,840 --> 00:06:14,640
+shows up here in literatics and novels and poetry.
+
+89
+00:06:16,120 --> 00:06:19,960
+These are significant English names. We speak
+
+90
+00:06:19,960 --> 00:06:24,020
+about the rapidly changing society and how English
+
+91
+00:06:24,020 --> 00:06:27,900
+as a language and a culture was developing at that
+
+92
+00:06:27,900 --> 00:06:31,540
+time. We will go back to summarize the main ideas
+
+93
+00:06:31,540 --> 00:06:34,620
+about Chaucer. Can you remind me of the major
+
+94
+00:06:34,620 --> 00:06:36,580
+issues we mentioned about Chaucer last time,
+
+95
+00:06:36,740 --> 00:06:40,860
+ladies? Yeah? Don't look here, don't look. Yes,
+
+96
+00:06:41,240 --> 00:06:45,760
+please, one. He was an excellent poet, an
+
+97
+00:06:45,760 --> 00:06:50,080
+important figure, okay? He was the father of
+
+98
+00:06:50,080 --> 00:06:54,280
+English literature. What did he do? What features
+
+99
+00:06:54,280 --> 00:06:55,920
+does his poetry have?
+
+100
+00:06:58,800 --> 00:07:03,800
+A wide picture of the English life. His poetry
+
+101
+00:07:03,800 --> 00:07:08,220
+describes the life mainly the middle class, the
+
+102
+00:07:08,220 --> 00:07:11,160
+ordinary people. In Old English, remember, you had
+
+103
+00:07:11,160 --> 00:07:13,540
+to be a religious person or a hero to be in
+
+104
+00:07:13,540 --> 00:07:16,540
+poetry. But now more and more people started to
+
+105
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:18,750
+show up. Yes.
+
+106
+00:07:21,590 --> 00:07:25,690
+Important point here. Irony started to be used as
+
+107
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:28,270
+a tool where you say something and you mean the
+
+108
+00:07:28,270 --> 00:07:30,610
+opposite. You say something and you mean something
+
+109
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:34,190
+else in essence. So we've seen how the philosopher
+
+110
+00:07:34,190 --> 00:07:38,930
+has a little gold in his coffer. For a moment, we
+
+111
+00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:41,590
+pity the philosopher. Oh my God, he only has a
+
+112
+00:07:41,590 --> 00:07:44,370
+little gold. But then we remember that a
+
+113
+00:07:44,370 --> 00:07:48,310
+philosopher is supposed to be interested in
+
+114
+00:07:48,310 --> 00:07:48,670
+knowledge.
+
+115
+00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:54,550
+And a little gold is still probably a lot of
+
+116
+00:07:54,550 --> 00:07:57,850
+money. So this is iron. It makes us think, oh,
+
+117
+00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:01,530
+interesting. It makes us reconsider our positions.
+
+118
+00:08:02,930 --> 00:08:05,550
+Okay, more? Can we talk more about Chaucer, about
+
+119
+00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,390
+what things he did, what he introduced to English
+
+120
+00:08:08,390 --> 00:08:15,810
+literature, please? He used
+
+121
+00:08:15,810 --> 00:08:18,770
+rhyme more clearly, but rhyme already was there.
+
+122
+00:08:19,270 --> 00:08:21,590
+In a way or another, there was music and rhyme and
+
+123
+00:08:21,590 --> 00:08:23,290
+rhythm, and this is Europe, remember, and the
+
+124
+00:08:23,290 --> 00:08:26,130
+alliteration. But he also continued using the
+
+125
+00:08:26,130 --> 00:08:28,870
+musical aspects of the rhyme and the rhythm and
+
+126
+00:08:28,870 --> 00:08:33,750
+the music. More? Please. He wanted.
+
+127
+00:08:37,370 --> 00:08:40,570
+OK. Now, The Canterbury Tales by Chaucer is an
+
+128
+00:08:40,570 --> 00:08:44,370
+uncompleted work. He intended it to be about 120
+
+129
+00:08:44,370 --> 00:08:50,130
+stories, but he only finished 24. So he had a plan
+
+130
+00:08:50,130 --> 00:08:56,770
+for more stories. Don't forget how, again, Chaucer
+
+131
+00:08:56,770 --> 00:09:02,120
+brings more and more women to his poetry. And
+
+132
+00:09:02,120 --> 00:09:05,260
+we've seen the nun in his poetry is a strong
+
+133
+00:09:05,260 --> 00:09:09,600
+character. She's a nun, and we know what a nun is.
+
+134
+00:09:09,620 --> 00:09:12,660
+It's supposed to be modest and coy, subjected to
+
+135
+00:09:12,660 --> 00:09:15,640
+particular rules of the church, rules mainly
+
+136
+00:09:15,640 --> 00:09:19,780
+devised by men. But she's all sentiment and tender
+
+137
+00:09:19,780 --> 00:09:25,980
+heart, as he says. In a way, we probably guess
+
+138
+00:09:25,980 --> 00:09:32,550
+that the nun, in a way or another, is rejecting
+
+139
+00:09:32,550 --> 00:09:35,530
+these rules. Because if a nun is supposed to be
+
+140
+00:09:35,530 --> 00:09:42,130
+modest, even in her smiling, like... But here we
+
+141
+00:09:42,130 --> 00:09:46,730
+have a nun who is all sentiment, all about
+
+142
+00:09:46,730 --> 00:09:51,430
+emotions and love and feelings. This could be,
+
+143
+00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,590
+again, part of the problem in the society he's
+
+144
+00:09:54,590 --> 00:09:57,270
+discussing, showing how people are hypocrites, how
+
+145
+00:09:57,270 --> 00:10:00,130
+people claim to be one thing, but in reality they
+
+146
+00:10:00,130 --> 00:10:04,450
+are another. But could this tell us more about the
+
+147
+00:10:04,450 --> 00:10:08,510
+nun trying to change the image of women? Probably.
+
+148
+00:10:09,010 --> 00:10:16,670
+Probably. Yes. OK. Today, we introduce more
+
+149
+00:10:16,670 --> 00:10:22,780
+English texts, more English poetry. But we're not
+
+150
+00:10:22,780 --> 00:10:27,140
+going to go in detail here, just in brief. The
+
+151
+00:10:27,140 --> 00:10:30,280
+first text is Confessio Amantis by someone called
+
+152
+00:10:30,280 --> 00:10:35,460
+John Gower. Look at the name. The words are not
+
+153
+00:10:35,460 --> 00:10:39,720
+English. In English, this means a confession or
+
+154
+00:10:39,720 --> 00:10:43,680
+the confession of a lover. Confessio Amantis. And
+
+155
+00:10:43,680 --> 00:10:49,300
+this, again, shows how the writer is affected very
+
+156
+00:10:49,300 --> 00:10:54,730
+good, is influenced by by other European
+
+157
+00:10:54,730 --> 00:10:59,230
+literatures, mainly French and Italian, probably
+
+158
+00:10:59,230 --> 00:11:04,570
+German. This is a long, long poem. Remember how
+
+159
+00:11:04,570 --> 00:11:11,290
+long Beowulf was or other texts? This one is 33
+
+160
+00:11:11,290 --> 00:11:16,510
+,000 lines. That's a huge, huge text.
+
+161
+00:11:19,130 --> 00:11:23,370
+Epic and not epic, it's a romance in a way. Now,
+
+162
+00:11:23,570 --> 00:11:28,570
+as the name suggests, this tells us the story of a
+
+163
+00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,170
+person, a man who spends most of his life pursuing
+
+164
+00:11:32,170 --> 00:11:35,830
+women, chasing nothing, not heroism, not fighting
+
+165
+00:11:35,830 --> 00:11:37,990
+their enemies. Again, this is the changing society
+
+166
+00:11:37,990 --> 00:11:42,490
+here, but chasing women in a way or another. And
+
+167
+00:11:42,490 --> 00:11:46,230
+at one point in the poem, the main character
+
+168
+00:11:46,230 --> 00:11:53,100
+decides to give up love. He says, I've done too
+
+169
+00:11:53,100 --> 00:11:56,080
+much chasing women. I want to change. I want to be
+
+170
+00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:01,900
+a different human being. Which is good. OK?
+
+171
+00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:04,460
+Probably we think he's going to be a reformed
+
+172
+00:12:04,460 --> 00:12:10,360
+person. But then we realize that he only does this
+
+173
+00:12:10,360 --> 00:12:15,700
+because he's a very, very old man. So he only
+
+174
+00:12:15,700 --> 00:12:19,380
+gives up love when he becomes like what? 95? 100
+
+175
+00:12:19,380 --> 00:12:24,530
+maybe? I don't know. So on a first reading, we
+
+176
+00:12:24,530 --> 00:12:28,090
+say, oh, interesting. But then when we think of
+
+177
+00:12:28,090 --> 00:12:31,530
+it, wait a minute. You're only giving up love
+
+178
+00:12:31,530 --> 00:12:34,150
+because you are a very old man, not because you
+
+179
+00:12:34,150 --> 00:12:36,750
+want to. And again, this is another use of iron
+
+180
+00:12:36,750 --> 00:12:42,310
+here, where people are made fun of. In a way,
+
+181
+00:12:42,830 --> 00:12:45,530
+we're told that this is a noble man. He's a good
+
+182
+00:12:45,530 --> 00:12:48,610
+man because he stops doing something that is not
+
+183
+00:12:49,360 --> 00:12:53,160
+Completely good. And then we realize he doesn't
+
+184
+00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,320
+stop because he wants to, but because he's an old
+
+185
+00:12:57,320 --> 00:13:01,480
+man. So that's Confessio Amantis. The other text
+
+186
+00:13:01,480 --> 00:13:07,800
+is Pierre Plouman. The author is William Langland.
+
+187
+00:13:09,020 --> 00:13:16,220
+This is also a long poem around a long poem. Also,
+
+188
+00:13:16,240 --> 00:13:18,180
+I'm not sure how many lines, but it's also a long
+
+189
+00:13:18,180 --> 00:13:25,760
+poem here. Now, William Langland, Pierre Plouman,
+
+190
+00:13:25,900 --> 00:13:30,260
+he also uses satire and irony. So remember, in
+
+191
+00:13:30,260 --> 00:13:33,900
+early English, old English, we had little irony
+
+192
+00:13:33,900 --> 00:13:37,600
+and more religion, more heroism. But here, people
+
+193
+00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:42,100
+started gaining new styles, ways of life. And now,
+
+194
+00:13:42,380 --> 00:13:45,000
+it's easy to criticize people because people are
+
+195
+00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:48,000
+selfish, hypocritical.
+
+196
+00:13:51,460 --> 00:13:54,100
+And remember the dream vision we spoke about
+
+197
+00:13:54,100 --> 00:13:57,460
+before? It's still a technique. So in a way, this
+
+198
+00:13:57,460 --> 00:14:00,580
+story is told, this poem is part dream, part
+
+199
+00:14:00,580 --> 00:14:05,480
+reality. The dream, what is a dream vision? It's a
+
+200
+00:14:05,480 --> 00:14:08,040
+poem that feels like someone is dreaming or
+
+201
+00:14:08,040 --> 00:14:13,580
+someone telling us a dream. So these are two main
+
+202
+00:14:13,580 --> 00:14:19,980
+texts from two main poems from Middle English. The
+
+203
+00:14:19,980 --> 00:14:25,880
+last major text here is Sargawen. And we'll stop
+
+204
+00:14:25,880 --> 00:14:27,760
+for a moment here to talk about Sargawen.
+
+205
+00:14:31,220 --> 00:14:37,780
+Now, Sargawen and the night, the green night, is a
+
+206
+00:14:37,780 --> 00:14:43,500
+very important text, about 3,000, 3,000, or 2,500
+
+207
+00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:49,180
+lines. We don't know the author of Sagawain. The
+
+208
+00:14:49,180 --> 00:14:51,720
+author is anonymous.
+
+209
+00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:55,040
+The author is anonymous.
+
+210
+00:14:58,160 --> 00:15:02,820
+Sagawain, the word sir means he's a knight. And it
+
+211
+00:15:02,820 --> 00:15:07,880
+is said that Sagawain is one of the knights of the
+
+212
+00:15:07,880 --> 00:15:14,200
+round table. Remember the round table? of King
+
+213
+00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:19,980
+Arthur. So now, Sagawain is a knight. The first
+
+214
+00:15:19,980 --> 00:15:23,060
+moment we hear the word knight, we remember very
+
+215
+00:15:23,060 --> 00:15:27,940
+quickly. We remember Beowulf. Beowulf. What is a
+
+216
+00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:32,180
+knight? What is a hero? What is a sir? A man who's
+
+217
+00:15:32,180 --> 00:15:37,180
+supposed to be honest, honorable, brave, selfless.
+
+218
+00:15:38,250 --> 00:15:41,690
+a man who sacrifices himself for the sake of
+
+219
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,210
+others to protect others, to bring safety, like
+
+220
+00:15:44,210 --> 00:15:48,010
+Beowulf. And this was the major idea behind King
+
+221
+00:15:48,010 --> 00:15:52,550
+Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. Now,
+
+222
+00:15:52,590 --> 00:15:55,830
+what happens in this poem, this long poem of 2,500
+
+223
+00:15:55,830 --> 00:16:02,450
+lines, is that one knight, a huge green knight,
+
+224
+00:16:02,590 --> 00:16:07,490
+dressed in green, disguised in green, A man, a
+
+225
+00:16:07,490 --> 00:16:11,530
+knight, on a green horse shows up at the place
+
+226
+00:16:11,530 --> 00:16:16,830
+where King Arthur was. And he says, I challenge
+
+227
+00:16:16,830 --> 00:16:21,970
+any one of you to a duel, to a fight.
+
+228
+00:16:26,650 --> 00:16:33,380
+This challenge includes someone to cut the green
+
+229
+00:16:33,380 --> 00:16:39,360
+knight's head, to chop off his head. Not only
+
+230
+00:16:39,360 --> 00:16:43,900
+killing him, cutting off his head. If you manage
+
+231
+00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,680
+to do so, in a year, after exactly a year or a
+
+232
+00:16:47,680 --> 00:16:50,500
+year and a day, I will come back and I will cut
+
+233
+00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,860
+your head off. And at the moment, no one wants to.
+
+234
+00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:59,390
+See how changed the knights are? And then King
+
+235
+00:16:59,390 --> 00:17:04,610
+Arthur says, OK, I'll do it. But Sagawin, who is a
+
+236
+00:17:04,610 --> 00:17:07,450
+relative of King Arthur, steps up and says, OK,
+
+237
+00:17:07,510 --> 00:17:10,770
+I'll do it. And he cuts the head of the green
+
+238
+00:17:10,770 --> 00:17:16,310
+knight. His head rolls down. And of course, he's
+
+239
+00:17:16,310 --> 00:17:18,570
+not dead because he uses magic. And this is a
+
+240
+00:17:18,570 --> 00:17:23,260
+myth. It's a myth. It's a fictional story. So far,
+
+241
+00:17:23,360 --> 00:17:25,540
+so good. Sargawen is good. He's strong. He's
+
+242
+00:17:25,540 --> 00:17:29,740
+brave. He, in a way, sacrificed himself for King
+
+243
+00:17:29,740 --> 00:17:33,140
+Arthur. Now, when the end of the year nears,
+
+244
+00:17:33,540 --> 00:17:38,040
+Sargawen goes out to look for the green knight. He
+
+245
+00:17:38,040 --> 00:17:42,700
+finds a palace. He stays there for a while. And in
+
+246
+00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,100
+a way or another, he is tempted. He's seduced by
+
+247
+00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:50,830
+the wife of the lord. A woman there seduces him,
+
+248
+00:17:51,010 --> 00:17:54,310
+tempts him. In a way, he falls in love with her.
+
+249
+00:17:55,510 --> 00:17:59,810
+Although he was in a mission to, in a way, to pay
+
+250
+00:17:59,810 --> 00:18:04,750
+the debt. Because he gave, he vowed, he promised,
+
+251
+00:18:05,770 --> 00:18:11,000
+and a knight shouldn't break his word. So after a
+
+252
+00:18:11,000 --> 00:18:15,460
+long story, Sagawin is given some kind of a belt
+
+253
+00:18:15,460 --> 00:18:20,060
+by the woman, by the lady of the palace. And this,
+
+254
+00:18:20,180 --> 00:18:25,620
+if he puts on this belt, he can't be killed. No
+
+255
+00:18:25,620 --> 00:18:31,040
+one can kill him. What does he do? Aha. Now
+
+256
+00:18:31,040 --> 00:18:35,940
+originally, a knight, a seer, should not be, will
+
+257
+00:18:35,940 --> 00:18:40,240
+not be, cannot be, must not be deceitful. He
+
+258
+00:18:40,240 --> 00:18:44,680
+shouldn't lie. He's honorable. He's honest. He
+
+259
+00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:47,960
+doesn't break his promise. Now he goes searching
+
+260
+00:18:47,960 --> 00:18:51,380
+for the green knight, and the green knight tries
+
+261
+00:18:51,380 --> 00:18:53,080
+to kill him, but he fails.
+
+262
+00:18:57,290 --> 00:18:59,710
+And then at the end, we realize that the green
+
+263
+00:18:59,710 --> 00:19:03,590
+knight is the man, the lord of the castle. He's
+
+264
+00:19:03,590 --> 00:19:08,190
+the husband of the woman who gave him the belt. So
+
+265
+00:19:08,190 --> 00:19:12,070
+he discovers this whole thing, like he uncovers
+
+266
+00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:15,270
+this whole thing. And now Sagawin is highly
+
+267
+00:19:15,270 --> 00:19:21,030
+embarrassed. Oh, please. I beg of you. Don't tell
+
+268
+00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:26,010
+people what I did. Please, I'm a knight. Don't
+
+269
+00:19:26,010 --> 00:19:30,040
+defame me. And he begs for forgiveness. I'm sorry
+
+270
+00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,820
+I lied. I'm sorry I cheated. And for this, the
+
+271
+00:19:34,820 --> 00:19:40,130
+green knight forgives him. He goes back to King
+
+272
+00:19:40,130 --> 00:19:43,010
+Arthur. Now, when he comes back, it's like, whoa.
+
+273
+00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:46,650
+Sagawin is supposed to be dead, right? Because he
+
+274
+00:19:46,650 --> 00:19:49,690
+cut off the head a year ago, and his head should
+
+275
+00:19:49,690 --> 00:19:52,950
+be cut by now. But when he comes back, people
+
+276
+00:19:52,950 --> 00:19:56,870
+think that he is the hero, the fighter, the man
+
+277
+00:19:56,870 --> 00:20:01,830
+that cuts off the head of the knight, and the
+
+278
+00:20:01,830 --> 00:20:05,270
+knight can't cut his head off. So he's celebrated
+
+279
+00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:08,430
+as a hero, as a brave hero. But in reality, as
+
+280
+00:20:08,430 --> 00:20:12,110
+readers, as audience, we know that he is a
+
+281
+00:20:12,110 --> 00:20:18,010
+deceitful, a liar, and a cheater. My question is,
+
+282
+00:20:18,410 --> 00:20:21,310
+who is the main character in this poem, this long
+
+283
+00:20:21,310 --> 00:20:24,310
+poem? Saqawain. He's the main character. The main
+
+284
+00:20:24,310 --> 00:20:25,850
+character is the character who takes a lot of
+
+285
+00:20:25,850 --> 00:20:30,270
+space. In a way, he's the hero. But what does he
+
+286
+00:20:30,270 --> 00:20:32,170
+do? Does he achieve something? Does he do
+
+287
+00:20:32,170 --> 00:20:37,420
+something like Beowulf? Is he a hero hero? He's a
+
+288
+00:20:37,420 --> 00:20:41,440
+main character. He's a fake hero. He's a false
+
+289
+00:20:41,440 --> 00:20:44,440
+hero. He's exactly as we have here in the book.
+
+290
+00:20:44,480 --> 00:20:46,480
+He's an anti-hero.
+
+291
+00:20:48,660 --> 00:20:51,660
+An important term we should know. In modern
+
+292
+00:20:51,660 --> 00:20:54,080
+literature, in movies nowadays, there are so many
+
+293
+00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:57,640
+anti-heroes. The main character who basically does
+
+294
+00:20:57,640 --> 00:21:03,920
+nothing. Now, the first antihero in the history of
+
+295
+00:21:03,920 --> 00:21:06,520
+English literature is probably Segaway.
+
+296
+00:21:08,880 --> 00:21:12,860
+And see how people at that time were thinking
+
+297
+00:21:12,860 --> 00:21:15,540
+ahead of their time. This is something new and
+
+298
+00:21:15,540 --> 00:21:21,360
+modern, where a main character is not the hero. So
+
+299
+00:21:21,360 --> 00:21:27,240
+what is antihero again? Do heroic things. It's a
+
+300
+00:21:27,240 --> 00:21:30,360
+main character who, unlike, for example, Beowulf,
+
+301
+00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:33,480
+doesn't do anything, doesn't do heroic, doesn't do
+
+302
+00:21:33,480 --> 00:21:37,220
+important things. Later on, this will be a major
+
+303
+00:21:37,220 --> 00:21:39,520
+theme and a major technique in English literature
+
+304
+00:21:39,520 --> 00:21:42,620
+and world literature, and even in movies in the
+
+305
+00:21:42,620 --> 00:21:46,320
+20th century. What does this tell us again about
+
+306
+00:21:46,320 --> 00:21:50,520
+the time? It tells us how the society was
+
+307
+00:21:50,520 --> 00:21:56,330
+changing. People were changing values. Yeah, they
+
+308
+00:21:56,330 --> 00:22:00,450
+started to use, for example, deceitful ways to get
+
+309
+00:22:00,450 --> 00:22:05,410
+to their aims. Now that's Segawin. In brief,
+
+310
+00:22:05,530 --> 00:22:07,930
+Segawin, as a knight, he's supposed to be honest
+
+311
+00:22:07,930 --> 00:22:11,950
+and honorable, right? Is he honest and honorable?
+
+312
+00:22:12,530 --> 00:22:15,090
+He's not that honest. He's not that honorable. He
+
+313
+00:22:15,090 --> 00:22:20,470
+basically does nothing. And Segawin is the
+
+314
+00:22:20,470 --> 00:22:23,630
+antihero, perhaps the first in English literature.
+
+315
+00:22:26,220 --> 00:22:30,000
+We move from poetry to drama. We're not going to
+
+316
+00:22:30,000 --> 00:22:32,340
+go into detail here because we'll focus on
+
+317
+00:22:32,340 --> 00:22:36,500
+Renaissance drama next week. But again, basic
+
+318
+00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,560
+things about medieval drama is that it was highly
+
+319
+00:22:40,560 --> 00:22:42,220
+biblical drama.
+
+320
+00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:48,160
+The stories of the drama of that age were taken
+
+321
+00:22:48,160 --> 00:22:51,860
+from the Bible. That's the basic thing we need to
+
+322
+00:22:51,860 --> 00:22:56,320
+know. So they would take a story of some saint, a
+
+323
+00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,980
+story of certain prophets or certain people, bad
+
+324
+00:22:59,980 --> 00:23:02,620
+or good, from the Bible, and they would be
+
+325
+00:23:02,620 --> 00:23:05,200
+performed either in the church or around the
+
+326
+00:23:05,200 --> 00:23:09,940
+church. Don't forget the Bible was in what
+
+327
+00:23:09,940 --> 00:23:13,940
+language at that time? Latin. It was Latin. So
+
+328
+00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:19,340
+perhaps the actors will be talking about
+
+329
+00:23:19,340 --> 00:23:21,560
+something, and the audience, the English people,
+
+330
+00:23:21,620 --> 00:23:25,100
+would be like, huh? What's going on? But again,
+
+331
+00:23:25,140 --> 00:23:28,000
+because of the drama, because of the drama and the
+
+332
+00:23:28,000 --> 00:23:31,800
+performance, it's easier. The difference between
+
+333
+00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:37,880
+poetry, listen, drama was written in verse, even
+
+334
+00:23:37,880 --> 00:23:41,180
+until the 17th century. Drama was written in
+
+335
+00:23:41,180 --> 00:23:43,200
+verse, in poetry. But the difference between
+
+336
+00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:48,120
+poetry and drama Very good. Drama was supposed to
+
+337
+00:23:48,120 --> 00:23:52,920
+be acted, was composed to be performed on a stage
+
+338
+00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:58,080
+and poetry was written basically to be sung. But
+
+339
+00:23:58,080 --> 00:24:04,540
+both are written in poetry. The drama of this time
+
+340
+00:24:04,540 --> 00:24:08,540
+is called mystery drama or miracle drama, any of
+
+341
+00:24:08,540 --> 00:24:10,880
+the terms, because they would take miraculous and
+
+342
+00:24:10,880 --> 00:24:15,020
+mysterious events or people from the Bible, and
+
+343
+00:24:15,020 --> 00:24:17,860
+they would act them. The purpose is to teach
+
+344
+00:24:17,860 --> 00:24:23,480
+people good values, religious values, how to be
+
+345
+00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:28,310
+good, how not to be bad, this basically. Is this
+
+346
+00:24:28,310 --> 00:24:32,210
+an act of literary expression? Could be. But it
+
+347
+00:24:32,210 --> 00:24:37,450
+was mainly the church aiming to educate, to teach
+
+348
+00:24:37,450 --> 00:24:41,750
+people the Christian values. And again, we go back
+
+349
+00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:46,310
+how the church itself took care, wrote down many
+
+350
+00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:49,270
+old English texts. And now the church is also part
+
+351
+00:24:49,270 --> 00:24:54,810
+of the development of the play. Now, a very
+
+352
+00:24:54,810 --> 00:24:56,890
+important, probably the most important
+
+353
+00:25:01,420 --> 00:25:07,260
+Invention in the history of literature in general
+
+354
+00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,940
+and production and writing and books is the
+
+355
+00:25:09,940 --> 00:25:14,340
+invention of the printing press. What is the
+
+356
+00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:15,600
+printing press?
+
+357
+00:25:19,540 --> 00:25:24,140
+What is the printing press? Okay. It's the
+
+358
+00:25:24,140 --> 00:25:25,040
+invention of the machine.
+
+359
+00:25:29,780 --> 00:25:33,660
+Okay, how do you think people made books before
+
+360
+00:25:33,660 --> 00:25:39,420
+this? Copying, copying down. They would copy down.
+
+361
+00:25:39,740 --> 00:25:42,500
+Sometimes, in the videos I think we're going to
+
+362
+00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,620
+watch in a bit, it says that sometimes it took
+
+363
+00:25:45,620 --> 00:25:52,500
+over a year to copy one copy of the Bible. One
+
+364
+00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,260
+year. I'm not sure how many people would it take.
+
+365
+00:25:55,340 --> 00:25:57,980
+Probably one, probably two or more. And you spend
+
+366
+00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,940
+one whole year copying a book. That is why books
+
+367
+00:26:01,940 --> 00:26:05,900
+were very rare and very expensive. Wasn't easy to
+
+368
+00:26:05,900 --> 00:26:10,400
+produce them. Wasn't easy to also buy them.
+
+369
+00:26:10,460 --> 00:26:14,060
+Probably expensive. Now there's this very famous
+
+370
+00:26:14,060 --> 00:26:17,500
+man called Gutenberg. And as the name suggests,
+
+371
+00:26:17,620 --> 00:26:20,990
+he's German. Although some people say, no, it
+
+372
+00:26:20,990 --> 00:26:24,070
+wasn't Gutenberg who first invented the printing
+
+373
+00:26:24,070 --> 00:26:26,670
+press. But it's a very important invention. Why is
+
+374
+00:26:26,670 --> 00:26:29,470
+it important? Because now there is mass production
+
+375
+00:26:29,470 --> 00:26:33,290
+of books. You don't just make one, two, ten
+
+376
+00:26:33,290 --> 00:26:35,510
+copies. You can easily make hundreds of copies.
+
+377
+00:26:35,630 --> 00:26:38,990
+Not easily, but still a lot easier than copying
+
+378
+00:26:38,990 --> 00:26:45,010
+the book by hand. So the printing press was the
+
+379
+00:26:45,010 --> 00:26:48,770
+invention of, as many people suggest, Gutenberg.
+
+380
+00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:52,150
+He's a German man. What we care about is what
+
+381
+00:26:52,150 --> 00:26:58,110
+William Caxton did. William Caxton here in the
+
+382
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:04,390
+1470s, in the second half of the 15th century.
+
+383
+00:27:04,510 --> 00:27:09,500
+That's almost 500 years ago. He brought the
+
+384
+00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:15,240
+printing press to London, to England. And soon
+
+385
+00:27:15,240 --> 00:27:18,140
+after, the first book that was published, was
+
+386
+00:27:18,140 --> 00:27:21,500
+printed, was the Bible. Of course, the Bible. It
+
+387
+00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:25,420
+is said that Gutenberg himself, in two years, made
+
+388
+00:27:25,420 --> 00:27:29,140
+100 copies of the Bible. 100 copies in two years.
+
+389
+00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:32,200
+We just said that probably it takes more than one
+
+390
+00:27:32,200 --> 00:27:35,480
+year for one person to copy one copy of the Bible.
+
+391
+00:27:38,240 --> 00:27:44,240
+Made it very easy, probably cheaper, and faster.
+
+392
+00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:46,320
+And that's the most important thing. This is what
+
+393
+00:27:46,320 --> 00:27:48,380
+we call mass production. We'll talk about the
+
+394
+00:27:48,380 --> 00:27:50,920
+technique in a bit. But this is what we care about
+
+395
+00:27:50,920 --> 00:27:54,100
+more here. William Caxton, a very famous name.
+
+396
+00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:56,860
+Listen, he's not the inventor of the printing
+
+397
+00:27:56,860 --> 00:28:01,740
+press. He brought it to England. And the first
+
+398
+00:28:01,740 --> 00:28:04,320
+book naturally to be printed is the Bible.
+
+399
+00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,780
+Literary book is King Arthur. King Arthur and the
+
+400
+00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:16,200
+Knights of the Round Table. It was the first
+
+401
+00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:21,340
+literature book to be printed by...
+
+402
+00:28:21,340 --> 00:28:28,040
+In England. And the first literary book. In
+
+403
+00:28:28,040 --> 00:28:31,740
+Germany and also in England, yeah. Now, other
+
+404
+00:28:31,740 --> 00:28:34,700
+books that were, of course, printed at that time,
+
+405
+00:28:35,040 --> 00:28:40,550
+Chaucer, probably Beowulf. Okay, so don't forget
+
+406
+00:28:40,550 --> 00:28:44,510
+this. Let's see this video, this very short video
+
+407
+00:28:44,510 --> 00:28:51,810
+of the printing press. Now, again, look at this,
+
+408
+00:28:52,070 --> 00:28:56,310
+watch and we'll comment on this video.
+
+409
+00:29:41,930 --> 00:29:44,250
+The apprentice here is shown operating a replica
+
+410
+00:29:44,250 --> 00:29:48,150
+of Gutenberg's press. As you can see, this type of
+
+411
+00:29:48,150 --> 00:29:50,490
+printing took a lot of work, but was quicker than
+
+412
+00:29:50,490 --> 00:29:54,130
+hand copying books. In just under two years,
+
+413
+00:29:54,410 --> 00:29:57,490
+Gutenberg was able to print nearly 190 Latin
+
+414
+00:29:57,490 --> 00:30:01,010
+Bibles. Normally, the scribe would take the same
+
+415
+00:30:01,010 --> 00:30:06,530
+amount of time to copy one Bible by hand. See this
+
+416
+00:30:06,530 --> 00:30:10,780
+press in action at passages. The exhibit is
+
+417
+00:30:10,780 --> 00:30:13,940
+currently on display in Springfield, Missouri. OK.
+
+418
+00:30:14,240 --> 00:30:17,320
+So basically, the printing press at that time
+
+419
+00:30:17,320 --> 00:30:22,660
+would, again, very quickly replace handwriting,
+
+420
+00:30:22,840 --> 00:30:26,100
+hand copying. So we have almost 200 copies of the
+
+421
+00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,820
+Bible in two years, the same period that would
+
+422
+00:30:29,820 --> 00:30:34,720
+take one person to copy one copy. Now generally,
+
+423
+00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:37,720
+the idea was to have so many letters of the
+
+424
+00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:44,460
+alphabet, A, A, B, B, et cetera, C, and C capital,
+
+425
+00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,680
+and small, and to have as many letters as possible
+
+426
+00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:51,660
+in middle. And then you put the letters. If you
+
+427
+00:30:51,660 --> 00:30:54,380
+want to write a particular page, whatever the page
+
+428
+00:30:54,380 --> 00:30:57,820
+is, you arrange the letters to give you this text.
+
+429
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:02,640
+OK? Like first, God created the world. Or let's
+
+430
+00:31:02,640 --> 00:31:06,700
+say, assume, because this text was not already
+
+431
+00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,660
+written by then. But April is the cruelest month.
+
+432
+00:31:16,460 --> 00:31:20,080
+So what they do is they bring people to arrange
+
+433
+00:31:20,080 --> 00:31:25,580
+the letters to produce this whole page. You have a
+
+434
+00:31:25,580 --> 00:31:28,260
+whole text written, as we saw in the video, and
+
+435
+00:31:28,260 --> 00:31:32,740
+they bring the letters to make the text they have
+
+436
+00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:34,840
+on a particular page. Could be one page, could be
+
+437
+00:31:34,840 --> 00:31:39,020
+two pages. And what happens is that they solve
+
+438
+00:31:39,020 --> 00:31:42,860
+this with ink. They put a lot of ink. And they
+
+439
+00:31:42,860 --> 00:31:47,040
+bring hundreds of pages, of sheets of paper. And
+
+440
+00:31:47,040 --> 00:31:49,920
+they start to make, for example, this is when they
+
+441
+00:31:49,920 --> 00:31:52,060
+arrange this. I'm not sure how long it takes to
+
+442
+00:31:52,060 --> 00:31:54,740
+arrange the letters of one page, one day, two
+
+443
+00:31:54,740 --> 00:31:57,920
+days, not sure. It takes a bit of time. But once
+
+444
+00:31:57,920 --> 00:32:01,890
+you have the text here of a particular page, And
+
+445
+00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:05,870
+the ink, you make as many copies of this as
+
+446
+00:32:05,870 --> 00:32:08,010
+possible. If you want, okay we want a hundred
+
+447
+00:32:08,010 --> 00:32:11,870
+copies, you make a hundred pages and you put it
+
+448
+00:32:11,870 --> 00:32:13,970
+aside and you go to the second page and you
+
+449
+00:32:13,970 --> 00:32:17,890
+scramble the letters and you start over again. And
+
+450
+00:32:17,890 --> 00:32:22,750
+then you bring them together, and you have 100,
+
+451
+00:32:22,990 --> 00:32:26,750
+200, 300 copies of a particular book. It's still
+
+452
+00:32:26,750 --> 00:32:33,110
+slow, still very hard work, but a lot faster. It's
+
+453
+00:32:33,110 --> 00:32:35,670
+not faster. It's a lot faster, because again,
+
+454
+00:32:36,030 --> 00:32:41,060
+almost 200 Bibles in two years. And we have
+
+455
+00:32:41,060 --> 00:32:43,640
+probably the same amount of time that would take
+
+456
+00:32:43,640 --> 00:32:49,180
+one man to handwrite one copy of the Bible. This
+
+457
+00:32:49,180 --> 00:32:51,900
+is the most important invention here, because it
+
+458
+00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,860
+helped mass production of literature. Mass
+
+459
+00:32:55,860 --> 00:33:00,140
+production of literature. Do you have any
+
+460
+00:33:00,140 --> 00:33:04,650
+questions so far? So in brief, in addition to
+
+461
+00:33:04,650 --> 00:33:09,050
+Chaucer, we have other minor texts like Confessio
+
+462
+00:33:09,050 --> 00:33:14,310
+Amantis and Piers Plowman. And then we have a
+
+463
+00:33:14,310 --> 00:33:21,850
+major text, Sir Gawain and The Green Knight. Who's
+
+464
+00:33:21,850 --> 00:33:24,890
+the author? Anonymous. What is it about? It's
+
+465
+00:33:24,890 --> 00:33:28,960
+about the rapidly changing society about false
+
+466
+00:33:28,960 --> 00:33:35,160
+knighthoods and knights, et cetera. Now, a final
+
+467
+00:33:35,160 --> 00:33:37,880
+name in Middle English is someone, some poet
+
+468
+00:33:37,880 --> 00:33:43,500
+called John Skilton. Before we comment on John
+
+469
+00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,760
+Skilton, can someone please read his poem and
+
+470
+00:33:46,760 --> 00:33:52,320
+raise your voice as much as possible? Vengeance.
+
+471
+00:33:54,160 --> 00:34:00,000
+by way of exclamation on the whole of nation of
+
+472
+00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:04,260
+cats, wild and tame, God send them sorrow and
+
+473
+00:34:04,260 --> 00:34:09,060
+shame. Very good. Yeah, one more. Say vengeance.
+
+474
+00:34:10,240 --> 00:34:13,800
+Vengeance I ask and reply by way of exclamation.
+
+475
+00:34:15,820 --> 00:34:16,500
+Exclamation.
+
+476
+00:34:19,360 --> 00:34:21,420
+Exclamation point, you know exclamation mark?
+
+477
+00:34:21,600 --> 00:34:25,610
+Yeah, by way of Yes.
+
+478
+00:34:28,610 --> 00:34:33,650
+Very good. One more. Over there, please.
+
+479
+00:34:44,010 --> 00:34:47,570
+Very good. One final reading. Loud and clear.
+
+480
+00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:53,920
+Vengeance I ask and cry by way of exclamation on
+
+481
+00:34:53,920 --> 00:35:09,840
+the whole nation of cats wild and
+
+482
+00:35:09,840 --> 00:35:15,080
+tame. God send them sorrow and shame. God send
+
+483
+00:35:15,080 --> 00:35:21,610
+them sorrow and shame. What is this poem about? By
+
+484
+00:35:21,610 --> 00:35:26,210
+the way, it seems to be like a text for kids that
+
+485
+00:35:26,210 --> 00:35:28,550
+is written probably around these times, right?
+
+486
+00:35:30,410 --> 00:35:34,970
+Because the text is about cats. Someone is
+
+487
+00:35:34,970 --> 00:35:40,310
+complaining about cats, probably a bird or a rat
+
+488
+00:35:40,310 --> 00:35:45,650
+or a mouse. What does the text communicate with
+
+489
+00:35:45,650 --> 00:35:48,990
+you? Tell you. What do you notice about the text?
+
+490
+00:35:49,190 --> 00:35:53,430
+It's between cats and sparrows. OK. So the main
+
+491
+00:35:53,430 --> 00:35:56,070
+character, the speaker here, is no longer a hero,
+
+492
+00:35:56,650 --> 00:36:00,550
+no longer a man even. New characters, new themes,
+
+493
+00:36:00,730 --> 00:36:03,630
+new people started to appear. This is a bird, a
+
+494
+00:36:03,630 --> 00:36:09,170
+pit bird by the name of Philip the sparrow. He's
+
+495
+00:36:09,170 --> 00:36:12,730
+complaining about all cats, not only wild cats,
+
+496
+00:36:12,770 --> 00:36:17,950
+but also tame cats. He's asking for revenge. He's
+
+497
+00:36:17,950 --> 00:36:22,510
+wishing for revenge. And at the end, we have this
+
+498
+00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:26,250
+prayer to God. The prayer is no longer a prayer
+
+499
+00:36:26,250 --> 00:36:29,970
+for you to be good and to go to paradise, to
+
+500
+00:36:29,970 --> 00:36:34,830
+heaven. God, send these cats sorrow and shame.
+
+501
+00:36:36,940 --> 00:36:39,340
+This is a funny, very humorous text, very funny
+
+502
+00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:44,220
+text. Listen, for so many people then, poetry
+
+503
+00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:49,500
+should be the texts, the literature of the elite,
+
+504
+00:36:49,640 --> 00:36:52,340
+the high class. Only important educated people,
+
+505
+00:36:52,460 --> 00:36:54,900
+the king, the queen, the palace, serious language,
+
+506
+00:36:55,080 --> 00:36:57,860
+serious themes. But again, we have in the Middle
+
+507
+00:36:57,860 --> 00:37:00,960
+English era people who started to change this, to
+
+508
+00:37:00,960 --> 00:37:04,220
+include other things. In a way, in my opinion, I
+
+509
+00:37:04,220 --> 00:37:06,100
+think this is a text that was written for
+
+510
+00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,480
+children, for kids, to challenge again the idea
+
+511
+00:37:09,480 --> 00:37:12,980
+that poetry is serious and poetry is for the rich
+
+512
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:15,300
+people, the famous people, the educated people.
+
+513
+00:37:15,680 --> 00:37:18,600
+This is the poet telling us, John Skilton telling
+
+514
+00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,710
+us, poetry is for everyone. It could be also about
+
+515
+00:37:21,710 --> 00:37:24,330
+anything. It doesn't have to be serious, highly
+
+516
+00:37:24,330 --> 00:37:26,670
+sophisticated or difficult language. It could be
+
+517
+00:37:26,670 --> 00:37:31,470
+anything. Another explanation could be the fact
+
+518
+00:37:31,470 --> 00:37:34,410
+that this is a symbolic poem. You know symbolism
+
+519
+00:37:34,410 --> 00:37:37,410
+when you use animals instead of people or an
+
+520
+00:37:37,410 --> 00:37:41,330
+allegory. Like the stories, the fables of Aesop
+
+521
+00:37:41,330 --> 00:37:46,620
+when the mouse and the lion We love these stories.
+
+522
+00:37:46,820 --> 00:37:49,180
+We appreciate them. We memorize them. We remember
+
+523
+00:37:49,180 --> 00:37:52,820
+them. But we also learn some values. We learn some
+
+524
+00:37:52,820 --> 00:37:58,780
+lessons. Is probably the bird here someone, a
+
+525
+00:37:58,780 --> 00:38:03,160
+person, an ordinary person, a poor man complaining
+
+526
+00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:06,120
+about the rich people, the king, the church, the
+
+527
+00:38:06,120 --> 00:38:07,040
+government maybe?
+
+528
+00:38:11,080 --> 00:38:12,460
+But cats still?
+
+529
+00:38:15,690 --> 00:38:22,050
+can threaten a mouse, a bird, a pet. So we end
+
+530
+00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:25,650
+here by commenting on John Skilton. John Skilton
+
+531
+00:38:25,650 --> 00:38:30,670
+is one of the late Middle English poets. He
+
+532
+00:38:30,670 --> 00:38:34,190
+brought new themes, new styles. He used humor and
+
+533
+00:38:34,190 --> 00:38:39,110
+fun. For him, poetry is for all. Poetry is about
+
+534
+00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:41,410
+everything. It doesn't have to be about battles
+
+535
+00:38:41,410 --> 00:38:44,850
+and wars and irony and knights. It could be about
+
+536
+00:38:44,850 --> 00:38:46,550
+cats and birds.
+
+537
+00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:53,790
+Poetry is for everyone. And leading to the most
+
+538
+00:38:53,790 --> 00:38:57,830
+important conclusion here, he shows the perfect
+
+539
+00:38:57,830 --> 00:39:03,690
+example of strong sense of English language and
+
+540
+00:39:03,690 --> 00:39:06,890
+English identity in literature, in language, in
+
+541
+00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:11,980
+thinking. England, in a way, was trying to free
+
+542
+00:39:11,980 --> 00:39:16,700
+itself from the influences of Europe and European
+
+543
+00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:19,560
+countries like Italy and France and Germany and
+
+544
+00:39:19,560 --> 00:39:23,700
+Latin. Do you have any question so far? Go on.
+
+545
+00:39:23,780 --> 00:39:28,280
+Does cats and birds symbolize something specific
+
+546
+00:39:28,280 --> 00:39:31,700
+or the right of children? What do you think? Do
+
+547
+00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:36,920
+cats here symbolize Something, does the bird
+
+548
+00:39:36,920 --> 00:39:39,540
+symbolize something? Think of this. We probably
+
+549
+00:39:39,540 --> 00:39:43,680
+can talk about this later on. But like, we have
+
+550
+00:39:43,680 --> 00:39:46,600
+this in Arabic. Paratha al-tha'ala bi-yawman for
+
+551
+00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:51,220
+Ahmed Shawqi. It's a poem we love. It's a poem for
+
+552
+00:39:51,220 --> 00:39:55,900
+kids. We can sing. We can enjoy singing. But there
+
+553
+00:39:55,900 --> 00:40:01,720
+is a political message, yes. Muqti'un man zanna
+
+554
+00:40:01,720 --> 00:40:05,750
+yawman, anna al-tha'ala bi-dina. is a political
+
+555
+00:40:05,750 --> 00:40:08,990
+message against the British occupation of Egypt at
+
+556
+00:40:08,990 --> 00:40:11,930
+that time. But why would people use symbolism and
+
+557
+00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,350
+animals instead of using real characters?
+
+558
+00:40:16,210 --> 00:40:19,450
+Punishment. Thank you to avoid punishment. Also to
+
+559
+00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:22,030
+make it easier for people to remember and
+
+560
+00:40:22,030 --> 00:40:24,650
+memorize, to understand this unimplied message
+
+561
+00:40:24,650 --> 00:40:25,150
+here, finally.
+
+562
+00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,370
+He wants his poem to be published. If he
+
+563
+00:40:30,370 --> 00:40:34,670
+criticizes the political establishment,
+
+564
+00:40:35,150 --> 00:40:38,090
+they're going to say, no publishing for you. OK,
+
+565
+00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:41,270
+thank you very much. We stop here. We end our
+
+566
+00:40:41,270 --> 00:40:44,850
+discussion of major texts in Middle English. Next
+
+567
+00:40:44,850 --> 00:40:47,930
+time, we do Renaissance literature and
+
+568
+00:40:47,930 --> 00:40:48,290
+Shakespeare.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9ae15c2387a8f25d08085ea3c1f9dc3dc8a631f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2294 @@
+
+1
+00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990
+Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810
+have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and
+
+3
+00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930
+we have a surprise because there are two women
+
+4
+00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610
+poets today to talk about and at the same time we
+
+5
+00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070
+have two of your classmates here doing
+
+6
+00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590
+presentations which is always an amazing thing. So
+
+7
+00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010
+let's see the presentations and then go back to
+
+8
+00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550
+the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind.
+
+9
+00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490
+Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today,
+
+10
+00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850
+inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical
+
+11
+00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370
+poetry tree. We can describe metaphysical poetry tree as
+
+12
+00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720
+a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the
+
+13
+00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280
+metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a
+
+14
+00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860
+group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the
+
+15
+00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260
+17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the
+
+16
+00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100
+metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta
+
+17
+00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580
+means beyond and physics means physical nature.
+
+18
+00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340
+Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental
+
+19
+00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420
+problems of the nature or replacing life.
+
+20
+00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360
+John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical
+
+21
+00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280
+poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different
+
+22
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280
+way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given
+
+23
+00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300
+by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he
+
+24
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340
+wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The
+
+25
+00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840
+Lives of the Poets, but he used it in a negative sense
+
+26
+00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900
+to criticize the poetry of Donne.
+
+27
+00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260
+Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry
+
+28
+00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100
+difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge,
+
+29
+00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280
+science, architecture, geography, history,
+
+30
+00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480
+astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry,
+
+31
+00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360
+mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For
+
+32
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050
+example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea
+
+33
+00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190
+marked by this flea and marking this how little
+
+34
+00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690
+that which that denies to me is. It sucked me
+
+35
+00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690
+first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two
+
+36
+00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790
+blood mingled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be
+
+37
+00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350
+said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead.
+
+38
+00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880
+This is taken from the field of biology.
+
+39
+00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340
+This poetry is taken from the field of biology and the
+
+40
+00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500
+flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks
+
+41
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520
+blood from the human body. This insect used here as a
+
+42
+00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780
+theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To
+
+43
+00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980
+conclude on the flea, the flea uses a conceit as
+
+44
+00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220
+a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The
+
+45
+00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300
+flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure.
+
+46
+00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820
+Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the
+
+47
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840
+woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of
+
+48
+00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660
+the speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between
+
+49
+00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300
+the couple.
+
+50
+00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370
+of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image
+
+51
+00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690
+can be stretched to accommodate a range of
+
+52
+00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590
+meanings and association. They show the thrilling
+
+53
+00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610
+possibilities of language, but to political use.
+
+54
+00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790
+Thank you, this is my presentation.
+
+55
+00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550
+Some of you find the metaphysical poetry
+
+56
+00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970
+interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I
+
+57
+00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190
+disagreed in the description that metaphysical
+
+58
+00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630
+poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical
+
+59
+00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250
+poetry or even speaking analyzing the word
+
+60
+00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870
+metaphysical itself because in our discussion we
+
+61
+00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390
+came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't
+
+62
+00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390
+necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say
+
+63
+00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320
+that those people are bad. The poetry is not about
+
+64
+00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820
+metaphysicality generally, it's different. They
+
+65
+00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150
+were writing against the current. I was also
+
+66
+00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330
+hoping for some commentary on the woman here in
+
+67
+00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830
+the text. Generally, we said so far, the society has
+
+68
+00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190
+been anti-feminist where women are presented as
+
+69
+00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430
+less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual
+
+70
+00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410
+compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John
+
+71
+00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430
+Donne treating the woman in the poem the same?
+
+72
+00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050
+That is an interesting question. Someone else can
+
+73
+00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290
+probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I
+
+74
+00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430
+can tell you that the 20th century's greatest
+
+75
+00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170
+feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne.
+
+76
+00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070
+She's the same critic who praised Aphra Behn. So, if
+
+77
+00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990
+a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing
+
+78
+00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670
+something to empower women, to give them a voice.
+
+79
+00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830
+Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's
+
+80
+00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070
+trying to be different and be with women, not to
+
+81
+00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890
+be against women like other poets. And this is
+
+82
+00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330
+something new. This is something experimental.
+
+83
+00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970
+People were not used to women having a voice.
+
+84
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570
+Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his
+
+85
+00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150
+beloved that you and me and the flea are one in
+
+86
+00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830
+this crazy, it's in a way similar to the guy who
+
+87
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990
+told, actually, we'll study this someone who wants
+
+88
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370
+to deceive the woman to trick her to take her
+
+89
+00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830
+money here, in a way, he wants to take something
+
+90
+00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090
+else but the poet is saying, we are the same and
+
+91
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210
+the woman is not tricked, he doesn't deceive her
+
+92
+00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550
+because what does she do? She kills the flea, he
+
+93
+00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030
+acts, he takes action exactly. So, he's telling her
+
+94
+00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730
+because, listen when we speak about three, we speak
+
+95
+00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890
+about trinity, you know, in Christianity so he's
+
+96
+00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350
+telling her, this is a sacred creature now because
+
+97
+00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290
+it has the blood of three, it's like Jesus Christ,
+
+98
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280
+God, and everything, she's like, she kills the flea.
+
+99
+00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060
+This, simply, an act of action. The woman might not
+
+100
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440
+speak here, but she takes action. She does the
+
+101
+00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840
+most significant thing in the poem. And this is
+
+102
+00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440
+generally what a woman does in Donne. Next, we
+
+103
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540
+have Hanin with another presentation. Hello
+
+104
+00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480
+everyone. My name is Hanin. Today, I will talk
+
+105
+00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480
+about satire. So, firstly, what is satire?
+
+106
+00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210
+Satire is a technique employed by writers to
+
+107
+00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170
+criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an
+
+108
+00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790
+individual or a society.
+
+109
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+Satirical writing is usually funny. So, the main
+
+110
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750
+purpose of satire is not to humor, but to
+
+111
+00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270
+criticize corruption. There are four techniques to
+
+112
+00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950
+produce satire. The first one is reversal. When
+
+113
+00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690
+normal rules or order are reversed. The second one
+
+114
+00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850
+is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated
+
+115
+00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790
+imitation. The third one is incongruity. It is
+
+116
+00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570
+something that seems out of place or out of
+
+117
+00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690
+character. The last one is exaggeration. It's
+
+118
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290
+giving an impression that something is greater or
+
+119
+00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160
+larger than it really is. So using humor is more
+
+120
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600
+effective than if you want to say this is wrong.
+
+121
+00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560
+But if you use humor, this is something that will be
+
+122
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600
+more effective than if you say this is wrong.
+
+123
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060
+So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read
+
+124
+00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790
+it? "I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything
+
+125
+00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730
+but that vain animal who is so proud of being
+
+126
+00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550
+rational." Yes. This is satire in general. Satire
+
+127
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850
+in general by John Wilmot. And the second one
+
+128
+00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450
+is... Who can read it? Yes. "Lots true or false are
+
+129
+00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010
+necessary things to raise up commonwealth's
+
+130
+00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530
+enduring kings." This is an extract by Dryden and
+
+131
+00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310
+this one is more specific than the first one.
+
+132
+00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760
+The last one is, but who can read?
+
+133
+00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520
+This extract
+
+134
+00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070
+is to satirize someone who is called Shadwell. Shadwell,
+
+135
+00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310
+Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the
+
+136
+00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590
+master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And
+
+137
+00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750
+this is an extract, this is satire, personal satire.
+
+138
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190
+This is personal satire. And this was our lesson
+
+139
+00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970
+about satire. Thank you.
+
+140
+00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030
+Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try
+
+141
+00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510
+to bring texts from outside the course so we can
+
+142
+00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690
+learn extra things? This is the one significant
+
+143
+00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890
+thing about the presentation. So, we want to see
+
+144
+00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910
+what you do with extra texts, with texts from
+
+145
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580
+outside the course. Okay, so, it would be a lot
+
+146
+00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640
+better, but this is really interesting. I like
+
+147
+00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080
+that you like satire, and you also mentioned parody
+
+148
+00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520
+and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go
+
+149
+00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820
+back to our class, the
+
+150
+00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620
+Augustan Age is actually generally named the
+
+151
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350
+Augustan Age because it was followed by major critics
+
+152
+00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510
+like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Pope. But, before
+
+153
+00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310
+I speak about Augustan poetry, Alexander Pope, Mary
+
+154
+00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490
+Montague, and Mary Leapor, I want to say something
+
+155
+00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590
+about parody. We spoke about
+
+156
+00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960
+And, most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she
+
+157
+00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180
+said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you
+
+158
+00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820
+open most dictionaries, they will always mention
+
+159
+00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020
+the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny
+
+160
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740
+imitation of something, a funny representation of
+
+161
+00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820
+something that already existed, whether it is a
+
+162
+00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640
+person or a book.
+
+163
+00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610
+I believe that this is not accurate. This is not
+
+164
+00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170
+100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are
+
+165
+00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590
+you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay,
+
+166
+00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830
+so today, again, before I go to Augustan Poetry,
+
+167
+00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870
+I want to say something about parody. And I have
+
+168
+00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430
+to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally,
+
+169
+00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890
+most books tell you that parody is funny, comic,
+
+170
+00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450
+humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody
+
+171
+00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370
+imitates, because the word parody means to copy or
+
+172
+00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980
+to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always
+
+173
+00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900
+humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my
+
+174
+00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160
+point now. I think, no, it's not, because sometimes
+
+175
+00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100
+it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun
+
+176
+00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580
+of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I
+
+177
+00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160
+could say that. But there is one thing. It's about
+
+178
+00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080
+criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change.
+
+179
+00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500
+Why would I parody somebody? Because, yes, I want
+
+180
+00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540
+to make fun of them. But, sometimes, I don't want to
+
+181
+00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200
+make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes, it's
+
+182
+00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340
+tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their
+
+183
+00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760
+weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their
+
+184
+00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560
+corruption, by imitating them in a way that makes
+
+185
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300
+people pay attention. My point is,
+
+186
+00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280
+If this is like the English canon, you know, the
+
+187
+00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820
+English canon, the bulk of the most important,
+
+188
+00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600
+most anthologized literary works, where the
+
+189
+00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960
+mainstream critics and writers reside most of the
+
+190
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930
+time. So, if this is the canon. This is the bubble,
+
+191
+00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530
+this is the core. Some people live here in the
+
+192
+00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570
+margin, you know, the margin. Some people are
+
+193
+00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350
+marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but
+
+194
+00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030
+they're usually not mentioned and studied and
+
+195
+00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110
+researched. They're pushed by critics to the
+
+196
+
+223
+00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810
+parody him, it's like you're telling people that
+
+224
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710
+he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can
+
+225
+00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170
+talk about him in a particular way. In order to do
+
+226
+00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030
+this, those people outside the canon, they usually
+
+227
+00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320
+resort to parody. parody, metafiction,
+
+228
+00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860
+metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in
+
+229
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740
+John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And
+
+230
+00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340
+we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary
+
+231
+00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440
+people would be, you know, the idealism of the
+
+232
+00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600
+Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a
+
+233
+00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900
+new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why
+
+234
+00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240
+some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And
+
+235
+00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640
+you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world
+
+236
+00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790
+of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John
+
+237
+00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090
+Donne is doing. So when those people use parody,
+
+238
+00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050
+who usually does the criticism? The male critics,
+
+239
+00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490
+people in the canon, people who create the canon.
+
+240
+00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210
+So are they going to be happy with the parody?
+
+241
+00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050
+They're not. Are they going to be happy with the
+
+242
+00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690
+parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel
+
+243
+00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670
+Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I
+
+244
+00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530
+think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he
+
+245
+00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570
+says that parody is less serious, less important
+
+246
+00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430
+art than the original text. And it's interesting
+
+247
+00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930
+how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke
+
+248
+00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210
+about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A
+
+249
+00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070
+pun is a play on words, when you play with words.
+
+250
+00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490
+So those people even don't want us to play with
+
+251
+00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510
+words because they want us to follow the
+
+252
+00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430
+definitions in the dictionary. But always there
+
+253
+00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990
+have always been poets who wanted to do things
+
+254
+00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890
+differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't
+
+255
+00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450
+like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John
+
+256
+00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770
+Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because
+
+257
+00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810
+they believed in the rules of the Quran. In
+
+258
+00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030
+following particular rules in order to write what
+
+259
+00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370
+they call a great book. So you mean that the
+
+260
+00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670
+people who are kicked out of the canon are turning
+
+261
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300
+to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are
+
+262
+00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500
+these people going to define parody? Favorably or
+
+263
+00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760
+unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the
+
+264
+00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980
+dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is
+
+265
+00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860
+humor in parody. But not always. When you read,
+
+266
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160
+come live with me and be my love, and we will some
+
+267
+00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120
+new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We
+
+268
+00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670
+don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan
+
+269
+00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090
+attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the
+
+270
+00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710
+fact that there is another world different from
+
+271
+00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710
+the world, the idealistic world of Christopher
+
+272
+00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970
+Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to
+
+273
+00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370
+speak. So going back here today to Augustine
+
+274
+00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990
+poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope,
+
+275
+00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470
+Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women.
+
+276
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790
+And these are the first women poets to study. And
+
+277
+00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870
+this is the 18th century. And that's very
+
+278
+00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450
+interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and
+
+279
+00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430
+culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1
+
+280
+00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350
+,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab
+
+281
+00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950
+poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong
+
+282
+00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370
+with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to
+
+283
+00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310
+write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's
+
+284
+00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870
+something wrong with the way the society deals
+
+285
+00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010
+with women, frames women, and marginalizes women.
+
+286
+00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210
+So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist
+
+287
+00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650
+critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit
+
+288
+00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800
+about him, Here is one of his famous heroic
+
+289
+00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260
+couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on
+
+290
+00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860
+criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about
+
+291
+00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900
+criticism, about poetry writing. And he says,
+
+292
+00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100
+those rules, the rules of writing, classification,
+
+293
+00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140
+of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending
+
+294
+00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440
+the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are
+
+295
+00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600
+nature, so those
+
+296
+00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380
+They are nature still, but nature methodized,
+
+297
+00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540
+systematized, organized. This is something like
+
+298
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240
+the likes of John Donne would disagree with
+
+299
+00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280
+because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of
+
+300
+00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280
+poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them
+
+301
+00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980
+out there in nature exactly like we find a planet
+
+302
+00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860
+or some stars or some galaxies out there or some
+
+303
+00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740
+new species or birds or some type of fish.
+
+304
+00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410
+And this is, again, very interesting, because for
+
+305
+00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130
+them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't
+
+306
+00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690
+mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no,
+
+307
+00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530
+no. According to those people, the greatest poetry
+
+308
+00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370
+was written centuries ago, when man was not
+
+309
+00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910
+corrupted, when man didn't go even to university,
+
+310
+00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110
+was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go
+
+311
+00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290
+to study Arabic or English to be able to write
+
+312
+00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350
+poetry, right? But those people didn't learn
+
+313
+00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040
+poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired.
+
+314
+00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140
+For those critics, this inspiration could be from
+
+315
+00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800
+nature or from God. So God teaches you how to
+
+316
+00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840
+write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write
+
+317
+00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360
+poetry. When you look at nature, you find
+
+318
+00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500
+everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look
+
+319
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560
+at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees
+
+320
+00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020
+or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are
+
+321
+00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600
+shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know
+
+322
+00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960
+what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced.
+
+323
+00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380
+Everything is organized. So the rules of writing,
+
+324
+00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160
+like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus,
+
+325
+00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660
+like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus,
+
+326
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160
+they're generally taken from where? Inspired from
+
+327
+00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760
+nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They
+
+328
+00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550
+were discovered from If you count the syllables
+
+329
+00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530
+here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a
+
+330
+00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590
+thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five
+
+331
+00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850
+feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict
+
+332
+00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310
+about following. And this is a couplet. Why is
+
+333
+00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650
+this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander
+
+334
+00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510
+Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet.
+
+335
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450
+And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like
+
+336
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050
+when you define a paragraph, you're studying
+
+337
+00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990
+writing now. A paragraph is a group of related
+
+338
+00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550
+sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two
+
+339
+00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910
+rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten
+
+340
+00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410
+syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander
+
+341
+00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690
+Pope was one of the major poets who followed the
+
+342
+00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970
+rules of the Quran. They were adopted
+
+343
+00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310
+whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the
+
+344
+00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020
+rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules
+
+345
+00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580
+of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules
+
+346
+00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440
+different from the other rules? The old rules? You
+
+347
+00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240
+know, we took that the other, the old rules of the
+
+348
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100
+Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson,
+
+349
+00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540
+Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who
+
+350
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500
+was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of
+
+351
+00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280
+us people believe good poetry is good imitation,
+
+352
+00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240
+to imitate nature, because nature has everything
+
+353
+00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620
+there for us. Something that John Donne, for
+
+354
+00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100
+example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it.
+
+355
+00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040
+And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or
+
+356
+00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740
+three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander
+
+357
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550
+Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say,
+
+358
+00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750
+you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say
+
+359
+00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090
+it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with
+
+360
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370
+poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not
+
+361
+00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450
+prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful.
+
+362
+00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530
+This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a
+
+363
+00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290
+little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep
+
+364
+00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270
+or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a
+
+365
+00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850
+heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article
+
+366
+00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890
+and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with
+
+367
+00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210
+the sentence, except the fact that this is not an
+
+368
+00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050
+article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the
+
+369
+00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030
+name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets.
+
+370
+00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730
+He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be
+
+371
+00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390
+about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran,
+
+372
+00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710
+literature has to teach and delight. When you read
+
+373
+00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730
+a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom,
+
+374
+00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260
+a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a
+
+375
+00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200
+dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this
+
+376
+00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820
+before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way.
+
+377
+00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420
+Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a
+
+378
+00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500
+dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing,
+
+379
+00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300
+if you read only, you know, we have this type of
+
+380
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720
+people all the time. People who read two books and
+
+381
+00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280
+they think they are knowledgeable and will read.
+
+382
+00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840
+Or people who read, like, the introductions to a
+
+383
+00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230
+hundred pages and hope they will be So he's
+
+384
+00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490
+criticizing those people. He's saying a little
+
+385
+00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350
+learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a
+
+386
+00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770
+lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't
+
+387
+00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290
+learn, generally you might admit that you are
+
+388
+00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030
+uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books
+
+389
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070
+and you think you are a poet or a writer or a
+
+390
+00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170
+political analyst, your analysis and everything
+
+391
+00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090
+might not be good or something. So what is his
+
+392
+00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930
+advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring.
+
+393
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450
+You know what does spring mean?
+
+394
+00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550
+Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring
+
+395
+00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490
+mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is
+
+396
+00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910
+written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the
+
+397
+00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500
+full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like
+
+398
+00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380
+spring, like summer and spring?
+
+399
+00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020
+Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring.
+
+400
+00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620
+Spring is a place where water flows.
+
+401
+00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220
+No. Spring.
+
+402
+00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480
+There's something called hot springs where hot
+
+403
+00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690
+water springs from the spring. So either you, the
+
+404
+00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030
+Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of
+
+405
+00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770
+knowledge, education and everything. So you have
+
+406
+00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450
+two choices. You either drink deep, study hard,
+
+407
+00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770
+become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea.
+
+408
+00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760
+This is the advice. It's like I usually say this
+
+409
+00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640
+to my students. When you study English, you have
+
+410
+00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820
+to work very hard. If you finish four years of
+
+411
+00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800
+studying English and your English is still bad,
+
+412
+00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560
+it's really sad. So study
+
+445
+00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210
+Beowulf, always very long, about serious issues in
+
+446
+00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850
+the community. But in this poem, very long poem,
+
+447
+00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830
+I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long,
+
+448
+00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330
+Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things
+
+449
+00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200
+of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we
+
+450
+00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440
+have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40
+
+451
+00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160
+year battle over you know two camels, was it two
+
+452
+00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500
+camels or two horses or something. In this story
+
+453
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640
+someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then
+
+454
+00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060
+all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and
+
+455
+00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990
+fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing
+
+456
+00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450
+in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the
+
+457
+00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350
+trivial things in the society, this fake self
+
+458
+00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020
+-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but
+
+459
+00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560
+in reality, they are all only fighting about
+
+460
+00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080
+trivial things. There are no heroes in this age.
+
+461
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860
+There are no battles in this age. It's all fake,
+
+462
+00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000
+like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70
+
+463
+00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900
+years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book.
+
+464
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780
+So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long
+
+465
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760
+poem about heroism.
+
+466
+00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280
+An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's
+
+467
+00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300
+a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock
+
+468
+00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300
+something, to make fun of something. But there's
+
+469
+00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220
+also this when you do an exam, when you don't do
+
+470
+00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460
+the original, like sometimes you have to do a
+
+471
+00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860
+trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test.
+
+472
+00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990
+So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic.
+
+473
+00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330
+Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it
+
+474
+00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610
+about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or
+
+475
+00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710
+someone fighting, killing many people because they
+
+476
+00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090
+stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We
+
+477
+00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010
+have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people
+
+478
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350
+who would fight and do horrible things only
+
+479
+00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600
+because someone It's something trivial and stupid.
+
+480
+00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160
+And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem
+
+481
+00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880
+to read about. Let's move to the more interesting
+
+482
+00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780
+poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary
+
+483
+00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760
+Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife
+
+484
+00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660
+of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany.
+
+485
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100
+Her name is Mary Montagu.
+
+486
+00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900
+So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very
+
+487
+00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940
+muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a
+
+488
+00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580
+poet. It is said here, it says in the book that
+
+489
+00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040
+she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became
+
+490
+00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080
+his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds
+
+491
+00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010
+interesting. But it's also interesting that
+
+492
+00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690
+Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the
+
+493
+00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910
+ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in
+
+494
+00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990
+this age. They wanted to be close to the
+
+495
+00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770
+royalties, to the court, to the people in power.
+
+496
+00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950
+In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that
+
+497
+00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080
+satire should like a polished razor keen. What's a
+
+498
+00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340
+razor? When men shave their beard, so they use
+
+499
+00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260
+razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp
+
+500
+00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100
+knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire
+
+501
+00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960
+should be sharp like a razor. This is called a
+
+502
+00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540
+simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it
+
+503
+00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870
+uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a
+
+504
+00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990
+verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with
+
+505
+00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190
+a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is
+
+506
+00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510
+scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You
+
+507
+00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270
+shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that
+
+508
+00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050
+satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If
+
+509
+00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950
+you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing
+
+510
+00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930
+me or what is she saying here? And this is
+
+511
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990
+something that comes from a woman. In a way, if
+
+512
+00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950
+you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was
+
+513
+00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570
+written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell
+
+514
+00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330
+this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use
+
+515
+00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730
+words. No. Which proves the idea that women can
+
+516
+00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760
+write poetry like men exactly. There was this
+
+517
+00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660
+novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first
+
+518
+00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840
+paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the
+
+519
+00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500
+writer is a woman or a man. And there was an
+
+520
+00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140
+uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are
+
+521
+00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980
+similarities. There are differences. But if you
+
+522
+00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700
+say women don't write as good as well as women,
+
+523
+00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980
+that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way
+
+524
+00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560
+and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So
+
+525
+00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260
+three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper.
+
+526
+00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020
+Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the
+
+527
+00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800
+age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah
+
+528
+00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800
+she still became famous for some time. Maybe she
+
+529
+00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060
+became famous after her death? Generally yes.
+
+530
+00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340
+Generally yes. Her poems were published post
+
+531
+00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280
+-humously. This is a good word to know. You know
+
+532
+00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340
+post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre
+
+533
+00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980
+-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John
+
+534
+00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700
+Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his
+
+535
+00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080
+death. You can say after his death or her death.
+
+536
+00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360
+But when you use the word posthumously, you sound
+
+537
+00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560
+like a sophisticated person who knows big words.
+
+538
+00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700
+I'm knowledgeable. Yeah?
+
+539
+00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020
+Listen, the book says she was influenced by Pope.
+
+540
+00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620
+And my question is, do you agree or do you
+
+541
+00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360
+disagree? She was influenced by, the book says,
+
+542
+00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040
+Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I
+
+543
+00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720
+want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem
+
+544
+00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220
+by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see
+
+545
+00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740
+similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or
+
+546
+00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780
+not. I'll give you one minute.
+
+547
+00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970
+a form, a theme.
+
+548
+00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030
+The speaker is a man by the way, but the author,
+
+549
+00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290
+the poet is a woman.
+
+550
+00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310
+Can you
+
+551
+00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670
+read someone?
+
+552
+00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520
+Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round,
+
+553
+00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060
+I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+554
+00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220
+try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet
+
+555
+00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420
+for your own sake, secured,
+
+556
+00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590
+I hope your house is too insured. Insured.
+
+557
+00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750
+Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back.
+
+558
+00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970
+Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your
+
+559
+00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930
+voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back,
+
+560
+00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350
+I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then
+
+561
+00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570
+as I step on your house, give me your best and
+
+562
+00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590
+then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe
+
+563
+00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910
+and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure.
+
+564
+00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290
+Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your
+
+565
+00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490
+voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I
+
+566
+00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770
+hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+567
+00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970
+truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold,
+
+568
+00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710
+yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your
+
+569
+00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280
+house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker
+
+570
+00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600
+is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling
+
+571
+00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600
+her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's
+
+572
+00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280
+saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000
+
+573
+00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820
+pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your
+
+574
+00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800
+person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh,
+
+575
+00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770
+what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So
+
+576
+00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130
+there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell
+
+577
+00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910
+her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's
+
+578
+00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730
+vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit.
+
+579
+00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470
+He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman
+
+580
+00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170
+is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes
+
+581
+00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530
+around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning,
+
+582
+00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950
+figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a
+
+583
+00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870
+lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold,
+
+584
+00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670
+give me your person because a woman generally was
+
+585
+00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990
+treated as an object, something to own. Give me
+
+586
+00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810
+your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's
+
+587
+00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050
+not for me. I don't want the money. I want you
+
+588
+00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430
+weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people
+
+589
+00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810
+will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money.
+
+590
+00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850
+I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they
+
+591
+00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620
+give you the idea. How much money have you given
+
+592
+00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920
+your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's
+
+593
+00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040
+gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll
+
+594
+00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440
+secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to
+
+595
+00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220
+protect you. A woman can't live without a man's
+
+596
+00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380
+protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have
+
+597
+00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740
+houses and that they are insured or I can take
+
+598
+00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400
+them to make sure that they are safe. This is
+
+599
+00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500
+again satire from a woman to not only to one man
+
+600
+00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060
+but also to men in general and how they treat
+
+601
+00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520
+women, how they think women are not smart, are not
+
+602
+00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680
+intelligent, but that they always need a man to
+
+603
+00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400
+protect them, to save them, to make that
+
+604
+00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500
+everything they have is secure. The theme is women
+
+605
+00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700
+being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to
+
+606
+00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260
+women like Aphra Behn. She's empowering women like
+
+607
+00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240
+Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as
+
+608
+00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200
+smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is
+
+609
+00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040
+different from Alexander Pope. So this is a woman
+
+610
+00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840
+writing for women about women issues. Do we have
+
+611
+00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620
+the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking,
+
+612
+00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840
+this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license
+
+613
+00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580
+for the rhyme.
+
+614
+00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200
+Is it
+
+615
+00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160
+a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four?
+
+616
+00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610
+not following, if she is influenced by Alexander
+
+617
+00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330
+Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent.
+
+618
+00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950
+What is the conclusion here? Women have always
+
+619
+00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170
+written excellent literature. If they were
+
+620
+00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490
+published later on, it wasn't their fault. There
+
+621
+00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630
+must have been poets earlier, probably during
+
+622
+00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810
+Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years.
+
+623
+00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430
+But usually, the society would ignore them, would
+
+624
+00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790
+neglect them. One, because they are women. Two,
+
+625
+00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650
+because generally women, like we've seen here, are
+
+626
+00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030
+harsh critics of male superiority. So here,
+
+627
+00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850
+generally when you speak about the woman, how they
+
+628
+00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850
+explore new ideas, how they centralize and
+
+629
+00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010
+criticize and attack men all the time, and most
+
+630
+00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370
+importantly, how they would usually be critical of
+
+631
+00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350
+male superiority, fake male superiority in the
+
+632
+00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430
+society. And perhaps that's
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,2660 @@
+1
+00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990
+Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810
+have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and
+
+3
+00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930
+we have a surprise because there are two women
+
+4
+00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610
+poets today to talk about and at the same time we
+
+5
+00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070
+have two of your classmates here doing
+
+6
+00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590
+presentations which is always an amazing thing. So
+
+7
+00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010
+let's see the presentations and then go back to
+
+8
+00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550
+the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind.
+
+9
+00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490
+Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today,
+
+10
+00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850
+inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical
+
+11
+00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370
+boy tree. We can describe metaphysical boy tree as
+
+12
+00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720
+a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the
+
+13
+00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280
+metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a
+
+14
+00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860
+group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the
+
+15
+00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260
+17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the
+
+16
+00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100
+metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta
+
+17
+00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580
+means beyond and physics means physical nature.
+
+18
+00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340
+Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental
+
+19
+00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420
+problems of the nature or replacing life.
+
+20
+00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360
+John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical
+
+21
+00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280
+poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different
+
+22
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280
+way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given
+
+23
+00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300
+by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he
+
+24
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340
+wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The
+
+25
+00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840
+Lives of Boys, but he used it in a negative sense
+
+26
+00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900
+to criticize the poetry of Donne.
+
+27
+00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260
+Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry
+
+28
+00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100
+difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge,
+
+29
+00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280
+science, architecture, geography, history,
+
+30
+00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480
+astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry,
+
+31
+00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360
+mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For
+
+32
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050
+example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea
+
+33
+00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190
+marked by this flea and marking this how little
+
+34
+00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690
+that which that denies to me is. It sucked me
+
+35
+00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690
+first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two
+
+36
+00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790
+blood mangled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be
+
+37
+00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350
+said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead.
+
+38
+00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880
+This is taken from field of biology.
+
+39
+00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340
+This poetry is taken from field of biology and the
+
+40
+00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500
+flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks
+
+41
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520
+blood from human body. This insect used here as a
+
+42
+00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780
+theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To
+
+43
+00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980
+conclusion of the flea, the flea uses a conceit as
+
+44
+00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220
+a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The
+
+45
+00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300
+flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure.
+
+46
+00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820
+Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the
+
+47
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840
+woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of
+
+48
+00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660
+speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between
+
+49
+00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300
+the couple.
+
+50
+00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370
+of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image
+
+51
+00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690
+can be stretched to accommodate a range of
+
+52
+00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590
+meanings and association. They show the thrilling
+
+53
+00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610
+possibilities of language, but to politic use.
+
+54
+00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790
+Thank you, this is my presentation.
+
+55
+00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550
+Some of you find the metaphysical poetry
+
+56
+00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970
+interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I
+
+57
+00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190
+disagreed in the description that metaphysical
+
+58
+00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630
+poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical
+
+59
+00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250
+poetry or even speaking analyzing the word
+
+60
+00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870
+metaphysical itself because in our discussion we
+
+61
+00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390
+came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't
+
+62
+00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390
+necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say
+
+63
+00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320
+that those people are bad. The poetry is not about
+
+64
+00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820
+metaphysicality generally, it's different. They
+
+65
+00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150
+were writing against the current. I was also
+
+66
+00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330
+hoping for some commentary on the woman here in
+
+67
+00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830
+the text. Generally we said so far the society has
+
+68
+00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190
+been anti-feminist where women are presented as
+
+69
+00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430
+less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual
+
+70
+00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410
+compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John
+
+71
+00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430
+Donne treating the woman in the poem the same?
+
+72
+00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050
+That is an interesting question. Someone else can
+
+73
+00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290
+probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I
+
+74
+00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430
+can tell you that the 20th century greatest
+
+75
+00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170
+feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne.
+
+76
+00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070
+She's the same critic who praised Afra Binn. So if
+
+77
+00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990
+a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing
+
+78
+00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670
+something to empower women, to give them a voice.
+
+79
+00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830
+Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's
+
+80
+00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070
+trying to be different and be with women, not to
+
+81
+00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890
+be against women like other poets. And this is
+
+82
+00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330
+something new. This is something experimental.
+
+83
+00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970
+People were not used to women having a voice.
+
+84
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570
+Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his
+
+85
+00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150
+beloved that you and me and the flea are one in
+
+86
+00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830
+this crazy it's in a way similar to the guy who
+
+87
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990
+told actually we'll study this someone who wants
+
+88
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370
+to deceive the woman to trick her to take her
+
+89
+00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830
+money here in a way he wants to take something
+
+90
+00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090
+else but the poet is saying we are the same and
+
+91
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210
+the woman is not tricked he doesn't deceive her
+
+92
+00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550
+because what does she do she kills the flea He
+
+93
+00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030
+acts, he takes action exactly. So he's telling her
+
+94
+00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730
+because listen when we speak about three we speak
+
+95
+00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890
+about trinity you know in christianity so he's
+
+96
+00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350
+telling her this is a sacred creature now because
+
+97
+00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290
+it has the blood of three it's like jesus christ
+
+98
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280
+god and everything she's like She kills the flame.
+
+99
+00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060
+This simply, an act of action. The woman might not
+
+100
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440
+speak here, but she takes action. She does the
+
+101
+00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840
+most significant thing in the poem. And this is
+
+102
+00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440
+generally what a woman does in Jonda. Next, we
+
+103
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540
+have Hanin with another presentation. Hello
+
+104
+00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480
+everyone. My name is Hanin. Today I will talk
+
+105
+00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480
+about satire. So firstly, what is satire?
+
+106
+00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210
+Satire is a technique employed by writers to
+
+107
+00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170
+criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an
+
+108
+00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790
+individual or a society.
+
+109
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+Satirical writing is usually funny. So the main
+
+110
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750
+purpose of satire is not to humor, but to
+
+111
+00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270
+criticize corruption. There are four techniques to
+
+112
+00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950
+produce satire. The first one is reversal. When
+
+113
+00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690
+normal rules or order are reversed. The second one
+
+114
+00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850
+is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated
+
+115
+00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790
+imitation. The third one is incongruity. is
+
+116
+00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570
+something that seems out of place or out of
+
+117
+00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690
+character. The last one is exaggeration. It's
+
+118
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290
+giving an impression that something is greater or
+
+119
+00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160
+larger than it really is. So using humor is more
+
+120
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600
+effective than if you want to say this is wrong.
+
+121
+00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560
+But if you use humor, this is something will be
+
+122
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600
+more effective than if you say this is wrong.
+
+123
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060
+So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read
+
+124
+00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790
+it? I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything
+
+125
+00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730
+but that vain animal who is so proud of being
+
+126
+00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550
+rational. Yes. This is a satire in general. Satire
+
+127
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850
+in general by John Wilmot. And the second one
+
+128
+00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450
+is... Who can read it? Yes. Lots true or false are
+
+129
+00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010
+necessary things to raise up commonwealth's
+
+130
+00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530
+enduring kings. This is an extract by Dryden and
+
+131
+00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310
+this one is more specific than the first one.
+
+132
+00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760
+The last one is, but who can read?
+
+133
+00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520
+This extract
+
+134
+00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070
+to satire someone who called Shadwell. Shadwell,
+
+135
+00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310
+Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the
+
+136
+00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590
+master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And
+
+137
+00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750
+this is extract, this is setire, personal setire.
+
+138
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190
+This is personal setire. And this was our lesson
+
+139
+00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970
+about setire. Thank you.
+
+140
+00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030
+Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try
+
+141
+00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510
+to bring texts from outside the course so we can
+
+142
+00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690
+learn extra things? This is the one significant
+
+143
+00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890
+thing about the presentation. So we want to see
+
+144
+00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910
+what you do with extra texts, with texts from
+
+145
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580
+outside the course. Okay, so it would be a lot
+
+146
+00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640
+better, but this is really interesting. I like
+
+147
+00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080
+that you like satire and you also mentioned Parody
+
+148
+00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520
+and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go
+
+149
+00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820
+back to our class The
+
+150
+00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620
+Augustan Age is actually generally named the
+
+151
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350
+Augustan Age because followed by major critics
+
+152
+00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510
+like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Poe. But before
+
+153
+00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310
+I speak about Augustin Poetry, Alexander Poe, Mary
+
+154
+00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490
+Montague, and Mary Liver, I want to say something
+
+155
+00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590
+about parody. We spoke about
+
+156
+00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960
+And most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she
+
+157
+00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180
+said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you
+
+158
+00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820
+open most dictionaries, they will always mention
+
+159
+00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020
+the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny
+
+160
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740
+imitation of something, a funny representation of
+
+161
+00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820
+something that already existed, whether it is a
+
+162
+00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640
+person or a book.
+
+163
+00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610
+I believe that this is not accurate. This is not
+
+164
+00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170
+100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are
+
+165
+00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590
+you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay,
+
+166
+00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830
+so today, again, before I go to Augustine Poetry,
+
+167
+00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870
+I want to say something about parody. And I have
+
+168
+00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430
+to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally,
+
+169
+00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890
+most books tell you that parody is funny, comic,
+
+170
+00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450
+humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody
+
+171
+00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370
+imitates, because the word parody means to copy or
+
+172
+00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980
+to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always
+
+173
+00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900
+humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my
+
+174
+00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160
+point now. I think no, it's not because sometimes
+
+175
+00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100
+it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun
+
+176
+00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580
+of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I
+
+177
+00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160
+could say that. But there is one thing. It's about
+
+178
+00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080
+criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change.
+
+179
+00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500
+Why would I parody somebody? Because yes, I want
+
+180
+00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540
+to make fun of them. But sometimes I don't want to
+
+181
+00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200
+make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes it's
+
+182
+00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340
+tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their
+
+183
+00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760
+weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their
+
+184
+00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560
+corruption by imitating them in a way that makes
+
+185
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300
+people pay attention. My point is
+
+186
+00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280
+If this is like the English canon, you know the
+
+187
+00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820
+English canon, the bulk of the most important,
+
+188
+00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600
+most anthologized literary works, where the
+
+189
+00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960
+mainstream critics and writers reside most of the
+
+190
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930
+time. So if this is the canon, This is the bubble,
+
+191
+00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530
+this is the core. Some people live here in the
+
+192
+00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570
+margin, you know, the margin. Some people are
+
+193
+00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350
+marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but
+
+194
+00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030
+they're usually not mentioned and studied and
+
+195
+00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110
+researched. They're pushed by critics to the
+
+196
+00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,350
+margins of the society, of the canon. But some
+
+197
+00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:14,390
+poets, we say, were kicked even outside. They're
+
+198
+00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:16,970
+not in the margin, or on the margin. They are
+
+199
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:20,960
+here. outside. We mentioned Dunford for example.
+
+200
+00:14:21,980 --> 00:14:26,940
+Johnson criticized him. 50 years later Dryden
+
+201
+00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:28,960
+criticized him. Almost a hundred years later
+
+202
+00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,820
+Johnson criticized him. And then what? Even after
+
+203
+00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:34,960
+his death many people were threatened by people
+
+204
+00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,280
+who would write differently. Afrabin was also
+
+205
+00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:43,540
+considered to be of less importance. And marrying
+
+206
+00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:46,400
+manly also was considered scandalous and
+
+207
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:49,280
+objectionable and controversial in many ways. So
+
+208
+00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:54,220
+people here, outside the canon, sometimes want to
+
+209
+00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:59,160
+challenge, right? To engage in dialogue.
+
+210
+00:15:02,090 --> 00:15:05,810
+to engage in dialogue. Sometimes they want to
+
+211
+00:15:05,810 --> 00:15:09,730
+defy. Sometimes they want to criticize. Sometimes
+
+212
+00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,570
+they want to subvert. You know what subvert is?
+
+213
+00:15:13,610 --> 00:15:16,930
+When you subvert somebody's authority, you shake
+
+214
+00:15:16,930 --> 00:15:19,350
+somebody's authority. So the king, remember the
+
+215
+00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:21,530
+king is the king, the most important, God's
+
+216
+00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,330
+representative on earth. If you parody the king,
+
+217
+00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:27,310
+it's as if you're telling people that the king is
+
+218
+00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,550
+an ordinary person. He can be criticized. To shake
+
+219
+00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,110
+his place. He can be ridiculed. To shake the idea.
+
+220
+00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:36,510
+Because people think that the king, the president,
+
+221
+00:15:36,730 --> 00:15:40,850
+is a person fearful. Untouchable. Untouchable. You
+
+222
+00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:42,970
+can't touch him. You can't criticize him. When you
+
+223
+00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810
+parody him, it's like you're telling people that
+
+224
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710
+he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can
+
+225
+00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170
+talk about him in a particular way. In order to do
+
+226
+00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030
+this, those people outside the canon, they usually
+
+227
+00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320
+resort to parody. parody, metafiction,
+
+228
+00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860
+metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in
+
+229
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740
+John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And
+
+230
+00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340
+we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary
+
+231
+00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440
+people would be, you know, the idealism of the
+
+232
+00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600
+Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a
+
+233
+00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900
+new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why
+
+234
+00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240
+some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And
+
+235
+00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640
+you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world
+
+236
+00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790
+of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John
+
+237
+00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090
+Donne is doing. So when those people use parody,
+
+238
+00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050
+who usually does the criticism? The male critics,
+
+239
+00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490
+people in the canon, people who create the canon.
+
+240
+00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210
+So are they going to be happy with the parody?
+
+241
+00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050
+They're not. Are they going to be happy with the
+
+242
+00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690
+parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel
+
+243
+00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670
+Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I
+
+244
+00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530
+think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he
+
+245
+00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570
+says that parody is less serious, less important
+
+246
+00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430
+art than the original text. And it's interesting
+
+247
+00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930
+how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke
+
+248
+00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210
+about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A
+
+249
+00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070
+pun is a play on words, when you play with words.
+
+250
+00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490
+So those people even don't want us to play with
+
+251
+00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510
+words because they want us to follow the
+
+252
+00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430
+definitions in the dictionary. But always there
+
+253
+00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990
+have always been poets who wanted to do things
+
+254
+00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890
+differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't
+
+255
+00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450
+like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John
+
+256
+00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770
+Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because
+
+257
+00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810
+they believed in the rules of the Quran. In
+
+258
+00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030
+following particular rules in order to write what
+
+259
+00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370
+they call a great book. So you mean that the
+
+260
+00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670
+people who are kicked out of the canon are turning
+
+261
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300
+to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are
+
+262
+00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500
+these people going to define parody? Favorably or
+
+263
+00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760
+unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the
+
+264
+00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980
+dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is
+
+265
+00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860
+humor in parody. But not always. When you read,
+
+266
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160
+come live with me and be my love, and we will some
+
+267
+00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120
+new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We
+
+268
+00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670
+don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan
+
+269
+00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090
+attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the
+
+270
+00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710
+fact that there is another world different from
+
+271
+00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710
+the world, the idealistic world of Christopher
+
+272
+00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970
+Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to
+
+273
+00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370
+speak. So going back here today to Augustine
+
+274
+00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990
+poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope,
+
+275
+00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470
+Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women.
+
+276
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790
+And these are the first women poets to study. And
+
+277
+00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870
+this is the 18th century. And that's very
+
+278
+00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450
+interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and
+
+279
+00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430
+culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1
+
+280
+00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350
+,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab
+
+281
+00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950
+poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong
+
+282
+00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370
+with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to
+
+283
+00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310
+write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's
+
+284
+00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870
+something wrong with the way the society deals
+
+285
+00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010
+with women, frames women, and marginalizes women.
+
+286
+00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210
+So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist
+
+287
+00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650
+critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit
+
+288
+00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800
+about him, Here is one of his famous heroic
+
+289
+00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260
+couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on
+
+290
+00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860
+criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about
+
+291
+00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900
+criticism, about poetry writing. And he says,
+
+292
+00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100
+those rules, the rules of writing, classification,
+
+293
+00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140
+of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending
+
+294
+00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440
+the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are
+
+295
+00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600
+nature, so those
+
+296
+00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380
+They are nature still, but nature methodized,
+
+297
+00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540
+systematized, organized. This is something like
+
+298
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240
+the likes of John Donne would disagree with
+
+299
+00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280
+because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of
+
+300
+00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280
+poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them
+
+301
+00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980
+out there in nature exactly like we find a planet
+
+302
+00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860
+or some stars or some galaxies out there or some
+
+303
+00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740
+new species or birds or some type of fish.
+
+304
+00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410
+And this is, again, very interesting, because for
+
+305
+00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130
+them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't
+
+306
+00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690
+mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no,
+
+307
+00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530
+no. According to those people, the greatest poetry
+
+308
+00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370
+was written centuries ago, when man was not
+
+309
+00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910
+corrupted, when man didn't go even to university,
+
+310
+00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110
+was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go
+
+311
+00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290
+to study Arabic or English to be able to write
+
+312
+00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350
+poetry, right? But those people didn't learn
+
+313
+00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040
+poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired.
+
+314
+00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140
+For those critics, this inspiration could be from
+
+315
+00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800
+nature or from God. So God teaches you how to
+
+316
+00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840
+write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write
+
+317
+00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360
+poetry. When you look at nature, you find
+
+318
+00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500
+everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look
+
+319
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560
+at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees
+
+320
+00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020
+or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are
+
+321
+00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600
+shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know
+
+322
+00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960
+what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced.
+
+323
+00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380
+Everything is organized. So the rules of writing,
+
+324
+00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160
+like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus,
+
+325
+00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660
+like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus,
+
+326
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160
+they're generally taken from where? Inspired from
+
+327
+00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760
+nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They
+
+328
+00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550
+were discovered from If you count the syllables
+
+329
+00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530
+here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a
+
+330
+00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590
+thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five
+
+331
+00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850
+feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict
+
+332
+00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310
+about following. And this is a couplet. Why is
+
+333
+00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650
+this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander
+
+334
+00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510
+Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet.
+
+335
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450
+And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like
+
+336
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050
+when you define a paragraph, you're studying
+
+337
+00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990
+writing now. A paragraph is a group of related
+
+338
+00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550
+sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two
+
+339
+00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910
+rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten
+
+340
+00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410
+syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander
+
+341
+00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690
+Pope was one of the major poets who followed the
+
+342
+00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970
+rules of the Quran. They were adopted
+
+343
+00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310
+whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the
+
+344
+00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020
+rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules
+
+345
+00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580
+of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules
+
+346
+00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440
+different from the other rules? The old rules? You
+
+347
+00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240
+know, we took that the other, the old rules of the
+
+348
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100
+Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson,
+
+349
+00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540
+Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who
+
+350
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500
+was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of
+
+351
+00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280
+us people believe good poetry is good imitation,
+
+352
+00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240
+to imitate nature, because nature has everything
+
+353
+00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620
+there for us. Something that John Donne, for
+
+354
+00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100
+example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it.
+
+355
+00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040
+And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or
+
+356
+00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740
+three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander
+
+357
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550
+Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say,
+
+358
+00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750
+you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say
+
+359
+00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090
+it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with
+
+360
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370
+poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not
+
+361
+00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450
+prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful.
+
+362
+00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530
+This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a
+
+363
+00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290
+little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep
+
+364
+00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270
+or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a
+
+365
+00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850
+heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article
+
+366
+00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890
+and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with
+
+367
+00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210
+the sentence, except the fact that this is not an
+
+368
+00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050
+article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the
+
+369
+00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030
+name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets.
+
+370
+00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730
+He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be
+
+371
+00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390
+about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran,
+
+372
+00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710
+literature has to teach and delight. When you read
+
+373
+00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730
+a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom,
+
+374
+00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260
+a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a
+
+375
+00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200
+dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this
+
+376
+00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820
+before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way.
+
+377
+00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420
+Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a
+
+378
+00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500
+dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing,
+
+379
+00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300
+if you read only, you know, we have this type of
+
+380
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720
+people all the time. People who read two books and
+
+381
+00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280
+they think they are knowledgeable and will read.
+
+382
+00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840
+Or people who read, like, the introductions to a
+
+383
+00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230
+hundred pages and hope they will be So he's
+
+384
+00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490
+criticizing those people. He's saying a little
+
+385
+00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350
+learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a
+
+386
+00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770
+lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't
+
+387
+00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290
+learn, generally you might admit that you are
+
+388
+00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030
+uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books
+
+389
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070
+and you think you are a poet or a writer or a
+
+390
+00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170
+political analyst, your analysis and everything
+
+391
+00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090
+might not be good or something. So what is his
+
+392
+00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930
+advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring.
+
+393
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450
+You know what does spring mean?
+
+394
+00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550
+Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring
+
+395
+00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490
+mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is
+
+396
+00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910
+written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the
+
+397
+00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500
+full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like
+
+398
+00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380
+spring, like summer and spring?
+
+399
+00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020
+Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring.
+
+400
+00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620
+Spring is a place where water flows.
+
+401
+00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220
+No. Spring.
+
+402
+00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480
+There's something called hot springs where hot
+
+403
+00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690
+water springs from the spring. So either you, the
+
+404
+00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030
+Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of
+
+405
+00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770
+knowledge, education and everything. So you have
+
+406
+00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450
+two choices. You either drink deep, study hard,
+
+407
+00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770
+become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea.
+
+408
+00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760
+This is the advice. It's like I usually say this
+
+409
+00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640
+to my students. When you study English, you have
+
+410
+00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820
+to work very hard. If you finish four years of
+
+411
+00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800
+studying English and your English is still bad,
+
+412
+00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560
+it's really sad. So study hard. Drink deep from
+
+413
+00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,100
+the Pyrene spring. And look at the perfect rhyme,
+
+414
+00:27:37,220 --> 00:27:40,540
+the couplet. If you count this, 10 syllables, 10
+
+415
+00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:44,720
+syllables, five feet, five feet. Pop was very
+
+416
+00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:49,220
+famous for satire also. Many people wrote satire
+
+417
+00:27:49,220 --> 00:27:56,800
+in the Yugoslavia. And like his friend Dryden, he
+
+418
+00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,660
+criticized his poetic writer. Two texts here I was
+
+419
+00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:05,860
+examining today. Number one is Don Siegert. Yeah,
+
+420
+00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:07,160
+Don Siegert.
+
+421
+00:28:09,740 --> 00:28:11,400
+Just one little thing about Don Siegert.
+
+422
+00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:19,670
+in which he criticizes his friend, his literary
+
+423
+00:28:19,670 --> 00:28:23,510
+rival. It's the same. In this poem, there is
+
+424
+00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:28,950
+satire and attack on the dullness of his literary
+
+425
+00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:32,550
+rivals. But remember, it doesn't necessarily mean
+
+426
+00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,250
+that his rivals are bad or dull. It means that
+
+427
+00:28:36,250 --> 00:28:40,050
+Alexander Pope does not like them. Because he said
+
+428
+00:28:40,050 --> 00:28:42,750
+the craziest thing about John Donne. He has no
+
+429
+00:28:42,750 --> 00:28:46,480
+imagination. Yeah. And even like John Donne was
+
+430
+00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,200
+criticized by Johnson, by Dryden, by Samuel
+
+431
+00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,320
+Johnson. Everyone agreed that John Donne has this
+
+432
+00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:57,280
+weird, crazy imagination. He's a witty poet. And
+
+433
+00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,980
+Alexander Poe was like, no. He doesn't even have
+
+434
+00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:04,560
+an imagination. He's not imaginative. Is he
+
+435
+00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,720
+correct? Is he right? I don't think so. So don't
+
+436
+00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,340
+take everything for granted. Think for yourself.
+
+437
+00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:15,820
+His most famous work here is The Rape of the Lock.
+
+438
+00:29:17,380 --> 00:29:20,880
+We spoke about rape in the past, but rape here
+
+439
+00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,800
+means stealing something. We speak about the rape
+
+440
+00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,580
+of Palestine, how Palestine was stolen, was
+
+441
+00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:34,500
+occupied by. Lock is a lock of hair. A lock of
+
+442
+00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:40,350
+hair, yeah. The Rape of the Log is a mock-epic
+
+443
+00:29:40,350 --> 00:29:42,790
+satire. You know what an epic poem is, remember?
+
+444
+00:29:43,830 --> 00:29:47,370
+Bewolf, about heroes, battles, heroism, like
+
+445
+00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210
+Bewolf, always very long, about serious issues in
+
+446
+00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850
+the community. But in this poem, very long poem,
+
+447
+00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830
+I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long,
+
+448
+00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330
+Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things
+
+449
+00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200
+of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we
+
+450
+00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440
+have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40
+
+451
+00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160
+year battle over you know two camels, was it two
+
+452
+00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500
+camels or two horses or something. In this story
+
+453
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640
+someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then
+
+454
+00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060
+all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and
+
+455
+00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990
+fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing
+
+456
+00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450
+in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the
+
+457
+00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350
+trivial things in the society, this fake self
+
+458
+00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020
+-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but
+
+459
+00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560
+in reality, they are all only fighting about
+
+460
+00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080
+trivial things. There are no heroes in this age.
+
+461
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860
+There are no battles in this age. It's all fake,
+
+462
+00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000
+like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70
+
+463
+00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900
+years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book.
+
+464
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780
+So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long
+
+465
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760
+poem about heroism.
+
+466
+00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280
+An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's
+
+467
+00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300
+a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock
+
+468
+00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300
+something, to make fun of something. But there's
+
+469
+00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220
+also this when you do an exam, when you don't do
+
+470
+00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460
+the original, like sometimes you have to do a
+
+471
+00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860
+trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test.
+
+472
+00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990
+So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic.
+
+473
+00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330
+Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it
+
+474
+00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610
+about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or
+
+475
+00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710
+someone fighting, killing many people because they
+
+476
+00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090
+stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We
+
+477
+00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010
+have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people
+
+478
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350
+who would fight and do horrible things only
+
+479
+00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600
+because someone It's something trivial and stupid.
+
+480
+00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160
+And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem
+
+481
+00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880
+to read about. Let's move to the more interesting
+
+482
+00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780
+poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary
+
+483
+00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760
+Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife
+
+484
+00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660
+of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany.
+
+485
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100
+Her name is Mary Montagio.
+
+486
+00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900
+So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very
+
+487
+00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940
+muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a
+
+488
+00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580
+poet. It is said here, it says in the book that
+
+489
+00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040
+she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became
+
+490
+00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080
+his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds
+
+491
+00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010
+interesting. But it's also interesting that
+
+492
+00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690
+Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the
+
+493
+00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910
+ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in
+
+494
+00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990
+this age. They wanted to be close to the
+
+495
+00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770
+royalties, to the court, to the people in power.
+
+496
+00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950
+In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that
+
+497
+00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080
+satire should like a polished razor key. What's a
+
+498
+00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340
+razor? When men shave their beard, so they use
+
+499
+00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260
+razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp
+
+500
+00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100
+knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire
+
+501
+00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960
+should be sharp like a razor. This is called a
+
+502
+00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540
+simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it
+
+503
+00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870
+uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a
+
+504
+00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990
+verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with
+
+505
+00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190
+a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is
+
+506
+00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510
+scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You
+
+507
+00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270
+shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that
+
+508
+00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050
+satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If
+
+509
+00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950
+you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing
+
+510
+00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930
+me or what is she saying here? And this is
+
+511
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990
+something that comes from a woman. In a way, if
+
+512
+00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950
+you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was
+
+513
+00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570
+written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell
+
+514
+00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330
+this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use
+
+515
+00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730
+words. No. Which proves the idea that women can
+
+516
+00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760
+write poetry like men exactly. There was this
+
+517
+00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660
+novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first
+
+518
+00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840
+paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the
+
+519
+00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500
+writer is a woman or a man. And there was an
+
+520
+00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140
+uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are
+
+521
+00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980
+similarities. There are differences. But if you
+
+522
+00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700
+say women don't write as good as well as women,
+
+523
+00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980
+that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way
+
+524
+00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560
+and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So
+
+525
+00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260
+three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper.
+
+526
+00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020
+Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the
+
+527
+00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800
+age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah
+
+528
+00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800
+she still became famous for some time. Maybe she
+
+529
+00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060
+became famous after her death? Generally yes.
+
+530
+00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340
+Generally yes. Her poems were published post
+
+531
+00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280
+-Muslim. This is a good word to know. You know
+
+532
+00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340
+post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre
+
+533
+00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980
+-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John
+
+534
+00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700
+Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his
+
+535
+00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080
+death. You can say after his death or her death.
+
+536
+00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360
+But when you use the word posthumously, you sound
+
+537
+00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560
+like a sophisticated person who knows big words.
+
+538
+00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700
+I'm knowledgeable. Yeah?
+
+539
+00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020
+Listen, the book says she was influenced by Bob.
+
+540
+00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620
+And my question is, do you agree or do you
+
+541
+00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360
+disagree? She was influenced by, the book says,
+
+542
+00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040
+Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I
+
+543
+00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720
+want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem
+
+544
+00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220
+by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see
+
+545
+00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740
+similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or
+
+546
+00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780
+not. I'll give you one minute.
+
+547
+00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970
+a form, a theme.
+
+548
+00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030
+The speaker is a man by the way, but the author,
+
+549
+00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290
+the poet is a woman.
+
+550
+00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310
+Can you
+
+551
+00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670
+read someone?
+
+552
+00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520
+Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round,
+
+553
+00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060
+I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+554
+00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220
+try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet
+
+555
+00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420
+for your own sake, secured,
+
+556
+00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590
+I hope your house is too insured. Insured.
+
+557
+00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750
+Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back.
+
+558
+00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970
+Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your
+
+559
+00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930
+voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back,
+
+560
+00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350
+I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then
+
+561
+00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570
+as I step on your house, give me your best and
+
+562
+00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590
+then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe
+
+563
+00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910
+and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure.
+
+564
+00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290
+Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your
+
+565
+00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490
+voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I
+
+566
+00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770
+hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+567
+00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970
+truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold,
+
+568
+00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710
+yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your
+
+569
+00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280
+house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker
+
+570
+00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600
+is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling
+
+571
+00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600
+her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's
+
+572
+00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280
+saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000
+
+573
+00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820
+pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your
+
+574
+00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800
+person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh,
+
+575
+00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770
+what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So
+
+576
+00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130
+there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell
+
+577
+00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910
+her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's
+
+578
+00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730
+vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit.
+
+579
+00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470
+He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman
+
+580
+00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170
+is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes
+
+581
+00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530
+around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning,
+
+582
+00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950
+figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a
+
+583
+00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870
+lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold,
+
+584
+00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670
+give me your person because a woman generally was
+
+585
+00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990
+treated as an object, something to own. Give me
+
+586
+00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810
+your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's
+
+587
+00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050
+not for me. I don't want the money. I want you
+
+588
+00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430
+weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people
+
+589
+00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810
+will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money.
+
+590
+00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850
+I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they
+
+591
+00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620
+give you the idea. How much money have you given
+
+592
+00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920
+your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's
+
+593
+00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040
+gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll
+
+594
+00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440
+secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to
+
+595
+00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220
+protect you. A woman can't live without a man's
+
+596
+00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380
+protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have
+
+597
+00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740
+houses and that they are insured or I can take
+
+598
+00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400
+them to make sure that they are safe. This is
+
+599
+00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500
+again satire from a woman to not only to one man
+
+600
+00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060
+but also to men in general and how they treat
+
+601
+00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520
+women, how they think women are not smart, are not
+
+602
+00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680
+intelligent, but that they always need a man to
+
+603
+00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400
+protect them, to save them, to make that
+
+604
+00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500
+everything they have is secure. The theme is women
+
+605
+00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700
+being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to
+
+606
+00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260
+women like Afrobin. She's empowering women like
+
+607
+00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240
+Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as
+
+608
+00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200
+smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is
+
+609
+00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040
+different from Alexander Poe. So this is a woman
+
+610
+00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840
+writing for women about women issues. Do we have
+
+611
+00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620
+the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking,
+
+612
+00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840
+this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license
+
+613
+00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580
+for the rhyme.
+
+614
+00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200
+Is it
+
+615
+00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160
+a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four?
+
+616
+00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610
+not following, if she is influenced by Alexander
+
+617
+00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330
+Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent.
+
+618
+00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950
+What is the conclusion here? Women have always
+
+619
+00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170
+written excellent literature. If they were
+
+620
+00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490
+published later on, it wasn't their fault. There
+
+621
+00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630
+must have been poets earlier, probably during
+
+622
+00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810
+Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years.
+
+623
+00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430
+But usually, the society would ignore them, would
+
+624
+00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790
+neglect them. One, because they are women. Two,
+
+625
+00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650
+because generally women, like we've seen here, are
+
+626
+00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030
+harsh criticals of and male superiority. So here,
+
+627
+00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850
+generally when you speak about the woman, how they
+
+628
+00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850
+explore new ideas, how they centralize and
+
+629
+00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010
+criticize and attack men all the time, and most
+
+630
+00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370
+importantly, how they would usually be critical of
+
+631
+00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350
+male superiority, fake male superiority in the
+
+632
+00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430
+society. And perhaps that's a good logic. That is
+
+633
+00:43:00,430 --> 00:43:03,390
+one reason why Not because they were writing bad
+
+634
+00:43:03,390 --> 00:43:07,010
+poetry, not because they're not good poets, but
+
+635
+00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:11,170
+because the main critics ignored them altogether
+
+636
+00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:15,410
+for their critical poetry. Please. I want to add a
+
+637
+00:43:15,410 --> 00:43:18,590
+comment. You said that in Old English mainly most
+
+638
+00:43:18,590 --> 00:43:21,890
+poets were religious or heroic because they wrote
+
+639
+00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:24,550
+them. The monks chose to write them. So we can say
+
+640
+00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:29,750
+that Women wrote poetry for a long time but they
+
+641
+00:43:29,750 --> 00:43:33,070
+did not practice or did not have it now? Yeah,
+
+642
+00:43:33,150 --> 00:43:35,810
+probably yes. They didn't want to show it to their
+
+643
+00:43:35,810 --> 00:43:38,190
+parents or family or anybody because remember
+
+644
+00:43:38,190 --> 00:43:40,770
+during 16 women were not allowed to perform on
+
+645
+00:43:40,770 --> 00:43:44,000
+stage. That's why we speak later on at the end of
+
+646
+00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,440
+this course about Virginia Woolf, the feminist
+
+647
+00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:49,760
+critic who said, a woman has to have dependence on
+
+648
+00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,780
+herself, a room of one's own. There's an article
+
+649
+00:43:52,780 --> 00:43:54,840
+called A Room of One's Own. It could be stupid,
+
+650
+00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,500
+the idea, but she says you have to have your own
+
+651
+00:43:57,500 --> 00:43:59,920
+freedom and privacy and independence. If you have
+
+652
+00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:03,590
+your own room, If you share a room with your
+
+653
+00:44:03,590 --> 00:44:07,170
+brothers or sisters, sometimes you're going to
+
+654
+00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:09,390
+hide your talents. If you write poetry, you're
+
+655
+00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:11,090
+going to hide it. Because if somebody sees it,
+
+656
+00:44:11,110 --> 00:44:13,390
+it's going, ah, fine. She writes poetry. She
+
+657
+00:44:13,390 --> 00:44:15,050
+thinks she's a poet. And then they're going to
+
+658
+00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:18,050
+destroy you for life. But if you have your own
+
+659
+00:44:18,050 --> 00:44:21,890
+room, which symbolizes freedom and independence
+
+660
+00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:26,260
+and privacy, you can do the talents you like. You
+
+661
+00:44:26,260 --> 00:44:30,580
+can grow, you can develop. I'll stop here and if
+
+662
+00:44:30,580 --> 00:44:35,160
+you have any question, you're free to ask. And
+
+663
+00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,700
+after this, by the way, we're going to start the
+
+664
+00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:40,280
+Romantic Age. We're going to jump to the Romantic
+
+665
+00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:40,660
+Age.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e96f3dbd5f1f03aac60a3e0b27a336ffc8769bee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/528osmBMjm8_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2660 @@
+1
+00:00:20,990 --> 00:00:23,990
+Assalamualaikum everyone and as always nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,990 --> 00:00:28,810
+have you back. Today we'll do Augustan poetry and
+
+3
+00:00:28,810 --> 00:00:32,930
+we have a surprise because there are two women
+
+4
+00:00:32,930 --> 00:00:36,610
+poets today to talk about and at the same time we
+
+5
+00:00:36,610 --> 00:00:40,070
+have two of your classmates here doing
+
+6
+00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:43,590
+presentations which is always an amazing thing. So
+
+7
+00:00:43,590 --> 00:00:46,010
+let's see the presentations and then go back to
+
+8
+00:00:46,010 --> 00:00:48,550
+the Augustan age. You can start now, Hind.
+
+9
+00:00:52,610 --> 00:00:55,490
+Hello everyone, my name is Hind Dagmosh. Today,
+
+10
+00:00:55,610 --> 00:00:57,850
+inshallah, I will be talking about a metaphysical
+
+11
+00:00:57,850 --> 00:01:01,370
+boy tree. We can describe metaphysical boy tree as
+
+12
+00:01:01,370 --> 00:01:07,720
+a fruit of the Renaissance tree. So, what is the
+
+13
+00:01:07,720 --> 00:01:11,280
+metaphysical poetry? Metaphysical poetry is a
+
+14
+00:01:11,280 --> 00:01:13,860
+group of poetry emerged in the beginning of the
+
+15
+00:01:13,860 --> 00:01:18,260
+17th century whose poetry comes to be known as the
+
+16
+00:01:18,260 --> 00:01:22,100
+metaphysical poetry. Metaphysical literally, meta
+
+17
+00:01:22,100 --> 00:01:26,580
+means beyond and physics means physical nature.
+
+18
+00:01:27,500 --> 00:01:30,340
+Metaphysical concerned with the fundamental
+
+19
+00:01:30,340 --> 00:01:33,420
+problems of the nature or replacing life.
+
+20
+00:01:36,240 --> 00:01:39,360
+John Donne was the founder of the metaphysical
+
+21
+00:01:39,360 --> 00:01:42,280
+poetry. He tried to write poetry in a different
+
+22
+00:01:42,280 --> 00:01:46,280
+way, but the name of metaphysical poetry is given
+
+23
+00:01:46,280 --> 00:01:50,300
+by Dr. Samuel Johnson for the first time when he
+
+24
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:54,340
+wrote The Life of Abraham Cowley in his book The
+
+25
+00:01:54,340 --> 00:01:57,840
+Lives of Boys, but he used it in a negative sense
+
+26
+00:01:57,840 --> 00:02:00,900
+to criticize the poetry of Donne.
+
+27
+00:02:03,940 --> 00:02:10,260
+Unusual images. Unusual images makes the poetry
+
+28
+00:02:10,260 --> 00:02:15,100
+difficult. Images taken from fields of knowledge,
+
+29
+00:02:15,320 --> 00:02:18,280
+science, architecture, geography, history,
+
+30
+00:02:19,200 --> 00:02:22,480
+astronomy, chemistry, architecture, geometry,
+
+31
+00:02:23,000 --> 00:02:26,360
+mathematics and biology, medical, etc. For
+
+32
+00:02:26,360 --> 00:02:32,050
+example, today, The Flea by John Donne. The flea
+
+33
+00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:36,190
+marked by this flea and marking this how little
+
+34
+00:02:36,190 --> 00:02:40,690
+that which that denies to me is. It sucked me
+
+35
+00:02:40,690 --> 00:02:44,690
+first and now sucks thee. And in this flea our two
+
+36
+00:02:44,690 --> 00:02:49,790
+blood mangled be. Thou knowest that this cannot be
+
+37
+00:02:49,790 --> 00:02:58,350
+said a sin nor shame nor loss of maidenhead.
+
+38
+00:03:00,400 --> 00:03:04,880
+This is taken from field of biology.
+
+39
+00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:14,340
+This poetry is taken from field of biology and the
+
+40
+00:03:14,340 --> 00:03:20,500
+flea is a small insect. The small insect sucks
+
+41
+00:03:20,500 --> 00:03:25,520
+blood from human body. This insect used here as a
+
+42
+00:03:25,520 --> 00:03:31,780
+theme of the exhibition of love. Oh yeah. To
+
+43
+00:03:31,780 --> 00:03:36,980
+conclusion of the flea, the flea uses a conceit as
+
+44
+00:03:36,980 --> 00:03:42,220
+a means of flirtation and sexual coercion too. The
+
+45
+00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:46,300
+flea metaphor represents denied sensual pleasure.
+
+46
+00:03:46,860 --> 00:03:50,820
+Its tiny scale reflects the insignificance of the
+
+47
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:53,840
+woman's chastity. Its body containing the blood of
+
+48
+00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,660
+speaker and mistress symbolizes the union between
+
+49
+00:03:57,660 --> 00:03:58,300
+the couple.
+
+50
+00:04:01,910 --> 00:04:07,370
+of the reason, they perhaps to see how one image
+
+51
+00:04:07,370 --> 00:04:11,690
+can be stretched to accommodate a range of
+
+52
+00:04:11,690 --> 00:04:16,590
+meanings and association. They show the thrilling
+
+53
+00:04:16,590 --> 00:04:20,610
+possibilities of language, but to politic use.
+
+54
+00:04:21,390 --> 00:04:22,790
+Thank you, this is my presentation.
+
+55
+00:04:27,370 --> 00:04:29,550
+Some of you find the metaphysical poetry
+
+56
+00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:31,970
+interesting and intriguing in a way. Maybe I
+
+57
+00:04:31,970 --> 00:04:34,190
+disagreed in the description that metaphysical
+
+58
+00:04:34,190 --> 00:04:36,630
+poetry is difficult rather than metaphysical
+
+59
+00:04:36,630 --> 00:04:39,250
+poetry or even speaking analyzing the word
+
+60
+00:04:39,250 --> 00:04:41,870
+metaphysical itself because in our discussion we
+
+61
+00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:44,390
+came to the conclusion that metaphysical doesn't
+
+62
+00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:47,390
+necessarily mean nothing. It was used just to say
+
+63
+00:04:47,390 --> 00:04:50,320
+that those people are bad. The poetry is not about
+
+64
+00:04:50,320 --> 00:04:53,820
+metaphysicality generally, it's different. They
+
+65
+00:04:53,820 --> 00:05:00,150
+were writing against the current. I was also
+
+66
+00:05:00,150 --> 00:05:04,330
+hoping for some commentary on the woman here in
+
+67
+00:05:04,330 --> 00:05:07,830
+the text. Generally we said so far the society has
+
+68
+00:05:07,830 --> 00:05:11,190
+been anti-feminist where women are presented as
+
+69
+00:05:11,190 --> 00:05:15,430
+less weak, less intelligent, unintellectual
+
+70
+00:05:15,430 --> 00:05:19,410
+compared to men. Men have more freedom. Is John
+
+71
+00:05:19,410 --> 00:05:23,430
+Donne treating the woman in the poem the same?
+
+72
+00:05:24,250 --> 00:05:26,050
+That is an interesting question. Someone else can
+
+73
+00:05:26,050 --> 00:05:30,290
+probably do a presentation on this. But maybe I
+
+74
+00:05:30,290 --> 00:05:34,430
+can tell you that the 20th century greatest
+
+75
+00:05:34,430 --> 00:05:39,170
+feminist, Virginia Woolf, she praised John Donne.
+
+76
+00:05:40,870 --> 00:05:45,070
+She's the same critic who praised Afra Binn. So if
+
+77
+00:05:45,070 --> 00:05:47,990
+a feminist praises John Donne, probably he's doing
+
+78
+00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:51,670
+something to empower women, to give them a voice.
+
+79
+00:05:52,130 --> 00:05:54,830
+Thank you. Thank you. Yeah, please. Maybe he's
+
+80
+00:05:54,830 --> 00:05:59,070
+trying to be different and be with women, not to
+
+81
+00:05:59,070 --> 00:06:01,890
+be against women like other poets. And this is
+
+82
+00:06:01,890 --> 00:06:04,330
+something new. This is something experimental.
+
+83
+00:06:04,670 --> 00:06:06,970
+People were not used to women having a voice.
+
+84
+00:06:07,830 --> 00:06:10,570
+Because in this poem, when the poet is telling his
+
+85
+00:06:10,570 --> 00:06:16,150
+beloved that you and me and the flea are one in
+
+86
+00:06:16,150 --> 00:06:19,830
+this crazy it's in a way similar to the guy who
+
+87
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:22,990
+told actually we'll study this someone who wants
+
+88
+00:06:22,990 --> 00:06:25,370
+to deceive the woman to trick her to take her
+
+89
+00:06:25,370 --> 00:06:27,830
+money here in a way he wants to take something
+
+90
+00:06:27,830 --> 00:06:33,090
+else but the poet is saying we are the same and
+
+91
+00:06:33,090 --> 00:06:36,210
+the woman is not tricked he doesn't deceive her
+
+92
+00:06:36,210 --> 00:06:40,550
+because what does she do she kills the flea He
+
+93
+00:06:40,550 --> 00:06:44,030
+acts, he takes action exactly. So he's telling her
+
+94
+00:06:44,030 --> 00:06:46,730
+because listen when we speak about three we speak
+
+95
+00:06:46,730 --> 00:06:49,890
+about trinity you know in christianity so he's
+
+96
+00:06:49,890 --> 00:06:53,350
+telling her this is a sacred creature now because
+
+97
+00:06:53,350 --> 00:06:56,290
+it has the blood of three it's like jesus christ
+
+98
+00:06:56,290 --> 00:07:00,280
+god and everything she's like She kills the flame.
+
+99
+00:07:00,900 --> 00:07:04,060
+This simply, an act of action. The woman might not
+
+100
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:07,440
+speak here, but she takes action. She does the
+
+101
+00:07:07,440 --> 00:07:09,840
+most significant thing in the poem. And this is
+
+102
+00:07:09,840 --> 00:07:14,440
+generally what a woman does in Jonda. Next, we
+
+103
+00:07:14,440 --> 00:07:17,540
+have Hanin with another presentation. Hello
+
+104
+00:07:17,540 --> 00:07:20,480
+everyone. My name is Hanin. Today I will talk
+
+105
+00:07:20,480 --> 00:07:23,480
+about satire. So firstly, what is satire?
+
+106
+00:07:29,210 --> 00:07:33,210
+Satire is a technique employed by writers to
+
+107
+00:07:33,210 --> 00:07:38,170
+criticize corruption, to satirize corruption of an
+
+108
+00:07:38,170 --> 00:07:39,790
+individual or a society.
+
+109
+00:07:42,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+Satirical writing is usually funny. So the main
+
+110
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:53,750
+purpose of satire is not to humor, but to
+
+111
+00:07:53,750 --> 00:07:59,270
+criticize corruption. There are four techniques to
+
+112
+00:07:59,270 --> 00:08:04,950
+produce satire. The first one is reversal. When
+
+113
+00:08:04,950 --> 00:08:09,690
+normal rules or order are reversed. The second one
+
+114
+00:08:09,690 --> 00:08:16,850
+is parody. Parody is humorous and exaggerated
+
+115
+00:08:16,850 --> 00:08:22,790
+imitation. The third one is incongruity. is
+
+116
+00:08:22,790 --> 00:08:26,570
+something that seems out of place or out of
+
+117
+00:08:26,570 --> 00:08:31,690
+character. The last one is exaggeration. It's
+
+118
+00:08:31,690 --> 00:08:36,290
+giving an impression that something is greater or
+
+119
+00:08:36,290 --> 00:08:42,160
+larger than it really is. So using humor is more
+
+120
+00:08:42,160 --> 00:08:46,600
+effective than if you want to say this is wrong.
+
+121
+00:08:46,900 --> 00:08:50,560
+But if you use humor, this is something will be
+
+122
+00:08:50,560 --> 00:08:54,600
+more effective than if you say this is wrong.
+
+123
+00:08:57,360 --> 00:09:04,060
+So this is an extract by John Wilmot. Who can read
+
+124
+00:09:04,060 --> 00:09:08,790
+it? I'd be a dog, a monkey, a bear, or anything
+
+125
+00:09:08,790 --> 00:09:11,730
+but that vain animal who is so proud of being
+
+126
+00:09:11,730 --> 00:09:19,550
+rational. Yes. This is a satire in general. Satire
+
+127
+00:09:19,550 --> 00:09:23,850
+in general by John Wilmot. And the second one
+
+128
+00:09:23,850 --> 00:09:30,450
+is... Who can read it? Yes. Lots true or false are
+
+129
+00:09:30,450 --> 00:09:33,010
+necessary things to raise up commonwealth's
+
+130
+00:09:33,010 --> 00:09:37,530
+enduring kings. This is an extract by Dryden and
+
+131
+00:09:37,530 --> 00:09:40,310
+this one is more specific than the first one.
+
+132
+00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:46,760
+The last one is, but who can read?
+
+133
+00:09:50,800 --> 00:09:57,520
+This extract
+
+134
+00:09:57,520 --> 00:10:03,070
+to satire someone who called Shadwell. Shadwell,
+
+135
+00:10:03,650 --> 00:10:08,310
+Dryden describes Shadwell as the master, as the
+
+136
+00:10:08,310 --> 00:10:12,590
+master of dullness, as the master of dullness. And
+
+137
+00:10:12,590 --> 00:10:16,750
+this is extract, this is setire, personal setire.
+
+138
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:21,190
+This is personal setire. And this was our lesson
+
+139
+00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,970
+about setire. Thank you.
+
+140
+00:10:33,110 --> 00:10:38,030
+Thank you. When you do presentations, can you try
+
+141
+00:10:38,030 --> 00:10:43,510
+to bring texts from outside the course so we can
+
+142
+00:10:43,510 --> 00:10:46,690
+learn extra things? This is the one significant
+
+143
+00:10:46,690 --> 00:10:49,890
+thing about the presentation. So we want to see
+
+144
+00:10:49,890 --> 00:10:52,910
+what you do with extra texts, with texts from
+
+145
+00:10:52,910 --> 00:10:57,580
+outside the course. Okay, so it would be a lot
+
+146
+00:10:57,580 --> 00:10:59,640
+better, but this is really interesting. I like
+
+147
+00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:03,080
+that you like satire and you also mentioned Parody
+
+148
+00:11:03,080 --> 00:11:06,520
+and stuff we talked about in a bit. So let's go
+
+149
+00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:11,820
+back to our class The
+
+150
+00:11:11,820 --> 00:11:16,620
+Augustan Age is actually generally named the
+
+151
+00:11:16,620 --> 00:11:22,350
+Augustan Age because followed by major critics
+
+152
+00:11:22,350 --> 00:11:27,510
+like Samuel Johnson and Alexander Poe. But before
+
+153
+00:11:27,510 --> 00:11:31,310
+I speak about Augustin Poetry, Alexander Poe, Mary
+
+154
+00:11:31,310 --> 00:11:34,490
+Montague, and Mary Liver, I want to say something
+
+155
+00:11:34,490 --> 00:11:36,590
+about parody. We spoke about
+
+156
+00:11:40,680 --> 00:11:43,960
+And most, even when Hanin mentioned parodies, she
+
+157
+00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:48,180
+said some humorous exaggerated imitation. When you
+
+158
+00:11:48,180 --> 00:11:50,820
+open most dictionaries, they will always mention
+
+159
+00:11:50,820 --> 00:11:55,020
+the word comic or humorous or funny, a funny
+
+160
+00:11:55,020 --> 00:11:59,740
+imitation of something, a funny representation of
+
+161
+00:11:59,740 --> 00:12:01,820
+something that already existed, whether it is a
+
+162
+00:12:01,820 --> 00:12:02,640
+person or a book.
+
+163
+00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:08,610
+I believe that this is not accurate. This is not
+
+164
+00:12:08,610 --> 00:12:15,170
+100% what parody does. Again, look at me. Why are
+
+165
+00:12:15,170 --> 00:12:18,590
+you turning the pages? Is there something? Okay,
+
+166
+00:12:18,950 --> 00:12:22,830
+so today, again, before I go to Augustine Poetry,
+
+167
+00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:25,870
+I want to say something about parody. And I have
+
+168
+00:12:25,870 --> 00:12:28,430
+to say it again, pay attention to this. Generally,
+
+169
+00:12:28,630 --> 00:12:32,890
+most books tell you that parody is funny, comic,
+
+170
+00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:37,450
+humorous imitation of something. Yes, parody
+
+171
+00:12:37,450 --> 00:12:40,370
+imitates, because the word parody means to copy or
+
+172
+00:12:40,370 --> 00:12:45,980
+to imitate. Now, is it always funny? Is it always
+
+173
+00:12:45,980 --> 00:12:49,900
+humorous? Is it always less serious? This is my
+
+174
+00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,160
+point now. I think no, it's not because sometimes
+
+175
+00:12:53,160 --> 00:12:57,100
+it can hurt people's feelings if you're making fun
+
+176
+00:12:57,100 --> 00:13:00,580
+of them. Is it only about hurting feelings? No, I
+
+177
+00:13:00,580 --> 00:13:02,160
+could say that. But there is one thing. It's about
+
+178
+00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:05,080
+criticism. In my opinion, parody is about change.
+
+179
+00:13:05,500 --> 00:13:08,500
+Why would I parody somebody? Because yes, I want
+
+180
+00:13:08,500 --> 00:13:12,540
+to make fun of them. But sometimes I don't want to
+
+181
+00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:15,200
+make fun of them. It's not funny. Sometimes it's
+
+182
+00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,340
+tragic. So I want to criticize them to show their
+
+183
+00:13:18,340 --> 00:13:21,760
+weaknesses, to show their vices, to show their
+
+184
+00:13:21,760 --> 00:13:26,560
+corruption by imitating them in a way that makes
+
+185
+00:13:26,560 --> 00:13:29,300
+people pay attention. My point is
+
+186
+00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:35,280
+If this is like the English canon, you know the
+
+187
+00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,820
+English canon, the bulk of the most important,
+
+188
+00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600
+most anthologized literary works, where the
+
+189
+00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:45,960
+mainstream critics and writers reside most of the
+
+190
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:50,930
+time. So if this is the canon, This is the bubble,
+
+191
+00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:54,530
+this is the core. Some people live here in the
+
+192
+00:13:54,530 --> 00:13:58,570
+margin, you know, the margin. Some people are
+
+193
+00:13:58,570 --> 00:14:02,350
+marginalized. They are known, they're famous, but
+
+194
+00:14:02,350 --> 00:14:05,030
+they're usually not mentioned and studied and
+
+195
+00:14:05,030 --> 00:14:08,110
+researched. They're pushed by critics to the
+
+196
+00:14:08,110 --> 00:14:11,350
+margins of the society, of the canon. But some
+
+197
+00:14:11,350 --> 00:14:14,390
+poets, we say, were kicked even outside. They're
+
+198
+00:14:14,390 --> 00:14:16,970
+not in the margin, or on the margin. They are
+
+199
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:20,960
+here. outside. We mentioned Dunford for example.
+
+200
+00:14:21,980 --> 00:14:26,940
+Johnson criticized him. 50 years later Dryden
+
+201
+00:14:26,940 --> 00:14:28,960
+criticized him. Almost a hundred years later
+
+202
+00:14:28,960 --> 00:14:31,820
+Johnson criticized him. And then what? Even after
+
+203
+00:14:31,820 --> 00:14:34,960
+his death many people were threatened by people
+
+204
+00:14:34,960 --> 00:14:38,280
+who would write differently. Afrabin was also
+
+205
+00:14:38,280 --> 00:14:43,540
+considered to be of less importance. And marrying
+
+206
+00:14:43,540 --> 00:14:46,400
+manly also was considered scandalous and
+
+207
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:49,280
+objectionable and controversial in many ways. So
+
+208
+00:14:49,280 --> 00:14:54,220
+people here, outside the canon, sometimes want to
+
+209
+00:14:54,220 --> 00:14:59,160
+challenge, right? To engage in dialogue.
+
+210
+00:15:02,090 --> 00:15:05,810
+to engage in dialogue. Sometimes they want to
+
+211
+00:15:05,810 --> 00:15:09,730
+defy. Sometimes they want to criticize. Sometimes
+
+212
+00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,570
+they want to subvert. You know what subvert is?
+
+213
+00:15:13,610 --> 00:15:16,930
+When you subvert somebody's authority, you shake
+
+214
+00:15:16,930 --> 00:15:19,350
+somebody's authority. So the king, remember the
+
+215
+00:15:19,350 --> 00:15:21,530
+king is the king, the most important, God's
+
+216
+00:15:21,530 --> 00:15:24,330
+representative on earth. If you parody the king,
+
+217
+00:15:24,890 --> 00:15:27,310
+it's as if you're telling people that the king is
+
+218
+00:15:27,310 --> 00:15:30,550
+an ordinary person. He can be criticized. To shake
+
+219
+00:15:30,550 --> 00:15:33,110
+his place. He can be ridiculed. To shake the idea.
+
+220
+00:15:33,650 --> 00:15:36,510
+Because people think that the king, the president,
+
+221
+00:15:36,730 --> 00:15:40,850
+is a person fearful. Untouchable. Untouchable. You
+
+222
+00:15:40,850 --> 00:15:42,970
+can't touch him. You can't criticize him. When you
+
+223
+00:15:42,970 --> 00:15:44,810
+parody him, it's like you're telling people that
+
+224
+00:15:44,810 --> 00:15:47,710
+he's an ordinary person. He's a human being. I can
+
+225
+00:15:47,710 --> 00:15:51,170
+talk about him in a particular way. In order to do
+
+226
+00:15:51,170 --> 00:15:56,030
+this, those people outside the canon, they usually
+
+227
+00:15:56,030 --> 00:16:00,320
+resort to parody. parody, metafiction,
+
+228
+00:16:00,940 --> 00:16:02,860
+metatextuality sometimes. And we've seen this in
+
+229
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:06,740
+John Donne. Come live with me and be my love. And
+
+230
+00:16:06,740 --> 00:16:10,340
+we will some new pleasures grow. So if ordinary
+
+231
+00:16:10,340 --> 00:16:12,440
+people would be, you know, the idealism of the
+
+232
+00:16:12,440 --> 00:16:15,600
+Elizabethan age, all the pleasures, and we have a
+
+233
+00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:18,900
+new poet who says some new pleasure. Okay, why
+
+234
+00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:23,240
+some? Because all is wrong, not realistic. And
+
+235
+00:16:23,240 --> 00:16:26,640
+you, I want to see what. So he's shaking the world
+
+236
+00:16:26,640 --> 00:16:29,790
+of the Elizabethan courtly love. This is what John
+
+237
+00:16:29,790 --> 00:16:32,090
+Donne is doing. So when those people use parody,
+
+238
+00:16:32,930 --> 00:16:38,050
+who usually does the criticism? The male critics,
+
+239
+00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:41,490
+people in the canon, people who create the canon.
+
+240
+00:16:42,350 --> 00:16:44,210
+So are they going to be happy with the parody?
+
+241
+00:16:44,830 --> 00:16:48,050
+They're not. Are they going to be happy with the
+
+242
+00:16:48,050 --> 00:16:51,690
+parody? They are not. So for them, for Samuel
+
+243
+00:16:51,690 --> 00:16:55,670
+Johnson, parody is not serious. It's called, I
+
+244
+00:16:55,670 --> 00:16:57,530
+think, I'm not sure what exactly he says, but he
+
+245
+00:16:57,530 --> 00:17:02,570
+says that parody is less serious, less important
+
+246
+00:17:02,570 --> 00:17:05,430
+art than the original text. And it's interesting
+
+247
+00:17:05,430 --> 00:17:08,930
+how Johnson also hates puns. Remember we spoke
+
+248
+00:17:08,930 --> 00:17:14,210
+about puns? A word with two meanings or sounds. A
+
+249
+00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:17,070
+pun is a play on words, when you play with words.
+
+250
+00:17:17,730 --> 00:17:20,490
+So those people even don't want us to play with
+
+251
+00:17:20,490 --> 00:17:23,510
+words because they want us to follow the
+
+252
+00:17:23,510 --> 00:17:26,430
+definitions in the dictionary. But always there
+
+253
+00:17:26,430 --> 00:17:28,990
+have always been poets who wanted to do things
+
+254
+00:17:28,990 --> 00:17:31,890
+differently. Samuel Johnson, by the way, didn't
+
+255
+00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:35,450
+like Tristram Shandy. And he also didn't like John
+
+256
+00:17:35,450 --> 00:17:38,770
+Donne. And he also didn't like... So why? Because
+
+257
+00:17:38,770 --> 00:17:40,810
+they believed in the rules of the Quran. In
+
+258
+00:17:40,810 --> 00:17:44,030
+following particular rules in order to write what
+
+259
+00:17:44,030 --> 00:17:47,370
+they call a great book. So you mean that the
+
+260
+00:17:47,370 --> 00:17:51,670
+people who are kicked out of the canon are turning
+
+261
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:57,300
+to As a tool to criticize these people. So how are
+
+262
+00:17:57,300 --> 00:18:00,500
+these people going to define parody? Favorably or
+
+263
+00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:03,760
+unfavorably? Unfavorably. Unfavorably. So even the
+
+264
+00:18:03,760 --> 00:18:05,980
+dictionary said, yeah, there is fun, there is
+
+265
+00:18:05,980 --> 00:18:08,860
+humor in parody. But not always. When you read,
+
+266
+00:18:08,920 --> 00:18:11,160
+come live with me and be my love, and we will some
+
+267
+00:18:11,160 --> 00:18:15,120
+new pleasures. We don't laugh. It's not funny. We
+
+268
+00:18:15,120 --> 00:18:18,670
+don't kick it. There's no joke here. But Jonathan
+
+269
+00:18:18,670 --> 00:18:22,090
+attracts our attention, grabs our attention to the
+
+270
+00:18:22,090 --> 00:18:24,710
+fact that there is another world different from
+
+271
+00:18:24,710 --> 00:18:27,710
+the world, the idealistic world of Christopher
+
+272
+00:18:27,710 --> 00:18:31,970
+Marlowe, another more realistic world, so to
+
+273
+00:18:31,970 --> 00:18:36,370
+speak. So going back here today to Augustine
+
+274
+00:18:36,370 --> 00:18:42,990
+poetry, we have again three poets. Alexander Pope,
+
+275
+00:18:43,350 --> 00:18:47,470
+Mary Montague, and Mary Liver. One man, two women.
+
+276
+00:18:47,570 --> 00:18:51,790
+And these are the first women poets to study. And
+
+277
+00:18:51,790 --> 00:18:54,870
+this is the 18th century. And that's very
+
+278
+00:18:54,870 --> 00:18:57,450
+interesting. Because in Arabic tradition and
+
+279
+00:18:57,450 --> 00:19:01,430
+culture, we have poets as far as I think 2,000, 1
+
+280
+00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:08,350
+,500 years ago. Khan Sawa was a famous Arab
+
+281
+00:19:08,350 --> 00:19:12,950
+poet. Female Arab poet. Is there something wrong
+
+282
+00:19:12,950 --> 00:19:16,370
+with women? Are women unable to write poetry or to
+
+283
+00:19:16,370 --> 00:19:21,310
+write? No. Definitely not. Definitely not. There's
+
+284
+00:19:21,310 --> 00:19:24,870
+something wrong with the way the society deals
+
+285
+00:19:24,870 --> 00:19:30,010
+with women, frames women, and marginalizes women.
+
+286
+00:19:30,150 --> 00:19:34,210
+So Alexander Poe is one of the neoclassicist
+
+287
+00:19:34,210 --> 00:19:37,650
+critics and poets. Before I speak a little bit
+
+288
+00:19:37,650 --> 00:19:42,800
+about him, Here is one of his famous heroic
+
+289
+00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,260
+couplets, couplets from, I think, an essay on
+
+290
+00:19:46,260 --> 00:19:48,860
+criticism. He's speaking about poetry, about
+
+291
+00:19:48,860 --> 00:19:51,900
+criticism, about poetry writing. And he says,
+
+292
+00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:55,100
+those rules, the rules of writing, classification,
+
+293
+00:19:56,780 --> 00:20:02,140
+of all discovered, not devised. So he's defending
+
+294
+00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:06,440
+the rules of Decora. You know Horus and Custas are
+
+295
+00:20:06,440 --> 00:20:07,600
+nature, so those
+
+296
+00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:15,380
+They are nature still, but nature methodized,
+
+297
+00:20:15,540 --> 00:20:20,540
+systematized, organized. This is something like
+
+298
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:23,240
+the likes of John Donne would disagree with
+
+299
+00:20:23,240 --> 00:20:27,280
+because he's saying, this is strange, the rules of
+
+300
+00:20:27,280 --> 00:20:32,280
+poetry were not invented by anybody. We found them
+
+301
+00:20:32,280 --> 00:20:35,980
+out there in nature exactly like we find a planet
+
+302
+00:20:35,980 --> 00:20:39,860
+or some stars or some galaxies out there or some
+
+303
+00:20:39,860 --> 00:20:43,740
+new species or birds or some type of fish.
+
+304
+00:20:47,150 --> 00:20:50,410
+And this is, again, very interesting, because for
+
+305
+00:20:50,410 --> 00:20:53,130
+them, they actually have a point here. It doesn't
+
+306
+00:20:53,130 --> 00:20:55,690
+mean their poetry sucks, or they're bad, or no,
+
+307
+00:20:55,870 --> 00:20:59,530
+no. According to those people, the greatest poetry
+
+308
+00:20:59,530 --> 00:21:03,370
+was written centuries ago, when man was not
+
+309
+00:21:03,370 --> 00:21:05,910
+corrupted, when man didn't go even to university,
+
+310
+00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:09,110
+was not taught to write poetry. Some people now go
+
+311
+00:21:09,110 --> 00:21:11,290
+to study Arabic or English to be able to write
+
+312
+00:21:11,290 --> 00:21:15,350
+poetry, right? But those people didn't learn
+
+313
+00:21:15,350 --> 00:21:19,040
+poetry from anybody. In a way, they were inspired.
+
+314
+00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:23,140
+For those critics, this inspiration could be from
+
+315
+00:21:23,140 --> 00:21:26,800
+nature or from God. So God teaches you how to
+
+316
+00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,840
+write poetry, and nature teaches you how to write
+
+317
+00:21:29,840 --> 00:21:31,360
+poetry. When you look at nature, you find
+
+318
+00:21:31,360 --> 00:21:34,500
+everything symmetrical, everything organized. Look
+
+319
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,560
+at the palm tree, for example. Look at the trees
+
+320
+00:21:37,560 --> 00:21:40,020
+or things of the birds. Look at them, how they are
+
+321
+00:21:40,020 --> 00:21:42,600
+shaped and will, in a way, symmetrical. You know
+
+322
+00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:44,960
+what's symmetrical? Everything is balanced.
+
+323
+00:21:45,060 --> 00:21:48,380
+Everything is organized. So the rules of writing,
+
+324
+00:21:48,780 --> 00:21:53,160
+like a particular line, some feet, some syllabus,
+
+325
+00:21:53,260 --> 00:21:54,660
+like 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus, 10 syllabus,
+
+326
+00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:58,160
+they're generally taken from where? Inspired from
+
+327
+00:21:58,160 --> 00:22:01,760
+nature. So they are not devised by anybody. They
+
+328
+00:22:01,760 --> 00:22:06,550
+were discovered from If you count the syllables
+
+329
+00:22:06,550 --> 00:22:09,530
+here, you'll find it. I think I can bring you a
+
+330
+00:22:09,530 --> 00:22:13,590
+thousand lines by Alexander Papanol. Will be five
+
+331
+00:22:13,590 --> 00:22:15,850
+feet, five feet, five feet, five feet. Strict
+
+332
+00:22:15,850 --> 00:22:19,310
+about following. And this is a couplet. Why is
+
+333
+00:22:19,310 --> 00:22:24,650
+this a couplet? When we speak about Alexander
+
+334
+00:22:24,650 --> 00:22:27,510
+Pope, we usually speak about the heroic couplet.
+
+335
+00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:31,450
+And a heroic couplet is basically a couplet. Like
+
+336
+00:22:31,450 --> 00:22:34,050
+when you define a paragraph, you're studying
+
+337
+00:22:34,050 --> 00:22:38,990
+writing now. A paragraph is a group of related
+
+338
+00:22:38,990 --> 00:22:44,550
+sentences about one idea. So a couplet is two
+
+339
+00:22:44,550 --> 00:22:48,910
+rhyming lines, ten syllables, one idea. Ten
+
+340
+00:22:48,910 --> 00:22:53,410
+syllables or five feet. One idea. So Alexander
+
+341
+00:22:53,410 --> 00:22:55,690
+Pope was one of the major poets who followed the
+
+342
+00:22:55,690 --> 00:22:57,970
+rules of the Quran. They were adopted
+
+343
+00:23:02,450 --> 00:23:08,310
+whose name is Horus. Also Horus did not invent the
+
+344
+00:23:08,310 --> 00:23:14,020
+rules. studied poetry and came up with the rules
+
+345
+00:23:14,020 --> 00:23:17,580
+of poetry, poetry writing. Were the rules
+
+346
+00:23:17,580 --> 00:23:21,440
+different from the other rules? The old rules? You
+
+347
+00:23:21,440 --> 00:23:24,240
+know, we took that the other, the old rules of the
+
+348
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:29,100
+Qur'an were similar. Dryden, Samuel Johnson,
+
+349
+00:23:29,560 --> 00:23:33,540
+Alexander Pomondosov were inspired by Horace, who
+
+350
+00:23:33,540 --> 00:23:38,500
+was those poems, so they were imitating. Many of
+
+351
+00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,280
+us people believe good poetry is good imitation,
+
+352
+00:23:41,580 --> 00:23:44,240
+to imitate nature, because nature has everything
+
+353
+00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:47,620
+there for us. Something that John Donne, for
+
+354
+00:23:47,620 --> 00:23:50,100
+example, didn't like, and he wanted to change it.
+
+355
+00:23:51,320 --> 00:23:54,040
+And he wrote several poems, you'll see two or
+
+356
+00:23:54,040 --> 00:23:57,740
+three of them. One interesting poem by Alexander
+
+357
+00:23:57,740 --> 00:24:01,550
+Pov is called And he say on man, you know he say,
+
+358
+00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:04,750
+you write an essay, yeah an article, and he say
+
+359
+00:24:04,750 --> 00:24:08,090
+it's generally prose. But he was fascinated with
+
+360
+00:24:08,090 --> 00:24:10,370
+poetry, obsessed with poetry, that this is not
+
+361
+00:24:10,370 --> 00:24:14,450
+prose, this is poetry, this is verse. Be careful.
+
+362
+00:24:14,590 --> 00:24:18,530
+This could be a new exam. So if I tell you, a
+
+363
+00:24:18,530 --> 00:24:21,290
+little learning is a dangerous thing, drink deep
+
+364
+00:24:21,290 --> 00:24:25,270
+or taste not, the Pyrenean spring is a couplet, a
+
+365
+00:24:25,270 --> 00:24:28,850
+heroic couplet by Alexander Pope from his article
+
+366
+00:24:28,850 --> 00:24:33,890
+and essay on criticism. Everything is fine with
+
+367
+00:24:33,890 --> 00:24:38,210
+the sentence, except the fact that this is not an
+
+368
+00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:43,050
+article. It's a poem. So don't be tricked by the
+
+369
+00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:47,030
+name. So what does he say here? He teaches poets.
+
+370
+00:24:47,190 --> 00:24:51,730
+He preaches his ideology and what poetry should be
+
+371
+00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:55,390
+about. Remember, for the rules of the Quran,
+
+372
+00:24:55,630 --> 00:24:58,710
+literature has to teach and delight. When you read
+
+373
+00:24:58,710 --> 00:25:01,730
+a poem, you have to learn something new, a wisdom,
+
+374
+00:25:02,270 --> 00:25:07,260
+a moral lesson. So a little learning It's a
+
+375
+00:25:07,260 --> 00:25:09,200
+dangerous thing. Have you ever heard of this
+
+376
+00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:11,820
+before? Yeah. It's an English proverb, by the way.
+
+377
+00:25:11,920 --> 00:25:15,420
+Yes. It's a wisdom. A little knowledge is a
+
+378
+00:25:15,420 --> 00:25:18,500
+dangerous thing. Yes. If you know a little thing,
+
+379
+00:25:18,580 --> 00:25:21,300
+if you read only, you know, we have this type of
+
+380
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:23,720
+people all the time. People who read two books and
+
+381
+00:25:23,720 --> 00:25:27,280
+they think they are knowledgeable and will read.
+
+382
+00:25:27,920 --> 00:25:31,840
+Or people who read, like, the introductions to a
+
+383
+00:25:31,840 --> 00:25:35,230
+hundred pages and hope they will be So he's
+
+384
+00:25:35,230 --> 00:25:38,490
+criticizing those people. He's saying a little
+
+385
+00:25:38,490 --> 00:25:42,350
+learning is a dangerous thing. You either learn a
+
+386
+00:25:42,350 --> 00:25:44,770
+lot or better not to learn. Because if you don't
+
+387
+00:25:44,770 --> 00:25:48,290
+learn, generally you might admit that you are
+
+388
+00:25:48,290 --> 00:25:52,030
+uneducated, illiterate. But if you read two books
+
+389
+00:25:52,030 --> 00:25:56,070
+and you think you are a poet or a writer or a
+
+390
+00:25:56,070 --> 00:26:00,170
+political analyst, your analysis and everything
+
+391
+00:26:00,170 --> 00:26:04,090
+might not be good or something. So what is his
+
+392
+00:26:04,090 --> 00:26:08,930
+advice? Drink deep or taste not the Pyrene spring.
+
+393
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:11,450
+You know what does spring mean?
+
+394
+00:26:14,390 --> 00:26:17,550
+Pyrene is, I'll explain it, but what does spring
+
+395
+00:26:17,550 --> 00:26:21,490
+mean? The full knowledge? No, don't read what is
+
+396
+00:26:21,490 --> 00:26:23,910
+written in the book. It's not correct. Maybe the
+
+397
+00:26:23,910 --> 00:26:28,500
+full knowledge? Spring, the word spring. Like
+
+398
+00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:30,380
+spring, like summer and spring?
+
+399
+00:26:35,920 --> 00:26:40,020
+Taste not. Drink deep or taste not. That's spring.
+
+400
+00:26:41,020 --> 00:26:44,620
+Spring is a place where water flows.
+
+401
+00:26:47,840 --> 00:26:50,220
+No. Spring.
+
+402
+00:26:52,660 --> 00:26:55,480
+There's something called hot springs where hot
+
+403
+00:26:55,480 --> 00:27:00,690
+water springs from the spring. So either you, the
+
+404
+00:27:00,690 --> 00:27:05,030
+Perian spring is a metaphor for the spring of
+
+405
+00:27:05,030 --> 00:27:09,770
+knowledge, education and everything. So you have
+
+406
+00:27:09,770 --> 00:27:13,450
+two choices. You either drink deep, study hard,
+
+407
+00:27:14,850 --> 00:27:18,770
+become an expert, or don't try. This is the idea.
+
+408
+00:27:18,930 --> 00:27:22,760
+This is the advice. It's like I usually say this
+
+409
+00:27:22,760 --> 00:27:24,640
+to my students. When you study English, you have
+
+410
+00:27:24,640 --> 00:27:26,820
+to work very hard. If you finish four years of
+
+411
+00:27:26,820 --> 00:27:28,800
+studying English and your English is still bad,
+
+412
+00:27:29,260 --> 00:27:33,560
+it's really sad. So study hard. Drink deep from
+
+413
+00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:37,100
+the Pyrene spring. And look at the perfect rhyme,
+
+414
+00:27:37,220 --> 00:27:40,540
+the couplet. If you count this, 10 syllables, 10
+
+415
+00:27:40,540 --> 00:27:44,720
+syllables, five feet, five feet. Pop was very
+
+416
+00:27:44,720 --> 00:27:49,220
+famous for satire also. Many people wrote satire
+
+417
+00:27:49,220 --> 00:27:56,800
+in the Yugoslavia. And like his friend Dryden, he
+
+418
+00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:01,660
+criticized his poetic writer. Two texts here I was
+
+419
+00:28:01,660 --> 00:28:05,860
+examining today. Number one is Don Siegert. Yeah,
+
+420
+00:28:06,320 --> 00:28:07,160
+Don Siegert.
+
+421
+00:28:09,740 --> 00:28:11,400
+Just one little thing about Don Siegert.
+
+422
+00:28:14,870 --> 00:28:19,670
+in which he criticizes his friend, his literary
+
+423
+00:28:19,670 --> 00:28:23,510
+rival. It's the same. In this poem, there is
+
+424
+00:28:23,510 --> 00:28:28,950
+satire and attack on the dullness of his literary
+
+425
+00:28:28,950 --> 00:28:32,550
+rivals. But remember, it doesn't necessarily mean
+
+426
+00:28:32,550 --> 00:28:36,250
+that his rivals are bad or dull. It means that
+
+427
+00:28:36,250 --> 00:28:40,050
+Alexander Pope does not like them. Because he said
+
+428
+00:28:40,050 --> 00:28:42,750
+the craziest thing about John Donne. He has no
+
+429
+00:28:42,750 --> 00:28:46,480
+imagination. Yeah. And even like John Donne was
+
+430
+00:28:46,480 --> 00:28:49,200
+criticized by Johnson, by Dryden, by Samuel
+
+431
+00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,320
+Johnson. Everyone agreed that John Donne has this
+
+432
+00:28:52,320 --> 00:28:57,280
+weird, crazy imagination. He's a witty poet. And
+
+433
+00:28:57,280 --> 00:28:59,980
+Alexander Poe was like, no. He doesn't even have
+
+434
+00:28:59,980 --> 00:29:04,560
+an imagination. He's not imaginative. Is he
+
+435
+00:29:04,560 --> 00:29:07,720
+correct? Is he right? I don't think so. So don't
+
+436
+00:29:07,720 --> 00:29:10,340
+take everything for granted. Think for yourself.
+
+437
+00:29:11,540 --> 00:29:15,820
+His most famous work here is The Rape of the Lock.
+
+438
+00:29:17,380 --> 00:29:20,880
+We spoke about rape in the past, but rape here
+
+439
+00:29:20,880 --> 00:29:23,800
+means stealing something. We speak about the rape
+
+440
+00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:26,580
+of Palestine, how Palestine was stolen, was
+
+441
+00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:34,500
+occupied by. Lock is a lock of hair. A lock of
+
+442
+00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:40,350
+hair, yeah. The Rape of the Log is a mock-epic
+
+443
+00:29:40,350 --> 00:29:42,790
+satire. You know what an epic poem is, remember?
+
+444
+00:29:43,830 --> 00:29:47,370
+Bewolf, about heroes, battles, heroism, like
+
+445
+00:29:47,370 --> 00:29:50,210
+Bewolf, always very long, about serious issues in
+
+446
+00:29:50,210 --> 00:29:53,850
+the community. But in this poem, very long poem,
+
+447
+00:29:54,030 --> 00:29:55,830
+I'm not sure how many lines, but it's very long,
+
+448
+00:29:56,970 --> 00:30:00,330
+Alexander Pope is criticizing the trivial things
+
+449
+00:30:00,330 --> 00:30:04,200
+of the society. In which like in Arabic culture we
+
+450
+00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,440
+have Dahis or Ghabrar where there was like a 40
+
+451
+00:30:07,440 --> 00:30:12,160
+year battle over you know two camels, was it two
+
+452
+00:30:12,160 --> 00:30:15,500
+camels or two horses or something. In this story
+
+453
+00:30:15,500 --> 00:30:20,640
+someone cuts a little girl's lock of hair and then
+
+454
+00:30:20,640 --> 00:30:24,060
+all hell breaks loose. They start fighting and
+
+455
+00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:27,990
+fighting and fighting. So what is he criticizing
+
+456
+00:30:27,990 --> 00:30:31,450
+in the reign of the log? He's criticizing the
+
+457
+00:30:31,450 --> 00:30:35,350
+trivial things in the society, this fake self
+
+458
+00:30:35,350 --> 00:30:40,020
+-importance. how people pretend to be brave, but
+
+459
+00:30:40,020 --> 00:30:43,560
+in reality, they are all only fighting about
+
+460
+00:30:43,560 --> 00:30:46,080
+trivial things. There are no heroes in this age.
+
+461
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:48,860
+There are no battles in this age. It's all fake,
+
+462
+00:30:49,420 --> 00:30:55,000
+like Dryden said some probably 50 years or 60, 70
+
+463
+00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:58,900
+years earlier. Okay? That's the name of the book.
+
+464
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:03,780
+So what is a mock epic? What is an epic? A long
+
+465
+00:31:03,780 --> 00:31:05,760
+poem about heroism.
+
+466
+00:31:11,180 --> 00:31:15,280
+An epic about a trivial thing. It's an epic, it's
+
+467
+00:31:15,280 --> 00:31:18,300
+a long poem that mocks, mocks means to mock
+
+468
+00:31:18,300 --> 00:31:21,300
+something, to make fun of something. But there's
+
+469
+00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:24,220
+also this when you do an exam, when you don't do
+
+470
+00:31:24,220 --> 00:31:27,460
+the original, like sometimes you have to do a
+
+471
+00:31:27,460 --> 00:31:31,860
+trial exam. It's called mock exam. Yes, mock test.
+
+472
+00:31:34,130 --> 00:31:36,990
+So a mock epic, it's epic, but it's not an epic.
+
+473
+00:31:37,370 --> 00:31:40,330
+Because you have like 1,000 lines, but what is it
+
+474
+00:31:40,330 --> 00:31:46,610
+about? It's someone praising his mouse device. Or
+
+475
+00:31:46,610 --> 00:31:50,710
+someone fighting, killing many people because they
+
+476
+00:31:50,710 --> 00:31:55,090
+stole his marker, or about a trivial thing. We
+
+477
+00:31:55,090 --> 00:31:58,010
+have this. In Gaza here, we have a lot of people
+
+478
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,350
+who would fight and do horrible things only
+
+479
+00:32:01,350 --> 00:32:05,600
+because someone It's something trivial and stupid.
+
+480
+00:32:06,220 --> 00:32:10,160
+And that's a talent. This is an interesting poem
+
+481
+00:32:10,160 --> 00:32:13,880
+to read about. Let's move to the more interesting
+
+482
+00:32:13,880 --> 00:32:17,780
+poems, or poets of today. Number one is Mary
+
+483
+00:32:17,780 --> 00:32:21,760
+Lacey. Actually, she's a lady. She was the wife
+
+484
+00:32:21,760 --> 00:32:24,660
+of, I think, the British ambassador to Germany.
+
+485
+00:32:26,440 --> 00:32:28,100
+Her name is Mary Montagio.
+
+486
+00:32:37,620 --> 00:32:42,900
+So we have Aphra Behn, very manly, and now very
+
+487
+00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:46,940
+muhtakim. She was also a satirist. She was also a
+
+488
+00:32:46,940 --> 00:32:49,580
+poet. It is said here, it says in the book that
+
+489
+00:32:49,580 --> 00:32:52,040
+she was a friend of Pope, but later on she became
+
+490
+00:32:52,040 --> 00:32:54,080
+his enemy. I don't know why. It sounds
+
+491
+00:32:54,080 --> 00:32:58,010
+interesting. But it's also interesting that
+
+492
+00:32:58,010 --> 00:33:02,690
+Alexander Pope is a friend of the wife of the
+
+493
+00:33:02,690 --> 00:33:05,910
+ambassador. So this is generally what poets did in
+
+494
+00:33:05,910 --> 00:33:08,990
+this age. They wanted to be close to the
+
+495
+00:33:08,990 --> 00:33:12,770
+royalties, to the court, to the people in power.
+
+496
+00:33:15,450 --> 00:33:19,950
+In one of her poems in Aladdin, she told of that
+
+497
+00:33:19,950 --> 00:33:26,080
+satire should like a polished razor key. What's a
+
+498
+00:33:26,080 --> 00:33:30,340
+razor? When men shave their beard, so they use
+
+499
+00:33:30,340 --> 00:33:34,260
+razors, like razor, like very sharp, like a sharp
+
+500
+00:33:34,260 --> 00:33:40,100
+knife. Like a razor keen, like sharp. Satire
+
+501
+00:33:40,100 --> 00:33:42,960
+should be sharp like a razor. This is called a
+
+502
+00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:47,540
+simile. Using as or like. It's a metaphor, but it
+
+503
+00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:56,870
+uses like or as. Satire is like a razor. Want is a
+
+504
+00:33:56,870 --> 00:34:01,990
+verb here. It wants, it should want. It wants with
+
+505
+00:34:01,990 --> 00:34:06,190
+a touch that is scarcely felt or seen. That is
+
+506
+00:34:06,190 --> 00:34:08,510
+scarce. It's barely. You don't feel it. You
+
+507
+00:34:08,510 --> 00:34:12,270
+shouldn't feel it. In a way, she is saying that
+
+508
+00:34:12,270 --> 00:34:17,050
+satire has to be subtle and indirect. Implicit. If
+
+509
+00:34:17,050 --> 00:34:19,950
+you read it, you don't think, is she criticizing
+
+510
+00:34:19,950 --> 00:34:23,930
+me or what is she saying here? And this is
+
+511
+00:34:23,930 --> 00:34:26,990
+something that comes from a woman. In a way, if
+
+512
+00:34:26,990 --> 00:34:30,950
+you read this text, if I didn't tell you this was
+
+513
+00:34:30,950 --> 00:34:34,570
+written by a woman, you can't tell. Can you tell
+
+514
+00:34:34,570 --> 00:34:37,330
+this was written by a woman? No. She didn't use
+
+515
+00:34:37,330 --> 00:34:41,730
+words. No. Which proves the idea that women can
+
+516
+00:34:41,730 --> 00:34:46,760
+write poetry like men exactly. There was this
+
+517
+00:34:46,760 --> 00:34:49,660
+novelist 10 years ago who said, I read the first
+
+518
+00:34:49,660 --> 00:34:51,840
+paragraph in a novel and I can't tell whether the
+
+519
+00:34:51,840 --> 00:34:54,500
+writer is a woman or a man. And there was an
+
+520
+00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:58,140
+uproar. Everyone's like, what? Come on. There are
+
+521
+00:34:58,140 --> 00:35:00,980
+similarities. There are differences. But if you
+
+522
+00:35:00,980 --> 00:35:04,700
+say women don't write as good as well as women,
+
+523
+00:35:05,120 --> 00:35:10,980
+that's not true. Everyone has his or her own way
+
+524
+00:35:10,980 --> 00:35:16,560
+and style. And finally today, Another Mary. So
+
+525
+00:35:16,560 --> 00:35:22,260
+three Marys and one apple. Mary, leper or leaper.
+
+526
+00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:29,020
+Was also a famous poet who sadly sadly died at the
+
+527
+00:35:29,020 --> 00:35:33,800
+age of 24. How did she become famous? Because yeah
+
+528
+00:35:33,800 --> 00:35:36,800
+she still became famous for some time. Maybe she
+
+529
+00:35:36,800 --> 00:35:39,060
+became famous after her death? Generally yes.
+
+530
+00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:43,340
+Generally yes. Her poems were published post
+
+531
+00:35:43,340 --> 00:35:46,280
+-Muslim. This is a good word to know. You know
+
+532
+00:35:46,280 --> 00:35:53,340
+post means after, post exam, post test, after. Pre
+
+533
+00:35:53,340 --> 00:35:56,980
+-reading, post-reading. Posthumously, like John
+
+534
+00:35:56,980 --> 00:36:00,700
+Donne. His poetry was mostly published after his
+
+535
+00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:04,080
+death. You can say after his death or her death.
+
+536
+00:36:04,160 --> 00:36:06,360
+But when you use the word posthumously, you sound
+
+537
+00:36:06,360 --> 00:36:09,560
+like a sophisticated person who knows big words.
+
+538
+00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:10,700
+I'm knowledgeable. Yeah?
+
+539
+00:36:13,760 --> 00:36:18,020
+Listen, the book says she was influenced by Bob.
+
+540
+00:36:18,860 --> 00:36:21,620
+And my question is, do you agree or do you
+
+541
+00:36:21,620 --> 00:36:25,360
+disagree? She was influenced by, the book says,
+
+542
+00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:30,040
+Mary Lippard was influenced by Alexander Pope. I
+
+543
+00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:34,720
+want you to read this stanza extracted from a poem
+
+544
+00:36:34,720 --> 00:36:39,220
+by Mary Lippard and tell me whether you see
+
+545
+00:36:39,220 --> 00:36:43,740
+similarities or see influence by Alexander Pope or
+
+546
+00:36:43,740 --> 00:36:46,780
+not. I'll give you one minute.
+
+547
+00:36:57,630 --> 00:36:58,970
+a form, a theme.
+
+548
+00:37:03,110 --> 00:37:07,030
+The speaker is a man by the way, but the author,
+
+549
+00:37:07,190 --> 00:37:09,290
+the poet is a woman.
+
+550
+00:37:15,810 --> 00:37:20,310
+Can you
+
+551
+00:37:20,310 --> 00:37:20,670
+read someone?
+
+552
+00:37:23,580 --> 00:37:30,520
+Now, ma'am, as the chat goes round,
+
+553
+00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:35,060
+I hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+554
+00:37:35,060 --> 00:37:40,220
+try to hold, give me your person, then you go, yet
+
+555
+00:37:40,220 --> 00:37:48,420
+for your own sake, secured,
+
+556
+00:37:53,090 --> 00:37:56,590
+I hope your house is too insured. Insured.
+
+557
+00:37:57,530 --> 00:38:01,750
+Insured. Yeah. Someone else? Back, at the back.
+
+558
+00:38:02,150 --> 00:38:05,970
+Okay. Now, madam, as a ... Can you raise your
+
+559
+00:38:05,970 --> 00:38:10,930
+voice? Speak up. Now, madam, as a child goes back,
+
+560
+00:38:11,430 --> 00:38:14,350
+I dream you have three thousand pounds, but then
+
+561
+00:38:14,350 --> 00:38:17,570
+as I step on your house, give me your best and
+
+562
+00:38:17,570 --> 00:38:21,590
+then you will go home. Is this for your sake? Safe
+
+563
+00:38:21,590 --> 00:38:25,910
+and secured? Secured. I hope your house is secure.
+
+564
+00:38:25,930 --> 00:38:29,290
+Houses to insure. Someone here, loudly, raise your
+
+565
+00:38:29,290 --> 00:38:32,490
+voice please. Now madam, as the chat goes round, I
+
+566
+00:38:32,490 --> 00:38:37,770
+hear you have ten thousand pounds, but that as I
+
+567
+00:38:37,770 --> 00:38:42,970
+truffle gold, give me your person, then your gold,
+
+568
+00:38:43,450 --> 00:38:47,710
+yet for your own sake it is secured, I hope your
+
+569
+00:38:47,710 --> 00:38:53,280
+house is to insure. What do you think? The speaker
+
+570
+00:38:53,280 --> 00:38:56,600
+is a man talking to a woman. What is he telling
+
+571
+00:38:56,600 --> 00:39:01,600
+her? I think he's trying to deceive her. He's
+
+572
+00:39:01,600 --> 00:39:05,280
+saying in the second line, I hear you have 10,000
+
+573
+00:39:05,280 --> 00:39:07,820
+pounds, and then he's saying to her, give me your
+
+574
+00:39:07,820 --> 00:39:10,800
+person. He's trying to own her. To own her. Oh,
+
+575
+00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,770
+what an interesting reading. Very good reading. So
+
+576
+00:39:15,770 --> 00:39:19,130
+there is a man trying to trick a woman to tell
+
+577
+00:39:19,130 --> 00:39:22,910
+her, give me your money. And he's blunt, he's
+
+578
+00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,730
+vulgar. He's not even trying to hide his deceit.
+
+579
+00:39:26,950 --> 00:39:29,470
+He's openly talking to her thinking that a woman
+
+580
+00:39:29,470 --> 00:39:34,170
+is not smart. So, now madam, as the chat goes
+
+581
+00:39:34,170 --> 00:39:37,530
+around, I hear you have two thousand now. Meaning,
+
+582
+00:39:37,770 --> 00:39:39,950
+figures, huh? Like a lot of money. You're hiding a
+
+583
+00:39:39,950 --> 00:39:43,870
+lot of money. You're rich. But I as a trifle hold,
+
+584
+00:39:44,190 --> 00:39:46,670
+give me your person because a woman generally was
+
+585
+00:39:46,670 --> 00:39:50,990
+treated as an object, something to own. Give me
+
+586
+00:39:50,990 --> 00:39:54,810
+your person, then you're gone. Yet for you, it's
+
+587
+00:39:54,810 --> 00:39:58,050
+not for me. I don't want the money. I want you
+
+588
+00:39:58,050 --> 00:40:00,430
+weak. You can't protect yourself. Maybe people
+
+589
+00:40:00,430 --> 00:40:02,810
+will deceive you, trick you. Give me the money.
+
+590
+00:40:03,230 --> 00:40:06,850
+I'll hide it for you. It's like mothers when they
+
+591
+00:40:06,850 --> 00:40:12,620
+give you the idea. How much money have you given
+
+592
+00:40:12,620 --> 00:40:18,920
+your mom so far? A lot. Where is this money? It's
+
+593
+00:40:18,920 --> 00:40:23,040
+gone. So it's for your sake. It's secured. I'll
+
+594
+00:40:23,040 --> 00:40:25,440
+secure it for you. I don't want it. I want to
+
+595
+00:40:25,440 --> 00:40:28,220
+protect you. A woman can't live without a man's
+
+596
+00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:33,380
+protection. I hold your houses to ensure you have
+
+597
+00:40:33,380 --> 00:40:35,740
+houses and that they are insured or I can take
+
+598
+00:40:35,740 --> 00:40:38,400
+them to make sure that they are safe. This is
+
+599
+00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,500
+again satire from a woman to not only to one man
+
+600
+00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,060
+but also to men in general and how they treat
+
+601
+00:40:45,060 --> 00:40:47,520
+women, how they think women are not smart, are not
+
+602
+00:40:47,520 --> 00:40:49,680
+intelligent, but that they always need a man to
+
+603
+00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:53,400
+protect them, to save them, to make that
+
+604
+00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:58,500
+everything they have is secure. The theme is women
+
+605
+00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,700
+being smart and powerful. She's giving voice to
+
+606
+00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,260
+women like Afrobin. She's empowering women like
+
+607
+00:41:04,260 --> 00:41:09,240
+Mary Manley. She's insisting that women are as
+
+608
+00:41:09,240 --> 00:41:13,200
+smart as men and even smarter. So the theme is
+
+609
+00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:17,040
+different from Alexander Poe. So this is a woman
+
+610
+00:41:17,040 --> 00:41:21,840
+writing for women about women issues. Do we have
+
+611
+00:41:21,840 --> 00:41:26,620
+the heroic couplet here? Grammatically speaking,
+
+612
+00:41:26,780 --> 00:41:30,840
+this is pounds. Thousand pounds. A poetic license
+
+613
+00:41:30,840 --> 00:41:31,580
+for the rhyme.
+
+614
+00:41:34,620 --> 00:41:39,200
+Is it
+
+615
+00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:45,160
+a heroic couplet? Do we have five feet? Four?
+
+616
+00:41:51,690 --> 00:41:54,610
+not following, if she is influenced by Alexander
+
+617
+00:41:54,610 --> 00:41:58,330
+Pope, she's not following him one hundred percent.
+
+618
+00:41:59,330 --> 00:42:05,950
+What is the conclusion here? Women have always
+
+619
+00:42:05,950 --> 00:42:12,170
+written excellent literature. If they were
+
+620
+00:42:12,170 --> 00:42:16,490
+published later on, it wasn't their fault. There
+
+621
+00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:18,630
+must have been poets earlier, probably during
+
+622
+00:42:18,630 --> 00:42:20,810
+Shakespeare, after, even before, a thousand years.
+
+623
+00:42:21,170 --> 00:42:24,430
+But usually, the society would ignore them, would
+
+624
+00:42:24,430 --> 00:42:27,790
+neglect them. One, because they are women. Two,
+
+625
+00:42:27,850 --> 00:42:30,650
+because generally women, like we've seen here, are
+
+626
+00:42:30,650 --> 00:42:37,030
+harsh criticals of and male superiority. So here,
+
+627
+00:42:38,410 --> 00:42:41,850
+generally when you speak about the woman, how they
+
+628
+00:42:41,850 --> 00:42:44,850
+explore new ideas, how they centralize and
+
+629
+00:42:44,850 --> 00:42:50,010
+criticize and attack men all the time, and most
+
+630
+00:42:50,010 --> 00:42:53,370
+importantly, how they would usually be critical of
+
+631
+00:42:53,370 --> 00:42:57,350
+male superiority, fake male superiority in the
+
+632
+00:42:57,350 --> 00:43:00,430
+society. And perhaps that's a good logic. That is
+
+633
+00:43:00,430 --> 00:43:03,390
+one reason why Not because they were writing bad
+
+634
+00:43:03,390 --> 00:43:07,010
+poetry, not because they're not good poets, but
+
+635
+00:43:07,010 --> 00:43:11,170
+because the main critics ignored them altogether
+
+636
+00:43:11,170 --> 00:43:15,410
+for their critical poetry. Please. I want to add a
+
+637
+00:43:15,410 --> 00:43:18,590
+comment. You said that in Old English mainly most
+
+638
+00:43:18,590 --> 00:43:21,890
+poets were religious or heroic because they wrote
+
+639
+00:43:21,890 --> 00:43:24,550
+them. The monks chose to write them. So we can say
+
+640
+00:43:24,550 --> 00:43:29,750
+that Women wrote poetry for a long time but they
+
+641
+00:43:29,750 --> 00:43:33,070
+did not practice or did not have it now? Yeah,
+
+642
+00:43:33,150 --> 00:43:35,810
+probably yes. They didn't want to show it to their
+
+643
+00:43:35,810 --> 00:43:38,190
+parents or family or anybody because remember
+
+644
+00:43:38,190 --> 00:43:40,770
+during 16 women were not allowed to perform on
+
+645
+00:43:40,770 --> 00:43:44,000
+stage. That's why we speak later on at the end of
+
+646
+00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:46,440
+this course about Virginia Woolf, the feminist
+
+647
+00:43:46,440 --> 00:43:49,760
+critic who said, a woman has to have dependence on
+
+648
+00:43:49,760 --> 00:43:52,780
+herself, a room of one's own. There's an article
+
+649
+00:43:52,780 --> 00:43:54,840
+called A Room of One's Own. It could be stupid,
+
+650
+00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:57,500
+the idea, but she says you have to have your own
+
+651
+00:43:57,500 --> 00:43:59,920
+freedom and privacy and independence. If you have
+
+652
+00:43:59,920 --> 00:44:03,590
+your own room, If you share a room with your
+
+653
+00:44:03,590 --> 00:44:07,170
+brothers or sisters, sometimes you're going to
+
+654
+00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:09,390
+hide your talents. If you write poetry, you're
+
+655
+00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:11,090
+going to hide it. Because if somebody sees it,
+
+656
+00:44:11,110 --> 00:44:13,390
+it's going, ah, fine. She writes poetry. She
+
+657
+00:44:13,390 --> 00:44:15,050
+thinks she's a poet. And then they're going to
+
+658
+00:44:15,050 --> 00:44:18,050
+destroy you for life. But if you have your own
+
+659
+00:44:18,050 --> 00:44:21,890
+room, which symbolizes freedom and independence
+
+660
+00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:26,260
+and privacy, you can do the talents you like. You
+
+661
+00:44:26,260 --> 00:44:30,580
+can grow, you can develop. I'll stop here and if
+
+662
+00:44:30,580 --> 00:44:35,160
+you have any question, you're free to ask. And
+
+663
+00:44:35,160 --> 00:44:37,700
+after this, by the way, we're going to start the
+
+664
+00:44:37,700 --> 00:44:40,280
+Romantic Age. We're going to jump to the Romantic
+
+665
+00:44:40,280 --> 00:44:40,660
+Age.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac98c5177e02657eb7d0065bfe7fa9a8be3ae02b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@
+1
+00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:25,470
+Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished
+
+2
+00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:28,750
+speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its
+
+3
+00:00:28,750 --> 00:00:31,950
+poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about
+
+4
+00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:36,550
+another important era or age, if I can say that,
+
+5
+00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,030
+in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in
+
+6
+00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,850
+politics, society, but most importantly about the
+
+7
+00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:49,880
+literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An
+
+8
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,640
+era expanding from the middle of the 17th century
+
+9
+00:00:53,640 --> 00:01:01,200
+to the early 18th century. These are actually two
+
+10
+00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,040
+things related very much to each other. The first
+
+11
+00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880
+one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth.
+
+12
+00:01:09,540 --> 00:01:13,530
+And the second part is called Restoration.
+
+13
+00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,570
+Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally,
+
+14
+00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,790
+commonwealth refers to countries that were
+
+15
+00:01:20,790 --> 00:01:24,930
+occupied, colonized by England. So any country
+
+16
+00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,430
+that was occupied by England at one particular
+
+17
+00:01:27,430 --> 00:01:30,790
+time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the
+
+18
+00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,670
+Francophone countries, countries that were
+
+19
+00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:36,530
+occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to
+
+20
+00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,130
+a very important period in the history of England.
+
+21
+00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:43,710
+And then it was followed soon after by, this is
+
+22
+00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:47,190
+very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it
+
+23
+00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:50,370
+was restored, followed by something called
+
+24
+00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:54,990
+restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the
+
+25
+00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,590
+restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we
+
+26
+00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:06,090
+have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end
+
+27
+00:02:06,090 --> 00:02:10,510
+of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The
+
+28
+00:02:10,510 --> 00:02:13,150
+Puritans, as a religious group, they were also
+
+29
+00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:17,390
+political group. They were becoming more and more
+
+30
+00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:20,370
+powerful. They closed the theater. But more
+
+31
+00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,530
+important than closing the theater, they killed
+
+32
+00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,590
+the king. Because there was a huge political
+
+33
+00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,290
+division in the English society between the
+
+34
+00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,760
+Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans
+
+35
+00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:40,240
+fought against the king because of the corruption,
+
+36
+00:02:40,540 --> 00:02:43,400
+the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the
+
+37
+00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,280
+drama, they said in a way or another about the
+
+38
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,000
+political system, about the monarchy. And there
+
+39
+00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,320
+was a huge war, something that we refer to
+
+40
+00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,120
+generally as civil war. You know what a civil war?
+
+41
+00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:00,390
+groups in the same society, same country fight,
+
+42
+00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,710
+civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of
+
+43
+00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:08,570
+death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When
+
+44
+00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:12,070
+the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to
+
+45
+00:03:12,070 --> 00:03:15,230
+win a civil war, what did they do the first thing?
+
+46
+00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:20,470
+They executed the king. And this is England.
+
+47
+00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,630
+Again, this is, remember we said the king was the
+
+48
+00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,210
+most important person, God's representative on
+
+49
+00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:31,990
+Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was
+
+50
+00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:35,550
+holy, sacred. The English people lived with the
+
+51
+00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:38,350
+king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably
+
+52
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:44,580
+1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is
+
+53
+00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,560
+crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be
+
+54
+00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,000
+bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen
+
+55
+00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,840
+as crucial, vital, important to the stability of
+
+56
+00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,440
+the society and the benefit of the interest of the
+
+57
+00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,590
+individual. And now what we saw in literature, and
+
+58
+00:04:00,590 --> 00:04:02,650
+this is very interesting, how literature prepares
+
+59
+00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:05,670
+our minds to certain events, how literature
+
+60
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:10,170
+creates life, creates, changes life in a
+
+61
+00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,010
+particular way. We've seen the king die before,
+
+62
+00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:16,710
+but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another
+
+63
+00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:21,110
+place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or
+
+64
+00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:25,090
+another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the
+
+65
+00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:28,490
+death of the king in the literary works turned
+
+66
+00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,150
+life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was
+
+67
+00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:34,650
+turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is
+
+68
+00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,090
+fair. But here, for the first time, the king is
+
+69
+00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,170
+executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened
+
+70
+00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:49,130
+next. But this era, this period that saw the king
+
+71
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:55,470
+executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver
+
+72
+00:04:55,470 --> 00:04:59,910
+Cromwell, a very important name, is called the
+
+73
+00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:05,250
+Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The
+
+74
+00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,630
+monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen,
+
+75
+00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:11,750
+no more royal family in so many ways. And they
+
+76
+00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:15,690
+wanted the parliament to rule with election, with
+
+77
+00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:20,790
+democracy, more democratic processes here. Now,
+
+78
+00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:23,490
+Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader
+
+79
+00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:27,660
+of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king
+
+80
+00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:30,620
+was executed, and he had so many important things
+
+81
+00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:33,740
+to do to create the commonwealth, the countries
+
+82
+00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:38,580
+that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland
+
+83
+00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:42,760
+and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he
+
+84
+00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,960
+fought battles, and he was also a man of peace
+
+85
+00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,200
+because he wanted to negotiate and involve in
+
+86
+00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,420
+dialogue between different countries around him.
+
+87
+00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,720
+Again, history is important here, how literature
+
+88
+00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,120
+influences life and history, and how history also
+
+89
+00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,280
+influences, in a way or another, literature. But
+
+90
+00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:06,500
+we don't want to speak a lot about history. But
+
+91
+00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:09,340
+really, this is interesting to read. Now, when
+
+92
+00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,960
+this man died about ten years later, sometimes
+
+93
+00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,460
+it's so sad that some important people die very
+
+94
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,360
+quickly, and people who are really horrible, they
+
+95
+00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,650
+just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies,
+
+96
+00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:28,470
+what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What
+
+97
+00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:28,950
+does it mean?
+
+98
+00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,450
+So, if he is followed by his son, what does this
+
+99
+00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:40,750
+mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again.
+
+100
+00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,560
+What's wrong with the king, other than the
+
+101
+00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,380
+corruption and everything? It's that someone,
+
+102
+00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:51,980
+because he was born to a particular family, is
+
+103
+00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:54,180
+more important than us, can rule us, can control
+
+104
+00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:00,380
+us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell
+
+105
+00:07:00,380 --> 00:07:07,850
+became the protector of England, He earned this
+
+106
+00:07:07,850 --> 00:07:12,250
+because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a
+
+107
+00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:15,010
+smart politician. But if his son takes it,
+
+108
+00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:19,030
+succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in
+
+109
+00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:22,690
+many ways, this is the English mentality, because
+
+110
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:27,340
+they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by
+
+111
+00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:30,640
+a particular family because they have been trained
+
+112
+00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840
+all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds
+
+113
+00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,640
+of years that the king is crucial to the
+
+114
+00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:41,060
+stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth
+
+115
+00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,150
+II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine
+
+116
+00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:50,250
+politics and many things in England. But she's a
+
+117
+00:07:50,250 --> 00:07:52,890
+symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite
+
+118
+00:07:52,890 --> 00:07:57,530
+the fact that the royal family spends millions and
+
+119
+00:07:57,530 --> 00:08:00,790
+millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many
+
+120
+00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,430
+people feel it's necessary to have a royal family.
+
+121
+00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,590
+Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his
+
+122
+00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:12,710
+son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again,
+
+123
+00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,690
+Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth.
+
+124
+00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:18,930
+He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not
+
+125
+00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:25,580
+strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant
+
+126
+00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:29,100
+something to the people there. Because during this
+
+127
+00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,940
+period of 15 years or so or less, the English
+
+128
+00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:37,200
+people generally were like, when you want to do
+
+129
+00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400
+something, but you can't do it because you want to
+
+130
+00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,000
+try something new. And then finally, you just say,
+
+131
+00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:46,380
+OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they
+
+132
+00:08:46,380 --> 00:08:53,170
+said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is
+
+133
+00:08:53,170 --> 00:08:56,890
+how much the English people love the not I can't
+
+134
+00:08:56,890 --> 00:08:59,690
+generalize of course especially the high class
+
+135
+00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:03,290
+because many people had like benefited a lot from
+
+136
+00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:07,870
+having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth
+
+137
+00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:13,570
+ended by bringing another king. King, remember,
+
+138
+00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:18,690
+King Charles I was executed, and they came, they
+
+139
+00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,770
+invited, they brought King Charles II from France.
+
+140
+00:09:25,510 --> 00:09:26,870
+This is called the Restoration. What is the
+
+141
+00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:31,300
+Restoration? When the king was restored. That's
+
+142
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:34,800
+it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and
+
+143
+00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,660
+Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another.
+
+144
+00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:45,840
+So in 1660, we have what is called the
+
+145
+00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,360
+Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and
+
+146
+00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,500
+the man, Charles II, was brought from France.
+
+147
+00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:57,720
+Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out
+
+148
+00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,730
+in a way or another. Now again, it shows how
+
+149
+00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,590
+significant the monarchy is for the English
+
+150
+00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:10,600
+people. But something remained. that couldn't
+
+151
+00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:14,160
+change in a way or another. The monarchy itself
+
+152
+00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,020
+and its powers and privileges were declining, were
+
+153
+00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:22,180
+diminishing, were reduced because the parliament
+
+154
+00:10:22,180 --> 00:10:25,000
+and politicians and people who were elected by
+
+155
+00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:29,360
+people become more and more powerful. So yes, the
+
+156
+00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,040
+king was restored, but the powers The privileges,
+
+157
+00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:37,880
+the authority, they were never the same. Until
+
+158
+00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,840
+this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy.
+
+159
+00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,300
+The queen sometimes signs particular papers,
+
+160
+00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:48,540
+approves particular cabinets by particular
+
+161
+00:10:51,460 --> 00:10:54,400
+political parties like the Labour Party and the
+
+162
+00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,480
+Tories. So politics is very important in this age.
+
+163
+00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,640
+But here we're not only talking, remember in the
+
+164
+00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,480
+past we were speaking about nationalism, the
+
+165
+00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,200
+strong sense of the English identity, Queen,
+
+166
+00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:09,910
+England being the saviour and the protector. And
+
+167
+00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:13,970
+about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I
+
+168
+00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,570
+end my song. The English people were all proud of
+
+169
+00:11:16,570 --> 00:11:19,670
+everything English. But now this changed from
+
+170
+00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:22,530
+nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to
+
+171
+00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,660
+political division. So some people supported this
+
+172
+00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:28,680
+political party, and others supported this
+
+173
+00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:30,620
+political party. And this creates what we call
+
+174
+00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,860
+political division. And this is politics more than
+
+175
+00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,440
+nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving
+
+176
+00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,380
+everything about your country, supporting,
+
+177
+00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:42,760
+believing in your country. But being political
+
+178
+00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,600
+generally here in this sense means that you
+
+179
+00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500
+support one political party over the others
+
+180
+00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,660
+because of something. Now, something very funny
+
+181
+00:11:51,660 --> 00:11:55,800
+happened later on. King James II, remember we had
+
+182
+00:11:55,800 --> 00:12:00,960
+King James I in 1603, the man who translated the
+
+183
+00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,400
+Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the
+
+184
+00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,420
+man who loved theater and literature, who had the
+
+185
+00:12:05,420 --> 00:12:10,200
+mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King
+
+186
+00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,200
+James II did something that could be considered
+
+187
+00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,240
+stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember
+
+188
+00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:23,070
+England is? A Protestant country now because of
+
+189
+00:12:23,070 --> 00:12:27,050
+King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the
+
+190
+00:12:27,050 --> 00:12:30,090
+Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and
+
+191
+00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:32,850
+churches, and he executed so many Catholic people.
+
+192
+00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,990
+Because England changed its religion. Still
+
+193
+00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:39,410
+Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are
+
+194
+00:12:39,410 --> 00:12:43,410
+Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King
+
+195
+00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:49,100
+James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember,
+
+196
+00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,920
+so many people were not happy with King Charles I.
+
+197
+00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,580
+What happened? Fighting, political division, civil
+
+198
+00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,640
+war, death, blood. But now, and this is really
+
+199
+00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,260
+interesting, the English people seem to have
+
+200
+00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:06,920
+learned from their own experience. They have
+
+201
+00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,020
+learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We
+
+202
+00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:13,420
+kill each other. And then later on, we bring the
+
+203
+00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:16,400
+king again. So they learned something that nobody
+
+204
+00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,960
+in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many
+
+205
+00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,580
+kings were executed, and revolutions after
+
+206
+00:13:22,580 --> 00:13:26,040
+revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60
+
+207
+00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,260
+years ago in Spain. And even today, there are
+
+208
+00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:33,260
+still some troubles and problems here and there.
+
+209
+00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:37,110
+But the English learned this lesson. very quickly
+
+210
+00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,110
+in many ways. So when this king converted to
+
+211
+00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:45,130
+Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they
+
+212
+00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:48,490
+kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they
+
+213
+00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:51,790
+fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again,
+
+214
+00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:55,210
+they came to him and said, sorry, this is a
+
+215
+00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:58,170
+Protestant country. You need to go. And they
+
+216
+00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:03,070
+removed the king without shedding any drop of
+
+217
+00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:06,980
+blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless
+
+218
+00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:10,820
+revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The
+
+219
+00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,020
+revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood.
+
+220
+00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:18,000
+Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the
+
+221
+00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620
+glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in
+
+222
+00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:25,640
+Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak
+
+223
+00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,660
+about two important things later on. Number one,
+
+224
+00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,570
+The middle class are number two literature and
+
+225
+00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:44,410
+politics. So what we care about here as literature
+
+226
+00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:48,100
+students It's good to know this brief history, is
+
+227
+00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800
+the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll
+
+228
+00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,820
+speak about the rise of the middle class in every
+
+229
+00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,060
+age, every era. And then politics and literature,
+
+230
+00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:01,280
+and literature and politics. But what did the
+
+231
+00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,980
+English people learn from this? They learned many
+
+232
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,760
+things. Number one, that stability is important.
+
+233
+00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,740
+Stability is crucial. You know stability? You
+
+234
+00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,520
+don't want to change the situation. You can
+
+235
+00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,040
+improve it. And if you want to change it, you
+
+236
+00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,820
+change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy,
+
+237
+00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,300
+by politics. So people wanted to avoid another
+
+238
+00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:27,300
+revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the
+
+239
+00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,640
+blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by
+
+240
+00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,740
+the way. And that's why this is a very interesting
+
+241
+00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:35,940
+history.
+
+242
+00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,080
+Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we
+
+243
+00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:46,080
+speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come.
+
+244
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,140
+People were... In the Renaissance, people were
+
+245
+00:15:50,140 --> 00:15:53,080
+more about exploring. You know, the geographical
+
+246
+00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,500
+discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers.
+
+247
+00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,720
+They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted
+
+248
+00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,360
+to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed
+
+249
+00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,010
+and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay,
+
+250
+00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,130
+wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think
+
+251
+00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,390
+more carefully about what we do, where we go. So
+
+252
+00:16:12,390 --> 00:16:16,190
+the sense of exploration and experimentation in a
+
+253
+00:16:16,190 --> 00:16:20,990
+way was replaced by a sense of reason and
+
+254
+00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:26,870
+stability. And this is very smart because the
+
+255
+00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,010
+political system created something, an image that
+
+256
+00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,120
+made people believe the stability of the country,
+
+257
+00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,860
+if you have a stable, and even today, you know,
+
+258
+00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:39,760
+Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she
+
+259
+00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,640
+speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable.
+
+260
+00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:43,680
+They're making fun of her statement, the
+
+261
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,080
+catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We
+
+262
+00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,340
+want a strong and stable country. It started from
+
+263
+00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:52,880
+here. They said a strong country is a stable
+
+264
+00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:56,120
+country. And a stable country, government, means
+
+265
+00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:01,680
+more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an
+
+266
+00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,840
+individual, if you want to achieve your own
+
+267
+00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:08,100
+growth, material growth, if you want to get
+
+268
+00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,380
+wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to
+
+269
+00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:14,120
+achieve the stability for all the society, the
+
+270
+00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:16,820
+community. That's why there's something I usually
+
+271
+00:17:16,820 --> 00:17:21,420
+like to say here. The individual became political,
+
+272
+00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,320
+and the political became individual. What is good
+
+273
+00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,570
+for the community? It's good for, for me, the
+
+274
+00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:32,390
+individual. We'll see how this is reflected on
+
+275
+00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:38,470
+literature. So we have more growth in science, in
+
+276
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:40,710
+commercial growth, in trade, in geographical
+
+277
+00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,030
+discoveries, in British imperialism, in
+
+278
+00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:48,330
+colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many
+
+279
+00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:51,670
+excellent things happened. And we speak about the
+
+280
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:56,840
+English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now,
+
+281
+00:17:56,920 --> 00:17:59,540
+before I move to speak about literature, look at
+
+282
+00:17:59,540 --> 00:18:04,960
+this sentence. In the book, it says there was a
+
+283
+00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,320
+union. There was a unity between England and
+
+284
+00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:14,340
+Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the
+
+285
+00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,300
+problem. This is what the book says exactly. It
+
+286
+00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,800
+says Ireland was still the problem.
+
+287
+00:18:27,950 --> 00:18:34,610
+was still a problem. What do you think? And that's
+
+288
+00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:39,450
+why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not
+
+289
+00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,810
+stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem
+
+290
+00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890
+to the United Kingdom.
+
+291
+00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:51,230
+Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You
+
+292
+00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090
+know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland.
+
+293
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:56,790
+We have Wales. We have England, the United
+
+294
+00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,590
+Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please.
+
+295
+00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290
+Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not
+
+296
+00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:09,210
+many people were forced to convert to becoming
+
+297
+00:19:09,210 --> 00:19:13,390
+Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it
+
+298
+00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:19,270
+mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you
+
+299
+00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950
+mean? Can you explain?
+
+300
+00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450
+Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is
+
+301
+00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870
+out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay.
+
+302
+00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430
+That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There
+
+303
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850
+is also whitewashing here. England was the
+
+304
+00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310
+problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel
+
+305
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070
+says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is
+
+306
+00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800
+the problem. So the book here presents it as if
+
+307
+00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250
+Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For
+
+308
+00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830
+England, while England is occupying and colonizing
+
+309
+00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770
+Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people,
+
+310
+00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370
+yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until
+
+311
+00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190
+this very day, there's still this trouble between
+
+312
+00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,530
+Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So
+
+313
+00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310
+interesting how the book presents this. And I told
+
+314
+00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570
+you before, be careful when you read any book,
+
+315
+00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990
+especially books written by by white Europeans who
+
+316
+00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410
+believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is
+
+317
+00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650
+not only against Asia and Africa and the
+
+318
+00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130
+Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like
+
+319
+00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130
+in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying
+
+320
+00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190
+this. This is called whitewashing.
+
+321
+00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260
+Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a
+
+322
+00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280
+movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems,
+
+323
+00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040
+the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present
+
+324
+00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980
+things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a
+
+325
+00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220
+movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza
+
+326
+00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920
+and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And
+
+327
+00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,500
+you read the whole book. You watch the whole
+
+328
+00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580
+movie. And there are no references to the Israeli
+
+329
+00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300
+occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of
+
+330
+00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920
+occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring
+
+331
+00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260
+to Israel here, this is called whitewashing.
+
+332
+00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180
+Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and
+
+333
+00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900
+wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong
+
+334
+00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280
+with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel
+
+335
+00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400
+and describes Israel, how Israel is the only
+
+336
+00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110
+democracy in the Middle East, or the only
+
+337
+00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130
+democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very
+
+338
+00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270
+significant research haven, technology, cancer
+
+339
+00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010
+research, without referring to the fact that there
+
+340
+00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950
+is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black
+
+341
+00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970
+people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades
+
+342
+00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150
+of occupation of colonialism, this is
+
+343
+00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180
+whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we
+
+344
+00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800
+spoke about this also when the writer here, two
+
+345
+00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380
+writers actually, when they depicted colonialism
+
+346
+00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800
+as glory. It's not glory because it caused the
+
+347
+00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200
+deaths of millions and millions of people. So
+
+348
+00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660
+yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing.
+
+349
+00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620
+OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this
+
+350
+00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570
+era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel.
+
+351
+00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890
+Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But
+
+352
+00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950
+he was also a politician, a member of the
+
+353
+00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150
+parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who?
+
+354
+00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110
+Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and
+
+355
+00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690
+celebrating Cromwell.
+
+356
+00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000
+It's called an oration. There could be an N here.
+
+357
+00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460
+If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An
+
+358
+00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640
+oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from
+
+359
+00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500
+Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize
+
+360
+00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520
+this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet?
+
+361
+00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180
+Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what
+
+362
+00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280
+poetry we had in the past? About society, love
+
+363
+00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040
+poetry, religion. Are we going to see new
+
+364
+00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700
+concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues
+
+365
+00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340
+here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease.
+
+366
+00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520
+Cease.
+
+367
+00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130
+in the glorious arts of peace, but through a
+
+368
+00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690
+treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled
+
+369
+00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810
+us up of all the civil war, where his were not the
+
+370
+00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790
+deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says
+
+371
+00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630
+in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars,
+
+372
+00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590
+sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So,
+
+373
+00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250
+is this crumble?
+
+374
+00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180
+in glorious art of peace, urged
+
+375
+00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740
+his active star where
+
+376
+00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220
+his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet
+
+377
+00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000
+saying? What's going on here?
+
+378
+00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670
+He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say
+
+379
+00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470
+something like prime minister, but he wasn't a
+
+380
+00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870
+king. But more or less, he was like a king,
+
+381
+00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270
+because he was succeeded by his son when he died.
+
+382
+00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970
+So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler,
+
+383
+00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950
+protector of England.
+
+384
+00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110
+Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker
+
+385
+00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360
+could be Marvel. The difference between the poet,
+
+386
+00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900
+the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly,
+
+387
+00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960
+it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising
+
+388
+00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940
+and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and
+
+389
+00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180
+peace.
+
+390
+00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520
+So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't
+
+391
+00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200
+rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have
+
+392
+00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500
+this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time.
+
+393
+00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760
+We have poets praising the rulers, the governors,
+
+394
+00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200
+the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't
+
+395
+00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940
+cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during
+
+396
+00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960
+peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics,
+
+397
+00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200
+diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most.
+
+398
+00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360
+So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations,
+
+399
+00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780
+but also when there are battles and fighting and
+
+400
+00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700
+wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also
+
+401
+00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580
+fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can
+
+402
+00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600
+balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways,
+
+403
+00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010
+this is a political poem. Because who's being
+
+404
+00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410
+prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem?
+
+405
+00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390
+God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of
+
+406
+00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810
+England. So when you write a poem for your
+
+407
+00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590
+president, the prime minister, this is politics.
+
+408
+00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630
+And during this era, politics became a huge part
+
+409
+00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470
+of literature. Political themes. Political,
+
+410
+00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210
+political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel
+
+411
+00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850
+was supporting the Commonwealth against the king.
+
+412
+00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790
+Later on, he became a politician and became a
+
+413
+00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710
+member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the
+
+414
+00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670
+unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of
+
+415
+00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290
+poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote
+
+416
+00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070
+several poems praising Cromwell and his life and
+
+417
+00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330
+his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me
+
+418
+00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260
+of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the
+
+419
+00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500
+greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his
+
+420
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040
+poetry is like this, celebrates a particular
+
+421
+00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520
+person. It's really beautiful how there are
+
+422
+00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520
+similarities, but at the same time there are
+
+423
+00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560
+dissimilarities. Many people would read this and
+
+424
+00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300
+say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because
+
+425
+00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840
+poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have
+
+426
+00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540
+much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we
+
+427
+00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750
+don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is
+
+428
+00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690
+poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in
+
+429
+00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190
+themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me
+
+430
+00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290
+of something probably I quoted before. Al
+
+431
+00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610
+-Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying
+
+432
+00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530
+how courageous he is. So to describe someone as
+
+433
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690
+courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active
+
+434
+00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230
+star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He
+
+435
+00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780
+doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says,
+
+436
+00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320
+praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti
+
+437
+00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860
+shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa
+
+438
+00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600
+naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi.
+
+439
+00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220
+Meaning, you were in a position where anyone
+
+440
+00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660
+standing would die. But you, because you're
+
+441
+00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300
+courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying.
+
+442
+00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840
+Look at this simile. There is a personification of
+
+443
+00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260
+death here, where death is like a sleeping person.
+
+444
+00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300
+And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the
+
+445
+00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360
+eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing
+
+446
+00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640
+here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he
+
+447
+00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520
+claims is you. But you don't care because you are
+
+448
+00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940
+powerful.
+
+449
+00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390
+This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your
+
+450
+00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170
+enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's
+
+451
+00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830
+praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights
+
+452
+00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690
+heroes. And while he's doing this during the war
+
+453
+00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480
+and the fighting, Because in war, we're all
+
+454
+00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680
+worried, and sweating, and terrified, and
+
+455
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240
+terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But
+
+456
+00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220
+because you are a fearless leader during war, like
+
+457
+00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680
+this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is
+
+458
+00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000
+more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when
+
+459
+00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020
+probably when you finish doing a BA in English
+
+460
+00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800
+literature, you could do a comparison. You study
+
+461
+00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420
+comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and
+
+462
+00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260
+Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember
+
+463
+00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200
+Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say
+
+464
+00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960
+before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't
+
+465
+00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430
+look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know,
+
+466
+00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550
+he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone
+
+467
+00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890
+walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage.
+
+468
+00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210
+I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to
+
+469
+00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770
+memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's
+
+470
+00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100
+really good to know. Makes you confident and proud
+
+471
+00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120
+of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English
+
+472
+00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160
+poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to
+
+473
+00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140
+Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So
+
+474
+00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900
+this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or
+
+475
+00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520
+it's his woman that he calls by different names.
+
+476
+00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220
+He uses attractive names. Going to the wars.
+
+477
+00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460
+Again, a political poem. Going to the wars.
+
+478
+00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320
+Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the
+
+479
+00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080
+individual is public. It's a really very
+
+480
+00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120
+interesting poem. But we're going to study only
+
+481
+00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420
+one extract here. Someone read, please.
+
+482
+00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450
+Very good. Someone else? Please.
+
+483
+00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790
+Unkind. Kind, unkind.
+
+484
+00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750
+Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest,
+
+485
+00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950
+breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed,
+
+486
+00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610
+unflagged. What is he saying? What do you
+
+487
+00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330
+understand from this? No,
+
+488
+00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350
+English, of course. He's brave.
+
+489
+00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030
+From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to?
+
+490
+00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710
+His beloved. What is he saying to her?
+
+491
+00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430
+Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we
+
+492
+00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370
+can probably explain why there are brackets here.
+
+493
+00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950
+Because officially, remember, this coin is comma,
+
+494
+00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970
+lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as
+
+495
+00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810
+if he's putting her in prison. Like tying,
+
+496
+00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090
+chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run
+
+497
+00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610
+away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's
+
+498
+00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890
+controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman
+
+499
+00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030
+he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't
+
+500
+00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030
+he run away? He can't, because there are walls
+
+501
+00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050
+against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to
+
+502
+00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350
+come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her
+
+503
+00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390
+behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for
+
+504
+00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270
+Marlow, the woman was the most important thing.
+
+505
+00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250
+The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now
+
+506
+00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350
+here, we have something more important than the
+
+507
+00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850
+woman. It's the love of your country. And that's,
+
+508
+00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450
+again, how the individual becomes public. He's
+
+509
+00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010
+telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I
+
+510
+00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450
+can't love you if I don't love my country more. If
+
+511
+00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890
+I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight
+
+512
+00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550
+to protect my country. And this is political. This
+
+513
+00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030
+is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not,
+
+514
+00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850
+sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being
+
+515
+00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590
+unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the
+
+516
+00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230
+nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like
+
+517
+00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590
+how he describes her physical appearance and
+
+518
+00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500
+describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an
+
+519
+00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660
+upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was
+
+520
+00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520
+absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come
+
+521
+00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820
+live with me and be my love. But here, the woman
+
+522
+00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100
+is using your unkind. And there is her mind is
+
+523
+00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860
+praised. Some people might say no, because he
+
+524
+00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940
+still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good
+
+525
+00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160
+for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not
+
+526
+00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660
+perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous
+
+527
+00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720
+age, where the woman's mind has a place in the
+
+528
+00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760
+poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence,
+
+529
+00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040
+more and more strong roles by women. So to war,
+
+530
+00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360
+arms could be a pun here.
+
+531
+00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440
+Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons.
+
+532
+00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920
+Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So
+
+533
+00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460
+he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is
+
+534
+00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600
+he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he
+
+535
+00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680
+running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't
+
+536
+00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920
+walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to
+
+537
+00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680
+defend his country, to fight for the thing he
+
+538
+00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120
+loves the most. It's his country. And that's
+
+539
+00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640
+different poetry from the one we studied before.
+
+540
+00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060
+So what's going on here again? The poet here is
+
+541
+00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560
+showing us how the individual, his love to his
+
+542
+00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800
+wife, is less important than his love to his
+
+543
+00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660
+country. Because defending the country means
+
+544
+00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820
+safety, stability, security to you, to your wife,
+
+545
+00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840
+to all individuals in the society. This is a
+
+546
+00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630
+political power. in which the country is more
+
+547
+00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030
+important than the woman you love. This is called
+
+548
+00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150
+political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to
+
+549
+00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650
+the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first
+
+550
+00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110
+line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or
+
+551
+00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590
+he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her.
+
+552
+00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480
+She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem
+
+553
+00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640
+in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world
+
+554
+00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000
+enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So
+
+555
+00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540
+this is when you call for somebody in English, you
+
+556
+00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470
+use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He
+
+557
+00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470
+uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying
+
+558
+00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350
+to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait
+
+559
+00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450
+for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be
+
+560
+00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510
+back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of
+
+561
+00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590
+the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So
+
+562
+00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310
+don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not
+
+563
+00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170
+sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet
+
+564
+00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590
+wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm
+
+565
+00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690
+leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I
+
+566
+00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370
+love more, the country. And the safety of the
+
+567
+00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330
+country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem.
+
+568
+00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230
+You can Google it and read more about it. And the
+
+569
+00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580
+rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B,
+
+570
+00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080
+A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect
+
+571
+00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880
+rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not
+
+572
+00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580
+perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be
+
+573
+00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620
+something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously
+
+574
+00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520
+flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help,
+
+575
+00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690
+doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final
+
+576
+00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210
+text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to
+
+577
+00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770
+Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the
+
+578
+00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830
+Restoration Age. So again, we have the
+
+579
+00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140
+Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The
+
+580
+00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280
+restoration also politics politics. It doesn't
+
+581
+00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920
+mean everything about literature was politics. It
+
+582
+00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020
+means politics became a crucial part in
+
+583
+00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320
+literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell
+
+584
+00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640
+grew very old,
+
+585
+00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480
+and he was tired of politics and the city and
+
+586
+00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400
+London and the corruption and the civil war and
+
+587
+00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220
+the fighting and prisons and threats and
+
+588
+00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470
+diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote
+
+589
+00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690
+several poems, one of them really lovely poem
+
+590
+00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790
+called The Garden. In many ways, this is a
+
+591
+00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890
+romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature.
+
+592
+00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450
+In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the
+
+593
+00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310
+city and life in the countryside, in
+
+594
+00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790
+the village.
+
+595
+00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720
+What is he saying? Fair quiet.
+
+596
+00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620
+Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister
+
+597
+00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440
+dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city.
+
+598
+00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640
+In busy companies of men. Society, the city,
+
+599
+00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730
+London, society is all but rude. to this delicious
+
+600
+00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810
+solitude.
+
+601
+00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130
+You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you
+
+602
+00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210
+describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out
+
+603
+00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370
+this word and I asked you to complete, you're
+
+604
+00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430
+going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious
+
+605
+00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390
+cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is
+
+606
+00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130
+some kind of You know, personifying something or
+
+607
+00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010
+changing. There's a metaphor here. You know
+
+608
+00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750
+solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means
+
+609
+00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010
+alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But
+
+610
+00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950
+it's loneliness that you choose to be alone
+
+611
+00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810
+because you want to be far away from corruption in
+
+612
+00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550
+the city. So again, he's personifying quiet.
+
+613
+00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220
+Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally,
+
+614
+00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500
+I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In
+
+615
+00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820
+the village. Where? In the city. And innocence,
+
+616
+00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100
+another personification, thy sister. So innocence
+
+617
+00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340
+is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters.
+
+618
+00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820
+They're not human beings, but it's like their
+
+619
+00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560
+company. This is the company he likes, not the
+
+620
+00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710
+company of politicians. in the city mistaken long
+
+621
+00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610
+I sought you then I thought that I would find
+
+622
+00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770
+innocence and quiet in the city in the busy
+
+623
+00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350
+companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is
+
+624
+00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530
+someone confessing his mistake not like the king
+
+625
+00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370
+when he said for you have but mistook me right
+
+626
+00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370
+society here is city why doesn't he use city Two
+
+627
+00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890
+things. Number one, society is four syllables. So
+
+628
+00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910
+it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here,
+
+629
+00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410
+the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't
+
+630
+00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090
+mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very
+
+631
+00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070
+much. The people in the city. The society, the
+
+632
+00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110
+community there is all but rude. And there is
+
+633
+00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130
+another personification. Rude is a word to
+
+634
+00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610
+describe people. The life itself is rude in the
+
+635
+00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310
+city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's
+
+636
+00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650
+innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this
+
+637
+00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090
+delicious solitude in the village. So what's going
+
+638
+00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210
+on here? We have a poet who's running away from
+
+639
+00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470
+the city. A poet who's escaping politics and
+
+640
+00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200
+corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude,
+
+641
+00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760
+innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city
+
+642
+00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780
+because of the politicians and politics and
+
+643
+00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260
+corruption, but in the countryside. These are
+
+644
+00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660
+three examples from the poetry of this age, and we
+
+645
+00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240
+summarize everything here. This is a long slide.
+
+646
+00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800
+Don't write down. You'll find this online. So
+
+647
+00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960
+politics, political side of literature became very
+
+648
+00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640
+important during the Commonwealth and Restoration.
+
+649
+00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580
+We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's
+
+650
+00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860
+poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there
+
+651
+00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340
+is this thing about governments and political
+
+652
+00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040
+parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet
+
+653
+00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760
+laureate during Commonwealth because he praised
+
+654
+00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300
+him most of the time. He also in another poem, In
+
+655
+00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440
+the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the
+
+656
+00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690
+city, and The countryside where there is peace and
+
+657
+00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310
+quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the
+
+658
+00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870
+stable values. What's stable values? What's
+
+659
+00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370
+stability? It's like, let's not do another
+
+660
+00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450
+revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and
+
+661
+00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730
+work for the stability of the country. Now, when
+
+662
+00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850
+Cromwell died and his son was removed,
+
+663
+00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110
+Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and
+
+664
+00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750
+imprisoned because of the political, because he
+
+665
+00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330
+supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a
+
+666
+00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990
+politician, a member of the parliament, and he
+
+667
+00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890
+became a member of the parliament. We'll speak
+
+668
+00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630
+about another poet next class. John Milton, one of
+
+669
+00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730
+the most significant English poets of all times.
+
+670
+00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850
+He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer
+
+671
+00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110
+and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because
+
+672
+00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630
+he also supported Cromwell. The only person who
+
+673
+00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150
+saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So
+
+674
+00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700
+poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were
+
+675
+00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400
+connected in so many ways during this age. And
+
+676
+00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840
+this will change forever, the way poetry and
+
+677
+00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280
+literature is written and introduced to us. I'll
+
+678
+00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880
+stop here. If you have a question, feel free to
+
+679
+00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140
+ask.
+
+680
+00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630
+Okay thank you very much and next class we have a
+
+681
+00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490
+review session for the midterm exam please prepare
+
+682
+00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690
+and if you have questions again bring them along
+
+683
+00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930
+and see you soon.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/6XlXWCFeGtk_raw.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ac98c5177e02657eb7d0065bfe7fa9a8be3ae02b
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@@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@
+1
+00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:25,470
+Hello, everyone, and good day. After we finished
+
+2
+00:00:25,470 --> 00:00:28,750
+speaking about the Renaissance, its drama, its
+
+3
+00:00:28,750 --> 00:00:31,950
+poetry, and its prose, we move to speak about
+
+4
+00:00:31,950 --> 00:00:36,550
+another important era or age, if I can say that,
+
+5
+00:00:37,010 --> 00:00:41,030
+in the history of England, the United Kingdom, in
+
+6
+00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,850
+politics, society, but most importantly about the
+
+7
+00:00:44,850 --> 00:00:49,880
+literature of this era. We'll be speaking about An
+
+8
+00:00:49,880 --> 00:00:53,640
+era expanding from the middle of the 17th century
+
+9
+00:00:53,640 --> 00:01:01,200
+to the early 18th century. These are actually two
+
+10
+00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:05,040
+things related very much to each other. The first
+
+11
+00:01:05,040 --> 00:01:08,880
+one is called the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth.
+
+12
+00:01:09,540 --> 00:01:13,530
+And the second part is called Restoration.
+
+13
+00:01:13,990 --> 00:01:17,570
+Restoration from restore. Nowadays, generally,
+
+14
+00:01:17,730 --> 00:01:20,790
+commonwealth refers to countries that were
+
+15
+00:01:20,790 --> 00:01:24,930
+occupied, colonized by England. So any country
+
+16
+00:01:24,930 --> 00:01:27,430
+that was occupied by England at one particular
+
+17
+00:01:27,430 --> 00:01:30,790
+time is now part of the commonwealth. Like the
+
+18
+00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:32,670
+Francophone countries, countries that were
+
+19
+00:01:32,670 --> 00:01:36,530
+occupied by France. But the commonwealth refers to
+
+20
+00:01:36,530 --> 00:01:40,130
+a very important period in the history of England.
+
+21
+00:01:41,210 --> 00:01:43,710
+And then it was followed soon after by, this is
+
+22
+00:01:43,710 --> 00:01:47,190
+very short, probably 15 years or so, soon after it
+
+23
+00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:50,370
+was restored, followed by something called
+
+24
+00:01:50,370 --> 00:01:54,990
+restoration. What is the commonwealth? What is the
+
+25
+00:01:54,990 --> 00:02:00,590
+restoration? Let's see it together. So, so far we
+
+26
+00:02:00,590 --> 00:02:06,090
+have spoken about the Puritans, remember? The end
+
+27
+00:02:06,090 --> 00:02:10,510
+of the Renaissance Age, the Renaissance. Yep. The
+
+28
+00:02:10,510 --> 00:02:13,150
+Puritans, as a religious group, they were also
+
+29
+00:02:13,150 --> 00:02:17,390
+political group. They were becoming more and more
+
+30
+00:02:17,390 --> 00:02:20,370
+powerful. They closed the theater. But more
+
+31
+00:02:20,370 --> 00:02:23,530
+important than closing the theater, they killed
+
+32
+00:02:23,530 --> 00:02:28,590
+the king. Because there was a huge political
+
+33
+00:02:28,590 --> 00:02:31,290
+division in the English society between the
+
+34
+00:02:31,290 --> 00:02:35,760
+Puritans and the Cavaliers. Now, the Puritans
+
+35
+00:02:35,760 --> 00:02:40,240
+fought against the king because of the corruption,
+
+36
+00:02:40,540 --> 00:02:43,400
+the vices. Remember? Whatever they said about the
+
+37
+00:02:43,400 --> 00:02:45,280
+drama, they said in a way or another about the
+
+38
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:49,000
+political system, about the monarchy. And there
+
+39
+00:02:49,000 --> 00:02:52,320
+was a huge war, something that we refer to
+
+40
+00:02:52,320 --> 00:02:55,120
+generally as civil war. You know what a civil war?
+
+41
+00:02:57,490 --> 00:03:00,390
+groups in the same society, same country fight,
+
+42
+00:03:01,470 --> 00:03:04,710
+civil war. There was a lot of blood, a lot of
+
+43
+00:03:04,710 --> 00:03:08,570
+death, and a lot of massacres, so to speak. When
+
+44
+00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:12,070
+the Puritans were victorious, when they managed to
+
+45
+00:03:12,070 --> 00:03:15,230
+win a civil war, what did they do the first thing?
+
+46
+00:03:16,850 --> 00:03:20,470
+They executed the king. And this is England.
+
+47
+00:03:21,310 --> 00:03:24,630
+Again, this is, remember we said the king was the
+
+48
+00:03:24,630 --> 00:03:28,210
+most important person, God's representative on
+
+49
+00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:31,990
+Earth. He was the most powerful person. He was
+
+50
+00:03:31,990 --> 00:03:35,550
+holy, sacred. The English people lived with the
+
+51
+00:03:35,550 --> 00:03:38,350
+king, with the monarchy, for over 1,000, probably
+
+52
+00:03:38,350 --> 00:03:44,580
+1,500 years. Everyone. knows that the king is
+
+53
+00:03:44,580 --> 00:03:46,560
+crucial. Yeah, the king could be corrupt, could be
+
+54
+00:03:46,560 --> 00:03:50,000
+bad, the king or the queen, but the king was seen
+
+55
+00:03:50,000 --> 00:03:53,840
+as crucial, vital, important to the stability of
+
+56
+00:03:53,840 --> 00:03:57,440
+the society and the benefit of the interest of the
+
+57
+00:03:57,440 --> 00:04:00,590
+individual. And now what we saw in literature, and
+
+58
+00:04:00,590 --> 00:04:02,650
+this is very interesting, how literature prepares
+
+59
+00:04:02,650 --> 00:04:05,670
+our minds to certain events, how literature
+
+60
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:10,170
+creates life, creates, changes life in a
+
+61
+00:04:10,170 --> 00:04:13,010
+particular way. We've seen the king die before,
+
+62
+00:04:13,310 --> 00:04:16,710
+but not in real life. In Shakespeare, another
+
+63
+00:04:16,710 --> 00:04:21,110
+place, in Hamlet. In Macbeth, for one reason or
+
+64
+00:04:21,110 --> 00:04:25,090
+another, King Lear, the king dies. And even the
+
+65
+00:04:25,090 --> 00:04:28,490
+death of the king in the literary works turned
+
+66
+00:04:28,490 --> 00:04:31,150
+life upside down, like in Macbeth. Everything was
+
+67
+00:04:31,150 --> 00:04:34,650
+turned upside down. Fair is foul, and foul is
+
+68
+00:04:34,650 --> 00:04:38,090
+fair. But here, for the first time, the king is
+
+69
+00:04:38,090 --> 00:04:42,170
+executed. We'll speak in a bit about what happened
+
+70
+00:04:42,170 --> 00:04:49,130
+next. But this era, this period that saw the king
+
+71
+00:04:49,130 --> 00:04:55,470
+executed, killed, and had someone called Oliver
+
+72
+00:04:55,470 --> 00:04:59,910
+Cromwell, a very important name, is called the
+
+73
+00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:05,250
+Commonwealth. It's called the Commonwealth. The
+
+74
+00:05:05,250 --> 00:05:08,630
+monarchy was removed. No more king, no more queen,
+
+75
+00:05:08,970 --> 00:05:11,750
+no more royal family in so many ways. And they
+
+76
+00:05:11,750 --> 00:05:15,690
+wanted the parliament to rule with election, with
+
+77
+00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:20,790
+democracy, more democratic processes here. Now,
+
+78
+00:05:20,870 --> 00:05:23,490
+Cromwell was a very powerful man. He's the leader
+
+79
+00:05:23,490 --> 00:05:27,660
+of the Commonwealth. He came soon after. The king
+
+80
+00:05:27,660 --> 00:05:30,620
+was executed, and he had so many important things
+
+81
+00:05:30,620 --> 00:05:33,740
+to do to create the commonwealth, the countries
+
+82
+00:05:33,740 --> 00:05:38,580
+that formed the United Kingdom, mainly Scotland
+
+83
+00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:42,760
+and Ireland. So he was a man of war because he
+
+84
+00:05:42,760 --> 00:05:45,960
+fought battles, and he was also a man of peace
+
+85
+00:05:45,960 --> 00:05:49,200
+because he wanted to negotiate and involve in
+
+86
+00:05:49,200 --> 00:05:53,420
+dialogue between different countries around him.
+
+87
+00:05:54,940 --> 00:05:57,720
+Again, history is important here, how literature
+
+88
+00:05:57,720 --> 00:06:01,120
+influences life and history, and how history also
+
+89
+00:06:01,120 --> 00:06:04,280
+influences, in a way or another, literature. But
+
+90
+00:06:04,280 --> 00:06:06,500
+we don't want to speak a lot about history. But
+
+91
+00:06:06,500 --> 00:06:09,340
+really, this is interesting to read. Now, when
+
+92
+00:06:09,340 --> 00:06:12,960
+this man died about ten years later, sometimes
+
+93
+00:06:12,960 --> 00:06:15,460
+it's so sad that some important people die very
+
+94
+00:06:15,460 --> 00:06:18,360
+quickly, and people who are really horrible, they
+
+95
+00:06:18,360 --> 00:06:23,650
+just live forever sometimes. Yeah. When he dies,
+
+96
+00:06:23,870 --> 00:06:28,470
+what happened? He was succeeded by his son. What
+
+97
+00:06:28,470 --> 00:06:28,950
+does it mean?
+
+98
+00:06:32,950 --> 00:06:36,450
+So, if he is followed by his son, what does this
+
+99
+00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:40,750
+mean? Exactly, this is like having the king again.
+
+100
+00:06:43,400 --> 00:06:45,560
+What's wrong with the king, other than the
+
+101
+00:06:45,560 --> 00:06:48,380
+corruption and everything? It's that someone,
+
+102
+00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:51,980
+because he was born to a particular family, is
+
+103
+00:06:51,980 --> 00:06:54,180
+more important than us, can rule us, can control
+
+104
+00:06:54,180 --> 00:07:00,380
+us in a way or another. So when Oliver Cromwell
+
+105
+00:07:00,380 --> 00:07:07,850
+became the protector of England, He earned this
+
+106
+00:07:07,850 --> 00:07:12,250
+because he is a strong man, a diplomatic, and a
+
+107
+00:07:12,250 --> 00:07:15,010
+smart politician. But if his son takes it,
+
+108
+00:07:15,750 --> 00:07:19,030
+succeeds him, what does it mean? But again, in
+
+109
+00:07:19,030 --> 00:07:22,690
+many ways, this is the English mentality, because
+
+110
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:27,340
+they love to have a king. They love to be ruled by
+
+111
+00:07:27,340 --> 00:07:30,640
+a particular family because they have been trained
+
+112
+00:07:30,640 --> 00:07:33,840
+all their lives throughout hundreds and hundreds
+
+113
+00:07:33,840 --> 00:07:35,640
+of years that the king is crucial to the
+
+114
+00:07:35,640 --> 00:07:41,060
+stability. Even today, the queen, Queen Elizabeth
+
+115
+00:07:41,060 --> 00:07:45,150
+II, She isn't a strong ruler. She can't determine
+
+116
+00:07:45,150 --> 00:07:50,250
+politics and many things in England. But she's a
+
+117
+00:07:50,250 --> 00:07:52,890
+symbolic ruler, and many people love her, despite
+
+118
+00:07:52,890 --> 00:07:57,530
+the fact that the royal family spends millions and
+
+119
+00:07:57,530 --> 00:08:00,790
+millions of money. Tax. Tax money. But still, many
+
+120
+00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,430
+people feel it's necessary to have a royal family.
+
+121
+00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:08,590
+Now, when his son followed him, succeeded him, his
+
+122
+00:08:08,590 --> 00:08:12,710
+son was not as strong as Cromwell himself. Again,
+
+123
+00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:15,690
+Oliver Cromwell, the leader of the Commonwealth.
+
+124
+00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:18,930
+He was succeeded by his son, but his son was not
+
+125
+00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:25,580
+strong enough. And in a way, in a way, This meant
+
+126
+00:08:25,580 --> 00:08:29,100
+something to the people there. Because during this
+
+127
+00:08:29,100 --> 00:08:33,940
+period of 15 years or so or less, the English
+
+128
+00:08:33,940 --> 00:08:37,200
+people generally were like, when you want to do
+
+129
+00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,400
+something, but you can't do it because you want to
+
+130
+00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,000
+try something new. And then finally, you just say,
+
+131
+00:08:42,220 --> 00:08:46,380
+OK, enough. So they came to his son, and they
+
+132
+00:08:46,380 --> 00:08:53,170
+said, sorry. We want the king back. And this is
+
+133
+00:08:53,170 --> 00:08:56,890
+how much the English people love the not I can't
+
+134
+00:08:56,890 --> 00:08:59,690
+generalize of course especially the high class
+
+135
+00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:03,290
+because many people had like benefited a lot from
+
+136
+00:09:03,290 --> 00:09:07,870
+having a king or or a queen and The Commonwealth
+
+137
+00:09:07,870 --> 00:09:13,570
+ended by bringing another king. King, remember,
+
+138
+00:09:13,950 --> 00:09:18,690
+King Charles I was executed, and they came, they
+
+139
+00:09:18,690 --> 00:09:22,770
+invited, they brought King Charles II from France.
+
+140
+00:09:25,510 --> 00:09:26,870
+This is called the Restoration. What is the
+
+141
+00:09:26,870 --> 00:09:31,300
+Restoration? When the king was restored. That's
+
+142
+00:09:31,300 --> 00:09:34,800
+it. Commonwealth, when the king was executed, and
+
+143
+00:09:34,800 --> 00:09:38,660
+Oliver Cromwell ruled England in a way or another.
+
+144
+00:09:39,180 --> 00:09:45,840
+So in 1660, we have what is called the
+
+145
+00:09:45,840 --> 00:09:49,360
+Restoration. The monarchy was restored again, and
+
+146
+00:09:49,360 --> 00:09:55,500
+the man, Charles II, was brought from France.
+
+147
+00:09:55,940 --> 00:09:57,720
+Because, you know, remember, they were kicked out
+
+148
+00:09:57,720 --> 00:10:02,730
+in a way or another. Now again, it shows how
+
+149
+00:10:02,730 --> 00:10:04,590
+significant the monarchy is for the English
+
+150
+00:10:04,590 --> 00:10:10,600
+people. But something remained. that couldn't
+
+151
+00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:14,160
+change in a way or another. The monarchy itself
+
+152
+00:10:14,160 --> 00:10:18,020
+and its powers and privileges were declining, were
+
+153
+00:10:18,020 --> 00:10:22,180
+diminishing, were reduced because the parliament
+
+154
+00:10:22,180 --> 00:10:25,000
+and politicians and people who were elected by
+
+155
+00:10:25,000 --> 00:10:29,360
+people become more and more powerful. So yes, the
+
+156
+00:10:29,360 --> 00:10:34,040
+king was restored, but the powers The privileges,
+
+157
+00:10:34,680 --> 00:10:37,880
+the authority, they were never the same. Until
+
+158
+00:10:37,880 --> 00:10:41,840
+this very day, we have a very symbolic monarchy.
+
+159
+00:10:42,000 --> 00:10:44,300
+The queen sometimes signs particular papers,
+
+160
+00:10:44,500 --> 00:10:48,540
+approves particular cabinets by particular
+
+161
+00:10:51,460 --> 00:10:54,400
+political parties like the Labour Party and the
+
+162
+00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:57,480
+Tories. So politics is very important in this age.
+
+163
+00:10:57,980 --> 00:10:59,640
+But here we're not only talking, remember in the
+
+164
+00:10:59,640 --> 00:11:02,480
+past we were speaking about nationalism, the
+
+165
+00:11:02,480 --> 00:11:05,200
+strong sense of the English identity, Queen,
+
+166
+00:11:05,740 --> 00:11:09,910
+England being the saviour and the protector. And
+
+167
+00:11:09,910 --> 00:11:13,970
+about, you know, sweet Thames runs softly till I
+
+168
+00:11:13,970 --> 00:11:16,570
+end my song. The English people were all proud of
+
+169
+00:11:16,570 --> 00:11:19,670
+everything English. But now this changed from
+
+170
+00:11:19,670 --> 00:11:22,530
+nationalism, loving your country as a whole, to
+
+171
+00:11:22,530 --> 00:11:26,660
+political division. So some people supported this
+
+172
+00:11:26,660 --> 00:11:28,680
+political party, and others supported this
+
+173
+00:11:28,680 --> 00:11:30,620
+political party. And this creates what we call
+
+174
+00:11:30,620 --> 00:11:33,860
+political division. And this is politics more than
+
+175
+00:11:33,860 --> 00:11:36,440
+nationalism. Okay? So nationalism is loving
+
+176
+00:11:36,440 --> 00:11:38,380
+everything about your country, supporting,
+
+177
+00:11:38,680 --> 00:11:42,760
+believing in your country. But being political
+
+178
+00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:44,600
+generally here in this sense means that you
+
+179
+00:11:44,600 --> 00:11:47,500
+support one political party over the others
+
+180
+00:11:47,500 --> 00:11:51,660
+because of something. Now, something very funny
+
+181
+00:11:51,660 --> 00:11:55,800
+happened later on. King James II, remember we had
+
+182
+00:11:55,800 --> 00:12:00,960
+King James I in 1603, the man who translated the
+
+183
+00:12:00,960 --> 00:12:03,400
+Bible, the authorized version of the Bible, the
+
+184
+00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,420
+man who loved theater and literature, who had the
+
+185
+00:12:05,420 --> 00:12:10,200
+mosques in his own palace, remember? Now, King
+
+186
+00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:13,200
+James II did something that could be considered
+
+187
+00:12:13,200 --> 00:12:19,240
+stupid. He converted to Catholicism. He, remember
+
+188
+00:12:19,240 --> 00:12:23,070
+England is? A Protestant country now because of
+
+189
+00:12:23,070 --> 00:12:27,050
+King Henry VIII, when he had this dispute with the
+
+190
+00:12:27,050 --> 00:12:30,090
+Pope, and he destroyed many monasteries and
+
+191
+00:12:30,090 --> 00:12:32,850
+churches, and he executed so many Catholic people.
+
+192
+00:12:34,070 --> 00:12:36,990
+Because England changed its religion. Still
+
+193
+00:12:36,990 --> 00:12:39,410
+Christians, but they're not Catholic. They are
+
+194
+00:12:39,410 --> 00:12:43,410
+Protestants. Now, all of a sudden, this king, King
+
+195
+00:12:43,410 --> 00:12:49,100
+James II, converts to Catholicism. Okay, remember,
+
+196
+00:12:49,480 --> 00:12:52,920
+so many people were not happy with King Charles I.
+
+197
+00:12:53,760 --> 00:12:57,580
+What happened? Fighting, political division, civil
+
+198
+00:12:57,580 --> 00:13:01,640
+war, death, blood. But now, and this is really
+
+199
+00:13:01,640 --> 00:13:04,260
+interesting, the English people seem to have
+
+200
+00:13:04,260 --> 00:13:06,920
+learned from their own experience. They have
+
+201
+00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,020
+learned that OK, we kill the king. We fight. We
+
+202
+00:13:11,020 --> 00:13:13,420
+kill each other. And then later on, we bring the
+
+203
+00:13:13,420 --> 00:13:16,400
+king again. So they learned something that nobody
+
+204
+00:13:16,400 --> 00:13:19,960
+in Europe learned this quickly. In France, so many
+
+205
+00:13:19,960 --> 00:13:22,580
+kings were executed, and revolutions after
+
+206
+00:13:22,580 --> 00:13:26,040
+revolutions. In Spain, the Civil War ended like 60
+
+207
+00:13:26,040 --> 00:13:29,260
+years ago in Spain. And even today, there are
+
+208
+00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:33,260
+still some troubles and problems here and there.
+
+209
+00:13:33,300 --> 00:13:37,110
+But the English learned this lesson. very quickly
+
+210
+00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,110
+in many ways. So when this king converted to
+
+211
+00:13:42,110 --> 00:13:45,130
+Catholicism, what did they do to him? Did they
+
+212
+00:13:45,130 --> 00:13:48,490
+kill him? Did they rebel against him? Did they
+
+213
+00:13:48,490 --> 00:13:51,790
+fight him? Did they shed any blood? No. Again,
+
+214
+00:13:51,850 --> 00:13:55,210
+they came to him and said, sorry, this is a
+
+215
+00:13:55,210 --> 00:13:58,170
+Protestant country. You need to go. And they
+
+216
+00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:03,070
+removed the king without shedding any drop of
+
+217
+00:14:03,070 --> 00:14:06,980
+blood. And that's why this is called The bloodless
+
+218
+00:14:06,980 --> 00:14:10,820
+revolution. You know bloodless revolution? The
+
+219
+00:14:10,820 --> 00:14:14,020
+revolution that doesn't shed blood, no blood.
+
+220
+00:14:14,820 --> 00:14:18,000
+Pure, clean revolution. It's called sometimes the
+
+221
+00:14:18,000 --> 00:14:20,620
+glorious revolution. Al-Thawrah Al-Majeedah in
+
+222
+00:14:20,620 --> 00:14:25,640
+Arabic. So a lot of politics here. I'll speak
+
+223
+00:14:25,640 --> 00:14:30,660
+about two important things later on. Number one,
+
+224
+00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:40,570
+The middle class are number two literature and
+
+225
+00:14:40,570 --> 00:14:44,410
+politics. So what we care about here as literature
+
+226
+00:14:44,410 --> 00:14:48,100
+students It's good to know this brief history, is
+
+227
+00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:50,800
+the rise of the middle class. From now on, we'll
+
+228
+00:14:50,800 --> 00:14:53,820
+speak about the rise of the middle class in every
+
+229
+00:14:53,820 --> 00:14:57,060
+age, every era. And then politics and literature,
+
+230
+00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:01,280
+and literature and politics. But what did the
+
+231
+00:15:01,280 --> 00:15:03,980
+English people learn from this? They learned many
+
+232
+00:15:03,980 --> 00:15:06,760
+things. Number one, that stability is important.
+
+233
+00:15:07,080 --> 00:15:09,740
+Stability is crucial. You know stability? You
+
+234
+00:15:09,740 --> 00:15:11,520
+don't want to change the situation. You can
+
+235
+00:15:11,520 --> 00:15:14,040
+improve it. And if you want to change it, you
+
+236
+00:15:14,040 --> 00:15:18,820
+change it without shedding any blood by diplomacy,
+
+237
+00:15:19,360 --> 00:15:23,300
+by politics. So people wanted to avoid another
+
+238
+00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:27,300
+revolution, especially a revolution that sheds the
+
+239
+00:15:27,300 --> 00:15:31,640
+blood of the English people. Not easy to do, by
+
+240
+00:15:31,640 --> 00:15:34,740
+the way. And that's why this is a very interesting
+
+241
+00:15:34,740 --> 00:15:35,940
+history.
+
+242
+00:15:38,220 --> 00:15:42,080
+Okay? So people were more rational. Later on, we
+
+243
+00:15:42,080 --> 00:15:46,080
+speak about the age of reason in 50 years to come.
+
+244
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:50,140
+People were... In the Renaissance, people were
+
+245
+00:15:50,140 --> 00:15:53,080
+more about exploring. You know, the geographical
+
+246
+00:15:53,080 --> 00:15:55,500
+discoveries. They wanted to break the barriers.
+
+247
+00:15:55,880 --> 00:15:58,720
+They wanted to go beyond the limits. They wanted
+
+248
+00:15:58,720 --> 00:16:02,360
+to change life. But now, because of the bloodshed
+
+249
+00:16:02,360 --> 00:16:05,010
+and the fighting and the battles, They said, okay,
+
+250
+00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,130
+wait. I think we need to wait a minute and think
+
+251
+00:16:08,130 --> 00:16:12,390
+more carefully about what we do, where we go. So
+
+252
+00:16:12,390 --> 00:16:16,190
+the sense of exploration and experimentation in a
+
+253
+00:16:16,190 --> 00:16:20,990
+way was replaced by a sense of reason and
+
+254
+00:16:20,990 --> 00:16:26,870
+stability. And this is very smart because the
+
+255
+00:16:26,870 --> 00:16:30,010
+political system created something, an image that
+
+256
+00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:34,120
+made people believe the stability of the country,
+
+257
+00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:37,860
+if you have a stable, and even today, you know,
+
+258
+00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:39,760
+Theresa May, the Prime Minister of England, she
+
+259
+00:16:39,760 --> 00:16:41,640
+speaks about strong and stable, strong and stable.
+
+260
+00:16:41,700 --> 00:16:43,680
+They're making fun of her statement, the
+
+261
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:46,080
+catchphrase she always uses, strong and stable. We
+
+262
+00:16:46,080 --> 00:16:48,340
+want a strong and stable country. It started from
+
+263
+00:16:48,340 --> 00:16:52,880
+here. They said a strong country is a stable
+
+264
+00:16:52,880 --> 00:16:56,120
+country. And a stable country, government, means
+
+265
+00:16:56,120 --> 00:17:01,680
+more benefits to the individual. So if you, as an
+
+266
+00:17:01,680 --> 00:17:03,840
+individual, if you want to achieve your own
+
+267
+00:17:03,840 --> 00:17:08,100
+growth, material growth, if you want to get
+
+268
+00:17:08,100 --> 00:17:11,380
+wealthy and rich, what do you do? You work hard to
+
+269
+00:17:11,380 --> 00:17:14,120
+achieve the stability for all the society, the
+
+270
+00:17:14,120 --> 00:17:16,820
+community. That's why there's something I usually
+
+271
+00:17:16,820 --> 00:17:21,420
+like to say here. The individual became political,
+
+272
+00:17:21,440 --> 00:17:25,320
+and the political became individual. What is good
+
+273
+00:17:25,320 --> 00:17:30,570
+for the community? It's good for, for me, the
+
+274
+00:17:30,570 --> 00:17:32,390
+individual. We'll see how this is reflected on
+
+275
+00:17:32,390 --> 00:17:38,470
+literature. So we have more growth in science, in
+
+276
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:40,710
+commercial growth, in trade, in geographical
+
+277
+00:17:40,710 --> 00:17:45,030
+discoveries, in British imperialism, in
+
+278
+00:17:45,030 --> 00:17:48,330
+colonialism, British Empire, everywhere. Many
+
+279
+00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:51,670
+excellent things happened. And we speak about the
+
+280
+00:17:51,670 --> 00:17:56,840
+English, the Union of Parliaments of England, Now,
+
+281
+00:17:56,920 --> 00:17:59,540
+before I move to speak about literature, look at
+
+282
+00:17:59,540 --> 00:18:04,960
+this sentence. In the book, it says there was a
+
+283
+00:18:04,960 --> 00:18:07,320
+union. There was a unity between England and
+
+284
+00:18:07,320 --> 00:18:14,340
+Scotland, the parliament. But Ireland remains the
+
+285
+00:18:14,340 --> 00:18:16,300
+problem. This is what the book says exactly. It
+
+286
+00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,800
+says Ireland was still the problem.
+
+287
+00:18:27,950 --> 00:18:34,610
+was still a problem. What do you think? And that's
+
+288
+00:18:34,610 --> 00:18:39,450
+why here I use an exclamation mark. I'm not
+
+289
+00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,810
+stating this as a fact. Ireland remained a problem
+
+290
+00:18:42,810 --> 00:18:43,890
+to the United Kingdom.
+
+291
+00:18:47,030 --> 00:18:51,230
+Why is Ireland depicted here as a problem? You
+
+292
+00:18:51,230 --> 00:18:53,090
+know Ireland? We have Ireland. We have Scotland.
+
+293
+00:18:53,650 --> 00:18:56,790
+We have Wales. We have England, the United
+
+294
+00:18:56,790 --> 00:18:58,590
+Kingdom, in addition to other things. Please.
+
+295
+00:19:01,330 --> 00:19:05,290
+Yeah, thank you. There is Catholicism here. Not
+
+296
+00:19:05,290 --> 00:19:09,210
+many people were forced to convert to becoming
+
+297
+00:19:09,210 --> 00:19:13,390
+Protestant. So Catholic people. So what does it
+
+298
+00:19:13,390 --> 00:19:19,270
+mean also? Is it whitewashing? Aha. How do you
+
+299
+00:19:19,270 --> 00:19:19,950
+mean? Can you explain?
+
+300
+00:19:24,330 --> 00:19:28,450
+Ireland is divided by Britain. Okay. Britain is
+
+301
+00:19:28,450 --> 00:19:30,870
+out of debt and killing for the natives. Okay.
+
+302
+00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:33,430
+That's very, really interesting. Thank you. There
+
+303
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:36,850
+is also whitewashing here. England was the
+
+304
+00:19:36,850 --> 00:19:40,310
+problem. Not Ireland. It's exactly like now Israel
+
+305
+00:19:40,310 --> 00:19:44,070
+says Gaza is the problem. No. The occupation is
+
+306
+00:19:44,070 --> 00:19:47,800
+the problem. So the book here presents it as if
+
+307
+00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:53,250
+Ireland is the problem, is causing trouble for For
+
+308
+00:19:53,250 --> 00:19:56,830
+England, while England is occupying and colonizing
+
+309
+00:19:56,830 --> 00:19:59,770
+Ireland and parts of Ireland and killing people,
+
+310
+00:19:59,890 --> 00:20:03,370
+yes, shedding the blood of the Irish people. Until
+
+311
+00:20:03,370 --> 00:20:06,190
+this very day, there's still this trouble between
+
+312
+00:20:06,190 --> 00:20:09,530
+Ireland and parts of Ireland and England. So
+
+313
+00:20:09,530 --> 00:20:12,310
+interesting how the book presents this. And I told
+
+314
+00:20:12,310 --> 00:20:15,570
+you before, be careful when you read any book,
+
+315
+00:20:15,650 --> 00:20:20,990
+especially books written by by white Europeans who
+
+316
+00:20:20,990 --> 00:20:25,410
+believe in colonialism and imperialism. So this is
+
+317
+00:20:25,410 --> 00:20:28,650
+not only against Asia and Africa and the
+
+318
+00:20:28,650 --> 00:20:31,130
+Caribbean, but also against parts of Europe, like
+
+319
+00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:34,130
+in Ireland. So thank you very much for saying
+
+320
+00:20:34,130 --> 00:20:37,190
+this. This is called whitewashing.
+
+321
+00:20:39,710 --> 00:20:44,260
+Again, what is whitewashing? Whitewashing when a
+
+322
+00:20:44,260 --> 00:20:50,280
+movie, a book, someone tries to hide the problems,
+
+323
+00:20:50,440 --> 00:20:56,040
+the trouble, the vices, the crimes, and present
+
+324
+00:20:56,040 --> 00:21:01,980
+things as if nothing bad is going on. Like watch a
+
+325
+00:21:01,980 --> 00:21:05,220
+movie. Someone comes here to, for example, to Gaza
+
+326
+00:21:05,220 --> 00:21:08,920
+and makes a movie or writes a book about Gaza. And
+
+327
+00:21:08,920 --> 00:21:10,500
+you read the whole book. You watch the whole
+
+328
+00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:12,580
+movie. And there are no references to the Israeli
+
+329
+00:21:12,580 --> 00:21:17,300
+occupation, to the siege, to five, six decades of
+
+330
+00:21:17,300 --> 00:21:21,920
+occupation, of oppression. If nobody is referring
+
+331
+00:21:21,920 --> 00:21:24,260
+to Israel here, this is called whitewashing.
+
+332
+00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,180
+Whitewashing Israel. You know the word white and
+
+333
+00:21:27,180 --> 00:21:29,900
+wash? To wash somebody so there is nothing wrong
+
+334
+00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,280
+with them. If someone makes a movie about Israel
+
+335
+00:21:33,280 --> 00:21:36,400
+and describes Israel, how Israel is the only
+
+336
+00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,110
+democracy in the Middle East, or the only
+
+337
+00:21:39,110 --> 00:21:44,130
+democracy in the universe, or how Israel is a very
+
+338
+00:21:44,130 --> 00:21:48,270
+significant research haven, technology, cancer
+
+339
+00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,010
+research, without referring to the fact that there
+
+340
+00:21:51,010 --> 00:21:53,950
+is a lot of racism against non-Jews, against black
+
+341
+00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:56,970
+people, people of color. In Israel, seven decades
+
+342
+00:21:56,970 --> 00:21:59,150
+of occupation of colonialism, this is
+
+343
+00:21:59,150 --> 00:22:04,180
+whitewashing. So the book doesn't... Remember, we
+
+344
+00:22:04,180 --> 00:22:06,800
+spoke about this also when the writer here, two
+
+345
+00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,380
+writers actually, when they depicted colonialism
+
+346
+00:22:09,380 --> 00:22:15,800
+as glory. It's not glory because it caused the
+
+347
+00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,200
+deaths of millions and millions of people. So
+
+348
+00:22:19,200 --> 00:22:23,660
+yeah, thank you. This is called whitewashing.
+
+349
+00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,620
+OK, now I'll move to speak about two poets of this
+
+350
+00:22:28,620 --> 00:22:33,570
+era. The first one, we go back to Andrew Marvel.
+
+351
+00:22:33,910 --> 00:22:36,890
+Remember Andrew Marvel? He's a romantic poet. But
+
+352
+00:22:36,890 --> 00:22:42,950
+he was also a politician, a member of the
+
+353
+00:22:42,950 --> 00:22:48,150
+parliament. And he wrote poetry supporting who?
+
+354
+00:22:49,730 --> 00:22:54,110
+Cromwell. This is his famous poem praising and
+
+355
+00:22:54,110 --> 00:22:55,690
+celebrating Cromwell.
+
+356
+00:22:57,720 --> 00:23:02,000
+It's called an oration. There could be an N here.
+
+357
+00:23:02,560 --> 00:23:05,460
+If there is an N, it means the H is silent. An
+
+358
+00:23:05,460 --> 00:23:10,640
+oration or the poem, Upon Cromwell's Return from
+
+359
+00:23:10,640 --> 00:23:14,500
+Ireland. Long title, okay? You can only memorize
+
+360
+00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:22,520
+this. Upon Cromwell's Return. Who's the poet?
+
+361
+00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:27,180
+Malo. What's going on? So again, remember what
+
+362
+00:23:27,180 --> 00:23:30,280
+poetry we had in the past? About society, love
+
+363
+00:23:30,280 --> 00:23:36,040
+poetry, religion. Are we going to see new
+
+364
+00:23:36,040 --> 00:23:39,700
+concerns, new interests, new themes, new issues
+
+365
+00:23:39,700 --> 00:23:48,340
+here? Someone read, please. Yeah. Could not cease.
+
+366
+00:23:48,880 --> 00:23:49,520
+Cease.
+
+367
+00:23:52,210 --> 00:23:55,130
+in the glorious arts of peace, but through a
+
+368
+00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:58,690
+treacherous war, archetype after star, what filled
+
+369
+00:23:58,690 --> 00:24:04,810
+us up of all the civil war, where his were not the
+
+370
+00:24:04,810 --> 00:24:08,790
+deepest scars. Scar. In the book, I think it says
+
+371
+00:24:08,790 --> 00:24:12,630
+in the book, wars and stars. Wars and scars,
+
+372
+00:24:12,710 --> 00:24:17,590
+sorry. Yes. Okay. So, interesting. One more. So,
+
+373
+00:24:17,690 --> 00:24:19,250
+is this crumble?
+
+374
+00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:34,180
+in glorious art of peace, urged
+
+375
+00:24:34,180 --> 00:24:40,740
+his active star where
+
+376
+00:24:40,740 --> 00:24:47,220
+his were not the deepest scar. What is the poet
+
+377
+00:24:47,220 --> 00:24:49,000
+saying? What's going on here?
+
+378
+00:24:53,710 --> 00:24:58,670
+He's not a king. He was the ruler. I would say
+
+379
+00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:01,470
+something like prime minister, but he wasn't a
+
+380
+00:25:01,470 --> 00:25:04,870
+king. But more or less, he was like a king,
+
+381
+00:25:04,970 --> 00:25:07,270
+because he was succeeded by his son when he died.
+
+382
+00:25:07,570 --> 00:25:10,970
+So but as a ruler here, let's call him ruler,
+
+383
+00:25:11,150 --> 00:25:11,950
+protector of England.
+
+384
+00:25:16,830 --> 00:25:22,110
+Who's talking? OK, the poet is Marvel. The speaker
+
+385
+00:25:22,110 --> 00:25:25,360
+could be Marvel. The difference between the poet,
+
+386
+00:25:25,480 --> 00:25:28,900
+the author, and the speaker. So here, seemingly,
+
+387
+00:25:29,180 --> 00:25:32,960
+it sounds like Marvel, Andrew Marvel, is praising
+
+388
+00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:41,940
+and celebrating Cromwell as a hero of both war and
+
+389
+00:25:41,940 --> 00:25:43,180
+peace.
+
+390
+00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:49,520
+So he's praising his, he's restless. He doesn't
+
+391
+00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:53,200
+rest. He works very hard. He's on sleep. We have
+
+392
+00:25:53,200 --> 00:25:55,500
+this. In Arabic poetry, we have this all the time.
+
+393
+00:25:55,560 --> 00:25:57,760
+We have poets praising the rulers, the governors,
+
+394
+00:25:57,980 --> 00:26:01,200
+the emirs, the caliphs all the time. He doesn't
+
+395
+00:26:01,200 --> 00:26:05,940
+cease in the inglorious art of peace. So during
+
+396
+00:26:05,940 --> 00:26:11,960
+peace, he talks. He engages in dialogue, politics,
+
+397
+00:26:12,180 --> 00:26:19,200
+diplomacy. But in war, his star shines the most.
+
+398
+00:26:21,080 --> 00:26:26,360
+So he is part of the peace diplomacy negotiations,
+
+399
+00:26:26,620 --> 00:26:31,780
+but also when there are battles and fighting and
+
+400
+00:26:31,780 --> 00:26:34,700
+wars and civil wars, what does he do? He also
+
+401
+00:26:34,700 --> 00:26:38,580
+fights. So he's a strong ruler, a ruler who can
+
+402
+00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:43,600
+balance between diplomacy and war. In many ways,
+
+403
+00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:48,010
+this is a political poem. Because who's being
+
+404
+00:26:48,010 --> 00:26:50,410
+prayed? What is the subject matter? A love poem?
+
+405
+00:26:50,910 --> 00:26:54,390
+God? Cromwell? Who's Cromwell? He's the ruler of
+
+406
+00:26:54,390 --> 00:26:56,810
+England. So when you write a poem for your
+
+407
+00:26:56,810 --> 00:26:59,590
+president, the prime minister, this is politics.
+
+408
+00:27:00,970 --> 00:27:06,630
+And during this era, politics became a huge part
+
+409
+00:27:06,630 --> 00:27:10,470
+of literature. Political themes. Political,
+
+410
+00:27:10,990 --> 00:27:15,210
+political themes. And that's why, again, Marvel
+
+411
+00:27:15,210 --> 00:27:19,850
+was supporting the Commonwealth against the king.
+
+412
+00:27:20,550 --> 00:27:22,790
+Later on, he became a politician and became a
+
+413
+00:27:22,790 --> 00:27:25,710
+member of the parliament. He was celebrated as the
+
+414
+00:27:25,710 --> 00:27:28,670
+unofficial poet laureate. He was the prince of
+
+415
+00:27:28,670 --> 00:27:31,290
+poets, but wasn't that official because he wrote
+
+416
+00:27:31,290 --> 00:27:35,070
+several poems praising Cromwell and his life and
+
+417
+00:27:35,070 --> 00:27:40,330
+his achievements and his struggle. This reminds me
+
+418
+00:27:40,330 --> 00:27:43,260
+of Al Mutanabbi. Remember Al Mutanabbi? the
+
+419
+00:27:43,260 --> 00:27:47,500
+greatest Arabic poet of all time, most of his
+
+420
+00:27:47,500 --> 00:27:50,040
+poetry is like this, celebrates a particular
+
+421
+00:27:50,040 --> 00:27:54,520
+person. It's really beautiful how there are
+
+422
+00:27:54,520 --> 00:27:56,520
+similarities, but at the same time there are
+
+423
+00:27:56,520 --> 00:27:59,560
+dissimilarities. Many people would read this and
+
+424
+00:27:59,560 --> 00:28:02,300
+say, hmm, I don't think this is poetry, because
+
+425
+00:28:02,300 --> 00:28:07,840
+poetry is about emotions, feelings. We don't have
+
+426
+00:28:07,840 --> 00:28:11,540
+much. Even the imagery here, the metaphors, we
+
+427
+00:28:11,540 --> 00:28:17,750
+don't have Much of that, right? But still, this is
+
+428
+00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:20,690
+poetry of that time. Poetry started to change in
+
+429
+00:28:20,690 --> 00:28:23,190
+themes in many ways. Al-Mutanabbi, this reminds me
+
+430
+00:28:23,190 --> 00:28:25,290
+of something probably I quoted before. Al
+
+431
+00:28:25,290 --> 00:28:28,610
+-Mutanabbi was praising Saif Al-Dawlah and saying
+
+432
+00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:31,530
+how courageous he is. So to describe someone as
+
+433
+00:28:31,530 --> 00:28:33,690
+courageous, you speak about Erjed, his active
+
+434
+00:28:33,690 --> 00:28:37,230
+star. His star shines, rises. He fights. He
+
+435
+00:28:37,230 --> 00:28:40,780
+doesn't care. He doesn't fear. Utanabbi says,
+
+436
+00:28:41,720 --> 00:28:45,320
+praising Saif Al-Dawla, Waqafta wa ma fil mawti
+
+437
+00:28:45,320 --> 00:28:48,860
+shakun liwaqifi. Ka anaka fi jafni rada wa huwa
+
+438
+00:28:48,860 --> 00:28:53,600
+naimo. Waqafta wa ma fil mawti shakun liwaqifi.
+
+439
+00:28:53,780 --> 00:28:58,220
+Meaning, you were in a position where anyone
+
+440
+00:28:58,220 --> 00:29:00,660
+standing would die. But you, because you're
+
+441
+00:29:00,660 --> 00:29:04,300
+courageous, you don't care, you stand, defying.
+
+442
+00:29:06,040 --> 00:29:10,840
+Look at this simile. There is a personification of
+
+443
+00:29:10,840 --> 00:29:14,260
+death here, where death is like a sleeping person.
+
+444
+00:29:14,740 --> 00:29:18,300
+And where is he standing? Exactly here, on the
+
+445
+00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:22,360
+eyelashes, on the eyelid of death. You're standing
+
+446
+00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:26,640
+here. So when death wakes up, the first thing he
+
+447
+00:29:26,640 --> 00:29:31,520
+claims is you. But you don't care because you are
+
+448
+00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:31,940
+powerful.
+
+449
+00:29:41,750 --> 00:29:48,390
+This is always beautiful. He's saying like, your
+
+450
+00:29:48,390 --> 00:29:52,170
+enemies are heroes. Is he praising them? No, he's
+
+451
+00:29:52,170 --> 00:29:54,830
+praising Seif Eddaoula because he only fights
+
+452
+00:29:54,830 --> 00:29:58,690
+heroes. And while he's doing this during the war
+
+453
+00:29:58,690 --> 00:30:03,480
+and the fighting, Because in war, we're all
+
+454
+00:30:03,480 --> 00:30:06,680
+worried, and sweating, and terrified, and
+
+455
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:09,240
+terrorized, and we're fighting, and et cetera. But
+
+456
+00:30:09,240 --> 00:30:15,220
+because you are a fearless leader during war, like
+
+457
+00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:21,680
+this. Beautiful. Is this similar to this? Which is
+
+458
+00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:27,000
+more beautiful? Arabic? Oh, good. Think of when
+
+459
+00:30:27,000 --> 00:30:29,020
+probably when you finish doing a BA in English
+
+460
+00:30:29,020 --> 00:30:31,800
+literature, you could do a comparison. You study
+
+461
+00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:35,420
+comparative literature. Twina Moutanabbi and
+
+462
+00:30:35,420 --> 00:30:41,260
+Andrew Marvin, okay? Now another text, remember
+
+463
+00:30:41,260 --> 00:30:45,200
+Lovelace? Do you remember him? What did he say
+
+464
+00:30:45,200 --> 00:30:49,960
+before? One mark if you memorize his poetry. Don't
+
+465
+00:30:49,960 --> 00:30:53,430
+look, don't look. Loveless. One Mark if you know,
+
+466
+00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:58,550
+he's very famous, very easy to memorize. Stone
+
+467
+00:30:58,550 --> 00:31:07,890
+walls don't a prison make nor iron bars a cage.
+
+468
+00:31:07,950 --> 00:31:11,210
+I'll translate it into Arabic. You don't have to
+
+469
+00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:14,770
+memorize this for the course, the exam, but it's
+
+470
+00:31:14,770 --> 00:31:19,100
+really good to know. Makes you confident and proud
+
+471
+00:31:19,100 --> 00:31:21,120
+of yourself. Like, oh, I know Arabic, English
+
+472
+00:31:21,120 --> 00:31:26,160
+poetry as well. So in this poem, it's called to
+
+473
+00:31:26,160 --> 00:31:30,140
+Locasta. Remember the first one, to Althea. So
+
+474
+00:31:30,140 --> 00:31:32,900
+this is either an imaginary woman he loves, or
+
+475
+00:31:32,900 --> 00:31:36,520
+it's his woman that he calls by different names.
+
+476
+00:31:36,580 --> 00:31:40,220
+He uses attractive names. Going to the wars.
+
+477
+00:31:40,400 --> 00:31:43,460
+Again, a political poem. Going to the wars.
+
+478
+00:31:43,960 --> 00:31:48,320
+Fighting. Here where the public, the personal, the
+
+479
+00:31:48,320 --> 00:31:52,080
+individual is public. It's a really very
+
+480
+00:31:52,080 --> 00:31:55,120
+interesting poem. But we're going to study only
+
+481
+00:31:55,120 --> 00:31:59,420
+one extract here. Someone read, please.
+
+482
+00:32:10,420 --> 00:32:15,450
+Very good. Someone else? Please.
+
+483
+00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:21,790
+Unkind. Kind, unkind.
+
+484
+00:32:26,910 --> 00:32:32,750
+Thy. Thy means yours in old English. Yes? Chest,
+
+485
+00:32:34,470 --> 00:32:39,950
+breast, and quiet mind. To war, unarmed,
+
+486
+00:32:40,330 --> 00:32:43,610
+unflagged. What is he saying? What do you
+
+487
+00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:47,330
+understand from this? No,
+
+488
+00:32:49,790 --> 00:32:54,350
+English, of course. He's brave.
+
+489
+00:32:55,270 --> 00:33:02,030
+From war. Okay, cool. But who is he talking to?
+
+490
+00:33:03,090 --> 00:33:05,710
+His beloved. What is he saying to her?
+
+491
+00:33:11,910 --> 00:33:17,430
+Sweet should be between inverted commas. But we
+
+492
+00:33:17,430 --> 00:33:20,370
+can probably explain why there are brackets here.
+
+493
+00:33:21,350 --> 00:33:24,950
+Because officially, remember, this coin is comma,
+
+494
+00:33:25,130 --> 00:33:28,970
+lady, comma. But here are brackets. It's like as
+
+495
+00:33:28,970 --> 00:33:32,810
+if he's putting her in prison. Like tying,
+
+496
+00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:36,090
+chaining hair. Don't come after me. Don't run
+
+497
+00:33:36,090 --> 00:33:38,610
+away. I'm going to come back. I don't know. He's
+
+498
+00:33:38,610 --> 00:33:40,890
+controlling her by putting his beloved, the woman
+
+499
+00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:46,030
+he loves, his mistress, in brackets. So now, can't
+
+500
+00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,030
+he run away? He can't, because there are walls
+
+501
+00:33:48,030 --> 00:33:52,050
+against her, in a way. Don't tell me I'm going to
+
+502
+00:33:52,050 --> 00:33:55,350
+come, because he's leaving her. He's leaving her
+
+503
+00:33:55,350 --> 00:33:58,390
+behind. Remember, for Shakespeare, the woman, for
+
+504
+00:33:58,390 --> 00:34:00,270
+Marlow, the woman was the most important thing.
+
+505
+00:34:00,930 --> 00:34:04,250
+The love poetry. There is a piece in it. But now
+
+506
+00:34:04,250 --> 00:34:07,350
+here, we have something more important than the
+
+507
+00:34:07,350 --> 00:34:11,850
+woman. It's the love of your country. And that's,
+
+508
+00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,450
+again, how the individual becomes public. He's
+
+509
+00:34:14,450 --> 00:34:17,010
+telling here, in the rest of the poem, that I
+
+510
+00:34:17,010 --> 00:34:21,450
+can't love you if I don't love my country more. If
+
+511
+00:34:21,450 --> 00:34:23,890
+I don't defend my country, if I don't go to fight
+
+512
+00:34:23,890 --> 00:34:26,550
+to protect my country. And this is political. This
+
+513
+00:34:26,550 --> 00:34:31,030
+is the restoration, the commonwealth. Tell me not,
+
+514
+00:34:31,390 --> 00:34:33,850
+sweet, I am unkind. Don't accuse me of being
+
+515
+00:34:33,850 --> 00:34:37,590
+unkind and cruel. From that, from that, from the
+
+516
+00:34:37,590 --> 00:34:42,230
+nunnery of thy chest breast and quiet mind. I like
+
+517
+00:34:42,230 --> 00:34:45,590
+how he describes her physical appearance and
+
+518
+00:34:45,590 --> 00:34:49,500
+describes her Her quiet mind. It's good. It's an
+
+519
+00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:51,660
+upgrade. In the past, remember, the woman was
+
+520
+00:34:51,660 --> 00:34:55,520
+absent. Shall I compare thee to summer's day? Come
+
+521
+00:34:55,520 --> 00:34:57,820
+live with me and be my love. But here, the woman
+
+522
+00:34:57,820 --> 00:35:03,100
+is using your unkind. And there is her mind is
+
+523
+00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:05,860
+praised. Some people might say no, because he
+
+524
+00:35:05,860 --> 00:35:08,940
+still tells her your mind is quiet. So it's good
+
+525
+00:35:08,940 --> 00:35:12,160
+for a woman to have a quiet mind. Yeah, it's not
+
+526
+00:35:12,160 --> 00:35:14,660
+perfect, but it's an upgrade from the previous
+
+527
+00:35:14,660 --> 00:35:18,720
+age, where the woman's mind has a place in the
+
+528
+00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:21,760
+poem. Later on, we'll have more and more presence,
+
+529
+00:35:21,960 --> 00:35:27,040
+more and more strong roles by women. So to war,
+
+530
+00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:30,360
+arms could be a pun here.
+
+531
+00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:38,440
+Because arms, one arm, two arms. Or arms, weapons.
+
+532
+00:35:39,080 --> 00:35:44,920
+Arms means weapons. But arms also means hands. So
+
+533
+00:35:44,920 --> 00:35:49,460
+he's playing on this word. Is he going to war? Is
+
+534
+00:35:49,460 --> 00:35:53,600
+he walking to war? Is he crawling to war? Is he
+
+535
+00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:58,680
+running to war? No. He's flying to war. He doesn't
+
+536
+00:35:58,680 --> 00:36:04,920
+walk. He flies to war because he goes willingly to
+
+537
+00:36:04,920 --> 00:36:08,680
+defend his country, to fight for the thing he
+
+538
+00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:14,120
+loves the most. It's his country. And that's
+
+539
+00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:16,640
+different poetry from the one we studied before.
+
+540
+00:36:16,760 --> 00:36:21,060
+So what's going on here again? The poet here is
+
+541
+00:36:21,060 --> 00:36:26,560
+showing us how the individual, his love to his
+
+542
+00:36:26,560 --> 00:36:32,800
+wife, is less important than his love to his
+
+543
+00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:35,660
+country. Because defending the country means
+
+544
+00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:40,820
+safety, stability, security to you, to your wife,
+
+545
+00:36:40,900 --> 00:36:42,840
+to all individuals in the society. This is a
+
+546
+00:36:42,840 --> 00:36:46,630
+political power. in which the country is more
+
+547
+00:36:46,630 --> 00:36:50,030
+important than the woman you love. This is called
+
+548
+00:36:50,030 --> 00:36:55,150
+political poetry. Loveless to La Costa going to
+
+549
+00:36:55,150 --> 00:36:58,650
+the wars. Please. I didn't understand the first
+
+550
+00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,110
+line. Is he asking her not to call him sweet or
+
+551
+00:37:01,110 --> 00:37:03,590
+he's describing her as sweet? He's addressing her.
+
+552
+00:37:03,670 --> 00:37:08,480
+She's sweet. So sweet, like when in the other poem
+
+553
+00:37:08,480 --> 00:37:12,640
+in Marvel also, he said, had we bought world
+
+554
+00:37:12,640 --> 00:37:17,000
+enough on time, this coin is comma lady comma. So
+
+555
+00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:18,540
+this is when you call for somebody in English, you
+
+556
+00:37:18,540 --> 00:37:21,470
+use a comma. But here, he doesn't use a comma. He
+
+557
+00:37:21,470 --> 00:37:25,470
+uses brackets. In my opinion, this is him trying
+
+558
+00:37:25,470 --> 00:37:28,350
+to control her, to tell her, stay at home. Wait
+
+559
+00:37:28,350 --> 00:37:31,450
+for me here. Don't go out. Don't leave me. I'll be
+
+560
+00:37:31,450 --> 00:37:34,510
+back. Because he repeats it here. In the rest of
+
+561
+00:37:34,510 --> 00:37:40,590
+the poem, he also says dear, also in brackets. So
+
+562
+00:37:40,590 --> 00:37:46,310
+don't run away. I'm coming back. OK? Tell me not
+
+563
+00:37:46,310 --> 00:37:49,170
+sweet. Oh, my sweet is sitting here. My sweet
+
+564
+00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:52,590
+wife, don't tell me I am unkind because I'm
+
+565
+00:37:52,590 --> 00:37:56,690
+leaving you, because I'm fighting for someone I
+
+566
+00:37:56,690 --> 00:38:00,370
+love more, the country. And the safety of the
+
+567
+00:38:00,370 --> 00:38:03,330
+country is your own safety. Very beautiful poem.
+
+568
+00:38:03,370 --> 00:38:10,230
+You can Google it and read more about it. And the
+
+569
+00:38:10,230 --> 00:38:17,580
+rhyme scheme is? A. B. Thank you for saying A, B,
+
+570
+00:38:17,700 --> 00:38:21,080
+A, B very quickly, because this is imperfect
+
+571
+00:38:21,080 --> 00:38:24,880
+rhyme. Nanari and fly the rhyme, but not
+
+572
+00:38:24,880 --> 00:38:30,580
+perfectly. Okay. Remember, there could be
+
+573
+00:38:30,580 --> 00:38:33,620
+something. Is he afraid? Is he really seriously
+
+574
+00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:37,520
+flying to war? Because the rhyme doesn't help,
+
+575
+00:38:37,980 --> 00:38:44,690
+doesn't flow, doesn't fly. Could be, yeah. Final
+
+576
+00:38:44,690 --> 00:38:48,210
+text today, we'll stop here. We'll go back to
+
+577
+00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:52,770
+Andrew Marvell. This is another poem from the
+
+578
+00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:56,830
+Restoration Age. So again, we have the
+
+579
+00:38:56,830 --> 00:39:00,140
+Commonwealth, politics, politics, politics. The
+
+580
+00:39:00,140 --> 00:39:02,280
+restoration also politics politics. It doesn't
+
+581
+00:39:02,280 --> 00:39:04,920
+mean everything about literature was politics. It
+
+582
+00:39:04,920 --> 00:39:09,020
+means politics became a crucial part in
+
+583
+00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:14,320
+literature. Later in his life, when Andrew Marvell
+
+584
+00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:15,640
+grew very old,
+
+585
+00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,480
+and he was tired of politics and the city and
+
+586
+00:39:21,480 --> 00:39:23,400
+London and the corruption and the civil war and
+
+587
+00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,220
+the fighting and prisons and threats and
+
+588
+00:39:26,220 --> 00:39:30,470
+diplomacy. He went to the countryside and wrote
+
+589
+00:39:30,470 --> 00:39:33,690
+several poems, one of them really lovely poem
+
+590
+00:39:33,690 --> 00:39:36,790
+called The Garden. In many ways, this is a
+
+591
+00:39:36,790 --> 00:39:38,890
+romantic poem. We speak about romantic literature.
+
+592
+00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:47,450
+In which, in this poem, he contrasts life in the
+
+593
+00:39:47,450 --> 00:39:55,310
+city and life in the countryside, in
+
+594
+00:39:55,310 --> 00:39:55,790
+the village.
+
+595
+00:39:58,780 --> 00:40:01,720
+What is he saying? Fair quiet.
+
+596
+00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:09,620
+Have I found thee here? An innocence thy sister
+
+597
+00:40:09,620 --> 00:40:15,440
+dear. Mistaken long I sought you then in the city.
+
+598
+00:40:16,440 --> 00:40:23,640
+In busy companies of men. Society, the city,
+
+599
+00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:30,730
+London, society is all but rude. to this delicious
+
+600
+00:40:30,730 --> 00:40:31,810
+solitude.
+
+601
+00:40:33,890 --> 00:40:38,130
+You know what delicious is? Yummy. When you
+
+602
+00:40:38,130 --> 00:40:42,210
+describe food, you say, so maybe if I took out
+
+603
+00:40:42,210 --> 00:40:44,370
+this word and I asked you to complete, you're
+
+604
+00:40:44,370 --> 00:40:47,430
+going to say this delicious pizza, this delicious
+
+605
+00:40:47,430 --> 00:40:51,390
+cheesecake, this delicious ice cream. But this is
+
+606
+00:40:51,390 --> 00:40:55,130
+some kind of You know, personifying something or
+
+607
+00:40:55,130 --> 00:40:57,010
+changing. There's a metaphor here. You know
+
+608
+00:40:57,010 --> 00:41:00,750
+solitude from solo? You know solo? Solo means
+
+609
+00:41:00,750 --> 00:41:06,010
+alone. Sololoquy. Solitude means loneliness. But
+
+610
+00:41:06,010 --> 00:41:07,950
+it's loneliness that you choose to be alone
+
+611
+00:41:07,950 --> 00:41:09,810
+because you want to be far away from corruption in
+
+612
+00:41:09,810 --> 00:41:13,550
+the city. So again, he's personifying quiet.
+
+613
+00:41:13,650 --> 00:41:20,220
+Quiet, peace. Rahat-al-bal. Have I found, finally,
+
+614
+00:41:20,640 --> 00:41:23,500
+I found you here. Where? In the garden. Where? In
+
+615
+00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,820
+the village. Where? In the city. And innocence,
+
+616
+00:41:27,300 --> 00:41:31,100
+another personification, thy sister. So innocence
+
+617
+00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:36,340
+is the sister of? Of quiet. They are sisters.
+
+618
+00:41:36,480 --> 00:41:38,820
+They're not human beings, but it's like their
+
+619
+00:41:38,820 --> 00:41:41,560
+company. This is the company he likes, not the
+
+620
+00:41:41,560 --> 00:41:45,710
+company of politicians. in the city mistaken long
+
+621
+00:41:45,710 --> 00:41:49,610
+I sought you then I thought that I would find
+
+622
+00:41:49,610 --> 00:41:52,770
+innocence and quiet in the city in the busy
+
+623
+00:41:52,770 --> 00:41:58,350
+companies of men but I was mistaken I was this is
+
+624
+00:41:58,350 --> 00:42:00,530
+someone confessing his mistake not like the king
+
+625
+00:42:00,530 --> 00:42:03,370
+when he said for you have but mistook me right
+
+626
+00:42:03,370 --> 00:42:09,370
+society here is city why doesn't he use city Two
+
+627
+00:42:09,370 --> 00:42:12,890
+things. Number one, society is four syllables. So
+
+628
+00:42:12,890 --> 00:42:16,910
+it works for the music, the rhythm, the foot here,
+
+629
+00:42:17,030 --> 00:42:20,410
+the feet. City, two syllables. But also he doesn't
+
+630
+00:42:20,410 --> 00:42:24,090
+mean the city as a place as it is. Thank you very
+
+631
+00:42:24,090 --> 00:42:27,070
+much. The people in the city. The society, the
+
+632
+00:42:27,070 --> 00:42:30,110
+community there is all but rude. And there is
+
+633
+00:42:30,110 --> 00:42:32,130
+another personification. Rude is a word to
+
+634
+00:42:32,130 --> 00:42:35,610
+describe people. The life itself is rude in the
+
+635
+00:42:35,610 --> 00:42:38,310
+city. In the village, it's peace. It's quiet. It's
+
+636
+00:42:38,310 --> 00:42:42,650
+innocence. To this delicious solitude. So this
+
+637
+00:42:42,650 --> 00:42:46,090
+delicious solitude in the village. So what's going
+
+638
+00:42:46,090 --> 00:42:48,210
+on here? We have a poet who's running away from
+
+639
+00:42:48,210 --> 00:42:51,470
+the city. A poet who's escaping politics and
+
+640
+00:42:51,470 --> 00:42:56,200
+corruption. He's seeking peace, solitude,
+
+641
+00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:59,760
+innocence, and quiet. Where? Not in the city
+
+642
+00:42:59,760 --> 00:43:02,780
+because of the politicians and politics and
+
+643
+00:43:02,780 --> 00:43:06,260
+corruption, but in the countryside. These are
+
+644
+00:43:06,260 --> 00:43:10,660
+three examples from the poetry of this age, and we
+
+645
+00:43:10,660 --> 00:43:16,240
+summarize everything here. This is a long slide.
+
+646
+00:43:17,080 --> 00:43:20,800
+Don't write down. You'll find this online. So
+
+647
+00:43:20,800 --> 00:43:24,960
+politics, political side of literature became very
+
+648
+00:43:24,960 --> 00:43:28,640
+important during the Commonwealth and Restoration.
+
+649
+00:43:29,320 --> 00:43:32,580
+We have this loveless going to war, and Marvel's
+
+650
+00:43:32,580 --> 00:43:37,860
+poems celebrate Cromwell as a hero. And then there
+
+651
+00:43:37,860 --> 00:43:40,340
+is this thing about governments and political
+
+652
+00:43:40,340 --> 00:43:44,040
+parties. Marvel also became the unofficial poet
+
+653
+00:43:44,040 --> 00:43:46,760
+laureate during Commonwealth because he praised
+
+654
+00:43:46,760 --> 00:43:50,300
+him most of the time. He also in another poem, In
+
+655
+00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,440
+the Garden, he contrasts life, politics in the
+
+656
+00:43:54,440 --> 00:43:59,690
+city, and The countryside where there is peace and
+
+657
+00:43:59,690 --> 00:44:02,310
+quiet. The restoration gave more importance to the
+
+658
+00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:06,870
+stable values. What's stable values? What's
+
+659
+00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,370
+stability? It's like, let's not do another
+
+660
+00:44:10,370 --> 00:44:14,450
+revolution. Let's not fight. Let's be stable and
+
+661
+00:44:14,450 --> 00:44:18,730
+work for the stability of the country. Now, when
+
+662
+00:44:18,730 --> 00:44:21,850
+Cromwell died and his son was removed,
+
+663
+00:44:24,630 --> 00:44:28,110
+Marvel was in danger. He was almost arrested and
+
+664
+00:44:28,110 --> 00:44:30,750
+imprisoned because of the political, because he
+
+665
+00:44:30,750 --> 00:44:33,330
+supported Cromwell, but he wasn't because he was a
+
+666
+00:44:33,330 --> 00:44:34,990
+politician, a member of the parliament, and he
+
+667
+00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,890
+became a member of the parliament. We'll speak
+
+668
+00:44:37,890 --> 00:44:43,630
+about another poet next class. John Milton, one of
+
+669
+00:44:43,630 --> 00:44:46,730
+the most significant English poets of all times.
+
+670
+00:44:46,930 --> 00:44:49,850
+He usually comes to mind when people speak Chaucer
+
+671
+00:44:49,850 --> 00:44:54,110
+and then Milton. Milton was put in prison because
+
+672
+00:44:54,110 --> 00:44:57,630
+he also supported Cromwell. The only person who
+
+673
+00:44:57,630 --> 00:45:01,150
+saved his life is his friend Andrew Marble. So
+
+674
+00:45:01,150 --> 00:45:05,700
+poetry, politics, politics, poetry. They were
+
+675
+00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:10,400
+connected in so many ways during this age. And
+
+676
+00:45:10,400 --> 00:45:14,840
+this will change forever, the way poetry and
+
+677
+00:45:14,840 --> 00:45:20,280
+literature is written and introduced to us. I'll
+
+678
+00:45:20,280 --> 00:45:25,880
+stop here. If you have a question, feel free to
+
+679
+00:45:25,880 --> 00:45:26,140
+ask.
+
+680
+00:45:29,970 --> 00:45:33,630
+Okay thank you very much and next class we have a
+
+681
+00:45:33,630 --> 00:45:37,490
+review session for the midterm exam please prepare
+
+682
+00:45:37,490 --> 00:45:41,690
+and if you have questions again bring them along
+
+683
+00:45:41,690 --> 00:45:42,930
+and see you soon.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/7_adsLi2XpM_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/7_adsLi2XpM_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a364fa6091c3233c181053ae8a35787cb8e13c20
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2604 @@
+1
+00:00:20,880 --> 00:00:24,860
+Assalamualaikum again nice to have you here
+
+2
+00:00:24,860 --> 00:00:29,600
+despite the rain and the thunderstorm outside We
+
+3
+00:00:29,600 --> 00:00:33,820
+continue our journey into Shakespeare and
+
+4
+00:00:33,820 --> 00:00:38,320
+Shakespeare's world. Last time we had a discussion
+
+5
+00:00:38,320 --> 00:00:43,620
+about some Shakespearean ideas. We mentioned how
+
+6
+00:00:43,620 --> 00:00:46,640
+Shakespeare, for example, wants to be careful when
+
+7
+00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,520
+he depicts the English kings. He doesn't want to
+
+8
+00:00:50,520 --> 00:00:54,340
+offend them. He doesn't want to be punished in a
+
+9
+00:00:54,340 --> 00:00:57,200
+way or another like many people were punished at
+
+10
+00:00:57,200 --> 00:00:59,420
+that time. However, that's not the whole story
+
+11
+00:00:59,420 --> 00:01:01,780
+because sometimes Shakespeare implicitly,
+
+12
+00:01:02,540 --> 00:01:05,700
+indirectly, he criticizes kings. He presents them
+
+13
+00:01:05,700 --> 00:01:09,740
+as weak, as sometimes as strong, sometimes as
+
+14
+00:01:09,740 --> 00:01:12,020
+weak, sometimes as clever, sometimes as not so
+
+15
+00:01:12,020 --> 00:01:15,160
+clever, sometimes as villains, sometimes as evil.
+
+16
+00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:19,130
+In a way, he presents the king to us as human
+
+17
+00:01:19,130 --> 00:01:22,650
+beings with flaws, with weaknesses, and also with
+
+18
+00:01:22,650 --> 00:01:29,510
+strengths. The king is no longer the figure, the
+
+19
+00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:32,350
+godlike figure to be feared. Shakespeare changed
+
+20
+00:01:32,350 --> 00:01:37,530
+this image and introduced us to someone who, a
+
+21
+00:01:37,530 --> 00:01:40,910
+person, a king who is a person like us, who has,
+
+22
+00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:45,190
+again, flaws, hopes, wishes, and fears. Let's see,
+
+23
+00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:48,470
+before we begin today, talking about Shakespeare
+
+24
+00:01:48,470 --> 00:01:53,310
+tragedies and some of his comedies, let's see two
+
+25
+00:01:53,310 --> 00:01:57,110
+students here performing something from
+
+26
+00:01:57,110 --> 00:01:58,090
+Shakespeare.
+
+27
+00:02:00,230 --> 00:02:01,810
+Yeah, yeah, please.
+
+28
+00:02:05,550 --> 00:02:09,250
+All the walls are staged, and all the men and
+
+29
+00:02:09,250 --> 00:02:13,410
+women merely players. They have their exits and
+
+30
+00:02:13,410 --> 00:02:16,880
+their entrances. And one man his time plays many
+
+31
+00:02:16,880 --> 00:02:22,100
+parts, his acts being seven ages. At first, the
+
+32
+00:02:22,100 --> 00:02:25,760
+infant, mewling and puking in the nurse's arms.
+
+33
+00:02:26,460 --> 00:02:30,720
+And then, the whiny schoolboy, with his statues
+
+34
+00:02:30,720 --> 00:02:34,560
+and shiny morning face, creeping like a snail,
+
+35
+00:02:35,420 --> 00:02:39,220
+unwillingly to school. And then, the lover,
+
+36
+00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:43,200
+signing like fairness, with a wolf of paddock made
+
+37
+00:02:43,200 --> 00:02:47,720
+to his Mistress's eyeglass. And then the soldier,
+
+38
+00:02:48,480 --> 00:02:52,420
+full of strange oaths and bearded like the bard,
+
+39
+00:02:53,120 --> 00:02:55,460
+jealous and honored, sudden and quick and curled,
+
+40
+00:02:55,940 --> 00:02:59,720
+seeking the bubble, reputation, even in the cone
+
+41
+00:02:59,720 --> 00:03:05,180
+of his mouth. And then the justice. In fair and
+
+42
+00:03:05,180 --> 00:03:08,580
+billy with good cable lines, with eyes severe and
+
+43
+00:03:08,580 --> 00:03:11,600
+beard of formal cut, full of wise souls and modern
+
+44
+00:03:11,600 --> 00:03:16,390
+instances. And so he plays his part. The sixth age
+
+45
+00:03:16,390 --> 00:03:19,790
+shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloon with
+
+46
+00:03:19,790 --> 00:03:23,390
+spectacles on nose and pouch on side. His youthful
+
+47
+00:03:23,390 --> 00:03:25,890
+holes will save the world too wild for his
+
+48
+00:03:25,890 --> 00:03:31,090
+charming child. And his big manly voice turning
+
+49
+00:03:31,090 --> 00:03:34,650
+again towards childish children pipes and whistles
+
+50
+00:03:34,650 --> 00:03:40,870
+in his sound. Last scene of all, the end that ends
+
+51
+00:03:40,870 --> 00:03:46,500
+this Strange, eventfully history, in sound
+
+52
+00:03:46,500 --> 00:03:52,440
+childishness and mere oblivion. Sense teeth, sense
+
+53
+00:03:52,440 --> 00:03:56,460
+eyes, sense taste, sense everything.
+
+54
+00:03:59,810 --> 00:04:03,850
+Very good. I love this dissertation of all the
+
+55
+00:04:03,850 --> 00:04:06,150
+world's stage. We mentioned this probably briefly
+
+56
+00:04:06,150 --> 00:04:08,070
+before but Shakespeare was one of the most
+
+57
+00:04:08,070 --> 00:04:14,310
+important poets and playwrights to present life as
+
+58
+00:04:14,310 --> 00:04:18,120
+a stage. So this is all the world's stage. The
+
+59
+00:04:18,120 --> 00:04:21,500
+whole world is a stage. And in Macbeth, we'll see
+
+60
+00:04:21,500 --> 00:04:25,680
+how he talks about life being a tale told by an
+
+61
+00:04:25,680 --> 00:04:29,860
+idiot. So very good. Probably you can do something
+
+62
+00:04:29,860 --> 00:04:33,420
+like this, the rest of you. We have one more
+
+63
+00:04:33,420 --> 00:04:40,820
+reading of For God's Sake. Go on. Do you want to
+
+64
+00:04:40,820 --> 00:04:46,380
+stand on the chair? OK. For God's sake. Can you
+
+65
+00:04:46,380 --> 00:04:49,420
+speak up? For God's sake, let us sit upon the
+
+66
+00:04:49,420 --> 00:04:52,460
+ground until sad stories of the different kings,
+
+67
+00:04:53,140 --> 00:04:55,960
+how some have been deposed, some slain in war,
+
+68
+00:04:56,540 --> 00:04:59,880
+some hunted by the ghosts they have deposed, some
+
+69
+00:04:59,880 --> 00:05:04,040
+poisoned by their wives, some sleeping killed or
+
+70
+00:05:04,040 --> 00:05:09,320
+murdered. That's for within the hollow crown that
+
+71
+00:05:09,320 --> 00:05:13,140
+rounds the mortal temples of a king, keeps dead
+
+72
+00:05:13,140 --> 00:05:17,880
+his court. And their auntie said, scuffing his
+
+73
+00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:21,920
+state and greening at his palm, allowing him to
+
+74
+00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:26,560
+breathe, a little seen, to moralize, to be free,
+
+75
+00:05:26,920 --> 00:05:32,020
+brave, and kill with lux, infusing him with self
+
+76
+00:05:32,020 --> 00:05:37,720
+and vain conceit. As if this flesh, which walls
+
+77
+00:05:37,720 --> 00:05:42,200
+about our life, we embrace impregnable and humored
+
+78
+00:05:42,200 --> 00:05:46,440
+thus. Comes at the last and with a little pain.
+
+79
+00:05:47,480 --> 00:05:51,660
+Bros throw his castle, castle wall, and for will
+
+80
+00:05:51,660 --> 00:05:56,280
+kings and very well king. Cover your heads and
+
+81
+00:05:56,280 --> 00:06:00,620
+mock not flesh and blood with solemn reverence.
+
+82
+00:06:01,540 --> 00:06:05,140
+Throw away respect, tradition, firm and
+
+83
+00:06:05,140 --> 00:06:10,210
+ceremonies, duty. For you have ought to stop me
+
+84
+00:06:10,210 --> 00:06:14,350
+all this while. I love good friend like you. Feel
+
+85
+00:06:14,350 --> 00:06:18,750
+want, taste free, need friends, subjective
+
+86
+00:06:18,750 --> 00:06:24,660
+thoughts. How can you say to Very good. Very
+
+87
+00:06:24,660 --> 00:06:26,780
+beautiful. Thank you. No, I'll keep it. Thank you.
+
+88
+00:06:26,940 --> 00:06:31,000
+So again, we have this king portrayed by
+
+89
+00:06:31,000 --> 00:06:35,080
+Shakespeare as weak, someone begging people to sit
+
+90
+00:06:35,080 --> 00:06:37,020
+up on the ground and tell sad stories of the death
+
+91
+00:06:37,020 --> 00:06:39,840
+of kings. We said that this is one of the kings
+
+92
+00:06:39,840 --> 00:06:42,900
+that Shakespeare presents as maybe humble, maybe
+
+93
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:46,720
+honest, maybe modest in a way. But remember when
+
+94
+00:06:46,720 --> 00:06:50,320
+we discussed the text, the portrait itself, We
+
+95
+00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:54,420
+said there could be something hiding behind where
+
+96
+00:06:54,420 --> 00:06:57,940
+the king is not genuine, is not truthful in his
+
+97
+00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,160
+begging because the language reveals someone who
+
+98
+00:07:01,160 --> 00:07:04,800
+is still arrogant, someone who is still a king,
+
+99
+00:07:05,020 --> 00:07:07,100
+someone who's distancing himself from the people,
+
+100
+00:07:07,220 --> 00:07:11,440
+someone pointing the finger of accusation at the
+
+101
+00:07:11,440 --> 00:07:13,900
+people themselves rather than at his own
+
+102
+00:07:13,900 --> 00:07:16,820
+shortcomings. We have one more recitation. Come
+
+103
+00:07:16,820 --> 00:07:23,380
+here please. For God's sake, go on. On your
+
+104
+00:07:23,380 --> 00:07:30,920
+mobile, okay. Can you speak up? For God's sake,
+
+105
+00:07:31,620 --> 00:07:36,500
+let us sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of
+
+106
+00:07:36,500 --> 00:07:40,460
+the death of kings, how some have been exposed,
+
+107
+00:07:41,200 --> 00:07:45,060
+some slain more. Some hunted by the ghosts they
+
+108
+00:07:45,060 --> 00:07:50,000
+have deposed. Some poisoned by their wives. Some
+
+109
+00:07:50,000 --> 00:07:53,780
+sleeping count. All murders for within the whole
+
+110
+00:07:53,780 --> 00:07:59,960
+crown that round the mortal temples of a king.
+
+111
+00:08:00,880 --> 00:08:06,420
+Keep this his court and the antique sites.
+
+112
+00:08:07,540 --> 00:08:12,900
+Scoffing his state and grinning and running at his
+
+113
+00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:17,220
+palm, allowing him a breath, a little sense, to
+
+114
+00:08:17,220 --> 00:08:21,600
+marchize, be afraid, and kill with locks, infusing
+
+115
+00:08:21,600 --> 00:08:27,320
+hell with self and vain consent, as if this flesh
+
+116
+00:08:27,320 --> 00:08:30,880
+which walls about our life were breath,
+
+117
+00:08:32,000 --> 00:08:37,800
+impregnable, and hammered thus, comes at the last
+
+118
+00:08:37,800 --> 00:08:42,050
+of with a little pen, Portray through his castle,
+
+119
+00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:46,830
+wall, and frail-willed king. Cover your head and
+
+120
+00:08:46,830 --> 00:08:50,810
+muck nutty flesh and blood with salmon reverence.
+
+121
+00:08:51,210 --> 00:08:54,770
+Throw away respect, tradition, throne, and
+
+122
+00:08:54,770 --> 00:08:59,270
+salmon's beauty. For you have but mistook me all
+
+123
+00:08:59,270 --> 00:09:03,010
+this while. I live with a pride like you. Feel
+
+124
+00:09:03,010 --> 00:09:06,970
+want. Taste grief. Need a friend subjected thus.
+
+125
+00:09:07,210 --> 00:09:11,900
+How can you say to me I am a king? Thank you,
+
+126
+00:09:12,600 --> 00:09:15,620
+really thank you. So we go back to Shakespeare
+
+127
+00:09:15,620 --> 00:09:19,700
+today in class three. Remember we spoke about
+
+128
+00:09:19,700 --> 00:09:23,280
+Shakespeare and his tragedies and comedies and
+
+129
+00:09:23,280 --> 00:09:28,400
+hysteries. Generally again, a tragedy is a play in
+
+130
+00:09:28,400 --> 00:09:31,220
+which the main character or major characters die
+
+131
+00:09:31,220 --> 00:09:34,220
+at the end. The themes are serious themes of
+
+132
+00:09:34,220 --> 00:09:39,170
+death, of destruction, of hope, of ambition. And
+
+133
+00:09:39,170 --> 00:09:42,790
+the comedies, on the other hand, are plays where
+
+134
+00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:47,510
+nobody dies. And then they live happily ever
+
+135
+00:09:47,510 --> 00:09:51,810
+after. However, it doesn't mean the comedies are
+
+136
+00:09:51,810 --> 00:09:54,730
+less important than the tragedies. Because the
+
+137
+00:09:54,730 --> 00:09:58,350
+themes entered in comedies too can also be about
+
+138
+00:09:58,350 --> 00:10:02,510
+love, about death, about power, about jealousy,
+
+139
+00:10:02,710 --> 00:10:05,450
+about important themes, about identity, especially
+
+140
+00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:10,840
+mistaken. identity. So sometimes Shakespeare would
+
+141
+00:10:10,840 --> 00:10:14,100
+use a comedy because comedy generally makes people
+
+142
+00:10:14,100 --> 00:10:17,760
+laugh at their own shortcomings with no one
+
+143
+00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:23,860
+bleeding or getting hurt during the like really
+
+144
+00:10:23,860 --> 00:10:25,580
+seriously getting hurt because sometimes there
+
+145
+00:10:25,580 --> 00:10:29,460
+could be some chaos in the play but then things go
+
+146
+00:10:29,460 --> 00:10:34,780
+back to normal. Shakespeare's four great tragedies
+
+147
+00:10:34,780 --> 00:10:38,700
+are Hamlet, we already mentioned Hamlet, King
+
+148
+00:10:38,700 --> 00:10:43,200
+Lear, Othello, and Macbeth. They're called the
+
+149
+00:10:43,200 --> 00:10:45,600
+four great tragedies because they're the most
+
+150
+00:10:45,600 --> 00:10:50,380
+famous of all tragedies. Now, the themes again are
+
+151
+00:10:50,380 --> 00:10:54,380
+about identity, asking what it means to be a man,
+
+152
+00:10:54,480 --> 00:10:56,640
+what it means to be a king, what it means to be a
+
+153
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:11:01,600
+human being, questions about jealousy, family,
+
+154
+00:11:01,800 --> 00:11:06,900
+ambition, and revenge. I can't basically say, for
+
+155
+00:11:06,900 --> 00:11:09,020
+example, Hamlet is about revenge, because Hamlet
+
+156
+00:11:09,020 --> 00:11:13,000
+is about many things, but revenge is there. The
+
+157
+00:11:13,000 --> 00:11:14,940
+same with Othello. There is jealousy, but there's
+
+158
+00:11:14,940 --> 00:11:17,860
+also revenge, and there's also racism, and there's
+
+159
+00:11:17,860 --> 00:11:21,680
+also a family here. King Lear is family and
+
+160
+00:11:21,680 --> 00:11:25,680
+revenge and many things about identity. So these
+
+161
+00:11:25,680 --> 00:11:29,600
+issues that the tragedies discuss in Shakespeare
+
+162
+00:11:29,600 --> 00:11:34,250
+are serious themes. are very important themes,
+
+163
+00:11:34,330 --> 00:11:37,010
+usually including the king and the queen and the
+
+164
+00:11:37,010 --> 00:11:38,770
+royal family.
+
+165
+00:11:41,190 --> 00:11:44,590
+When we speak about the tragedies, we also speak
+
+166
+00:11:44,590 --> 00:11:49,490
+about how in the play, man, the character, the
+
+167
+00:11:49,490 --> 00:11:52,090
+king or the prince usually tries to go beyond the
+
+168
+00:11:52,090 --> 00:11:53,750
+limits of what it means to be a human being.
+
+169
+00:11:54,150 --> 00:11:56,490
+Remember when we spoke about Renaissance, we said
+
+170
+00:11:56,490 --> 00:11:57,350
+in the Renaissance,
+
+171
+00:12:00,610 --> 00:12:03,030
+The issue of what it means to be a man, humanism,
+
+172
+00:12:03,690 --> 00:12:07,390
+was something important. And this is what it means
+
+173
+00:12:07,390 --> 00:12:10,430
+to be a man. Nobody can, by the way, answer this,
+
+174
+00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:12,750
+give a satisfactory answer to this question.
+
+175
+00:12:13,070 --> 00:12:16,050
+Shakespeare asks this question so many times. Now
+
+176
+00:12:16,050 --> 00:12:21,110
+in these plays, man tries to go beyond, not to be
+
+177
+00:12:21,110 --> 00:12:27,430
+a human being, but to be a superman. And because
+
+178
+00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:30,430
+man is not perfect, is anybody perfect here? Is
+
+179
+00:12:30,430 --> 00:12:34,450
+anybody perfect there? No. For example, Macbeth
+
+180
+00:12:34,450 --> 00:12:37,710
+kills the king so he can be the good king, right?
+
+181
+00:12:38,210 --> 00:12:42,610
+Or Hamlet's uncle. But everybody fails because no
+
+182
+00:12:42,610 --> 00:12:46,190
+one is perfect. Nobody succeeds in going beyond
+
+183
+00:12:46,190 --> 00:12:50,690
+the limits of a human being. So mankind itself is
+
+184
+00:12:50,690 --> 00:12:57,510
+not perfect. So what happens? Failure. Failure. In
+
+185
+00:12:57,510 --> 00:12:59,950
+Macbeth, for example, in brief, I don't want to go
+
+186
+00:12:59,950 --> 00:13:04,770
+in much detail here. Shakespeare's Macbeth is a
+
+187
+00:13:04,770 --> 00:13:10,650
+play in which three witches, three witches like
+
+188
+00:13:10,650 --> 00:13:14,310
+magicians or wizards come face to face with
+
+189
+00:13:14,310 --> 00:13:19,150
+Macbeth and tell him three prophecies. They tell
+
+190
+00:13:19,150 --> 00:13:25,070
+him the future. From these prophecies, Macbeth is
+
+191
+00:13:25,070 --> 00:13:28,490
+told that he is going to be a king. He's not a
+
+192
+00:13:28,490 --> 00:13:32,690
+king now. He's not a king. He will be a king. What
+
+193
+00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:34,770
+does he do? He tells his wife, Lady Macbeth, he
+
+194
+00:13:34,770 --> 00:13:37,330
+goes back and then, maybe I should kill the king.
+
+195
+00:13:37,690 --> 00:13:40,650
+His wife was like, yeah, kill the king. And he
+
+196
+00:13:40,650 --> 00:13:45,750
+kills the king. Now, does it end there? Again,
+
+197
+00:13:45,850 --> 00:13:48,590
+remember how serious it is to hurt the king, to
+
+198
+00:13:48,590 --> 00:13:50,830
+question the king, to kill the king at that time.
+
+199
+00:13:51,530 --> 00:13:53,850
+He kills the king and everything goes upside down.
+
+200
+00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,320
+And the king, he kills more people and more
+
+201
+00:13:57,320 --> 00:14:02,300
+people, even his friends, even his kids and women
+
+202
+00:14:02,300 --> 00:14:06,240
+are slaughtered because of Macbeth. Now, Macbeth,
+
+203
+00:14:06,740 --> 00:14:09,780
+at some time, is told that his wife, Lady Macbeth,
+
+204
+00:14:09,820 --> 00:14:13,300
+who supported him, dies. But he is at a moment
+
+205
+00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:17,920
+when he has given up on life. He is just hopeless.
+
+206
+00:14:19,180 --> 00:14:23,880
+Yes, he wants power. He's ambitious. But when his
+
+207
+00:14:23,880 --> 00:14:27,380
+wife dies, he doesn't care that much. Maybe
+
+208
+00:14:27,380 --> 00:14:29,780
+because, again, he has given up on hope. Or maybe
+
+209
+00:14:29,780 --> 00:14:34,380
+because she pushed him to do this murder. And we
+
+210
+00:14:34,380 --> 00:14:39,780
+come to this amazing part from Macbeth, when he
+
+211
+00:14:39,780 --> 00:14:42,800
+again realizes that all his murders, all his
+
+212
+00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,980
+crimes were useless. They're not going to make him
+
+213
+00:14:45,980 --> 00:14:51,490
+a superman. And that's tomorrow and tomorrow and
+
+214
+00:14:51,490 --> 00:14:55,110
+tomorrow. Very famous quote from Akbar. Creeps in
+
+215
+00:14:55,110 --> 00:14:57,370
+this petty pace from day to day to the last
+
+216
+00:14:57,370 --> 00:15:00,930
+syllable of recorded time out, out brief candle.
+
+217
+00:15:01,790 --> 00:15:04,210
+Even light, even a candle, even the light of a
+
+218
+00:15:04,210 --> 00:15:06,990
+candle is now something negative for him because
+
+219
+00:15:06,990 --> 00:15:09,730
+he wants to live in darkness. Because he brought
+
+220
+00:15:09,730 --> 00:15:12,630
+darkness upon himself. Because he killed the king
+
+221
+00:15:12,630 --> 00:15:17,050
+and he destroyed the harmony. in the world. Out,
+
+222
+00:15:17,150 --> 00:15:20,390
+out, brief candle. Life's but a walking shadow.
+
+223
+00:15:20,530 --> 00:15:23,390
+Remember just now we said Shakespeare uses the
+
+224
+00:15:23,390 --> 00:15:26,770
+metaphor of life as a stage? All the world's a
+
+225
+00:15:26,770 --> 00:15:29,670
+stage. And here, life is a shadow. What's life?
+
+226
+00:15:29,930 --> 00:15:33,790
+What's man? What do we want? It's a shadow. You
+
+227
+00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:37,170
+kill and kill and kill and you lose people. But
+
+228
+00:15:37,170 --> 00:15:42,230
+what do you achieve? Nothing. Except the cold
+
+229
+00:15:42,230 --> 00:15:46,680
+grave. Lives but a walking shadow, a poor player.
+
+230
+00:15:46,740 --> 00:15:50,080
+We go back to the metaphor of the stage. Poor
+
+231
+00:15:50,080 --> 00:15:53,840
+player means... What does player mean here in this
+
+232
+00:15:53,840 --> 00:15:59,680
+context? Exactly, an actor. Not a football player.
+
+233
+00:16:00,140 --> 00:16:04,720
+It means an actor here. A poor player that struts
+
+234
+00:16:04,720 --> 00:16:07,360
+and frets his hour up on the stage, going back to
+
+235
+00:16:07,360 --> 00:16:09,700
+the stage. So how long do we live? It's only one
+
+236
+00:16:09,700 --> 00:16:12,840
+hour. No matter what you do, how powerful, how
+
+237
+00:16:12,840 --> 00:16:17,580
+strong, no matter how many crimes you commit, it's
+
+238
+00:16:17,580 --> 00:16:22,960
+all one hour. That's life. That's life upon the
+
+239
+00:16:22,960 --> 00:16:26,100
+stage. And then Nizhad, no more. It's a tale. It's
+
+240
+00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,700
+a story. Tale. Again, a tale. Who's the narrator
+
+241
+00:16:29,700 --> 00:16:35,370
+of the tale? An idiot. Imagine a story told to you
+
+242
+00:16:35,370 --> 00:16:38,410
+by a crazy person, an insane person. Is it going
+
+243
+00:16:38,410 --> 00:16:40,690
+to be? Probably you wouldn't believe it. Probably
+
+244
+00:16:40,690 --> 00:16:44,450
+you're going to just be shocked, confused because
+
+245
+00:16:44,450 --> 00:16:47,070
+things are not connected, are not related because
+
+246
+00:16:47,070 --> 00:16:50,570
+the storyteller is incoherent, doesn't understand.
+
+247
+00:16:51,840 --> 00:16:57,200
+told by an idiot full of sound and fury signifying
+
+248
+00:16:57,200 --> 00:17:00,560
+nothing. What does it mean? Nothing. You kill and
+
+249
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,380
+you kill and kill. And at the end of the day, you
+
+250
+00:17:03,380 --> 00:17:05,400
+don't achieve anything. And this is, again, a
+
+251
+00:17:05,400 --> 00:17:08,060
+concern by Shakespeare at that time. People were
+
+252
+00:17:08,060 --> 00:17:10,980
+asking these questions. What does it mean to be a
+
+253
+00:17:10,980 --> 00:17:14,080
+man? What does it mean to go beyond the limit of
+
+254
+00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:20,080
+man? It means nothing. Because it's a tale told by
+
+255
+00:17:20,080 --> 00:17:24,970
+an idiot. because we have a poor player that
+
+256
+00:17:24,970 --> 00:17:28,630
+spends one hour and then is heard no more. You've
+
+257
+00:17:28,630 --> 00:17:33,430
+gone forever. Okay, beautiful story, beautiful
+
+258
+00:17:33,430 --> 00:17:35,930
+play, Macbeth, one of the most beautifully written
+
+259
+00:17:35,930 --> 00:17:38,550
+plays by Shakespeare. Probably you can go to
+
+260
+00:17:38,550 --> 00:17:42,110
+YouTube and watch some productions of this. I'll
+
+261
+00:17:42,110 --> 00:17:45,370
+leave the story here. I'm not going to spoil it
+
+262
+00:17:45,370 --> 00:17:45,830
+for you.
+
+263
+00:17:48,660 --> 00:17:52,260
+Now, generally, what happens in tragedies at the
+
+264
+00:17:52,260 --> 00:17:57,640
+end is again death and destruction and chaos. So
+
+265
+00:17:57,640 --> 00:17:59,660
+what does it mean here? It means that there is
+
+266
+00:17:59,660 --> 00:18:05,900
+darkness, there's pessimism, there's hopelessness
+
+267
+00:18:05,900 --> 00:18:09,020
+and helplessness, there's despair, there's
+
+268
+00:18:09,020 --> 00:18:12,500
+sadness. Now, generally, even in tragedy,
+
+269
+00:18:13,040 --> 00:18:15,480
+Shakespeare gives us some hope for the future.
+
+270
+00:18:17,060 --> 00:18:19,860
+Remember Hamlet? How many people died in Hamlet?
+
+271
+00:18:20,780 --> 00:18:28,220
+Almost everyone. Except his friend, Horatio, to
+
+272
+00:18:28,220 --> 00:18:30,940
+tell the story. Remember? Shakespeare loves
+
+273
+00:18:30,940 --> 00:18:35,620
+stories and storytelling. Horatio wanted to drink
+
+274
+00:18:35,620 --> 00:18:38,780
+the poison. He said, no, don't tell my story. And
+
+275
+00:18:38,780 --> 00:18:41,720
+then there is a new king. So even in tragedies
+
+276
+00:18:41,720 --> 00:18:45,850
+where almost everybody dies, There is hope for the
+
+277
+00:18:45,850 --> 00:18:48,730
+future. Someone to tell the story. Or there is
+
+278
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:51,770
+usually a young person, a young king in
+
+279
+00:18:51,770 --> 00:18:55,170
+particular, or young people. We have this in
+
+280
+00:18:55,170 --> 00:18:57,890
+Macbeth, new king. We have this in Hamlet. We have
+
+281
+00:18:57,890 --> 00:19:00,630
+this like in many other plays. However, there's
+
+282
+00:19:00,630 --> 00:19:07,430
+one very dark, very bleak, very, very, very gloomy
+
+283
+00:19:07,430 --> 00:19:11,130
+play by Shakespeare. One described by some critics
+
+284
+00:19:11,130 --> 00:19:16,460
+as the most pessimistic, and the darkest. And this
+
+285
+00:19:16,460 --> 00:19:18,620
+play is King Lear.
+
+286
+00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:24,620
+There are many things to say here, but let's just
+
+287
+00:19:24,620 --> 00:19:28,500
+focus on what we have to say in the book. King
+
+288
+00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:31,880
+Lear, at the beginning of the play, he decides to
+
+289
+00:19:31,880 --> 00:19:34,200
+give up his kingdom and his power to his
+
+290
+00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,790
+daughters. But he says, OK, if you love me, Tell
+
+291
+00:19:37,790 --> 00:19:40,570
+me how much you love me and I'll give you that
+
+292
+00:19:40,570 --> 00:19:44,890
+much you share. And to the daughters, General and
+
+293
+00:19:44,890 --> 00:19:48,890
+Reagan, they say we love you the most, more than
+
+294
+00:19:48,890 --> 00:19:52,170
+the waves and the stars and bigger than the sea
+
+295
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:55,790
+and the oceans and we love you because you are the
+
+296
+00:19:55,790 --> 00:20:00,640
+best in the world. But Cordelia, the honest, He
+
+297
+00:20:00,640 --> 00:20:05,220
+says the truth. He says, I love you as much as any
+
+298
+00:20:05,220 --> 00:20:08,120
+ordinary daughter loves her father. You're good to
+
+299
+00:20:08,120 --> 00:20:13,400
+me and I love you. And he was like, go. He disowns
+
+300
+00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:17,960
+her. He kicks her out. Long story short, at the
+
+301
+00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:22,220
+end of the play, fast forward, we have King Lear
+
+302
+00:20:22,220 --> 00:20:26,750
+in one of the last scenes. with his misunderstood
+
+303
+00:20:26,750 --> 00:20:32,210
+daughter Cordelia dead, lifeless in his arms.
+
+304
+00:20:33,890 --> 00:20:39,610
+That's how it ends. When he realizes he has been a
+
+305
+00:20:39,610 --> 00:20:42,090
+fool all along. Remember in the play there is a
+
+306
+00:20:42,090 --> 00:20:45,150
+fool character, a gesture. He's wiser than the
+
+307
+00:20:45,150 --> 00:20:47,090
+king. That's again Shakespeare trying to say that
+
+308
+00:20:47,090 --> 00:20:50,870
+sometimes a fool can be better than, wiser,
+
+309
+00:20:51,390 --> 00:20:55,470
+smarter than the king. And this is one of the last
+
+310
+00:20:55,470 --> 00:21:00,470
+scenes, very heartbreaking, very sad in so many
+
+311
+00:21:00,470 --> 00:21:07,090
+ways. No, no, no, no life. Why should a dog, a
+
+312
+00:21:07,090 --> 00:21:11,950
+horse, a rat have life? And thou, no breath at
+
+313
+00:21:11,950 --> 00:21:17,570
+all, thou will come no more. Never, never, never,
+
+314
+00:21:18,250 --> 00:21:18,730
+never.
+
+315
+00:21:22,630 --> 00:21:27,190
+Can someone read? Try to depict the sadness here,
+
+316
+00:21:27,270 --> 00:21:32,230
+please. No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a
+
+317
+00:21:32,230 --> 00:21:35,810
+horse, a rat have life? And dog, no brain at all.
+
+318
+00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:39,410
+There's cow, no horn. Never, never, never, never,
+
+319
+00:21:39,550 --> 00:21:43,620
+never. You forgot one never, I guess. You
+
+320
+00:21:43,620 --> 00:21:46,800
+shouldn't be laughing. This is, this is sad. I
+
+321
+00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:49,480
+shouldn't be cracking jokes even. Speak up,
+
+322
+00:21:49,580 --> 00:21:52,920
+please. No, no, no. Like, why? Okay, no, no, no.
+
+323
+00:21:53,160 --> 00:21:56,480
+Can we get the sadness and the frustration and the
+
+324
+00:21:56,480 --> 00:22:01,780
+pessimism and the hopelessness? Like, no, no. No
+
+325
+00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:07,440
+life. Why should a rat, why should a dog, a horse,
+
+326
+00:22:08,160 --> 00:22:12,360
+a rat have life and thou no breath at all thou
+
+327
+00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:19,920
+will come no more? Never, never, never, never.
+
+328
+00:22:23,320 --> 00:22:26,780
+You shouldn't be laughing. I'm not gonna act it
+
+329
+00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:30,560
+that good, but okay. Try. No, no, no life. Why
+
+330
+00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:35,020
+should a dog, a horse, a rat have a life? And
+
+331
+00:22:35,020 --> 00:22:38,060
+thou, and thou, no breath at all. Thou come no
+
+332
+00:22:38,060 --> 00:22:42,360
+more. Never, never, never, never, never. Please.
+
+333
+00:22:44,120 --> 00:22:49,020
+No, no, no life. Why should a dog, a horse, a rat
+
+334
+00:22:49,020 --> 00:22:53,650
+have life? And thou, no breath at all. You forgot
+
+335
+00:22:53,650 --> 00:22:57,790
+one never.
+
+336
+00:22:59,290 --> 00:23:04,880
+You forgot two nevers? It's lesson. Now this is a
+
+337
+00:23:04,880 --> 00:23:07,460
+king who committed a foolish mistake. Why would
+
+338
+00:23:07,460 --> 00:23:09,820
+you give up your... Why wouldn't you understand if
+
+339
+00:23:09,820 --> 00:23:13,040
+a king doesn't understand his daughters? In a way
+
+340
+00:23:13,040 --> 00:23:15,740
+he deserves this but we feel sad, we feel sorry
+
+341
+00:23:15,740 --> 00:23:20,640
+for him because again of the lifeless body of
+
+342
+00:23:20,640 --> 00:23:24,620
+Cordelia. See the emphasis on no, no, no, never,
+
+343
+00:23:24,860 --> 00:23:30,180
+never, never. How dark. Regression. The ending is
+
+344
+00:23:30,180 --> 00:23:35,120
+very depressing, very sad. The pessimism is
+
+345
+00:23:35,120 --> 00:23:38,320
+overwhelming there. Why should it unfair? Life is
+
+346
+00:23:38,320 --> 00:23:41,880
+unfair because you, the king, you are unfair. You
+
+347
+00:23:41,880 --> 00:23:44,840
+were unfair. You didn't treat your daughter
+
+348
+00:23:44,840 --> 00:23:49,700
+justly. Again, what does thou mean? Thou? The.
+
+349
+00:23:50,140 --> 00:23:54,820
+Thou? That. Thou means? You. Thou. Thou. What does
+
+350
+00:23:54,820 --> 00:24:00,380
+it mean? You. That. Thou means you. Thou, here
+
+351
+00:24:00,380 --> 00:24:07,120
+thou well. You well. So far we had thou in Middle
+
+352
+00:24:07,120 --> 00:24:13,240
+English meaning you. And thee meaning also you but
+
+353
+00:24:13,240 --> 00:24:16,840
+for object. So shall I compare thee to a summer's
+
+354
+00:24:16,840 --> 00:24:21,120
+day? Shall I compare thee? And the second line
+
+355
+00:24:21,120 --> 00:24:26,030
+says thou art, you are. You are. You are. Yes
+
+356
+00:24:26,030 --> 00:24:32,070
+please. I can't understand. He said that I'll give
+
+357
+00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:36,110
+you how much you love me and I'll give you an
+
+358
+00:24:36,110 --> 00:24:38,650
+equal amount. She said that I love you like a
+
+359
+00:24:38,650 --> 00:24:41,430
+normal daughter that loves her father. He should
+
+360
+00:24:41,430 --> 00:24:46,370
+have gave her what he sees that is fair not to get
+
+361
+00:24:46,370 --> 00:24:50,600
+her out. And now he's being punished? But the
+
+362
+00:24:50,600 --> 00:24:54,460
+punishment is like when you take candy from
+
+363
+00:24:54,460 --> 00:24:56,800
+somebody when you just don't give them extra
+
+364
+00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:59,930
+marks. But this is the punishment he has, so
+
+365
+00:24:59,930 --> 00:25:03,810
+heartbreaking, because it includes death. Now,
+
+366
+00:25:04,290 --> 00:25:07,850
+when we move from King Lear to Othello, again,
+
+367
+00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:11,210
+remember, King Lear is said to be one of the
+
+368
+00:25:11,210 --> 00:25:13,070
+darkest, most pessimistic, because there's no
+
+369
+00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:17,290
+hope. Everybody dies. Heartbreaking. Now, Othello,
+
+370
+00:25:17,430 --> 00:25:21,490
+in brief, is one of the major black characters in
+
+371
+00:25:21,490 --> 00:25:23,750
+Shakespeare. In all English literature, by the
+
+372
+00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:28,020
+way. He isn't the first. Black. He's originally
+
+373
+00:25:28,020 --> 00:25:31,500
+from Africa. And when we say he is a black
+
+374
+00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:37,040
+character here, it brings issues of race. Listen,
+
+375
+00:25:37,140 --> 00:25:40,420
+we believe wholeheartedly that all people are
+
+376
+00:25:40,420 --> 00:25:43,240
+equal regardless of their color, of their origin,
+
+377
+00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:45,840
+of their race, of anything. We treat people as
+
+378
+00:25:45,840 --> 00:25:50,610
+human beings. The worst thing It's for anybody to
+
+379
+00:25:50,610 --> 00:25:52,950
+be racist, to hate somebody, to dislike somebody
+
+380
+00:25:52,950 --> 00:25:55,550
+because of their color, sometimes how they speak,
+
+381
+00:25:55,670 --> 00:26:00,510
+where they are from, or their religion. And this
+
+382
+00:26:00,510 --> 00:26:03,990
+is what literature teaches us. We learn about
+
+383
+00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:08,250
+these experiences from literature. Now, Othello is
+
+384
+00:26:08,250 --> 00:26:11,110
+a Christian. He becomes a Christian. And he's a
+
+385
+00:26:11,110 --> 00:26:15,350
+leader in the army in Venice. And he marries the
+
+386
+00:26:15,350 --> 00:26:19,810
+most beautiful white lady in Venice. He deserves
+
+387
+00:26:19,810 --> 00:26:22,570
+this because he works hard for it. He's a strong
+
+388
+00:26:22,570 --> 00:26:27,490
+fighter. But Iago, the villain, the antagonist,
+
+389
+00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:31,630
+hates him mainly because of his color. And again,
+
+390
+00:26:31,730 --> 00:26:34,470
+this is Shakespeare 400 years ago discussing
+
+391
+00:26:34,470 --> 00:26:35,530
+racism.
+
+392
+00:26:37,510 --> 00:26:41,330
+And because you treat somebody unfairly, unjustly,
+
+393
+00:26:41,490 --> 00:26:45,620
+because of his color, We have one of the, again,
+
+394
+00:26:46,120 --> 00:26:50,400
+really darkest tragedies of all. In Othello,
+
+395
+00:26:50,520 --> 00:26:53,320
+again, harmony is lost. And that's why harmony,
+
+396
+00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:56,120
+you know, because we should be treating each other
+
+397
+00:26:56,120 --> 00:27:00,940
+equally. But because someone is mistreated only
+
+398
+00:27:00,940 --> 00:27:04,780
+because of the color of his skin, and this causes
+
+399
+00:27:04,780 --> 00:27:09,540
+a lot of destruction and death. He kills his wife,
+
+400
+00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:14,430
+his Demona, Othello. Because he was jealous.
+
+401
+00:27:15,110 --> 00:27:18,950
+Because Iago made him think that she was cheating
+
+402
+00:27:18,950 --> 00:27:22,370
+on him. And then Iago kills his wife. And then
+
+403
+00:27:22,370 --> 00:27:25,490
+he's killed himself. And then Othello dies at the
+
+404
+00:27:25,490 --> 00:27:29,750
+end. So he says, chaos has come again. You know
+
+405
+00:27:29,750 --> 00:27:35,180
+chaos? Chaos, destruction. It is said that there's
+
+406
+00:27:35,180 --> 00:27:36,900
+the Big Bang theory. I'm not sure if you studied
+
+407
+00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:39,580
+this in school, Big Bang theory, how the world
+
+408
+00:27:39,580 --> 00:27:42,600
+created by a Big Bang. And before the Big Bang,
+
+409
+00:27:42,680 --> 00:27:46,260
+there was chaos. There was nothing. And the theory
+
+410
+00:27:46,260 --> 00:27:49,280
+says that the world is going to end in a Big Bang.
+
+411
+00:27:50,100 --> 00:27:54,920
+So chaos has come again. Life has no meaning when
+
+412
+00:27:54,920 --> 00:27:58,420
+someone is mistreated because of his religion or
+
+413
+00:27:58,420 --> 00:28:03,170
+something. So why does Iago hate Othello? Because
+
+414
+00:28:03,170 --> 00:28:07,210
+only because, yes, he took up the position, but he
+
+415
+00:28:07,210 --> 00:28:10,270
+deserves it because he is a black man who married
+
+416
+00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:14,030
+the white beautiful lady, Desdemona. And Iago is
+
+417
+00:28:14,030 --> 00:28:19,010
+said to be the scariest character in Shakespeare.
+
+418
+00:28:22,330 --> 00:28:25,670
+Now, we move from Othello to The Merchant of
+
+419
+00:28:25,670 --> 00:28:27,270
+Venice. Now, listen, The Merchant of Venice is not
+
+420
+00:28:27,270 --> 00:28:30,520
+a tragedy. I'll tell you in brief what it is
+
+421
+00:28:30,520 --> 00:28:33,680
+about. But when I speak about Othello and speak
+
+422
+00:28:33,680 --> 00:28:36,500
+about race, because Othello is an outsider, you
+
+423
+00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:40,120
+know outsider? We speak about Europe, all white,
+
+424
+00:28:40,340 --> 00:28:44,240
+all Christian, all European, right? Now Othello is
+
+425
+00:28:44,240 --> 00:28:47,460
+an intruder, is an outsider. Now in the merchant
+
+426
+00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:52,120
+of Venice, there is also an outsider and his name
+
+427
+00:28:52,120 --> 00:28:53,960
+is Shylock.
+
+428
+00:28:56,150 --> 00:28:59,070
+The Merchant of Venice. I'll briefly tell you what
+
+429
+00:28:59,070 --> 00:29:00,950
+what goes on in The Merchant of Venice and
+
+430
+00:29:00,950 --> 00:29:03,210
+probably read this and stop and comment next
+
+431
+00:29:03,210 --> 00:29:06,770
+class. Now The Merchant of Venice is a story about
+
+432
+00:29:06,770 --> 00:29:11,090
+Antonio and his friend Bassanio. Bassanio wants to
+
+433
+00:29:11,090 --> 00:29:15,020
+marry Portia. Bassanio doesn't have the money. He
+
+434
+00:29:15,020 --> 00:29:17,740
+goes to the merchant of Venice, Antonio, to give
+
+435
+00:29:17,740 --> 00:29:21,280
+him money. But he doesn't have much money now
+
+436
+00:29:21,280 --> 00:29:25,240
+because all his money is at sea doing, you know,
+
+437
+00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:29,780
+abroad business and trade. So where does he go?
+
+438
+00:29:31,660 --> 00:29:36,730
+Where does he go to lend, to borrow money? He goes
+
+439
+00:29:36,730 --> 00:29:41,730
+to Shylock. Who's Shylock? A Jewish money lender,
+
+440
+00:29:42,010 --> 00:29:46,510
+a Jewish guy, again an outsider. So there is also
+
+441
+00:29:46,510 --> 00:29:50,070
+another issue, theme of humanity and race here.
+
+442
+00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,780
+And then Shylock says okay okay Antonio you want
+
+443
+00:29:54,780 --> 00:29:58,500
+me to give you money Antonio you always insult me
+
+444
+00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:02,500
+you always spit on my face you always tell people
+
+445
+00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:06,120
+not to take money from me Antonio now you want the
+
+446
+00:30:06,120 --> 00:30:09,100
+money I will give you the money Antonio because I
+
+447
+00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:14,720
+am good now Shylock is a money lender he gives you
+
+448
+00:30:14,720 --> 00:30:18,890
+money and you return the money with extra this is
+
+449
+00:30:18,890 --> 00:30:22,670
+called interest you know extra money when you
+
+450
+00:30:22,670 --> 00:30:27,650
+borrow money from from like a bank now and he says
+
+451
+00:30:27,650 --> 00:30:31,130
+okay let's sign a contract in the contract he says
+
+452
+00:30:31,130 --> 00:30:34,190
+I want to give you the money if you don't pay it
+
+453
+00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:37,630
+back in some time I think two months I will take a
+
+454
+00:30:37,630 --> 00:30:43,280
+pound of flesh A pound of flesh, a piece of your
+
+455
+00:30:43,280 --> 00:30:47,180
+body, of your flesh. Pound is like half a kilo.
+
+456
+00:30:48,080 --> 00:30:50,900
+That's a lot, right? And then Anthony was like,
+
+457
+00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,840
+what? He said, don't worry. This is Mary's fault.
+
+458
+00:30:53,940 --> 00:30:58,120
+It's just for fun. It's just for fun. And then he
+
+459
+00:30:58,120 --> 00:31:04,200
+signs. And then when the time comes, give me my
+
+460
+00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:06,800
+money back. He says, my ships were destroyed. I
+
+461
+00:31:06,800 --> 00:31:11,930
+lost all my money. Okay, give you my money. Let's
+
+462
+00:31:11,930 --> 00:31:13,910
+go to court." And now everyone was like, Oh,
+
+463
+00:31:14,030 --> 00:31:17,070
+Shiloh, you shouldn't wait for him. Forgive him,
+
+464
+00:31:17,210 --> 00:31:19,290
+Shiloh. He said, why should I forgive him? He has
+
+465
+00:31:19,290 --> 00:31:22,930
+always treated me like crap. He's always
+
+466
+00:31:22,930 --> 00:31:26,970
+mistreated me. He insults me. He spits in me only
+
+467
+00:31:26,970 --> 00:31:30,850
+because I am a Jew. And now that I have the right,
+
+468
+00:31:30,950 --> 00:31:35,610
+the time to take revenge. Now he's saying no, and
+
+469
+00:31:35,610 --> 00:31:40,640
+they go to the court. At this time, Bassanio and
+
+470
+00:31:40,640 --> 00:31:44,280
+his wife Portia know about the story, and Portia
+
+471
+00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:47,760
+dresses up as a man, as a lawyer. Remember, in
+
+472
+00:31:47,760 --> 00:31:50,480
+Shakespeare, women were not allowed to be on
+
+473
+00:31:50,480 --> 00:31:56,460
+stage. Only men. Because they didn't have a big
+
+474
+00:31:56,460 --> 00:31:59,380
+role at that time. Women didn't have many rights.
+
+475
+00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:04,160
+So who plays women characters? A man, a beardless
+
+476
+00:32:04,160 --> 00:32:07,390
+man with a soft voice. So imagine this, how
+
+477
+00:32:07,390 --> 00:32:10,050
+Shakespeare is doing this. So who's playing
+
+478
+00:32:10,050 --> 00:32:14,030
+Portia? A man dressed up as Portia for the play.
+
+479
+00:32:15,030 --> 00:32:18,710
+And now Portia dresses up as a man, as a lawyer.
+
+480
+00:32:18,730 --> 00:32:21,270
+Not only a man, but a lawyer. Women were not
+
+481
+00:32:21,270 --> 00:32:23,910
+allowed to be lawyers at that time, because many
+
+482
+00:32:23,910 --> 00:32:26,570
+believed that women are less intelligent, less
+
+483
+00:32:26,570 --> 00:32:28,870
+intellectual than men. And Shakespeare is changing
+
+484
+00:32:28,870 --> 00:32:32,870
+this, is making fun of this concept. Because she
+
+485
+00:32:32,870 --> 00:32:36,450
+comes to the court and she says, OK, wait. Oh,
+
+486
+00:32:36,790 --> 00:32:39,890
+this contract is valid. It's correct. Is this your
+
+487
+00:32:39,890 --> 00:32:42,990
+signature? Yeah. So yeah, give him the money. I
+
+488
+00:32:42,990 --> 00:32:45,430
+don't have the money. And then she tries to beg
+
+489
+00:32:45,430 --> 00:32:48,910
+Shylock. Shylock, please forgive him. We'll give
+
+490
+00:32:48,910 --> 00:32:50,750
+you your money. He says, no, I'll give you double
+
+491
+00:32:50,750 --> 00:32:52,690
+the amount, triple the amount. And Shylock says,
+
+492
+00:32:52,750 --> 00:32:57,630
+no, I want a pound of flesh. She says, OK, go on,
+
+493
+00:32:57,930 --> 00:33:02,600
+go on. And he starts sharpening the knife. And in
+
+494
+00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:07,340
+a very ugly scene, he doesn't use probably a brick
+
+495
+00:33:07,340 --> 00:33:12,000
+or the wall. He uses his shoe to sharpen the
+
+496
+00:33:12,000 --> 00:33:16,960
+knife. Disgusting, ugly act of revenge. And when
+
+497
+00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:20,440
+he approaches Anthony just to take probably from
+
+498
+00:33:20,440 --> 00:33:27,370
+near his heart, Portia says, wait. Take the pound
+
+499
+00:33:27,370 --> 00:33:30,790
+of flesh, not less, not more. And when you do,
+
+500
+00:33:31,230 --> 00:33:37,210
+don't drop any blood, not even one tiny drop of
+
+501
+00:33:37,210 --> 00:33:41,850
+blood. Is it possible? No, no. So he feels that,
+
+502
+00:33:42,070 --> 00:33:45,650
+oh, I can't. And then he says, OK, OK, give me the
+
+503
+00:33:45,650 --> 00:33:48,270
+triple amount. You just said no. Give me the
+
+504
+00:33:48,270 --> 00:33:50,870
+double amount of money. He says no. OK, give me my
+
+505
+00:33:50,870 --> 00:33:55,400
+money. You just said no. He says OK. God forgive
+
+506
+00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:57,660
+you Anthony and peace be upon you. They say wait a
+
+507
+00:33:57,660 --> 00:34:02,600
+minute, wait a minute, come back. In Venice, if
+
+508
+00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,380
+someone, if an outsider tries to kill a Venetian,
+
+509
+00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:12,800
+his money has to be taken away and he has to
+
+510
+00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:17,880
+convert to Christianity. So at the end, Shylock,
+
+511
+00:34:17,880 --> 00:34:20,300
+like earlier, lost his daughter. She became a
+
+512
+00:34:20,300 --> 00:34:23,240
+Christian. Now he lost all his money. And of
+
+513
+00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:25,740
+course the good white Christian Antonio says,
+
+514
+00:34:25,860 --> 00:34:29,690
+okay, I don't want my half. take it back and he
+
+515
+00:34:29,690 --> 00:34:33,530
+loses most of his money he loses his right to take
+
+516
+00:34:33,530 --> 00:34:37,610
+revenge and he becomes a christian he is forced to
+
+517
+00:34:37,610 --> 00:34:40,490
+become a christian but for portia bassani and
+
+518
+00:34:40,490 --> 00:34:44,370
+antonio they live happily ever after now in the
+
+519
+00:34:44,370 --> 00:34:47,110
+past this was considered a comedy because the
+
+520
+00:34:47,110 --> 00:34:51,290
+european white people are victorious but is it a
+
+521
+00:34:51,290 --> 00:34:54,250
+comedy for shylock no Is it a comedy of a child?
+
+522
+00:34:54,310 --> 00:34:58,250
+It's not. He lost his daughter. He lost his
+
+523
+00:34:58,250 --> 00:35:00,790
+religion. He lost most of his money. That's why
+
+524
+00:35:00,790 --> 00:35:05,330
+now people consider this a dark comedy, tragic
+
+525
+00:35:05,330 --> 00:35:08,790
+comedy, serious comedy, trouble comedy, whatever,
+
+526
+00:35:09,350 --> 00:35:13,350
+because there are issues of race and anti-Semitism
+
+527
+00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,270
+here. Now, in the middle of the play, when they
+
+528
+00:35:16,270 --> 00:35:19,770
+were begging Shylock not to take the pound of
+
+529
+00:35:19,770 --> 00:35:23,380
+flesh, He says this, one of the most beautiful
+
+530
+00:35:23,380 --> 00:35:27,720
+things in Shakespeare. Maybe some of you can read
+
+531
+00:35:27,720 --> 00:35:30,680
+it next time. They tell him, what do you want to
+
+532
+00:35:30,680 --> 00:35:33,480
+do with a pound of flesh for God's sake? What do
+
+533
+00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,740
+you want to do with the flesh? You can't eat it.
+
+534
+00:35:36,460 --> 00:35:38,020
+And he says, I don't care. I want to feed it to
+
+535
+00:35:38,020 --> 00:35:41,890
+the fish. I don't care. When he insulted me, when
+
+536
+00:35:41,890 --> 00:35:44,750
+he spat on my face, when he told people not to
+
+537
+00:35:44,750 --> 00:35:47,010
+take money from me, nobody interfered, nobody told
+
+538
+00:35:47,010 --> 00:35:49,550
+him no. Don't do that, Antonio. Now that I have
+
+539
+00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:51,470
+the chance to take revenge, you're telling me
+
+540
+00:35:51,470 --> 00:35:55,990
+don't? So to bait fish with it, if it will feed
+
+541
+00:35:55,990 --> 00:36:01,080
+nothing, it will feed my revenge. He hath
+
+542
+00:36:01,080 --> 00:36:03,360
+disgraced me and hindered me half a million,
+
+543
+00:36:03,540 --> 00:36:06,580
+laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned
+
+544
+00:36:06,580 --> 00:36:09,620
+my nation, my nation because he's a Jew, thwarted
+
+545
+00:36:09,620 --> 00:36:12,300
+my bargains, cooled my friends, heated my enemies.
+
+546
+00:36:12,680 --> 00:36:16,840
+And what's his reason? I am a Jew. There's no
+
+547
+00:36:16,840 --> 00:36:19,240
+reason. It's not because I'm bad. It's because of
+
+548
+00:36:19,240 --> 00:36:22,260
+my religion. Like Othello, it's because of his I
+
+549
+00:36:22,260 --> 00:36:27,210
+am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes. What's had? Has.
+
+550
+00:36:28,110 --> 00:36:31,010
+Has not as you see how beautiful it is. Has not as
+
+551
+00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,150
+you eyes. Has not as you hands, organs,
+
+552
+00:36:35,390 --> 00:36:39,270
+dimensions, senses, affections, passions, fit with
+
+553
+00:36:39,270 --> 00:36:42,310
+the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject
+
+554
+00:36:42,310 --> 00:36:46,130
+to the same diseases, healed by the same means,
+
+555
+00:36:46,390 --> 00:36:49,650
+warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer.
+
+556
+00:36:49,910 --> 00:36:55,980
+As a Christian, the answer is yes. The second
+
+557
+00:36:55,980 --> 00:37:01,000
+part, if you prick us, if you injure us, do we not
+
+558
+00:37:01,000 --> 00:37:06,840
+bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? You tell
+
+559
+00:37:06,840 --> 00:37:10,320
+jokes, crack jokes, do we not laugh? If you poison
+
+560
+00:37:10,320 --> 00:37:16,300
+us, do we not die? We're humans. Again, shared
+
+561
+00:37:16,300 --> 00:37:20,160
+humanity as a theme, Shakespeare. And if you wrong
+
+562
+00:37:20,160 --> 00:37:24,050
+us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you in
+
+563
+00:37:24,050 --> 00:37:27,650
+the rest, we will resemble you in that if a Jew
+
+564
+00:37:27,650 --> 00:37:29,910
+wronged a Christian, what is the humility?
+
+565
+00:37:31,010 --> 00:37:33,710
+Revenge. If a Christian wronged a Jew, what should
+
+566
+00:37:33,710 --> 00:37:36,810
+his sufferance be by a Christian example? Why
+
+567
+00:37:36,810 --> 00:37:42,390
+revenge? The villainy The villainy, you teach me,
+
+568
+00:37:42,570 --> 00:37:45,810
+I will execute and execute, and it shall go hard,
+
+569
+00:37:46,250 --> 00:37:49,170
+but I will better the instruction. I learned this
+
+570
+00:37:49,170 --> 00:37:53,030
+bad deed, this bad deed. I learned this villainy
+
+571
+00:37:53,030 --> 00:37:57,610
+from you, from Antonio. I will treat you the same.
+
+572
+00:37:58,150 --> 00:38:01,550
+You made me the man I am. But I will better the
+
+573
+00:38:01,550 --> 00:38:05,190
+instruction. I will better the instruction.
+
+574
+00:38:05,750 --> 00:38:09,050
+Wonderful. Yes. In a way, many people accuse
+
+575
+00:38:09,050 --> 00:38:14,710
+Shakespeare of being anti-Semitic. Did I write
+
+576
+00:38:14,710 --> 00:38:17,170
+anti-Semitism here? Can you see the term, this
+
+577
+00:38:17,170 --> 00:38:22,710
+term? Anti-Semitism. Semitic from Sam. The Jews
+
+578
+00:38:22,710 --> 00:38:26,790
+and many Muslims are originally the son of Sam,
+
+579
+00:38:26,930 --> 00:38:31,870
+son of Noah. So we are sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+580
+00:38:31,930 --> 00:38:33,370
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+581
+00:38:33,370 --> 00:38:34,570
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+582
+00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:37,390
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+583
+00:38:37,410 --> 00:38:40,050
+sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic, sematic,
+
+584
+00:38:40,050 --> 00:38:41,450
+sematic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+585
+00:38:41,450 --> 00:38:46,290
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+586
+00:38:46,430 --> 00:38:49,230
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+587
+00:38:49,230 --> 00:38:49,530
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+588
+00:38:49,530 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+589
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+590
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+591
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+592
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+593
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:49,870
+semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic, semiatic,
+
+594
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:53,260
+semiatic I would say many Jews support Israeli
+
+595
+00:38:53,260 --> 00:38:56,500
+occupation and the disposition of Palestinians,
+
+596
+00:38:56,640 --> 00:39:01,340
+but not all Jews are supportive of Israel. That's
+
+597
+00:39:01,340 --> 00:39:04,820
+why we speak about the Zionist regime, the Zionist
+
+598
+00:39:04,820 --> 00:39:07,280
+project, the Zionists, the Israelis. As
+
+599
+00:39:07,280 --> 00:39:13,660
+Palestinians, we don't hate Jews because they are
+
+600
+00:39:13,660 --> 00:39:16,700
+Jews. We hate those people because they occupy us,
+
+601
+00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,480
+kill us, humiliate us, deprive us of our rights.
+
+602
+00:39:21,790 --> 00:39:24,650
+Even if the occupiers of Palestine are Muslims, we
+
+603
+00:39:24,650 --> 00:39:28,570
+will fight them and resist them the same. So it's
+
+604
+00:39:28,570 --> 00:39:30,450
+not a matter of Jews and Muslims. This is not a
+
+605
+00:39:30,450 --> 00:39:34,050
+war between Jews and Muslims. It's, again, a
+
+606
+00:39:34,050 --> 00:39:36,930
+legitimate fight. Palestinians occupied,
+
+607
+00:39:37,390 --> 00:39:39,930
+oppressed, colonized against the colonizers who
+
+608
+00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,730
+happen to be Jews. Okay? So in this play, is
+
+609
+00:39:44,730 --> 00:39:49,730
+Shakespeare depicting Shylock as evil? As ugly?
+
+610
+00:39:49,850 --> 00:39:51,710
+Probably yes. Some people say yes. Some people
+
+611
+00:39:51,710 --> 00:39:55,930
+hate Shakespeare because he is anti-semitic. Or he
+
+612
+00:39:55,930 --> 00:39:59,130
+is anti-feminist. Remember feminism? Feminism?
+
+613
+00:39:59,810 --> 00:40:03,190
+Anti-feminist. Or because he's a racist. But some
+
+614
+00:40:03,190 --> 00:40:06,170
+critics say no, no, no, no. Shakespeare wasn't
+
+615
+00:40:06,170 --> 00:40:10,330
+being racist or anti-semitic. Or anti-feminist. He
+
+616
+00:40:10,330 --> 00:40:14,270
+was reflecting a society that was racist, anti
+
+617
+00:40:14,270 --> 00:40:18,450
+-feminist, and probably anti-semitic. So we can
+
+618
+00:40:18,450 --> 00:40:21,650
+find solutions. We can find answers for this. We
+
+619
+00:40:21,650 --> 00:40:26,270
+can look for answers. The Merchant of Venice is a
+
+620
+00:40:26,270 --> 00:40:29,410
+play about shared humanity. about what it means to
+
+621
+00:40:29,410 --> 00:40:33,170
+be a human being, about racism, about anti
+
+622
+00:40:33,170 --> 00:40:35,470
+-Semitism. And Shakespeare, now these are
+
+623
+00:40:35,470 --> 00:40:38,070
+important questions now here in the 20th, 21st
+
+624
+00:40:38,070 --> 00:40:42,430
+centuries. But Shakespeare discussed this over 40,
+
+625
+00:40:42,590 --> 00:40:45,050
+100 years ago. And this is how beautiful, how
+
+626
+00:40:45,050 --> 00:40:48,330
+amazing Shakespeare is. If you have any question,
+
+627
+00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:50,690
+please ask and we can continue the discussion next
+
+628
+00:40:50,690 --> 00:40:53,810
+class. You want to say something? You want to add
+
+629
+00:40:53,810 --> 00:40:59,040
+something? Do you want to read some of this? for
+
+630
+00:40:59,040 --> 00:41:01,900
+next time can you prepare two or three of you can
+
+631
+00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:06,520
+you prepare doing this reading this here okay so
+
+632
+00:41:06,520 --> 00:41:09,700
+we'll start next class from again Shylock and his
+
+633
+00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:12,520
+speech but before we do this do you notice
+
+634
+00:41:12,520 --> 00:41:18,280
+anything about the text okay
+
+635
+00:41:18,280 --> 00:41:21,600
+look at this this is tomorrow and tomorrow and
+
+636
+00:41:21,600 --> 00:41:28,450
+tomorrow okay and then there is No, no, no life.
+
+637
+00:41:29,510 --> 00:41:32,090
+And then there is this. Do you notice something
+
+638
+00:41:32,090 --> 00:41:35,370
+different between the anything?
+
+639
+00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:42,530
+Oh, thank you very much. This is poetry. In
+
+640
+00:41:42,530 --> 00:41:47,210
+poetry, we capitalize every line, the beginning of
+
+641
+00:41:47,210 --> 00:41:49,070
+every line, the first letter from every line,
+
+642
+00:41:49,230 --> 00:41:51,590
+capital, capital, capital. This is a rule in
+
+643
+00:41:51,590 --> 00:41:57,570
+poetry. But here, this is what? It's a paragraph,
+
+644
+00:41:57,770 --> 00:41:59,970
+it's prose, thank you. Remember Shakespeare's
+
+645
+00:41:59,970 --> 00:42:03,750
+plays were mostly written in verse. But sometimes
+
+646
+00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:06,770
+there are prose characters, characters who only
+
+647
+00:42:06,770 --> 00:42:10,890
+speak prose. Shylock is one of them. Unimportant
+
+648
+00:42:10,890 --> 00:42:13,690
+characters, messengers, you know, bad people
+
+649
+00:42:13,690 --> 00:42:17,830
+usually speak prose. Not verse. We can talk
+
+650
+00:42:17,830 --> 00:42:20,810
+probably more about this. Thank you very much. If
+
+651
+00:42:20,810 --> 00:42:22,030
+you have a question, please do ask.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5ff5297bc87e10983b83f7bd633e9bf930afbf7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/9fp5Ds9Lpfs_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2920 @@
+1
+00:00:21,330 --> 00:00:25,690
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we
+
+2
+00:00:25,690 --> 00:00:29,650
+continue speaking about the commonwealth and the
+
+3
+00:00:29,650 --> 00:00:36,010
+restoration. In terms of politics, this is an age,
+
+4
+00:00:36,650 --> 00:00:43,020
+an era that is so restless. that is so messed up
+
+5
+00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:46,480
+in so many ways, because for the first time in the
+
+6
+00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:50,020
+history of modern England, we see the king
+
+7
+00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:57,620
+executed. And for the first time, England is ruled
+
+8
+00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:02,420
+not by a king,
+
+9
+00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:12,780
+but by a ruler who does the job probably maybe he
+
+10
+00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:16,920
+was better than the king in many ways But again,
+
+11
+00:01:17,020 --> 00:01:20,720
+politically speaking, historically speaking, the
+
+12
+00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:23,140
+removal of the king, the execution, he wasn't only
+
+13
+00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:25,360
+removed, he was executed. Remember, we've seen
+
+14
+00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:26,880
+this in literature, we've seen this in
+
+15
+00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,100
+Shakespeare. And this is how interesting how
+
+16
+00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:33,540
+literature prepares people, fiction creates
+
+17
+00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:36,980
+reality in a way or another, prepares. But no
+
+18
+00:01:36,980 --> 00:01:39,300
+matter how many times you see the king dead,
+
+19
+00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:45,020
+killed, On stage, when it happened, people were
+
+20
+00:01:45,020 --> 00:01:47,380
+shocked in so many ways because the idea of the
+
+21
+00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:50,300
+king and the monarchy was deeply rooted in the
+
+22
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:52,960
+mentalities, in the mindsets, in the minds of the
+
+23
+00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,660
+English people. Cromwell rules for about 10 years.
+
+24
+00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,680
+He was successful, powerful. We've seen people
+
+25
+00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:08,070
+praise him. Marvel, and also John Milton, and many
+
+26
+00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,590
+other people wrote good poetry about him, praised
+
+27
+00:02:11,590 --> 00:02:14,830
+him in a way that, again, people praised the kings
+
+28
+00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:17,190
+and the queens before.
+
+29
+00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:26,010
+When he was old, when he passed away, when he
+
+30
+00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,170
+died, he was followed, again, ironically, by his
+
+31
+00:02:29,170 --> 00:02:35,000
+own son. That's funny. Remember I said in a way
+
+32
+00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,220
+it's ironic because you remove the king because of
+
+33
+00:02:39,220 --> 00:02:42,040
+corruption and sins and vices and deterioration
+
+34
+00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,900
+and breakdown of many things. But when a ruler
+
+35
+00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:49,740
+comes, this should help pave the way, prepare the
+
+36
+00:02:49,740 --> 00:02:52,960
+people to a democratic process of choosing their
+
+37
+00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:58,420
+own leaders and their own rulers. However, His son
+
+38
+00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:02,780
+came after him and he was so weak. I think no
+
+39
+00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:05,880
+matter how good he was, he wouldn't be good enough
+
+40
+00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,500
+because he can't be compared to his father. And
+
+41
+00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:14,440
+that's called the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell
+
+42
+00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:19,160
+and then his son about 11, 12 years. However, he
+
+43
+00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,120
+was followed with the death of Cromwell and the
+
+44
+00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:27,760
+rule of his son ended abruptly because the people
+
+45
+00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,280
+decided to bring the king back again. So Oliver's
+
+46
+00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,620
+son, I don't know his name, excuse me, just go. We
+
+47
+00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:38,860
+want the king. We can't live without the king
+
+48
+00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:42,220
+because the king gives us security and safety,
+
+49
+00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:45,280
+provides us with protection, and because the king
+
+50
+00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,600
+is part of our culture and tradition and
+
+51
+00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,340
+literature and society and life and mentality and
+
+52
+00:03:50,340 --> 00:03:53,940
+many things. We said in this era, literature has
+
+53
+00:03:53,940 --> 00:03:59,370
+become highly political. Remember there was
+
+54
+00:03:59,370 --> 00:04:01,230
+nationalism, the strong sense of the English
+
+55
+00:04:01,230 --> 00:04:03,310
+identity and nationalism in poetry before where
+
+56
+00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:05,670
+you love England, you love the Thames, you love
+
+57
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:07,790
+the Queen, you praise the Queen. We've seen
+
+58
+00:04:07,790 --> 00:04:11,370
+Spencer praising, you know, the fairy queen. But
+
+59
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,190
+now there's political division. Poetry is
+
+60
+00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:16,250
+political in the sense that there are two
+
+61
+00:04:16,250 --> 00:04:19,270
+political parties and you side with one against
+
+62
+00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:22,710
+the other. Now imagine this. Many people,
+
+63
+00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:25,250
+including poets and intellectuals, sided with the
+
+64
+00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:25,670
+Commonwealth,
+
+65
+00:04:29,030 --> 00:04:33,150
+with Oliver Cromwell. When he died and the king
+
+66
+00:04:33,150 --> 00:04:37,910
+was restored, they were in trouble. They were in
+
+67
+00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:40,010
+real trouble. Some of them were arrested, some of
+
+68
+00:04:40,010 --> 00:04:45,380
+them were punished in one way or another. We spoke
+
+69
+00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:49,520
+about Andrew Marvell before. Andrew Marvell became
+
+70
+00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:51,980
+a politician himself. He started as a poet, but
+
+71
+00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:54,160
+later on he ran for president. He was a member of
+
+72
+00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,120
+the parliament. And although he was a member of
+
+73
+00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,260
+the parliament, he was almost arrested. John
+
+74
+00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:03,180
+Milton, our friend here today, was arrested
+
+75
+00:05:03,180 --> 00:05:08,980
+because of his support to the Commonwealth. Some
+
+76
+00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:11,220
+say he could have been executed, or he could have
+
+77
+00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:14,780
+spent a lot of time in prison. But it was thanks
+
+78
+00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:18,140
+to his friend, Andrew Marvell, that helped release
+
+79
+00:05:18,140 --> 00:05:22,260
+him. And that's not all bad, because in prison he
+
+80
+00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:25,760
+wrote some really good literature. And Milton, by
+
+81
+00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,540
+the way, when he grew up, he started to lose his
+
+82
+00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:33,980
+sight and eventually he went blind. Still, he
+
+83
+00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:37,240
+wrote some of the best English poetry ever. Today,
+
+84
+00:05:37,660 --> 00:05:42,300
+we'll spend some time, a journey with John Milton.
+
+85
+00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:48,300
+A major 17th century poet. A poet who was in many
+
+86
+00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:52,040
+ways trying to have influence on the whole English
+
+87
+00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,120
+literature. He wanted to be as famous, as
+
+88
+00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,840
+influential as Chaucer himself. And interesting
+
+89
+00:05:57,840 --> 00:06:01,060
+how people always go back to Chaucer just to, if
+
+90
+00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:05,040
+they want to do great things. And he wanted
+
+91
+00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,800
+English literature to compete, to be independent
+
+92
+00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,700
+of Europe in many ways. So he wrote several texts.
+
+93
+00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,940
+We'll mention some of them. We'll study probably
+
+94
+00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:20,180
+in a way, in bits and pieces, two of them. The
+
+95
+00:06:20,180 --> 00:06:27,260
+first one is Paradise Lost. Paradise. You know
+
+96
+00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:32,560
+paradise? Heaven. Heaven, yeah. What does this
+
+97
+00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,900
+translate into Arabic? How does it translate into
+
+98
+00:06:34,900 --> 00:06:37,800
+Arabic? Yeah, Arabic.
+
+99
+00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:44,800
+It has a poetic translation in Arabic.
+
+100
+00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:56,500
+Because you're
+
+101
+00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:59,380
+not studying translation yet. When you do, you
+
+102
+00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:03,580
+will see how sometimes you change a little bit so
+
+103
+00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,800
+you give it the poetic sense. And later on, he
+
+104
+00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,100
+wrote another text called Paradise.
+
+105
+00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:17,050
+Regained. You know regained? It means restored.
+
+106
+00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:22,450
+The restoration. And then the third text is called
+
+107
+00:07:22,450 --> 00:07:23,890
+Samson Agonist.
+
+108
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:34,290
+Have you ever heard of Samson? Samson. Samson.
+
+109
+00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,970
+Samson. Samson. The text takes place in Gaza by
+
+110
+00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:42,620
+the way. So the guy is Gazan like us. Yeah,
+
+111
+00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,380
+Samsung. Samsung. Does it ring a bell? Samsung.
+
+112
+00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,920
+There's a character in Spongebob. Samsung.
+
+113
+00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:55,960
+Samsung. Simpsons. No, not the Simpsons. Samsung.
+
+114
+00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,160
+Shamshoon. Yeah, Shamshoon, that's it. Shamshoon
+
+115
+00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,820
+Al Jabbar, we know this. Yeah, yes. But we'll talk
+
+116
+00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:07,200
+about it probably this class, if not the next
+
+117
+00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,200
+class. John Milton, again, wanted to do something
+
+118
+00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,360
+great, to write an epic poem. Oh, no, epic poem, a
+
+119
+00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,000
+very long poem about important issues, important
+
+120
+00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,060
+themes, important characters, important myths. At
+
+121
+00:08:21,060 --> 00:08:24,460
+the beginning, he thought of writing something
+
+122
+00:08:24,460 --> 00:08:29,440
+about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
+
+123
+00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,220
+Table. You know why he chose this particular text?
+
+124
+00:08:32,260 --> 00:08:36,380
+Because everything about it is pure English. I
+
+125
+00:08:36,380 --> 00:08:38,960
+don't know why, but he dropped that idea. But
+
+126
+00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,920
+again, notice how he's intentionally, consciously
+
+127
+00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,940
+planning something, because he wants to write.
+
+128
+00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:49,440
+This is not a sonnet. It's a poem. Paradise Lost
+
+129
+00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,560
+is about 10,000 lines.
+
+130
+00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,700
+10,000 lines, Paradise Lost. That's an epic poem.
+
+131
+00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,680
+What is it about? Do you have any idea? Paradise.
+
+132
+00:09:05,020 --> 00:09:06,980
+Who could be the main characters, the characters
+
+133
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:12,280
+in it? Religious? Who? The king. Bigger than them.
+
+134
+00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:19,600
+He's more ambitious. Adam and Eve. Who else? The
+
+135
+00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:26,620
+devil. Satan. Angels. Demons. Who else? More
+
+136
+00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:33,190
+significant. God. This is how ambitious he is. But
+
+137
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:36,090
+it's funny because these are not English people
+
+138
+00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:39,310
+and the events don't take place in England. But
+
+139
+00:09:39,310 --> 00:09:42,030
+still this is an English text, a major epic
+
+140
+00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:46,710
+English text poem, which shows his attempt to do
+
+141
+00:09:46,710 --> 00:09:51,710
+this. So the major characters in Paradise Lost are
+
+142
+00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:58,570
+God, Satan, Adam, Eve, you should know, you should
+
+143
+00:09:58,570 --> 00:10:01,570
+be familiar with these, you know, names. We have
+
+144
+00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:05,210
+Adam, you know Adam already. And Eve, this is Eve.
+
+145
+00:10:05,510 --> 00:10:12,910
+You know, Christmas Eve. Eve, God, Satan. And we
+
+146
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:18,370
+have God. And this takes place in heaven,
+
+147
+00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:27,810
+paradise. There is a garden of Eden. Garden of
+
+148
+00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:32,190
+Eden, Jannat Adan, right? And then we have the
+
+149
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:33,010
+original sin.
+
+150
+00:10:35,790 --> 00:10:39,870
+What's the original sin? This is a Christian term,
+
+151
+00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,390
+by the way. The original sin is when Adam and Eve
+
+152
+00:10:43,390 --> 00:10:46,590
+disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge.
+
+153
+00:10:47,950 --> 00:10:49,870
+Tree of knowledge.
+
+154
+00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:58,310
+In Islam, we're not sure whether this is an apple
+
+155
+00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:02,770
+tree or what. In Christianity, it's mentioned that
+
+156
+00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:06,290
+this is an apple tree. In Islam, it's not stated
+
+157
+00:11:06,290 --> 00:11:09,730
+whether it was Eve who started, you know, munching
+
+158
+00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:13,810
+at the apple, the fruit. In Christianity, it's not
+
+159
+00:11:13,810 --> 00:11:17,250
+about that. It's also who you blame more. In
+
+160
+00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:20,130
+Christianity, it's clear that Eve starts munching
+
+161
+00:11:20,130 --> 00:11:24,180
+at the apple. Right? That's why there is this
+
+162
+00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:28,260
+thing that many religious people do this like they
+
+163
+00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:31,580
+accuse women in general of committing the first
+
+164
+00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:34,780
+sin and causing the fall of Adam, the fall of
+
+165
+00:11:34,780 --> 00:11:40,380
+humanity. The fall of humanity from heaven to
+
+166
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,280
+earth, from mercy to sin. Very interesting stuff.
+
+167
+00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,700
+The fall, you know, fall down because of the
+
+168
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:54,620
+original sin because Now, we know the biblical
+
+169
+00:11:54,620 --> 00:11:57,640
+story. It's similar to the story we have in Islam,
+
+170
+00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,440
+with tiny little differences. In Islam, again,
+
+171
+00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:03,600
+both of them, Adam and Eve, are to blame. And
+
+172
+00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,820
+sometimes Adam is blamed more. But here, in
+
+173
+00:12:08,820 --> 00:12:10,900
+Christianity, we have something different. In the
+
+174
+00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:13,460
+text, he takes the story, but he changes it a
+
+175
+00:12:13,460 --> 00:12:17,820
+little bit. When you read the story, I'm not sure
+
+176
+00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:20,340
+if you can read 10,000 lines now that you have
+
+177
+00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,600
+midterm exams, but who knows? Maybe you can watch
+
+178
+00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:28,360
+some extracts or a dramatization on YouTube. When
+
+179
+00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:33,540
+you read the text, you will find that, you will
+
+180
+00:12:33,540 --> 00:12:37,860
+feel that the author, John Milton, in a way
+
+181
+00:12:37,860 --> 00:12:42,260
+humanizes Satan. Presents sometimes, presents
+
+182
+00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:46,820
+Satan as the hero. sometimes equally blaming God,
+
+183
+00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,520
+Adam, Eve, and Satan equally for what happened.
+
+184
+00:12:50,460 --> 00:12:53,480
+And that's why the text is controversial. You know
+
+185
+00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:55,840
+the word controversial? Yes. Controversial,
+
+186
+00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:58,920
+debatable. Some people don't like it. Some people
+
+187
+00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,440
+like it. Some people disagree with many things. So
+
+188
+00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:05,540
+why does it create controversy here? This because?
+
+189
+00:13:05,780 --> 00:13:08,480
+Because he changes the thoughts and he blames as
+
+190
+00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,580
+well. He changes the Christian idea by one
+
+191
+00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,580
+presenting who as the hero. But the antagonist.
+
+192
+00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:19,080
+The antagonist, Satan. In Islam and in
+
+193
+00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,260
+Christianity and other religions, Satan is the
+
+194
+00:13:22,260 --> 00:13:26,220
+embodiment of evil, the pure evil. Yes. But here,
+
+195
+00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,980
+he's not. He's real. You feel sorry for him. So if
+
+196
+00:13:28,980 --> 00:13:31,140
+you're reading this and you feel sorry for Satan,
+
+197
+00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:35,280
+it doesn't mean you are evil. It means the author.
+
+198
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:37,920
+It means the author is smart, is genius. We do
+
+199
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,040
+this. We watch Hollywood movies. Did you watch The
+
+200
+00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,200
+Sniper? Yeah. Sniper is a horrible movie about an
+
+201
+00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,780
+American soldier, war criminal actually, who kills
+
+202
+00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,500
+over 100, around 150 Iraqis. Some of them women,
+
+203
+00:13:51,620 --> 00:13:53,680
+some of them kids, some of them innocent civilian
+
+204
+00:13:53,680 --> 00:13:56,700
+people. You watch the movie and you feel sorry for
+
+205
+00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:02,060
+him. Yeah, you feel sorry for him in a way. You
+
+206
+00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:03,400
+don't have to feel sorry for him, by the way,
+
+207
+00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:06,420
+because he's a murderer. But that is how
+
+208
+00:14:06,420 --> 00:14:10,460
+influential literature is and movie production is.
+
+209
+00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:16,160
+You know? Change your attitudes and sympathize
+
+210
+00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:18,620
+with people usually you don't sympathize in real
+
+211
+00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:22,200
+life. So this created a huge controversy. Still
+
+212
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,880
+does. Many Christians, for example, don't like
+
+213
+00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:28,700
+this. Because they see that the author is equally
+
+214
+00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,600
+blaming not only Zeta, not only Adam and Eve, but
+
+215
+00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,420
+also God. Like, this shouldn't have happened. Some
+
+216
+00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,740
+people, by the way, some people read the whole
+
+217
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,360
+thing as an allegory. An allegory of the
+
+218
+00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,480
+commonwealth and the restoration. So the
+
+219
+00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,700
+commonwealth is, I don't know, heaven. And because
+
+220
+00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:54,020
+people don't do a good job after Cromwell, they
+
+221
+00:14:54,020 --> 00:14:59,120
+fell down. They fall. And then the king is
+
+222
+00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,740
+restored, where the king, the restoration here
+
+223
+00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:06,100
+represents earth and sin. Because after that,
+
+224
+00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:09,620
+after the commonwealth, the guy was not doing a
+
+225
+00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:14,030
+good job. Later on, in a way, Adam and Eve go down
+
+226
+00:15:14,030 --> 00:15:19,510
+to Earth to the unknown, to human knowledge. Later
+
+227
+00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:22,630
+on, he wrote another poem, just so you know.
+
+228
+00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:27,190
+Paradise Regained. Paradise Regained. In which,
+
+229
+00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,090
+how would you, in Christianity, how is Paradise
+
+230
+00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:33,430
+Regained? What do you expect? Maybe Adam and Eve
+
+231
+00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:37,130
+are God's... No, later on, after Adam and Eve.
+
+232
+00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:45,160
+How? Who leads humanity to regain paradise? No,
+
+233
+00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:51,120
+Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ
+
+234
+00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:55,930
+suffers for humanity. and leads humanity from sin,
+
+235
+00:15:56,690 --> 00:16:00,930
+corruption, vices, to virtue, to salvation, back
+
+236
+00:16:00,930 --> 00:16:03,510
+to heaven. And that's why it's regained. At the
+
+237
+00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:07,690
+end, I'll tell you the story of Samson Agones. So
+
+238
+00:16:07,690 --> 00:16:12,970
+let's go through Milton's Paradise Lost again,
+
+239
+00:16:13,390 --> 00:16:17,150
+step by step. Unless someone has a question to
+
+240
+00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:21,090
+ask. Please. What is the difference between
+
+241
+00:16:21,090 --> 00:16:25,130
+allegory and symbolism? Generally, an allegory is
+
+242
+00:16:25,130 --> 00:16:27,770
+a longer story, a bigger story. Like the whole
+
+243
+00:16:27,770 --> 00:16:30,510
+story could be an allegory. But symbolism could be
+
+244
+00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:33,450
+part of a story. So this is the basic thing you
+
+245
+00:16:33,450 --> 00:16:39,670
+need to know. So if you're writing a story, and in
+
+246
+00:16:39,670 --> 00:16:43,910
+your story there is a dove. The dove symbolizes
+
+247
+00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:47,810
+peace, love, purity, right? Snow. Snow symbolizes
+
+248
+00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:51,330
+purity, whiteness, et cetera. But the whole story
+
+249
+00:16:51,330 --> 00:16:54,770
+could be an allegory. But also, you can describe
+
+250
+00:16:54,770 --> 00:16:57,730
+it as symbolic, like where, for example, you have
+
+251
+00:16:57,730 --> 00:17:01,030
+animal characters. But they don't have to be
+
+252
+00:17:01,030 --> 00:17:03,650
+animal characters. You have characters who refer
+
+253
+00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:06,430
+to something else. So this could be an allegory,
+
+254
+00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:10,550
+because everything here could mean something else,
+
+255
+00:17:10,590 --> 00:17:15,280
+like the Commonwealth and the Restoration. But in
+
+256
+00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,900
+the story, the apple, the apple or the tree, the
+
+257
+00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:22,480
+apple here is a symbol of what? Of the forbidden,
+
+258
+00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:30,100
+of sin maybe, because the moment Eve eats, bites
+
+259
+00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,460
+the apple, everything turns upside, upside down.
+
+260
+00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,140
+This is Milton again. In many ways, he links the
+
+261
+00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:43,340
+Renaissance, the age of Shakespeare, later on with
+
+262
+00:17:43,340 --> 00:17:46,500
+the Commonwealth and the Restoration. He lived in
+
+263
+00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,700
+all these turbulent times. He was very ambitious.
+
+264
+00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:55,400
+Why? Because he wanted to be one of the greatest
+
+265
+00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,100
+poets in English literature, mainly like Chaucer,
+
+266
+00:17:59,260 --> 00:18:02,040
+always Chaucer. Someone asked me, why not
+
+267
+00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,940
+Shakespeare? Shakespeare is the greatest literary
+
+268
+00:18:04,940 --> 00:18:09,440
+figure probably ever. But Shakespeare is a
+
+269
+00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,160
+dramatist, and you'll ask, but drama was written
+
+270
+00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,920
+in verse. So it's a little bit different. That's
+
+271
+00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:20,420
+yeah, verse, but still as a drama here, okay?
+
+272
+00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:25,760
+Of course, he was engaged in politics, writing
+
+273
+00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,020
+essays about religion and many other things. He
+
+274
+00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:31,620
+became the Latin secretary to Cromwell. This is
+
+275
+00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:35,740
+how close he was to Cromwell. And it's because of
+
+276
+00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:38,820
+this he later on was arrested.
+
+277
+00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,880
+When he was blind, started to be blind, eventually
+
+278
+00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,420
+he wrote Paradise Lost. I should add the inverted
+
+279
+00:18:47,420 --> 00:18:52,260
+commas. Don't forget this. He wrote Paradise Lost.
+
+280
+00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:57,370
+Yeah, I think it took him some time, but
+
+281
+00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:01,430
+eventually he went blind. And I know many people
+
+282
+00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:05,090
+who study, you know, in Arabic literature, we have
+
+283
+00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:06,490
+blind poets also.
+
+284
+00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:12,690
+Tahseen wasn't a poet. He was a northerner. Bashar
+
+285
+00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:16,050
+bin Bord, you know? I think. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma
+
+286
+00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,730
+'ari, was he blind? No. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma'ari? Are
+
+287
+00:19:18,730 --> 00:19:22,740
+you sure? Anyway, so some, maybe you study
+
+288
+00:19:22,740 --> 00:19:25,220
+comparative literature in the future, you compare
+
+289
+00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:27,860
+how blindness does something to literature and
+
+290
+00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:30,440
+how, because there are so many references to the
+
+291
+00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,360
+fact that he's blind. There is, I think, a poem he
+
+292
+00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:38,000
+wrote on his blindness. Okay, so Paradise Lost is
+
+293
+00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,810
+a major epic poem in English. by John Milton about
+
+294
+00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:48,210
+God, Adam, Eve, Satan, and the fall of mankind.
+
+295
+00:19:50,510 --> 00:19:57,270
+Now, the question is, why did Milton write this?
+
+296
+00:19:57,430 --> 00:20:03,560
+This is actually poetry from Paradise Lost. At the
+
+297
+00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,000
+beginning, in the opening, he addresses the
+
+298
+00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,960
+audience. He tells them why he is engaging in
+
+299
+00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,290
+writing a 10,000-line poem. What do you think?
+
+300
+00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,910
+He's saying to assert eternal providence.
+
+301
+00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,790
+Providence means, do you know what providence is?
+
+302
+00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:22,570
+Providence means basically that there is a God,
+
+303
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,710
+and that God is taking care of us all, and
+
+304
+00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:27,950
+eventually everything is going to be fine because
+
+305
+00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,870
+there is a merciful just God. So to assert, to
+
+306
+00:20:31,870 --> 00:20:35,270
+make sure, to convince people that, to assert
+
+307
+00:20:35,270 --> 00:20:39,650
+eternal providence and to justify the ways of God
+
+308
+00:20:39,650 --> 00:20:43,190
+to men. Whose job is it to do this generally in
+
+309
+00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:46,910
+life? Whose job is it to assert eternal providence
+
+310
+00:20:46,910 --> 00:20:49,930
+and to justify the ways, the means of God to men?
+
+311
+00:20:52,770 --> 00:20:57,140
+Prophets, yeah. It's usually a prophet. who does
+
+312
+00:20:57,140 --> 00:20:59,220
+this to assert eternal prophethood, to tell people
+
+313
+00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:02,320
+there is a God and God is merciful. Yes, God
+
+314
+00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:06,940
+sometimes tries us. In a way, we're punished
+
+315
+00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:09,140
+sometimes. We suffer sometimes. But this is for
+
+316
+00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:15,560
+our own good, to justify the ways of God to men.
+
+317
+00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,620
+And this is how ambitious he is. So in a way, he's
+
+318
+00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,980
+claiming, assuming the role of the prophet.
+
+319
+00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:26,310
+Prophet. You know what a prophet is? Yes. Like a
+
+320
+00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:30,430
+messenger. So he knew he's doing something great.
+
+321
+00:21:30,610 --> 00:21:32,950
+He knew that. And indeed, he's one of the greatest
+
+322
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:37,990
+English poets ever. Okay? Why did... Can you
+
+323
+00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:39,890
+answer this question? Don't look here. Why did the
+
+324
+00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,410
+text... I could ask you this in the exam. Why did
+
+325
+00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:45,510
+Paradise Lost cause controversy?
+
+326
+00:21:50,350 --> 00:21:55,370
+Please. Very good. He contradicts the Christian
+
+327
+00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:58,390
+beliefs. How? Can you give examples? Yes?
+
+328
+00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:05,670
+Sometimes as the hero. How? Because he challenges
+
+329
+00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:08,970
+God. God tells Satan, kneel. And he says, I don't
+
+330
+00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,910
+want to kneel. Leave Adam and Eve alone. I don't
+
+331
+00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:15,910
+want to leave them alone. And he tempts Eve to eat
+
+332
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:19,090
+from the tree of knowledge. What else? There is
+
+333
+00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:20,550
+another reason here.
+
+334
+00:22:24,810 --> 00:22:29,430
+Some level of blame. They're all equally to blame,
+
+335
+00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:36,120
+equally responsible for this. Okay? But there is a
+
+336
+00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:38,920
+discussion here about freedom of choice and good
+
+337
+00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,680
+free will, free will and freedom of choice. Are we
+
+338
+00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,040
+destined to do something or can we choose our own
+
+339
+00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,920
+destiny? Here, yes, we can choose our own destiny.
+
+340
+00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:50,500
+At the end of the text, this happens. Someone
+
+341
+00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,380
+read, please. Yeah, please.
+
+342
+00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:06,930
+They hand in hand with wandering steps and walk
+
+343
+00:23:06,930 --> 00:23:13,830
+through Eden took their solitary way. Who's they
+
+344
+00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:17,970
+here and them? Who are they? Adam and Eve. This is
+
+345
+00:23:17,970 --> 00:23:21,610
+at the end, eventually, when everything goes as it
+
+346
+00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:26,570
+goes here in the poem. Adam and Eve walk hand in
+
+347
+00:23:26,570 --> 00:23:30,330
+hand, not to God's mercy, not back to heaven, to
+
+348
+00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:35,030
+providence. They go back to human knowledge, to
+
+349
+00:23:35,030 --> 00:23:39,130
+the unknown. In many ways, this symbolizes the
+
+350
+00:23:39,130 --> 00:23:41,170
+Renaissance, how the Renaissance was trying to
+
+351
+00:23:41,170 --> 00:23:43,150
+break the barriers, to break the rules, to push
+
+352
+00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:46,470
+the barriers, to go perfection, to seek
+
+353
+00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:48,950
+perfection. We've seen this in Dr. Faustus. He
+
+354
+00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:53,110
+wanted unlimited access to knowledge. But how did
+
+355
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:55,370
+the whole Renaissance end? It ended in
+
+356
+00:23:55,370 --> 00:23:59,290
+disillusionment. It ended in decline. It ended in
+
+357
+00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,430
+criticism. It ended in censorship. It ended with
+
+358
+00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:05,690
+the execution of the king and the closure of the
+
+359
+00:24:05,690 --> 00:24:09,750
+theater. Remember by the Puritans? So in a way,
+
+360
+00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:14,890
+they're going to the unknown. Disobeying God takes
+
+361
+00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:18,650
+you to the unknown. But in literature, this is
+
+362
+00:24:18,650 --> 00:24:21,550
+sometimes a good theme because you choose your own
+
+363
+00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:27,310
+future. So the world was all before them were to
+
+364
+00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:29,530
+choose. They could have, you know, chosen
+
+365
+00:24:29,530 --> 00:24:32,950
+differently. Their place of rest, you know, rest,
+
+366
+00:24:33,090 --> 00:24:37,810
+peace, heaven, and Providence, their guide, they,
+
+367
+00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:44,410
+however, they hand in hand still stick together
+
+368
+00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:51,930
+with wandering steps, slow wandering, slow steps,
+
+369
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,900
+through Eden. And this is really heartbreaking. So
+
+370
+00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,240
+this is like I imagine this way this is like if
+
+371
+00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:07,020
+this is heaven how they go back down to earth so
+
+372
+00:25:07,020 --> 00:25:08,960
+they have to cross all the way through heaven
+
+373
+00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,100
+where they see all beauty and the rest and the
+
+374
+00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:15,670
+providence and they still They determine, and they
+
+375
+00:25:15,670 --> 00:25:19,130
+go. That was because of the original scene we saw.
+
+376
+00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:23,510
+Through Eden, took their solitary way, the
+
+377
+00:25:23,510 --> 00:25:26,350
+unknown. And this is a theme here, of the theme of
+
+378
+00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:29,950
+the unknown. Where is humanity going? Where are we
+
+379
+00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:33,950
+going? We're going to the unknown. This is very
+
+380
+00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:37,250
+ambitious. And at the same time, very sad, very
+
+381
+00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,150
+heartbreaking, very risky.
+
+382
+00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:47,740
+I can't tell whether Milton is promoting this or
+
+383
+00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,120
+condemning this. What do you think from this? Do
+
+384
+00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,420
+you think Milton wants us to be this adventurous
+
+385
+00:25:56,420 --> 00:26:00,000
+and this risky? Or is he telling us, see, if you
+
+386
+00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,400
+disobey God, if you don't follow the rules, you're
+
+387
+00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,360
+going to end up with the unknown? Yeah, so?
+
+388
+00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,430
+He's blaming God, and I think he's saying that you
+
+389
+00:26:14,430 --> 00:26:20,470
+have to, I don't know. What do you think? You
+
+390
+00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:22,830
+don't have to know. What do you think, generally?
+
+391
+00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:27,250
+I think he's, the first place, he blamed God, but
+
+392
+00:26:27,250 --> 00:26:34,610
+I don't think that he wants us to obey God. He put
+
+393
+00:26:34,610 --> 00:26:37,430
+God as the antagonist. Okay, but not necessarily,
+
+394
+00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:39,370
+it doesn't mean, listen, in literature generally,
+
+395
+00:26:39,530 --> 00:26:43,980
+I said this before, Literature usually, or
+
+396
+00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:46,860
+sometimes, doesn't seek to give us answers, but to
+
+397
+00:26:46,860 --> 00:26:49,880
+raise questions. That's one. In literature, we
+
+398
+00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,280
+don't usually have pure evil or pure good
+
+399
+00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,080
+characters, because literature is usually focused
+
+400
+00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,180
+on the gray area. If the text, if the movie is
+
+401
+00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:03,020
+about a family that is too good, it's boring. Or
+
+402
+00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380
+too evil, sometimes it's frightening. There's too
+
+403
+00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:09,100
+much evil there. It's about good people who do bad
+
+404
+00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:13,470
+things. No? Bad people who do good things. Oh,
+
+405
+00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:17,050
+interesting. You ask a question, would I do the
+
+406
+00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:20,170
+same if I were in their position? Would I do the
+
+407
+00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:24,510
+same? And it's interesting because we see how
+
+408
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:27,310
+people react, how good people sometimes react when
+
+409
+00:27:27,310 --> 00:27:28,850
+they want to do evil. It's very interesting.
+
+410
+00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:31,010
+There's a movie I watched. It's called Death
+
+411
+00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:33,050
+Sentence. You know what it means, death sentence?
+
+412
+00:27:34,150 --> 00:27:36,510
+sentence in this context what does sentence mean
+
+413
+00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:40,170
+when you say somebody was sentenced to 10 years in
+
+414
+00:27:40,170 --> 00:27:44,790
+prison sentence it's a time someone a criminal
+
+415
+00:27:44,790 --> 00:27:50,330
+spends in prison for life sentence death sentence
+
+416
+00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,910
+A movie called Death Sentence, really beautiful
+
+417
+00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190
+movie. It starts with, again, a beautiful family,
+
+418
+00:27:57,390 --> 00:27:59,650
+the perfect family, the husband, the wife, and the
+
+419
+00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,430
+two kids. One of them is very promising, very
+
+420
+00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:06,130
+ambitious. He has a very good job. They're rich.
+
+421
+00:28:06,210 --> 00:28:10,470
+They're comfortable. And after like 10 or 15
+
+422
+00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:14,070
+minutes, the son they loved the most was killed by
+
+423
+00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:19,270
+a gang member. How would a loving father, a
+
+424
+00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:21,590
+peaceful father, a father who has never touched a
+
+425
+00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:26,990
+gun would react in this? I'm not going to spoil
+
+426
+00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:31,610
+it. It's one of my top movies actually. Try to
+
+427
+00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:34,320
+watch it. Really interesting stuff. But again,
+
+428
+00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:38,780
+until this moment, I asked myself, God forbid, how
+
+429
+00:28:38,780 --> 00:28:41,780
+would a person who's not into revenge and fighting
+
+430
+00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:45,220
+and everything, movies and literature, give us
+
+431
+00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:48,680
+these scenarios? And that's why when you see the
+
+432
+00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,280
+conclusion, the ending, and how it ends, probably
+
+433
+00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160
+you say, OK, I'll do the same. But it gives you a
+
+434
+00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,700
+whole story, a whole world in front of you, where
+
+435
+00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,600
+to choose. What should I do? Should I leave the
+
+436
+00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,650
+law to take its course? When you lose someone you
+
+437
+00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:08,190
+love the most, you wouldn't wait for Allah to take
+
+438
+00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,250
+your revenge. But is that good? If we do this, the
+
+439
+00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,670
+whole world is going to turn into a jungle. But
+
+440
+00:29:13,670 --> 00:29:16,650
+you wouldn't be OK if you didn't do this. We
+
+441
+00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,470
+should. Because yeah, there is this thing in our
+
+442
+00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:22,490
+hearts about revenge. But literature teaches us to
+
+443
+00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:26,770
+forgive. You might be the best person on Earth.
+
+444
+00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:31,750
+But still, it's your right to feel angry and to
+
+445
+00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:34,940
+want to take revenge. But if you want to kill
+
+446
+00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:38,280
+somebody because Toronto, like Shylock, if you
+
+447
+00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,460
+want to do, you know, we discussed this in another
+
+448
+00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,580
+class, I think. Would you do like Shylock? Would
+
+449
+00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:45,420
+you insist on taking a pound of flesh to take
+
+450
+00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,680
+revenge? It's his right, because he was attacked.
+
+451
+00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:53,260
+He was, you know, many times. But in this case,
+
+452
+00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,640
+the revenge wouldn't be killing. He might take
+
+453
+00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,310
+revenge by something else. By slapping him? No,
+
+454
+00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:04,530
+maybe by doing the same to him. Like what? He
+
+455
+00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,610
+killed someone, you killed someone? No, I don't
+
+456
+00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:11,270
+know. Nothing like that. At least like, but that's
+
+457
+00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,870
+where when we have like, if we have a good legal
+
+458
+00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,190
+system where criminals can be punished as they
+
+459
+00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,610
+should be, at least you don't have to go there.
+
+460
+00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:25,590
+Anyway, think of this, please. I think he's
+
+461
+00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:30,360
+promoting hearing to unknown. Because he said hand
+
+462
+00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,940
+in hand with wandering steps. He didn't mention
+
+463
+00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,640
+that there was any disagreement. And that's the
+
+464
+00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,240
+best thing about Adam and Eve, by the way. In
+
+465
+00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,720
+Islam and Christianity, I'm not sure we have this
+
+466
+00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,280
+in the text. I'll have to go back to it. Adam and
+
+467
+00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,620
+Eve were the perfect couple, in a way. They're not
+
+468
+00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,460
+the odd couples that are always fighting, like our
+
+469
+00:30:51,460 --> 00:30:54,160
+parents sometimes. They're always fighting over
+
+470
+00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,800
+trivial things. You don't see this, although this
+
+471
+00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,060
+is the most serious thing. Sometimes you do
+
+472
+00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,200
+something, and then the wife gets at you. The wife
+
+473
+00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,260
+does something, and the husband is angry and
+
+474
+00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:09,590
+everything. What a perfect couple they are. Hand
+
+475
+00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:13,810
+in hand, slowly wandering, despite the fact that
+
+476
+00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:17,410
+they lost the most important thing a human person,
+
+477
+00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:22,130
+humanity has ever lost. Paradise. Providence.
+
+478
+00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:26,500
+Being close to God. What a perfect, what a good
+
+479
+00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:28,860
+couple. But they were the only ones on the earth,
+
+480
+00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,040
+maybe because of that they wouldn't leave each
+
+481
+00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,080
+other for no reason. Yeah, so if I leave, but
+
+482
+00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,900
+still you fight a little bit because fighting
+
+483
+00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:38,860
+doesn't mean end in a war. Maybe they fought.
+
+484
+00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,760
+Maybe they did, but it's not in the Quran or the
+
+485
+00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,310
+Bible or in the text. And this is how literature
+
+486
+00:31:45,310 --> 00:31:47,770
+literature doesn't give us everything. It leaves
+
+487
+00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:50,430
+gaps for us to think. But yeah, interesting how
+
+488
+00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:53,150
+you think that at least when they take the
+
+489
+00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,190
+decision, they take it together, hand in hand.
+
+490
+00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:59,210
+Adam is not leading him, and she's not pushing
+
+491
+00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:03,070
+him. They're hand in hand. They are equal to the
+
+492
+00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:09,290
+other. OK. Now in Paradise Lost, we have a lot of
+
+493
+00:32:09,290 --> 00:32:14,980
+very memorable lines. So neither Adam nor Eve is
+
+494
+00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:21,260
+to blame because they are all equally to blame.
+
+495
+00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,540
+There are several memorable lines and
+
+496
+00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:31,160
+descriptions, descriptive passages, descriptive
+
+497
+00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,820
+stanzas and poetry in Paradise Lost. One of them
+
+498
+00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:37,700
+is a description of hell, hellfire. You know
+
+499
+00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,380
+dungeon? A dungeon is a dark place like a prison.
+
+500
+00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,620
+It's where sometimes you describe the prison as a
+
+501
+00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,620
+dungeon or a particular room. I don't like to sit
+
+502
+00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,080
+in this room. It's like a dungeon. Dungeon is a
+
+503
+00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,140
+dark place where you sit in. Could describe a
+
+504
+00:32:55,140 --> 00:32:57,860
+prison, but here it is used to describe hell
+
+505
+00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:01,160
+itself. And notice how horrible, how spooky this
+
+506
+00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,420
+is. This is very close to the Bible and the
+
+507
+00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,740
+description of the religious text here. So hell
+
+508
+00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:14,600
+is? Horrible on all sides around as one great
+
+509
+00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:19,440
+furnace. Do you know furnace? We took it before,
+
+510
+00:33:19,540 --> 00:33:24,420
+furnace. What is oven? What's an oven? You don't
+
+511
+00:33:24,420 --> 00:33:29,180
+know an oven? But furnace, where did we come
+
+512
+00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,920
+across furnace before? All the world's stage.
+
+513
+00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:36,460
+There was the furnace, the lever, the fighter, ah,
+
+514
+00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,320
+it's like a furnace. So you know what a furnace
+
+515
+00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,480
+is. There's fire all over the place. Flame, yit.
+
+516
+00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,080
+And again, see this paradox. There's a paradox
+
+517
+00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:51,900
+here. If there is fire, yes, there is heat. It's
+
+518
+00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,720
+negative in this sense. But fire means warmth. And
+
+519
+00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:58,660
+sometimes it means what do we have from fire other
+
+520
+00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:01,600
+than warmth? Light. Thank you very much. But this
+
+521
+00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:06,210
+is not an ordinary fire. This is hell fire. Yet
+
+522
+00:34:06,210 --> 00:34:11,750
+from these flames, from the fire, no light, but
+
+523
+00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,550
+rather darkness visible. It's funny that you say
+
+524
+00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:19,010
+darkness visible because darkness is darkness.
+
+525
+00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:25,290
+This is fire that gives darkness not light.
+
+526
+00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:32,130
+Isn't that the most horrifying thing ever? So when
+
+527
+00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:34,870
+someone tells you it's dark, OK, I can light some
+
+528
+00:34:34,870 --> 00:34:37,830
+fire. But fire there doesn't give light. It gives
+
+529
+00:34:37,830 --> 00:34:44,870
+more darkness. We have this. Usually religious
+
+530
+00:34:44,870 --> 00:34:53,290
+texts do this all the time. We all
+
+531
+00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:59,150
+hear about this, the food of the sinners, the
+
+532
+00:34:59,150 --> 00:35:03,810
+people in hell. In the Quran, there is a simile.
+
+533
+00:35:04,330 --> 00:35:06,730
+And usually, a simile, a metaphor, brings things
+
+534
+00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:09,790
+closer to our imagination. So someone tells you,
+
+535
+00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:13,690
+have you ever tasted or tried cheesecake? Yes. No.
+
+536
+00:35:14,570 --> 00:35:17,130
+What does it taste like? It's like ice cream, but
+
+537
+00:35:17,130 --> 00:35:19,410
+it's far, far, far bitter than ice cream.
+
+538
+00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,350
+Interesting. Delicious. So the tree of Zaqqum was
+
+539
+00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:28,030
+brought out as if it were a simile. We want to
+
+540
+00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:36,790
+know. So this A fruit in hell. The fruits there on
+
+541
+00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:41,290
+the trees look like the heads of devils. We don't
+
+542
+00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:44,270
+know what they look like originally, right? So
+
+543
+00:35:44,270 --> 00:35:47,030
+something spooky with something even more
+
+544
+00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:49,550
+terrifying. And this is religious text. And he's
+
+545
+00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:54,870
+doing this. So this hellfire is all darkness. It's
+
+546
+00:35:54,870 --> 00:36:00,300
+a furnace, flame. But do we have light? No.
+
+547
+00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,240
+There's no light here. Please. I think this stanza
+
+548
+00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:07,840
+supports the idea that the stanza before this one,
+
+549
+00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,200
+it supports the idea that he's advising us to obey
+
+550
+00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,300
+God and listen to him to make you follow his plan.
+
+551
+00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,500
+Because eventually, if you don't, you're going to
+
+552
+00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,960
+be there. So he's terrifying us in a way. You have
+
+553
+00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,640
+to obey God. Another extract I liked is when he
+
+554
+00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:27,500
+describes
+
+555
+00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:32,820
+Eve. Maybe someone wants to do a presentation on
+
+556
+00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,520
+this, how he describes Eve and how he describes
+
+557
+00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,680
+Adam. You know, you have to do a presentation for
+
+558
+00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,920
+the course assessment. This is Milton talking
+
+559
+00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,580
+about Eve. In a way, he's saying Eve is the most
+
+560
+00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,260
+beautiful woman. At that time, you said this,
+
+561
+00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:54,440
+there were no women, no men. So of course, she is
+
+562
+00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,490
+the most beautiful woman on earth. But he compares
+
+563
+00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,510
+her to even more beautiful creatures.
+
+564
+00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:09,510
+Soft, she withdrew. Unlike a wood nymph, light.
+
+565
+00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:11,990
+You know a wood nymph? What's a nymph? A wood?
+
+566
+00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:16,210
+Nymph? It's like a goddess. Goddesses. Yeah, like
+
+567
+00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:20,950
+goddesses. Like purely beautiful creatures living
+
+568
+00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:24,210
+in heaven. Those imaginary creatures, the
+
+569
+00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:26,790
+creatures we imagine all the time. Perfect
+
+570
+00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:31,430
+creatures. So she withdrew, she moves, she
+
+571
+00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:37,610
+behaves, she acts like a nymph. Light. We took her
+
+572
+00:37:37,610 --> 00:37:41,590
+to the groves, but Delia's self-engaged surpassed
+
+573
+00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:45,550
+and goddess-like deposed. She looks like? Goddess.
+
+574
+00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:50,650
+Goddess. She's a goddess. She's a nymph, she's
+
+575
+00:37:50,650 --> 00:37:56,240
+beautiful, she's perfect. So maybe you want to see
+
+576
+00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:00,420
+how the text talks about. But here, notice the
+
+577
+00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:03,360
+description is mainly physical description. Are
+
+578
+00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,500
+there any references to her mind? Or is this the
+
+579
+00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,280
+case? A woman has to be beautiful, and that's it.
+
+580
+00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,660
+More important than her mind and her intellect.
+
+581
+00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,120
+Look into the text. If someone is interested in
+
+582
+00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,920
+this, to do a presentation, you can look into
+
+583
+00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,130
+this. And maybe you can see how Adam is. So maybe
+
+584
+00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:28,570
+Adam is not described physically. Maybe he's more
+
+585
+00:38:28,570 --> 00:38:29,350
+into the mind.
+
+586
+00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:36,850
+The apple, we'll see, yeah. We'll have to go back
+
+587
+00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:40,810
+to this and see what exactly he said about her,
+
+588
+00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:46,570
+how she behaved, what she exactly thought. I'll
+
+589
+00:38:46,570 --> 00:38:51,270
+conclude this with more memorable lines. We have
+
+590
+00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:56,780
+one. Two and three. Three, again, beautiful, very
+
+591
+00:38:56,780 --> 00:38:58,520
+memorable. Some of these, by the way, have become
+
+592
+00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,980
+English proverbs. We use them all the time, and
+
+593
+00:39:01,980 --> 00:39:04,460
+sometimes we don't know that they are from Milton.
+
+594
+00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,940
+Sometimes we use so many things from Shakespeare
+
+595
+00:39:06,940 --> 00:39:08,300
+and Milton and John Donne and everything.
+
+596
+00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:11,320
+Especially this one. I like using this all the
+
+597
+00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:16,120
+time. So farewell hope and with hope farewell
+
+598
+00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:21,140
+fear. So, farewell. You know farewell? Goodbye.
+
+599
+00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:27,380
+Goodbye to hope. But if somebody loses hope, you
+
+600
+00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:31,640
+have nothing else to lose. So, you don't fear
+
+601
+00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:37,280
+anything. And usually they say, you need to fear
+
+602
+00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,760
+someone who has nothing to fear. Beware of a
+
+603
+00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:42,640
+person who has nothing to fear. Because if you
+
+604
+00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,200
+have no family, nobody to love, no home to live,
+
+605
+00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:48,940
+no country, nothing, everything is threatened,
+
+606
+00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,320
+everything is taken away by occupations or by
+
+607
+00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:56,960
+something, this person is very dangerous. Why?
+
+608
+00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,160
+Because sometimes we want to do stuff, but we are
+
+609
+00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,520
+afraid maybe we're going to go, we would go to
+
+610
+00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:05,600
+prison, we'd be arrested because, and then my wife
+
+611
+00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,860
+and my kids and my family and my job and my
+
+612
+00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:12,580
+students. But if you have nothing to lose, no one
+
+613
+00:40:12,580 --> 00:40:16,940
+to love, no family, no job, you would be fearless.
+
+614
+00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,860
+And it's good in a way and it's also bad in
+
+615
+00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:25,230
+another way. Number one, Long is the way. Notice
+
+616
+00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:28,910
+the word order here. The way is long, but that's
+
+617
+00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:36,430
+poetic. Long is the way. And hard. Some only long,
+
+618
+00:40:37,250 --> 00:40:41,430
+but also hard. That's life. Life is hard. Life is
+
+619
+00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:42,710
+so long.
+
+620
+00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:50,220
+that out of hell leads up to life. It's like the
+
+621
+00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:54,040
+way to heaven is not an easy way. It's long, it's
+
+622
+00:40:54,040 --> 00:41:01,000
+hard. It's very difficult. In a way, when you read
+
+623
+00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,740
+this, you think it's from the Bible, by the way,
+
+624
+00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,000
+because of the religious nature of the text,
+
+625
+00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:10,380
+because he assumes this role. Finally, someone
+
+626
+00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:15,000
+read the last quote, please. Just are the ways of
+
+627
+00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,780
+God unjustifiable to men unless they're beings who
+
+628
+00:41:19,780 --> 00:41:23,060
+think not God at all. Okay, someone else, please.
+
+629
+00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:31,620
+Just are the ways of God unjustifiable to men
+
+630
+00:41:31,620 --> 00:41:35,640
+unless they're beings who think not God at all.
+
+631
+00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:58,990
+I think he's talking about prophets, how they give
+
+632
+00:41:58,990 --> 00:42:03,750
+us the message of God. The ways of God.
+
+633
+00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,550
+You suffer, but this suffering is good for you,
+
+634
+00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:20,030
+because eventually God is going to reward you for
+
+635
+00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:24,730
+this. So generally, remember to assert eternal
+
+636
+00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,490
+providence and justify the means or the ways of
+
+637
+00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,630
+God to men. It's too difficult. And again, notice
+
+638
+00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:34,050
+the word order here. There's emphasis on
+
+639
+00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,080
+But it's interesting also because if you follow
+
+640
+00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:45,380
+the path, you will finally go to God. It's the end
+
+641
+00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:49,300
+of the sentence. If you follow the long and hard
+
+642
+00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:54,840
+way to heaven, and you know it is just, you trust
+
+643
+00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,100
+God, you beg God, eventually you will love Him.
+
+644
+00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,160
+Just are the ways of God. Unjustifiable to men.
+
+645
+00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:05,840
+It's easy to see that God loves us, even if we
+
+646
+00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,280
+suffer. However,
+
+647
+00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:16,390
+People who originally don't believe in God. So if
+
+648
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,350
+you don't believe in God, you will not see
+
+649
+00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:23,030
+justice. You will not see that even if you suffer
+
+650
+00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:26,130
+eventually you will be rewarded, whether here or
+
+651
+00:43:26,130 --> 00:43:33,040
+there, hereafter. OK? So this is, in a way,
+
+652
+00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,920
+basically in brief. I know because this is an
+
+653
+00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,500
+introduction to English literature. We take like
+
+654
+00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,840
+little things about it. But I hope my lectures or
+
+655
+00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,680
+the lectures or the stuff in the book also helps
+
+656
+00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,600
+you to see something in literature, to love to do
+
+657
+00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,740
+something more on literature.
+
+658
+00:43:56,850 --> 00:43:59,030
+time especially these days with the exams coming
+
+659
+00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:01,970
+up please contribute you to watch some videos
+
+660
+00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:06,870
+about these or go google famous quotes from
+
+661
+00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,950
+paradises you will love what you see you can do
+
+662
+00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:15,830
+this for your extra portfolio so after this we
+
+663
+00:44:15,830 --> 00:44:16,990
+have paradise
+
+664
+00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:22,210
+I have probably two or three minutes to speak
+
+665
+00:44:22,210 --> 00:44:25,630
+about Samson Agnes. I'll be very brief. Maybe we
+
+666
+00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:29,110
+can continue this after the class. Samson Agnes
+
+667
+00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:33,450
+tells the story of an Israelite, Jewish person.
+
+668
+00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:38,450
+Israelite, not Israeli. Israelite. God sent him to
+
+669
+00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:40,710
+help the Israelites, because they were sinners, to
+
+670
+00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:43,790
+protect them against the Philistines. You know
+
+671
+00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:46,990
+Philistines? It's people who were living in
+
+672
+00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:50,710
+Palestine at that time. Palestine, the dictionary
+
+673
+00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:53,290
+is a negative word. It means a certain person who
+
+674
+00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,430
+doesn't appreciate the heart. And we can hopefully
+
+675
+00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,210
+talk about this later on. The Philistines were the
+
+676
+00:45:00,210 --> 00:45:06,250
+enemies of the Jews, the Jewish people. So Samson
+
+677
+00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:12,610
+was a fearless, powerful person, so strong that he
+
+678
+00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:18,410
+could sometimes kill 1,000 Philistines with only
+
+679
+00:45:18,410 --> 00:45:24,010
+something like, I don't know, a rubber. In one
+
+680
+00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:27,050
+story, he kills all about, I'm not sure how many,
+
+681
+00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:31,530
+but hundreds of Philistines only with a donkey's
+
+682
+00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:34,520
+jaw. You know what a jaw is? Jaw. This area is
+
+683
+00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,700
+called the Jaw. So a dead donkey's jaw, he killed
+
+684
+00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:43,260
+hundreds of people, armored with swords and with
+
+685
+00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:47,020
+arrows and everything. One time, he was attacked
+
+686
+00:45:47,020 --> 00:45:53,640
+by a lion, and with his bare hands, he rips the
+
+687
+00:45:53,640 --> 00:46:01,300
+lion into pieces. So powerful. And now, one
+
+688
+00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:16,100
+Palestinian woman from Gaza named Delilah. I know
+
+689
+00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:17,420
+people all over
+
+690
+00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,320
+There is a book, someone named, called in the book
+
+691
+00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:47,280
+Iris in Gaza, taken from this reference and it's
+
+692
+00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,040
+from the Bible in a way or another. So Delilah, he
+
+693
+00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:54,320
+shouldn't fall in love with any Palestinian woman,
+
+694
+00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:57,840
+he shouldn't deal with them. What he does, this is
+
+695
+00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,540
+a sin in a way. And she was like, Samson,
+
+696
+00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:06,640
+Samson, she keeps nagging and nagging and nagging
+
+697
+00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,460
+and nagging and nagging. He doesn't want to tell
+
+698
+00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:12,000
+anyone, but eventually he does. He tells her it's
+
+699
+00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,640
+because of my hair. This is Samson and he has this
+
+700
+00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:19,540
+long curly hair.
+
+701
+00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:27,680
+He cut him. The Philistines caught him. He was
+
+702
+00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,080
+asleep, and they cut his hair. He's now hairless.
+
+703
+00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,440
+They chain him. He tries to break the chains, but
+
+704
+00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:37,540
+he's powerless now. He loses his power. They
+
+705
+00:47:37,540 --> 00:47:40,560
+arrest him. They put him in a temple, and they
+
+706
+00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,560
+gold his eyes. He's now blind. Interesting. A
+
+707
+00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:47,580
+blind Samson, blind Meltem also. But because the
+
+708
+00:47:47,580 --> 00:47:49,680
+Philistines are backward and stupid, presented
+
+709
+00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:53,380
+this way, they forget about him, and his hair
+
+710
+00:47:53,380 --> 00:47:54,640
+grows white out.
+
+711
+00:48:06,220 --> 00:48:10,280
+and killing all the Palestinians. And that's the
+
+712
+00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520
+story of Samson Adams. It's in the Bible, it's
+
+713
+00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,140
+typical, but it's part myth, part fiction in a
+
+714
+00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:17,460
+way. Unless you believe that there are people, we
+
+715
+00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:19,920
+see sometimes people with supernatural powers,
+
+716
+00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,120
+they can drag, you know, lorries and trucks with
+
+717
+00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,800
+their teeth. Yes, with their ears. They're
+
+718
+00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,640
+trained, they were not born. Okay, so this is the
+
+719
+00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:30,820
+story of Samson Adams. If you are interested in
+
+720
+00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,160
+doing a presentation about this, maybe you can
+
+721
+00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:37,660
+think of how the line that's Or how the
+
+722
+00:48:37,660 --> 00:48:40,660
+Philistines as the others, as the enemies were
+
+723
+00:48:40,660 --> 00:48:44,560
+represented. Because in a way, they were the
+
+724
+00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440
+natives here in Gaza, like us here in Gaza. Maybe
+
+725
+00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,860
+someone wants to do more history research and find
+
+726
+00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:55,600
+out where this took place in Gaza. I was kidding
+
+727
+00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,620
+with the other class. I thought that Samson was
+
+728
+00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,840
+from Syria. Some people say, no, maybe he's from
+
+729
+00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,660
+there and back or somewhere. So look into this.
+
+730
+00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,530
+Thank you very much. Good luck.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2920 @@
+1
+00:00:21,330 --> 00:00:25,690
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we
+
+2
+00:00:25,690 --> 00:00:29,650
+continue speaking about the commonwealth and the
+
+3
+00:00:29,650 --> 00:00:36,010
+restoration. In terms of politics, this is an age,
+
+4
+00:00:36,650 --> 00:00:43,020
+an era that is so restless. that is so messed up
+
+5
+00:00:43,020 --> 00:00:46,480
+in so many ways, because for the first time in the
+
+6
+00:00:46,480 --> 00:00:50,020
+history of modern England, we see the king
+
+7
+00:00:50,020 --> 00:00:57,620
+executed. And for the first time, England is ruled
+
+8
+00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:02,420
+not by a king,
+
+9
+00:01:04,800 --> 00:01:12,780
+but by a ruler who does the job probably maybe he
+
+10
+00:01:12,780 --> 00:01:16,920
+was better than the king in many ways But again,
+
+11
+00:01:17,020 --> 00:01:20,720
+politically speaking, historically speaking, the
+
+12
+00:01:20,720 --> 00:01:23,140
+removal of the king, the execution, he wasn't only
+
+13
+00:01:23,140 --> 00:01:25,360
+removed, he was executed. Remember, we've seen
+
+14
+00:01:25,360 --> 00:01:26,880
+this in literature, we've seen this in
+
+15
+00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,100
+Shakespeare. And this is how interesting how
+
+16
+00:01:30,100 --> 00:01:33,540
+literature prepares people, fiction creates
+
+17
+00:01:33,540 --> 00:01:36,980
+reality in a way or another, prepares. But no
+
+18
+00:01:36,980 --> 00:01:39,300
+matter how many times you see the king dead,
+
+19
+00:01:39,480 --> 00:01:45,020
+killed, On stage, when it happened, people were
+
+20
+00:01:45,020 --> 00:01:47,380
+shocked in so many ways because the idea of the
+
+21
+00:01:47,380 --> 00:01:50,300
+king and the monarchy was deeply rooted in the
+
+22
+00:01:50,300 --> 00:01:52,960
+mentalities, in the mindsets, in the minds of the
+
+23
+00:01:52,960 --> 00:01:57,660
+English people. Cromwell rules for about 10 years.
+
+24
+00:01:58,160 --> 00:02:01,680
+He was successful, powerful. We've seen people
+
+25
+00:02:01,680 --> 00:02:08,070
+praise him. Marvel, and also John Milton, and many
+
+26
+00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,590
+other people wrote good poetry about him, praised
+
+27
+00:02:11,590 --> 00:02:14,830
+him in a way that, again, people praised the kings
+
+28
+00:02:14,830 --> 00:02:17,190
+and the queens before.
+
+29
+00:02:21,110 --> 00:02:26,010
+When he was old, when he passed away, when he
+
+30
+00:02:26,010 --> 00:02:29,170
+died, he was followed, again, ironically, by his
+
+31
+00:02:29,170 --> 00:02:35,000
+own son. That's funny. Remember I said in a way
+
+32
+00:02:35,000 --> 00:02:39,220
+it's ironic because you remove the king because of
+
+33
+00:02:39,220 --> 00:02:42,040
+corruption and sins and vices and deterioration
+
+34
+00:02:42,040 --> 00:02:45,900
+and breakdown of many things. But when a ruler
+
+35
+00:02:45,900 --> 00:02:49,740
+comes, this should help pave the way, prepare the
+
+36
+00:02:49,740 --> 00:02:52,960
+people to a democratic process of choosing their
+
+37
+00:02:52,960 --> 00:02:58,420
+own leaders and their own rulers. However, His son
+
+38
+00:02:58,420 --> 00:03:02,780
+came after him and he was so weak. I think no
+
+39
+00:03:02,780 --> 00:03:05,880
+matter how good he was, he wouldn't be good enough
+
+40
+00:03:05,880 --> 00:03:09,500
+because he can't be compared to his father. And
+
+41
+00:03:09,500 --> 00:03:14,440
+that's called the Commonwealth. Oliver Cromwell
+
+42
+00:03:14,440 --> 00:03:19,160
+and then his son about 11, 12 years. However, he
+
+43
+00:03:19,160 --> 00:03:23,120
+was followed with the death of Cromwell and the
+
+44
+00:03:23,120 --> 00:03:27,760
+rule of his son ended abruptly because the people
+
+45
+00:03:27,760 --> 00:03:33,280
+decided to bring the king back again. So Oliver's
+
+46
+00:03:33,280 --> 00:03:36,620
+son, I don't know his name, excuse me, just go. We
+
+47
+00:03:36,620 --> 00:03:38,860
+want the king. We can't live without the king
+
+48
+00:03:38,860 --> 00:03:42,220
+because the king gives us security and safety,
+
+49
+00:03:42,780 --> 00:03:45,280
+provides us with protection, and because the king
+
+50
+00:03:45,280 --> 00:03:47,600
+is part of our culture and tradition and
+
+51
+00:03:47,600 --> 00:03:50,340
+literature and society and life and mentality and
+
+52
+00:03:50,340 --> 00:03:53,940
+many things. We said in this era, literature has
+
+53
+00:03:53,940 --> 00:03:59,370
+become highly political. Remember there was
+
+54
+00:03:59,370 --> 00:04:01,230
+nationalism, the strong sense of the English
+
+55
+00:04:01,230 --> 00:04:03,310
+identity and nationalism in poetry before where
+
+56
+00:04:03,310 --> 00:04:05,670
+you love England, you love the Thames, you love
+
+57
+00:04:05,670 --> 00:04:07,790
+the Queen, you praise the Queen. We've seen
+
+58
+00:04:07,790 --> 00:04:11,370
+Spencer praising, you know, the fairy queen. But
+
+59
+00:04:11,370 --> 00:04:14,190
+now there's political division. Poetry is
+
+60
+00:04:14,190 --> 00:04:16,250
+political in the sense that there are two
+
+61
+00:04:16,250 --> 00:04:19,270
+political parties and you side with one against
+
+62
+00:04:19,270 --> 00:04:22,710
+the other. Now imagine this. Many people,
+
+63
+00:04:22,870 --> 00:04:25,250
+including poets and intellectuals, sided with the
+
+64
+00:04:25,250 --> 00:04:25,670
+Commonwealth,
+
+65
+00:04:29,030 --> 00:04:33,150
+with Oliver Cromwell. When he died and the king
+
+66
+00:04:33,150 --> 00:04:37,910
+was restored, they were in trouble. They were in
+
+67
+00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:40,010
+real trouble. Some of them were arrested, some of
+
+68
+00:04:40,010 --> 00:04:45,380
+them were punished in one way or another. We spoke
+
+69
+00:04:45,380 --> 00:04:49,520
+about Andrew Marvell before. Andrew Marvell became
+
+70
+00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:51,980
+a politician himself. He started as a poet, but
+
+71
+00:04:51,980 --> 00:04:54,160
+later on he ran for president. He was a member of
+
+72
+00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:57,120
+the parliament. And although he was a member of
+
+73
+00:04:57,120 --> 00:05:00,260
+the parliament, he was almost arrested. John
+
+74
+00:05:00,260 --> 00:05:03,180
+Milton, our friend here today, was arrested
+
+75
+00:05:03,180 --> 00:05:08,980
+because of his support to the Commonwealth. Some
+
+76
+00:05:08,980 --> 00:05:11,220
+say he could have been executed, or he could have
+
+77
+00:05:11,220 --> 00:05:14,780
+spent a lot of time in prison. But it was thanks
+
+78
+00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:18,140
+to his friend, Andrew Marvell, that helped release
+
+79
+00:05:18,140 --> 00:05:22,260
+him. And that's not all bad, because in prison he
+
+80
+00:05:22,260 --> 00:05:25,760
+wrote some really good literature. And Milton, by
+
+81
+00:05:25,760 --> 00:05:28,540
+the way, when he grew up, he started to lose his
+
+82
+00:05:28,540 --> 00:05:33,980
+sight and eventually he went blind. Still, he
+
+83
+00:05:33,980 --> 00:05:37,240
+wrote some of the best English poetry ever. Today,
+
+84
+00:05:37,660 --> 00:05:42,300
+we'll spend some time, a journey with John Milton.
+
+85
+00:05:43,300 --> 00:05:48,300
+A major 17th century poet. A poet who was in many
+
+86
+00:05:48,300 --> 00:05:52,040
+ways trying to have influence on the whole English
+
+87
+00:05:52,040 --> 00:05:55,120
+literature. He wanted to be as famous, as
+
+88
+00:05:55,120 --> 00:05:57,840
+influential as Chaucer himself. And interesting
+
+89
+00:05:57,840 --> 00:06:01,060
+how people always go back to Chaucer just to, if
+
+90
+00:06:01,060 --> 00:06:05,040
+they want to do great things. And he wanted
+
+91
+00:06:05,040 --> 00:06:09,800
+English literature to compete, to be independent
+
+92
+00:06:09,800 --> 00:06:14,700
+of Europe in many ways. So he wrote several texts.
+
+93
+00:06:14,800 --> 00:06:16,940
+We'll mention some of them. We'll study probably
+
+94
+00:06:16,940 --> 00:06:20,180
+in a way, in bits and pieces, two of them. The
+
+95
+00:06:20,180 --> 00:06:27,260
+first one is Paradise Lost. Paradise. You know
+
+96
+00:06:27,260 --> 00:06:32,560
+paradise? Heaven. Heaven, yeah. What does this
+
+97
+00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,900
+translate into Arabic? How does it translate into
+
+98
+00:06:34,900 --> 00:06:37,800
+Arabic? Yeah, Arabic.
+
+99
+00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:44,800
+It has a poetic translation in Arabic.
+
+100
+00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:56,500
+Because you're
+
+101
+00:06:56,500 --> 00:06:59,380
+not studying translation yet. When you do, you
+
+102
+00:06:59,380 --> 00:07:03,580
+will see how sometimes you change a little bit so
+
+103
+00:07:03,580 --> 00:07:06,800
+you give it the poetic sense. And later on, he
+
+104
+00:07:06,800 --> 00:07:09,100
+wrote another text called Paradise.
+
+105
+00:07:11,830 --> 00:07:17,050
+Regained. You know regained? It means restored.
+
+106
+00:07:17,310 --> 00:07:22,450
+The restoration. And then the third text is called
+
+107
+00:07:22,450 --> 00:07:23,890
+Samson Agonist.
+
+108
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:34,290
+Have you ever heard of Samson? Samson. Samson.
+
+109
+00:07:34,410 --> 00:07:37,970
+Samson. Samson. The text takes place in Gaza by
+
+110
+00:07:37,970 --> 00:07:42,620
+the way. So the guy is Gazan like us. Yeah,
+
+111
+00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:47,380
+Samsung. Samsung. Does it ring a bell? Samsung.
+
+112
+00:07:48,480 --> 00:07:51,920
+There's a character in Spongebob. Samsung.
+
+113
+00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:55,960
+Samsung. Simpsons. No, not the Simpsons. Samsung.
+
+114
+00:07:57,400 --> 00:08:01,160
+Shamshoon. Yeah, Shamshoon, that's it. Shamshoon
+
+115
+00:08:01,160 --> 00:08:03,820
+Al Jabbar, we know this. Yeah, yes. But we'll talk
+
+116
+00:08:03,820 --> 00:08:07,200
+about it probably this class, if not the next
+
+117
+00:08:07,200 --> 00:08:11,200
+class. John Milton, again, wanted to do something
+
+118
+00:08:11,200 --> 00:08:14,360
+great, to write an epic poem. Oh, no, epic poem, a
+
+119
+00:08:14,360 --> 00:08:17,000
+very long poem about important issues, important
+
+120
+00:08:17,000 --> 00:08:21,060
+themes, important characters, important myths. At
+
+121
+00:08:21,060 --> 00:08:24,460
+the beginning, he thought of writing something
+
+122
+00:08:24,460 --> 00:08:29,440
+about King Arthur and the Knights of the Round
+
+123
+00:08:29,440 --> 00:08:32,220
+Table. You know why he chose this particular text?
+
+124
+00:08:32,260 --> 00:08:36,380
+Because everything about it is pure English. I
+
+125
+00:08:36,380 --> 00:08:38,960
+don't know why, but he dropped that idea. But
+
+126
+00:08:38,960 --> 00:08:41,920
+again, notice how he's intentionally, consciously
+
+127
+00:08:41,920 --> 00:08:44,940
+planning something, because he wants to write.
+
+128
+00:08:45,100 --> 00:08:49,440
+This is not a sonnet. It's a poem. Paradise Lost
+
+129
+00:08:49,440 --> 00:08:52,560
+is about 10,000 lines.
+
+130
+00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,700
+10,000 lines, Paradise Lost. That's an epic poem.
+
+131
+00:09:00,300 --> 00:09:03,680
+What is it about? Do you have any idea? Paradise.
+
+132
+00:09:05,020 --> 00:09:06,980
+Who could be the main characters, the characters
+
+133
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:12,280
+in it? Religious? Who? The king. Bigger than them.
+
+134
+00:09:12,320 --> 00:09:19,600
+He's more ambitious. Adam and Eve. Who else? The
+
+135
+00:09:19,600 --> 00:09:26,620
+devil. Satan. Angels. Demons. Who else? More
+
+136
+00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:33,190
+significant. God. This is how ambitious he is. But
+
+137
+00:09:33,190 --> 00:09:36,090
+it's funny because these are not English people
+
+138
+00:09:36,090 --> 00:09:39,310
+and the events don't take place in England. But
+
+139
+00:09:39,310 --> 00:09:42,030
+still this is an English text, a major epic
+
+140
+00:09:42,030 --> 00:09:46,710
+English text poem, which shows his attempt to do
+
+141
+00:09:46,710 --> 00:09:51,710
+this. So the major characters in Paradise Lost are
+
+142
+00:09:51,710 --> 00:09:58,570
+God, Satan, Adam, Eve, you should know, you should
+
+143
+00:09:58,570 --> 00:10:01,570
+be familiar with these, you know, names. We have
+
+144
+00:10:01,570 --> 00:10:05,210
+Adam, you know Adam already. And Eve, this is Eve.
+
+145
+00:10:05,510 --> 00:10:12,910
+You know, Christmas Eve. Eve, God, Satan. And we
+
+146
+00:10:12,910 --> 00:10:18,370
+have God. And this takes place in heaven,
+
+147
+00:10:18,650 --> 00:10:27,810
+paradise. There is a garden of Eden. Garden of
+
+148
+00:10:27,810 --> 00:10:32,190
+Eden, Jannat Adan, right? And then we have the
+
+149
+00:10:32,190 --> 00:10:33,010
+original sin.
+
+150
+00:10:35,790 --> 00:10:39,870
+What's the original sin? This is a Christian term,
+
+151
+00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,390
+by the way. The original sin is when Adam and Eve
+
+152
+00:10:43,390 --> 00:10:46,590
+disobeyed God and ate from the tree of knowledge.
+
+153
+00:10:47,950 --> 00:10:49,870
+Tree of knowledge.
+
+154
+00:10:55,070 --> 00:10:58,310
+In Islam, we're not sure whether this is an apple
+
+155
+00:10:58,310 --> 00:11:02,770
+tree or what. In Christianity, it's mentioned that
+
+156
+00:11:02,770 --> 00:11:06,290
+this is an apple tree. In Islam, it's not stated
+
+157
+00:11:06,290 --> 00:11:09,730
+whether it was Eve who started, you know, munching
+
+158
+00:11:09,730 --> 00:11:13,810
+at the apple, the fruit. In Christianity, it's not
+
+159
+00:11:13,810 --> 00:11:17,250
+about that. It's also who you blame more. In
+
+160
+00:11:17,250 --> 00:11:20,130
+Christianity, it's clear that Eve starts munching
+
+161
+00:11:20,130 --> 00:11:24,180
+at the apple. Right? That's why there is this
+
+162
+00:11:24,180 --> 00:11:28,260
+thing that many religious people do this like they
+
+163
+00:11:28,260 --> 00:11:31,580
+accuse women in general of committing the first
+
+164
+00:11:31,580 --> 00:11:34,780
+sin and causing the fall of Adam, the fall of
+
+165
+00:11:34,780 --> 00:11:40,380
+humanity. The fall of humanity from heaven to
+
+166
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,280
+earth, from mercy to sin. Very interesting stuff.
+
+167
+00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:49,700
+The fall, you know, fall down because of the
+
+168
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:54,620
+original sin because Now, we know the biblical
+
+169
+00:11:54,620 --> 00:11:57,640
+story. It's similar to the story we have in Islam,
+
+170
+00:11:57,740 --> 00:12:00,440
+with tiny little differences. In Islam, again,
+
+171
+00:12:00,620 --> 00:12:03,600
+both of them, Adam and Eve, are to blame. And
+
+172
+00:12:03,600 --> 00:12:08,820
+sometimes Adam is blamed more. But here, in
+
+173
+00:12:08,820 --> 00:12:10,900
+Christianity, we have something different. In the
+
+174
+00:12:10,900 --> 00:12:13,460
+text, he takes the story, but he changes it a
+
+175
+00:12:13,460 --> 00:12:17,820
+little bit. When you read the story, I'm not sure
+
+176
+00:12:17,820 --> 00:12:20,340
+if you can read 10,000 lines now that you have
+
+177
+00:12:20,340 --> 00:12:23,600
+midterm exams, but who knows? Maybe you can watch
+
+178
+00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:28,360
+some extracts or a dramatization on YouTube. When
+
+179
+00:12:28,360 --> 00:12:33,540
+you read the text, you will find that, you will
+
+180
+00:12:33,540 --> 00:12:37,860
+feel that the author, John Milton, in a way
+
+181
+00:12:37,860 --> 00:12:42,260
+humanizes Satan. Presents sometimes, presents
+
+182
+00:12:42,260 --> 00:12:46,820
+Satan as the hero. sometimes equally blaming God,
+
+183
+00:12:46,960 --> 00:12:49,520
+Adam, Eve, and Satan equally for what happened.
+
+184
+00:12:50,460 --> 00:12:53,480
+And that's why the text is controversial. You know
+
+185
+00:12:53,480 --> 00:12:55,840
+the word controversial? Yes. Controversial,
+
+186
+00:12:56,080 --> 00:12:58,920
+debatable. Some people don't like it. Some people
+
+187
+00:12:58,920 --> 00:13:01,440
+like it. Some people disagree with many things. So
+
+188
+00:13:01,440 --> 00:13:05,540
+why does it create controversy here? This because?
+
+189
+00:13:05,780 --> 00:13:08,480
+Because he changes the thoughts and he blames as
+
+190
+00:13:08,480 --> 00:13:11,580
+well. He changes the Christian idea by one
+
+191
+00:13:11,580 --> 00:13:15,580
+presenting who as the hero. But the antagonist.
+
+192
+00:13:15,640 --> 00:13:19,080
+The antagonist, Satan. In Islam and in
+
+193
+00:13:19,080 --> 00:13:22,260
+Christianity and other religions, Satan is the
+
+194
+00:13:22,260 --> 00:13:26,220
+embodiment of evil, the pure evil. Yes. But here,
+
+195
+00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:28,980
+he's not. He's real. You feel sorry for him. So if
+
+196
+00:13:28,980 --> 00:13:31,140
+you're reading this and you feel sorry for Satan,
+
+197
+00:13:31,280 --> 00:13:35,280
+it doesn't mean you are evil. It means the author.
+
+198
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:37,920
+It means the author is smart, is genius. We do
+
+199
+00:13:37,920 --> 00:13:41,040
+this. We watch Hollywood movies. Did you watch The
+
+200
+00:13:41,040 --> 00:13:45,200
+Sniper? Yeah. Sniper is a horrible movie about an
+
+201
+00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:47,780
+American soldier, war criminal actually, who kills
+
+202
+00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,500
+over 100, around 150 Iraqis. Some of them women,
+
+203
+00:13:51,620 --> 00:13:53,680
+some of them kids, some of them innocent civilian
+
+204
+00:13:53,680 --> 00:13:56,700
+people. You watch the movie and you feel sorry for
+
+205
+00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:02,060
+him. Yeah, you feel sorry for him in a way. You
+
+206
+00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:03,400
+don't have to feel sorry for him, by the way,
+
+207
+00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:06,420
+because he's a murderer. But that is how
+
+208
+00:14:06,420 --> 00:14:10,460
+influential literature is and movie production is.
+
+209
+00:14:12,880 --> 00:14:16,160
+You know? Change your attitudes and sympathize
+
+210
+00:14:16,160 --> 00:14:18,620
+with people usually you don't sympathize in real
+
+211
+00:14:18,620 --> 00:14:22,200
+life. So this created a huge controversy. Still
+
+212
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:24,880
+does. Many Christians, for example, don't like
+
+213
+00:14:24,880 --> 00:14:28,700
+this. Because they see that the author is equally
+
+214
+00:14:28,700 --> 00:14:32,600
+blaming not only Zeta, not only Adam and Eve, but
+
+215
+00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:36,420
+also God. Like, this shouldn't have happened. Some
+
+216
+00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,740
+people, by the way, some people read the whole
+
+217
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,360
+thing as an allegory. An allegory of the
+
+218
+00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,480
+commonwealth and the restoration. So the
+
+219
+00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:49,700
+commonwealth is, I don't know, heaven. And because
+
+220
+00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:54,020
+people don't do a good job after Cromwell, they
+
+221
+00:14:54,020 --> 00:14:59,120
+fell down. They fall. And then the king is
+
+222
+00:14:59,120 --> 00:15:01,740
+restored, where the king, the restoration here
+
+223
+00:15:01,740 --> 00:15:06,100
+represents earth and sin. Because after that,
+
+224
+00:15:06,240 --> 00:15:09,620
+after the commonwealth, the guy was not doing a
+
+225
+00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:14,030
+good job. Later on, in a way, Adam and Eve go down
+
+226
+00:15:14,030 --> 00:15:19,510
+to Earth to the unknown, to human knowledge. Later
+
+227
+00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:22,630
+on, he wrote another poem, just so you know.
+
+228
+00:15:23,470 --> 00:15:27,190
+Paradise Regained. Paradise Regained. In which,
+
+229
+00:15:27,530 --> 00:15:30,090
+how would you, in Christianity, how is Paradise
+
+230
+00:15:30,090 --> 00:15:33,430
+Regained? What do you expect? Maybe Adam and Eve
+
+231
+00:15:33,430 --> 00:15:37,130
+are God's... No, later on, after Adam and Eve.
+
+232
+00:15:39,800 --> 00:15:45,160
+How? Who leads humanity to regain paradise? No,
+
+233
+00:15:46,840 --> 00:15:51,120
+Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ because Jesus Christ
+
+234
+00:15:51,120 --> 00:15:55,930
+suffers for humanity. and leads humanity from sin,
+
+235
+00:15:56,690 --> 00:16:00,930
+corruption, vices, to virtue, to salvation, back
+
+236
+00:16:00,930 --> 00:16:03,510
+to heaven. And that's why it's regained. At the
+
+237
+00:16:03,510 --> 00:16:07,690
+end, I'll tell you the story of Samson Agones. So
+
+238
+00:16:07,690 --> 00:16:12,970
+let's go through Milton's Paradise Lost again,
+
+239
+00:16:13,390 --> 00:16:17,150
+step by step. Unless someone has a question to
+
+240
+00:16:17,150 --> 00:16:21,090
+ask. Please. What is the difference between
+
+241
+00:16:21,090 --> 00:16:25,130
+allegory and symbolism? Generally, an allegory is
+
+242
+00:16:25,130 --> 00:16:27,770
+a longer story, a bigger story. Like the whole
+
+243
+00:16:27,770 --> 00:16:30,510
+story could be an allegory. But symbolism could be
+
+244
+00:16:30,510 --> 00:16:33,450
+part of a story. So this is the basic thing you
+
+245
+00:16:33,450 --> 00:16:39,670
+need to know. So if you're writing a story, and in
+
+246
+00:16:39,670 --> 00:16:43,910
+your story there is a dove. The dove symbolizes
+
+247
+00:16:43,910 --> 00:16:47,810
+peace, love, purity, right? Snow. Snow symbolizes
+
+248
+00:16:47,810 --> 00:16:51,330
+purity, whiteness, et cetera. But the whole story
+
+249
+00:16:51,330 --> 00:16:54,770
+could be an allegory. But also, you can describe
+
+250
+00:16:54,770 --> 00:16:57,730
+it as symbolic, like where, for example, you have
+
+251
+00:16:57,730 --> 00:17:01,030
+animal characters. But they don't have to be
+
+252
+00:17:01,030 --> 00:17:03,650
+animal characters. You have characters who refer
+
+253
+00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:06,430
+to something else. So this could be an allegory,
+
+254
+00:17:06,470 --> 00:17:10,550
+because everything here could mean something else,
+
+255
+00:17:10,590 --> 00:17:15,280
+like the Commonwealth and the Restoration. But in
+
+256
+00:17:15,280 --> 00:17:18,900
+the story, the apple, the apple or the tree, the
+
+257
+00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:22,480
+apple here is a symbol of what? Of the forbidden,
+
+258
+00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:30,100
+of sin maybe, because the moment Eve eats, bites
+
+259
+00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:34,460
+the apple, everything turns upside, upside down.
+
+260
+00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,140
+This is Milton again. In many ways, he links the
+
+261
+00:17:40,140 --> 00:17:43,340
+Renaissance, the age of Shakespeare, later on with
+
+262
+00:17:43,340 --> 00:17:46,500
+the Commonwealth and the Restoration. He lived in
+
+263
+00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:50,700
+all these turbulent times. He was very ambitious.
+
+264
+00:17:51,500 --> 00:17:55,400
+Why? Because he wanted to be one of the greatest
+
+265
+00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,100
+poets in English literature, mainly like Chaucer,
+
+266
+00:17:59,260 --> 00:18:02,040
+always Chaucer. Someone asked me, why not
+
+267
+00:18:02,040 --> 00:18:04,940
+Shakespeare? Shakespeare is the greatest literary
+
+268
+00:18:04,940 --> 00:18:09,440
+figure probably ever. But Shakespeare is a
+
+269
+00:18:09,440 --> 00:18:12,160
+dramatist, and you'll ask, but drama was written
+
+270
+00:18:12,160 --> 00:18:15,920
+in verse. So it's a little bit different. That's
+
+271
+00:18:15,920 --> 00:18:20,420
+yeah, verse, but still as a drama here, okay?
+
+272
+00:18:23,220 --> 00:18:25,760
+Of course, he was engaged in politics, writing
+
+273
+00:18:25,760 --> 00:18:29,020
+essays about religion and many other things. He
+
+274
+00:18:29,020 --> 00:18:31,620
+became the Latin secretary to Cromwell. This is
+
+275
+00:18:31,620 --> 00:18:35,740
+how close he was to Cromwell. And it's because of
+
+276
+00:18:35,740 --> 00:18:38,820
+this he later on was arrested.
+
+277
+00:18:41,320 --> 00:18:44,880
+When he was blind, started to be blind, eventually
+
+278
+00:18:44,880 --> 00:18:47,420
+he wrote Paradise Lost. I should add the inverted
+
+279
+00:18:47,420 --> 00:18:52,260
+commas. Don't forget this. He wrote Paradise Lost.
+
+280
+00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:57,370
+Yeah, I think it took him some time, but
+
+281
+00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:01,430
+eventually he went blind. And I know many people
+
+282
+00:19:01,430 --> 00:19:05,090
+who study, you know, in Arabic literature, we have
+
+283
+00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:06,490
+blind poets also.
+
+284
+00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:12,690
+Tahseen wasn't a poet. He was a northerner. Bashar
+
+285
+00:19:12,690 --> 00:19:16,050
+bin Bord, you know? I think. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma
+
+286
+00:19:16,050 --> 00:19:18,730
+'ari, was he blind? No. Abu Al-Alai Al-Ma'ari? Are
+
+287
+00:19:18,730 --> 00:19:22,740
+you sure? Anyway, so some, maybe you study
+
+288
+00:19:22,740 --> 00:19:25,220
+comparative literature in the future, you compare
+
+289
+00:19:25,220 --> 00:19:27,860
+how blindness does something to literature and
+
+290
+00:19:27,860 --> 00:19:30,440
+how, because there are so many references to the
+
+291
+00:19:30,440 --> 00:19:33,360
+fact that he's blind. There is, I think, a poem he
+
+292
+00:19:33,360 --> 00:19:38,000
+wrote on his blindness. Okay, so Paradise Lost is
+
+293
+00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:43,810
+a major epic poem in English. by John Milton about
+
+294
+00:19:43,810 --> 00:19:48,210
+God, Adam, Eve, Satan, and the fall of mankind.
+
+295
+00:19:50,510 --> 00:19:57,270
+Now, the question is, why did Milton write this?
+
+296
+00:19:57,430 --> 00:20:03,560
+This is actually poetry from Paradise Lost. At the
+
+297
+00:20:03,560 --> 00:20:06,000
+beginning, in the opening, he addresses the
+
+298
+00:20:06,000 --> 00:20:08,960
+audience. He tells them why he is engaging in
+
+299
+00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:14,290
+writing a 10,000-line poem. What do you think?
+
+300
+00:20:14,570 --> 00:20:16,910
+He's saying to assert eternal providence.
+
+301
+00:20:17,050 --> 00:20:18,790
+Providence means, do you know what providence is?
+
+302
+00:20:19,510 --> 00:20:22,570
+Providence means basically that there is a God,
+
+303
+00:20:23,050 --> 00:20:25,710
+and that God is taking care of us all, and
+
+304
+00:20:25,710 --> 00:20:27,950
+eventually everything is going to be fine because
+
+305
+00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:31,870
+there is a merciful just God. So to assert, to
+
+306
+00:20:31,870 --> 00:20:35,270
+make sure, to convince people that, to assert
+
+307
+00:20:35,270 --> 00:20:39,650
+eternal providence and to justify the ways of God
+
+308
+00:20:39,650 --> 00:20:43,190
+to men. Whose job is it to do this generally in
+
+309
+00:20:43,190 --> 00:20:46,910
+life? Whose job is it to assert eternal providence
+
+310
+00:20:46,910 --> 00:20:49,930
+and to justify the ways, the means of God to men?
+
+311
+00:20:52,770 --> 00:20:57,140
+Prophets, yeah. It's usually a prophet. who does
+
+312
+00:20:57,140 --> 00:20:59,220
+this to assert eternal prophethood, to tell people
+
+313
+00:20:59,220 --> 00:21:02,320
+there is a God and God is merciful. Yes, God
+
+314
+00:21:02,320 --> 00:21:06,940
+sometimes tries us. In a way, we're punished
+
+315
+00:21:06,940 --> 00:21:09,140
+sometimes. We suffer sometimes. But this is for
+
+316
+00:21:09,140 --> 00:21:15,560
+our own good, to justify the ways of God to men.
+
+317
+00:21:15,680 --> 00:21:18,620
+And this is how ambitious he is. So in a way, he's
+
+318
+00:21:18,620 --> 00:21:21,980
+claiming, assuming the role of the prophet.
+
+319
+00:21:22,240 --> 00:21:26,310
+Prophet. You know what a prophet is? Yes. Like a
+
+320
+00:21:26,310 --> 00:21:30,430
+messenger. So he knew he's doing something great.
+
+321
+00:21:30,610 --> 00:21:32,950
+He knew that. And indeed, he's one of the greatest
+
+322
+00:21:32,950 --> 00:21:37,990
+English poets ever. Okay? Why did... Can you
+
+323
+00:21:37,990 --> 00:21:39,890
+answer this question? Don't look here. Why did the
+
+324
+00:21:39,890 --> 00:21:42,410
+text... I could ask you this in the exam. Why did
+
+325
+00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:45,510
+Paradise Lost cause controversy?
+
+326
+00:21:50,350 --> 00:21:55,370
+Please. Very good. He contradicts the Christian
+
+327
+00:21:55,370 --> 00:21:58,390
+beliefs. How? Can you give examples? Yes?
+
+328
+00:22:02,530 --> 00:22:05,670
+Sometimes as the hero. How? Because he challenges
+
+329
+00:22:05,670 --> 00:22:08,970
+God. God tells Satan, kneel. And he says, I don't
+
+330
+00:22:08,970 --> 00:22:12,910
+want to kneel. Leave Adam and Eve alone. I don't
+
+331
+00:22:12,910 --> 00:22:15,910
+want to leave them alone. And he tempts Eve to eat
+
+332
+00:22:15,910 --> 00:22:19,090
+from the tree of knowledge. What else? There is
+
+333
+00:22:19,090 --> 00:22:20,550
+another reason here.
+
+334
+00:22:24,810 --> 00:22:29,430
+Some level of blame. They're all equally to blame,
+
+335
+00:22:29,710 --> 00:22:36,120
+equally responsible for this. Okay? But there is a
+
+336
+00:22:36,120 --> 00:22:38,920
+discussion here about freedom of choice and good
+
+337
+00:22:38,920 --> 00:22:42,680
+free will, free will and freedom of choice. Are we
+
+338
+00:22:42,680 --> 00:22:45,040
+destined to do something or can we choose our own
+
+339
+00:22:45,040 --> 00:22:47,920
+destiny? Here, yes, we can choose our own destiny.
+
+340
+00:22:48,240 --> 00:22:50,500
+At the end of the text, this happens. Someone
+
+341
+00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,380
+read, please. Yeah, please.
+
+342
+00:23:03,210 --> 00:23:06,930
+They hand in hand with wandering steps and walk
+
+343
+00:23:06,930 --> 00:23:13,830
+through Eden took their solitary way. Who's they
+
+344
+00:23:13,830 --> 00:23:17,970
+here and them? Who are they? Adam and Eve. This is
+
+345
+00:23:17,970 --> 00:23:21,610
+at the end, eventually, when everything goes as it
+
+346
+00:23:21,610 --> 00:23:26,570
+goes here in the poem. Adam and Eve walk hand in
+
+347
+00:23:26,570 --> 00:23:30,330
+hand, not to God's mercy, not back to heaven, to
+
+348
+00:23:30,330 --> 00:23:35,030
+providence. They go back to human knowledge, to
+
+349
+00:23:35,030 --> 00:23:39,130
+the unknown. In many ways, this symbolizes the
+
+350
+00:23:39,130 --> 00:23:41,170
+Renaissance, how the Renaissance was trying to
+
+351
+00:23:41,170 --> 00:23:43,150
+break the barriers, to break the rules, to push
+
+352
+00:23:43,150 --> 00:23:46,470
+the barriers, to go perfection, to seek
+
+353
+00:23:46,470 --> 00:23:48,950
+perfection. We've seen this in Dr. Faustus. He
+
+354
+00:23:48,950 --> 00:23:53,110
+wanted unlimited access to knowledge. But how did
+
+355
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:55,370
+the whole Renaissance end? It ended in
+
+356
+00:23:55,370 --> 00:23:59,290
+disillusionment. It ended in decline. It ended in
+
+357
+00:23:59,290 --> 00:24:03,430
+criticism. It ended in censorship. It ended with
+
+358
+00:24:03,430 --> 00:24:05,690
+the execution of the king and the closure of the
+
+359
+00:24:05,690 --> 00:24:09,750
+theater. Remember by the Puritans? So in a way,
+
+360
+00:24:10,190 --> 00:24:14,890
+they're going to the unknown. Disobeying God takes
+
+361
+00:24:14,890 --> 00:24:18,650
+you to the unknown. But in literature, this is
+
+362
+00:24:18,650 --> 00:24:21,550
+sometimes a good theme because you choose your own
+
+363
+00:24:21,550 --> 00:24:27,310
+future. So the world was all before them were to
+
+364
+00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:29,530
+choose. They could have, you know, chosen
+
+365
+00:24:29,530 --> 00:24:32,950
+differently. Their place of rest, you know, rest,
+
+366
+00:24:33,090 --> 00:24:37,810
+peace, heaven, and Providence, their guide, they,
+
+367
+00:24:38,210 --> 00:24:44,410
+however, they hand in hand still stick together
+
+368
+00:24:44,410 --> 00:24:51,930
+with wandering steps, slow wandering, slow steps,
+
+369
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,900
+through Eden. And this is really heartbreaking. So
+
+370
+00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,240
+this is like I imagine this way this is like if
+
+371
+00:25:02,240 --> 00:25:07,020
+this is heaven how they go back down to earth so
+
+372
+00:25:07,020 --> 00:25:08,960
+they have to cross all the way through heaven
+
+373
+00:25:08,960 --> 00:25:12,100
+where they see all beauty and the rest and the
+
+374
+00:25:12,100 --> 00:25:15,670
+providence and they still They determine, and they
+
+375
+00:25:15,670 --> 00:25:19,130
+go. That was because of the original scene we saw.
+
+376
+00:25:19,370 --> 00:25:23,510
+Through Eden, took their solitary way, the
+
+377
+00:25:23,510 --> 00:25:26,350
+unknown. And this is a theme here, of the theme of
+
+378
+00:25:26,350 --> 00:25:29,950
+the unknown. Where is humanity going? Where are we
+
+379
+00:25:29,950 --> 00:25:33,950
+going? We're going to the unknown. This is very
+
+380
+00:25:33,950 --> 00:25:37,250
+ambitious. And at the same time, very sad, very
+
+381
+00:25:37,250 --> 00:25:39,150
+heartbreaking, very risky.
+
+382
+00:25:42,120 --> 00:25:47,740
+I can't tell whether Milton is promoting this or
+
+383
+00:25:47,740 --> 00:25:53,120
+condemning this. What do you think from this? Do
+
+384
+00:25:53,120 --> 00:25:56,420
+you think Milton wants us to be this adventurous
+
+385
+00:25:56,420 --> 00:26:00,000
+and this risky? Or is he telling us, see, if you
+
+386
+00:26:00,000 --> 00:26:02,400
+disobey God, if you don't follow the rules, you're
+
+387
+00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:06,360
+going to end up with the unknown? Yeah, so?
+
+388
+00:26:12,070 --> 00:26:14,430
+He's blaming God, and I think he's saying that you
+
+389
+00:26:14,430 --> 00:26:20,470
+have to, I don't know. What do you think? You
+
+390
+00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:22,830
+don't have to know. What do you think, generally?
+
+391
+00:26:22,990 --> 00:26:27,250
+I think he's, the first place, he blamed God, but
+
+392
+00:26:27,250 --> 00:26:34,610
+I don't think that he wants us to obey God. He put
+
+393
+00:26:34,610 --> 00:26:37,430
+God as the antagonist. Okay, but not necessarily,
+
+394
+00:26:37,590 --> 00:26:39,370
+it doesn't mean, listen, in literature generally,
+
+395
+00:26:39,530 --> 00:26:43,980
+I said this before, Literature usually, or
+
+396
+00:26:43,980 --> 00:26:46,860
+sometimes, doesn't seek to give us answers, but to
+
+397
+00:26:46,860 --> 00:26:49,880
+raise questions. That's one. In literature, we
+
+398
+00:26:49,880 --> 00:26:53,280
+don't usually have pure evil or pure good
+
+399
+00:26:53,280 --> 00:26:56,080
+characters, because literature is usually focused
+
+400
+00:26:56,080 --> 00:26:59,180
+on the gray area. If the text, if the movie is
+
+401
+00:26:59,180 --> 00:27:03,020
+about a family that is too good, it's boring. Or
+
+402
+00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:05,380
+too evil, sometimes it's frightening. There's too
+
+403
+00:27:05,380 --> 00:27:09,100
+much evil there. It's about good people who do bad
+
+404
+00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:13,470
+things. No? Bad people who do good things. Oh,
+
+405
+00:27:13,650 --> 00:27:17,050
+interesting. You ask a question, would I do the
+
+406
+00:27:17,050 --> 00:27:20,170
+same if I were in their position? Would I do the
+
+407
+00:27:20,170 --> 00:27:24,510
+same? And it's interesting because we see how
+
+408
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:27,310
+people react, how good people sometimes react when
+
+409
+00:27:27,310 --> 00:27:28,850
+they want to do evil. It's very interesting.
+
+410
+00:27:28,950 --> 00:27:31,010
+There's a movie I watched. It's called Death
+
+411
+00:27:31,010 --> 00:27:33,050
+Sentence. You know what it means, death sentence?
+
+412
+00:27:34,150 --> 00:27:36,510
+sentence in this context what does sentence mean
+
+413
+00:27:36,510 --> 00:27:40,170
+when you say somebody was sentenced to 10 years in
+
+414
+00:27:40,170 --> 00:27:44,790
+prison sentence it's a time someone a criminal
+
+415
+00:27:44,790 --> 00:27:50,330
+spends in prison for life sentence death sentence
+
+416
+00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,910
+A movie called Death Sentence, really beautiful
+
+417
+00:27:54,910 --> 00:27:57,190
+movie. It starts with, again, a beautiful family,
+
+418
+00:27:57,390 --> 00:27:59,650
+the perfect family, the husband, the wife, and the
+
+419
+00:27:59,650 --> 00:28:03,430
+two kids. One of them is very promising, very
+
+420
+00:28:03,430 --> 00:28:06,130
+ambitious. He has a very good job. They're rich.
+
+421
+00:28:06,210 --> 00:28:10,470
+They're comfortable. And after like 10 or 15
+
+422
+00:28:10,470 --> 00:28:14,070
+minutes, the son they loved the most was killed by
+
+423
+00:28:14,070 --> 00:28:19,270
+a gang member. How would a loving father, a
+
+424
+00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:21,590
+peaceful father, a father who has never touched a
+
+425
+00:28:21,590 --> 00:28:26,990
+gun would react in this? I'm not going to spoil
+
+426
+00:28:26,990 --> 00:28:31,610
+it. It's one of my top movies actually. Try to
+
+427
+00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:34,320
+watch it. Really interesting stuff. But again,
+
+428
+00:28:34,540 --> 00:28:38,780
+until this moment, I asked myself, God forbid, how
+
+429
+00:28:38,780 --> 00:28:41,780
+would a person who's not into revenge and fighting
+
+430
+00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:45,220
+and everything, movies and literature, give us
+
+431
+00:28:45,220 --> 00:28:48,680
+these scenarios? And that's why when you see the
+
+432
+00:28:48,680 --> 00:28:51,280
+conclusion, the ending, and how it ends, probably
+
+433
+00:28:51,280 --> 00:28:54,160
+you say, OK, I'll do the same. But it gives you a
+
+434
+00:28:54,160 --> 00:28:56,700
+whole story, a whole world in front of you, where
+
+435
+00:28:56,700 --> 00:29:00,600
+to choose. What should I do? Should I leave the
+
+436
+00:29:00,600 --> 00:29:04,650
+law to take its course? When you lose someone you
+
+437
+00:29:04,650 --> 00:29:08,190
+love the most, you wouldn't wait for Allah to take
+
+438
+00:29:08,190 --> 00:29:11,250
+your revenge. But is that good? If we do this, the
+
+439
+00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:13,670
+whole world is going to turn into a jungle. But
+
+440
+00:29:13,670 --> 00:29:16,650
+you wouldn't be OK if you didn't do this. We
+
+441
+00:29:16,650 --> 00:29:19,470
+should. Because yeah, there is this thing in our
+
+442
+00:29:19,470 --> 00:29:22,490
+hearts about revenge. But literature teaches us to
+
+443
+00:29:22,490 --> 00:29:26,770
+forgive. You might be the best person on Earth.
+
+444
+00:29:27,090 --> 00:29:31,750
+But still, it's your right to feel angry and to
+
+445
+00:29:31,750 --> 00:29:34,940
+want to take revenge. But if you want to kill
+
+446
+00:29:34,940 --> 00:29:38,280
+somebody because Toronto, like Shylock, if you
+
+447
+00:29:38,280 --> 00:29:41,460
+want to do, you know, we discussed this in another
+
+448
+00:29:41,460 --> 00:29:43,580
+class, I think. Would you do like Shylock? Would
+
+449
+00:29:43,580 --> 00:29:45,420
+you insist on taking a pound of flesh to take
+
+450
+00:29:45,420 --> 00:29:48,680
+revenge? It's his right, because he was attacked.
+
+451
+00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:53,260
+He was, you know, many times. But in this case,
+
+452
+00:29:53,440 --> 00:29:57,640
+the revenge wouldn't be killing. He might take
+
+453
+00:29:57,640 --> 00:30:00,310
+revenge by something else. By slapping him? No,
+
+454
+00:30:00,470 --> 00:30:04,530
+maybe by doing the same to him. Like what? He
+
+455
+00:30:04,530 --> 00:30:06,610
+killed someone, you killed someone? No, I don't
+
+456
+00:30:06,610 --> 00:30:11,270
+know. Nothing like that. At least like, but that's
+
+457
+00:30:11,270 --> 00:30:14,870
+where when we have like, if we have a good legal
+
+458
+00:30:14,870 --> 00:30:19,190
+system where criminals can be punished as they
+
+459
+00:30:19,190 --> 00:30:21,610
+should be, at least you don't have to go there.
+
+460
+00:30:22,190 --> 00:30:25,590
+Anyway, think of this, please. I think he's
+
+461
+00:30:25,590 --> 00:30:30,360
+promoting hearing to unknown. Because he said hand
+
+462
+00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:33,940
+in hand with wandering steps. He didn't mention
+
+463
+00:30:33,940 --> 00:30:37,640
+that there was any disagreement. And that's the
+
+464
+00:30:37,640 --> 00:30:40,240
+best thing about Adam and Eve, by the way. In
+
+465
+00:30:40,240 --> 00:30:43,720
+Islam and Christianity, I'm not sure we have this
+
+466
+00:30:43,720 --> 00:30:46,280
+in the text. I'll have to go back to it. Adam and
+
+467
+00:30:46,280 --> 00:30:48,620
+Eve were the perfect couple, in a way. They're not
+
+468
+00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,460
+the odd couples that are always fighting, like our
+
+469
+00:30:51,460 --> 00:30:54,160
+parents sometimes. They're always fighting over
+
+470
+00:30:54,160 --> 00:30:56,800
+trivial things. You don't see this, although this
+
+471
+00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:00,060
+is the most serious thing. Sometimes you do
+
+472
+00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,200
+something, and then the wife gets at you. The wife
+
+473
+00:31:03,200 --> 00:31:05,260
+does something, and the husband is angry and
+
+474
+00:31:05,260 --> 00:31:09,590
+everything. What a perfect couple they are. Hand
+
+475
+00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:13,810
+in hand, slowly wandering, despite the fact that
+
+476
+00:31:13,810 --> 00:31:17,410
+they lost the most important thing a human person,
+
+477
+00:31:17,690 --> 00:31:22,130
+humanity has ever lost. Paradise. Providence.
+
+478
+00:31:22,950 --> 00:31:26,500
+Being close to God. What a perfect, what a good
+
+479
+00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:28,860
+couple. But they were the only ones on the earth,
+
+480
+00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:31,040
+maybe because of that they wouldn't leave each
+
+481
+00:31:31,040 --> 00:31:34,080
+other for no reason. Yeah, so if I leave, but
+
+482
+00:31:34,080 --> 00:31:36,900
+still you fight a little bit because fighting
+
+483
+00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:38,860
+doesn't mean end in a war. Maybe they fought.
+
+484
+00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:41,760
+Maybe they did, but it's not in the Quran or the
+
+485
+00:31:41,760 --> 00:31:45,310
+Bible or in the text. And this is how literature
+
+486
+00:31:45,310 --> 00:31:47,770
+literature doesn't give us everything. It leaves
+
+487
+00:31:47,770 --> 00:31:50,430
+gaps for us to think. But yeah, interesting how
+
+488
+00:31:50,430 --> 00:31:53,150
+you think that at least when they take the
+
+489
+00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,190
+decision, they take it together, hand in hand.
+
+490
+00:31:56,590 --> 00:31:59,210
+Adam is not leading him, and she's not pushing
+
+491
+00:31:59,210 --> 00:32:03,070
+him. They're hand in hand. They are equal to the
+
+492
+00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:09,290
+other. OK. Now in Paradise Lost, we have a lot of
+
+493
+00:32:09,290 --> 00:32:14,980
+very memorable lines. So neither Adam nor Eve is
+
+494
+00:32:14,980 --> 00:32:21,260
+to blame because they are all equally to blame.
+
+495
+00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,540
+There are several memorable lines and
+
+496
+00:32:27,540 --> 00:32:31,160
+descriptions, descriptive passages, descriptive
+
+497
+00:32:31,160 --> 00:32:34,820
+stanzas and poetry in Paradise Lost. One of them
+
+498
+00:32:34,820 --> 00:32:37,700
+is a description of hell, hellfire. You know
+
+499
+00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,380
+dungeon? A dungeon is a dark place like a prison.
+
+500
+00:32:41,760 --> 00:32:44,620
+It's where sometimes you describe the prison as a
+
+501
+00:32:44,620 --> 00:32:47,620
+dungeon or a particular room. I don't like to sit
+
+502
+00:32:47,620 --> 00:32:50,080
+in this room. It's like a dungeon. Dungeon is a
+
+503
+00:32:50,080 --> 00:32:55,140
+dark place where you sit in. Could describe a
+
+504
+00:32:55,140 --> 00:32:57,860
+prison, but here it is used to describe hell
+
+505
+00:32:57,860 --> 00:33:01,160
+itself. And notice how horrible, how spooky this
+
+506
+00:33:01,160 --> 00:33:03,420
+is. This is very close to the Bible and the
+
+507
+00:33:03,420 --> 00:33:07,740
+description of the religious text here. So hell
+
+508
+00:33:07,740 --> 00:33:14,600
+is? Horrible on all sides around as one great
+
+509
+00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:19,440
+furnace. Do you know furnace? We took it before,
+
+510
+00:33:19,540 --> 00:33:24,420
+furnace. What is oven? What's an oven? You don't
+
+511
+00:33:24,420 --> 00:33:29,180
+know an oven? But furnace, where did we come
+
+512
+00:33:29,180 --> 00:33:32,920
+across furnace before? All the world's stage.
+
+513
+00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:36,460
+There was the furnace, the lever, the fighter, ah,
+
+514
+00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,320
+it's like a furnace. So you know what a furnace
+
+515
+00:33:39,320 --> 00:33:44,480
+is. There's fire all over the place. Flame, yit.
+
+516
+00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:47,080
+And again, see this paradox. There's a paradox
+
+517
+00:33:47,080 --> 00:33:51,900
+here. If there is fire, yes, there is heat. It's
+
+518
+00:33:51,900 --> 00:33:54,720
+negative in this sense. But fire means warmth. And
+
+519
+00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:58,660
+sometimes it means what do we have from fire other
+
+520
+00:33:58,660 --> 00:34:01,600
+than warmth? Light. Thank you very much. But this
+
+521
+00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:06,210
+is not an ordinary fire. This is hell fire. Yet
+
+522
+00:34:06,210 --> 00:34:11,750
+from these flames, from the fire, no light, but
+
+523
+00:34:11,750 --> 00:34:15,550
+rather darkness visible. It's funny that you say
+
+524
+00:34:15,550 --> 00:34:19,010
+darkness visible because darkness is darkness.
+
+525
+00:34:20,530 --> 00:34:25,290
+This is fire that gives darkness not light.
+
+526
+00:34:27,770 --> 00:34:32,130
+Isn't that the most horrifying thing ever? So when
+
+527
+00:34:32,130 --> 00:34:34,870
+someone tells you it's dark, OK, I can light some
+
+528
+00:34:34,870 --> 00:34:37,830
+fire. But fire there doesn't give light. It gives
+
+529
+00:34:37,830 --> 00:34:44,870
+more darkness. We have this. Usually religious
+
+530
+00:34:44,870 --> 00:34:53,290
+texts do this all the time. We all
+
+531
+00:34:53,290 --> 00:34:59,150
+hear about this, the food of the sinners, the
+
+532
+00:34:59,150 --> 00:35:03,810
+people in hell. In the Quran, there is a simile.
+
+533
+00:35:04,330 --> 00:35:06,730
+And usually, a simile, a metaphor, brings things
+
+534
+00:35:06,730 --> 00:35:09,790
+closer to our imagination. So someone tells you,
+
+535
+00:35:09,890 --> 00:35:13,690
+have you ever tasted or tried cheesecake? Yes. No.
+
+536
+00:35:14,570 --> 00:35:17,130
+What does it taste like? It's like ice cream, but
+
+537
+00:35:17,130 --> 00:35:19,410
+it's far, far, far bitter than ice cream.
+
+538
+00:35:20,230 --> 00:35:24,350
+Interesting. Delicious. So the tree of Zaqqum was
+
+539
+00:35:24,350 --> 00:35:28,030
+brought out as if it were a simile. We want to
+
+540
+00:35:28,030 --> 00:35:36,790
+know. So this A fruit in hell. The fruits there on
+
+541
+00:35:36,790 --> 00:35:41,290
+the trees look like the heads of devils. We don't
+
+542
+00:35:41,290 --> 00:35:44,270
+know what they look like originally, right? So
+
+543
+00:35:44,270 --> 00:35:47,030
+something spooky with something even more
+
+544
+00:35:47,030 --> 00:35:49,550
+terrifying. And this is religious text. And he's
+
+545
+00:35:49,550 --> 00:35:54,870
+doing this. So this hellfire is all darkness. It's
+
+546
+00:35:54,870 --> 00:36:00,300
+a furnace, flame. But do we have light? No.
+
+547
+00:36:00,500 --> 00:36:03,240
+There's no light here. Please. I think this stanza
+
+548
+00:36:03,240 --> 00:36:07,840
+supports the idea that the stanza before this one,
+
+549
+00:36:08,040 --> 00:36:13,200
+it supports the idea that he's advising us to obey
+
+550
+00:36:13,200 --> 00:36:16,300
+God and listen to him to make you follow his plan.
+
+551
+00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:18,500
+Because eventually, if you don't, you're going to
+
+552
+00:36:18,500 --> 00:36:21,960
+be there. So he's terrifying us in a way. You have
+
+553
+00:36:21,960 --> 00:36:26,640
+to obey God. Another extract I liked is when he
+
+554
+00:36:26,640 --> 00:36:27,500
+describes
+
+555
+00:36:30,580 --> 00:36:32,820
+Eve. Maybe someone wants to do a presentation on
+
+556
+00:36:32,820 --> 00:36:35,520
+this, how he describes Eve and how he describes
+
+557
+00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,680
+Adam. You know, you have to do a presentation for
+
+558
+00:36:38,680 --> 00:36:42,920
+the course assessment. This is Milton talking
+
+559
+00:36:42,920 --> 00:36:47,580
+about Eve. In a way, he's saying Eve is the most
+
+560
+00:36:47,580 --> 00:36:51,260
+beautiful woman. At that time, you said this,
+
+561
+00:36:51,360 --> 00:36:54,440
+there were no women, no men. So of course, she is
+
+562
+00:36:54,440 --> 00:36:58,490
+the most beautiful woman on earth. But he compares
+
+563
+00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,510
+her to even more beautiful creatures.
+
+564
+00:37:03,530 --> 00:37:09,510
+Soft, she withdrew. Unlike a wood nymph, light.
+
+565
+00:37:09,590 --> 00:37:11,990
+You know a wood nymph? What's a nymph? A wood?
+
+566
+00:37:12,510 --> 00:37:16,210
+Nymph? It's like a goddess. Goddesses. Yeah, like
+
+567
+00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:20,950
+goddesses. Like purely beautiful creatures living
+
+568
+00:37:20,950 --> 00:37:24,210
+in heaven. Those imaginary creatures, the
+
+569
+00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:26,790
+creatures we imagine all the time. Perfect
+
+570
+00:37:26,790 --> 00:37:31,430
+creatures. So she withdrew, she moves, she
+
+571
+00:37:31,430 --> 00:37:37,610
+behaves, she acts like a nymph. Light. We took her
+
+572
+00:37:37,610 --> 00:37:41,590
+to the groves, but Delia's self-engaged surpassed
+
+573
+00:37:41,590 --> 00:37:45,550
+and goddess-like deposed. She looks like? Goddess.
+
+574
+00:37:46,270 --> 00:37:50,650
+Goddess. She's a goddess. She's a nymph, she's
+
+575
+00:37:50,650 --> 00:37:56,240
+beautiful, she's perfect. So maybe you want to see
+
+576
+00:37:56,240 --> 00:38:00,420
+how the text talks about. But here, notice the
+
+577
+00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:03,360
+description is mainly physical description. Are
+
+578
+00:38:03,360 --> 00:38:07,500
+there any references to her mind? Or is this the
+
+579
+00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,280
+case? A woman has to be beautiful, and that's it.
+
+580
+00:38:12,040 --> 00:38:14,660
+More important than her mind and her intellect.
+
+581
+00:38:15,400 --> 00:38:17,120
+Look into the text. If someone is interested in
+
+582
+00:38:17,120 --> 00:38:19,920
+this, to do a presentation, you can look into
+
+583
+00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,130
+this. And maybe you can see how Adam is. So maybe
+
+584
+00:38:24,130 --> 00:38:28,570
+Adam is not described physically. Maybe he's more
+
+585
+00:38:28,570 --> 00:38:29,350
+into the mind.
+
+586
+00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:36,850
+The apple, we'll see, yeah. We'll have to go back
+
+587
+00:38:36,850 --> 00:38:40,810
+to this and see what exactly he said about her,
+
+588
+00:38:40,910 --> 00:38:46,570
+how she behaved, what she exactly thought. I'll
+
+589
+00:38:46,570 --> 00:38:51,270
+conclude this with more memorable lines. We have
+
+590
+00:38:51,270 --> 00:38:56,780
+one. Two and three. Three, again, beautiful, very
+
+591
+00:38:56,780 --> 00:38:58,520
+memorable. Some of these, by the way, have become
+
+592
+00:38:58,520 --> 00:39:01,980
+English proverbs. We use them all the time, and
+
+593
+00:39:01,980 --> 00:39:04,460
+sometimes we don't know that they are from Milton.
+
+594
+00:39:04,840 --> 00:39:06,940
+Sometimes we use so many things from Shakespeare
+
+595
+00:39:06,940 --> 00:39:08,300
+and Milton and John Donne and everything.
+
+596
+00:39:09,180 --> 00:39:11,320
+Especially this one. I like using this all the
+
+597
+00:39:11,320 --> 00:39:16,120
+time. So farewell hope and with hope farewell
+
+598
+00:39:16,120 --> 00:39:21,140
+fear. So, farewell. You know farewell? Goodbye.
+
+599
+00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:27,380
+Goodbye to hope. But if somebody loses hope, you
+
+600
+00:39:27,380 --> 00:39:31,640
+have nothing else to lose. So, you don't fear
+
+601
+00:39:31,640 --> 00:39:37,280
+anything. And usually they say, you need to fear
+
+602
+00:39:37,280 --> 00:39:40,760
+someone who has nothing to fear. Beware of a
+
+603
+00:39:40,760 --> 00:39:42,640
+person who has nothing to fear. Because if you
+
+604
+00:39:42,640 --> 00:39:46,200
+have no family, nobody to love, no home to live,
+
+605
+00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:48,940
+no country, nothing, everything is threatened,
+
+606
+00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:51,320
+everything is taken away by occupations or by
+
+607
+00:39:51,320 --> 00:39:56,960
+something, this person is very dangerous. Why?
+
+608
+00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:00,160
+Because sometimes we want to do stuff, but we are
+
+609
+00:40:00,160 --> 00:40:02,520
+afraid maybe we're going to go, we would go to
+
+610
+00:40:02,520 --> 00:40:05,600
+prison, we'd be arrested because, and then my wife
+
+611
+00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:07,860
+and my kids and my family and my job and my
+
+612
+00:40:07,860 --> 00:40:12,580
+students. But if you have nothing to lose, no one
+
+613
+00:40:12,580 --> 00:40:16,940
+to love, no family, no job, you would be fearless.
+
+614
+00:40:17,440 --> 00:40:19,860
+And it's good in a way and it's also bad in
+
+615
+00:40:19,860 --> 00:40:25,230
+another way. Number one, Long is the way. Notice
+
+616
+00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:28,910
+the word order here. The way is long, but that's
+
+617
+00:40:28,910 --> 00:40:36,430
+poetic. Long is the way. And hard. Some only long,
+
+618
+00:40:37,250 --> 00:40:41,430
+but also hard. That's life. Life is hard. Life is
+
+619
+00:40:41,430 --> 00:40:42,710
+so long.
+
+620
+00:40:45,440 --> 00:40:50,220
+that out of hell leads up to life. It's like the
+
+621
+00:40:50,220 --> 00:40:54,040
+way to heaven is not an easy way. It's long, it's
+
+622
+00:40:54,040 --> 00:41:01,000
+hard. It's very difficult. In a way, when you read
+
+623
+00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:02,740
+this, you think it's from the Bible, by the way,
+
+624
+00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,000
+because of the religious nature of the text,
+
+625
+00:41:06,180 --> 00:41:10,380
+because he assumes this role. Finally, someone
+
+626
+00:41:10,380 --> 00:41:15,000
+read the last quote, please. Just are the ways of
+
+627
+00:41:15,000 --> 00:41:19,780
+God unjustifiable to men unless they're beings who
+
+628
+00:41:19,780 --> 00:41:23,060
+think not God at all. Okay, someone else, please.
+
+629
+00:41:23,840 --> 00:41:31,620
+Just are the ways of God unjustifiable to men
+
+630
+00:41:31,620 --> 00:41:35,640
+unless they're beings who think not God at all.
+
+631
+00:41:50,730 --> 00:41:58,990
+I think he's talking about prophets, how they give
+
+632
+00:41:58,990 --> 00:42:03,750
+us the message of God. The ways of God.
+
+633
+00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,550
+You suffer, but this suffering is good for you,
+
+634
+00:42:15,890 --> 00:42:20,030
+because eventually God is going to reward you for
+
+635
+00:42:20,030 --> 00:42:24,730
+this. So generally, remember to assert eternal
+
+636
+00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,490
+providence and justify the means or the ways of
+
+637
+00:42:28,490 --> 00:42:31,630
+God to men. It's too difficult. And again, notice
+
+638
+00:42:31,630 --> 00:42:34,050
+the word order here. There's emphasis on
+
+639
+00:42:41,080 --> 00:42:43,080
+But it's interesting also because if you follow
+
+640
+00:42:43,080 --> 00:42:45,380
+the path, you will finally go to God. It's the end
+
+641
+00:42:45,380 --> 00:42:49,300
+of the sentence. If you follow the long and hard
+
+642
+00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:54,840
+way to heaven, and you know it is just, you trust
+
+643
+00:42:54,840 --> 00:42:57,100
+God, you beg God, eventually you will love Him.
+
+644
+00:42:57,860 --> 00:43:01,160
+Just are the ways of God. Unjustifiable to men.
+
+645
+00:43:01,220 --> 00:43:05,840
+It's easy to see that God loves us, even if we
+
+646
+00:43:05,840 --> 00:43:07,280
+suffer. However,
+
+647
+00:43:13,070 --> 00:43:16,390
+People who originally don't believe in God. So if
+
+648
+00:43:16,390 --> 00:43:19,350
+you don't believe in God, you will not see
+
+649
+00:43:19,350 --> 00:43:23,030
+justice. You will not see that even if you suffer
+
+650
+00:43:23,030 --> 00:43:26,130
+eventually you will be rewarded, whether here or
+
+651
+00:43:26,130 --> 00:43:33,040
+there, hereafter. OK? So this is, in a way,
+
+652
+00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:35,920
+basically in brief. I know because this is an
+
+653
+00:43:35,920 --> 00:43:38,500
+introduction to English literature. We take like
+
+654
+00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,840
+little things about it. But I hope my lectures or
+
+655
+00:43:41,840 --> 00:43:45,680
+the lectures or the stuff in the book also helps
+
+656
+00:43:45,680 --> 00:43:52,600
+you to see something in literature, to love to do
+
+657
+00:43:52,600 --> 00:43:53,740
+something more on literature.
+
+658
+00:43:56,850 --> 00:43:59,030
+time especially these days with the exams coming
+
+659
+00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:01,970
+up please contribute you to watch some videos
+
+660
+00:44:01,970 --> 00:44:06,870
+about these or go google famous quotes from
+
+661
+00:44:06,870 --> 00:44:10,950
+paradises you will love what you see you can do
+
+662
+00:44:10,950 --> 00:44:15,830
+this for your extra portfolio so after this we
+
+663
+00:44:15,830 --> 00:44:16,990
+have paradise
+
+664
+00:44:19,590 --> 00:44:22,210
+I have probably two or three minutes to speak
+
+665
+00:44:22,210 --> 00:44:25,630
+about Samson Agnes. I'll be very brief. Maybe we
+
+666
+00:44:25,630 --> 00:44:29,110
+can continue this after the class. Samson Agnes
+
+667
+00:44:29,110 --> 00:44:33,450
+tells the story of an Israelite, Jewish person.
+
+668
+00:44:33,710 --> 00:44:38,450
+Israelite, not Israeli. Israelite. God sent him to
+
+669
+00:44:38,450 --> 00:44:40,710
+help the Israelites, because they were sinners, to
+
+670
+00:44:40,710 --> 00:44:43,790
+protect them against the Philistines. You know
+
+671
+00:44:43,790 --> 00:44:46,990
+Philistines? It's people who were living in
+
+672
+00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:50,710
+Palestine at that time. Palestine, the dictionary
+
+673
+00:44:50,710 --> 00:44:53,290
+is a negative word. It means a certain person who
+
+674
+00:44:53,290 --> 00:44:56,430
+doesn't appreciate the heart. And we can hopefully
+
+675
+00:44:56,430 --> 00:45:00,210
+talk about this later on. The Philistines were the
+
+676
+00:45:00,210 --> 00:45:06,250
+enemies of the Jews, the Jewish people. So Samson
+
+677
+00:45:06,250 --> 00:45:12,610
+was a fearless, powerful person, so strong that he
+
+678
+00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:18,410
+could sometimes kill 1,000 Philistines with only
+
+679
+00:45:18,410 --> 00:45:24,010
+something like, I don't know, a rubber. In one
+
+680
+00:45:24,010 --> 00:45:27,050
+story, he kills all about, I'm not sure how many,
+
+681
+00:45:27,130 --> 00:45:31,530
+but hundreds of Philistines only with a donkey's
+
+682
+00:45:31,530 --> 00:45:34,520
+jaw. You know what a jaw is? Jaw. This area is
+
+683
+00:45:34,520 --> 00:45:38,700
+called the Jaw. So a dead donkey's jaw, he killed
+
+684
+00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:43,260
+hundreds of people, armored with swords and with
+
+685
+00:45:43,260 --> 00:45:47,020
+arrows and everything. One time, he was attacked
+
+686
+00:45:47,020 --> 00:45:53,640
+by a lion, and with his bare hands, he rips the
+
+687
+00:45:53,640 --> 00:46:01,300
+lion into pieces. So powerful. And now, one
+
+688
+00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:16,100
+Palestinian woman from Gaza named Delilah. I know
+
+689
+00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:17,420
+people all over
+
+690
+00:46:42,160 --> 00:46:44,320
+There is a book, someone named, called in the book
+
+691
+00:46:44,320 --> 00:46:47,280
+Iris in Gaza, taken from this reference and it's
+
+692
+00:46:47,280 --> 00:46:51,040
+from the Bible in a way or another. So Delilah, he
+
+693
+00:46:51,040 --> 00:46:54,320
+shouldn't fall in love with any Palestinian woman,
+
+694
+00:46:54,420 --> 00:46:57,840
+he shouldn't deal with them. What he does, this is
+
+695
+00:46:57,840 --> 00:47:00,540
+a sin in a way. And she was like, Samson,
+
+696
+00:47:03,560 --> 00:47:06,640
+Samson, she keeps nagging and nagging and nagging
+
+697
+00:47:06,640 --> 00:47:08,460
+and nagging and nagging. He doesn't want to tell
+
+698
+00:47:08,460 --> 00:47:12,000
+anyone, but eventually he does. He tells her it's
+
+699
+00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:16,640
+because of my hair. This is Samson and he has this
+
+700
+00:47:16,640 --> 00:47:19,540
+long curly hair.
+
+701
+00:47:25,060 --> 00:47:27,680
+He cut him. The Philistines caught him. He was
+
+702
+00:47:27,680 --> 00:47:30,080
+asleep, and they cut his hair. He's now hairless.
+
+703
+00:47:30,160 --> 00:47:33,440
+They chain him. He tries to break the chains, but
+
+704
+00:47:33,440 --> 00:47:37,540
+he's powerless now. He loses his power. They
+
+705
+00:47:37,540 --> 00:47:40,560
+arrest him. They put him in a temple, and they
+
+706
+00:47:40,560 --> 00:47:43,560
+gold his eyes. He's now blind. Interesting. A
+
+707
+00:47:43,560 --> 00:47:47,580
+blind Samson, blind Meltem also. But because the
+
+708
+00:47:47,580 --> 00:47:49,680
+Philistines are backward and stupid, presented
+
+709
+00:47:49,680 --> 00:47:53,380
+this way, they forget about him, and his hair
+
+710
+00:47:53,380 --> 00:47:54,640
+grows white out.
+
+711
+00:48:06,220 --> 00:48:10,280
+and killing all the Palestinians. And that's the
+
+712
+00:48:10,280 --> 00:48:12,520
+story of Samson Adams. It's in the Bible, it's
+
+713
+00:48:12,520 --> 00:48:15,140
+typical, but it's part myth, part fiction in a
+
+714
+00:48:15,140 --> 00:48:17,460
+way. Unless you believe that there are people, we
+
+715
+00:48:17,460 --> 00:48:19,920
+see sometimes people with supernatural powers,
+
+716
+00:48:20,040 --> 00:48:23,120
+they can drag, you know, lorries and trucks with
+
+717
+00:48:23,120 --> 00:48:25,800
+their teeth. Yes, with their ears. They're
+
+718
+00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:28,640
+trained, they were not born. Okay, so this is the
+
+719
+00:48:28,640 --> 00:48:30,820
+story of Samson Adams. If you are interested in
+
+720
+00:48:30,820 --> 00:48:33,160
+doing a presentation about this, maybe you can
+
+721
+00:48:33,160 --> 00:48:37,660
+think of how the line that's Or how the
+
+722
+00:48:37,660 --> 00:48:40,660
+Philistines as the others, as the enemies were
+
+723
+00:48:40,660 --> 00:48:44,560
+represented. Because in a way, they were the
+
+724
+00:48:44,560 --> 00:48:48,440
+natives here in Gaza, like us here in Gaza. Maybe
+
+725
+00:48:48,440 --> 00:48:51,860
+someone wants to do more history research and find
+
+726
+00:48:51,860 --> 00:48:55,600
+out where this took place in Gaza. I was kidding
+
+727
+00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:57,620
+with the other class. I thought that Samson was
+
+728
+00:48:57,620 --> 00:49:00,840
+from Syria. Some people say, no, maybe he's from
+
+729
+00:49:00,840 --> 00:49:04,660
+there and back or somewhere. So look into this.
+
+730
+00:49:10,770 --> 00:49:13,530
+Thank you very much. Good luck.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8dbcc2f4719a28e1089120ff87b9df36802a47af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2456 @@
+1
+00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290
+Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome
+
+2
+00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610
+back to our hopefully beautiful journey into
+
+3
+00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470
+English literature. Today we move, finally we move
+
+4
+00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370
+from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism
+
+5
+00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750
+and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of
+
+6
+00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010
+the most interesting, one of the most fascinating
+
+7
+00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710
+literary movements in England. but also in Europe.
+
+8
+00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130
+But our focus is English literature, so we're
+
+9
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770
+going to be focusing on the romantic poets or
+
+10
+00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070
+romanticism or romantic literature in England. So
+
+11
+00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170
+far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many
+
+12
+00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580
+ways. We've seen how, for example, that men
+
+13
+00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640
+dominate poetry. Not because there's something
+
+14
+00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120
+wrong with women, but because the way the society
+
+15
+00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340
+was treating men and women, we have something
+
+16
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040
+different here. We've seen how, for example, in
+
+17
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120
+the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those
+
+18
+00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940
+great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other
+
+19
+00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700
+poets even like Milton, how they preferred to
+
+20
+00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600
+follow a particular etiquette, a particular
+
+21
+00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140
+decorum, particular rules in order to write
+
+22
+00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430
+particular types of poetry? Before these people
+
+23
+00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590
+were preaching what is called the Rules of
+
+24
+00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690
+Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Pope
+
+25
+00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310
+from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was
+
+26
+00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290
+saying that poetry has to be methodized because
+
+27
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030
+these rules were discovered from nature, and
+
+28
+00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410
+that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to
+
+29
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510
+imitate the great ancient poets in order to
+
+30
+00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450
+produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was
+
+31
+00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240
+writing different poetry. And we've seen how he
+
+32
+00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960
+was hated. He was negatively framed in so many
+
+33
+00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020
+ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were
+
+34
+00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340
+really fed up with the classical or neoclassical
+
+35
+00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320
+Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And
+
+36
+00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520
+this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic
+
+37
+00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480
+Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement
+
+38
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920
+that started in the late 18th century, actually
+
+39
+00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730
+beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we
+
+40
+00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530
+said this before about the 17th, 18th century,
+
+41
+00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390
+there were like so many changes taking place. In
+
+42
+00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030
+the 18th century, in a way or another, it was
+
+43
+00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030
+called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real
+
+44
+00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490
+change, radical change. In America, we have the
+
+45
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990
+American Revolution. In France, we have the French
+
+46
+00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870
+Revolution, in addition to the Industrial
+
+47
+00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110
+Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of
+
+48
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310
+life. But England did not like to change radically
+
+49
+00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760
+because After the Commonwealth and the
+
+50
+00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840
+restoration, they realized that stability is the
+
+51
+00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500
+best thing we could possibly have. However, some
+
+52
+00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100
+people said, okay, if we can't do political and
+
+53
+00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000
+social changes, real changes, at least we can do a
+
+54
+00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520
+revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is
+
+55
+00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280
+the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth
+
+56
+00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480
+and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings,
+
+57
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770
+go to more or less, again these dates are not
+
+58
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830
+clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French
+
+59
+00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070
+Revolution, the next day people wake up and they
+
+60
+00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030
+find themselves writing different poetry. It's
+
+61
+00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630
+gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So
+
+62
+00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190
+after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all
+
+63
+00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210
+across America and Europe, England had to do
+
+64
+00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670
+something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't
+
+65
+00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990
+do it in other areas. It was literature. And this
+
+66
+00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450
+is how I usually focus on this, how literature
+
+67
+00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660
+changes lives. how literature changes societies,
+
+68
+00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400
+how literature makes us different people,
+
+69
+00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220
+hopefully better people, affects us, how it
+
+70
+00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680
+influences us positively. And this is true because
+
+71
+00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480
+literature addresses the heart and the mind in a
+
+72
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480
+way or another. It's similar to watching a movie.
+
+73
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600
+Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry,
+
+74
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400
+you feel sorry for something or you decide to
+
+75
+00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880
+change something about your behavior. And this is
+
+76
+00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500
+the power of literature. So don't undermine the
+
+77
+00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400
+fact that It was only a revolution in literature
+
+78
+00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220
+in England. So we speak about the two major
+
+79
+00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900
+romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend,
+
+80
+00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440
+his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and
+
+81
+00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540
+critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and
+
+82
+00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120
+Coleridge. Together, they published a book they
+
+83
+00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490
+called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the
+
+84
+00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670
+lyrical palace. And they were writing totally
+
+85
+00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630
+radically different poetry from the Augustan
+
+86
+00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470
+poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules.
+
+87
+00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670
+The satire where poetry was basically an elite
+
+88
+00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450
+subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated
+
+89
+00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150
+language, and it's generally about the court life,
+
+90
+00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490
+about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here,
+
+91
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110
+everything changed. We'll talk about this in more
+
+92
+00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630
+details today and in the coming classes. When they
+
+93
+00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270
+published this book, many people wanted to read
+
+94
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900
+it, and they sold out. So they had to work on
+
+95
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800
+another edition and they added a preface. You know
+
+96
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060
+preface? An introduction to the second edition.
+
+97
+00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550
+And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic
+
+98
+00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790
+we know, where the introduction could be more
+
+99
+00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050
+significant than the book itself in many ways.
+
+100
+00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550
+Here the preface is so significant because William
+
+101
+00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810
+Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or
+
+102
+00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410
+another, they defined poetry. They gave us a
+
+103
+00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810
+different definition of poetry. And they told us
+
+104
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410
+poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about
+
+105
+00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620
+this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same
+
+106
+00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260
+book was republished, but there was an extra
+
+107
+00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220
+preface, introduction in which they defined poetry
+
+108
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380
+and they told the people what they were doing. The
+
+109
+00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160
+tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now
+
+110
+00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740
+one significant point. is the comparison between
+
+111
+00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480
+the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the
+
+112
+00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360
+Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the
+
+113
+00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700
+Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden,
+
+114
+00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460
+think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander
+
+115
+00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680
+Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of
+
+116
+00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240
+decorum, the subject matter that has to be a
+
+117
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570
+particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics
+
+118
+00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810
+were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age.
+
+119
+00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950
+This is true. But we have to be careful, again.
+
+120
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770
+This is true, but we need to be careful because we
+
+121
+00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370
+don't want to give the impression that the
+
+122
+00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and
+
+123
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810
+contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own
+
+124
+00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090
+idea of what poetry means. So what did they
+
+125
+00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030
+change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past,
+
+126
+00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450
+poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak
+
+127
+00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830
+about an important issue in the society using
+
+128
+00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050
+important, highly sophisticated language. But now,
+
+129
+00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470
+for the romantics, poetry is an expression of
+
+130
+00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370
+feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of
+
+131
+00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390
+the definition, the overflow of emotions, of
+
+132
+00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750
+powerful emotions.
+
+133
+00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130
+It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.
+
+134
+00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890
+In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you
+
+135
+00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670
+write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm
+
+136
+00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640
+writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not
+
+137
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380
+writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to
+
+138
+00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260
+justify the means of God to man or something. I'm
+
+139
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460
+not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is
+
+140
+00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060
+methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature.
+
+141
+00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860
+I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little
+
+142
+00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080
+learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing
+
+143
+00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880
+poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry?
+
+144
+00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280
+Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and
+
+145
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830
+revolutionary and different. So why would you
+
+146
+00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050
+write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't
+
+147
+00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630
+mean that they didn't care about the audience.
+
+148
+00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930
+They did. But more significant than teaching and
+
+149
+00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690
+delighting first is to express yourself as an
+
+150
+00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870
+individual. As an individual. So what is poetry?
+
+151
+00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310
+It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing
+
+152
+00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010
+powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of
+
+153
+00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350
+powerful emotions.
+
+154
+00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690
+What is the language of poetry?
+
+155
+00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170
+For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language,
+
+156
+00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150
+you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished,
+
+157
+00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470
+highly embellished language where you sometimes
+
+158
+00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390
+usually you need to check the dictionary to see
+
+159
+00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730
+what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the
+
+160
+00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030
+romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common
+
+161
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390
+Language, or the language of everyday man.
+
+162
+00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390
+What does it mean everyday man? Like the language
+
+163
+00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710
+we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no,
+
+164
+00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330
+not slang. General, I don't even want to say
+
+165
+00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570
+colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go
+
+166
+00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430
+for the difficult words. One simple thing, when
+
+167
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070
+students sometimes come to me and say, I want to
+
+168
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990
+write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how
+
+169
+00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630
+to write English poetry. I always tell them, try
+
+170
+00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440
+to read something by William Blake. Try to read
+
+171
+00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640
+these poems by William Wordsworth because
+
+172
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380
+sometimes you would read the whole poem and you
+
+173
+00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920
+don't even use the dictionary once because you
+
+174
+00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020
+know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very
+
+175
+00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620
+easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the
+
+176
+00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800
+difficult expressions, for the difficult language,
+
+177
+00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920
+the language that only people who go to
+
+178
+00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300
+university, they understand. It's a language that
+
+179
+00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840
+if you say it to anyone, They will understand.
+
+180
+00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540
+We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is
+
+181
+00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880
+different. The language of poetry is different.
+
+182
+00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180
+The subject matter in
+
+183
+00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740
+the past, remember, was about heroism, about God,
+
+184
+00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700
+about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy
+
+185
+00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720
+queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the
+
+186
+00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350
+subject matter has always been about generally
+
+187
+00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450
+courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love
+
+188
+00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610
+poetry about the king and the queen and even about
+
+189
+00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990
+Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly
+
+190
+00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630
+issues according to the Augustan definition like
+
+191
+00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370
+something of importance to the society as a whole.
+
+192
+00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320
+But now for the romantics they said no. I can't
+
+193
+00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140
+fix the whole society. I can't make one poem
+
+194
+00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640
+change the whole society. I can't change one
+
+195
+00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560
+person at a time. I can't change an individual at
+
+196
+00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000
+a time. So the subject matter is also taken from
+
+197
+00:
+
+223
+00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980
+For example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray.
+
+224
+00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140
+Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's 
+
+225
+00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060
+an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper,
+
+226
+00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130
+little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does
+
+227
+00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590
+this mean? When you change the language, when you 
+
+228
+00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130
+break the rules of decorum, you are certainly 
+
+229
+00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590
+employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken 
+
+230
+00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390
+John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke
+
+231
+00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210
+the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many 
+
+232
+00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450
+things. But there are different issues. Those
+
+233
+00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590
+people were focusing more on feelings, emotions,
+
+234
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990
+powerful emotions, personal individual
+
+235
+00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770
+experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not
+
+236
+00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030
+in this particular way. And those people were
+
+237
+00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590
+fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So 
+
+238
+00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330
+like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more
+
+239
+00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230
+important than the rule. And that's why we'll see 
+
+240
+00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570
+new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short
+
+241
+00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510
+lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here 
+
+242
+00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450
+or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne, 
+
+243
+00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860
+they would follow the rules unless the rule is 
+
+244
+00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660
+hindering, is not helping the message, so they 
+
+245
+00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760
+break the rule of the Koran. How did the
+
+246
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620
+mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran?
+
+247
+00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500
+That's a very interesting question. When John
+
+248
+00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680
+Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of
+
+249
+00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260
+the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism. 
+
+250
+00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860
+People were writing poetry imitating horrors of 
+
+251
+00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400
+people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So
+
+252
+00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300
+many people criticized him. But here this came, 
+
+253
+00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800
+this movement naturally came at the end of an era 
+
+254
+00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800
+where people in a way or another were tired of the
+
+255
+00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420
+same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry
+
+256
+00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740
+about the same subject matters. People wanted
+
+257
+00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860
+change, wanted things to be different. And now the 
+
+258
+00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740
+romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people
+
+259
+00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920
+were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this.
+
+260
+00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340
+especially after the giants were no longer around.
+
+261
+00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940
+Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was 
+
+262
+00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480
+dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes 
+
+263
+00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580
+you're lucky to be born in a particular age.
+
+264
+00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310
+Okay, so important features here. And then for the 
+
+265
+00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150
+romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions,
+
+266
+00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690
+the feelings. They care more about particular
+
+267
+00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170
+feelings rather than the mind and the intellect 
+
+268
+00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750
+and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called
+
+269
+00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130
+the age of reason, where the mind is more
+
+270
+00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630
+important, more significant. The heart was
+
+271
+00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610
+dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is 
+
+272
+00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640
+dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the 
+
+273
+00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800
+power of imagination, feelings and imagination are
+
+274
+00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600
+above reason and intellect. They were encouraging
+
+275
+00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140
+individual people to just depend, rely, express
+
+276
+00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080
+themselves, their feelings, rely more on their 
+
+277
+00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150
+hearts, just release and free their imaginations. 
+
+278
+00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330
+In the past, you didn't have the freedom to 
+
+279
+00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210
+express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if
+
+280
+00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770
+you want to depend on imagination and feelings,
+
+281
+00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590
+naturally, you will break the rules, because 
+
+282
+00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410
+sometimes the rules would limit your imagination,
+
+283
+00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970
+right? When I tell you, for example, write me a 
+
+284
+00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830
+Shakespearean sonnet about a particular
+
+285
+00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450
+experience, you will find yourself tied up. But
+
+286
+00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150
+here, the experience, the feelings are more
+
+287
+00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450
+important. So you break the rules in order to fit 
+
+288
+00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210
+your feelings. And nature was the source of 
+
+289
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570
+inspiration. Those people hated the city very 
+
+290
+00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470
+much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be
+
+291
+00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110
+anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They 
+
+292
+00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230
+hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like
+
+293
+00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290
+the city. They hated the city, but in principle,
+
+294
+00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150
+Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so 
+
+295
+00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430
+he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and
+
+296
+00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310
+enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When
+
+297
+00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450
+we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside
+
+298
+00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890
+symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity, 
+
+299
+00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510
+innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and 
+
+300
+00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890
+Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we
+
+301
+00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810
+have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of
+
+302
+00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070
+people from the countryside and the villages to
+
+303
+00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510
+work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if
+
+304
+00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070
+I go to the city, to London, to work in the town,
+
+305
+00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530
+in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I
+
+306
+00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710
+will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll 
+
+307
+00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770
+improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving 
+
+308
+00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940
+in masses. But they ended up being slaves to
+
+309
+00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320
+capitalism, to factories. And the factories were 
+
+310
+00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720
+polluting everything. London was one of the most
+
+311
+00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640
+polluted cities in the world. There was 
+
+312
+00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280
+corruption, there was poverty, there was death, 
+
+313
+00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820
+there was disease. Only very few people, the 
+
+314
+00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700
+owners, the rich people were getting richer, but
+
+315
+00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480
+the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary
+
+316
+00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500
+people would only take the bare minimum just to 
+
+317
+00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460
+keep themselves alive so that they can work. And 
+
+318
+00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020
+this destroyed the relationships in the society.
+
+319
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120
+It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer 
+
+320
+00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600
+a human being. You are no longer a name, a person 
+
+321
+00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860
+with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are 
+
+322
+00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300
+part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK,
+
+323
+00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940
+nature is our mother. Let's go back to our
+
+324
+00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380
+innocence and purity. And this is, by the way,
+
+325
+00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260
+criticized by many people. If there's a problem in 
+
+326
+00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420
+your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you
+
+327
+00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080
+escape? What do you do if there are a lot of 
+
+328
+00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360
+problems in your society? You either face them or 
+
+329
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820
+you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with
+
+330
+00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380
+them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of 
+
+331
+00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640
+them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They, 
+
+332
+00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160
+that's why some people call them escapists. You 
+
+333
+00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540
+know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped.
+
+334
+00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260
+When you escape here, it's just you don't want to
+
+335
+00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420
+deal with the problems at all. 
+
+336
+00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580
+So they are escapists, many of them. They just
+
+337
+00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080
+want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't
+
+338
+00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630
+think this is accurate because poetry itself is
+
+339
+00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470
+change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you 
+
+340
+00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610
+change individuals and people's ways of life and
+
+341
+00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530
+thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life.
+
+342
+00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330
+So the city was a source of corruption and vices 
+
+343
+00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890
+and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source 
+
+344
+00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330
+of innocence and inspiration. In the past,
+
+345
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210
+remember all the texts we read before this was
+
+346
+00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690
+about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to 
+
+347
+00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690
+be seen because they were supposed to be
+
+348
+00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710
+controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But 
+
+349
+00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950
+for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth 
+
+350
+00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190
+says the child is the father of man. The child is
+
+351
+00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870
+the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why? 
+
+352
+00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150
+Is the child the father of man in real life? In 
+
+353
+00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490
+real life, no, literally. But how can, 
+
+354
+00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030
+metaphorically speaking, the child be the father
+
+355
+00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690
+of man? Please.
+
+356
+00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070
+Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood
+
+357
+00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510
+influences the way we grow up, defines us as we
+
+358
+00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170
+grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what 
+
+359
+00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810
+else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from 
+
+360
+00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110
+the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine
+
+361
+00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170
+was telling me some time ago that he only really 
+
+362
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150
+started appreciating his parents when he had kids.
+
+363
+00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470
+He then realized that because kids teach us to be 
+
+364
+00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870
+selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard.
+
+365
+00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520
+In many ways. So childhood was significant and a
+
+366
+00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240
+source of inspiration. So this is basically the 
+
+367
+00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240
+major features. We'll come to them again and 
+
+368
+00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380
+again, especially when we talk about individual
+
+369
+00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640
+poets. Any question before we move to William
+
+370
+00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120
+Blake? 
+
+371
+00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260
+Everything is new, different type of language, 
+
+372
+00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600
+subject matters, structures, poetic forms,
+
+373
+00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760
+inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature.
+
+374
+00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380
+Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is
+
+375
+00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480
+William Blake. Many people describe William Blake
+
+376
+00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750
+as a pre-romantic, because he was writing poetry 
+
+377
+00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710
+this way before even William Wordsworth and Samuel
+
+378
+00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350
+Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in
+
+379
+00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650
+London and he lived in London, and this will see 
+
+380
+00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490
+the difference between him and the other poets who
+
+381
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970
+went to the countryside to live in the village, 
+
+382
+00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230
+you know, among natural elements. Two things to
+
+383
+00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150
+focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a
+
+384
+00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710
+particular individual view of the world. And this
+
+385
+00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690
+individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's 
+
+386
+00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390
+no longer collective. You know the collective 
+
+387
+00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470
+idea? of we must praise God, every individual is
+
+388
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890
+free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long
+
+389
+00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630
+as you're following your pure and innocent nature, 
+
+390
+00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020
+your purity, your original pure status. And in his
+
+391
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080
+poetry, we'll see, for example, how this 
+
+392
+00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280
+influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities.
+
+393
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480
+Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the 
+
+394
+00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020
+order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is 
+
+395
+00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100
+a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature
+
+396
+00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340
+contrasts the order and control of the Augustans. 
+
+397
+00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120
+Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like
+
+398
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080
+Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the 
+
+399
+00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880
+neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit 
+
+400
+00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720
+for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of 
+
+401
+00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140
+symbolism. 
+
+402
+00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520
+What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you
+
+403
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510
+define it? When you use something, to refer to 
+
+404
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970
+something else. To inspire a particular idea of
+
+405
+00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850
+something else. Like how a rose inspires, 
+
+406
+00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590
+symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some 
+
+407
+00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910
+of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to 
+
+408
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690
+understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his 
+
+409
+00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510
+symbols are really very personal and not easy to
+
+410
+00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030
+understand. It doesn't mean like we can't 
+
+411
+00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450
+understand it. It means we can't agree what it
+
+412
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590
+means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two
+
+41
+
+445
+00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590
+experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's 
+
+446
+00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590
+about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols,
+
+447
+00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430
+especially in his late poems, are really, again, I 
+
+448
+00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610
+don't want to say complex or difficult to 
+
+449
+00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310
+understand, but they don't easily reveal what they 
+
+450
+00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450
+indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem 
+
+451
+00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230
+and we could have ended up with 10
+
+452
+00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070
+interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to? 
+
+453
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660
+It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's 
+
+454
+00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460
+very personal. He uses symbols for the first time 
+
+455
+00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600
+that no one else has used them before. Two 
+
+456
+00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240
+examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the
+
+457
+00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380
+lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In
+
+458
+00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640
+Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know,
+
+459
+00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840
+Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we 
+
+460
+00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850
+are like, the people are like the lambs. Little 
+
+461
+00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330
+lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult 
+
+462
+00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930
+words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but
+
+463
+00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430
+it's also for us because it addresses this state 
+
+464
+00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630
+of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down?
+
+465
+00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370
+Who created
+
+466
+00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760
+you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of
+
+467
+00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580
+the. We have never seen a repetition of the same 
+
+468
+00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260
+word in the previous poetry. Because I think in, 
+
+469
+00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960
+I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you
+
+470
+00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560
+have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the 
+
+471
+00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900
+end of the line, unless you count like seven
+
+472
+00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620
+lines. So you say, you can't 
+
+473
+00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560
+repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines
+
+474
+00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100
+and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before 
+
+475
+00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360
+that, it's a sign of weakness. In English,
+
+476
+00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200
+definitely there's something similar here. But 
+
+477
+00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320
+here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And
+
+478
+00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760
+this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much 
+
+479
+00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740
+about the sophistication of the rules as long as
+
+480
+00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740
+this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a
+
+481
+00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240
+poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life. 
+
+482
+00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820
+This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust 
+
+483
+00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030
+down, who made the... Even the language, even the 
+
+484
+00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350
+tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very 
+
+485
+00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570
+innocent in. However, when he talks about the 
+
+486
+00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710
+tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read? 
+
+487
+00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990
+Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest
+
+488
+00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950
+of the night. What immortal hand or eye could
+
+489
+00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630
+frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone 
+
+490
+00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570
+else, thank you. Hin, please.
+
+491
+00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750
+Not immoral,
+
+492
+00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470
+immortal.
+
+493
+00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370
+Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry. 
+
+494
+00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160
+Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than
+
+495
+00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730
+this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's
+
+496
+00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070
+like saying little lamb who made thee but this is 
+
+497
+00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870
+a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go 
+
+498
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150
+on very
+
+499
+00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150
+good
+
+500
+00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210
+so i think it's more like this tiger look at the
+
+501
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630
+old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the
+
+502
+00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000
+forest of the night What immortal hand or eye
+
+503
+00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420
+could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word
+
+504
+00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940
+fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn
+
+505
+00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060
+it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the
+
+506
+00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820
+burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration. 
+
+507
+00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090
+Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the 
+
+508
+00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370
+atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from
+
+509
+00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430
+innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the 
+
+510
+00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570
+darkness, the complexity, the experience of the 
+
+511
+00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530
+tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count 
+
+512
+00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110
+the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four, 
+
+513
+00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570
+five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One,
+
+514
+00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430
+two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One, 
+
+515
+00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550
+two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting.
+
+516
+00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry. 
+
+517
+00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570
+Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three.
+
+518
+00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870
+Symmetry. 
+
+519
+00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560
+Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a
+
+520
+00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580
+schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it 
+
+521
+00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480
+symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same 
+
+522
+00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860
+thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A,
+
+523
+00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760
+A. I think
+
+524
+00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260
+it's B, B. But it is imperfect. 
+
+525
+00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780
+Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there 
+
+526
+00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680
+is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry, 
+
+527
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220
+in literature in general, poetry in particular,
+
+528
+00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100
+the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an
+
+529
+00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880
+idea where he or she creates something called 
+
+530
+00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610
+tension. You know tension, something that doesn't
+
+531
+00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490
+fit, something that is different, something that
+
+532
+00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950
+doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules. 
+
+533
+00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510
+Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why
+
+534
+00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990
+did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have 
+
+535
+00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090
+A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect 
+
+536
+00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370
+rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the
+
+537
+00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730
+poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone 
+
+538
+00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850
+tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra 
+
+539
+00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060
+syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here? 
+
+540
+00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720
+There is always a reason.
+
+541
+00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260
+Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going 
+
+542
+00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540
+on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count 
+
+543
+00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880
+the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely
+
+544
+00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160
+can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes,
+
+545
+00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900
+more. Why? The question is again, why is there an
+
+546
+00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380
+extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here,
+
+547
+00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580
+Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's
+
+548
+00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660
+not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't 
+
+549
+00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140
+break the rules because he wants to break the 
+
+550
+00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160
+rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to
+
+551
+00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740
+tell us something. What is he telling us? That's 
+
+552
+00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220
+my question, in a way or another. How?
+
+553
+00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990
+What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion? 
+
+554
+00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590
+Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature.
+
+555
+00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290
+The dark side of nature. What else? The forest.
+
+556
+00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310
+The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look. 
+
+557
+00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470
+When you go home today, Google image pictures of 
+
+558
+00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050
+tigers. And look at them. They're really 
+
+559
+00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730
+fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything 
+
+560
+00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670
+is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you
+
+561
+00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750
+look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It
+
+562
+00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490
+creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the 
+
+563
+00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090
+tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution.
+
+564
+00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380
+or the machines, or the factories, or the city 
+
+565
+00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860
+itself. The city sounds... When you look at the
+
+566
+00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860
+city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city,
+
+567
+00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280
+but you are in a plane and you look down, they all 
+
+568
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340
+sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why 
+
+569
+00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820
+would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if
+
+570
+00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460
+you paid attention to this, the irony is the word
+
+571
+00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080
+symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in 
+
+572
+00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560
+Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something 
+
+573
+00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390
+perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not 
+
+574
+00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870
+symmetrical.
+
+575
+00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510
+The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the 
+
+576
+00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990
+poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it 
+
+577
+00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430
+break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by 
+
+578
+00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300
+the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The
+
+579
+00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760
+idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying 
+
+580
+00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560
+that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial 
+
+581
+00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400
+Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality,
+
+582
+00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980
+there is something missing. There is a problem
+
+583
+00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340
+here. There is something lacking here. This is the
+
+584
+00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540
+facade. This is just the appearance. But the 
+
+585
+00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160
+essence and the reality, they are lacking. There
+
+586
+00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340
+is something missing here. How does he do it? by
+
+587
+00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120
+playing on the rules, playing on the number of
+
+588
+00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720
+syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the
+
+589
+00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500
+imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our 
+
+590
+00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460
+friend William Blake. We actually have this one
+
+591
+00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340
+and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a
+
+592
+00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440
+poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush. 
+
+593
+00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460
+The inverted commas, never forget the inverted 
+
+594
+00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800
+commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the
+
+595
+00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560
+title of the poem. It's again and it's a very 
+
+596
+00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480
+short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer
+
+597
+00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680
+a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no 
+
+598
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860
+longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and
+
+599
+00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920
+a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read
+
+600
+00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320
+here, please?
+
+601
+00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680
+Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are
+
+602
+00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920
+many difficult words here?
+
+603
+00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600
+Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red
+
+604
+00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840
+or pink or something like red. I think other than 
+
+605
+00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660
+this, if you don't know what howling is, and 
+
+606
+00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220
+listen, think of yourself as a native speaker.
+
+607
+00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340
+Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know
+
+608
+00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680
+what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose,
+
+609
+00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400
+there's a personification here. Thou means you 
+
+610
+00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340
+are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The 
+
+611
+00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800
+invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the 
+
+612
+00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320
+characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows,
+
+613
+00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120
+or the rows, because here he says the sick rose,
+
+614
+00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120
+here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A 
+
+615
+00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460
+worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And 
+
+616
+00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340
+secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The 
+
+617
+00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620
+invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the
+
+618
+00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040
+storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah,
+
+619
+00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660
+the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy, 
+
+620
+00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120
+the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his
+
+621
+00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880
+refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The 
+
+622
+00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110
+one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick 
+
+623
+00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770
+human being and also the worm is personified as a 
+
+624
+00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690
+woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good,
+
+625
+00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310
+right? But this is not only secret, but also dark. 
+
+626
+00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750
+It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night, 
+
+627
+00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590
+in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly
+
+628
+00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190
+trying to take advantage of the rose, making it 
+
+629
+00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390
+sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life, 
+
+630
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090
+your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it
+
+631
+00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690
+about? What does the rose stand for? Can you
+
+632
+00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350
+guess? Okay, could be about how life was
+
+667
+00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810
+beautiful and how simple in its language. The
+
+668
+00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330
+features are there. Simplicity, subject matter,
+
+669
+00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130
+nature, imagination.
+
+670
+00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670
+The symbolism, I don't think this is complex.
+
+671
+00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590
+There are more complex than this. But yeah, there
+
+672
+00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810
+is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake.
+
+673
+00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750
+Individual.
+
+674
+00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110
+Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take
+
+675
+00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350
+this as how colonizers and imperialists, how
+
+676
+00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390
+occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy
+
+677
+00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330
+our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we
+
+678
+00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690
+care about you. Thank you. It could be many
+
+679
+00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010
+things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here,
+
+680
+00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990
+can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I
+
+681
+00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190
+think this is B but it's still not perfect because
+
+682
+00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130
+this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye
+
+683
+00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000
+secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one
+
+684
+00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180
+imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one,
+
+685
+00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100
+because the one is the imperfect that destroys
+
+686
+00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940
+this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in
+
+687
+00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480
+a way. If you count the, you're not required to do
+
+688
+00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160
+this, but it's really cool if you start counting
+
+689
+00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960
+the feet, how many feet we have, and the
+
+690
+00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760
+syllables, because in my opinion, there is
+
+691
+00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480
+something here. So if you say one, two, three,
+
+692
+00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660
+four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one,
+
+693
+00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900
+two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have
+
+694
+00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260
+to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful
+
+695
+00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210
+poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This
+
+696
+00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650
+is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You
+
+697
+00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410
+have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so
+
+698
+00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670
+you have four feet or eight feet in a way or
+
+699
+00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450
+another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel
+
+700
+00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610
+Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be
+
+701
+00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430
+pulling their hair. They would be acting angry
+
+702
+00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130
+like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have
+
+703
+00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590
+time for this poem, but we can do it next class.
+
+704
+00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830
+Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if
+
+705
+00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490
+you have any questions, do ask.
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e172b0f68c5880867147721c5ea554e05194ec7a
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2820 @@
+1
+00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290
+Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome
+
+2
+00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610
+back to our hopefully beautiful journey into
+
+3
+00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470
+English literature. Today we move, finally we move
+
+4
+00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370
+from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism
+
+5
+00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750
+and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of
+
+6
+00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010
+the most interesting, one of the most fascinating
+
+7
+00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710
+literary movements in England. but also in Europe.
+
+8
+00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130
+But our focus is English literature, so we're
+
+9
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770
+going to be focusing on the romantic poets or
+
+10
+00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070
+romanticism or romantic literature in England. So
+
+11
+00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170
+far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many
+
+12
+00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580
+ways. We've seen how, for example, that men
+
+13
+00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640
+dominate poetry. Not because there's something
+
+14
+00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120
+wrong with women, but because the way the society
+
+15
+00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340
+was treating men and women, we have something
+
+16
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040
+different here. We've seen how, for example, in
+
+17
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120
+the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those
+
+18
+00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940
+great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other
+
+19
+00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700
+poets even like Milton, how they preferred to
+
+20
+00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600
+follow a particular etiquette, a particular
+
+21
+00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140
+decorum, particular rules in order to write
+
+22
+00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430
+particular types of poetry? Before these people
+
+23
+00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590
+were preaching what is called the Rules of
+
+24
+00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690
+Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Poppe
+
+25
+00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310
+from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was
+
+26
+00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290
+saying that poetry has to be methodized because
+
+27
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030
+these rules were discovered from nature, and
+
+28
+00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410
+that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to
+
+29
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510
+imitate the great ancient poets in order to
+
+30
+00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450
+produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was
+
+31
+00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240
+writing different poetry. And we've seen how he
+
+32
+00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960
+was hated. He was negatively framed in so many
+
+33
+00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020
+ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were
+
+34
+00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340
+really fed up with the classical or neoclassical
+
+35
+00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320
+Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And
+
+36
+00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520
+this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic
+
+37
+00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480
+Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement
+
+38
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920
+that started in the late 18th century, actually
+
+39
+00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730
+beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we
+
+40
+00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530
+said this before about the 17th, 18th century,
+
+41
+00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390
+there were like so many changes taking place. In
+
+42
+00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030
+the 18th century, in a way or another, it was
+
+43
+00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030
+called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real
+
+44
+00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490
+change, radical change. In America, we have the
+
+45
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990
+American Revolution. In France, we have the French
+
+46
+00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870
+Revolution, in addition to the Industrial
+
+47
+00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110
+Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of
+
+48
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310
+life. But England did not like to change radically
+
+49
+00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760
+because After the Commonwealth and the
+
+50
+00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840
+restoration, they realized that stability is the
+
+51
+00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500
+best thing we could possibly have. However, some
+
+52
+00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100
+people said, okay, if we can't do political and
+
+53
+00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000
+social changes, real changes, at least we can do a
+
+54
+00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520
+revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is
+
+55
+00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280
+the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth
+
+56
+00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480
+and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings,
+
+57
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770
+go to more or less, again these dates are not
+
+58
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830
+clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French
+
+59
+00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070
+Revolution, the next day people wake up and they
+
+60
+00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030
+find themselves writing different poetry. It's
+
+61
+00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630
+gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So
+
+62
+00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190
+after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all
+
+63
+00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210
+across America and Europe, England had to do
+
+64
+00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670
+something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't
+
+65
+00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990
+do it in other areas. It was literature. And this
+
+66
+00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450
+is how I usually focus on this, how literature
+
+67
+00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660
+changes lives. how literature changes societies,
+
+68
+00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400
+how literature makes us different people,
+
+69
+00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220
+hopefully better people, affects us, how it
+
+70
+00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680
+influences us positively. And this is true because
+
+71
+00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480
+literature addresses the heart and the mind in a
+
+72
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480
+way or another. It's similar to watching a movie.
+
+73
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600
+Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry,
+
+74
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400
+you feel sorry for something or you decide to
+
+75
+00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880
+change something about your behavior. And this is
+
+76
+00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500
+the power of literature. So don't undermine the
+
+77
+00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400
+fact that It was only a revolution in literature
+
+78
+00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220
+in England. So we speak about the two major
+
+79
+00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900
+romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend,
+
+80
+00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440
+his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and
+
+81
+00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540
+critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and
+
+82
+00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120
+Coleridge. Together, they published a book they
+
+83
+00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490
+called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the
+
+84
+00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670
+lyrical palace. And they were writing totally
+
+85
+00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630
+radically different poetry from the Augustan
+
+86
+00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470
+poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules.
+
+87
+00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670
+The satire where poetry was basically an elite
+
+88
+00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450
+subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated
+
+89
+00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150
+language, and it's generally about the court life,
+
+90
+00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490
+about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here,
+
+91
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110
+everything changed. We'll talk about this in more
+
+92
+00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630
+details today and in the coming classes. When they
+
+93
+00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270
+published this book, many people wanted to read
+
+94
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900
+it, and they sold out. So they had to work on
+
+95
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800
+another edition and they added a preface. You know
+
+96
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060
+preface? An introduction to the second edition.
+
+97
+00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550
+And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic
+
+98
+00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790
+we know, where the introduction could be more
+
+99
+00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050
+significant than the book itself in many ways.
+
+100
+00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550
+Here the preface is so significant because William
+
+101
+00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810
+Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or
+
+102
+00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410
+another, they defined poetry. They gave us a
+
+103
+00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810
+different definition of poetry. And they told us
+
+104
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410
+poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about
+
+105
+00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620
+this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same
+
+106
+00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260
+book was republished, but there was an extra
+
+107
+00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220
+preface, introduction in which they defined poetry
+
+108
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380
+and they told the people what they were doing. The
+
+109
+00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160
+tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now
+
+110
+00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740
+one significant point. is the comparison between
+
+111
+00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480
+the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the
+
+112
+00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360
+Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the
+
+113
+00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700
+Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden,
+
+114
+00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460
+think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander
+
+115
+00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680
+Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of
+
+116
+00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240
+decorum, the subject matter that has to be a
+
+117
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570
+particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics
+
+118
+00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810
+were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age.
+
+119
+00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950
+This is true. But we have to be careful, again.
+
+120
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770
+This is true, but we need to be careful because we
+
+121
+00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370
+don't want to give the impression that the
+
+122
+00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and
+
+123
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810
+contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own
+
+124
+00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090
+idea of what poetry means. So what did they
+
+125
+00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030
+change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past,
+
+126
+00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450
+poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak
+
+127
+00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830
+about an important issue in the society using
+
+128
+00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050
+important, highly sophisticated language. But now,
+
+129
+00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470
+for the romantics, poetry is an expression of
+
+130
+00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370
+feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of
+
+131
+00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390
+the definition, the overflow of emotions, of
+
+132
+00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750
+powerful emotions.
+
+133
+00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130
+It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.
+
+134
+00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890
+In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you
+
+135
+00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670
+write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm
+
+136
+00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640
+writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not
+
+137
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380
+writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to
+
+138
+00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260
+justify the means of God to man or something. I'm
+
+139
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460
+not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is
+
+140
+00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060
+methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature.
+
+141
+00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860
+I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little
+
+142
+00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080
+learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing
+
+143
+00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880
+poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry?
+
+144
+00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280
+Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and
+
+145
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830
+revolutionary and different. So why would you
+
+146
+00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050
+write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't
+
+147
+00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630
+mean that they didn't care about the audience.
+
+148
+00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930
+They did. But more significant than teaching and
+
+149
+00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690
+delighting first is to express yourself as an
+
+150
+00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870
+individual. As an individual. So what is poetry?
+
+151
+00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310
+It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing
+
+152
+00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010
+powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of
+
+153
+00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350
+powerful emotions.
+
+154
+00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690
+What is the language of poetry?
+
+155
+00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170
+For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language,
+
+156
+00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150
+you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished,
+
+157
+00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470
+highly embellished language where you sometimes
+
+158
+00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390
+usually you need to check the dictionary to see
+
+159
+00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730
+what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the
+
+160
+00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030
+romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common
+
+161
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390
+Language, or the language of everyday man.
+
+162
+00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390
+What does it mean everyday man? Like the language
+
+163
+00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710
+we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no,
+
+164
+00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330
+not slang. General, I don't even want to say
+
+165
+00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570
+colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go
+
+166
+00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430
+for the difficult words. One simple thing, when
+
+167
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070
+students sometimes come to me and say, I want to
+
+168
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990
+write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how
+
+169
+00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630
+to write English poetry. I always tell them, try
+
+170
+00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440
+to read something by William Blake. Try to read
+
+171
+00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640
+these poems by William Wordsworth because
+
+172
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380
+sometimes you would read the whole poem and you
+
+173
+00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920
+don't even use the dictionary once because you
+
+174
+00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020
+know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very
+
+175
+00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620
+easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the
+
+176
+00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800
+difficult expressions, for the difficult language,
+
+177
+00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920
+the language that only people who go to
+
+178
+00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300
+university, they understand. It's a language that
+
+179
+00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840
+if you say it to anyone, They will understand.
+
+180
+00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540
+We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is
+
+181
+00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880
+different. The language of poetry is different.
+
+182
+00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180
+The subject matter in
+
+183
+00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740
+the past, remember, was about heroism, about God,
+
+184
+00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700
+about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy
+
+185
+00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720
+queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the
+
+186
+00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350
+subject matter has always been about generally
+
+187
+00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450
+courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love
+
+188
+00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610
+poetry about the king and the queen and even about
+
+189
+00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990
+Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly
+
+190
+00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630
+issues according to the Augustan definition like
+
+191
+00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370
+something of importance to the society as a whole.
+
+192
+00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320
+But now for the romantics they said no. I can't
+
+193
+00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140
+fix the whole society. I can't make one poem
+
+194
+00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640
+change the whole society. I can't change one
+
+195
+00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560
+person at a time. I can't change an individual at
+
+196
+00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000
+a time. So the subject matter is also taken from
+
+197
+00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:28,880
+common life. Simple and
+
+198
+00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:31,320
+generally about ordinary people.
+
+199
+00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:42,020
+Sometimes, The people take even the title of the
+
+200
+00:12:42,020 --> 00:12:45,560
+book, the poem. We'll find a poem called, for
+
+201
+00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:48,560
+example, Chimney Sweeper. Lucy Gray. Who's Lucy
+
+202
+00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:53,620
+Gray? Is she the queen? Is she a princess? She's a
+
+203
+00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:58,280
+poor little girl. A poem called Sick Rose. will
+
+204
+00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:03,120
+find a lot of nature. So basically, everything we
+
+205
+00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,260
+learned about the Augustans was changed. Poetry is
+
+206
+00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:12,800
+no longer written in order to please the king or
+
+207
+00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,320
+the court or important, highly educated people.
+
+208
+00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:18,100
+It's to please, to address, to communicate
+
+209
+00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:22,070
+internal powerful emotions with the masses. with
+
+210
+00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:25,330
+the individuals, with the individuals. Simple
+
+211
+00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:29,510
+language, subject matters are taken from ordinary
+
+212
+00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,290
+life, from nature mainly. The romantics were
+
+213
+00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:34,970
+fascinated with nature.
+
+214
+00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:40,360
+I'll come back to this many times, especially when
+
+215
+00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:45,720
+I talk about William Wordsworth. So the general
+
+216
+00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,980
+features of the romantic poetry, these are very
+
+217
+00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:51,500
+significant. We have general features for the
+
+218
+00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,340
+whole school, and we have each individual poet has
+
+219
+00:13:55,340 --> 00:14:00,120
+extra particular features. We'll see William Blake
+
+220
+00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:03,000
+in a bit. So the romantics, number one, they use
+
+221
+00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:08,520
+simple language. And then also simple subject
+
+222
+00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,320
+matter from common life, common daily life. For
+
+223
+00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980
+example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray.
+
+224
+00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140
+Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's
+
+225
+00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060
+an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper,
+
+226
+00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130
+little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does
+
+227
+00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590
+this mean? When you change the language, when you
+
+228
+00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130
+break the rules of decorum, you are certainly
+
+229
+00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590
+employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken
+
+230
+00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390
+John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke
+
+231
+00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210
+the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many
+
+232
+00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450
+things. But there are different issues. Those
+
+233
+00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590
+people were focusing more on feelings, emotions,
+
+234
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990
+powerful emotions, personal individual
+
+235
+00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770
+experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not
+
+236
+00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030
+in this particular way. And those people were
+
+237
+00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590
+fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So
+
+238
+00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330
+like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more
+
+239
+00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230
+important than the rule. And that's why we'll see
+
+240
+00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570
+new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short
+
+241
+00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510
+lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here
+
+242
+00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450
+or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne,
+
+243
+00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860
+they would follow the rules unless The rule is
+
+244
+00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660
+hindering, is not helping the message, so they
+
+245
+00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760
+break the rule of the Koran. How did the
+
+246
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620
+mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran?
+
+247
+00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500
+That's a very interesting question. When John
+
+248
+00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680
+Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of
+
+249
+00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260
+the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism.
+
+250
+00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860
+People were writing poetry imitating horrors of
+
+251
+00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400
+people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So
+
+252
+00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300
+many people criticized him. But here this came,
+
+253
+00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800
+this movement naturally came at the end of an era
+
+254
+00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800
+where people in a way or another were tired of the
+
+255
+00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420
+same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry
+
+256
+00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740
+about the same subject matters. People wanted
+
+257
+00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860
+change, wanted things to be different. And now the
+
+258
+00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740
+romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people
+
+259
+00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920
+were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this.
+
+260
+00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340
+especially after the giants were no longer around.
+
+261
+00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940
+Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was
+
+262
+00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480
+dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes
+
+263
+00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580
+you're lucky to be born in a particular age.
+
+264
+00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310
+Okay, so important features here. And then for the
+
+265
+00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150
+romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions,
+
+266
+00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690
+the feelings. They care more about particular
+
+267
+00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170
+feelings rather than the mind and the intellect
+
+268
+00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750
+and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called
+
+269
+00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130
+the age of reason, where the mind is more
+
+270
+00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630
+important, more significant. The heart was
+
+271
+00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610
+dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is
+
+272
+00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640
+dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the
+
+273
+00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800
+power of imagination, feelings and imagination are
+
+274
+00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600
+above reason and intellect. They were encouraging
+
+275
+00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140
+individual people to just depend, rely, express
+
+276
+00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080
+themselves, their feelings, rely more on their
+
+277
+00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150
+hearts, just release and free their imaginations.
+
+278
+00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330
+In the past, you didn't have the freedom to
+
+279
+00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210
+express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if
+
+280
+00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770
+you want to depend on imagination and feelings,
+
+281
+00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590
+naturally, you will break the rules, because
+
+282
+00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410
+sometimes the rules would limit your imagination,
+
+283
+00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970
+right? When I tell you, for example, write me a
+
+284
+00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830
+Shakespearean sonnet about a particular
+
+285
+00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450
+experience, you will find yourself tied up. But
+
+286
+00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150
+here, the experience, the feelings are more
+
+287
+00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450
+important. So you break the rules in order to fit
+
+288
+00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210
+your feelings. And nature was the source of
+
+289
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570
+inspiration. Those people hated the city very
+
+290
+00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470
+much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be
+
+291
+00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110
+anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They
+
+292
+00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230
+hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like
+
+293
+00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290
+the city. They hated the city, but in principle,
+
+294
+00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150
+Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so
+
+295
+00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430
+he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and
+
+296
+00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310
+enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When
+
+297
+00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450
+we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside
+
+298
+00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890
+symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity,
+
+299
+00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510
+innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and
+
+300
+00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890
+Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we
+
+301
+00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810
+have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of
+
+302
+00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070
+people from the countryside and the villages to
+
+303
+00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510
+work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if
+
+304
+00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070
+I go to the city, to London, to work in the town,
+
+305
+00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530
+in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I
+
+306
+00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710
+will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll
+
+307
+00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770
+improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving
+
+308
+00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940
+in masses. But they ended up being slaves to
+
+309
+00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320
+capitalism, to factories. And the factories were
+
+310
+00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720
+polluting everything. London was one of the most
+
+311
+00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640
+polluted cities in the world. There was
+
+312
+00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280
+corruption, there was poverty, there was death,
+
+313
+00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820
+there was disease. Only very few people, the
+
+314
+00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700
+owners, the rich people were getting richer, but
+
+315
+00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480
+the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary
+
+316
+00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500
+people would only take the bare minimum just to
+
+317
+00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460
+keep themselves alive so that they can work. And
+
+318
+00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020
+this destroyed the relationships in the society.
+
+319
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120
+It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer
+
+320
+00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600
+a human being. You are no longer a name, a person
+
+321
+00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860
+with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are
+
+322
+00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300
+part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK,
+
+323
+00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940
+nature is our mother. Let's go back to our
+
+324
+00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380
+innocence and purity. And this is, by the way,
+
+325
+00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260
+criticized by many people. If there's a problem in
+
+326
+00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420
+your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you
+
+327
+00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080
+escape? What do you do if there are a lot of
+
+328
+00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360
+problems in your society? You either face them or
+
+329
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820
+you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with
+
+330
+00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380
+them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of
+
+331
+00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640
+them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They,
+
+332
+00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160
+that's why some people call them escapists. You
+
+333
+00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540
+know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped.
+
+334
+00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260
+When you escape here, it's just you don't want to
+
+335
+00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420
+deal with the problems at all.
+
+336
+00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580
+So they are escapists, many of them. They just
+
+337
+00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080
+want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't
+
+338
+00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630
+think this is accurate because Poetry itself is
+
+339
+00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470
+change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you
+
+340
+00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610
+change individuals and people's ways of life and
+
+341
+00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530
+thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life.
+
+342
+00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330
+So the city was a source of corruption and vices
+
+343
+00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890
+and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source
+
+344
+00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330
+of innocence and inspiration. In the past,
+
+345
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210
+remember all the texts we read before this was
+
+346
+00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690
+about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to
+
+347
+00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690
+be seen because they were supposed to be
+
+348
+00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710
+controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But
+
+349
+00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950
+for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth
+
+350
+00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190
+says the child is the father of man. The child is
+
+351
+00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870
+the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why?
+
+352
+00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150
+Is the child the father of man in real life? In
+
+353
+00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490
+real life, no, literally. But how can,
+
+354
+00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030
+metaphorically speaking, the child be the father
+
+355
+00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690
+of man? Please.
+
+356
+00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070
+Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood
+
+357
+00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510
+influences the way we grow up, defines us as we
+
+358
+00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170
+grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what
+
+359
+00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810
+else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from
+
+360
+00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110
+the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine
+
+361
+00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170
+was telling me some time ago that he only really
+
+362
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150
+started appreciating his parents when he had kids.
+
+363
+00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470
+He then realized that because kids teach us to be
+
+364
+00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870
+selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard.
+
+365
+00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520
+In many ways. So childhood was significant and a
+
+366
+00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240
+source of inspiration. So this is basically the
+
+367
+00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240
+major features. We'll come to them again and
+
+368
+00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380
+again, especially when we talk about individual
+
+369
+00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640
+poets. Any question before we move to William
+
+370
+00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120
+Blake?
+
+371
+00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260
+Everything is new, different type of language,
+
+372
+00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600
+subject matters, structures, poetic forms,
+
+373
+00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760
+inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature.
+
+374
+00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380
+Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is
+
+375
+00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480
+William Blake. Many people describe William Blake
+
+376
+00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750
+as a pre-romantic. because he was writing poetry
+
+377
+00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710
+this way before even William Wadsworth and Samuel
+
+378
+00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350
+Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in
+
+379
+00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650
+London and he lived in London, and this will see
+
+380
+00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490
+the difference between him and the other poets who
+
+381
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970
+went to the countryside to live in the village,
+
+382
+00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230
+you know, among natural elements. Two things to
+
+383
+00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150
+focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a
+
+384
+00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710
+particular individual view of the world. And this
+
+385
+00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690
+individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's
+
+386
+00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390
+no longer collective. You know the collective
+
+387
+00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470
+idea? of we must praise God, every individual is
+
+388
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890
+free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long
+
+389
+00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630
+as you're following your pure and innocent nature,
+
+390
+00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020
+your purity, your original pure status. And in his
+
+391
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080
+poetry, we'll see, for example, how this
+
+392
+00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280
+influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities.
+
+393
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480
+Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the
+
+394
+00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020
+order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is
+
+395
+00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100
+a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature
+
+396
+00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340
+contrasts the order and control of the Augustans.
+
+397
+00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120
+Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like
+
+398
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080
+Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the
+
+399
+00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880
+neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit
+
+400
+00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720
+for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of
+
+401
+00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140
+symbolism.
+
+402
+00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520
+What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you
+
+403
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510
+define it? When you use something, To refer to
+
+404
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970
+something else. To inspire a particular idea of
+
+405
+00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850
+something else. Like how a rose inspires,
+
+406
+00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590
+symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some
+
+407
+00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910
+of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to
+
+408
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690
+understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his
+
+409
+00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510
+symbols are really very personal and not easy to
+
+410
+00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030
+understand. It doesn't mean like we can't
+
+411
+00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450
+understand it. It means we can't agree what it
+
+412
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590
+means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two
+
+413
+00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:17,930
+collections. The first one is called Songs of
+
+414
+00:26:17,930 --> 00:26:22,870
+Innocence. Songs of Innocence. Even the name
+
+415
+00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:26,950
+suggests purity and innocence. And the other one
+
+416
+00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:29,910
+is Songs of Experience. Experience doesn't
+
+417
+00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:31,810
+necessarily mean like when you work and have a job
+
+418
+00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:33,650
+and work for two, three, five years and then you
+
+419
+00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:35,770
+have a lot of experience. Here it means the
+
+420
+00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:39,150
+opposite of innocence. It's like corruption in a
+
+421
+00:26:39,150 --> 00:26:43,610
+way. So most of his poems, you will have the poem
+
+422
+00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:48,450
+and its contrast, a state of innocence when you
+
+423
+00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,630
+are pure, when you are good, when you are a child.
+
+424
+00:26:51,330 --> 00:26:54,270
+But for him, innocence is not necessarily for
+
+425
+00:26:54,270 --> 00:26:58,110
+children. But most children are almost always
+
+426
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:02,240
+innocent. You can grow up. keeping and protecting
+
+427
+00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760
+this state of innocence, and you are still
+
+428
+00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,500
+innocent. But some people will be corrupted by
+
+429
+00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,720
+life, by society, by the city. And he exposes this
+
+430
+00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:17,760
+in the songs of experience. Songs of experience.
+
+431
+00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:22,320
+Let's see the examples here. So this is taking us
+
+432
+00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:23,500
+back to the symbolism issue.
+
+433
+00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:29,450
+So, generally, two types of symbols for William
+
+434
+00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:33,030
+Blake. What are they? Number one, simple, direct
+
+435
+00:27:33,030 --> 00:27:39,590
+symbols. Simple and? Simple. And direct. Like, you
+
+436
+00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:43,050
+can see where he's going. Like, for example, he
+
+437
+00:27:43,050 --> 00:27:47,110
+uses the lamb. You know the little lamb? The lamb?
+
+438
+00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:51,890
+Yes. Silent B here? Lamb, silent B? Yes, lamb. The
+
+439
+00:27:51,890 --> 00:27:54,630
+lamb, the little lamb, the little sheep. Yes. What
+
+440
+00:27:54,630 --> 00:27:55,390
+does it symbolize?
+
+441
+00:27:59,090 --> 00:28:04,690
+Innocence, purity, simple life, simplicity, right?
+
+442
+00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:10,970
+But what if the poem is tiger? It's going to be
+
+443
+00:28:10,970 --> 00:28:16,270
+more. It's about more than simplicity and
+
+444
+00:28:16,270 --> 00:28:18,070
+innocence. It's about complexity. It's about
+
+445
+00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590
+experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's
+
+446
+00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590
+about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols,
+
+447
+00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430
+especially in his late poems, are really, again, I
+
+448
+00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610
+don't want to say complex or difficult to
+
+449
+00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310
+understand, but they don't easily reveal what they
+
+450
+00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450
+indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem
+
+451
+00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230
+and we could have ended up with 10
+
+452
+00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070
+interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to?
+
+453
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660
+It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's
+
+454
+00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460
+very personal. He uses symbols for the first time
+
+455
+00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600
+that no one else has used them before. Two
+
+456
+00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240
+examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the
+
+457
+00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380
+lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In
+
+458
+00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640
+Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know,
+
+459
+00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840
+Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we
+
+460
+00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850
+are like, the people are like the lambs. Little
+
+461
+00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330
+lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult
+
+462
+00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930
+words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but
+
+463
+00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430
+it's also for us because it addresses this state
+
+464
+00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630
+of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down?
+
+465
+00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370
+Who created
+
+466
+00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760
+you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of
+
+467
+00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580
+the. We have never seen a repetition of the same
+
+468
+00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260
+word in the previous poetry. Because I think in,
+
+469
+00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960
+I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you
+
+470
+00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560
+have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the
+
+471
+00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900
+end of the line, unless you count like seven
+
+472
+00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620
+lines. So you say, you can't
+
+473
+00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560
+repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines
+
+474
+00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100
+and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before
+
+475
+00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360
+that, it's a sign of weakness. In English,
+
+476
+00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200
+definitely there's something similar here. But
+
+477
+00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320
+here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And
+
+478
+00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760
+this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much
+
+479
+00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740
+about the sophistication of the rules as long as
+
+480
+00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740
+this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a
+
+481
+00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240
+poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life.
+
+482
+00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820
+This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust
+
+483
+00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030
+down, who made the... Even the language, even the
+
+484
+00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350
+tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very
+
+485
+00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570
+innocent in. However, when he talks about the
+
+486
+00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710
+tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read?
+
+487
+00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990
+Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest
+
+488
+00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950
+of the night. What immortal hand or eye could
+
+489
+00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630
+frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone
+
+490
+00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570
+else, thank you. Hin, please.
+
+491
+00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750
+Not immoral,
+
+492
+00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470
+immortal.
+
+493
+00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370
+Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry.
+
+494
+00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160
+Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than
+
+495
+00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730
+this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's
+
+496
+00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070
+like saying little lamb who made thee but this is
+
+497
+00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870
+a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go
+
+498
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150
+on very
+
+499
+00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150
+good
+
+500
+00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210
+so i think it's more like this tiger look at the
+
+501
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630
+old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the
+
+502
+00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000
+forest of the night What immortal hand or eye
+
+503
+00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420
+could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word
+
+504
+00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940
+fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn
+
+505
+00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060
+it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the
+
+506
+00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820
+burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration.
+
+507
+00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090
+Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the
+
+508
+00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370
+atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from
+
+509
+00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430
+innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the
+
+510
+00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570
+darkness, the complexity, the experience of the
+
+511
+00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530
+tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count
+
+512
+00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110
+the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four,
+
+513
+00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570
+five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One,
+
+514
+00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430
+two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One,
+
+515
+00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550
+two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting.
+
+516
+00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry.
+
+517
+00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570
+Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three.
+
+518
+00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870
+Symmetry.
+
+519
+00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560
+Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a
+
+520
+00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580
+schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it
+
+521
+00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480
+symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same
+
+522
+00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860
+thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A,
+
+523
+00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760
+A. I think
+
+524
+00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260
+it's B, B. But it is imperfect.
+
+525
+00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780
+Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there
+
+526
+00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680
+is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry,
+
+527
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220
+in literature in general, poetry in particular,
+
+528
+00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100
+the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an
+
+529
+00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880
+idea where he or she creates something called
+
+530
+00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610
+tension. You know tension, something that doesn't
+
+531
+00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490
+fit, something that is different, something that
+
+532
+00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950
+doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules.
+
+533
+00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510
+Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why
+
+534
+00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990
+did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have
+
+535
+00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090
+A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect
+
+536
+00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370
+rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the
+
+537
+00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730
+poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone
+
+538
+00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850
+tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra
+
+539
+00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060
+syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here?
+
+540
+00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720
+There is always a reason.
+
+541
+00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260
+Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going
+
+542
+00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540
+on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count
+
+543
+00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880
+the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely
+
+544
+00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160
+can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes,
+
+545
+00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900
+more. Why? The question is again, why is there an
+
+546
+00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380
+extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here,
+
+547
+00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580
+Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's
+
+548
+00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660
+not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't
+
+549
+00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140
+break the rules because he wants to break the
+
+550
+00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160
+rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to
+
+551
+00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740
+tell us something. What is he telling us? That's
+
+552
+00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220
+my question, in a way or another. How?
+
+553
+00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990
+What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion?
+
+554
+00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590
+Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature.
+
+555
+00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290
+The dark side of nature. What else? The forest.
+
+556
+00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310
+The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look.
+
+557
+00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470
+When you go home today, Google image pictures of
+
+558
+00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050
+tigers. And look at them. They're really
+
+559
+00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730
+fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything
+
+560
+00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670
+is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you
+
+561
+00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750
+look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It
+
+562
+00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490
+creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the
+
+563
+00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090
+tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution.
+
+564
+00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380
+or the machines, or the factories, or the city
+
+565
+00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860
+itself. The city sounds... When you look at the
+
+566
+00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860
+city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city,
+
+567
+00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280
+but you are in a plane and you look down, they all
+
+568
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340
+sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why
+
+569
+00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820
+would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if
+
+570
+00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460
+you paid attention to this, the irony is the word
+
+571
+00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080
+symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in
+
+572
+00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560
+Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something
+
+573
+00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390
+perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not
+
+574
+00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870
+symmetrical.
+
+575
+00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510
+The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the
+
+576
+00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990
+poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it
+
+577
+00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430
+break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by
+
+578
+00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300
+the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The
+
+579
+00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760
+idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying
+
+580
+00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560
+that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial
+
+581
+00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400
+Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality,
+
+582
+00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980
+there is something missing. There is a problem
+
+583
+00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340
+here. There is something lacking here. This is the
+
+584
+00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540
+facade. This is just the appearance. But the
+
+585
+00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160
+essence and the reality, they are lacking. There
+
+586
+00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340
+is something missing here. How does he do it? by
+
+587
+00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120
+playing on the rules, playing on the number of
+
+588
+00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720
+syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the
+
+589
+00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500
+imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our
+
+590
+00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460
+friend William Blake. We actually have this one
+
+591
+00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340
+and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a
+
+592
+00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440
+poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush.
+
+593
+00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460
+The inverted commas, never forget the inverted
+
+594
+00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800
+commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the
+
+595
+00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560
+title of the poem. It's again and it's a very
+
+596
+00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480
+short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer
+
+597
+00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680
+a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no
+
+598
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860
+longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and
+
+599
+00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920
+a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read
+
+600
+00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320
+here, please?
+
+601
+00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680
+Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are
+
+602
+00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920
+many difficult words here?
+
+603
+00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600
+Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red
+
+604
+00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840
+or pink or something like red. I think other than
+
+605
+00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660
+this, if you don't know what howling is, and
+
+606
+00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220
+listen, think of yourself as a native speaker.
+
+607
+00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340
+Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know
+
+608
+00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680
+what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose,
+
+609
+00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400
+there's a personification here. Thou means you
+
+610
+00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340
+are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The
+
+611
+00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800
+invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the
+
+612
+00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320
+characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows,
+
+613
+00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120
+or the rows, because here he says the sick rose,
+
+614
+00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120
+here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A
+
+615
+00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460
+worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And
+
+616
+00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340
+secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The
+
+617
+00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620
+invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the
+
+618
+00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040
+storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah,
+
+619
+00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660
+the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy,
+
+620
+00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120
+the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his
+
+621
+00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880
+refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The
+
+622
+00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110
+one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick
+
+623
+00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770
+human being and also the worm is personified as a
+
+624
+00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690
+woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good,
+
+625
+00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310
+right? But this is not only secret, but also dark.
+
+626
+00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750
+It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night,
+
+627
+00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590
+in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly
+
+628
+00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190
+trying to take advantage of the rose, making it
+
+629
+00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390
+sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life,
+
+630
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090
+your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it
+
+631
+00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690
+about? What does the rose stand for? Can you
+
+632
+00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350
+guess? Okay, could be about how life was destroyed
+
+633
+00:41:50,350 --> 00:41:53,950
+by the industrial revolution, by the city, the
+
+634
+00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:54,750
+corruption.
+
+635
+00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:01,790
+Could be. So life was good, was pure, innocent
+
+636
+00:42:01,790 --> 00:42:05,730
+until Capitalism and Industrial Revolution. Yes.
+
+637
+00:42:08,090 --> 00:42:13,390
+Thank you very much. This could be a symbol of
+
+638
+00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:16,210
+women. It could, by the way, it could be a
+
+639
+00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:20,150
+particular woman. He knows. Or all women
+
+640
+00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:22,190
+destroyed. What could be about childhood?
+
+641
+00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:25,710
+Children. How children are destroyed by life, by
+
+642
+00:42:25,710 --> 00:42:30,310
+parents, by corruption. Or it could be about a
+
+643
+00:42:30,310 --> 00:42:33,010
+simple rose. It could be about nature.
+
+644
+00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:38,670
+One of your friends in another group was saying
+
+645
+00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:42,730
+that this could also be about women nowadays,
+
+646
+00:42:42,890 --> 00:42:47,120
+today. I said, how? He said, there are many people
+
+647
+00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,440
+on Facebook, many guys, many dudes, who just go on
+
+648
+00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:52,580
+Facebook and try to stalk particular girls and
+
+649
+00:42:52,580 --> 00:42:55,520
+tell her, deceive her, trick her, oh, I like you,
+
+650
+00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,520
+I love you, something, and then they destroy her
+
+651
+00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,940
+life. And then they just disappear. I was like,
+
+652
+00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:05,000
+hmm, interesting. I'm sure William Blake did not
+
+653
+00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:10,460
+mean this. But as readers here, we can see this
+
+654
+00:43:10,460 --> 00:43:14,200
+idea in this poem. In my opinion, this poem is
+
+655
+00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,420
+about everything you said. And it's about the
+
+656
+00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:20,000
+power of imagination. Remember when we read
+
+657
+00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,470
+Alexander Pope? The poem was about one thing,
+
+658
+00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:26,850
+satire. Remember? We had one meaning, one idea,
+
+659
+00:43:26,930 --> 00:43:29,850
+one interpretation. Don't feel sad for this if a
+
+660
+00:43:29,850 --> 00:43:33,030
+poem has several interpretations. Because as a
+
+661
+00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:36,410
+reader or in your exam, you only need to pick one
+
+662
+00:43:36,410 --> 00:43:38,470
+idea. If you tell me in your exam that I think
+
+663
+00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:40,390
+this symbolizes nature and you explain it, it's
+
+664
+00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:42,370
+OK. It's correct. I think this symbolizes
+
+665
+00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:46,490
+childhood and loss of innocence. Yeah, show me how
+
+666
+00:43:46,490 --> 00:43:51,050
+in the text. But look at this poem and how
+
+667
+00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810
+beautiful and how simple in its language. The
+
+668
+00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330
+features are there. Simplicity, subject matter,
+
+669
+00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130
+nature, imagination.
+
+670
+00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670
+The symbolism, I don't think this is complex.
+
+671
+00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590
+There are more complex than this. But yeah, there
+
+672
+00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810
+is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake.
+
+673
+00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750
+Individual.
+
+674
+00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110
+Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take
+
+675
+00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350
+this as how colonizers and imperialists, how
+
+676
+00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390
+occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy
+
+677
+00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330
+our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we
+
+678
+00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690
+care about you. Thank you. It could be many
+
+679
+00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010
+things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here,
+
+680
+00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990
+can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I
+
+681
+00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190
+think this is B but it's still not perfect because
+
+682
+00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130
+this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye
+
+683
+00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000
+secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one
+
+684
+00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180
+imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one,
+
+685
+00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100
+because the one is the imperfect that destroys
+
+686
+00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940
+this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in
+
+687
+00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480
+a way. If you count the, you're not required to do
+
+688
+00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160
+this, but it's really cool if you start counting
+
+689
+00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960
+the feet, how many feet we have, and the
+
+690
+00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760
+syllables, because in my opinion, there is
+
+691
+00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480
+something here. So if you say one, two, three,
+
+692
+00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660
+four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one,
+
+693
+00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900
+two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have
+
+694
+00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260
+to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful
+
+695
+00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210
+poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This
+
+696
+00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650
+is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You
+
+697
+00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410
+have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so
+
+698
+00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670
+you have four feet or eight feet in a way or
+
+699
+00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450
+another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel
+
+700
+00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610
+Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be
+
+701
+00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430
+pulling their hair. They would be acting angry
+
+702
+00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130
+like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have
+
+703
+00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590
+time for this poem, but we can do it next class.
+
+704
+00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830
+Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if
+
+705
+00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490
+you have any questions, do ask.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e172b0f68c5880867147721c5ea554e05194ec7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AaCsDblN6qk_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2820 @@
+1
+00:00:20,850 --> 00:00:24,290
+Assalamualaikum. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim. Welcome
+
+2
+00:00:24,290 --> 00:00:28,610
+back to our hopefully beautiful journey into
+
+3
+00:00:28,610 --> 00:00:33,470
+English literature. Today we move, finally we move
+
+4
+00:00:33,470 --> 00:00:38,370
+from the Augustan literature, the neoclassicism
+
+5
+00:00:38,370 --> 00:00:41,750
+and the rules of the Quran to speak about one of
+
+6
+00:00:41,750 --> 00:00:44,010
+the most interesting, one of the most fascinating
+
+7
+00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:48,710
+literary movements in England. but also in Europe.
+
+8
+00:00:49,010 --> 00:00:51,130
+But our focus is English literature, so we're
+
+9
+00:00:51,130 --> 00:00:54,770
+going to be focusing on the romantic poets or
+
+10
+00:00:54,770 --> 00:01:00,070
+romanticism or romantic literature in England. So
+
+11
+00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:04,170
+far, we have been speaking about poetry in so many
+
+12
+00:01:04,170 --> 00:01:07,580
+ways. We've seen how, for example, that men
+
+13
+00:01:07,580 --> 00:01:10,640
+dominate poetry. Not because there's something
+
+14
+00:01:10,640 --> 00:01:13,120
+wrong with women, but because the way the society
+
+15
+00:01:13,120 --> 00:01:16,340
+was treating men and women, we have something
+
+16
+00:01:16,340 --> 00:01:19,040
+different here. We've seen how, for example, in
+
+17
+00:01:19,040 --> 00:01:22,120
+the Augustan Age, Those people, those poets, those
+
+18
+00:01:22,120 --> 00:01:25,940
+great poets like Dryden, Alexander Pope, and other
+
+19
+00:01:25,940 --> 00:01:30,700
+poets even like Milton, how they preferred to
+
+20
+00:01:30,700 --> 00:01:32,600
+follow a particular etiquette, a particular
+
+21
+00:01:32,600 --> 00:01:35,140
+decorum, particular rules in order to write
+
+22
+00:01:35,140 --> 00:01:41,430
+particular types of poetry? Before these people
+
+23
+00:01:41,430 --> 00:01:44,590
+were preaching what is called the Rules of
+
+24
+00:01:44,590 --> 00:01:47,690
+Decorum, we've seen something from Alexander Poppe
+
+25
+00:01:47,690 --> 00:01:50,310
+from his poem Essay on Criticism, how he was
+
+26
+00:01:50,310 --> 00:01:53,290
+saying that poetry has to be methodized because
+
+27
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,030
+these rules were discovered from nature, and
+
+28
+00:01:57,030 --> 00:01:59,410
+that's why we have to follow them, to follow, to
+
+29
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,510
+imitate the great ancient poets in order to
+
+30
+00:02:02,510 --> 00:02:07,450
+produce poetry. Only John Donne probably was
+
+31
+00:02:07,450 --> 00:02:11,240
+writing different poetry. And we've seen how he
+
+32
+00:02:11,240 --> 00:02:13,960
+was hated. He was negatively framed in so many
+
+33
+00:02:13,960 --> 00:02:17,020
+ways. Now, we move to a group of people who were
+
+34
+00:02:17,020 --> 00:02:20,340
+really fed up with the classical or neoclassical
+
+35
+00:02:20,340 --> 00:02:24,320
+Augustan way of expressing yourself as a poet. And
+
+36
+00:02:24,320 --> 00:02:27,520
+this movement is called Romanticism, Romantic
+
+37
+00:02:27,520 --> 00:02:30,480
+Literature, or Romantic Poetry. This is a movement
+
+38
+00:02:30,480 --> 00:02:37,920
+that started in the late 18th century, actually
+
+39
+00:02:37,920 --> 00:02:43,730
+beginning from The French Revolution. Remember we
+
+40
+00:02:43,730 --> 00:02:46,530
+said this before about the 17th, 18th century,
+
+41
+00:02:46,690 --> 00:02:50,390
+there were like so many changes taking place. In
+
+42
+00:02:50,390 --> 00:02:53,030
+the 18th century, in a way or another, it was
+
+43
+00:02:53,030 --> 00:02:56,030
+called the Age of Revolutions. People wanted real
+
+44
+00:02:56,030 --> 00:02:59,490
+change, radical change. In America, we have the
+
+45
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,990
+American Revolution. In France, we have the French
+
+46
+00:03:03,990 --> 00:03:05,870
+Revolution, in addition to the Industrial
+
+47
+00:03:05,870 --> 00:03:10,110
+Revolution and the revolutions in all walks of
+
+48
+00:03:10,110 --> 00:03:14,310
+life. But England did not like to change radically
+
+49
+00:03:14,310 --> 00:03:17,760
+because After the Commonwealth and the
+
+50
+00:03:17,760 --> 00:03:20,840
+restoration, they realized that stability is the
+
+51
+00:03:20,840 --> 00:03:24,500
+best thing we could possibly have. However, some
+
+52
+00:03:24,500 --> 00:03:28,100
+people said, okay, if we can't do political and
+
+53
+00:03:28,100 --> 00:03:32,000
+social changes, real changes, at least we can do a
+
+54
+00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:35,520
+revolution in poetry, in literature, and this is
+
+55
+00:03:35,520 --> 00:03:39,280
+the romantic poets, basically William Wordsworth
+
+56
+00:03:39,280 --> 00:03:42,480
+and Coleridge. So as a movement, the beginnings,
+
+57
+00:03:43,510 --> 00:03:46,770
+go to more or less, again these dates are not
+
+58
+00:03:46,770 --> 00:03:49,830
+clear cut. It doesn't mean like this is the French
+
+59
+00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:53,070
+Revolution, the next day people wake up and they
+
+60
+00:03:53,070 --> 00:03:55,030
+find themselves writing different poetry. It's
+
+61
+00:03:55,030 --> 00:03:59,630
+gradual, it takes time sometimes. More or less. So
+
+62
+00:03:59,630 --> 00:04:05,190
+after the Age of Revolutions was sweeping all
+
+63
+00:04:05,190 --> 00:04:08,210
+across America and Europe, England had to do
+
+64
+00:04:08,210 --> 00:04:10,670
+something. It didn't do it in politics. It didn't
+
+65
+00:04:10,670 --> 00:04:14,990
+do it in other areas. It was literature. And this
+
+66
+00:04:14,990 --> 00:04:19,450
+is how I usually focus on this, how literature
+
+67
+00:04:19,450 --> 00:04:23,660
+changes lives. how literature changes societies,
+
+68
+00:04:24,360 --> 00:04:26,400
+how literature makes us different people,
+
+69
+00:04:26,740 --> 00:04:30,220
+hopefully better people, affects us, how it
+
+70
+00:04:30,220 --> 00:04:33,680
+influences us positively. And this is true because
+
+71
+00:04:33,680 --> 00:04:36,480
+literature addresses the heart and the mind in a
+
+72
+00:04:36,480 --> 00:04:40,480
+way or another. It's similar to watching a movie.
+
+73
+00:04:40,580 --> 00:04:43,600
+Sometimes you watch a movie and you weep, you cry,
+
+74
+00:04:43,700 --> 00:04:46,400
+you feel sorry for something or you decide to
+
+75
+00:04:46,400 --> 00:04:48,880
+change something about your behavior. And this is
+
+76
+00:04:48,880 --> 00:04:52,500
+the power of literature. So don't undermine the
+
+77
+00:04:52,500 --> 00:04:56,400
+fact that It was only a revolution in literature
+
+78
+00:04:56,400 --> 00:05:01,220
+in England. So we speak about the two major
+
+79
+00:05:01,220 --> 00:05:04,900
+romantic poets, William Wordsworth and his friend,
+
+80
+00:05:05,000 --> 00:05:07,440
+his best friend, he's also a romantic poet and
+
+81
+00:05:07,440 --> 00:05:10,540
+critic, Samuel Coleridge. So Wordsworth and
+
+82
+00:05:10,540 --> 00:05:13,120
+Coleridge. Together, they published a book they
+
+83
+00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:17,490
+called The Lyrical Ballads. They called it the
+
+84
+00:05:17,490 --> 00:05:19,670
+lyrical palace. And they were writing totally
+
+85
+00:05:19,670 --> 00:05:22,630
+radically different poetry from the Augustan
+
+86
+00:05:22,630 --> 00:05:26,470
+poetry. Remember, The Age of Reason, The Rules.
+
+87
+00:05:27,410 --> 00:05:31,670
+The satire where poetry was basically an elite
+
+88
+00:05:31,670 --> 00:05:34,450
+subject matter, elite, highly sophisticated
+
+89
+00:05:34,450 --> 00:05:38,150
+language, and it's generally about the court life,
+
+90
+00:05:38,590 --> 00:05:42,490
+about the king, the queen, battles, heroism. Here,
+
+91
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:46,110
+everything changed. We'll talk about this in more
+
+92
+00:05:46,110 --> 00:05:51,630
+details today and in the coming classes. When they
+
+93
+00:05:51,630 --> 00:05:54,270
+published this book, many people wanted to read
+
+94
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:57,900
+it, and they sold out. So they had to work on
+
+95
+00:05:57,900 --> 00:06:02,800
+another edition and they added a preface. You know
+
+96
+00:06:02,800 --> 00:06:08,060
+preface? An introduction to the second edition.
+
+97
+00:06:08,440 --> 00:06:11,550
+And this introduction is so significant. In Arabic
+
+98
+00:06:11,550 --> 00:06:14,790
+we know, where the introduction could be more
+
+99
+00:06:14,790 --> 00:06:17,050
+significant than the book itself in many ways.
+
+100
+00:06:17,450 --> 00:06:21,550
+Here the preface is so significant because William
+
+101
+00:06:21,550 --> 00:06:24,810
+Wordsworth and Coleridge together in a way or
+
+102
+00:06:24,810 --> 00:06:27,410
+another, they defined poetry. They gave us a
+
+103
+00:06:27,410 --> 00:06:30,810
+different definition of poetry. And they told us
+
+104
+00:06:30,810 --> 00:06:33,410
+poetry has to be one, two, three. I'll talk about
+
+105
+00:06:33,410 --> 00:06:39,620
+this in a bit. Okay, so it was later, the same
+
+106
+00:06:39,620 --> 00:06:42,260
+book was republished, but there was an extra
+
+107
+00:06:42,260 --> 00:06:47,220
+preface, introduction in which they defined poetry
+
+108
+00:06:47,220 --> 00:06:51,380
+and they told the people what they were doing. The
+
+109
+00:06:51,380 --> 00:06:57,160
+tenets, the fundamentals of Romanticism. Okay, now
+
+110
+00:06:57,160 --> 00:07:02,740
+one significant point. is the comparison between
+
+111
+00:07:02,740 --> 00:07:06,480
+the Romantics and the Neoclassicists or the
+
+112
+00:07:06,480 --> 00:07:09,360
+Augustans. When I say the Neoclassicists or the
+
+113
+00:07:09,360 --> 00:07:12,700
+Augustans or the Age of Reason, think of Dryden,
+
+114
+00:07:13,240 --> 00:07:15,460
+think of Samuel Johnson, and think of Alexander
+
+115
+00:07:15,460 --> 00:07:17,680
+Pope. You know, the couplets, the rules of
+
+116
+00:07:17,680 --> 00:07:21,240
+decorum, the subject matter that has to be a
+
+117
+00:07:21,240 --> 00:07:26,570
+particular issue. Some people say, The Romantics
+
+118
+00:07:26,570 --> 00:07:31,810
+were almost the very opposite of the Augustan Age.
+
+119
+00:07:32,690 --> 00:07:36,950
+This is true. But we have to be careful, again.
+
+120
+00:07:37,650 --> 00:07:41,770
+This is true, but we need to be careful because we
+
+121
+00:07:41,770 --> 00:07:43,370
+don't want to give the impression that the
+
+122
+00:07:43,370 --> 00:07:46,730
+romantics were writing poetry only to oppose and
+
+123
+00:07:46,730 --> 00:07:49,810
+contrast the Augustans. No. They had their own
+
+124
+00:07:49,810 --> 00:07:53,090
+idea of what poetry means. So what did they
+
+125
+00:07:53,090 --> 00:07:59,030
+change? Number one, what is poetry? In the past,
+
+126
+00:07:59,210 --> 00:08:02,450
+poetry was following the rules of decorum to speak
+
+127
+00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,830
+about an important issue in the society using
+
+128
+00:08:05,830 --> 00:08:10,050
+important, highly sophisticated language. But now,
+
+129
+00:08:10,630 --> 00:08:13,470
+for the romantics, poetry is an expression of
+
+130
+00:08:13,470 --> 00:08:20,370
+feelings. Poetry is the overflow, this is part of
+
+131
+00:08:20,370 --> 00:08:26,390
+the definition, the overflow of emotions, of
+
+132
+00:08:26,390 --> 00:08:29,750
+powerful emotions.
+
+133
+00:08:31,750 --> 00:08:35,130
+It's the spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion.
+
+134
+00:08:37,830 --> 00:08:40,890
+In a way, when you ask a romantic poet, why do you
+
+135
+00:08:40,890 --> 00:08:44,670
+write poetry? He's not going to tell you, I'm
+
+136
+00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,640
+writing poetry to teach and delight. I'm not
+
+137
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:50,380
+writing poetry to assert eternal providence and to
+
+138
+00:08:50,380 --> 00:08:53,260
+justify the means of God to man or something. I'm
+
+139
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,460
+not writing poetry to teach you how poetry is
+
+140
+00:08:56,460 --> 00:08:59,060
+methodized and how poetry is discovered in nature.
+
+141
+00:08:59,100 --> 00:09:02,860
+I'm not writing poetry to teach you that a little
+
+142
+00:09:02,860 --> 00:09:06,080
+learning is a dangerous thing. No. I'm writing
+
+143
+00:09:06,080 --> 00:09:10,880
+poetry to self-express myself. What is poetry?
+
+144
+00:09:11,260 --> 00:09:14,280
+Self-expression. And this is beautiful and new and
+
+145
+00:09:14,280 --> 00:09:16,830
+revolutionary and different. So why would you
+
+146
+00:09:16,830 --> 00:09:19,050
+write poetry? I don't care. In a way, it doesn't
+
+147
+00:09:19,050 --> 00:09:20,630
+mean that they didn't care about the audience.
+
+148
+00:09:20,770 --> 00:09:23,930
+They did. But more significant than teaching and
+
+149
+00:09:23,930 --> 00:09:26,690
+delighting first is to express yourself as an
+
+150
+00:09:26,690 --> 00:09:30,870
+individual. As an individual. So what is poetry?
+
+151
+00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:36,310
+It's emotions. It's feelings. It's expressing
+
+152
+00:09:36,310 --> 00:09:43,010
+powerful emotions and feelings. The overflow of
+
+153
+00:09:43,010 --> 00:09:44,350
+powerful emotions.
+
+154
+00:09:47,050 --> 00:09:48,690
+What is the language of poetry?
+
+155
+00:09:52,690 --> 00:09:57,170
+For the romantics? Highly sophisticated language,
+
+156
+00:09:57,390 --> 00:09:59,150
+you know, embellished. We spoke about embellished,
+
+157
+00:09:59,250 --> 00:10:01,470
+highly embellished language where you sometimes
+
+158
+00:10:01,470 --> 00:10:03,390
+usually you need to check the dictionary to see
+
+159
+00:10:03,390 --> 00:10:07,730
+what a particular word means. Oh yeah. So the
+
+160
+00:10:07,730 --> 00:10:12,030
+romantics, for the romantics poetry was the common
+
+161
+00:10:13,970 --> 00:10:18,390
+Language, or the language of everyday man.
+
+162
+00:10:21,930 --> 00:10:25,390
+What does it mean everyday man? Like the language
+
+163
+00:10:25,390 --> 00:10:29,710
+we use normally as we speak. And not, no, no, no,
+
+164
+00:10:29,770 --> 00:10:32,330
+not slang. General, I don't even want to say
+
+165
+00:10:32,330 --> 00:10:36,570
+colloquial. It's poetic still, but you don't go
+
+166
+00:10:36,570 --> 00:10:40,430
+for the difficult words. One simple thing, when
+
+167
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:43,070
+students sometimes come to me and say, I want to
+
+168
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,990
+write poetry. I write poetry. I want to learn how
+
+169
+00:10:45,990 --> 00:10:49,630
+to write English poetry. I always tell them, try
+
+170
+00:10:49,630 --> 00:10:53,440
+to read something by William Blake. Try to read
+
+171
+00:10:53,440 --> 00:10:56,640
+these poems by William Wordsworth because
+
+172
+00:10:56,640 --> 00:10:58,380
+sometimes you would read the whole poem and you
+
+173
+00:10:58,380 --> 00:11:00,920
+don't even use the dictionary once because you
+
+174
+00:11:00,920 --> 00:11:03,020
+know all the words. It doesn't mean it's very
+
+175
+00:11:03,020 --> 00:11:06,620
+easy, very simple, no, but they don't go for the
+
+176
+00:11:06,620 --> 00:11:09,800
+difficult expressions, for the difficult language,
+
+177
+00:11:10,180 --> 00:11:11,920
+the language that only people who go to
+
+178
+00:11:11,920 --> 00:11:15,300
+university, they understand. It's a language that
+
+179
+00:11:15,300 --> 00:11:18,840
+if you say it to anyone, They will understand.
+
+180
+00:11:19,120 --> 00:11:22,540
+We'll take examples in a bit. So poetry is
+
+181
+00:11:22,540 --> 00:11:24,880
+different. The language of poetry is different.
+
+182
+00:11:25,000 --> 00:11:32,180
+The subject matter in
+
+183
+00:11:32,180 --> 00:11:35,740
+the past, remember, was about heroism, about God,
+
+184
+00:11:35,820 --> 00:11:38,700
+about Adam, about Eve, about the queen, the fairy
+
+185
+00:11:38,700 --> 00:11:43,720
+queen, right? Yes. About paradise lost. So the
+
+186
+00:11:43,720 --> 00:11:48,350
+subject matter has always been about generally
+
+187
+00:11:48,350 --> 00:11:52,450
+courtly life. And that's why we have courtly love
+
+188
+00:11:52,450 --> 00:11:55,610
+poetry about the king and the queen and even about
+
+189
+00:11:55,610 --> 00:11:58,990
+Adam and Eve and God and the creation. Mostly
+
+190
+00:11:58,990 --> 00:12:02,630
+issues according to the Augustan definition like
+
+191
+00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:05,370
+something of importance to the society as a whole.
+
+192
+00:12:05,970 --> 00:12:09,320
+But now for the romantics they said no. I can't
+
+193
+00:12:09,320 --> 00:12:12,140
+fix the whole society. I can't make one poem
+
+194
+00:12:12,140 --> 00:12:14,640
+change the whole society. I can't change one
+
+195
+00:12:14,640 --> 00:12:18,560
+person at a time. I can't change an individual at
+
+196
+00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:22,000
+a time. So the subject matter is also taken from
+
+197
+00:12:22,000 --> 00:12:28,880
+common life. Simple and
+
+198
+00:12:28,880 --> 00:12:31,320
+generally about ordinary people.
+
+199
+00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:42,020
+Sometimes, The people take even the title of the
+
+200
+00:12:42,020 --> 00:12:45,560
+book, the poem. We'll find a poem called, for
+
+201
+00:12:45,560 --> 00:12:48,560
+example, Chimney Sweeper. Lucy Gray. Who's Lucy
+
+202
+00:12:48,560 --> 00:12:53,620
+Gray? Is she the queen? Is she a princess? She's a
+
+203
+00:12:53,620 --> 00:12:58,280
+poor little girl. A poem called Sick Rose. will
+
+204
+00:12:58,280 --> 00:13:03,120
+find a lot of nature. So basically, everything we
+
+205
+00:13:03,120 --> 00:13:07,260
+learned about the Augustans was changed. Poetry is
+
+206
+00:13:07,260 --> 00:13:12,800
+no longer written in order to please the king or
+
+207
+00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:15,320
+the court or important, highly educated people.
+
+208
+00:13:15,720 --> 00:13:18,100
+It's to please, to address, to communicate
+
+209
+00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:22,070
+internal powerful emotions with the masses. with
+
+210
+00:13:22,070 --> 00:13:25,330
+the individuals, with the individuals. Simple
+
+211
+00:13:25,330 --> 00:13:29,510
+language, subject matters are taken from ordinary
+
+212
+00:13:29,510 --> 00:13:33,290
+life, from nature mainly. The romantics were
+
+213
+00:13:33,290 --> 00:13:34,970
+fascinated with nature.
+
+214
+00:13:37,960 --> 00:13:40,360
+I'll come back to this many times, especially when
+
+215
+00:13:40,360 --> 00:13:45,720
+I talk about William Wordsworth. So the general
+
+216
+00:13:45,720 --> 00:13:48,980
+features of the romantic poetry, these are very
+
+217
+00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:51,500
+significant. We have general features for the
+
+218
+00:13:51,500 --> 00:13:55,340
+whole school, and we have each individual poet has
+
+219
+00:13:55,340 --> 00:14:00,120
+extra particular features. We'll see William Blake
+
+220
+00:14:00,120 --> 00:14:03,000
+in a bit. So the romantics, number one, they use
+
+221
+00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:08,520
+simple language. And then also simple subject
+
+222
+00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:11,320
+matter from common life, common daily life. For
+
+223
+00:14:11,320 --> 00:14:15,980
+example, the sick rose, the daffodils, Lucy Gray.
+
+224
+00:14:17,280 --> 00:14:21,140
+Who's Lucy Gray? She's not the fairy queen. She's
+
+225
+00:14:21,140 --> 00:14:25,060
+an ordinary little girl. The chimney sweeper,
+
+226
+00:14:25,840 --> 00:14:32,130
+little lamb, nature, simple people. And what does
+
+227
+00:14:32,130 --> 00:14:34,590
+this mean? When you change the language, when you
+
+228
+00:14:34,590 --> 00:14:38,130
+break the rules of decorum, you are certainly
+
+229
+00:14:38,130 --> 00:14:44,590
+employing new poetic forms. I always like to liken
+
+230
+00:14:45,850 --> 00:14:48,390
+John Donne to the romantics in the way he broke
+
+231
+00:14:48,390 --> 00:14:51,210
+the rules, in the way he wanted to change so many
+
+232
+00:14:51,210 --> 00:14:53,450
+things. But there are different issues. Those
+
+233
+00:14:53,450 --> 00:14:56,590
+people were focusing more on feelings, emotions,
+
+234
+00:14:56,790 --> 00:14:58,990
+powerful emotions, personal individual
+
+235
+00:14:58,990 --> 00:15:01,770
+experiences. We have this in John Donne, but not
+
+236
+00:15:01,770 --> 00:15:04,030
+in this particular way. And those people were
+
+237
+00:15:04,030 --> 00:15:09,590
+fascinated with nature. Fascinated with nature. So
+
+238
+00:15:09,590 --> 00:15:14,330
+like John Donne, the idea, the meaning is more
+
+239
+00:15:14,330 --> 00:15:16,230
+important than the rule. And that's why we'll see
+
+240
+00:15:16,230 --> 00:15:19,570
+new poetic forms. We'll see long lines, short
+
+241
+00:15:19,570 --> 00:15:23,510
+lines. We'll see extra, many extra syllables here
+
+242
+00:15:23,510 --> 00:15:28,450
+or there if this is necessary. So like John Donne,
+
+243
+00:15:28,510 --> 00:15:32,860
+they would follow the rules unless The rule is
+
+244
+00:15:32,860 --> 00:15:36,660
+hindering, is not helping the message, so they
+
+245
+00:15:36,660 --> 00:15:40,760
+break the rule of the Koran. How did the
+
+246
+00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:43,620
+mainstream predict poetry's move from the Quran?
+
+247
+00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,500
+That's a very interesting question. When John
+
+248
+00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:50,680
+Donne was writing poetry, it was the beginning of
+
+249
+00:15:50,680 --> 00:15:54,260
+the Renaissance, the heyday of neoclassicism.
+
+250
+00:15:54,440 --> 00:15:56,860
+People were writing poetry imitating horrors of
+
+251
+00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:01,400
+people in the past. And John Donne was alone. So
+
+252
+00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:04,300
+many people criticized him. But here this came,
+
+253
+00:16:04,420 --> 00:16:08,800
+this movement naturally came at the end of an era
+
+254
+00:16:08,800 --> 00:16:11,800
+where people in a way or another were tired of the
+
+255
+00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:15,420
+same poetry, were fed up with the same poetry
+
+256
+00:16:15,420 --> 00:16:17,740
+about the same subject matters. People wanted
+
+257
+00:16:17,740 --> 00:16:21,860
+change, wanted things to be different. And now the
+
+258
+00:16:21,860 --> 00:16:24,740
+romantics started doing this. So yeah, many people
+
+259
+00:16:24,740 --> 00:16:26,920
+were like, oh wow, we like this, we want this.
+
+260
+00:16:27,880 --> 00:16:32,340
+especially after the giants were no longer around.
+
+261
+00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:35,940
+Dryden was dead. Alexander Pope, I think, was
+
+262
+00:16:35,940 --> 00:16:40,480
+dead. They were nowhere to be seen. So sometimes
+
+263
+00:16:40,480 --> 00:16:45,580
+you're lucky to be born in a particular age.
+
+264
+00:16:47,130 --> 00:16:51,310
+Okay, so important features here. And then for the
+
+265
+00:16:51,310 --> 00:16:55,150
+romantics, they focus on the heart, the emotions,
+
+266
+00:16:55,830 --> 00:16:58,690
+the feelings. They care more about particular
+
+267
+00:16:58,690 --> 00:17:02,170
+feelings rather than the mind and the intellect
+
+268
+00:17:02,170 --> 00:17:04,750
+and the age of reason. The Augustan age is called
+
+269
+00:17:04,750 --> 00:17:08,130
+the age of reason, where the mind is more
+
+270
+00:17:08,130 --> 00:17:10,630
+important, more significant. The heart was
+
+271
+00:17:10,630 --> 00:17:13,610
+dangerous, but now for the romantics, the mind is
+
+272
+00:17:13,610 --> 00:17:18,640
+dangerous. Meaning feelings and imagination, the
+
+273
+00:17:18,640 --> 00:17:22,800
+power of imagination, feelings and imagination are
+
+274
+00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:26,600
+above reason and intellect. They were encouraging
+
+275
+00:17:26,600 --> 00:17:32,140
+individual people to just depend, rely, express
+
+276
+00:17:32,140 --> 00:17:35,080
+themselves, their feelings, rely more on their
+
+277
+00:17:35,080 --> 00:17:40,150
+hearts, just release and free their imaginations.
+
+278
+00:17:40,250 --> 00:17:44,330
+In the past, you didn't have the freedom to
+
+279
+00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,210
+express yourself. And by the way, naturally, if
+
+280
+00:17:47,210 --> 00:17:49,770
+you want to depend on imagination and feelings,
+
+281
+00:17:49,910 --> 00:17:52,590
+naturally, you will break the rules, because
+
+282
+00:17:52,590 --> 00:17:56,410
+sometimes the rules would limit your imagination,
+
+283
+00:17:56,550 --> 00:18:00,970
+right? When I tell you, for example, write me a
+
+284
+00:18:00,970 --> 00:18:02,830
+Shakespearean sonnet about a particular
+
+285
+00:18:02,830 --> 00:18:06,450
+experience, you will find yourself tied up. But
+
+286
+00:18:06,450 --> 00:18:09,150
+here, the experience, the feelings are more
+
+287
+00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:11,450
+important. So you break the rules in order to fit
+
+288
+00:18:11,450 --> 00:18:16,210
+your feelings. And nature was the source of
+
+289
+00:18:16,210 --> 00:18:20,570
+inspiration. Those people hated the city very
+
+290
+00:18:20,570 --> 00:18:24,470
+much. Some people consider romantic poetry to be
+
+291
+00:18:24,470 --> 00:18:30,110
+anti-city literature. Can you guess why? They
+
+292
+00:18:30,110 --> 00:18:33,230
+hated the city. Remember Marvel? He didn't like
+
+293
+00:18:33,230 --> 00:18:38,290
+the city. They hated the city, but in principle,
+
+294
+00:18:38,590 --> 00:18:41,150
+Marvel was getting old and tired of politics, so
+
+295
+00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:43,430
+he said, okay, I want to go to the countryside and
+
+296
+00:18:43,430 --> 00:18:47,310
+enjoy my life because the society is corrupt. When
+
+297
+00:18:47,310 --> 00:18:49,450
+we speak about... Yes, please. Countryside
+
+298
+00:18:49,450 --> 00:18:52,890
+symbolizes love, nature. Yeah, also purity,
+
+299
+00:18:53,930 --> 00:18:57,510
+innocence. Symbolizes trading, maybe money and
+
+300
+00:18:57,510 --> 00:18:59,890
+Europe. Money, corruption, but more than this, we
+
+301
+00:18:59,890 --> 00:19:03,810
+have the Industrial Revolution. attracted a lot of
+
+302
+00:19:03,810 --> 00:19:06,070
+people from the countryside and the villages to
+
+303
+00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:10,510
+work in factories. So many people thought, OK, if
+
+304
+00:19:10,510 --> 00:19:14,070
+I go to the city, to London, to work in the town,
+
+305
+00:19:14,190 --> 00:19:16,530
+in the cities, in the factories, I will be rich. I
+
+306
+00:19:16,530 --> 00:19:18,710
+will make a lot of money, and I'll be rich. I'll
+
+307
+00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:21,770
+improve my life. So people were, in a way, moving
+
+308
+00:19:21,770 --> 00:19:25,940
+in masses. But they ended up being slaves to
+
+309
+00:19:25,940 --> 00:19:29,320
+capitalism, to factories. And the factories were
+
+310
+00:19:29,320 --> 00:19:33,720
+polluting everything. London was one of the most
+
+311
+00:19:33,720 --> 00:19:36,640
+polluted cities in the world. There was
+
+312
+00:19:36,640 --> 00:19:38,280
+corruption, there was poverty, there was death,
+
+313
+00:19:38,360 --> 00:19:41,820
+there was disease. Only very few people, the
+
+314
+00:19:41,820 --> 00:19:44,700
+owners, the rich people were getting richer, but
+
+315
+00:19:44,700 --> 00:19:47,480
+the poor were still getting poorer. The ordinary
+
+316
+00:19:47,480 --> 00:19:51,500
+people would only take the bare minimum just to
+
+317
+00:19:51,500 --> 00:19:56,460
+keep themselves alive so that they can work. And
+
+318
+00:19:56,460 --> 00:19:59,020
+this destroyed the relationships in the society.
+
+319
+00:19:59,840 --> 00:20:04,120
+It depersonalized human beings. You are no longer
+
+320
+00:20:04,120 --> 00:20:06,600
+a human being. You are no longer a name, a person
+
+321
+00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,860
+with a story, with feelings and emotions. You are
+
+322
+00:20:09,860 --> 00:20:15,300
+part of the machine. And that's why They said, OK,
+
+323
+00:20:15,380 --> 00:20:17,940
+nature is our mother. Let's go back to our
+
+324
+00:20:17,940 --> 00:20:21,380
+innocence and purity. And this is, by the way,
+
+325
+00:20:21,420 --> 00:20:24,260
+criticized by many people. If there's a problem in
+
+326
+00:20:24,260 --> 00:20:28,420
+your society, you escape. Do you escape? Do you
+
+327
+00:20:28,420 --> 00:20:31,080
+escape? What do you do if there are a lot of
+
+328
+00:20:31,080 --> 00:20:35,360
+problems in your society? You either face them or
+
+329
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:37,820
+you just deal with them. Yeah, like you deal with
+
+330
+00:20:37,820 --> 00:20:40,380
+them or you run away. Now, the romantics, many of
+
+331
+00:20:40,380 --> 00:20:44,640
+them were like, OK, let's go back to nature. They,
+
+332
+00:20:44,880 --> 00:20:47,160
+that's why some people call them escapists. You
+
+333
+00:20:47,160 --> 00:20:50,540
+know escape when you escape, oh sorry, I escaped.
+
+334
+00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,260
+When you escape here, it's just you don't want to
+
+335
+00:20:54,260 --> 00:20:56,420
+deal with the problems at all.
+
+336
+00:21:00,420 --> 00:21:03,580
+So they are escapists, many of them. They just
+
+337
+00:21:03,580 --> 00:21:07,080
+want to leave the trouble behind. But I don't
+
+338
+00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:10,630
+think this is accurate because Poetry itself is
+
+339
+00:21:10,630 --> 00:21:13,470
+change. Poetry itself is a revolution. When you
+
+340
+00:21:13,470 --> 00:21:16,610
+change individuals and people's ways of life and
+
+341
+00:21:16,610 --> 00:21:21,530
+thinking, I think you can do a lot to real life.
+
+342
+00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:24,330
+So the city was a source of corruption and vices
+
+343
+00:21:24,330 --> 00:21:29,890
+and sins. Another feature, childhood is a source
+
+344
+00:21:29,890 --> 00:21:32,330
+of innocence and inspiration. In the past,
+
+345
+00:21:32,790 --> 00:21:36,210
+remember all the texts we read before this was
+
+346
+00:21:36,210 --> 00:21:41,690
+about old people, adults. Children were nowhere to
+
+347
+00:21:41,690 --> 00:21:43,690
+be seen because they were supposed to be
+
+348
+00:21:43,690 --> 00:21:46,710
+controlled, to be educated, to be regulated. But
+
+349
+00:21:46,710 --> 00:21:48,950
+for the romantics, actually William Wordsworth
+
+350
+00:21:48,950 --> 00:21:55,190
+says the child is the father of man. The child is
+
+351
+00:21:55,190 --> 00:21:58,870
+the father of man. That's a paradox, right? Why?
+
+352
+00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:05,150
+Is the child the father of man in real life? In
+
+353
+00:22:05,150 --> 00:22:08,490
+real life, no, literally. But how can,
+
+354
+00:22:08,850 --> 00:22:11,030
+metaphorically speaking, the child be the father
+
+355
+00:22:11,030 --> 00:22:11,690
+of man? Please.
+
+356
+00:22:16,710 --> 00:22:21,070
+Wow, this is an amazing idea. So our childhood
+
+357
+00:22:21,070 --> 00:22:24,510
+influences the way we grow up, defines us as we
+
+358
+00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:27,170
+grow up. Wow, that is an amazing idea. But what
+
+359
+00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,810
+else? Can we learn from the kids? Do we learn from
+
+360
+00:22:32,810 --> 00:22:37,110
+the babies? Do we change? I know a friend of mine
+
+361
+00:22:37,110 --> 00:22:43,170
+was telling me some time ago that he only really
+
+362
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:46,150
+started appreciating his parents when he had kids.
+
+363
+00:22:47,110 --> 00:22:51,470
+He then realized that because kids teach us to be
+
+364
+00:22:51,470 --> 00:22:54,870
+selfless, to give, to love, to care, to work hard.
+
+365
+00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,520
+In many ways. So childhood was significant and a
+
+366
+00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:03,240
+source of inspiration. So this is basically the
+
+367
+00:23:03,240 --> 00:23:07,240
+major features. We'll come to them again and
+
+368
+00:23:07,240 --> 00:23:09,380
+again, especially when we talk about individual
+
+369
+00:23:09,380 --> 00:23:13,640
+poets. Any question before we move to William
+
+370
+00:23:13,640 --> 00:23:14,120
+Blake?
+
+371
+00:23:16,780 --> 00:23:20,260
+Everything is new, different type of language,
+
+372
+00:23:20,560 --> 00:23:23,600
+subject matters, structures, poetic forms,
+
+373
+00:23:24,020 --> 00:23:27,760
+inspirations, feelings, hearts, childhood, nature.
+
+374
+00:23:31,340 --> 00:23:37,380
+Any questions? Okay. The first romantic poet is
+
+375
+00:23:37,380 --> 00:23:41,480
+William Blake. Many people describe William Blake
+
+376
+00:23:41,480 --> 00:23:47,750
+as a pre-romantic. because he was writing poetry
+
+377
+00:23:47,750 --> 00:23:53,710
+this way before even William Wadsworth and Samuel
+
+378
+00:23:53,710 --> 00:23:59,350
+Coleridge. Now, William Blake, he was born in
+
+379
+00:23:59,350 --> 00:24:01,650
+London and he lived in London, and this will see
+
+380
+00:24:01,650 --> 00:24:04,490
+the difference between him and the other poets who
+
+381
+00:24:04,490 --> 00:24:06,970
+went to the countryside to live in the village,
+
+382
+00:24:07,570 --> 00:24:13,230
+you know, among natural elements. Two things to
+
+383
+00:24:13,230 --> 00:24:17,150
+focus here or to focus on. Number one, he has a
+
+384
+00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:20,710
+particular individual view of the world. And this
+
+385
+00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:25,690
+individuality is actually a romantic feature. It's
+
+386
+00:24:25,690 --> 00:24:28,390
+no longer collective. You know the collective
+
+387
+00:24:28,390 --> 00:24:33,470
+idea? of we must praise God, every individual is
+
+388
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:36,890
+free to do whatever he or she wants to do, as long
+
+389
+00:24:36,890 --> 00:24:40,630
+as you're following your pure and innocent nature,
+
+390
+00:24:41,170 --> 00:24:46,020
+your purity, your original pure status. And in his
+
+391
+00:24:46,020 --> 00:24:50,080
+poetry, we'll see, for example, how this
+
+392
+00:24:50,080 --> 00:24:53,280
+influences his styles and ideas and sensibilities.
+
+393
+00:24:53,720 --> 00:24:58,480
+Everything he writes, in a way, contrasts with the
+
+394
+00:24:58,480 --> 00:25:01,020
+order and control of the Augustans. Again, this is
+
+395
+00:25:01,020 --> 00:25:06,100
+a romantic feature. You can say a romantic feature
+
+396
+00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:11,340
+contrasts the order and control of the Augustans.
+
+397
+00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:16,120
+Who are the Augustans? Remember? Like Dryden, like
+
+398
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:19,080
+Samuel Johnson, Alexander Pope, the
+
+399
+00:25:19,080 --> 00:25:25,880
+neoclassicists. Another feature we'll see in a bit
+
+400
+00:25:25,880 --> 00:25:28,720
+for William Blake is symbolism. He uses a lot of
+
+401
+00:25:28,720 --> 00:25:29,140
+symbolism.
+
+402
+00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:36,520
+What is a symbol? Yeah, in English, how would you
+
+403
+00:25:36,520 --> 00:25:41,510
+define it? When you use something, To refer to
+
+404
+00:25:41,510 --> 00:25:45,970
+something else. To inspire a particular idea of
+
+405
+00:25:45,970 --> 00:25:48,850
+something else. Like how a rose inspires,
+
+406
+00:25:49,570 --> 00:25:55,590
+symbolizes what? Love, childhood, nature. Now some
+
+407
+00:25:55,590 --> 00:25:58,910
+of his symbols are clear to understand, easy to
+
+408
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:00,690
+understand. We'll see in a bit. But some of his
+
+409
+00:26:00,690 --> 00:26:04,510
+symbols are really very personal and not easy to
+
+410
+00:26:04,510 --> 00:26:06,030
+understand. It doesn't mean like we can't
+
+411
+00:26:06,030 --> 00:26:09,450
+understand it. It means we can't agree what it
+
+412
+00:26:09,450 --> 00:26:14,590
+means. We'll see this in a bit. He published two
+
+413
+00:26:14,590 --> 00:26:17,930
+collections. The first one is called Songs of
+
+414
+00:26:17,930 --> 00:26:22,870
+Innocence. Songs of Innocence. Even the name
+
+415
+00:26:22,870 --> 00:26:26,950
+suggests purity and innocence. And the other one
+
+416
+00:26:26,950 --> 00:26:29,910
+is Songs of Experience. Experience doesn't
+
+417
+00:26:29,910 --> 00:26:31,810
+necessarily mean like when you work and have a job
+
+418
+00:26:31,810 --> 00:26:33,650
+and work for two, three, five years and then you
+
+419
+00:26:33,650 --> 00:26:35,770
+have a lot of experience. Here it means the
+
+420
+00:26:35,770 --> 00:26:39,150
+opposite of innocence. It's like corruption in a
+
+421
+00:26:39,150 --> 00:26:43,610
+way. So most of his poems, you will have the poem
+
+422
+00:26:43,610 --> 00:26:48,450
+and its contrast, a state of innocence when you
+
+423
+00:26:48,450 --> 00:26:50,630
+are pure, when you are good, when you are a child.
+
+424
+00:26:51,330 --> 00:26:54,270
+But for him, innocence is not necessarily for
+
+425
+00:26:54,270 --> 00:26:58,110
+children. But most children are almost always
+
+426
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:02,240
+innocent. You can grow up. keeping and protecting
+
+427
+00:27:02,240 --> 00:27:04,760
+this state of innocence, and you are still
+
+428
+00:27:04,760 --> 00:27:07,500
+innocent. But some people will be corrupted by
+
+429
+00:27:07,500 --> 00:27:11,720
+life, by society, by the city. And he exposes this
+
+430
+00:27:11,720 --> 00:27:17,760
+in the songs of experience. Songs of experience.
+
+431
+00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:22,320
+Let's see the examples here. So this is taking us
+
+432
+00:27:22,320 --> 00:27:23,500
+back to the symbolism issue.
+
+433
+00:27:26,850 --> 00:27:29,450
+So, generally, two types of symbols for William
+
+434
+00:27:29,450 --> 00:27:33,030
+Blake. What are they? Number one, simple, direct
+
+435
+00:27:33,030 --> 00:27:39,590
+symbols. Simple and? Simple. And direct. Like, you
+
+436
+00:27:39,590 --> 00:27:43,050
+can see where he's going. Like, for example, he
+
+437
+00:27:43,050 --> 00:27:47,110
+uses the lamb. You know the little lamb? The lamb?
+
+438
+00:27:47,710 --> 00:27:51,890
+Yes. Silent B here? Lamb, silent B? Yes, lamb. The
+
+439
+00:27:51,890 --> 00:27:54,630
+lamb, the little lamb, the little sheep. Yes. What
+
+440
+00:27:54,630 --> 00:27:55,390
+does it symbolize?
+
+441
+00:27:59,090 --> 00:28:04,690
+Innocence, purity, simple life, simplicity, right?
+
+442
+00:28:05,310 --> 00:28:10,970
+But what if the poem is tiger? It's going to be
+
+443
+00:28:10,970 --> 00:28:16,270
+more. It's about more than simplicity and
+
+444
+00:28:16,270 --> 00:28:18,070
+innocence. It's about complexity. It's about
+
+445
+00:28:18,070 --> 00:28:20,590
+experience. It's about power. Thank you. It's
+
+446
+00:28:20,590 --> 00:28:24,590
+about mystery. Thank you. And some of his symbols,
+
+447
+00:28:24,950 --> 00:28:30,430
+especially in his late poems, are really, again, I
+
+448
+00:28:30,430 --> 00:28:32,610
+don't want to say complex or difficult to
+
+449
+00:28:32,610 --> 00:28:37,310
+understand, but they don't easily reveal what they
+
+450
+00:28:37,310 --> 00:28:40,450
+indicate, in the sense that you could read a poem
+
+451
+00:28:40,450 --> 00:28:42,230
+and we could have ended up with 10
+
+452
+00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:46,070
+interpretations. So what does the symbol refer to?
+
+453
+00:28:46,830 --> 00:28:50,660
+It's not clear. It refers to many things. It's
+
+454
+00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:54,460
+very personal. He uses symbols for the first time
+
+455
+00:28:54,460 --> 00:28:58,600
+that no one else has used them before. Two
+
+456
+00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:04,240
+examples here for symbolism. Number one, from the
+
+457
+00:29:04,240 --> 00:29:07,380
+lamb, how it symbolizes innocence. In
+
+458
+00:29:07,380 --> 00:29:10,640
+Christianity, it symbolizes Christ. You know,
+
+459
+00:29:10,720 --> 00:29:14,840
+Jesus Christ is usually like the shepherd, and we
+
+460
+00:29:14,840 --> 00:29:18,850
+are like, the people are like the lambs. Little
+
+461
+00:29:18,850 --> 00:29:23,330
+lamb, look at the poetry. These are difficult
+
+462
+00:29:23,330 --> 00:29:28,930
+words here. It's like poetry for the kids, but
+
+463
+00:29:28,930 --> 00:29:32,430
+it's also for us because it addresses this state
+
+464
+00:29:32,430 --> 00:29:36,630
+of innocence. Little lamb, who made the dust down?
+
+465
+00:29:37,010 --> 00:29:40,370
+Who created
+
+466
+00:29:40,370 --> 00:29:44,760
+you? Oh, little lamb. Notice the repetition of
+
+467
+00:29:44,760 --> 00:29:47,580
+the. We have never seen a repetition of the same
+
+468
+00:29:47,580 --> 00:29:52,260
+word in the previous poetry. Because I think in,
+
+469
+00:29:52,420 --> 00:29:54,960
+I'm not sure about English. In Arabic, when you
+
+470
+00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,560
+have a poem, you can't repeat the same word at the
+
+471
+00:29:57,560 --> 00:30:01,900
+end of the line, unless you count like seven
+
+472
+00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:07,620
+lines. So you say, you can't
+
+473
+00:30:07,620 --> 00:30:13,560
+repeat the word, until you go for seven more lines
+
+474
+00:30:13,560 --> 00:30:16,100
+and if it shows up again, it's okay. But before
+
+475
+00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,360
+that, it's a sign of weakness. In English,
+
+476
+00:30:19,900 --> 00:30:22,200
+definitely there's something similar here. But
+
+477
+00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:26,320
+here, it's just a couplet with the same word. And
+
+478
+00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:28,760
+this is why how a romantic poet doesn't care much
+
+479
+00:30:28,760 --> 00:30:32,740
+about the sophistication of the rules as long as
+
+480
+00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:36,740
+this conveys the message. And yes, this could be a
+
+481
+00:30:36,740 --> 00:30:39,240
+poem for kids, but it is about simplicity of life.
+
+482
+00:30:39,320 --> 00:30:42,820
+This is the lamb. Little lamb who made the dust
+
+483
+00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:46,030
+down, who made the... Even the language, even the
+
+484
+00:30:46,030 --> 00:30:49,350
+tone, the atmosphere. Very poetic and very
+
+485
+00:30:49,350 --> 00:30:53,570
+innocent in. However, when he talks about the
+
+486
+00:30:53,570 --> 00:30:57,710
+tiger as a symbol of experience. Can someone read?
+
+487
+00:30:58,870 --> 00:31:02,990
+Please. Tiger, tiger, burning bright in the forest
+
+488
+00:31:02,990 --> 00:31:06,950
+of the night. What immortal hand or eye could
+
+489
+00:31:06,950 --> 00:31:13,630
+frame thy fearful? Fearful. Symmetry. Someone
+
+490
+00:31:13,630 --> 00:31:15,570
+else, thank you. Hin, please.
+
+491
+00:31:21,190 --> 00:31:25,750
+Not immoral,
+
+492
+00:31:25,930 --> 00:31:26,470
+immortal.
+
+493
+00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:38,370
+Thy fearful, thy meaning your fearful symmetry.
+
+494
+00:31:39,090 --> 00:31:44,160
+Can you think of a better tone or atmosphere than
+
+495
+00:31:44,160 --> 00:31:47,730
+this because if you're saying tiger tiger it's
+
+496
+00:31:47,730 --> 00:31:50,070
+like saying little lamb who made thee but this is
+
+497
+00:31:50,070 --> 00:31:53,870
+a tiger here can you give it a try please yeah go
+
+498
+00:31:53,870 --> 00:31:59,150
+on very
+
+499
+00:31:59,150 --> 00:32:05,150
+good
+
+500
+00:32:05,150 --> 00:32:08,210
+so i think it's more like this tiger look at the
+
+501
+00:32:08,210 --> 00:32:13,630
+old writing here tiger tiger burning bright in the
+
+502
+00:32:13,630 --> 00:32:18,000
+forest of the night What immortal hand or eye
+
+503
+00:32:18,000 --> 00:32:21,420
+could frame thy fearful symmetry? Even the word
+
+504
+00:32:21,420 --> 00:32:27,940
+fearful here is part of the tone. The ta-ta, burn
+
+505
+00:32:27,940 --> 00:32:31,060
+it, taiga, taiga, burning bright. And even the
+
+506
+00:32:31,060 --> 00:32:33,820
+burning bright. Ta-ta. There is alliteration.
+
+507
+00:32:33,920 --> 00:32:38,090
+Thank you for seeing this. So he creates the
+
+508
+00:32:38,090 --> 00:32:41,370
+atmosphere of the whole poem changes, shifts from
+
+509
+00:32:41,370 --> 00:32:44,430
+innocence of the lamb to the seriousness, the
+
+510
+00:32:44,430 --> 00:32:49,570
+darkness, the complexity, the experience of the
+
+511
+00:32:49,570 --> 00:32:53,530
+tiger. If you count the syllables, can we count
+
+512
+00:32:53,530 --> 00:32:58,110
+the syllables together? Tiger, two, three, four,
+
+513
+00:32:58,330 --> 00:33:03,570
+five, six, seven, right? So seven syllables. One,
+
+514
+00:33:03,690 --> 00:33:08,430
+two, three, four, five, six. Seven syllables. One,
+
+515
+00:33:08,590 --> 00:33:14,550
+two, three, four, five, six, seven. Interesting.
+
+516
+00:33:15,510 --> 00:33:22,590
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven. Symmetry.
+
+517
+00:33:24,590 --> 00:33:29,570
+Symmetry. Two. Symmetry. Two or three? Three.
+
+518
+00:33:33,070 --> 00:33:33,870
+Symmetry.
+
+519
+00:33:37,540 --> 00:33:40,560
+Vowel, vowel, vowel. You can take out this as a
+
+520
+00:33:40,560 --> 00:33:43,580
+schwa. You can remove the schwa and say it
+
+521
+00:33:43,580 --> 00:33:47,480
+symmetrically. But it's still going to do the same
+
+522
+00:33:47,480 --> 00:33:52,860
+thing. So this is A. Look at the rhyme scheme. A,
+
+523
+00:33:52,920 --> 00:34:00,760
+A. I think
+
+524
+00:34:00,760 --> 00:34:05,260
+it's B, B. But it is imperfect.
+
+525
+00:34:08,840 --> 00:34:14,780
+Symmetry is three. Even if you say symmetry, there
+
+526
+00:34:14,780 --> 00:34:16,680
+is something the poet is doing. Listen, in poetry,
+
+527
+00:34:17,240 --> 00:34:19,220
+in literature in general, poetry in particular,
+
+528
+00:34:20,040 --> 00:34:24,100
+the poet usually hides, indicates a message or an
+
+529
+00:34:24,100 --> 00:34:26,880
+idea where he or she creates something called
+
+530
+00:34:26,880 --> 00:34:30,610
+tension. You know tension, something that doesn't
+
+531
+00:34:30,610 --> 00:34:32,490
+fit, something that is different, something that
+
+532
+00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,950
+doesn't follow the norm, the pattern, the rules.
+
+533
+00:34:35,590 --> 00:34:38,510
+Listen, here we have seven, seven, eight. Why? Why
+
+534
+00:34:38,510 --> 00:34:40,990
+did he shift from seven, seven, eight? And we have
+
+535
+00:34:40,990 --> 00:34:44,090
+A, A, perfect rhyme, and then A, B, imperfect
+
+536
+00:34:44,090 --> 00:34:48,370
+rhyme. So we raise a question here. Why is the
+
+537
+00:34:48,370 --> 00:34:51,730
+poet doing this? What is he doing? Can someone
+
+538
+00:34:51,730 --> 00:34:54,850
+tell? Can you guess? Why is he adding an extra
+
+539
+00:34:54,850 --> 00:35:00,060
+syllable And why is there an imperfect rhyme here?
+
+540
+00:35:00,740 --> 00:35:02,720
+There is always a reason.
+
+541
+00:35:05,820 --> 00:35:09,260
+Okay, interesting suspense, like, Oh, what's going
+
+542
+00:35:09,260 --> 00:35:12,540
+on? Why is this extra here? Maybe we can't count
+
+543
+00:35:12,540 --> 00:35:14,880
+the extra syllable as we read, but we definitely
+
+544
+00:35:14,880 --> 00:35:20,160
+can feel the imperfect rhyme. I symmetry. Yes,
+
+545
+00:35:20,240 --> 00:35:25,900
+more. Why? The question is again, why is there an
+
+546
+00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:29,380
+extra syllable, and an imperfect rhyme here,
+
+547
+00:35:29,560 --> 00:35:34,580
+Shayman. Very good, very interesting answer. He's
+
+548
+00:35:34,580 --> 00:35:37,660
+not following the rules, simply. But he doesn't
+
+549
+00:35:37,660 --> 00:35:40,140
+break the rules because he wants to break the
+
+550
+00:35:40,140 --> 00:35:45,160
+rules. He wants to indicate something. He wants to
+
+551
+00:35:45,160 --> 00:35:48,740
+tell us something. What is he telling us? That's
+
+552
+00:35:48,740 --> 00:35:51,220
+my question, in a way or another. How?
+
+553
+00:36:01,530 --> 00:36:04,990
+What does the tiger symbolize, in your opinion?
+
+554
+00:36:05,930 --> 00:36:10,590
+Power. Power. Yes. Wow. What else? Nature. Nature.
+
+555
+00:36:11,290 --> 00:36:16,290
+The dark side of nature. What else? The forest.
+
+556
+00:36:16,830 --> 00:36:20,310
+The forest? Like, tiger, tiger. Seriously, look.
+
+557
+00:36:20,670 --> 00:36:25,470
+When you go home today, Google image pictures of
+
+558
+00:36:25,470 --> 00:36:28,050
+tigers. And look at them. They're really
+
+559
+00:36:28,050 --> 00:36:31,730
+fascinating. Beautiful creatures. How everything
+
+560
+00:36:31,730 --> 00:36:36,670
+is like a perfect painting. And indeed, when you
+
+561
+00:36:36,670 --> 00:36:39,750
+look at it, it's perfect. And it's fearful. It
+
+562
+00:36:39,750 --> 00:36:46,490
+creates this, whoa, whoa. So in my opinion, the
+
+563
+00:36:46,490 --> 00:36:51,090
+tiger could symbolize the Industrial Revolution.
+
+564
+00:36:53,260 --> 00:36:56,380
+or the machines, or the factories, or the city
+
+565
+00:36:56,380 --> 00:36:59,860
+itself. The city sounds... When you look at the
+
+566
+00:36:59,860 --> 00:37:02,860
+city from afar, maybe you hate a particular city,
+
+567
+00:37:02,960 --> 00:37:05,280
+but you are in a plane and you look down, they all
+
+568
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:09,340
+sound majestic, magisterial and beautiful. Why
+
+569
+00:37:09,340 --> 00:37:11,820
+would the poet do this? The irony, I'm not sure if
+
+570
+00:37:11,820 --> 00:37:14,460
+you paid attention to this, the irony is the word
+
+571
+00:37:14,460 --> 00:37:16,080
+symmetry. What's symmetry? What does it mean in
+
+572
+00:37:16,080 --> 00:37:18,560
+Arabic? Balance. Balance, like perfect, something
+
+573
+00:37:18,560 --> 00:37:23,390
+perfect. And the word symmetry itself is not
+
+574
+00:37:23,390 --> 00:37:23,870
+symmetrical.
+
+575
+00:37:26,590 --> 00:37:30,510
+The word symmetry breaks the symmetry of the
+
+576
+00:37:30,510 --> 00:37:33,990
+poetry. And that's in a way ironic. How does it
+
+577
+00:37:33,990 --> 00:37:38,430
+break the symmetry? By the extra syllable and by
+
+578
+00:37:38,430 --> 00:37:42,300
+the imperfect rhyme. In my opinion, I think The
+
+579
+00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:44,760
+idea I have in mind is that the poet is saying
+
+580
+00:37:44,760 --> 00:37:47,560
+that if this symbolizes life or the Industrial
+
+581
+00:37:47,560 --> 00:37:51,400
+Revolution, it looks perfect. But in reality,
+
+582
+00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:54,980
+there is something missing. There is a problem
+
+583
+00:37:54,980 --> 00:38:00,340
+here. There is something lacking here. This is the
+
+584
+00:38:00,340 --> 00:38:02,540
+facade. This is just the appearance. But the
+
+585
+00:38:02,540 --> 00:38:08,160
+essence and the reality, they are lacking. There
+
+586
+00:38:08,160 --> 00:38:13,340
+is something missing here. How does he do it? by
+
+587
+00:38:13,340 --> 00:38:16,120
+playing on the rules, playing on the number of
+
+588
+00:38:16,120 --> 00:38:19,720
+syllables and the number, the perfect rhyme, the
+
+589
+00:38:19,720 --> 00:38:25,500
+imperfect rhyme, yeah. One more example from our
+
+590
+00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,460
+friend William Blake. We actually have this one
+
+591
+00:38:28,460 --> 00:38:31,340
+and another one. So let's see quickly. This is a
+
+592
+00:38:31,340 --> 00:38:34,440
+poem, sorry I didn't add this, I was in a rush.
+
+593
+00:38:35,640 --> 00:38:37,460
+The inverted commas, never forget the inverted
+
+594
+00:38:37,460 --> 00:38:41,800
+commas for the text. The Sick Rose. Look at the
+
+595
+00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:43,560
+title of the poem. It's again and it's a very
+
+596
+00:38:43,560 --> 00:38:46,480
+short poem. This is the whole poem. It's no longer
+
+597
+00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,680
+a thousand lines, two hundred lines. It's no
+
+598
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:51,860
+longer about Adam and Eve and some synagogist and
+
+599
+00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:56,920
+a paradise lost. A Sick Rose. Can someone read
+
+600
+00:38:56,920 --> 00:38:58,320
+here, please?
+
+601
+00:39:13,540 --> 00:39:19,680
+Okay. What's going on here? Do you think there are
+
+602
+00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:20,920
+many difficult words here?
+
+603
+00:39:25,520 --> 00:39:31,600
+Which one? Crimson? It's a color, crimson like red
+
+604
+00:39:31,600 --> 00:39:34,840
+or pink or something like red. I think other than
+
+605
+00:39:34,840 --> 00:39:37,660
+this, if you don't know what howling is, and
+
+606
+00:39:37,660 --> 00:39:40,220
+listen, think of yourself as a native speaker.
+
+607
+00:39:40,780 --> 00:39:43,340
+Even if you are 13 or 14, you will be able to know
+
+608
+00:39:43,340 --> 00:39:47,680
+what crimson is. Storm and howling. So, oh rose,
+
+609
+00:39:47,780 --> 00:39:50,400
+there's a personification here. Thou means you
+
+610
+00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:57,340
+are, are, are here. Oh rose, thou art sick. The
+
+611
+00:39:57,340 --> 00:40:00,800
+invisible worm, so who are the people, who are the
+
+612
+00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,320
+characters in this text? Number one? Rows. Rows,
+
+613
+00:40:04,420 --> 00:40:07,120
+or the rows, because here he says the sick rose,
+
+614
+00:40:07,400 --> 00:40:11,120
+here he says rose. And then there is? A worm. A
+
+615
+00:40:11,120 --> 00:40:15,460
+worm. And this worm is? Invisible. Invisible. And
+
+616
+00:40:15,460 --> 00:40:20,340
+secrecy, darkness, generally not positive. The
+
+617
+00:40:20,340 --> 00:40:27,620
+invisible worm that flies might darkness, In the
+
+618
+00:40:27,620 --> 00:40:33,040
+storm, in the howling storm. Howling storm. Yeah,
+
+619
+00:40:33,120 --> 00:40:38,660
+the sound is there. Has found out thy bed, thy,
+
+620
+00:40:39,080 --> 00:40:44,120
+the rose's bed, your bed, of crimson joy, and his
+
+621
+00:40:44,120 --> 00:40:52,880
+refers to? His? The rose seemingly female. The
+
+622
+00:40:52,880 --> 00:40:59,110
+one, yes? So the rose is personified as a sick
+
+623
+00:40:59,110 --> 00:41:05,770
+human being and also the worm is personified as a
+
+624
+00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:11,690
+woman or a man? A man. His love. Love is good,
+
+625
+00:41:11,790 --> 00:41:17,310
+right? But this is not only secret, but also dark.
+
+626
+00:41:17,390 --> 00:41:21,750
+It's like a horrible person in secrecy at night,
+
+627
+00:41:21,950 --> 00:41:24,590
+in the storm, in the howling storm, invisibly
+
+628
+00:41:24,590 --> 00:41:30,190
+trying to take advantage of the rose, making it
+
+629
+00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:37,390
+sick. And his dark, secret love does thy life,
+
+630
+00:41:37,450 --> 00:41:42,090
+your life, destroy. That's the poem. What is it
+
+631
+00:41:42,090 --> 00:41:45,690
+about? What does the rose stand for? Can you
+
+632
+00:41:45,690 --> 00:41:50,350
+guess? Okay, could be about how life was destroyed
+
+633
+00:41:50,350 --> 00:41:53,950
+by the industrial revolution, by the city, the
+
+634
+00:41:53,950 --> 00:41:54,750
+corruption.
+
+635
+00:41:58,150 --> 00:42:01,790
+Could be. So life was good, was pure, innocent
+
+636
+00:42:01,790 --> 00:42:05,730
+until Capitalism and Industrial Revolution. Yes.
+
+637
+00:42:08,090 --> 00:42:13,390
+Thank you very much. This could be a symbol of
+
+638
+00:42:13,390 --> 00:42:16,210
+women. It could, by the way, it could be a
+
+639
+00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:20,150
+particular woman. He knows. Or all women
+
+640
+00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:22,190
+destroyed. What could be about childhood?
+
+641
+00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:25,710
+Children. How children are destroyed by life, by
+
+642
+00:42:25,710 --> 00:42:30,310
+parents, by corruption. Or it could be about a
+
+643
+00:42:30,310 --> 00:42:33,010
+simple rose. It could be about nature.
+
+644
+00:42:36,050 --> 00:42:38,670
+One of your friends in another group was saying
+
+645
+00:42:38,670 --> 00:42:42,730
+that this could also be about women nowadays,
+
+646
+00:42:42,890 --> 00:42:47,120
+today. I said, how? He said, there are many people
+
+647
+00:42:47,120 --> 00:42:50,440
+on Facebook, many guys, many dudes, who just go on
+
+648
+00:42:50,440 --> 00:42:52,580
+Facebook and try to stalk particular girls and
+
+649
+00:42:52,580 --> 00:42:55,520
+tell her, deceive her, trick her, oh, I like you,
+
+650
+00:42:55,560 --> 00:42:57,520
+I love you, something, and then they destroy her
+
+651
+00:42:57,520 --> 00:43:01,940
+life. And then they just disappear. I was like,
+
+652
+00:43:02,140 --> 00:43:05,000
+hmm, interesting. I'm sure William Blake did not
+
+653
+00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:10,460
+mean this. But as readers here, we can see this
+
+654
+00:43:10,460 --> 00:43:14,200
+idea in this poem. In my opinion, this poem is
+
+655
+00:43:14,200 --> 00:43:17,420
+about everything you said. And it's about the
+
+656
+00:43:17,420 --> 00:43:20,000
+power of imagination. Remember when we read
+
+657
+00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:22,470
+Alexander Pope? The poem was about one thing,
+
+658
+00:43:23,910 --> 00:43:26,850
+satire. Remember? We had one meaning, one idea,
+
+659
+00:43:26,930 --> 00:43:29,850
+one interpretation. Don't feel sad for this if a
+
+660
+00:43:29,850 --> 00:43:33,030
+poem has several interpretations. Because as a
+
+661
+00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:36,410
+reader or in your exam, you only need to pick one
+
+662
+00:43:36,410 --> 00:43:38,470
+idea. If you tell me in your exam that I think
+
+663
+00:43:38,470 --> 00:43:40,390
+this symbolizes nature and you explain it, it's
+
+664
+00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:42,370
+OK. It's correct. I think this symbolizes
+
+665
+00:43:42,370 --> 00:43:46,490
+childhood and loss of innocence. Yeah, show me how
+
+666
+00:43:46,490 --> 00:43:51,050
+in the text. But look at this poem and how
+
+667
+00:43:51,050 --> 00:43:53,810
+beautiful and how simple in its language. The
+
+668
+00:43:53,810 --> 00:43:56,330
+features are there. Simplicity, subject matter,
+
+669
+00:43:56,870 --> 00:43:58,130
+nature, imagination.
+
+670
+00:44:00,670 --> 00:44:03,670
+The symbolism, I don't think this is complex.
+
+671
+00:44:03,910 --> 00:44:06,590
+There are more complex than this. But yeah, there
+
+672
+00:44:06,590 --> 00:44:09,810
+is symbolism here. This is William, William Blake.
+
+673
+00:44:10,230 --> 00:44:10,750
+Individual.
+
+674
+00:44:13,610 --> 00:44:17,110
+Thank you. As Palestinians here, we could take
+
+675
+00:44:17,110 --> 00:44:20,350
+this as how colonizers and imperialists, how
+
+676
+00:44:20,350 --> 00:44:24,390
+occupiers come, take everything good, and destroy
+
+677
+00:44:24,390 --> 00:44:28,330
+our lives. Pretend to be good, in love, that we
+
+678
+00:44:28,330 --> 00:44:31,690
+care about you. Thank you. It could be many
+
+679
+00:44:31,690 --> 00:44:35,010
+things. Okay, in one minute, before I stop here,
+
+680
+00:44:35,750 --> 00:44:46,990
+can we see the rhyme scheme? Sek. Wam. B, C, I
+
+681
+00:44:46,990 --> 00:44:49,190
+think this is B but it's still not perfect because
+
+682
+00:44:49,190 --> 00:44:54,130
+this is torn, this is one, one, has found the eye
+
+683
+00:44:54,130 --> 00:45:04,000
+secret, bed of crimson joy, C, destroy, B. So one
+
+684
+00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:06,180
+imperfect, and the imperfect works with the one,
+
+685
+00:45:06,260 --> 00:45:08,100
+because the one is the imperfect that destroys
+
+686
+00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:10,940
+this perfection of the whole thing, disrupts it in
+
+687
+00:45:10,940 --> 00:45:15,480
+a way. If you count the, you're not required to do
+
+688
+00:45:15,480 --> 00:45:18,160
+this, but it's really cool if you start counting
+
+689
+00:45:18,160 --> 00:45:22,960
+the feet, how many feet we have, and the
+
+690
+00:45:22,960 --> 00:45:24,760
+syllables, because in my opinion, there is
+
+691
+00:45:24,760 --> 00:45:27,480
+something here. So if you say one, two, three,
+
+692
+00:45:27,600 --> 00:45:33,660
+four, five. One, two, three, four. And then one,
+
+693
+00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:37,900
+two, three, four, five, six. See? He doesn't have
+
+694
+00:45:37,900 --> 00:45:40,260
+to follow. Is this poetry? This is beautiful
+
+695
+00:45:40,260 --> 00:45:43,210
+poetry. But many people will say, no, no, no. This
+
+696
+00:45:43,210 --> 00:45:44,650
+is not poetry. It's not following the rules. You
+
+697
+00:45:44,650 --> 00:45:47,410
+have to go for 10 syllables or eight syllables, so
+
+698
+00:45:47,410 --> 00:45:50,670
+you have four feet or eight feet in a way or
+
+699
+00:45:50,670 --> 00:45:55,450
+another. I think if Alexander Pope or Samuel
+
+700
+00:45:55,450 --> 00:45:57,610
+Johnson or Dryden were alive, they would be
+
+701
+00:45:57,610 --> 00:46:00,430
+pulling their hair. They would be acting angry
+
+702
+00:46:00,430 --> 00:46:04,130
+like they reacted to John Donne. I wanted to have
+
+703
+00:46:04,130 --> 00:46:06,590
+time for this poem, but we can do it next class.
+
+704
+00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:11,830
+Blake's London. Thank you very much and please if
+
+705
+00:46:11,830 --> 00:46:14,490
+you have any questions, do ask.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..12cc419ae064a88f8a7125271d95419b25779575
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/AhcdM8VzdMg_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@
+1
+00:00:22,530 --> 00:00:26,690
+Assalamualaikum. Hello back everyone. Thank you
+
+2
+00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:29,830
+for submitting your homework most of you. If you
+
+3
+00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:35,190
+didn't already submit your homework It's not good,
+
+4
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:38,670
+but I'll give you a chance until tomorrow at 11 o
+
+5
+00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:40,450
+'clock. If you don't find me in my office, you
+
+6
+00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,350
+just slip it under the door. But I will deduct
+
+7
+00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,730
+marks from you if you are late. Because if you
+
+8
+00:00:47,730 --> 00:00:49,970
+submit on time, you get the full mark for
+
+9
+00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:55,950
+submitting on time. So today, we have a review
+
+10
+00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:03,550
+class. We'll see what questions you have. About
+
+11
+00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:07,210
+the course. Should I start again?
+
+12
+00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,510
+Okay.
+
+13
+00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:15,770
+Should I start again from the beginning?
+
+14
+00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,990
+Now I want to start again. Come on.
+
+15
+00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:29,190
+There is no doubt.
+
+16
+00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,820
+Thank you
+
+17
+00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,650
+So Assalamu Alaikum again everyone. Thank you for
+
+18
+00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,150
+submitting your first assignment for this course
+
+19
+00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:26,490
+and I'm really looking forward to grading them.
+
+20
+00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:29,270
+I'm sure you did a good job answering questions
+
+21
+00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:32,730
+about Shakespeare. Today I'll take a chance to
+
+22
+00:02:32,730 --> 00:02:36,910
+give you a review session. Let's take a break
+
+23
+00:02:37,850 --> 00:02:41,010
+Let's not begin a new lesson because we're
+
+24
+00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:44,770
+supposed to start with Marlow and Ben Johnson as
+
+25
+00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,270
+other Renaissance Elizabethan dramatists and
+
+26
+00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:52,390
+playwrights and poets also who were contemporary
+
+27
+00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290
+to Shakespeare. They lived at the time Shakespeare
+
+28
+00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,490
+was also alive and writing. So today we'll do a
+
+29
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,230
+review. Please feel free to ask any question you
+
+30
+00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:06,770
+have, and I'll do my best to try to answer the
+
+31
+00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:11,800
+question. Okay, yes, can you also, everyone if you
+
+32
+00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:16,800
+want to ask question, please speak up. When two
+
+33
+00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,120
+lines of verse rhyme, we call them couplets,
+
+34
+00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,060
+right? Yeah. In the cystic and octave, when the
+
+35
+00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,460
+eight, does the eight lines have to rhyme, so
+
+36
+00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,340
+we're gonna call them cystic and octave? Okay, so
+
+37
+00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:31,460
+when we spoke about the sonnet, remember the
+
+38
+00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,080
+Italian sonnet? Yes. The sonnet was born in Italy,
+
+39
+00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:41,090
+with a Y, not I. And we spoke about Dante in
+
+40
+00:03:41,090 --> 00:03:45,950
+brief. We spoke also about the
+
+41
+00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:51,050
+other name, the other Italian sonneteer, the
+
+42
+00:03:51,050 --> 00:03:55,290
+father of the sonnet, Petrarch.
+
+43
+00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:01,790
+Is it a difficult name? Is it difficult? So
+
+44
+00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:07,850
+Petrarch, C-H Petrarch, exactly how you spell it.
+
+45
+00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,840
+Now, Petrarch is said to be the most important
+
+46
+00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,980
+Italian sonnetier. There are actually other names
+
+47
+00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:20,720
+in Italy. But this is what we want to focus on,
+
+48
+00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:26,820
+because of Petrarch, Henry Howard And Sir Thomas
+
+49
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,420
+White, they loved the sonnet. And again, remember,
+
+50
+00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:33,240
+we always talk about the influence of Europe, of
+
+51
+00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,020
+Italy, France, mainly Italy and France. Actually,
+
+52
+00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,020
+the Renaissance started in Italy well before it
+
+53
+00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:45,050
+started in England. So England was still being
+
+54
+00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:50,310
+influenced by Europe, especially by Italy. So the
+
+55
+00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,150
+sonnet, the Italian sonnet, is generally two
+
+56
+00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:57,950
+parts, remember? The form, the structure of the
+
+57
+00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:05,790
+sonnet is eight lines and then six lines. Eight
+
+58
+00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,030
+lines and six lines. The eight lines we called
+
+59
+00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:10,550
+octave.
+
+60
+00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:14,600
+And this is the Sestet.
+
+61
+00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:21,600
+Sestet from six. An octave, you know Octopus
+
+62
+00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,560
+because of the A. Now the Italian sonnet almost
+
+63
+00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:39,240
+always rhymes as A B B A A B B A Now this, you're
+
+64
+00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:43,930
+answering a question. This is in a way Four lines,
+
+65
+00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:47,730
+remember the four lines, the quadrant? Your
+
+66
+00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:51,150
+question is, does this count as a rhyme? Sorry, as
+
+67
+00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,810
+a rhyming couplet? No. You know why? Because
+
+68
+00:05:55,810 --> 00:05:59,090
+generally this stops here. Even does this count as
+
+69
+00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,270
+a couplet? No, it's part of the octave or the
+
+70
+00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:08,960
+group of the stanza or the quadrant. However, if
+
+71
+00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:12,260
+in your exam or you find two lines somebody likes
+
+72
+00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:15,120
+just these lines and you look at them in isolation
+
+73
+00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,900
+you can call them a couplet it's okay you can if
+
+74
+00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:22,100
+they are in isolation because you don't know the
+
+75
+00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,440
+context you don't know but generally this is
+
+76
+00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:29,900
+important generally here they don't give one idea
+
+77
+00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:32,460
+that's the most important thing about the couplet
+
+78
+00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:37,460
+remember It's like a paragraph, a prose paragraph.
+
+79
+00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:40,280
+What is a paragraph? A group of related sentences
+
+80
+00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:44,800
+about one topic, one idea. Now the couplet, two
+
+81
+00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,880
+rhyming lines, two rhymes, two lines that rhyme,
+
+82
+00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:52,740
+And they are about the same thing. Always remember
+
+83
+00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:55,840
+Shakespeare's couplet at the end. So long as this,
+
+84
+00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,540
+so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so
+
+85
+00:06:59,540 --> 00:07:02,560
+long lives this, and this gives life to thee. What
+
+86
+00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,740
+happens in the first four lines here, the
+
+87
+00:07:05,740 --> 00:07:09,540
+quatrain, is the author develops an idea. If you
+
+88
+00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:12,460
+stop here, the idea is not complete. If you stop
+
+89
+00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:15,180
+here, it's usually not complete. If you stop here,
+
+90
+00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,990
+it's usually not complete. When you finish the
+
+91
+00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:21,930
+first four lines, you have a part of an idea that
+
+92
+00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:26,690
+could give you something. But it's not complete in
+
+93
+00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:30,130
+the Italian Sunnit until you read the first eight
+
+94
+00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:33,430
+lines. When you read the first eight lines, you
+
+95
+00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,110
+realize, oh, OK. So it gives you an idea. The same
+
+96
+00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:39,790
+with Shakespeare. When we spoke about Shakespeare,
+
+97
+00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:42,750
+we said Shakespeare's structure is
+
+98
+00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:50,230
+We have three quadrants, remember? Three, what's a
+
+99
+00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:55,570
+quadrant? Four lines. From quarter, okay? And a
+
+100
+00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:58,130
+couplet, plus a couplet.
+
+101
+00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:06,650
+Now the first four lines usually have one idea,
+
+102
+00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:13,370
+one image, and then the second quadrant moves to
+
+103
+00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:15,650
+another idea or image, and the third quadrant
+
+104
+00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:19,350
+moves to the other idea. But the three quadrants
+
+105
+00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,910
+have the same theme, the same problem, the same
+
+106
+00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,950
+crisis. Like in Shall I Compare Thee to A Summer's
+
+107
+00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:30,010
+Day, he spins almost 12 lines saying, no, life is
+
+108
+00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:33,190
+not perfect. Every fair from fair sometime
+
+109
+00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:36,920
+declines. Summer is beautiful, but sometimes there
+
+110
+00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,980
+is rough winds, right? Summer is beautiful, but
+
+111
+00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:43,620
+again, the winds do shake the darling buds of May.
+
+112
+00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:46,420
+Summer is beautiful, but summer is sometimes what?
+
+113
+00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,260
+Short and hot. Sometimes the clouds destroy the
+
+114
+00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:55,500
+beauty of this. So he moves from one image to the
+
+115
+00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,920
+other, like in Sonnet 73, I guess, where he speaks
+
+116
+00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,380
+in the first quatrain, he speaks about the end of
+
+117
+00:09:02,380 --> 00:09:06,060
+the year, autumn. What happens in autumn? Yellow
+
+118
+00:09:06,060 --> 00:09:12,920
+leaves. Right? The end of the circle. In the
+
+119
+00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,200
+second quadrant we've got the end of the day, the
+
+120
+00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,960
+sunset. So the day is good. We start active,
+
+121
+00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,700
+energetic. We have all hopes and dreams. We want
+
+122
+00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,120
+to go to school, to attend classes, to meet
+
+123
+00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,130
+friends, to go to the cafeteria, to eat pizza. At
+
+124
+00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:32,210
+the end of the day, it's like everything comes to
+
+125
+00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:36,130
+an end. Nothing lasts forever. And then in the
+
+126
+00:09:36,130 --> 00:09:39,210
+third quarter, he speaks about the end of a fire.
+
+127
+00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:46,190
+Fires, you know? Fire. But it ends up as ashes. So
+
+128
+00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:47,910
+what is Shakespeare doing here? He's giving us
+
+129
+00:09:47,910 --> 00:09:50,110
+three images. The three images about the
+
+130
+00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:54,030
+inevitability of death. The passing of time. Time
+
+131
+00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:57,700
+kills everything. In a way this is the crisis.
+
+132
+00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:02,300
+This is the issue of time. But what does he do in
+
+133
+00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200
+the couplet? He gives hope. In a way he twists.
+
+134
+00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:07,600
+There's something called a volta. The volta is a
+
+135
+00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,600
+twist. Where like in Sonnet 18, again, he says
+
+136
+00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,680
+something like, I can't remember that couplet,
+
+137
+00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,960
+like similar to 18, he says that, but my poetry
+
+138
+00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,860
+will live forever. My poetry doesn't die. My
+
+139
+00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:26,400
+sonnet doesn't die. Reminding us of, again, how he
+
+140
+00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,640
+believes in his poetry, giving us some kind of
+
+141
+00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,030
+hope or closure or ending. So long as men can
+
+142
+00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:38,730
+breathe, our eyes can see, so long lives this, and
+
+143
+00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:40,990
+this gives life to thee. So the couplet has one
+
+144
+00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:44,030
+idea. So again, going back to your question, can
+
+145
+00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:50,810
+we call this here a couplet? No. Generally, no. If
+
+146
+00:10:50,810 --> 00:10:55,130
+you find them alone, wandering around, you could
+
+147
+00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:56,930
+say that, but when you read them, they're not
+
+148
+00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:01,150
+going to give you a full idea, like the idea of,
+
+149
+00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:04,030
+so long as men can breathe, our eyes can see, so
+
+150
+00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,270
+long as this or this gives life to this. In other
+
+151
+00:11:07,270 --> 00:11:09,230
+words, in your exam I'm not going to give you two
+
+152
+00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:11,110
+lines from here and ask you whether this is a
+
+153
+00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:16,050
+couplet I'll give you a full stanza either two
+
+154
+00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:20,790
+lines if it's complete couplet or quatrain four
+
+155
+00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:24,490
+lines or six or maybe eight lines but we usually
+
+156
+00:11:24,490 --> 00:11:27,190
+because you're still beginning to learn English
+
+157
+00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:30,650
+and English literature I usually only focus on two
+
+158
+00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:33,450
+-line nouns okay
+
+159
+00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,080
+Any other question about the sonnet? Does anyone
+
+160
+00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,280
+want to ask questions about the sonnet, the rhyme
+
+161
+00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,340
+scheme, the importance of the sonnet, Shakespeare
+
+162
+00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:46,080
+and the sonnet?
+
+163
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:55,280
+Please, do ask. Sorry? Not the sonnet? So, no more
+
+164
+00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:55,620
+sonnet?
+
+165
+00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:06,950
+Okay, I'll ask you a question here. In one stanza
+
+166
+00:12:06,950 --> 00:12:09,850
+we studied in the other class today, there was,
+
+167
+00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,850
+okay, don't look at the book, I'll just bring it
+
+168
+00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:17,570
+myself. There was a line ending in drops and the
+
+169
+00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,890
+other one ending in box, drops and the other one
+
+170
+00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:22,750
+ending in box.
+
+171
+00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,580
+Listen, these words don't rhyme. Do they rhyme? Is
+
+172
+00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:35,480
+there rhyme here? This doesn't count, generally,
+
+173
+00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,600
+unless the sounds before it have something similar
+
+174
+00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:44,140
+to drop, like hops for example, hops, drops and
+
+175
+00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:49,380
+hops. Okay, but drops and box, they don't rhyme.
+
+176
+00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,040
+The rhyme is generally not the last sound, usually
+
+177
+00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,420
+two, sometimes three. We need to look at this
+
+178
+00:12:55,420 --> 00:12:58,880
+carefully. Another example, what do you think of
+
+179
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:04,820
+this? A very famous poem by Marlow, we'll study
+
+180
+00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:11,000
+later on. He says, he begins his poem saying,
+
+181
+00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:21,740
+come, Live with me and be my love and
+
+182
+00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:28,120
+Notice when you begin a line of verse, you begin
+
+183
+00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,820
+with capital. That's the rules when you write
+
+184
+00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:35,520
+poetry. The first word, you capitalize the first
+
+185
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,420
+letter of the first word of each and every line.
+
+186
+00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,280
+And this is how you distinguish sometimes verse
+
+187
+00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,500
+from prose in Shakespeare. If it is capitalized,
+
+188
+00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,080
+then it's poetry. If it's not, it's prose. But
+
+189
+00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,120
+more important than this is the music. We've seen
+
+190
+00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,940
+how Shiloh doesn't use poetry and has not a Jew
+
+191
+00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:01,360
+eyes. And we will, sorry, we will all the
+
+192
+00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:01,780
+pleasures.
+
+193
+00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:10,240
+That's a very famous, that's a very famous poem
+
+194
+00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:19,640
+here. Is it a couplet? No. Okay, we have love and
+
+195
+00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:26,150
+Prove Not the same sound Okay we have O V E and
+
+196
+00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:30,690
+also O V E If you know how to do transcription
+
+197
+00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:37,670
+this is love and this is prove Probably
+
+198
+00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,130
+next year What do you think of this? Is this a
+
+199
+00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:45,450
+couplet? Do we have rhyme here? What do you think?
+
+200
+00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,350
+No it's not a couplet because the sound is
+
+201
+00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:53,380
+different The sounds are different. We have love,
+
+202
+00:14:53,920 --> 00:15:03,280
+like dove, cut, hot, but, and this is prove. What
+
+203
+00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:05,140
+do you think? Does anybody have something?
+
+204
+00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,920
+If you look at the words, if you look at the
+
+205
+00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,500
+words, they look similar. They look similar. O V
+
+206
+00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:22,340
+E, O V E. The V sound is the same, but the one
+
+207
+00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,660
+before. So if you look at it from a distance, if
+
+208
+00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:27,480
+you don't know the words, how they are pronounced,
+
+209
+00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:31,580
+you think they rhyme. But in reality, they don't
+
+210
+00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:35,800
+perfectly rhyme. They partially rhyme. We call
+
+211
+00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,840
+this, it has different names. It's called
+
+212
+00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,160
+imperfect rhyme. Or sometimes it's called I rhyme.
+
+213
+00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,220
+You know I rhyme? Because you look at it, they
+
+214
+00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,860
+sound like they would be rhyming but they don't
+
+215
+00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:53,900
+rhyme perfectly. So what is this? It's still a
+
+216
+00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,420
+couplet. This is a couplet because it has one
+
+217
+00:15:56,420 --> 00:15:59,600
+idea. Come live with me and be my love and we will
+
+218
+00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,020
+all the pleasures prove. Is there a rhyme here?
+
+219
+00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:09,440
+Yes, but the rhyme is imperfect. Imperfect is
+
+220
+00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:15,060
+still a rhyme. Now, imperfect rhyme is still a
+
+221
+00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:18,120
+rhyme. They rhyme, but they don't rhyme 100%. They
+
+222
+00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,120
+rhyme like what, 60, 50%? Now, there is a
+
+223
+00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:27,660
+justification for here. Sometimes, the poet uses
+
+224
+00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:30,020
+imperfect rhyme to tell us there's something wrong
+
+225
+00:16:30,020 --> 00:16:35,710
+here. Okay, so look at this. This is a poem, a man
+
+226
+00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:41,090
+inviting his beloved to love him and live with
+
+227
+00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:44,790
+him. Why? How is he trying to convince her? He's
+
+228
+00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:49,770
+telling her, we will all the pleasures prove. We
+
+229
+00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:52,690
+have all the pleasures in the world. In reality,
+
+230
+00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,090
+no one has all the pleasures in the world. Nobody
+
+231
+00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,110
+owns all the pleasures in the world. He's
+
+232
+00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:00,350
+exaggerating.
+
+233
+00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,930
+In reality, he's not telling the truth. And this
+
+234
+00:17:05,930 --> 00:17:11,790
+sound here, Prove, is telling us that he's lying.
+
+235
+00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,980
+Because he's trying to depict life to the woman as
+
+236
+00:17:16,980 --> 00:17:21,100
+a perfect, you know, perfect life. But even the
+
+237
+00:17:21,100 --> 00:17:24,080
+rhyme doesn't rhyme perfectly. That's the trick
+
+238
+00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,760
+here. So the rhyme, the imperfect rhyme here tells
+
+239
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300
+us something about the idea. So there is
+
+240
+00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,940
+imperfection in the poem and the imperfection is
+
+241
+00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:38,130
+reflected in the imperfect rhyme. But what is the
+
+242
+00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:41,370
+poet saying? He's saying, life is perfect. I own
+
+243
+00:17:41,370 --> 00:17:44,630
+everything. All is fine. I own everything. We can
+
+244
+00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:47,290
+have all the pleasures in the world. And the sound
+
+245
+00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:50,550
+of the poem tells us he's lying, because the rhyme
+
+246
+00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:53,410
+scheme is imperfect. It reflects something
+
+247
+00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:58,370
+imperfect in the meaning, in the idea. Or simply,
+
+248
+00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,590
+some people would say, but this is a very unpoetic
+
+249
+00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,670
+answer, maybe during the time of Shakespeare or
+
+250
+00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:09,150
+Marlowe, maybe these words Could have the same
+
+251
+00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:13,030
+rhyme. Could have rhymed in the past, like three,
+
+252
+00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:16,470
+four hundred years ago, maybe they rhymed. I don't
+
+253
+00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370
+know how. Which is better to say love and problem
+
+254
+00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,290
+or love and prove?
+
+255
+00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:27,810
+Yeah, in my opinion, I think it's harsh to destroy
+
+256
+00:18:27,810 --> 00:18:32,600
+love saying prove. Maybe you can play with it. But
+
+257
+00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,060
+I don't know how they pronounce it. Maybe we can
+
+258
+00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:39,660
+check this later on. So what's the point here?
+
+259
+00:18:40,340 --> 00:18:44,500
+Sometimes this is not rhyme because the S here
+
+260
+00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,740
+doesn't make rhyme. You need to check the letter,
+
+261
+00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,220
+the sound before. Here we check the sound before
+
+262
+00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,100
+and they don't perfectly rhyme. We call it
+
+263
+00:18:55,100 --> 00:19:00,480
+imperfect rhyme or I rhyme. Is this important in
+
+264
+00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,100
+the poem? Yes, because it reveals something about
+
+265
+00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,300
+the poem, the meaning itself. The poet is saying,
+
+266
+00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:13,300
+wait a minute. There is music and fun, but here we
+
+267
+00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,060
+don't have perfect music. We don't have perfect
+
+268
+00:19:16,060 --> 00:19:18,480
+music because something is wrong. What's wrong
+
+269
+00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,400
+here? A poet lying to his woman. And the title of
+
+270
+00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,140
+the poem here is The Shepherds. The shepherd, the
+
+271
+00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:31,820
+speaker, the character, the man saying, come live
+
+272
+00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:33,860
+with me and be my love, is a shepherd. And a
+
+273
+00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:38,560
+shepherd is generally a poor man who takes care of
+
+274
+00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,140
+sheep. If you are a shepherd, it's impossible for
+
+275
+00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:48,000
+you to have all the pleasures in life, et cetera.
+
+276
+00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,510
+OK? No more questions about the sonnet? Please do
+
+277
+00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:54,910
+ask if you have any. The sonnet, go. So I didn't
+
+278
+00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,670
+get it clearly, but is a rhyme scheme focused more
+
+279
+00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:01,710
+on the letters rather than the sound? The sound,
+
+280
+00:20:01,810 --> 00:20:04,770
+of course. No, the sound. When it comes to the
+
+281
+00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:11,110
+rhyme, we care about the sound, not the letter.
+
+282
+00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:17,250
+But verbs and verbs like, clearer than love and
+
+283
+00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,920
+bruise? This one? No. Yeah, no. Sometimes yes,
+
+284
+00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:24,660
+like why, why, why wouldn't this rhyme? Like
+
+285
+00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,360
+because more important, this is an additional
+
+286
+00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,360
+letter, like it just comes and goes. Drop and
+
+287
+00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:29,640
+book?
+
+288
+00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:42,860
+No way. Drop them. Book, book, book. No way. Even
+
+289
+00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:52,540
+if we say for example, even if we say drop, it's
+
+290
+00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:56,220
+not drop, it's drop, drop, drop, drop. It still
+
+291
+00:20:56,220 --> 00:21:00,760
+doesn't rhyme, never rhymes. Drop and box, no way,
+
+292
+00:21:00,820 --> 00:21:06,600
+there's no rhyme here. But with the S, does it
+
+293
+00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,250
+rhyme? No, I don't think it rhymes here. But if
+
+294
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,150
+you insist, it's okay, it's not a big deal. Yes?
+
+295
+00:21:15,470 --> 00:21:18,870
+If there was a text and you asked us to write
+
+296
+00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:21,510
+rhymes, and there was drops and box, shall we
+
+297
+00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:25,310
+write drop A and box B? Yeah. But if you don't,
+
+298
+00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:28,490
+because you're still beginners, it's not the end
+
+299
+00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:31,510
+of the world. The same with love and hope? No, but
+
+300
+00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,170
+this one, there is rhyme here. There is rhyme
+
+301
+00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,340
+here. But it's imperfect. This is clearer than
+
+302
+00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:44,080
+this in many ways. Good question. So because this
+
+303
+00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,840
+is not year four, you're not about to graduate,
+
+304
+00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,120
+you're still starting your life learning English,
+
+305
+00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800
+English poetry, and you're not native speakers. So
+
+306
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,900
+sometimes there's a lot of flexibility. Yes. Go
+
+307
+00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:01,480
+on, next. I want to ask something. Are the
+
+308
+00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,080
+questions about history, for example, who invaded
+
+309
+00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,020
+England, are they included in the exam? Listen,
+
+310
+00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,820
+this is a course about... The literature itself or
+
+311
+00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:17,020
+the situation? Yeah, we're not studying history,
+
+312
+00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,640
+we're studying literature. This is an introduction
+
+313
+00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:25,260
+to English literature course for beginners. And I
+
+314
+00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:27,300
+said at the beginning, we're going to examine the
+
+315
+00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:32,420
+literary texts in their historical context. We're
+
+316
+00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,280
+going to study how history, historical events
+
+317
+00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,560
+influenced literature, and how literature
+
+318
+00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,720
+influenced life, changed life in a way or another.
+
+319
+00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,540
+But the focus, 80% of our focus is on the
+
+320
+00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:50,530
+literature. okay some events in history are very
+
+321
+00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:52,890
+important like the printing press you should know
+
+322
+00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:55,750
+this this is a historical this is a scientific
+
+323
+00:22:55,750 --> 00:23:01,350
+invention it's a historical event did it influence
+
+324
+00:23:01,350 --> 00:23:05,810
+literature yes of course because you know mass
+
+325
+00:23:05,810 --> 00:23:11,230
+production mass like people had more and more
+
+326
+00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:14,910
+copies it took two years to make one copy of the
+
+327
+00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:21,720
+bible but now One year, 200 copies. For example,
+
+328
+00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:25,260
+the French invasion, the Normans, when they came
+
+329
+00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,500
+to England, they influenced the language in the
+
+330
+00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,900
+literature. So the focus is on the literature, but
+
+331
+00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,860
+it is important to know the major historical
+
+332
+00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:39,240
+events. For example, Britain was invaded by many
+
+333
+00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,540
+people from Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jews. That's
+
+334
+00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,640
+not included. You should know this. Are you going
+
+335
+00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:50,180
+to put a question in the exam? Maybe, but the
+
+336
+00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,860
+question here is in the literary context, in the
+
+337
+00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:56,960
+sense that, remember, when we spoke about Old
+
+338
+00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,640
+English, we said At that time, we didn't have a
+
+339
+00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,100
+clear idea of what England is. Even the literature
+
+340
+00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,480
+was not pure English in the sense we have now or
+
+341
+00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,880
+even the sense Shakespeare composed. Because
+
+342
+00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,380
+people still came from different countries across
+
+343
+00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:21,180
+Europe and they were using different languages. So
+
+344
+00:24:21,180 --> 00:24:23,880
+did this, you know the invasions, did this
+
+345
+00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,420
+influence the culture, the language, the
+
+346
+00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:29,080
+literature? Yes, and that's the focus. So at that
+
+347
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,060
+time we said England was trying to shape its
+
+348
+00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,720
+identity. In the Middle Ages, Middle English,
+
+349
+00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,900
+later on, like three, four, five hundred years
+
+350
+00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,780
+later, we started speaking about English
+
+351
+00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,780
+literature, pure English literature when we spoke
+
+352
+00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:46,580
+about Chaucer. We said in Chaucer, there's always
+
+353
+00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,880
+this insistence on being different. He began his
+
+354
+00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,860
+life, by the way, by imitating some Italian and
+
+355
+00:24:52,860 --> 00:24:56,480
+French authors. But later on, he developed his own
+
+356
+00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,140
+style. He focused on the Englishness of the
+
+357
+00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,590
+literature. Because when you have your own
+
+358
+00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,810
+country, you want to have your own culture and
+
+359
+00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:08,790
+literature. You want to be different. You want to
+
+360
+00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:10,930
+create your identity. Remember we spoke about the
+
+361
+00:25:10,930 --> 00:25:15,070
+English identity when we mentioned Skelton, Philip
+
+362
+00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:19,610
+Sparrow, vengeance I ask and cry. We said John
+
+363
+00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:22,510
+Skilton was an important poet at that time because
+
+364
+00:25:22,510 --> 00:25:26,270
+in a way he was helping shape the English
+
+365
+00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:29,270
+identity. And in his poetry, we can find poetry
+
+366
+00:25:29,270 --> 00:25:31,330
+that is different from the poetry of Europe,
+
+367
+00:25:32,170 --> 00:25:36,710
+mainly Italy and France. In his poetry, there's a
+
+368
+00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:39,550
+strong sense of the English identity. What is the
+
+369
+00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,530
+English identity? What it means to be English?
+
+370
+00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:47,290
+What makes you different from Italians and French?
+
+371
+00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:56,010
+Number one, your language, right? Number two, your
+
+372
+00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,910
+literature, your poetry, the stories, the
+
+373
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:02,110
+narratives, the customs, the habits. So they were
+
+374
+00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:04,910
+focusing on the things that make them different.
+
+375
+00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:09,070
+So these invasions are important because English
+
+376
+00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:11,930
+as a language is actually originally from
+
+377
+00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:16,930
+different languages. There are Latin roots, German
+
+378
+00:26:16,930 --> 00:26:19,750
+roots, French words, many French words, even Arab
+
+379
+00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:22,850
+words. English is naturally a very flexible
+
+380
+00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:28,030
+language. It borrows from all the languages. So
+
+381
+00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:30,690
+the invasions are important to understand because
+
+382
+00:26:30,690 --> 00:26:33,770
+this is how England became England. It became
+
+383
+00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:37,640
+diversity. There is now a strong movement in
+
+384
+00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,220
+England and in the United States that is described
+
+385
+00:26:41,220 --> 00:26:45,360
+as white supremacy where people say England is for
+
+386
+00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:48,540
+the white, only the white people and America is
+
+387
+00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,940
+for the white people. This is really silly because
+
+388
+00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:55,410
+Racism. Because of racism, yeah. But also because
+
+389
+00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:58,410
+England and America, now they started on diversity
+
+390
+00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:01,010
+in a sense. People from across Europe came there.
+
+391
+00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:04,070
+People from across Europe went to America. And
+
+392
+00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:08,090
+there was this reconstructuring of they found a
+
+393
+00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,550
+body of 10,000 years ago in England. And when they
+
+394
+00:27:12,550 --> 00:27:15,750
+did experiments and tests, they realized that one,
+
+395
+00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:21,540
+he's a black man. in England. He was there 10,000
+
+396
+00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:24,780
+years ago. And he's considered, I guess, the
+
+397
+00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,980
+father of 20% of the English people now. So
+
+398
+00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:33,400
+there's the idea of pure race is a lie. It's not
+
+399
+00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,880
+true. It's a fabrication. People have always
+
+400
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,840
+coexisted together. Why is this man black man in
+
+401
+00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,440
+England? Because people crossed borders searching
+
+402
+00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,460
+for safety, for food, coexisted in a way or
+
+403
+00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:51,150
+another. Please. Some of the names are really hard
+
+404
+00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:53,690
+to spell. If you misspell something. No worries
+
+405
+00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:57,050
+about spelling. But like Machiavelli, for example.
+
+406
+00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,970
+OK. Not easy to spell, but try to train it to get
+
+407
+00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030
+as close as possible. Don't give me, for example,
+
+408
+00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:06,830
+don't spell spaghetti.
+
+409
+00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:12,210
+Machiavelli is Machiavelli. What difficult names.
+
+410
+00:28:12,530 --> 00:28:15,130
+But again, most importantly, I don't want you to
+
+411
+00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:16,090
+misspell Shakespeare.
+
+412
+00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:22,870
+I feel sad that's shakes you know shake shakes
+
+413
+00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:27,830
+shaking shake before use yes she shakes the i
+
+414
+00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:31,510
+don't know the juice before use it's a shake and
+
+415
+00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:35,470
+then or shake spear i don't know how you would do
+
+416
+00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:40,150
+this either shake or shakes and then or spear
+
+417
+00:28:40,150 --> 00:28:42,990
+because spear is another word but this e is extra
+
+418
+00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:47,200
+Did I tell you that Shakespeare spelled his name,
+
+419
+00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:53,160
+signed his name in 17 different ways? None of
+
+420
+00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:59,240
+them, ironically, none of them is this one. And
+
+421
+00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,340
+this is how crazy life is. So you spell your name
+
+422
+00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:05,120
+17 different ways, hoping that people would pick
+
+423
+00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,900
+one of them. Because remember, spelling, there was
+
+424
+00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:14,170
+no standard for spelling. There were no rules for
+
+425
+00:29:14,170 --> 00:29:17,630
+spelling. People would spell different ways. Only
+
+426
+00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:20,370
+in the 18th century, people started to have rules.
+
+427
+00:29:20,510 --> 00:29:23,850
+Do this, don't do that, drop this, changes. So
+
+428
+00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:26,790
+this is Shakespeare. You usually forget either
+
+429
+00:29:26,790 --> 00:29:32,570
+this E or this E. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare.
+
+430
+00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:39,170
+He's dumb. Maybe he's going to feel sad if you do
+
+431
+00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:43,410
+that. This, we want to really appreciate
+
+432
+00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:46,590
+Shakespeare for what he does. What other names do
+
+433
+00:29:46,590 --> 00:29:52,730
+you find difficult? Bewolf? No, no, no. In The
+
+434
+00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:57,270
+Chaucer, there is an Italian writings of
+
+435
+00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:02,430
+Bastastione. Listen, if it is something I skipped,
+
+436
+00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:08,410
+you just skip it. If I skip names of authors,
+
+437
+00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,550
+names of texts, you just skip them. But other than
+
+438
+00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:14,630
+this, the background, the talk, the brief
+
+439
+00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:16,650
+description about the age, about the writer, about
+
+440
+00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:19,470
+the texts, please go through them. And I want you
+
+441
+00:30:19,470 --> 00:30:21,430
+to read what is in the book because this is how
+
+442
+00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,550
+you improve your writing and your English.
+
+443
+00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:30,010
+The name, the authors, the texts we study, we
+
+444
+00:30:30,010 --> 00:30:34,550
+examine, we mention in this class. If I skip
+
+445
+00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:37,410
+something, any name, any text, you just skip it.
+
+446
+00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:43,500
+Please. Are we going to be asked to summarize what
+
+447
+00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,120
+they place on Shakespeare? Generally, no. You
+
+448
+00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,380
+won't. But maybe, for example, one of your
+
+449
+00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,760
+questions is going to ask you to contextualize.
+
+450
+00:30:57,460 --> 00:31:00,060
+Anyway, I shouldn't be speaking about this now
+
+451
+00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,240
+because we'll talk about this when we approach the
+
+452
+00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,240
+exams. You know, context. to contextualize a text.
+
+453
+00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,560
+So I'll ask you for example to bring you five
+
+454
+00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:18,060
+extracts from poems or texts we studied and I ask
+
+455
+00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,520
+you to contextualize three or four of them. I
+
+456
+00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,740
+usually give you more choices so more flexibility.
+
+457
+00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,380
+Okay question number one is to be or not to be
+
+458
+00:31:29,380 --> 00:31:33,720
+that is the question. So number one you put it in
+
+459
+00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,160
+its context you tell me This is by Hamlet from
+
+460
+00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:47,740
+Hamlet by Shakespeare Hamlet is a tragedy of a
+
+461
+00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:53,520
+young prince who wanted to take revenge because
+
+462
+00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:59,920
+his uncle killed his father Most importantly,
+
+463
+00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,840
+focus on the text I give you. However, because
+
+464
+00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,660
+Hamlet is a modern man, a university student, he's
+
+465
+00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:10,980
+in conflict. To kill or not to kill? To be or not
+
+466
+00:32:10,980 --> 00:32:14,660
+to be? To die or not to die? And this is Hamlet's
+
+467
+00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:21,000
+tragic flaw. You know tragedy, tragic? His
+
+468
+00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,890
+weakness is hesitation. Sloth, hesitation. You
+
+469
+00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:29,450
+know hesitation? To be or not to be. To kill or
+
+470
+00:32:29,450 --> 00:32:32,070
+not to kill. Play or not to play. Exactly. He
+
+471
+00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,710
+hesitates. That's it. This is called
+
+472
+00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:38,910
+contextualization. But although he is a
+
+473
+00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:44,110
+philosopher, nevertheless, he has a little gold in
+
+474
+00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:49,330
+his coffer. This is from The Canterbury Tales by
+
+475
+00:32:49,330 --> 00:32:53,690
+Chaucer. This couplet, this rhyming couplet,
+
+476
+00:32:53,850 --> 00:32:59,060
+right? Okay, it has irony, but probably before
+
+477
+00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:02,440
+this, give me the context. It tells the story of a
+
+478
+00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:07,380
+philosopher who instead of collecting knowledge,
+
+479
+00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,700
+is collecting money. There is irony here because
+
+480
+00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,760
+Chaucer is making fun of the new habits of the
+
+481
+00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:21,380
+society. Short paragraphs like these, okay? Clear?
+
+482
+00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,040
+Focus on the line. What do we have in the line?
+
+483
+00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,300
+When you tell me this is a couplet, you save
+
+484
+00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,160
+yourself a lot of time. Instead of saying the
+
+485
+00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,240
+rhyme and there is a rhyme in one topic, you say a
+
+486
+00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:33,520
+couplet. Oh, excellent.
+
+487
+00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:44,120
+Okay, again, this extract is taken from Canterbury
+
+488
+00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:49,420
+Tales by Chaucer. That's number one. In this
+
+489
+00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:52,840
+extract, in this couplet, Chaucer is criticizing
+
+490
+00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,140
+the new habits of the society. Here, we have a
+
+491
+00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,780
+philosopher who is interested more in collecting
+
+492
+00:33:59,780 --> 00:34:06,060
+money than in knowledge. There is irony in a
+
+493
+00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,280
+little gold, because a little gold is still a lot
+
+494
+00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:10,720
+of money.
+
+495
+00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:17,700
+Something like this. This is called
+
+496
+00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,300
+contextualization. You don't have to memorize the
+
+497
+00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,640
+lines, but if you do, it will really be fun for
+
+498
+00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,620
+you. I will not ask you to recite something or
+
+499
+00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,760
+write a complete line or something. But when you
+
+500
+00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,920
+memorize lines, does anyone memorize anything? No.
+
+501
+00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,320
+Other than have not a Jewite or something? You
+
+502
+00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560
+should, it's really fun. For God's sake, or shall
+
+503
+00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,980
+I compare thee to summer's day? You feel like, oh
+
+504
+00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:46,540
+my God, I know more English than anyone else. You
+
+505
+00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:49,840
+feel proud of yourself. You feel confident. So
+
+506
+00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:53,140
+long as men can, and listen, very easy. Seriously,
+
+507
+00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,480
+one of the students was like, the boy was telling
+
+508
+00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,800
+me the other day that Shakespeare is difficult. I
+
+509
+00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700
+hate Shakespeare. I said, this is a misconception.
+
+510
+00:35:01,940 --> 00:35:04,980
+This is a prejudice. Did you study anything about
+
+511
+00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:06,400
+Shakespeare? Did you read anything about
+
+512
+00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,280
+Shakespeare? Not much. When you read his poetry,
+
+513
+00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,620
+to be or not to be, that is the question. Yes,
+
+514
+00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:15,800
+it's not this simplistic, but it's easy to
+
+515
+00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,480
+understand. So long as men can breathe, our eyes
+
+516
+00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,520
+can see. So long lives this, and this gives life
+
+517
+00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120
+to it. That's why I usually advise my students,
+
+518
+00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,020
+when you learn things about poetry, Shakespeare,
+
+519
+00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,540
+go, all of you use social media. Post this on your
+
+520
+00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:32,260
+Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, Snapchat. Use
+
+521
+00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,640
+them in your life. Today I want all of you to go
+
+522
+00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,580
+home and when you have electricity, if you have
+
+523
+00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:44,060
+electricity, you just type and every fare from
+
+524
+00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,660
+fare sometime declines. One of the most beautiful
+
+525
+00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:51,370
+lines ever. Start shifting your life, your
+
+526
+00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:53,710
+Facebook, your social media, everything into
+
+527
+00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:57,590
+English. I'm sure you're going to benefit a lot.
+
+528
+00:35:58,330 --> 00:36:01,050
+So when people ask, what does this mean? Your aunt
+
+529
+00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,650
+or your uncle will be like, wow, we're proud of
+
+530
+00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470
+you. When people ask you what it means, you just
+
+531
+00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,570
+explain it to them. Translating or just
+
+532
+00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:20,530
+explaining. Yes, more questions. More, please. I
+
+533
+00:36:20,530 --> 00:36:24,090
+always knew that Shakespeare's style is three
+
+534
+00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:26,370
+-verse. I never knew that his poems
+
+535
+00:36:30,220 --> 00:36:35,000
+Shakespeare mainly wrote in verse. His sonnets are
+
+536
+00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,240
+classical English verse. But his plays, because
+
+537
+00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:43,280
+when you write a 5000 line play, you can't make
+
+538
+00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:46,720
+them rhyme in any particular way. So generally
+
+539
+00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:51,330
+this is called blank verse. What's blank verse?
+
+540
+00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,910
+It's verse but doesn't rhyme. Generally in the
+
+541
+00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,370
+play because it's very difficult to make the whole
+
+542
+00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,490
+play rhyme A B A B or A B C A B C or something.
+
+543
+00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:06,630
+And this is totally different from, totally
+
+544
+00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:11,130
+different from free verse. Free verse is something
+
+545
+00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:14,990
+that appeared probably 200 years ago. Free verse.
+
+546
+00:37:15,390 --> 00:37:18,510
+Generally in blank verse, we have music, we have
+
+547
+00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:23,050
+rhythm, but we don't have rhyme. We don't have
+
+548
+00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:28,970
+rhyme. Free verse, generally no music and no
+
+549
+00:37:28,970 --> 00:37:33,610
+rhyme. It's the poetry that most people write
+
+550
+00:37:33,610 --> 00:37:36,590
+nowadays, 20th century, 21st century.
+
+551
+00:37:39,330 --> 00:37:42,310
+In his plays, Shakespeare and Marlowe, they
+
+552
+00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:47,450
+adopted blank verse. Because if they want to focus
+
+553
+00:37:47,450 --> 00:37:52,110
+on the rhyme, it's going to be really very
+
+554
+00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,650
+restricting in a sense. Last point, one minute,
+
+555
+00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:54,990
+yes?
+
+556
+00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,690
+Of course, yeah, of course many and that's why
+
+557
+00:38:02,690 --> 00:38:04,890
+he's the father of English poetry or English
+
+558
+00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,850
+literature We're only studying the Canterbury
+
+559
+00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,850
+tales. I'll stop here. Thank you very much for
+
+560
+00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:14,230
+these questions if you have more questions, feel
+
+561
+00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:15,670
+free to ask Thank you
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@
+1
+00:00:22,530 --> 00:00:26,690
+Assalamualaikum. Hello back everyone. Thank you
+
+2
+00:00:26,690 --> 00:00:29,830
+for submitting your homework most of you. If you
+
+3
+00:00:29,830 --> 00:00:35,190
+didn't already submit your homework It's not good,
+
+4
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:38,670
+but I'll give you a chance until tomorrow at 11 o
+
+5
+00:00:38,670 --> 00:00:40,450
+'clock. If you don't find me in my office, you
+
+6
+00:00:40,450 --> 00:00:44,350
+just slip it under the door. But I will deduct
+
+7
+00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:47,730
+marks from you if you are late. Because if you
+
+8
+00:00:47,730 --> 00:00:49,970
+submit on time, you get the full mark for
+
+9
+00:00:49,970 --> 00:00:55,950
+submitting on time. So today, we have a review
+
+10
+00:00:55,950 --> 00:01:03,550
+class. We'll see what questions you have. About
+
+11
+00:01:03,550 --> 00:01:07,210
+the course. Should I start again?
+
+12
+00:01:10,870 --> 00:01:11,510
+Okay.
+
+13
+00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:15,770
+Should I start again from the beginning?
+
+14
+00:01:19,490 --> 00:01:22,990
+Now I want to start again. Come on.
+
+15
+00:01:28,550 --> 00:01:29,190
+There is no doubt.
+
+16
+00:01:56,020 --> 00:01:58,820
+Thank you
+
+17
+00:02:17,410 --> 00:02:20,650
+So Assalamu Alaikum again everyone. Thank you for
+
+18
+00:02:20,650 --> 00:02:23,150
+submitting your first assignment for this course
+
+19
+00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:26,490
+and I'm really looking forward to grading them.
+
+20
+00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:29,270
+I'm sure you did a good job answering questions
+
+21
+00:02:29,270 --> 00:02:32,730
+about Shakespeare. Today I'll take a chance to
+
+22
+00:02:32,730 --> 00:02:36,910
+give you a review session. Let's take a break
+
+23
+00:02:37,850 --> 00:02:41,010
+Let's not begin a new lesson because we're
+
+24
+00:02:41,010 --> 00:02:44,770
+supposed to start with Marlow and Ben Johnson as
+
+25
+00:02:44,770 --> 00:02:49,270
+other Renaissance Elizabethan dramatists and
+
+26
+00:02:49,270 --> 00:02:52,390
+playwrights and poets also who were contemporary
+
+27
+00:02:52,390 --> 00:02:55,290
+to Shakespeare. They lived at the time Shakespeare
+
+28
+00:02:55,290 --> 00:02:59,490
+was also alive and writing. So today we'll do a
+
+29
+00:02:59,490 --> 00:03:03,230
+review. Please feel free to ask any question you
+
+30
+00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:06,770
+have, and I'll do my best to try to answer the
+
+31
+00:03:06,770 --> 00:03:11,800
+question. Okay, yes, can you also, everyone if you
+
+32
+00:03:11,800 --> 00:03:16,800
+want to ask question, please speak up. When two
+
+33
+00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,120
+lines of verse rhyme, we call them couplets,
+
+34
+00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:23,060
+right? Yeah. In the cystic and octave, when the
+
+35
+00:03:23,060 --> 00:03:25,460
+eight, does the eight lines have to rhyme, so
+
+36
+00:03:25,460 --> 00:03:29,340
+we're gonna call them cystic and octave? Okay, so
+
+37
+00:03:29,340 --> 00:03:31,460
+when we spoke about the sonnet, remember the
+
+38
+00:03:31,460 --> 00:03:36,080
+Italian sonnet? Yes. The sonnet was born in Italy,
+
+39
+00:03:36,440 --> 00:03:41,090
+with a Y, not I. And we spoke about Dante in
+
+40
+00:03:41,090 --> 00:03:45,950
+brief. We spoke also about the
+
+41
+00:03:45,950 --> 00:03:51,050
+other name, the other Italian sonneteer, the
+
+42
+00:03:51,050 --> 00:03:55,290
+father of the sonnet, Petrarch.
+
+43
+00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:01,790
+Is it a difficult name? Is it difficult? So
+
+44
+00:04:01,790 --> 00:04:07,850
+Petrarch, C-H Petrarch, exactly how you spell it.
+
+45
+00:04:09,580 --> 00:04:13,840
+Now, Petrarch is said to be the most important
+
+46
+00:04:13,840 --> 00:04:16,980
+Italian sonnetier. There are actually other names
+
+47
+00:04:16,980 --> 00:04:20,720
+in Italy. But this is what we want to focus on,
+
+48
+00:04:20,880 --> 00:04:26,820
+because of Petrarch, Henry Howard And Sir Thomas
+
+49
+00:04:26,820 --> 00:04:30,420
+White, they loved the sonnet. And again, remember,
+
+50
+00:04:30,540 --> 00:04:33,240
+we always talk about the influence of Europe, of
+
+51
+00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:38,020
+Italy, France, mainly Italy and France. Actually,
+
+52
+00:04:38,120 --> 00:04:41,020
+the Renaissance started in Italy well before it
+
+53
+00:04:41,020 --> 00:04:45,050
+started in England. So England was still being
+
+54
+00:04:45,050 --> 00:04:50,310
+influenced by Europe, especially by Italy. So the
+
+55
+00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:54,150
+sonnet, the Italian sonnet, is generally two
+
+56
+00:04:54,150 --> 00:04:57,950
+parts, remember? The form, the structure of the
+
+57
+00:04:57,950 --> 00:05:05,790
+sonnet is eight lines and then six lines. Eight
+
+58
+00:05:05,790 --> 00:05:10,030
+lines and six lines. The eight lines we called
+
+59
+00:05:10,030 --> 00:05:10,550
+octave.
+
+60
+00:05:13,080 --> 00:05:14,600
+And this is the Sestet.
+
+61
+00:05:17,280 --> 00:05:21,600
+Sestet from six. An octave, you know Octopus
+
+62
+00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:26,560
+because of the A. Now the Italian sonnet almost
+
+63
+00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:39,240
+always rhymes as A B B A A B B A Now this, you're
+
+64
+00:05:39,240 --> 00:05:43,930
+answering a question. This is in a way Four lines,
+
+65
+00:05:44,030 --> 00:05:47,730
+remember the four lines, the quadrant? Your
+
+66
+00:05:47,730 --> 00:05:51,150
+question is, does this count as a rhyme? Sorry, as
+
+67
+00:05:51,150 --> 00:05:55,810
+a rhyming couplet? No. You know why? Because
+
+68
+00:05:55,810 --> 00:05:59,090
+generally this stops here. Even does this count as
+
+69
+00:05:59,090 --> 00:06:04,270
+a couplet? No, it's part of the octave or the
+
+70
+00:06:04,270 --> 00:06:08,960
+group of the stanza or the quadrant. However, if
+
+71
+00:06:08,960 --> 00:06:12,260
+in your exam or you find two lines somebody likes
+
+72
+00:06:12,260 --> 00:06:15,120
+just these lines and you look at them in isolation
+
+73
+00:06:15,120 --> 00:06:19,900
+you can call them a couplet it's okay you can if
+
+74
+00:06:19,900 --> 00:06:22,100
+they are in isolation because you don't know the
+
+75
+00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:24,440
+context you don't know but generally this is
+
+76
+00:06:24,440 --> 00:06:29,900
+important generally here they don't give one idea
+
+77
+00:06:29,900 --> 00:06:32,460
+that's the most important thing about the couplet
+
+78
+00:06:32,460 --> 00:06:37,460
+remember It's like a paragraph, a prose paragraph.
+
+79
+00:06:37,540 --> 00:06:40,280
+What is a paragraph? A group of related sentences
+
+80
+00:06:40,280 --> 00:06:44,800
+about one topic, one idea. Now the couplet, two
+
+81
+00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,880
+rhyming lines, two rhymes, two lines that rhyme,
+
+82
+00:06:49,980 --> 00:06:52,740
+And they are about the same thing. Always remember
+
+83
+00:06:52,740 --> 00:06:55,840
+Shakespeare's couplet at the end. So long as this,
+
+84
+00:06:56,080 --> 00:06:59,540
+so long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so
+
+85
+00:06:59,540 --> 00:07:02,560
+long lives this, and this gives life to thee. What
+
+86
+00:07:02,560 --> 00:07:05,740
+happens in the first four lines here, the
+
+87
+00:07:05,740 --> 00:07:09,540
+quatrain, is the author develops an idea. If you
+
+88
+00:07:09,540 --> 00:07:12,460
+stop here, the idea is not complete. If you stop
+
+89
+00:07:12,460 --> 00:07:15,180
+here, it's usually not complete. If you stop here,
+
+90
+00:07:15,240 --> 00:07:17,990
+it's usually not complete. When you finish the
+
+91
+00:07:17,990 --> 00:07:21,930
+first four lines, you have a part of an idea that
+
+92
+00:07:21,930 --> 00:07:26,690
+could give you something. But it's not complete in
+
+93
+00:07:26,690 --> 00:07:30,130
+the Italian Sunnit until you read the first eight
+
+94
+00:07:30,130 --> 00:07:33,430
+lines. When you read the first eight lines, you
+
+95
+00:07:33,430 --> 00:07:37,110
+realize, oh, OK. So it gives you an idea. The same
+
+96
+00:07:37,110 --> 00:07:39,790
+with Shakespeare. When we spoke about Shakespeare,
+
+97
+00:07:40,730 --> 00:07:42,750
+we said Shakespeare's structure is
+
+98
+00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:50,230
+We have three quadrants, remember? Three, what's a
+
+99
+00:07:50,230 --> 00:07:55,570
+quadrant? Four lines. From quarter, okay? And a
+
+100
+00:07:55,570 --> 00:07:58,130
+couplet, plus a couplet.
+
+101
+00:08:00,950 --> 00:08:06,650
+Now the first four lines usually have one idea,
+
+102
+00:08:07,070 --> 00:08:13,370
+one image, and then the second quadrant moves to
+
+103
+00:08:13,370 --> 00:08:15,650
+another idea or image, and the third quadrant
+
+104
+00:08:15,650 --> 00:08:19,350
+moves to the other idea. But the three quadrants
+
+105
+00:08:19,350 --> 00:08:21,910
+have the same theme, the same problem, the same
+
+106
+00:08:21,910 --> 00:08:24,950
+crisis. Like in Shall I Compare Thee to A Summer's
+
+107
+00:08:24,950 --> 00:08:30,010
+Day, he spins almost 12 lines saying, no, life is
+
+108
+00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:33,190
+not perfect. Every fair from fair sometime
+
+109
+00:08:33,190 --> 00:08:36,920
+declines. Summer is beautiful, but sometimes there
+
+110
+00:08:36,920 --> 00:08:39,980
+is rough winds, right? Summer is beautiful, but
+
+111
+00:08:39,980 --> 00:08:43,620
+again, the winds do shake the darling buds of May.
+
+112
+00:08:44,060 --> 00:08:46,420
+Summer is beautiful, but summer is sometimes what?
+
+113
+00:08:47,120 --> 00:08:51,260
+Short and hot. Sometimes the clouds destroy the
+
+114
+00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:55,500
+beauty of this. So he moves from one image to the
+
+115
+00:08:55,500 --> 00:08:58,920
+other, like in Sonnet 73, I guess, where he speaks
+
+116
+00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,380
+in the first quatrain, he speaks about the end of
+
+117
+00:09:02,380 --> 00:09:06,060
+the year, autumn. What happens in autumn? Yellow
+
+118
+00:09:06,060 --> 00:09:12,920
+leaves. Right? The end of the circle. In the
+
+119
+00:09:12,920 --> 00:09:16,200
+second quadrant we've got the end of the day, the
+
+120
+00:09:16,200 --> 00:09:19,960
+sunset. So the day is good. We start active,
+
+121
+00:09:20,120 --> 00:09:23,700
+energetic. We have all hopes and dreams. We want
+
+122
+00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:26,120
+to go to school, to attend classes, to meet
+
+123
+00:09:26,120 --> 00:09:30,130
+friends, to go to the cafeteria, to eat pizza. At
+
+124
+00:09:30,130 --> 00:09:32,210
+the end of the day, it's like everything comes to
+
+125
+00:09:32,210 --> 00:09:36,130
+an end. Nothing lasts forever. And then in the
+
+126
+00:09:36,130 --> 00:09:39,210
+third quarter, he speaks about the end of a fire.
+
+127
+00:09:39,490 --> 00:09:46,190
+Fires, you know? Fire. But it ends up as ashes. So
+
+128
+00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:47,910
+what is Shakespeare doing here? He's giving us
+
+129
+00:09:47,910 --> 00:09:50,110
+three images. The three images about the
+
+130
+00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:54,030
+inevitability of death. The passing of time. Time
+
+131
+00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:57,700
+kills everything. In a way this is the crisis.
+
+132
+00:09:58,280 --> 00:10:02,300
+This is the issue of time. But what does he do in
+
+133
+00:10:02,300 --> 00:10:05,200
+the couplet? He gives hope. In a way he twists.
+
+134
+00:10:05,460 --> 00:10:07,600
+There's something called a volta. The volta is a
+
+135
+00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:12,600
+twist. Where like in Sonnet 18, again, he says
+
+136
+00:10:12,600 --> 00:10:14,680
+something like, I can't remember that couplet,
+
+137
+00:10:15,120 --> 00:10:18,960
+like similar to 18, he says that, but my poetry
+
+138
+00:10:18,960 --> 00:10:21,860
+will live forever. My poetry doesn't die. My
+
+139
+00:10:21,860 --> 00:10:26,400
+sonnet doesn't die. Reminding us of, again, how he
+
+140
+00:10:26,400 --> 00:10:28,640
+believes in his poetry, giving us some kind of
+
+141
+00:10:28,640 --> 00:10:33,030
+hope or closure or ending. So long as men can
+
+142
+00:10:33,030 --> 00:10:38,730
+breathe, our eyes can see, so long lives this, and
+
+143
+00:10:38,730 --> 00:10:40,990
+this gives life to thee. So the couplet has one
+
+144
+00:10:40,990 --> 00:10:44,030
+idea. So again, going back to your question, can
+
+145
+00:10:44,030 --> 00:10:50,810
+we call this here a couplet? No. Generally, no. If
+
+146
+00:10:50,810 --> 00:10:55,130
+you find them alone, wandering around, you could
+
+147
+00:10:55,130 --> 00:10:56,930
+say that, but when you read them, they're not
+
+148
+00:10:56,930 --> 00:11:01,150
+going to give you a full idea, like the idea of,
+
+149
+00:11:01,450 --> 00:11:04,030
+so long as men can breathe, our eyes can see, so
+
+150
+00:11:04,030 --> 00:11:07,270
+long as this or this gives life to this. In other
+
+151
+00:11:07,270 --> 00:11:09,230
+words, in your exam I'm not going to give you two
+
+152
+00:11:09,230 --> 00:11:11,110
+lines from here and ask you whether this is a
+
+153
+00:11:11,110 --> 00:11:16,050
+couplet I'll give you a full stanza either two
+
+154
+00:11:16,050 --> 00:11:20,790
+lines if it's complete couplet or quatrain four
+
+155
+00:11:20,790 --> 00:11:24,490
+lines or six or maybe eight lines but we usually
+
+156
+00:11:24,490 --> 00:11:27,190
+because you're still beginning to learn English
+
+157
+00:11:27,190 --> 00:11:30,650
+and English literature I usually only focus on two
+
+158
+00:11:30,650 --> 00:11:33,450
+-line nouns okay
+
+159
+00:11:37,040 --> 00:11:39,080
+Any other question about the sonnet? Does anyone
+
+160
+00:11:39,080 --> 00:11:41,280
+want to ask questions about the sonnet, the rhyme
+
+161
+00:11:41,280 --> 00:11:45,340
+scheme, the importance of the sonnet, Shakespeare
+
+162
+00:11:45,340 --> 00:11:46,080
+and the sonnet?
+
+163
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:55,280
+Please, do ask. Sorry? Not the sonnet? So, no more
+
+164
+00:11:55,280 --> 00:11:55,620
+sonnet?
+
+165
+00:12:00,980 --> 00:12:06,950
+Okay, I'll ask you a question here. In one stanza
+
+166
+00:12:06,950 --> 00:12:09,850
+we studied in the other class today, there was,
+
+167
+00:12:10,030 --> 00:12:11,850
+okay, don't look at the book, I'll just bring it
+
+168
+00:12:11,850 --> 00:12:17,570
+myself. There was a line ending in drops and the
+
+169
+00:12:17,570 --> 00:12:21,890
+other one ending in box, drops and the other one
+
+170
+00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:22,750
+ending in box.
+
+171
+00:12:25,590 --> 00:12:31,580
+Listen, these words don't rhyme. Do they rhyme? Is
+
+172
+00:12:31,580 --> 00:12:35,480
+there rhyme here? This doesn't count, generally,
+
+173
+00:12:35,640 --> 00:12:38,600
+unless the sounds before it have something similar
+
+174
+00:12:38,600 --> 00:12:44,140
+to drop, like hops for example, hops, drops and
+
+175
+00:12:44,140 --> 00:12:49,380
+hops. Okay, but drops and box, they don't rhyme.
+
+176
+00:12:49,520 --> 00:12:52,040
+The rhyme is generally not the last sound, usually
+
+177
+00:12:52,040 --> 00:12:55,420
+two, sometimes three. We need to look at this
+
+178
+00:12:55,420 --> 00:12:58,880
+carefully. Another example, what do you think of
+
+179
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:04,820
+this? A very famous poem by Marlow, we'll study
+
+180
+00:13:04,820 --> 00:13:11,000
+later on. He says, he begins his poem saying,
+
+181
+00:13:11,480 --> 00:13:21,740
+come, Live with me and be my love and
+
+182
+00:13:25,340 --> 00:13:28,120
+Notice when you begin a line of verse, you begin
+
+183
+00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,820
+with capital. That's the rules when you write
+
+184
+00:13:31,820 --> 00:13:35,520
+poetry. The first word, you capitalize the first
+
+185
+00:13:35,520 --> 00:13:38,420
+letter of the first word of each and every line.
+
+186
+00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:42,280
+And this is how you distinguish sometimes verse
+
+187
+00:13:42,280 --> 00:13:45,500
+from prose in Shakespeare. If it is capitalized,
+
+188
+00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,080
+then it's poetry. If it's not, it's prose. But
+
+189
+00:13:48,080 --> 00:13:51,120
+more important than this is the music. We've seen
+
+190
+00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:54,940
+how Shiloh doesn't use poetry and has not a Jew
+
+191
+00:13:54,940 --> 00:14:01,360
+eyes. And we will, sorry, we will all the
+
+192
+00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:01,780
+pleasures.
+
+193
+00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:10,240
+That's a very famous, that's a very famous poem
+
+194
+00:14:10,240 --> 00:14:19,640
+here. Is it a couplet? No. Okay, we have love and
+
+195
+00:14:21,030 --> 00:14:26,150
+Prove Not the same sound Okay we have O V E and
+
+196
+00:14:26,150 --> 00:14:30,690
+also O V E If you know how to do transcription
+
+197
+00:14:30,690 --> 00:14:37,670
+this is love and this is prove Probably
+
+198
+00:14:37,670 --> 00:14:41,130
+next year What do you think of this? Is this a
+
+199
+00:14:41,130 --> 00:14:45,450
+couplet? Do we have rhyme here? What do you think?
+
+200
+00:14:46,070 --> 00:14:50,350
+No it's not a couplet because the sound is
+
+201
+00:14:50,350 --> 00:14:53,380
+different The sounds are different. We have love,
+
+202
+00:14:53,920 --> 00:15:03,280
+like dove, cut, hot, but, and this is prove. What
+
+203
+00:15:03,280 --> 00:15:05,140
+do you think? Does anybody have something?
+
+204
+00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:12,920
+If you look at the words, if you look at the
+
+205
+00:15:12,920 --> 00:15:17,500
+words, they look similar. They look similar. O V
+
+206
+00:15:17,500 --> 00:15:22,340
+E, O V E. The V sound is the same, but the one
+
+207
+00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:25,660
+before. So if you look at it from a distance, if
+
+208
+00:15:25,660 --> 00:15:27,480
+you don't know the words, how they are pronounced,
+
+209
+00:15:27,940 --> 00:15:31,580
+you think they rhyme. But in reality, they don't
+
+210
+00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:35,800
+perfectly rhyme. They partially rhyme. We call
+
+211
+00:15:35,800 --> 00:15:38,840
+this, it has different names. It's called
+
+212
+00:15:38,840 --> 00:15:42,160
+imperfect rhyme. Or sometimes it's called I rhyme.
+
+213
+00:15:42,280 --> 00:15:45,220
+You know I rhyme? Because you look at it, they
+
+214
+00:15:45,220 --> 00:15:48,860
+sound like they would be rhyming but they don't
+
+215
+00:15:48,860 --> 00:15:53,900
+rhyme perfectly. So what is this? It's still a
+
+216
+00:15:53,900 --> 00:15:56,420
+couplet. This is a couplet because it has one
+
+217
+00:15:56,420 --> 00:15:59,600
+idea. Come live with me and be my love and we will
+
+218
+00:15:59,600 --> 00:16:04,020
+all the pleasures prove. Is there a rhyme here?
+
+219
+00:16:04,500 --> 00:16:09,440
+Yes, but the rhyme is imperfect. Imperfect is
+
+220
+00:16:09,440 --> 00:16:15,060
+still a rhyme. Now, imperfect rhyme is still a
+
+221
+00:16:15,060 --> 00:16:18,120
+rhyme. They rhyme, but they don't rhyme 100%. They
+
+222
+00:16:18,120 --> 00:16:22,120
+rhyme like what, 60, 50%? Now, there is a
+
+223
+00:16:22,120 --> 00:16:27,660
+justification for here. Sometimes, the poet uses
+
+224
+00:16:27,660 --> 00:16:30,020
+imperfect rhyme to tell us there's something wrong
+
+225
+00:16:30,020 --> 00:16:35,710
+here. Okay, so look at this. This is a poem, a man
+
+226
+00:16:35,710 --> 00:16:41,090
+inviting his beloved to love him and live with
+
+227
+00:16:41,090 --> 00:16:44,790
+him. Why? How is he trying to convince her? He's
+
+228
+00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:49,770
+telling her, we will all the pleasures prove. We
+
+229
+00:16:49,770 --> 00:16:52,690
+have all the pleasures in the world. In reality,
+
+230
+00:16:52,890 --> 00:16:56,090
+no one has all the pleasures in the world. Nobody
+
+231
+00:16:56,090 --> 00:16:58,110
+owns all the pleasures in the world. He's
+
+232
+00:16:58,110 --> 00:17:00,350
+exaggerating.
+
+233
+00:17:02,990 --> 00:17:05,930
+In reality, he's not telling the truth. And this
+
+234
+00:17:05,930 --> 00:17:11,790
+sound here, Prove, is telling us that he's lying.
+
+235
+00:17:13,520 --> 00:17:16,980
+Because he's trying to depict life to the woman as
+
+236
+00:17:16,980 --> 00:17:21,100
+a perfect, you know, perfect life. But even the
+
+237
+00:17:21,100 --> 00:17:24,080
+rhyme doesn't rhyme perfectly. That's the trick
+
+238
+00:17:24,080 --> 00:17:27,760
+here. So the rhyme, the imperfect rhyme here tells
+
+239
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300
+us something about the idea. So there is
+
+240
+00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:33,940
+imperfection in the poem and the imperfection is
+
+241
+00:17:33,940 --> 00:17:38,130
+reflected in the imperfect rhyme. But what is the
+
+242
+00:17:38,130 --> 00:17:41,370
+poet saying? He's saying, life is perfect. I own
+
+243
+00:17:41,370 --> 00:17:44,630
+everything. All is fine. I own everything. We can
+
+244
+00:17:44,630 --> 00:17:47,290
+have all the pleasures in the world. And the sound
+
+245
+00:17:47,290 --> 00:17:50,550
+of the poem tells us he's lying, because the rhyme
+
+246
+00:17:50,550 --> 00:17:53,410
+scheme is imperfect. It reflects something
+
+247
+00:17:53,410 --> 00:17:58,370
+imperfect in the meaning, in the idea. Or simply,
+
+248
+00:17:58,470 --> 00:18:00,590
+some people would say, but this is a very unpoetic
+
+249
+00:18:00,590 --> 00:18:03,670
+answer, maybe during the time of Shakespeare or
+
+250
+00:18:03,670 --> 00:18:09,150
+Marlowe, maybe these words Could have the same
+
+251
+00:18:09,150 --> 00:18:13,030
+rhyme. Could have rhymed in the past, like three,
+
+252
+00:18:13,170 --> 00:18:16,470
+four hundred years ago, maybe they rhymed. I don't
+
+253
+00:18:16,470 --> 00:18:20,370
+know how. Which is better to say love and problem
+
+254
+00:18:20,370 --> 00:18:22,290
+or love and prove?
+
+255
+00:18:24,990 --> 00:18:27,810
+Yeah, in my opinion, I think it's harsh to destroy
+
+256
+00:18:27,810 --> 00:18:32,600
+love saying prove. Maybe you can play with it. But
+
+257
+00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,060
+I don't know how they pronounce it. Maybe we can
+
+258
+00:18:36,060 --> 00:18:39,660
+check this later on. So what's the point here?
+
+259
+00:18:40,340 --> 00:18:44,500
+Sometimes this is not rhyme because the S here
+
+260
+00:18:44,500 --> 00:18:46,740
+doesn't make rhyme. You need to check the letter,
+
+261
+00:18:46,960 --> 00:18:51,220
+the sound before. Here we check the sound before
+
+262
+00:18:51,220 --> 00:18:55,100
+and they don't perfectly rhyme. We call it
+
+263
+00:18:55,100 --> 00:19:00,480
+imperfect rhyme or I rhyme. Is this important in
+
+264
+00:19:00,480 --> 00:19:05,100
+the poem? Yes, because it reveals something about
+
+265
+00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,300
+the poem, the meaning itself. The poet is saying,
+
+266
+00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:13,300
+wait a minute. There is music and fun, but here we
+
+267
+00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:16,060
+don't have perfect music. We don't have perfect
+
+268
+00:19:16,060 --> 00:19:18,480
+music because something is wrong. What's wrong
+
+269
+00:19:18,480 --> 00:19:23,400
+here? A poet lying to his woman. And the title of
+
+270
+00:19:23,400 --> 00:19:27,140
+the poem here is The Shepherds. The shepherd, the
+
+271
+00:19:27,140 --> 00:19:31,820
+speaker, the character, the man saying, come live
+
+272
+00:19:31,820 --> 00:19:33,860
+with me and be my love, is a shepherd. And a
+
+273
+00:19:33,860 --> 00:19:38,560
+shepherd is generally a poor man who takes care of
+
+274
+00:19:38,560 --> 00:19:43,140
+sheep. If you are a shepherd, it's impossible for
+
+275
+00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:48,000
+you to have all the pleasures in life, et cetera.
+
+276
+00:19:49,280 --> 00:19:52,510
+OK? No more questions about the sonnet? Please do
+
+277
+00:19:52,510 --> 00:19:54,910
+ask if you have any. The sonnet, go. So I didn't
+
+278
+00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,670
+get it clearly, but is a rhyme scheme focused more
+
+279
+00:19:58,670 --> 00:20:01,710
+on the letters rather than the sound? The sound,
+
+280
+00:20:01,810 --> 00:20:04,770
+of course. No, the sound. When it comes to the
+
+281
+00:20:04,770 --> 00:20:11,110
+rhyme, we care about the sound, not the letter.
+
+282
+00:20:13,510 --> 00:20:17,250
+But verbs and verbs like, clearer than love and
+
+283
+00:20:17,250 --> 00:20:20,920
+bruise? This one? No. Yeah, no. Sometimes yes,
+
+284
+00:20:21,020 --> 00:20:24,660
+like why, why, why wouldn't this rhyme? Like
+
+285
+00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,360
+because more important, this is an additional
+
+286
+00:20:26,360 --> 00:20:29,360
+letter, like it just comes and goes. Drop and
+
+287
+00:20:29,360 --> 00:20:29,640
+book?
+
+288
+00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:42,860
+No way. Drop them. Book, book, book. No way. Even
+
+289
+00:20:42,860 --> 00:20:52,540
+if we say for example, even if we say drop, it's
+
+290
+00:20:52,540 --> 00:20:56,220
+not drop, it's drop, drop, drop, drop. It still
+
+291
+00:20:56,220 --> 00:21:00,760
+doesn't rhyme, never rhymes. Drop and box, no way,
+
+292
+00:21:00,820 --> 00:21:06,600
+there's no rhyme here. But with the S, does it
+
+293
+00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:10,250
+rhyme? No, I don't think it rhymes here. But if
+
+294
+00:21:10,250 --> 00:21:14,150
+you insist, it's okay, it's not a big deal. Yes?
+
+295
+00:21:15,470 --> 00:21:18,870
+If there was a text and you asked us to write
+
+296
+00:21:18,870 --> 00:21:21,510
+rhymes, and there was drops and box, shall we
+
+297
+00:21:21,510 --> 00:21:25,310
+write drop A and box B? Yeah. But if you don't,
+
+298
+00:21:25,390 --> 00:21:28,490
+because you're still beginners, it's not the end
+
+299
+00:21:28,490 --> 00:21:31,510
+of the world. The same with love and hope? No, but
+
+300
+00:21:31,510 --> 00:21:35,170
+this one, there is rhyme here. There is rhyme
+
+301
+00:21:35,170 --> 00:21:38,340
+here. But it's imperfect. This is clearer than
+
+302
+00:21:38,340 --> 00:21:44,080
+this in many ways. Good question. So because this
+
+303
+00:21:44,080 --> 00:21:46,840
+is not year four, you're not about to graduate,
+
+304
+00:21:47,080 --> 00:21:49,120
+you're still starting your life learning English,
+
+305
+00:21:49,280 --> 00:21:51,800
+English poetry, and you're not native speakers. So
+
+306
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:57,900
+sometimes there's a lot of flexibility. Yes. Go
+
+307
+00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:01,480
+on, next. I want to ask something. Are the
+
+308
+00:22:01,480 --> 00:22:05,080
+questions about history, for example, who invaded
+
+309
+00:22:05,080 --> 00:22:09,020
+England, are they included in the exam? Listen,
+
+310
+00:22:09,340 --> 00:22:13,820
+this is a course about... The literature itself or
+
+311
+00:22:13,820 --> 00:22:17,020
+the situation? Yeah, we're not studying history,
+
+312
+00:22:17,160 --> 00:22:19,640
+we're studying literature. This is an introduction
+
+313
+00:22:19,640 --> 00:22:25,260
+to English literature course for beginners. And I
+
+314
+00:22:25,260 --> 00:22:27,300
+said at the beginning, we're going to examine the
+
+315
+00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:32,420
+literary texts in their historical context. We're
+
+316
+00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,280
+going to study how history, historical events
+
+317
+00:22:35,280 --> 00:22:38,560
+influenced literature, and how literature
+
+318
+00:22:38,560 --> 00:22:42,720
+influenced life, changed life in a way or another.
+
+319
+00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:46,540
+But the focus, 80% of our focus is on the
+
+320
+00:22:46,540 --> 00:22:50,530
+literature. okay some events in history are very
+
+321
+00:22:50,530 --> 00:22:52,890
+important like the printing press you should know
+
+322
+00:22:52,890 --> 00:22:55,750
+this this is a historical this is a scientific
+
+323
+00:22:55,750 --> 00:23:01,350
+invention it's a historical event did it influence
+
+324
+00:23:01,350 --> 00:23:05,810
+literature yes of course because you know mass
+
+325
+00:23:05,810 --> 00:23:11,230
+production mass like people had more and more
+
+326
+00:23:11,230 --> 00:23:14,910
+copies it took two years to make one copy of the
+
+327
+00:23:14,910 --> 00:23:21,720
+bible but now One year, 200 copies. For example,
+
+328
+00:23:21,820 --> 00:23:25,260
+the French invasion, the Normans, when they came
+
+329
+00:23:25,260 --> 00:23:27,500
+to England, they influenced the language in the
+
+330
+00:23:27,500 --> 00:23:31,900
+literature. So the focus is on the literature, but
+
+331
+00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:34,860
+it is important to know the major historical
+
+332
+00:23:34,860 --> 00:23:39,240
+events. For example, Britain was invaded by many
+
+333
+00:23:39,240 --> 00:23:42,540
+people from Europe, Anglo, Saxons, Jews. That's
+
+334
+00:23:42,540 --> 00:23:46,640
+not included. You should know this. Are you going
+
+335
+00:23:46,640 --> 00:23:50,180
+to put a question in the exam? Maybe, but the
+
+336
+00:23:50,180 --> 00:23:53,860
+question here is in the literary context, in the
+
+337
+00:23:53,860 --> 00:23:56,960
+sense that, remember, when we spoke about Old
+
+338
+00:23:56,960 --> 00:24:01,640
+English, we said At that time, we didn't have a
+
+339
+00:24:01,640 --> 00:24:05,100
+clear idea of what England is. Even the literature
+
+340
+00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,480
+was not pure English in the sense we have now or
+
+341
+00:24:08,480 --> 00:24:11,880
+even the sense Shakespeare composed. Because
+
+342
+00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:16,380
+people still came from different countries across
+
+343
+00:24:16,380 --> 00:24:21,180
+Europe and they were using different languages. So
+
+344
+00:24:21,180 --> 00:24:23,880
+did this, you know the invasions, did this
+
+345
+00:24:23,880 --> 00:24:26,420
+influence the culture, the language, the
+
+346
+00:24:26,420 --> 00:24:29,080
+literature? Yes, and that's the focus. So at that
+
+347
+00:24:29,080 --> 00:24:32,060
+time we said England was trying to shape its
+
+348
+00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,720
+identity. In the Middle Ages, Middle English,
+
+349
+00:24:36,920 --> 00:24:38,900
+later on, like three, four, five hundred years
+
+350
+00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:41,780
+later, we started speaking about English
+
+351
+00:24:41,780 --> 00:24:43,780
+literature, pure English literature when we spoke
+
+352
+00:24:43,780 --> 00:24:46,580
+about Chaucer. We said in Chaucer, there's always
+
+353
+00:24:46,580 --> 00:24:49,880
+this insistence on being different. He began his
+
+354
+00:24:49,880 --> 00:24:52,860
+life, by the way, by imitating some Italian and
+
+355
+00:24:52,860 --> 00:24:56,480
+French authors. But later on, he developed his own
+
+356
+00:24:56,480 --> 00:25:00,140
+style. He focused on the Englishness of the
+
+357
+00:25:00,140 --> 00:25:04,590
+literature. Because when you have your own
+
+358
+00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:06,810
+country, you want to have your own culture and
+
+359
+00:25:06,810 --> 00:25:08,790
+literature. You want to be different. You want to
+
+360
+00:25:08,790 --> 00:25:10,930
+create your identity. Remember we spoke about the
+
+361
+00:25:10,930 --> 00:25:15,070
+English identity when we mentioned Skelton, Philip
+
+362
+00:25:15,070 --> 00:25:19,610
+Sparrow, vengeance I ask and cry. We said John
+
+363
+00:25:19,610 --> 00:25:22,510
+Skilton was an important poet at that time because
+
+364
+00:25:22,510 --> 00:25:26,270
+in a way he was helping shape the English
+
+365
+00:25:26,270 --> 00:25:29,270
+identity. And in his poetry, we can find poetry
+
+366
+00:25:29,270 --> 00:25:31,330
+that is different from the poetry of Europe,
+
+367
+00:25:32,170 --> 00:25:36,710
+mainly Italy and France. In his poetry, there's a
+
+368
+00:25:36,710 --> 00:25:39,550
+strong sense of the English identity. What is the
+
+369
+00:25:39,550 --> 00:25:42,530
+English identity? What it means to be English?
+
+370
+00:25:42,630 --> 00:25:47,290
+What makes you different from Italians and French?
+
+371
+00:25:49,290 --> 00:25:56,010
+Number one, your language, right? Number two, your
+
+372
+00:25:56,010 --> 00:25:58,910
+literature, your poetry, the stories, the
+
+373
+00:25:58,910 --> 00:26:02,110
+narratives, the customs, the habits. So they were
+
+374
+00:26:02,110 --> 00:26:04,910
+focusing on the things that make them different.
+
+375
+00:26:06,570 --> 00:26:09,070
+So these invasions are important because English
+
+376
+00:26:09,070 --> 00:26:11,930
+as a language is actually originally from
+
+377
+00:26:11,930 --> 00:26:16,930
+different languages. There are Latin roots, German
+
+378
+00:26:16,930 --> 00:26:19,750
+roots, French words, many French words, even Arab
+
+379
+00:26:19,750 --> 00:26:22,850
+words. English is naturally a very flexible
+
+380
+00:26:22,850 --> 00:26:28,030
+language. It borrows from all the languages. So
+
+381
+00:26:28,030 --> 00:26:30,690
+the invasions are important to understand because
+
+382
+00:26:30,690 --> 00:26:33,770
+this is how England became England. It became
+
+383
+00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:37,640
+diversity. There is now a strong movement in
+
+384
+00:26:37,640 --> 00:26:41,220
+England and in the United States that is described
+
+385
+00:26:41,220 --> 00:26:45,360
+as white supremacy where people say England is for
+
+386
+00:26:45,360 --> 00:26:48,540
+the white, only the white people and America is
+
+387
+00:26:48,540 --> 00:26:51,940
+for the white people. This is really silly because
+
+388
+00:26:52,590 --> 00:26:55,410
+Racism. Because of racism, yeah. But also because
+
+389
+00:26:55,410 --> 00:26:58,410
+England and America, now they started on diversity
+
+390
+00:26:58,410 --> 00:27:01,010
+in a sense. People from across Europe came there.
+
+391
+00:27:01,170 --> 00:27:04,070
+People from across Europe went to America. And
+
+392
+00:27:04,070 --> 00:27:08,090
+there was this reconstructuring of they found a
+
+393
+00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,550
+body of 10,000 years ago in England. And when they
+
+394
+00:27:12,550 --> 00:27:15,750
+did experiments and tests, they realized that one,
+
+395
+00:27:16,230 --> 00:27:21,540
+he's a black man. in England. He was there 10,000
+
+396
+00:27:21,540 --> 00:27:24,780
+years ago. And he's considered, I guess, the
+
+397
+00:27:24,780 --> 00:27:28,980
+father of 20% of the English people now. So
+
+398
+00:27:28,980 --> 00:27:33,400
+there's the idea of pure race is a lie. It's not
+
+399
+00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,880
+true. It's a fabrication. People have always
+
+400
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,840
+coexisted together. Why is this man black man in
+
+401
+00:27:40,840 --> 00:27:43,440
+England? Because people crossed borders searching
+
+402
+00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,460
+for safety, for food, coexisted in a way or
+
+403
+00:27:46,460 --> 00:27:51,150
+another. Please. Some of the names are really hard
+
+404
+00:27:51,150 --> 00:27:53,690
+to spell. If you misspell something. No worries
+
+405
+00:27:53,690 --> 00:27:57,050
+about spelling. But like Machiavelli, for example.
+
+406
+00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,970
+OK. Not easy to spell, but try to train it to get
+
+407
+00:28:01,970 --> 00:28:05,030
+as close as possible. Don't give me, for example,
+
+408
+00:28:05,070 --> 00:28:06,830
+don't spell spaghetti.
+
+409
+00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:12,210
+Machiavelli is Machiavelli. What difficult names.
+
+410
+00:28:12,530 --> 00:28:15,130
+But again, most importantly, I don't want you to
+
+411
+00:28:15,130 --> 00:28:16,090
+misspell Shakespeare.
+
+412
+00:28:19,130 --> 00:28:22,870
+I feel sad that's shakes you know shake shakes
+
+413
+00:28:22,870 --> 00:28:27,830
+shaking shake before use yes she shakes the i
+
+414
+00:28:27,830 --> 00:28:31,510
+don't know the juice before use it's a shake and
+
+415
+00:28:31,510 --> 00:28:35,470
+then or shake spear i don't know how you would do
+
+416
+00:28:35,470 --> 00:28:40,150
+this either shake or shakes and then or spear
+
+417
+00:28:40,150 --> 00:28:42,990
+because spear is another word but this e is extra
+
+418
+00:28:44,620 --> 00:28:47,200
+Did I tell you that Shakespeare spelled his name,
+
+419
+00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:53,160
+signed his name in 17 different ways? None of
+
+420
+00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:59,240
+them, ironically, none of them is this one. And
+
+421
+00:28:59,240 --> 00:29:02,340
+this is how crazy life is. So you spell your name
+
+422
+00:29:02,340 --> 00:29:05,120
+17 different ways, hoping that people would pick
+
+423
+00:29:05,120 --> 00:29:07,900
+one of them. Because remember, spelling, there was
+
+424
+00:29:07,900 --> 00:29:14,170
+no standard for spelling. There were no rules for
+
+425
+00:29:14,170 --> 00:29:17,630
+spelling. People would spell different ways. Only
+
+426
+00:29:17,630 --> 00:29:20,370
+in the 18th century, people started to have rules.
+
+427
+00:29:20,510 --> 00:29:23,850
+Do this, don't do that, drop this, changes. So
+
+428
+00:29:23,850 --> 00:29:26,790
+this is Shakespeare. You usually forget either
+
+429
+00:29:26,790 --> 00:29:32,570
+this E or this E. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare.
+
+430
+00:29:33,510 --> 00:29:39,170
+He's dumb. Maybe he's going to feel sad if you do
+
+431
+00:29:39,170 --> 00:29:43,410
+that. This, we want to really appreciate
+
+432
+00:29:43,410 --> 00:29:46,590
+Shakespeare for what he does. What other names do
+
+433
+00:29:46,590 --> 00:29:52,730
+you find difficult? Bewolf? No, no, no. In The
+
+434
+00:29:52,730 --> 00:29:57,270
+Chaucer, there is an Italian writings of
+
+435
+00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:02,430
+Bastastione. Listen, if it is something I skipped,
+
+436
+00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:08,410
+you just skip it. If I skip names of authors,
+
+437
+00:30:08,530 --> 00:30:11,550
+names of texts, you just skip them. But other than
+
+438
+00:30:11,550 --> 00:30:14,630
+this, the background, the talk, the brief
+
+439
+00:30:14,630 --> 00:30:16,650
+description about the age, about the writer, about
+
+440
+00:30:16,650 --> 00:30:19,470
+the texts, please go through them. And I want you
+
+441
+00:30:19,470 --> 00:30:21,430
+to read what is in the book because this is how
+
+442
+00:30:21,430 --> 00:30:24,550
+you improve your writing and your English.
+
+443
+00:30:27,170 --> 00:30:30,010
+The name, the authors, the texts we study, we
+
+444
+00:30:30,010 --> 00:30:34,550
+examine, we mention in this class. If I skip
+
+445
+00:30:34,550 --> 00:30:37,410
+something, any name, any text, you just skip it.
+
+446
+00:30:38,240 --> 00:30:43,500
+Please. Are we going to be asked to summarize what
+
+447
+00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,120
+they place on Shakespeare? Generally, no. You
+
+448
+00:30:47,120 --> 00:30:50,380
+won't. But maybe, for example, one of your
+
+449
+00:30:50,380 --> 00:30:53,760
+questions is going to ask you to contextualize.
+
+450
+00:30:57,460 --> 00:31:00,060
+Anyway, I shouldn't be speaking about this now
+
+451
+00:31:00,060 --> 00:31:03,240
+because we'll talk about this when we approach the
+
+452
+00:31:03,240 --> 00:31:08,240
+exams. You know, context. to contextualize a text.
+
+453
+00:31:09,560 --> 00:31:12,560
+So I'll ask you for example to bring you five
+
+454
+00:31:12,560 --> 00:31:18,060
+extracts from poems or texts we studied and I ask
+
+455
+00:31:18,060 --> 00:31:21,520
+you to contextualize three or four of them. I
+
+456
+00:31:21,520 --> 00:31:24,740
+usually give you more choices so more flexibility.
+
+457
+00:31:26,260 --> 00:31:29,380
+Okay question number one is to be or not to be
+
+458
+00:31:29,380 --> 00:31:33,720
+that is the question. So number one you put it in
+
+459
+00:31:33,720 --> 00:31:40,160
+its context you tell me This is by Hamlet from
+
+460
+00:31:40,160 --> 00:31:47,740
+Hamlet by Shakespeare Hamlet is a tragedy of a
+
+461
+00:31:47,740 --> 00:31:53,520
+young prince who wanted to take revenge because
+
+462
+00:31:53,520 --> 00:31:59,920
+his uncle killed his father Most importantly,
+
+463
+00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:02,840
+focus on the text I give you. However, because
+
+464
+00:32:02,840 --> 00:32:06,660
+Hamlet is a modern man, a university student, he's
+
+465
+00:32:06,660 --> 00:32:10,980
+in conflict. To kill or not to kill? To be or not
+
+466
+00:32:10,980 --> 00:32:14,660
+to be? To die or not to die? And this is Hamlet's
+
+467
+00:32:14,660 --> 00:32:21,000
+tragic flaw. You know tragedy, tragic? His
+
+468
+00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:25,890
+weakness is hesitation. Sloth, hesitation. You
+
+469
+00:32:25,890 --> 00:32:29,450
+know hesitation? To be or not to be. To kill or
+
+470
+00:32:29,450 --> 00:32:32,070
+not to kill. Play or not to play. Exactly. He
+
+471
+00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,710
+hesitates. That's it. This is called
+
+472
+00:32:34,710 --> 00:32:38,910
+contextualization. But although he is a
+
+473
+00:32:38,910 --> 00:32:44,110
+philosopher, nevertheless, he has a little gold in
+
+474
+00:32:44,110 --> 00:32:49,330
+his coffer. This is from The Canterbury Tales by
+
+475
+00:32:49,330 --> 00:32:53,690
+Chaucer. This couplet, this rhyming couplet,
+
+476
+00:32:53,850 --> 00:32:59,060
+right? Okay, it has irony, but probably before
+
+477
+00:32:59,060 --> 00:33:02,440
+this, give me the context. It tells the story of a
+
+478
+00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:07,380
+philosopher who instead of collecting knowledge,
+
+479
+00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:12,700
+is collecting money. There is irony here because
+
+480
+00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,760
+Chaucer is making fun of the new habits of the
+
+481
+00:33:16,760 --> 00:33:21,380
+society. Short paragraphs like these, okay? Clear?
+
+482
+00:33:24,080 --> 00:33:26,040
+Focus on the line. What do we have in the line?
+
+483
+00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:28,300
+When you tell me this is a couplet, you save
+
+484
+00:33:28,300 --> 00:33:30,160
+yourself a lot of time. Instead of saying the
+
+485
+00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:32,240
+rhyme and there is a rhyme in one topic, you say a
+
+486
+00:33:32,240 --> 00:33:33,520
+couplet. Oh, excellent.
+
+487
+00:33:38,620 --> 00:33:44,120
+Okay, again, this extract is taken from Canterbury
+
+488
+00:33:44,120 --> 00:33:49,420
+Tales by Chaucer. That's number one. In this
+
+489
+00:33:49,420 --> 00:33:52,840
+extract, in this couplet, Chaucer is criticizing
+
+490
+00:33:52,840 --> 00:33:57,140
+the new habits of the society. Here, we have a
+
+491
+00:33:57,140 --> 00:33:59,780
+philosopher who is interested more in collecting
+
+492
+00:33:59,780 --> 00:34:06,060
+money than in knowledge. There is irony in a
+
+493
+00:34:06,060 --> 00:34:10,280
+little gold, because a little gold is still a lot
+
+494
+00:34:10,280 --> 00:34:10,720
+of money.
+
+495
+00:34:13,460 --> 00:34:17,700
+Something like this. This is called
+
+496
+00:34:17,700 --> 00:34:21,300
+contextualization. You don't have to memorize the
+
+497
+00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,640
+lines, but if you do, it will really be fun for
+
+498
+00:34:24,640 --> 00:34:28,620
+you. I will not ask you to recite something or
+
+499
+00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,760
+write a complete line or something. But when you
+
+500
+00:34:31,760 --> 00:34:34,920
+memorize lines, does anyone memorize anything? No.
+
+501
+00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,320
+Other than have not a Jewite or something? You
+
+502
+00:34:38,320 --> 00:34:41,560
+should, it's really fun. For God's sake, or shall
+
+503
+00:34:41,560 --> 00:34:43,980
+I compare thee to summer's day? You feel like, oh
+
+504
+00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:46,540
+my God, I know more English than anyone else. You
+
+505
+00:34:46,540 --> 00:34:49,840
+feel proud of yourself. You feel confident. So
+
+506
+00:34:49,840 --> 00:34:53,140
+long as men can, and listen, very easy. Seriously,
+
+507
+00:34:53,320 --> 00:34:56,480
+one of the students was like, the boy was telling
+
+508
+00:34:56,480 --> 00:34:58,800
+me the other day that Shakespeare is difficult. I
+
+509
+00:34:58,800 --> 00:35:01,700
+hate Shakespeare. I said, this is a misconception.
+
+510
+00:35:01,940 --> 00:35:04,980
+This is a prejudice. Did you study anything about
+
+511
+00:35:04,980 --> 00:35:06,400
+Shakespeare? Did you read anything about
+
+512
+00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,280
+Shakespeare? Not much. When you read his poetry,
+
+513
+00:35:09,440 --> 00:35:13,620
+to be or not to be, that is the question. Yes,
+
+514
+00:35:13,820 --> 00:35:15,800
+it's not this simplistic, but it's easy to
+
+515
+00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,480
+understand. So long as men can breathe, our eyes
+
+516
+00:35:18,480 --> 00:35:20,520
+can see. So long lives this, and this gives life
+
+517
+00:35:20,520 --> 00:35:22,120
+to it. That's why I usually advise my students,
+
+518
+00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,020
+when you learn things about poetry, Shakespeare,
+
+519
+00:35:24,280 --> 00:35:28,540
+go, all of you use social media. Post this on your
+
+520
+00:35:28,540 --> 00:35:32,260
+Facebook, on Twitter, on Instagram, Snapchat. Use
+
+521
+00:35:32,260 --> 00:35:36,640
+them in your life. Today I want all of you to go
+
+522
+00:35:36,640 --> 00:35:39,580
+home and when you have electricity, if you have
+
+523
+00:35:39,580 --> 00:35:44,060
+electricity, you just type and every fare from
+
+524
+00:35:44,060 --> 00:35:46,660
+fare sometime declines. One of the most beautiful
+
+525
+00:35:46,660 --> 00:35:51,370
+lines ever. Start shifting your life, your
+
+526
+00:35:51,370 --> 00:35:53,710
+Facebook, your social media, everything into
+
+527
+00:35:53,710 --> 00:35:57,590
+English. I'm sure you're going to benefit a lot.
+
+528
+00:35:58,330 --> 00:36:01,050
+So when people ask, what does this mean? Your aunt
+
+529
+00:36:01,050 --> 00:36:04,650
+or your uncle will be like, wow, we're proud of
+
+530
+00:36:04,650 --> 00:36:09,470
+you. When people ask you what it means, you just
+
+531
+00:36:09,470 --> 00:36:14,570
+explain it to them. Translating or just
+
+532
+00:36:14,570 --> 00:36:20,530
+explaining. Yes, more questions. More, please. I
+
+533
+00:36:20,530 --> 00:36:24,090
+always knew that Shakespeare's style is three
+
+534
+00:36:24,090 --> 00:36:26,370
+-verse. I never knew that his poems
+
+535
+00:36:30,220 --> 00:36:35,000
+Shakespeare mainly wrote in verse. His sonnets are
+
+536
+00:36:35,000 --> 00:36:39,240
+classical English verse. But his plays, because
+
+537
+00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:43,280
+when you write a 5000 line play, you can't make
+
+538
+00:36:43,280 --> 00:36:46,720
+them rhyme in any particular way. So generally
+
+539
+00:36:46,720 --> 00:36:51,330
+this is called blank verse. What's blank verse?
+
+540
+00:36:52,050 --> 00:36:55,910
+It's verse but doesn't rhyme. Generally in the
+
+541
+00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,370
+play because it's very difficult to make the whole
+
+542
+00:36:58,370 --> 00:37:01,490
+play rhyme A B A B or A B C A B C or something.
+
+543
+00:37:02,630 --> 00:37:06,630
+And this is totally different from, totally
+
+544
+00:37:06,630 --> 00:37:11,130
+different from free verse. Free verse is something
+
+545
+00:37:11,130 --> 00:37:14,990
+that appeared probably 200 years ago. Free verse.
+
+546
+00:37:15,390 --> 00:37:18,510
+Generally in blank verse, we have music, we have
+
+547
+00:37:18,510 --> 00:37:23,050
+rhythm, but we don't have rhyme. We don't have
+
+548
+00:37:23,050 --> 00:37:28,970
+rhyme. Free verse, generally no music and no
+
+549
+00:37:28,970 --> 00:37:33,610
+rhyme. It's the poetry that most people write
+
+550
+00:37:33,610 --> 00:37:36,590
+nowadays, 20th century, 21st century.
+
+551
+00:37:39,330 --> 00:37:42,310
+In his plays, Shakespeare and Marlowe, they
+
+552
+00:37:42,310 --> 00:37:47,450
+adopted blank verse. Because if they want to focus
+
+553
+00:37:47,450 --> 00:37:52,110
+on the rhyme, it's going to be really very
+
+554
+00:37:52,110 --> 00:37:54,650
+restricting in a sense. Last point, one minute,
+
+555
+00:37:54,790 --> 00:37:54,990
+yes?
+
+556
+00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:02,690
+Of course, yeah, of course many and that's why
+
+557
+00:38:02,690 --> 00:38:04,890
+he's the father of English poetry or English
+
+558
+00:38:04,890 --> 00:38:07,850
+literature We're only studying the Canterbury
+
+559
+00:38:07,850 --> 00:38:10,850
+tales. I'll stop here. Thank you very much for
+
+560
+00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:14,230
+these questions if you have more questions, feel
+
+561
+00:38:14,230 --> 00:38:15,670
+free to ask Thank you
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2439243c4885941c3a0ed09d994c9659fe37686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/CmMYpMgTlD0_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2708 @@
+1
+00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:24,850
+Okay, Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Last class
+
+2
+00:00:24,850 --> 00:00:28,250
+we started discussing romanticism, romantic
+
+3
+00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:33,410
+literature and romantic poets. We spoke about the
+
+4
+00:00:33,410 --> 00:00:36,750
+major features of Romanticism and how different it
+
+5
+00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,070
+was from the poetry of the Augustan Age, or what
+
+6
+00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:44,270
+is generally known as the Neoclassical Age or the
+
+7
+00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:49,030
+Age of Reason. Before I begin, we finished talking
+
+8
+00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,930
+about William Blake. We can't speak enough about
+
+9
+00:00:51,930 --> 00:00:56,250
+William Blake. And generally, William Blake was a
+
+10
+00:00:56,250 --> 00:00:59,230
+pre-romantic. He was writing poetry from London
+
+11
+00:00:59,230 --> 00:01:01,890
+before, I think, the publication of the lyrical
+
+12
+00:01:01,890 --> 00:01:06,550
+ballads by the two major romantic figures, Samuel
+
+13
+00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,490
+Coleridge and William Wadsworth. Today, we'll see
+
+14
+00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:14,410
+what William Wadsworth has for us. But before I
+
+15
+00:01:14,410 --> 00:01:17,590
+begin doing this, I want to do some kind of
+
+16
+00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,420
+revision for last time's class. So could you
+
+17
+00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:22,660
+please remind me of the major features of
+
+18
+00:01:22,660 --> 00:01:25,740
+Romanticism? Why is Romantic literature or mainly
+
+19
+00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:28,800
+Romantic poetry different from the poetry of the
+
+20
+00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,520
+previous age? Yes. What makes Romantic poetry
+
+21
+00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:39,020
+romantic? Can you tell me, please? Okay, for the
+
+22
+00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:45,000
+Romantics, the heart controls the head, not vice
+
+23
+00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:51,730
+versa. Thank you. Please. So the romantics
+
+24
+00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:56,790
+advocated simplicity, and mainly simplicity in
+
+25
+00:01:56,790 --> 00:02:00,770
+diction, in language. You don't have to use elite,
+
+26
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,830
+highly embellished, sophisticated, powerful
+
+27
+00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:08,490
+language, language that mainly university educated
+
+28
+00:02:08,490 --> 00:02:13,370
+people would understand. Simple language. And,
+
+29
+00:02:13,510 --> 00:02:13,910
+please.
+
+30
+00:02:17,500 --> 00:02:19,860
+Thank you very much. So the subject matter, again,
+
+31
+00:02:19,980 --> 00:02:22,640
+is no longer about courtly love, the life in the
+
+32
+00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:25,100
+court and in the palace about God and kings and
+
+33
+00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:28,720
+queens and the noble families. It's taken
+
+34
+00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:32,120
+situations from the common life. And that's why
+
+35
+00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,300
+we'll find many poems about ordinary people, poor
+
+36
+00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,140
+people, about kids, about poor women, about
+
+37
+00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:42,580
+unnamed people sometimes. Yes, please. So it's
+
+38
+00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:45,100
+usually right to express themselves. Okay, so
+
+39
+00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:49,280
+poetry is now self-expression. It's no longer
+
+40
+00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:54,060
+didactic. In the sense that before this, following
+
+41
+00:02:54,060 --> 00:02:56,660
+the rules of decorum literature in general, poetry
+
+42
+00:02:56,660 --> 00:03:01,880
+had to teach and please, to teach and delight. So
+
+43
+00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,740
+the significant point is, what influence is your
+
+44
+00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:08,120
+poetry going to have on the others, on the
+
+45
+00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,760
+readers, on your audiences? But now poetry is self
+
+46
+00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:16,120
+-expression. A poet has extra comprehensive
+
+47
+00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:19,240
+sensibility to use his feelings and his
+
+48
+00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,760
+imagination in order to convey particular emotions
+
+49
+00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,760
+and experiences of his own. That's why generally
+
+50
+00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:33,740
+the speaker in, for example, William Wadsworth's
+
+51
+00:03:33,740 --> 00:03:36,460
+poetry, the speaker is William Wadsworth himself.
+
+52
+00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:41,990
+Because the I is the poet. Self-expressive. The
+
+53
+00:03:41,990 --> 00:03:45,450
+first person narrator. Yes? Nature was a source of
+
+54
+00:03:45,450 --> 00:03:48,110
+expression unlike the city, which is a source of
+
+55
+00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:51,190
+corruption. Thank you. Generally, romantic poetry
+
+56
+00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:55,550
+is poetry that is described as anti-city. Because
+
+57
+00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,870
+we've seen how the city has become the politics,
+
+58
+00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:00,930
+the political division, the corruption, the
+
+59
+00:04:00,930 --> 00:04:02,550
+factories, the industrial revolution, and
+
+60
+00:04:02,550 --> 00:04:06,450
+everything. So in a way, the romantic said, OK,
+
+61
+00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:10,210
+This is enough. But instead of fixing the problem,
+
+62
+00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:15,120
+working on the problems, They make escape. They
+
+63
+00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:17,040
+kind of escape. And that's why some people
+
+64
+00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:19,940
+criticize them as escapists. Escapism. Escapism.
+
+65
+00:04:20,020 --> 00:04:22,740
+Escapism is when you don't have to face the
+
+66
+00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:24,780
+problem, to come with the problem face to face.
+
+67
+00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:28,500
+You just leave it somewhere and you go to live
+
+68
+00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:32,100
+your life somewhere else. So nature was a source
+
+69
+00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:34,540
+of inspiration. And we've seen nature in
+
+70
+00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:36,640
+Shakespeare and other poets. But remember
+
+71
+00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,420
+Shakespeare would like Use, utilize, and exploit
+
+72
+00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:42,260
+nature. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
+
+73
+00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,600
+And then he goes on to speak how his beloved, or
+
+74
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:50,660
+the dark lady, is more beautiful than nature, than
+
+75
+00:04:50,660 --> 00:04:54,820
+a summer's day. But here, nature is the theme.
+
+76
+00:04:55,180 --> 00:04:57,700
+Nature is the poem itself. And we'll see William
+
+77
+00:04:57,700 --> 00:05:03,640
+Wordsworth in a bit. More. Please. Say again?
+
+78
+00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:04,880
+Childhood. OK.
+
+79
+00:05:08,810 --> 00:05:12,410
+Inspiration. So we have simplicity, purity,
+
+80
+00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,890
+innocence. Inspiration can be taken from
+
+81
+00:05:15,890 --> 00:05:19,570
+childhood. And childhood, even childhood in the
+
+82
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,190
+city was corrupted because kids were also sent to
+
+83
+00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:26,430
+work in factories here and there and places where
+
+84
+00:05:26,430 --> 00:05:34,510
+their future, everything was destroyed, ruined. So
+
+85
+00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:38,470
+those poets believe that the child is the father
+
+86
+00:05:38,470 --> 00:05:41,590
+of man. And this is actually a line by William
+
+87
+00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:45,490
+Wadsworth himself, because an adult can learn a
+
+88
+00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:50,270
+lot from childhood from children. And childhood
+
+89
+00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:53,370
+doesn't have to be a particular age. It could be a
+
+90
+00:05:53,370 --> 00:05:56,770
+state of mind, like innocence and experience. It's
+
+91
+00:05:56,770 --> 00:05:59,930
+a state of mind. You could be innocent. You could
+
+92
+00:05:59,930 --> 00:06:04,940
+be experienced, depending on the situation, but
+
+93
+00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:07,260
+generally they were advocating a state of
+
+94
+00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:11,120
+innocence, which you can find in the countryside.
+
+95
+00:06:12,780 --> 00:06:18,520
+More, please. For the romantics, the intellect and
+
+96
+00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:23,220
+reason were dangerous, and like the Augustans, the
+
+97
+00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:26,760
+imaginations and emotions were dangerous. So for
+
+98
+00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:30,740
+the romantics, imagination is one of the most
+
+99
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:33,260
+powerful faculties a person could have. And they
+
+100
+00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,440
+were encouraging us to look more inside our hearts
+
+101
+00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,460
+and to use our imagination. And this is connected
+
+102
+00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:45,380
+with feelings and connected with memory. We've
+
+103
+00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:48,830
+seen, I think, The Sick Rose last class. What is
+
+104
+00:06:48,830 --> 00:06:52,490
+it about? We came up with like what, ten themes?
+
+105
+00:06:52,930 --> 00:06:55,950
+Some of the themes could have been meant by the
+
+106
+00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:59,610
+poet himself. But even now, today, we can give
+
+107
+00:06:59,610 --> 00:07:02,770
+extra meanings to the text. And that's why the
+
+108
+00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:05,750
+reader as an individual is significant to the
+
+109
+00:07:05,750 --> 00:07:10,070
+romantic poet. We are encouraged to use our
+
+110
+00:07:10,070 --> 00:07:13,330
+imagination to give our own interpretations to to
+
+111
+00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:15,810
+the poems we read, to the texts we read. In the
+
+112
+00:07:15,810 --> 00:07:18,010
+Augustan Age, generally, you read a poem and it
+
+113
+00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:20,910
+has one meaning, generally, one interpretation.
+
+114
+00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,470
+Because when there's satire, someone is
+
+115
+00:07:23,470 --> 00:07:25,770
+criticizing someone else, and that's it. But here,
+
+116
+00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:28,210
+you read a poem. Is it about nature? Is it about a
+
+117
+00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:30,730
+woman? Is it about a child? Is it about childhood?
+
+118
+00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:33,900
+Is it about the city, the village, because
+
+119
+00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,280
+symbolism here gives it layers and layers of
+
+120
+00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,680
+meanings. And that's why, in a way or another, The
+
+121
+00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,460
+Sick Rose is a poem about the power of
+
+122
+00:07:44,460 --> 00:07:48,000
+imagination. Because when you depend on your
+
+123
+00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,280
+imagination, when you release your imagination,
+
+124
+00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:58,410
+you can see things differently. break the rules
+
+125
+00:07:58,410 --> 00:08:00,790
+imposed upon us. In the past, it was like
+
+126
+00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:02,730
+mathematical. You had to follow the rules,
+
+127
+00:08:02,790 --> 00:08:05,230
+remember, but a regular rhyme scheme, particular
+
+128
+00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:07,350
+language, particular subject matters, particular
+
+129
+00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:10,970
+number of syllables even. So everything was
+
+130
+00:08:10,970 --> 00:08:15,170
+restricted, was chained, but not for the
+
+131
+00:08:15,170 --> 00:08:18,880
+romantics. One more. Teacher, please.
+
+132
+00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,640
+Individualism was also important. And this is
+
+133
+00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:24,260
+connected with the fact that poetry is self
+
+134
+00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:26,760
+-expression. You have to express your opinion and
+
+135
+00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:30,300
+feelings and emotions as an individual, as a
+
+136
+00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:34,860
+person. And the individual, no matter how poor or
+
+137
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:39,540
+how rich he or she is, is significant. Because in
+
+138
+00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:45,020
+the city, the individuals were destroyed. People
+
+139
+00:08:45,020 --> 00:08:47,640
+were like machines, or like slaves. You have to
+
+140
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,260
+work from early hours until late at night for just
+
+141
+00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:54,860
+little money, money enough to keep you alive, but
+
+142
+00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:58,280
+also to keep you working hard for the factories.
+
+143
+00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:00,960
+There's one significant thing I always focus on
+
+144
+00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:06,980
+here, which is In Augustan age, maybe you can
+
+145
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:10,300
+write a poem, but you may not change the whole
+
+146
+00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:14,180
+society, but in Romantic, you can write a poem and
+
+147
+00:09:14,180 --> 00:09:18,060
+you can change the race of itself. Okay, this is
+
+148
+00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:23,660
+interesting. Can literature change lives? Yes. Can
+
+149
+00:09:23,660 --> 00:09:27,500
+poetry change lives? Sometimes we watch movies and
+
+150
+00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:31,290
+we become in a way better people. We read
+
+151
+00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:33,590
+literature. We read fiction. And sometimes we
+
+152
+00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:37,490
+learn new experiences. We are influenced. And this
+
+153
+00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:40,790
+is an issue that needs a lot of discussion. For
+
+154
+00:09:40,790 --> 00:09:44,250
+the Augustans, poetry aims at teaching and
+
+155
+00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:47,430
+delighting. So there is this emphasis on changing
+
+156
+00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:51,290
+people's lives. But in a way, poetry was living
+
+157
+00:09:51,290 --> 00:09:54,170
+somewhere in ivory towers most of the time, in the
+
+158
+00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:56,670
+court, in the palace. But here, those people
+
+159
+00:09:56,670 --> 00:09:59,610
+brought it down, believing that the real change
+
+160
+00:09:59,610 --> 00:10:01,310
+can happen at the grassroots. You know the
+
+161
+00:10:01,310 --> 00:10:03,730
+grassroots? The masses, the ordinary people.
+
+162
+00:10:04,110 --> 00:10:07,570
+Improve people's lives, imaginations, their way,
+
+163
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,150
+their style, the way of living, and you will
+
+164
+00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:13,290
+definitely have a better society. But again,
+
+165
+00:10:13,390 --> 00:10:15,270
+remember, many people believe the romantics were
+
+166
+00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:18,680
+escapists. They were not interested in fixing the
+
+167
+00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:21,540
+problem. And others say, and I believe in this,
+
+168
+00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,740
+that writing poetry itself is an act of change.
+
+169
+00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:27,480
+You don't have to carry weapons or to use
+
+170
+00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,780
+violence. You could change by nonviolent means.
+
+171
+00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:36,500
+And the most powerful tool of resistance is
+
+172
+00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:40,040
+writing and poetry and language, yeah? A final
+
+173
+00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:46,400
+point, yeah? We just said feelings and emotions.
+
+174
+00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:51,360
+Something else, something I always focus on. We
+
+175
+00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:53,120
+said that already. More.
+
+176
+00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:04,460
+The poetic forms, new poetic forms. Like the
+
+177
+00:11:04,460 --> 00:11:07,140
+romantics, many people will disagree with me, but
+
+178
+00:11:07,140 --> 00:11:10,900
+the romantics share common features with the
+
+179
+00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:13,860
+metaphysicals. But the sensibility is different.
+
+180
+00:11:14,780 --> 00:11:18,420
+But since John Donne was more into argument, more
+
+181
+00:11:18,420 --> 00:11:21,700
+into intellectuality, here more into simplicity
+
+182
+00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:25,340
+and more into feelings and emotions and
+
+183
+00:11:25,340 --> 00:11:28,360
+imagination. But they share the most significant
+
+184
+00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:31,960
+issue here, which is new poetic forms. You don't
+
+185
+00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,160
+have to follow the rules of decorum. You try to
+
+186
+00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:37,160
+follow them. If they don't help, you just break
+
+187
+00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:39,920
+the rules. And that's why we'll see so many new
+
+188
+00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,500
+poetic forms. We already saw some examples, and
+
+189
+00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,440
+we'll see more as we go on with the romantic. So
+
+190
+00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,520
+William Wadsworth. is probably the most
+
+191
+00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,760
+significant romantic poet. Along with his friend
+
+192
+00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,900
+Samuel Coleridge, they published a book called The
+
+193
+00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,280
+Lyrical Ballads. We mentioned last time, The
+
+194
+00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,340
+Lyrical Ballads. And everyone was like amazed,
+
+195
+00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,900
+fascinated, because people were tired and fed up
+
+196
+00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,100
+with the Augustan poetry. And they were like, oh,
+
+197
+00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,080
+We want to know more. What are you doing here?
+
+198
+00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:15,080
+What is this kind of new poetry? So in the second
+
+199
+00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:17,980
+edition to the book, they included a preface, a
+
+200
+00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:21,000
+kind of introduction where they define poetry, and
+
+201
+00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,940
+they explain their romantic theory of what writing
+
+202
+00:12:24,940 --> 00:12:27,600
+poetry is. So let's see the definition I mentioned
+
+203
+00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,900
+last time in brief, and go on for examples from
+
+204
+00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:32,960
+William Wildsworth. So what is poetry?
+
+205
+00:12:36,420 --> 00:12:42,200
+is the flow of feelings or emotions. Feelings,
+
+206
+00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,300
+generally feelings, emotions. But this is not only
+
+207
+00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,620
+feelings or emotions, it's powerful. And it's not
+
+208
+00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:53,820
+flow of emotions, it's overflow of powerful
+
+209
+00:12:53,820 --> 00:12:58,760
+emotions. And this overflow is Spontaneous. So you
+
+210
+00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,160
+don't have to sit and like, OK, what kind of
+
+211
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:02,920
+poetry should I write about? I think I should
+
+212
+00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,300
+write something here. And you keep squeezing your
+
+213
+00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,720
+mind and counting the syllables and checking the
+
+214
+00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:11,860
+rhyme scheme and using difficult language and
+
+215
+00:13:11,860 --> 00:13:14,840
+using particular imagery or something. It's
+
+216
+00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,010
+spontaneous. You know spontaneous? Like you don't
+
+217
+00:13:19,010 --> 00:13:22,990
+push yourself. You don't pressure yourself to
+
+218
+00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,710
+write poetry. Poetry just comes out. It overflows.
+
+219
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,410
+The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.
+
+220
+00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:33,830
+Many people only use this definition for the
+
+221
+00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,770
+romantics. It's okay, but it's not accurate.
+
+222
+00:13:37,370 --> 00:13:40,690
+Because the second part is also as significant.
+
+223
+00:13:41,460 --> 00:13:45,080
+Recollected here means remembered or recalled. You
+
+224
+00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,580
+know to recall something? To remember something in
+
+225
+00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:51,380
+tranquility. And this emphasizes memory,
+
+226
+00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,460
+especially for William Woodworth. Memory as a
+
+227
+00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:59,300
+theme. Memory as a tool of recollecting something
+
+228
+00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:02,500
+when you are in tranquility. And this tranquility,
+
+229
+00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:07,040
+you know tranquility? Tranquility, tranquil. Like
+
+230
+00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,430
+peace of mind. Like peace of mind, you're living
+
+231
+00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:16,490
+among the trees in nature, mother nature. You feel
+
+232
+00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:22,310
+at peace. You're peaceful. There are no troubles,
+
+233
+00:14:22,750 --> 00:14:26,630
+no problems, no corruption, no city life issues.
+
+234
+00:14:26,830 --> 00:14:31,810
+You're just in tranquility. That's basically what
+
+235
+00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:36,450
+tranquility is more or less here. To be alone, in
+
+236
+00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:40,870
+solitude, all alone, by yourself, somewhere in
+
+237
+00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:44,910
+nature, among natural elements. So you recollect
+
+238
+00:14:44,910 --> 00:14:46,770
+this. When you go to the city, you will not be
+
+239
+00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:49,110
+able to write this kind of poetry according to
+
+240
+00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:54,210
+William Wordsworth. alone somewhere in nature. So
+
+241
+00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,150
+when you feel this peace, peace of mind, when you
+
+242
+00:14:58,150 --> 00:15:01,090
+don't have trouble or problems from life and work
+
+243
+00:15:01,090 --> 00:15:05,230
+and factories and the industry, you can recollect
+
+244
+00:15:05,230 --> 00:15:10,410
+all the amazing or at least they can spontaneously
+
+245
+00:15:10,410 --> 00:15:14,310
+flow these powerful emotions or experiences. So
+
+246
+00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:17,310
+what is poetry according to William Wordsworth? A
+
+247
+00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:19,510
+spontaneous of a flow of powerful emotions
+
+248
+00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:23,260
+recollected in tranquility. Difficult? Big words?
+
+249
+00:15:25,780 --> 00:15:29,500
+Okay, overflow of powerful emotions recollected in
+
+250
+00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:34,120
+tranquility, recollected in peace. Now the
+
+251
+00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:39,010
+diction, the language itself is the real language
+
+252
+00:15:39,010 --> 00:15:42,790
+of men. Men and women, of course. Don't feel
+
+253
+00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:47,150
+offended. But this is why English generally was
+
+254
+00:15:47,150 --> 00:15:50,970
+considered the sexist language because many people
+
+255
+00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:54,230
+were considering women to be second class and
+
+256
+00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:56,450
+intellectual. And many people would defend this,
+
+257
+00:15:56,750 --> 00:16:01,650
+saying that men also includes women. So this is
+
+258
+00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:04,490
+the language of ordinary people, the masses. My
+
+259
+00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,650
+language, your language, everyday language, the
+
+260
+00:16:07,650 --> 00:16:12,130
+masses. And the subject matter includes situations
+
+261
+00:16:12,130 --> 00:16:16,770
+from common life. Not from the palace, not from
+
+262
+00:16:16,770 --> 00:16:19,510
+the court, not from the church, not from heaven
+
+263
+00:16:19,510 --> 00:16:23,370
+even. We've seen Milton go up to heaven, to God
+
+264
+00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:25,870
+and Adam and Eve and Satan, to the original sin.
+
+265
+00:16:26,410 --> 00:16:29,130
+So spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions
+
+266
+00:16:29,130 --> 00:16:34,330
+recollected in tranquility. And the language of
+
+267
+00:16:34,330 --> 00:16:42,050
+everyday men, situations from common mind. Let's
+
+268
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:48,070
+see this poem and try to examine the definitions.
+
+269
+00:16:49,310 --> 00:16:54,300
+The features and William Wordsworth. Theory of
+
+270
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,860
+Romanticism. This is a poem, it's called The
+
+271
+00:16:56,860 --> 00:16:57,400
+Daffodils.
+
+272
+00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,700
+It has four, I'll post this online, so just please
+
+273
+00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,340
+pay attention. It has four stanzas, let me read
+
+274
+00:17:08,340 --> 00:17:11,620
+them and do some commentary later on. The
+
+275
+00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:15,860
+Daffodils, you know daffodils? The yellow roses,
+
+276
+00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:22,800
+flowers. I wandered, I wandered lonely as a cloud
+
+277
+00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:29,500
+that floats on high o'er vales and hills, when all
+
+278
+00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,240
+at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils
+
+279
+00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:38,120
+beside the lake beneath the trees, fluttering and
+
+280
+00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:42,990
+dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars
+
+281
+00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:46,570
+that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way, they
+
+282
+00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:49,850
+stretched in never-ending line along the margin of
+
+283
+00:17:49,850 --> 00:17:53,990
+a bay. Ten thousand saw I at a glance tossing
+
+284
+00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:59,910
+their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside
+
+285
+00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:03,990
+them danced, but they outdid the sparkling waves
+
+286
+00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:07,470
+in glee. A poet could not but be gay in such a
+
+287
+00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:12,610
+jocund company. I gazed. and gazed but little
+
+288
+00:18:12,610 --> 00:18:18,370
+thought what wealth the show to me had brought for
+
+289
+00:18:18,370 --> 00:18:23,790
+oft when on my couch I lie in vacant or in pensive
+
+290
+00:18:23,790 --> 00:18:29,450
+mood they flash upon that inward eye which is the
+
+291
+00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:34,590
+bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure
+
+292
+00:18:34,590 --> 00:18:40,450
+fills and dances with the daffodils And that's a
+
+293
+00:18:40,450 --> 00:18:44,950
+poem. And that, by the way, this is the most
+
+294
+00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:47,390
+canonical romantic poem, the most famous romantic
+
+295
+00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:50,510
+poem. You will study it many times in the future.
+
+296
+00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:54,150
+Today we're just going to see the major features
+
+297
+00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:58,550
+of romanticism according to William Wordsworth. So
+
+298
+00:18:58,550 --> 00:19:02,270
+if you look at the first stanza we have here,
+
+299
+00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:07,270
+Again, we can see several of the features we're
+
+300
+00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,490
+talking about here. There's nature here, right?
+
+301
+00:19:10,810 --> 00:19:13,910
+Individualism, I, personal experience, right?
+
+302
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:18,710
+Nature everywhere, floats. Are these difficult
+
+303
+00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:23,390
+words? Most of them. Even if you don't know what
+
+304
+00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:27,150
+it means, you can easily guess from the context.
+
+305
+00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:29,510
+Or at least you can know that this is a natural
+
+306
+00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:33,150
+element. So what is he saying? He's saying, I
+
+307
+00:19:33,150 --> 00:19:38,850
+wandered lonely as a cloud. And remember in the
+
+308
+00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:43,120
+past, We said there's something called a metaphor
+
+309
+00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:46,720
+and a simile. A simile is where you say something
+
+310
+00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,480
+is like or as something. When you use the word is
+
+311
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,820
+or like, this is a simile. And this is how you
+
+312
+00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:56,960
+write a simile. Where you pronounce the E by the
+
+313
+00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:00,900
+way. And generally, a simile is easier than a
+
+314
+00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,580
+metaphor. I know people who do research on the
+
+315
+00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:06,160
+simile and the metaphor. A metaphor is generally
+
+316
+00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,200
+not clear. The meaning is implied. You don't know
+
+317
+00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,900
+when you say, the teacher roared. I'm just being
+
+318
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,720
+very simplistic here. The teacher roared. You
+
+319
+00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,020
+know, roar is a word you use to describe a lion.
+
+320
+00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:21,560
+So what does that indicate? He spoke loudly. He
+
+321
+00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:24,740
+was angry. He was hungry. You just can't make up
+
+322
+00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:29,990
+your mind. But when you say the teacher ate like a
+
+323
+00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:33,570
+lion or spoke like a lion, so the word like makes
+
+324
+00:20:33,570 --> 00:20:36,870
+it easy for you to know where you're going. So he
+
+325
+00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:40,190
+chooses here a cloud, which is a natural element.
+
+326
+00:20:40,550 --> 00:20:49,030
+And cloud, he could have said a tree, right? But a
+
+327
+00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:52,350
+tree doesn't wander, right? It doesn't move just a
+
+328
+00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:55,290
+little bit. It's fixed. So he doesn't pick this.
+
+329
+00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:58,710
+Or he could have said, I wandered lonely as a cow,
+
+330
+00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:05,510
+or as a sheep, or as a bird. But he chooses a
+
+331
+00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:07,570
+cloud. A cloud.
+
+332
+00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,800
+Thank you. It's up above. That's one. What else
+
+333
+00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,700
+about cloud that makes it really interesting for
+
+334
+00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:21,440
+William Wadsworth? It takes water and gives water.
+
+335
+00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:22,240
+Thank you. What else?
+
+336
+00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,760
+It can easily be reached probably also through...
+
+337
+00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:33,540
+White? It's also wild. White. White probably
+
+338
+00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:36,600
+signifies, but not always white, but could be gray
+
+339
+00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,260
+sometimes or dark or black. And sometimes,
+
+340
+00:21:40,740 --> 00:21:44,380
+generally, it's free. The issue of being free here
+
+341
+00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:48,940
+is highlighted. It moves freely. No human being
+
+342
+00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:53,020
+can control it in a way. It's up above from the,
+
+343
+00:21:53,540 --> 00:21:58,540
+what is going on down, that floats on high ore
+
+344
+00:21:58,540 --> 00:22:03,940
+veils and hills. The high places, the low places.
+
+345
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,720
+Or the low places, high places. When all at once,
+
+346
+00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,980
+I, I saw, I also saw, notice the tense here is
+
+347
+00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:17,390
+past simple, right? I saw a crowd, and a crowd
+
+348
+00:22:17,390 --> 00:22:19,690
+generally a crowd of people, a crowd of something.
+
+349
+00:22:20,430 --> 00:22:23,530
+Crowd could be negative, right? If it's crowded,
+
+350
+00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:27,290
+not always, but if it's crowded, it's bad. There
+
+351
+00:22:27,290 --> 00:22:29,370
+is a good crowd, like a lot of people are coming.
+
+352
+00:22:29,970 --> 00:22:32,110
+And then he repeats the same word in other words,
+
+353
+00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:36,650
+in a more positive word, a host. Someone who hosts
+
+354
+00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:39,310
+you, someone who takes care of you, hospitability
+
+355
+00:22:39,310 --> 00:22:44,230
+here. A host of golden daffodils. So the daffodils
+
+356
+00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:47,650
+are described as golden and they are personified
+
+357
+00:22:47,650 --> 00:22:53,010
+as welcoming, hosting you. They attract you. They
+
+358
+00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:56,370
+make you feel at home, at peace, tranquility and
+
+359
+00:22:56,370 --> 00:23:00,330
+solitude. Where? Where did he see them? Beside the
+
+360
+00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:03,050
+lake beneath the trees. Although he was up above,
+
+361
+00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:06,430
+he saw them like the clouds because the power of
+
+362
+00:23:06,430 --> 00:23:09,150
+imagination, the onward eye, fluttering and
+
+363
+00:23:09,150 --> 00:23:13,470
+dancing in the breeze. Dancing is also a
+
+364
+00:23:13,470 --> 00:23:16,450
+personification. Generally, people dance, not
+
+365
+00:23:16,450 --> 00:23:20,150
+flowers. So what is happening here is the man, the
+
+366
+00:23:20,150 --> 00:23:27,170
+poet, is depersonified. He is likened to... A
+
+367
+00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:30,950
+cloud. But nature is personified. And that's an
+
+368
+00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:35,710
+interesting mixture of exchanging of places. If
+
+369
+00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:42,470
+you go for the rhyme scheme, it should be A, B, A,
+
+370
+00:23:42,710 --> 00:23:49,370
+B, C, C. So A, B, A, B, and then we have a couplet
+
+371
+00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:53,230
+here. Yeah, trees and breeze. So what happens
+
+372
+00:23:53,230 --> 00:24:00,760
+next? Continuous. So the scene of daffodils were
+
+373
+00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,900
+continuous as, again, another simile, as the stars
+
+374
+00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:08,540
+that shine and twinkle in the milky way, they,
+
+375
+00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,960
+again referring to the daffodils, stretched past
+
+376
+00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:17,740
+simple never-ending line along the margin of a bay
+
+377
+00:24:17,740 --> 00:24:23,590
+near the water, 10,000 so high at once. At a
+
+378
+00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:26,650
+glance? Yeah. Saw I at a glance. Just one glance
+
+379
+00:24:26,650 --> 00:24:29,670
+and 10,000 daffodils. That's how overwhelmingly
+
+380
+00:24:29,670 --> 00:24:36,150
+beautiful nature is. 10,000, it should be I saw 10
+
+381
+00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:39,650
+,000 at a glance. But the emphasis on the nature
+
+382
+00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:42,230
+rather than on the man himself seeing this.
+
+383
+00:24:42,330 --> 00:24:44,970
+Because nature will make you in a way react to
+
+384
+00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:48,710
+this. Saw I at once at a glance tossing their
+
+385
+00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:52,270
+heads, emphasizing what? The personification here,
+
+386
+00:24:52,450 --> 00:24:56,010
+tossing their heads in a sprightly dance again.
+
+387
+00:24:56,170 --> 00:24:59,870
+And that's how beautiful and pure nature is. The
+
+388
+00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:03,510
+waves, so because of this scene, the waves were
+
+389
+00:25:03,510 --> 00:25:08,390
+dancing. The waves beside them danced, also past
+
+390
+00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:12,510
+simple, but they, referring to the daffodils,
+
+391
+00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:17,150
+outdid the, also past simple, the sparkling waves
+
+392
+00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:22,890
+in glee, A poet could not but be gay in such a
+
+393
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:29,150
+jocund company. I gazed and gazed, but little
+
+394
+00:25:29,150 --> 00:25:31,530
+thought. You remember? The feelings, the senses,
+
+395
+00:25:31,750 --> 00:25:35,180
+the emotions, the heart just You're looking at the
+
+396
+00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:38,700
+amazing magical magisterial scene. He didn't
+
+397
+00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:42,320
+think. If it is an ordinary poet, like an Augustan
+
+398
+00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:46,520
+poet, they would think more than gazing, like, ah,
+
+399
+00:25:46,780 --> 00:25:50,980
+what an interesting rose or daffodil or flower.
+
+400
+00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,900
+Maybe this looks like something. He doesn't care
+
+401
+00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,260
+about what it looks like. He cares much about the
+
+402
+00:25:56,260 --> 00:25:59,700
+inspiration, the imagination, the feelings, the
+
+403
+00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:04,080
+beauty. I gazed and gazed. But little thought what
+
+404
+00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,820
+wealth the show to me had brought. I didn't care
+
+405
+00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:10,340
+about what it brought to me. All I cared about was
+
+406
+00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:14,300
+the scene and gazing and absorbing the beauty of
+
+407
+00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,300
+nature. Look also at the past simple and past
+
+408
+00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,140
+simple. Now, if you go to the rhyme scheme, the
+
+409
+00:26:20,140 --> 00:26:23,540
+rhyme scheme was A, B, A, B, C, C. Second
+
+410
+00:26:23,540 --> 00:26:26,300
+syllable, second sounds are the same. And here we
+
+411
+00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:33,780
+have they, B, B, K, Company. Company. Company.
+
+412
+00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:36,120
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+413
+00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:36,400
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+414
+00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:36,480
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+415
+00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,320
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+416
+00:26:40,060 --> 00:26:42,120
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+417
+00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,140
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+418
+00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,180
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+419
+00:26:42,180 --> 00:26:42,260
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+420
+00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:42,500
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+421
+00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:42,520
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+422
+00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:42,580
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+423
+00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+424
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:43,620
+company. company. company.
+
+425
+00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:53,820
+company. company. company. company. company.
+
+426
+00:26:57,760 --> 00:26:58,080
+company.
+
+427
+00:27:02,060 --> 00:27:03,780
+Because the poet is indicating that there is
+
+428
+00:27:03,780 --> 00:27:06,540
+something wrong with this symmetry. It looks
+
+429
+00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,780
+symmetrical and perfect, but in reality it has
+
+430
+00:27:09,780 --> 00:27:13,580
+trouble. It has problems. The second stanza had
+
+431
+00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:15,720
+also a perfect rhyme, and the last stanza had a
+
+432
+00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,400
+perfect rhyme. So this is the only stanza that has
+
+433
+00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:22,030
+Imperfect rhyme, there could be a reason. But more
+
+434
+00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:25,030
+interesting to me is the fact that the poet shifts
+
+435
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:31,830
+from I, I, I, I wandered lonely, so I, and then he
+
+436
+00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:36,110
+moves to say a poet could not but be gay to
+
+437
+00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:44,850
+generally he or she. Why did he shift from he,
+
+438
+00:27:45,290 --> 00:27:47,690
+from I to he or to she?
+
+439
+00:27:54,620 --> 00:27:57,300
+The word gay means happy. So it's not about he's
+
+440
+00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,020
+ashamed that people will say he's gay. Gay is
+
+441
+00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:04,720
+happy. In the past, it meant happy. So a poet
+
+442
+00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,060
+could not, could not, but there's emphasis here.
+
+443
+00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,180
+In Arabic, we call this hasr wa qasr, right, for
+
+444
+00:28:10,180 --> 00:28:15,940
+emphasis. So I couldn't but be happy means I am
+
+445
+00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:19,380
+happy, very happy actually. There's no way I can't
+
+446
+00:28:19,380 --> 00:28:23,240
+be happy. So there is negative here for emphasis.
+
+447
+00:28:24,060 --> 00:28:28,440
+There's an imperfect rhyme here. in this area, and
+
+448
+00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,560
+there is a shift from the first-person narrator to
+
+449
+00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,120
+the third-person narrator. To show that this
+
+450
+00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:38,860
+perfect scene could make any person's emotions
+
+451
+00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:41,560
+especially good because... They have more
+
+452
+00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,200
+sensitivity. Yes, make him happy. Thank you.
+
+453
+00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:50,820
+Interesting. Yes? The bias came from B or A? A, B,
+
+454
+00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:52,060
+A, B.
+
+455
+00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,860
+They and gay is different. This is the sound.
+
+456
+00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:03,340
+You will learn how to do the phonemic
+
+457
+00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:09,590
+transcription hopefully next year. Yes? So we have
+
+458
+00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:12,950
+a suggestion here, because this is all poets. All
+
+459
+00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:15,570
+poets, because poets especially have the
+
+460
+00:29:15,570 --> 00:29:18,310
+sensibility, the emotions, the extra emotions to
+
+461
+00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,870
+do, to react to this beautiful scene in nature. So
+
+462
+00:29:21,870 --> 00:29:25,070
+all people, especially poets, will be happy. That
+
+463
+00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:27,950
+is true, but I think there is more to this. Let me
+
+464
+00:29:27,950 --> 00:29:31,070
+go back to this after I finish the last sentence,
+
+465
+00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:34,770
+OK? So we'll go back to a poet could not but be
+
+466
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,640
+gay, because he could have easily said, I was gay.
+
+467
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:43,680
+I was happy. The last stanza, this is how it ends.
+
+468
+00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,020
+Notice there is a change in what? The first thing.
+
+469
+00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,420
+He shifts
+
+470
+00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:58,800
+to the present and also we have something back. We
+
+471
+00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,780
+have the I back.
+
+472
+00:30:06,350 --> 00:30:10,430
+Why is, again, the poem is part past simple and
+
+473
+00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:14,730
+part present simple? So what's going on now?
+
+474
+00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:18,590
+How?
+
+475
+00:30:21,410 --> 00:30:23,950
+So how did the story happen? Where is the poet
+
+476
+00:30:23,950 --> 00:30:27,310
+now? Very now? He's in the present. What is he
+
+477
+00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:31,710
+doing? Oh, recollecting tranquility. And that's an
+
+478
+00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:34,190
+interesting romantic issue here. You need to pay
+
+479
+00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:36,630
+attention to the tenses to know what's going on.
+
+480
+00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:39,910
+So what is the poet doing? He says, for oft, when
+
+481
+00:30:39,910 --> 00:30:45,290
+on my couch I lie. When I lie, I lie down.
+
+482
+00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:48,990
+Remember, tranquility, peace of mind, carefree,
+
+483
+00:30:49,210 --> 00:30:51,930
+carefree, nothing to bother him, nothing to
+
+484
+00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:55,410
+trouble him. What happens? Whether he is in vacant
+
+485
+00:30:55,410 --> 00:31:00,930
+or in pensive mood, They, referring to? The
+
+486
+00:31:00,930 --> 00:31:05,310
+daffodils. They flash, not something he sees first
+
+487
+00:31:05,310 --> 00:31:08,810
+experience. They flash upon the inward eye, in his
+
+488
+00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:13,750
+imagination, inside him. His mind's eye, his
+
+489
+00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:17,470
+heart's eye, I would say. They flash upon the
+
+490
+00:31:17,470 --> 00:31:21,630
+inward eye, which is the bliss of solitude.
+
+491
+00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:24,910
+Solitude from solo. From being alone. Being alone.
+
+492
+00:31:25,210 --> 00:31:29,830
+Not emotionally, just no one around you. Bliss.
+
+493
+00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:34,830
+This is a bliss of solitude. This is, as a result,
+
+494
+00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:38,690
+this is a good advantage of being alone in nature,
+
+495
+00:31:38,930 --> 00:31:43,570
+individuality. What happens then? How does the
+
+496
+00:31:43,570 --> 00:31:47,500
+poet, the I, react? His heart with pleasure fills
+
+497
+00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:52,780
+and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances
+
+498
+00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:56,480
+with the daffodils. When we speak normally,
+
+499
+00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,540
+naturally, the determiners, the articles, the
+
+500
+00:31:59,540 --> 00:32:02,040
+prepositions, the auxiliaries are not generally
+
+501
+00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:07,120
+stressed. When I say, I went with him. I went with
+
+502
+00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,000
+her. She came with me. You don't say, she came
+
+503
+00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,720
+with me. But here, when you count the stressed and
+
+504
+00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,020
+unstressed syllables, something you'll study later
+
+505
+00:32:15,020 --> 00:32:19,120
+on, this with is emphasized, is stressed. It
+
+506
+00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,500
+becomes and dances with the daffodils, because the
+
+507
+00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:25,600
+theme is withness with nature, togetherness with
+
+508
+00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:29,160
+nature, unity, melting down, becoming nature, and
+
+509
+00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,320
+nature overwhelmingly
+
+510
+00:32:33,430 --> 00:32:35,930
+claiming you, controlling you. So this is the
+
+511
+00:32:35,930 --> 00:32:39,150
+reaction of the poet. His heart with pleasure
+
+512
+00:32:39,150 --> 00:32:44,230
+fills. It overflows with pleasure. And he, it's
+
+513
+00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:48,290
+not clear here whether he says like he himself
+
+514
+00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:51,570
+dances with the daffodils or his heart, both. But
+
+515
+00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:55,630
+here it's probably more his heart doing this and
+
+516
+00:32:55,630 --> 00:32:59,070
+dances with the daffodils. So this is a reaction.
+
+517
+00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,770
+What is the difference between this reaction and
+
+518
+00:33:02,770 --> 00:33:06,650
+this reaction. This is a romantic poet, in my
+
+519
+00:33:06,650 --> 00:33:12,810
+opinion. You just don't react. You just fill your
+
+520
+00:33:12,810 --> 00:33:17,190
+heart with pleasure, with beauty and innocence of
+
+521
+00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:20,030
+nature. And as a result, you become a totally
+
+522
+00:33:20,030 --> 00:33:23,730
+different person. You remember. You recollect. Not
+
+523
+00:33:23,730 --> 00:33:26,930
+once. Not an instant reaction. You just don't look
+
+524
+00:33:26,930 --> 00:33:30,150
+at the daffodils and then You react in this
+
+525
+00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,430
+particular way. A romantic poet generally
+
+526
+00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:37,170
+encounters something, sees something. They don't
+
+527
+00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:39,670
+react instantly, because this is going to be
+
+528
+00:33:39,670 --> 00:33:42,270
+artificial. If you see a beautiful scene, nature,
+
+529
+00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:45,330
+element, something, and you write poetry
+
+530
+00:33:45,330 --> 00:33:47,850
+instantly, according to the romantics generally,
+
+531
+00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:50,050
+this is not good poetry. So you just absorb
+
+532
+00:33:50,050 --> 00:33:52,550
+everything. You store this. You know store? You
+
+533
+00:33:52,550 --> 00:33:56,860
+bear it. He used the word bear, actually. There
+
+534
+00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:00,160
+was bear in this or that was another poem. So he
+
+535
+00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,280
+keeps it somewhere. When he is in solitude, alone,
+
+536
+00:34:05,620 --> 00:34:08,320
+in vacant or impulsive mood, when he's lying on
+
+537
+00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,140
+his couch all alone, he recollects. He remembers.
+
+538
+00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:17,680
+He recalls this experience and then starts to live
+
+539
+00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:21,680
+it again. And this is more powerful for the
+
+540
+00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:25,720
+romantics than reacting to a scene you just see.
+
+541
+00:34:26,060 --> 00:34:30,280
+So what's going on here? In my opinion, this is a
+
+542
+00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,240
+direct criticism from William Wordsworth to
+
+543
+00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:38,140
+classical Augustan poets. He's saying any ordinary
+
+544
+00:34:38,140 --> 00:34:42,870
+poet would just only feel happy. but not William
+
+545
+00:34:42,870 --> 00:34:47,370
+Wordsworth, the romantic poet. So a poet, this is
+
+546
+00:34:47,370 --> 00:34:49,650
+the shift. This is the negative here. And this is
+
+547
+00:34:49,650 --> 00:34:52,230
+the imperfect trying. This is an imperfect
+
+548
+00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:55,470
+reaction on nature. If you just react to nature by
+
+549
+00:34:55,470 --> 00:35:00,110
+being happy, that's not what it, you know, it
+
+550
+00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,710
+takes more to be a romantic poet, to be like us,
+
+551
+00:35:04,010 --> 00:35:06,510
+the romantics. And that's why in the end, the poem
+
+552
+00:35:06,510 --> 00:35:10,570
+ends with, and then, my heart with pleasure fills.
+
+553
+00:35:11,420 --> 00:35:13,460
+and dances with the daffodils. There is an
+
+554
+00:35:13,460 --> 00:35:17,160
+interesting fact here. William Wordsworth, when he
+
+555
+00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,500
+saw the daffodils, he saw them for real. He had
+
+556
+00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:25,590
+his sister Dorothy with him. And in her diaries,
+
+557
+00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,350
+you know, diaries, there is an entry where she
+
+558
+00:35:29,350 --> 00:35:32,230
+tells us something about, I was working with Will,
+
+559
+00:35:32,590 --> 00:35:35,490
+Willie, or Bill, I don't know what she called him,
+
+560
+00:35:35,650 --> 00:35:39,230
+but William Wadsworth, and we saw this beautiful,
+
+561
+00:35:39,630 --> 00:35:42,350
+magical, it was magisterial, the daffodils,
+
+562
+00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:45,230
+everything. She describes this in prose, very
+
+563
+00:35:45,230 --> 00:35:50,910
+beautiful. But here, where is she in the poem? Is
+
+564
+00:35:50,910 --> 00:35:56,410
+she in the poem? He kicks her out because two is a
+
+565
+00:35:56,410 --> 00:36:00,520
+company. Two is a company, and this is more about
+
+566
+00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:04,140
+a personal, self-expressive experience about
+
+567
+00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:07,200
+individuality. Some people would hate him for
+
+568
+00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,240
+doing this. He's silencing her. Hey, Dorothy, get
+
+569
+00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:13,020
+out of this, which is an anti-feminist thing.
+
+570
+00:36:13,740 --> 00:36:15,540
+Maybe you can take it this way, but generally,
+
+571
+00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:18,040
+because this is what the romanticist is saying,
+
+572
+00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,660
+his own experience, and the sister can say her own
+
+573
+00:36:21,660 --> 00:36:28,010
+experience in a way or another. A final point, we
+
+574
+00:36:28,010 --> 00:36:29,810
+don't have time to go for Lucy Gray, another
+
+575
+00:36:29,810 --> 00:36:32,230
+beautiful poem, but next class we can do Lucy Gray
+
+576
+00:36:32,230 --> 00:36:35,430
+and we go back to Blake's London. We'll have time
+
+577
+00:36:35,430 --> 00:36:39,130
+to do that. One final thing I want to say about
+
+578
+00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,290
+the romantics is the fact that there's something
+
+579
+00:36:41,290 --> 00:36:46,030
+called, not baby actually, childlike experience.
+
+580
+00:36:51,610 --> 00:36:55,470
+Childlike experience. What is this? The romantics
+
+581
+00:36:55,470 --> 00:36:58,890
+say the most beautiful, important, significant
+
+582
+00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:01,830
+thing about city, about the romantics themselves,
+
+583
+00:37:02,490 --> 00:37:07,810
+is they have this romantic childlike reaction to
+
+584
+00:37:07,810 --> 00:37:13,180
+life. They believe because of corruption and
+
+585
+00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:15,240
+pollution in the city and the factories and the
+
+586
+00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:18,080
+industrial revolution, people go out early in the
+
+587
+00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,160
+morning, they keep working until late hours, and
+
+588
+00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,600
+they don't have time to appreciate life themselves
+
+589
+00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,840
+or nature or the environment, right? They're
+
+590
+00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,340
+always busy. They believe that the city has a
+
+591
+00:37:31,340 --> 00:37:35,560
+veil. You know what veil is? Veil. Veil, like
+
+592
+00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:40,680
+hijab. A veil of familiarity. You know familiar?
+
+593
+00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:44,880
+Familiarity? What is familiarity in Arabic? Ulfa.
+
+594
+00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,640
+Thank you. Yeah, yeah. So the city life adds a
+
+595
+00:37:49,640 --> 00:37:52,960
+veil of familiarity. Like here, you for example,
+
+596
+00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:56,620
+us. We're always rushing and busy and competing
+
+597
+00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:58,720
+and running. We have classes. We have exams. We
+
+598
+00:37:58,720 --> 00:38:00,940
+have quizzes. We have to read, right? We have to
+
+599
+00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:03,420
+do assignments. We have to take a taxi. We care
+
+600
+00:38:03,420 --> 00:38:06,300
+about our parents and the salaries and the work.
+
+601
+00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:08,540
+And what should I do when I finish this? There is
+
+602
+00:38:08,540 --> 00:38:11,440
+a lot. of care here, a lot of trouble, a lot of
+
+603
+00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,180
+problems, that we don't sometimes stop to
+
+604
+00:38:14,180 --> 00:38:16,840
+appreciate the moon or appreciate the flowers or
+
+605
+00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,120
+the roses or even the cats here at campus, right?
+
+606
+00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,880
+Maybe you play with the cats once in a while, but
+
+607
+00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,760
+how many times did you stop to appreciate a rose
+
+608
+00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,590
+or a flower? And even these roses and flowers,
+
+609
+00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:30,290
+they are artificial. They are man-made in a way
+
+610
+00:38:30,290 --> 00:38:33,590
+that man controls them and keeps trimming them. If
+
+611
+00:38:33,590 --> 00:38:36,470
+your friend tells you, hey, look at the moon.
+
+612
+00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:39,090
+There's a super moon. It's beautiful. Maybe you
+
+613
+00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:41,680
+don't even see the moon through your window. And
+
+614
+00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,520
+maybe you don't have the time because you are on
+
+615
+00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:45,980
+social media spending time and chatting. Maybe
+
+616
+00:38:45,980 --> 00:38:48,320
+because you only have four hours of electricity
+
+617
+00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:52,020
+here in Gaza that you just want to do your stuff
+
+618
+00:38:52,020 --> 00:38:53,640
+that requires electricity, that you don't care
+
+619
+00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,040
+about nature. So the romantics say life,
+
+620
+00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:01,560
+especially in the city, has added some sort of
+
+621
+00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:08,650
+avail of familiarity. where we don't see things as
+
+622
+00:39:08,650 --> 00:39:12,650
+they should be seen, beautiful and majestic. So
+
+623
+00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:16,390
+they invite us to have this childlike experience.
+
+624
+00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:20,410
+Children, they always react to the same thing.
+
+625
+00:39:20,490 --> 00:39:22,910
+They see the same thing for a hundred times and
+
+626
+00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,690
+they're like, Wow, this is a childlike reaction.
+
+627
+00:39:27,130 --> 00:39:29,630
+When kids start learning words, for example, and
+
+628
+00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:32,130
+they see the lights, they keep referring to it
+
+629
+00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:36,970
+like a hundred times every day. Right? When they
+
+630
+00:39:36,970 --> 00:39:39,410
+go out, when you are in a taxi or something, they
+
+631
+00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:44,670
+see a donkey and they were like, more right like I
+
+632
+00:39:44,670 --> 00:39:48,970
+know but this is how children generally react to
+
+633
+00:39:48,970 --> 00:39:52,250
+things they see again and again but for us adults
+
+634
+00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:57,970
+experience deprives us of this beautiful child not
+
+635
+00:39:57,970 --> 00:40:02,230
+childish childlike reaction where every time you
+
+636
+00:40:02,230 --> 00:40:07,350
+see something you just So he shifts from the past
+
+637
+00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:09,710
+to the present because he's recollecting and
+
+638
+00:40:09,710 --> 00:40:13,150
+because he's telling us, I relive this beautiful
+
+639
+00:40:13,150 --> 00:40:19,410
+moment every time I want to relive this. So
+
+640
+00:40:19,410 --> 00:40:22,810
+beautiful encounter, kind of flashbacking on
+
+641
+00:40:22,810 --> 00:40:26,810
+something. Please, put this in mind. When I teach
+
+642
+00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,810
+literature, I always invite my students to
+
+643
+00:40:29,810 --> 00:40:33,310
+reconsider their lives. This is not about exams.
+
+644
+00:40:33,870 --> 00:40:36,050
+Yeah, I know you want to get high marks. You
+
+645
+00:40:36,050 --> 00:40:39,490
+should. And you study. But also think of how
+
+646
+00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:43,330
+literature can change you, can change your lives,
+
+647
+00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:45,590
+can make you better human beings, can make you
+
+648
+00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:50,530
+think, can make you grow. Exactly like movies. And
+
+649
+00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:53,210
+poetry here invites us to be different, to care
+
+650
+00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:57,530
+about others, to like, to love.
+
+651
+00:41:00,240 --> 00:41:01,980
+And this is part of the question you need to
+
+652
+00:41:01,980 --> 00:41:05,220
+answer. How literature influences life. Literature
+
+653
+00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:10,040
+is a criticism of life and a tool of empowerment.
+
+654
+00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,670
+It makes us better people, more powerful people,
+
+655
+00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:16,750
+especially for people like us here oppressed and
+
+656
+00:41:16,750 --> 00:41:19,110
+occupied by the Israeli occupation, especially if
+
+657
+00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:22,070
+we are women and we need to raise our voices and
+
+658
+00:41:22,070 --> 00:41:24,910
+reach out to people and break the barriers, break
+
+659
+00:41:24,910 --> 00:41:30,790
+the glass ceiling, break the unfavorable rules
+
+660
+00:41:30,790 --> 00:41:35,410
+around us here or there. So this is one poem by
+
+661
+00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:37,910
+William Wordsworth that has almost all the
+
+662
+00:41:37,910 --> 00:41:40,670
+features of romanticism. Nature, tick.
+
+663
+00:41:41,410 --> 00:41:44,690
+Individuality, tick. Imagination, tick. Man and
+
+664
+00:41:44,690 --> 00:41:47,390
+nature, simplicity, tick. I think you'll find two,
+
+665
+00:41:47,530 --> 00:41:50,530
+three words. Imagine yourself a native speaker in
+
+666
+00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:53,310
+grade seven in England or America. You will get
+
+667
+00:41:53,310 --> 00:41:57,670
+most of the words, if not all of them. Subject
+
+668
+00:41:57,670 --> 00:42:01,750
+matter, common life, flowers from nature, also
+
+669
+00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:10,470
+tick. What else? Recalling memory, tick. How you
+
+670
+00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:13,090
+break the rules in order to, you know, sometimes
+
+671
+00:42:13,090 --> 00:42:16,490
+to get to convey a message with the imperfect
+
+672
+00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:23,030
+rhyme, also tick. I'll stop here. And if you have
+
+673
+00:42:23,030 --> 00:42:26,330
+any question, you can definitely ask. Next class,
+
+674
+00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:29,570
+we'll continue doing Lucy Gray by William
+
+675
+00:42:29,570 --> 00:42:32,770
+Wordsworth, and we will have time to do London by
+
+676
+00:42:32,770 --> 00:42:36,670
+William Blake. Thank you very much. And hopefully
+
+677
+00:42:36,670 --> 00:42:38,610
+this will change something in you.
+
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+1
+00:00:20,810 --> 00:00:24,850
+Okay, Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Last class
+
+2
+00:00:24,850 --> 00:00:28,250
+we started discussing romanticism, romantic
+
+3
+00:00:28,250 --> 00:00:33,410
+literature and romantic poets. We spoke about the
+
+4
+00:00:33,410 --> 00:00:36,750
+major features of Romanticism and how different it
+
+5
+00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,070
+was from the poetry of the Augustan Age, or what
+
+6
+00:00:40,070 --> 00:00:44,270
+is generally known as the Neoclassical Age or the
+
+7
+00:00:44,270 --> 00:00:49,030
+Age of Reason. Before I begin, we finished talking
+
+8
+00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,930
+about William Blake. We can't speak enough about
+
+9
+00:00:51,930 --> 00:00:56,250
+William Blake. And generally, William Blake was a
+
+10
+00:00:56,250 --> 00:00:59,230
+pre-romantic. He was writing poetry from London
+
+11
+00:00:59,230 --> 00:01:01,890
+before, I think, the publication of the lyrical
+
+12
+00:01:01,890 --> 00:01:06,550
+ballads by the two major romantic figures, Samuel
+
+13
+00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,490
+Coleridge and William Wadsworth. Today, we'll see
+
+14
+00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:14,410
+what William Wadsworth has for us. But before I
+
+15
+00:01:14,410 --> 00:01:17,590
+begin doing this, I want to do some kind of
+
+16
+00:01:17,590 --> 00:01:20,420
+revision for last time's class. So could you
+
+17
+00:01:20,420 --> 00:01:22,660
+please remind me of the major features of
+
+18
+00:01:22,660 --> 00:01:25,740
+Romanticism? Why is Romantic literature or mainly
+
+19
+00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:28,800
+Romantic poetry different from the poetry of the
+
+20
+00:01:28,800 --> 00:01:32,520
+previous age? Yes. What makes Romantic poetry
+
+21
+00:01:32,520 --> 00:01:39,020
+romantic? Can you tell me, please? Okay, for the
+
+22
+00:01:39,020 --> 00:01:45,000
+Romantics, the heart controls the head, not vice
+
+23
+00:01:45,000 --> 00:01:51,730
+versa. Thank you. Please. So the romantics
+
+24
+00:01:51,730 --> 00:01:56,790
+advocated simplicity, and mainly simplicity in
+
+25
+00:01:56,790 --> 00:02:00,770
+diction, in language. You don't have to use elite,
+
+26
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,830
+highly embellished, sophisticated, powerful
+
+27
+00:02:03,830 --> 00:02:08,490
+language, language that mainly university educated
+
+28
+00:02:08,490 --> 00:02:13,370
+people would understand. Simple language. And,
+
+29
+00:02:13,510 --> 00:02:13,910
+please.
+
+30
+00:02:17,500 --> 00:02:19,860
+Thank you very much. So the subject matter, again,
+
+31
+00:02:19,980 --> 00:02:22,640
+is no longer about courtly love, the life in the
+
+32
+00:02:22,640 --> 00:02:25,100
+court and in the palace about God and kings and
+
+33
+00:02:25,100 --> 00:02:28,720
+queens and the noble families. It's taken
+
+34
+00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:32,120
+situations from the common life. And that's why
+
+35
+00:02:32,120 --> 00:02:35,300
+we'll find many poems about ordinary people, poor
+
+36
+00:02:35,300 --> 00:02:38,140
+people, about kids, about poor women, about
+
+37
+00:02:38,140 --> 00:02:42,580
+unnamed people sometimes. Yes, please. So it's
+
+38
+00:02:42,580 --> 00:02:45,100
+usually right to express themselves. Okay, so
+
+39
+00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:49,280
+poetry is now self-expression. It's no longer
+
+40
+00:02:49,280 --> 00:02:54,060
+didactic. In the sense that before this, following
+
+41
+00:02:54,060 --> 00:02:56,660
+the rules of decorum literature in general, poetry
+
+42
+00:02:56,660 --> 00:03:01,880
+had to teach and please, to teach and delight. So
+
+43
+00:03:01,880 --> 00:03:05,740
+the significant point is, what influence is your
+
+44
+00:03:05,740 --> 00:03:08,120
+poetry going to have on the others, on the
+
+45
+00:03:08,120 --> 00:03:11,760
+readers, on your audiences? But now poetry is self
+
+46
+00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:16,120
+-expression. A poet has extra comprehensive
+
+47
+00:03:16,120 --> 00:03:19,240
+sensibility to use his feelings and his
+
+48
+00:03:19,240 --> 00:03:24,760
+imagination in order to convey particular emotions
+
+49
+00:03:24,760 --> 00:03:28,760
+and experiences of his own. That's why generally
+
+50
+00:03:28,760 --> 00:03:33,740
+the speaker in, for example, William Wadsworth's
+
+51
+00:03:33,740 --> 00:03:36,460
+poetry, the speaker is William Wadsworth himself.
+
+52
+00:03:37,770 --> 00:03:41,990
+Because the I is the poet. Self-expressive. The
+
+53
+00:03:41,990 --> 00:03:45,450
+first person narrator. Yes? Nature was a source of
+
+54
+00:03:45,450 --> 00:03:48,110
+expression unlike the city, which is a source of
+
+55
+00:03:48,110 --> 00:03:51,190
+corruption. Thank you. Generally, romantic poetry
+
+56
+00:03:51,190 --> 00:03:55,550
+is poetry that is described as anti-city. Because
+
+57
+00:03:55,550 --> 00:03:58,870
+we've seen how the city has become the politics,
+
+58
+00:03:58,990 --> 00:04:00,930
+the political division, the corruption, the
+
+59
+00:04:00,930 --> 00:04:02,550
+factories, the industrial revolution, and
+
+60
+00:04:02,550 --> 00:04:06,450
+everything. So in a way, the romantic said, OK,
+
+61
+00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:10,210
+This is enough. But instead of fixing the problem,
+
+62
+00:04:10,350 --> 00:04:15,120
+working on the problems, They make escape. They
+
+63
+00:04:15,120 --> 00:04:17,040
+kind of escape. And that's why some people
+
+64
+00:04:17,040 --> 00:04:19,940
+criticize them as escapists. Escapism. Escapism.
+
+65
+00:04:20,020 --> 00:04:22,740
+Escapism is when you don't have to face the
+
+66
+00:04:22,740 --> 00:04:24,780
+problem, to come with the problem face to face.
+
+67
+00:04:24,800 --> 00:04:28,500
+You just leave it somewhere and you go to live
+
+68
+00:04:28,500 --> 00:04:32,100
+your life somewhere else. So nature was a source
+
+69
+00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:34,540
+of inspiration. And we've seen nature in
+
+70
+00:04:34,540 --> 00:04:36,640
+Shakespeare and other poets. But remember
+
+71
+00:04:36,640 --> 00:04:40,420
+Shakespeare would like Use, utilize, and exploit
+
+72
+00:04:40,420 --> 00:04:42,260
+nature. Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
+
+73
+00:04:42,560 --> 00:04:45,600
+And then he goes on to speak how his beloved, or
+
+74
+00:04:45,600 --> 00:04:50,660
+the dark lady, is more beautiful than nature, than
+
+75
+00:04:50,660 --> 00:04:54,820
+a summer's day. But here, nature is the theme.
+
+76
+00:04:55,180 --> 00:04:57,700
+Nature is the poem itself. And we'll see William
+
+77
+00:04:57,700 --> 00:05:03,640
+Wordsworth in a bit. More. Please. Say again?
+
+78
+00:05:04,100 --> 00:05:04,880
+Childhood. OK.
+
+79
+00:05:08,810 --> 00:05:12,410
+Inspiration. So we have simplicity, purity,
+
+80
+00:05:12,830 --> 00:05:15,890
+innocence. Inspiration can be taken from
+
+81
+00:05:15,890 --> 00:05:19,570
+childhood. And childhood, even childhood in the
+
+82
+00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:23,190
+city was corrupted because kids were also sent to
+
+83
+00:05:23,190 --> 00:05:26,430
+work in factories here and there and places where
+
+84
+00:05:26,430 --> 00:05:34,510
+their future, everything was destroyed, ruined. So
+
+85
+00:05:34,510 --> 00:05:38,470
+those poets believe that the child is the father
+
+86
+00:05:38,470 --> 00:05:41,590
+of man. And this is actually a line by William
+
+87
+00:05:41,590 --> 00:05:45,490
+Wadsworth himself, because an adult can learn a
+
+88
+00:05:45,490 --> 00:05:50,270
+lot from childhood from children. And childhood
+
+89
+00:05:50,270 --> 00:05:53,370
+doesn't have to be a particular age. It could be a
+
+90
+00:05:53,370 --> 00:05:56,770
+state of mind, like innocence and experience. It's
+
+91
+00:05:56,770 --> 00:05:59,930
+a state of mind. You could be innocent. You could
+
+92
+00:05:59,930 --> 00:06:04,940
+be experienced, depending on the situation, but
+
+93
+00:06:04,940 --> 00:06:07,260
+generally they were advocating a state of
+
+94
+00:06:07,260 --> 00:06:11,120
+innocence, which you can find in the countryside.
+
+95
+00:06:12,780 --> 00:06:18,520
+More, please. For the romantics, the intellect and
+
+96
+00:06:18,520 --> 00:06:23,220
+reason were dangerous, and like the Augustans, the
+
+97
+00:06:23,220 --> 00:06:26,760
+imaginations and emotions were dangerous. So for
+
+98
+00:06:26,760 --> 00:06:30,740
+the romantics, imagination is one of the most
+
+99
+00:06:30,740 --> 00:06:33,260
+powerful faculties a person could have. And they
+
+100
+00:06:33,260 --> 00:06:38,440
+were encouraging us to look more inside our hearts
+
+101
+00:06:38,440 --> 00:06:41,460
+and to use our imagination. And this is connected
+
+102
+00:06:41,460 --> 00:06:45,380
+with feelings and connected with memory. We've
+
+103
+00:06:45,380 --> 00:06:48,830
+seen, I think, The Sick Rose last class. What is
+
+104
+00:06:48,830 --> 00:06:52,490
+it about? We came up with like what, ten themes?
+
+105
+00:06:52,930 --> 00:06:55,950
+Some of the themes could have been meant by the
+
+106
+00:06:55,950 --> 00:06:59,610
+poet himself. But even now, today, we can give
+
+107
+00:06:59,610 --> 00:07:02,770
+extra meanings to the text. And that's why the
+
+108
+00:07:02,770 --> 00:07:05,750
+reader as an individual is significant to the
+
+109
+00:07:05,750 --> 00:07:10,070
+romantic poet. We are encouraged to use our
+
+110
+00:07:10,070 --> 00:07:13,330
+imagination to give our own interpretations to to
+
+111
+00:07:13,330 --> 00:07:15,810
+the poems we read, to the texts we read. In the
+
+112
+00:07:15,810 --> 00:07:18,010
+Augustan Age, generally, you read a poem and it
+
+113
+00:07:18,010 --> 00:07:20,910
+has one meaning, generally, one interpretation.
+
+114
+00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,470
+Because when there's satire, someone is
+
+115
+00:07:23,470 --> 00:07:25,770
+criticizing someone else, and that's it. But here,
+
+116
+00:07:25,910 --> 00:07:28,210
+you read a poem. Is it about nature? Is it about a
+
+117
+00:07:28,210 --> 00:07:30,730
+woman? Is it about a child? Is it about childhood?
+
+118
+00:07:30,930 --> 00:07:33,900
+Is it about the city, the village, because
+
+119
+00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,280
+symbolism here gives it layers and layers of
+
+120
+00:07:37,280 --> 00:07:40,680
+meanings. And that's why, in a way or another, The
+
+121
+00:07:40,680 --> 00:07:44,460
+Sick Rose is a poem about the power of
+
+122
+00:07:44,460 --> 00:07:48,000
+imagination. Because when you depend on your
+
+123
+00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,280
+imagination, when you release your imagination,
+
+124
+00:07:52,440 --> 00:07:58,410
+you can see things differently. break the rules
+
+125
+00:07:58,410 --> 00:08:00,790
+imposed upon us. In the past, it was like
+
+126
+00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:02,730
+mathematical. You had to follow the rules,
+
+127
+00:08:02,790 --> 00:08:05,230
+remember, but a regular rhyme scheme, particular
+
+128
+00:08:05,230 --> 00:08:07,350
+language, particular subject matters, particular
+
+129
+00:08:07,350 --> 00:08:10,970
+number of syllables even. So everything was
+
+130
+00:08:10,970 --> 00:08:15,170
+restricted, was chained, but not for the
+
+131
+00:08:15,170 --> 00:08:18,880
+romantics. One more. Teacher, please.
+
+132
+00:08:20,520 --> 00:08:22,640
+Individualism was also important. And this is
+
+133
+00:08:22,640 --> 00:08:24,260
+connected with the fact that poetry is self
+
+134
+00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:26,760
+-expression. You have to express your opinion and
+
+135
+00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:30,300
+feelings and emotions as an individual, as a
+
+136
+00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:34,860
+person. And the individual, no matter how poor or
+
+137
+00:08:34,860 --> 00:08:39,540
+how rich he or she is, is significant. Because in
+
+138
+00:08:39,540 --> 00:08:45,020
+the city, the individuals were destroyed. People
+
+139
+00:08:45,020 --> 00:08:47,640
+were like machines, or like slaves. You have to
+
+140
+00:08:47,640 --> 00:08:51,260
+work from early hours until late at night for just
+
+141
+00:08:51,260 --> 00:08:54,860
+little money, money enough to keep you alive, but
+
+142
+00:08:54,860 --> 00:08:58,280
+also to keep you working hard for the factories.
+
+143
+00:08:58,700 --> 00:09:00,960
+There's one significant thing I always focus on
+
+144
+00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:06,980
+here, which is In Augustan age, maybe you can
+
+145
+00:09:06,980 --> 00:09:10,300
+write a poem, but you may not change the whole
+
+146
+00:09:10,300 --> 00:09:14,180
+society, but in Romantic, you can write a poem and
+
+147
+00:09:14,180 --> 00:09:18,060
+you can change the race of itself. Okay, this is
+
+148
+00:09:18,060 --> 00:09:23,660
+interesting. Can literature change lives? Yes. Can
+
+149
+00:09:23,660 --> 00:09:27,500
+poetry change lives? Sometimes we watch movies and
+
+150
+00:09:27,500 --> 00:09:31,290
+we become in a way better people. We read
+
+151
+00:09:31,290 --> 00:09:33,590
+literature. We read fiction. And sometimes we
+
+152
+00:09:33,590 --> 00:09:37,490
+learn new experiences. We are influenced. And this
+
+153
+00:09:37,490 --> 00:09:40,790
+is an issue that needs a lot of discussion. For
+
+154
+00:09:40,790 --> 00:09:44,250
+the Augustans, poetry aims at teaching and
+
+155
+00:09:44,250 --> 00:09:47,430
+delighting. So there is this emphasis on changing
+
+156
+00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:51,290
+people's lives. But in a way, poetry was living
+
+157
+00:09:51,290 --> 00:09:54,170
+somewhere in ivory towers most of the time, in the
+
+158
+00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:56,670
+court, in the palace. But here, those people
+
+159
+00:09:56,670 --> 00:09:59,610
+brought it down, believing that the real change
+
+160
+00:09:59,610 --> 00:10:01,310
+can happen at the grassroots. You know the
+
+161
+00:10:01,310 --> 00:10:03,730
+grassroots? The masses, the ordinary people.
+
+162
+00:10:04,110 --> 00:10:07,570
+Improve people's lives, imaginations, their way,
+
+163
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,150
+their style, the way of living, and you will
+
+164
+00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:13,290
+definitely have a better society. But again,
+
+165
+00:10:13,390 --> 00:10:15,270
+remember, many people believe the romantics were
+
+166
+00:10:15,270 --> 00:10:18,680
+escapists. They were not interested in fixing the
+
+167
+00:10:18,680 --> 00:10:21,540
+problem. And others say, and I believe in this,
+
+168
+00:10:21,640 --> 00:10:24,740
+that writing poetry itself is an act of change.
+
+169
+00:10:25,300 --> 00:10:27,480
+You don't have to carry weapons or to use
+
+170
+00:10:27,480 --> 00:10:30,780
+violence. You could change by nonviolent means.
+
+171
+00:10:31,720 --> 00:10:36,500
+And the most powerful tool of resistance is
+
+172
+00:10:36,500 --> 00:10:40,040
+writing and poetry and language, yeah? A final
+
+173
+00:10:40,040 --> 00:10:46,400
+point, yeah? We just said feelings and emotions.
+
+174
+00:10:46,920 --> 00:10:51,360
+Something else, something I always focus on. We
+
+175
+00:10:51,360 --> 00:10:53,120
+said that already. More.
+
+176
+00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:04,460
+The poetic forms, new poetic forms. Like the
+
+177
+00:11:04,460 --> 00:11:07,140
+romantics, many people will disagree with me, but
+
+178
+00:11:07,140 --> 00:11:10,900
+the romantics share common features with the
+
+179
+00:11:10,900 --> 00:11:13,860
+metaphysicals. But the sensibility is different.
+
+180
+00:11:14,780 --> 00:11:18,420
+But since John Donne was more into argument, more
+
+181
+00:11:18,420 --> 00:11:21,700
+into intellectuality, here more into simplicity
+
+182
+00:11:21,700 --> 00:11:25,340
+and more into feelings and emotions and
+
+183
+00:11:25,340 --> 00:11:28,360
+imagination. But they share the most significant
+
+184
+00:11:28,360 --> 00:11:31,960
+issue here, which is new poetic forms. You don't
+
+185
+00:11:31,960 --> 00:11:34,160
+have to follow the rules of decorum. You try to
+
+186
+00:11:34,160 --> 00:11:37,160
+follow them. If they don't help, you just break
+
+187
+00:11:37,160 --> 00:11:39,920
+the rules. And that's why we'll see so many new
+
+188
+00:11:39,920 --> 00:11:44,500
+poetic forms. We already saw some examples, and
+
+189
+00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:47,440
+we'll see more as we go on with the romantic. So
+
+190
+00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:51,520
+William Wadsworth. is probably the most
+
+191
+00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:54,760
+significant romantic poet. Along with his friend
+
+192
+00:11:54,760 --> 00:11:58,900
+Samuel Coleridge, they published a book called The
+
+193
+00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:01,280
+Lyrical Ballads. We mentioned last time, The
+
+194
+00:12:01,280 --> 00:12:04,340
+Lyrical Ballads. And everyone was like amazed,
+
+195
+00:12:04,520 --> 00:12:06,900
+fascinated, because people were tired and fed up
+
+196
+00:12:06,900 --> 00:12:09,100
+with the Augustan poetry. And they were like, oh,
+
+197
+00:12:09,540 --> 00:12:12,080
+We want to know more. What are you doing here?
+
+198
+00:12:12,380 --> 00:12:15,080
+What is this kind of new poetry? So in the second
+
+199
+00:12:15,080 --> 00:12:17,980
+edition to the book, they included a preface, a
+
+200
+00:12:17,980 --> 00:12:21,000
+kind of introduction where they define poetry, and
+
+201
+00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,940
+they explain their romantic theory of what writing
+
+202
+00:12:24,940 --> 00:12:27,600
+poetry is. So let's see the definition I mentioned
+
+203
+00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:30,900
+last time in brief, and go on for examples from
+
+204
+00:12:30,900 --> 00:12:32,960
+William Wildsworth. So what is poetry?
+
+205
+00:12:36,420 --> 00:12:42,200
+is the flow of feelings or emotions. Feelings,
+
+206
+00:12:43,240 --> 00:12:46,300
+generally feelings, emotions. But this is not only
+
+207
+00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:49,620
+feelings or emotions, it's powerful. And it's not
+
+208
+00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:53,820
+flow of emotions, it's overflow of powerful
+
+209
+00:12:53,820 --> 00:12:58,760
+emotions. And this overflow is Spontaneous. So you
+
+210
+00:12:58,760 --> 00:13:01,160
+don't have to sit and like, OK, what kind of
+
+211
+00:13:01,160 --> 00:13:02,920
+poetry should I write about? I think I should
+
+212
+00:13:02,920 --> 00:13:05,300
+write something here. And you keep squeezing your
+
+213
+00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,720
+mind and counting the syllables and checking the
+
+214
+00:13:08,720 --> 00:13:11,860
+rhyme scheme and using difficult language and
+
+215
+00:13:11,860 --> 00:13:14,840
+using particular imagery or something. It's
+
+216
+00:13:14,840 --> 00:13:19,010
+spontaneous. You know spontaneous? Like you don't
+
+217
+00:13:19,010 --> 00:13:22,990
+push yourself. You don't pressure yourself to
+
+218
+00:13:22,990 --> 00:13:26,710
+write poetry. Poetry just comes out. It overflows.
+
+219
+00:13:27,550 --> 00:13:30,410
+The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.
+
+220
+00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:33,830
+Many people only use this definition for the
+
+221
+00:13:33,830 --> 00:13:36,770
+romantics. It's okay, but it's not accurate.
+
+222
+00:13:37,370 --> 00:13:40,690
+Because the second part is also as significant.
+
+223
+00:13:41,460 --> 00:13:45,080
+Recollected here means remembered or recalled. You
+
+224
+00:13:45,080 --> 00:13:48,580
+know to recall something? To remember something in
+
+225
+00:13:48,580 --> 00:13:51,380
+tranquility. And this emphasizes memory,
+
+226
+00:13:51,520 --> 00:13:54,460
+especially for William Woodworth. Memory as a
+
+227
+00:13:54,460 --> 00:13:59,300
+theme. Memory as a tool of recollecting something
+
+228
+00:13:59,300 --> 00:14:02,500
+when you are in tranquility. And this tranquility,
+
+229
+00:14:02,620 --> 00:14:07,040
+you know tranquility? Tranquility, tranquil. Like
+
+230
+00:14:07,040 --> 00:14:11,430
+peace of mind. Like peace of mind, you're living
+
+231
+00:14:11,430 --> 00:14:16,490
+among the trees in nature, mother nature. You feel
+
+232
+00:14:16,490 --> 00:14:22,310
+at peace. You're peaceful. There are no troubles,
+
+233
+00:14:22,750 --> 00:14:26,630
+no problems, no corruption, no city life issues.
+
+234
+00:14:26,830 --> 00:14:31,810
+You're just in tranquility. That's basically what
+
+235
+00:14:31,810 --> 00:14:36,450
+tranquility is more or less here. To be alone, in
+
+236
+00:14:36,450 --> 00:14:40,870
+solitude, all alone, by yourself, somewhere in
+
+237
+00:14:40,870 --> 00:14:44,910
+nature, among natural elements. So you recollect
+
+238
+00:14:44,910 --> 00:14:46,770
+this. When you go to the city, you will not be
+
+239
+00:14:46,770 --> 00:14:49,110
+able to write this kind of poetry according to
+
+240
+00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:54,210
+William Wordsworth. alone somewhere in nature. So
+
+241
+00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,150
+when you feel this peace, peace of mind, when you
+
+242
+00:14:58,150 --> 00:15:01,090
+don't have trouble or problems from life and work
+
+243
+00:15:01,090 --> 00:15:05,230
+and factories and the industry, you can recollect
+
+244
+00:15:05,230 --> 00:15:10,410
+all the amazing or at least they can spontaneously
+
+245
+00:15:10,410 --> 00:15:14,310
+flow these powerful emotions or experiences. So
+
+246
+00:15:14,310 --> 00:15:17,310
+what is poetry according to William Wordsworth? A
+
+247
+00:15:17,310 --> 00:15:19,510
+spontaneous of a flow of powerful emotions
+
+248
+00:15:19,510 --> 00:15:23,260
+recollected in tranquility. Difficult? Big words?
+
+249
+00:15:25,780 --> 00:15:29,500
+Okay, overflow of powerful emotions recollected in
+
+250
+00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:34,120
+tranquility, recollected in peace. Now the
+
+251
+00:15:34,120 --> 00:15:39,010
+diction, the language itself is the real language
+
+252
+00:15:39,010 --> 00:15:42,790
+of men. Men and women, of course. Don't feel
+
+253
+00:15:42,790 --> 00:15:47,150
+offended. But this is why English generally was
+
+254
+00:15:47,150 --> 00:15:50,970
+considered the sexist language because many people
+
+255
+00:15:50,970 --> 00:15:54,230
+were considering women to be second class and
+
+256
+00:15:54,230 --> 00:15:56,450
+intellectual. And many people would defend this,
+
+257
+00:15:56,750 --> 00:16:01,650
+saying that men also includes women. So this is
+
+258
+00:16:01,650 --> 00:16:04,490
+the language of ordinary people, the masses. My
+
+259
+00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,650
+language, your language, everyday language, the
+
+260
+00:16:07,650 --> 00:16:12,130
+masses. And the subject matter includes situations
+
+261
+00:16:12,130 --> 00:16:16,770
+from common life. Not from the palace, not from
+
+262
+00:16:16,770 --> 00:16:19,510
+the court, not from the church, not from heaven
+
+263
+00:16:19,510 --> 00:16:23,370
+even. We've seen Milton go up to heaven, to God
+
+264
+00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:25,870
+and Adam and Eve and Satan, to the original sin.
+
+265
+00:16:26,410 --> 00:16:29,130
+So spontaneous overflow of powerful emotions
+
+266
+00:16:29,130 --> 00:16:34,330
+recollected in tranquility. And the language of
+
+267
+00:16:34,330 --> 00:16:42,050
+everyday men, situations from common mind. Let's
+
+268
+00:16:42,050 --> 00:16:48,070
+see this poem and try to examine the definitions.
+
+269
+00:16:49,310 --> 00:16:54,300
+The features and William Wordsworth. Theory of
+
+270
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,860
+Romanticism. This is a poem, it's called The
+
+271
+00:16:56,860 --> 00:16:57,400
+Daffodils.
+
+272
+00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,700
+It has four, I'll post this online, so just please
+
+273
+00:17:05,700 --> 00:17:08,340
+pay attention. It has four stanzas, let me read
+
+274
+00:17:08,340 --> 00:17:11,620
+them and do some commentary later on. The
+
+275
+00:17:11,620 --> 00:17:15,860
+Daffodils, you know daffodils? The yellow roses,
+
+276
+00:17:15,980 --> 00:17:22,800
+flowers. I wandered, I wandered lonely as a cloud
+
+277
+00:17:24,320 --> 00:17:29,500
+that floats on high o'er vales and hills, when all
+
+278
+00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,240
+at once I saw a crowd, a host of golden daffodils
+
+279
+00:17:33,240 --> 00:17:38,120
+beside the lake beneath the trees, fluttering and
+
+280
+00:17:38,120 --> 00:17:42,990
+dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars
+
+281
+00:17:42,990 --> 00:17:46,570
+that shine and twinkle on the Milky Way, they
+
+282
+00:17:46,570 --> 00:17:49,850
+stretched in never-ending line along the margin of
+
+283
+00:17:49,850 --> 00:17:53,990
+a bay. Ten thousand saw I at a glance tossing
+
+284
+00:17:53,990 --> 00:17:59,910
+their heads in sprightly dance. The waves beside
+
+285
+00:17:59,910 --> 00:18:03,990
+them danced, but they outdid the sparkling waves
+
+286
+00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:07,470
+in glee. A poet could not but be gay in such a
+
+287
+00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:12,610
+jocund company. I gazed. and gazed but little
+
+288
+00:18:12,610 --> 00:18:18,370
+thought what wealth the show to me had brought for
+
+289
+00:18:18,370 --> 00:18:23,790
+oft when on my couch I lie in vacant or in pensive
+
+290
+00:18:23,790 --> 00:18:29,450
+mood they flash upon that inward eye which is the
+
+291
+00:18:29,450 --> 00:18:34,590
+bliss of solitude and then my heart with pleasure
+
+292
+00:18:34,590 --> 00:18:40,450
+fills and dances with the daffodils And that's a
+
+293
+00:18:40,450 --> 00:18:44,950
+poem. And that, by the way, this is the most
+
+294
+00:18:44,950 --> 00:18:47,390
+canonical romantic poem, the most famous romantic
+
+295
+00:18:47,390 --> 00:18:50,510
+poem. You will study it many times in the future.
+
+296
+00:18:50,730 --> 00:18:54,150
+Today we're just going to see the major features
+
+297
+00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:58,550
+of romanticism according to William Wordsworth. So
+
+298
+00:18:58,550 --> 00:19:02,270
+if you look at the first stanza we have here,
+
+299
+00:19:04,930 --> 00:19:07,270
+Again, we can see several of the features we're
+
+300
+00:19:07,270 --> 00:19:09,490
+talking about here. There's nature here, right?
+
+301
+00:19:10,810 --> 00:19:13,910
+Individualism, I, personal experience, right?
+
+302
+00:19:14,450 --> 00:19:18,710
+Nature everywhere, floats. Are these difficult
+
+303
+00:19:18,710 --> 00:19:23,390
+words? Most of them. Even if you don't know what
+
+304
+00:19:23,390 --> 00:19:27,150
+it means, you can easily guess from the context.
+
+305
+00:19:27,510 --> 00:19:29,510
+Or at least you can know that this is a natural
+
+306
+00:19:29,510 --> 00:19:33,150
+element. So what is he saying? He's saying, I
+
+307
+00:19:33,150 --> 00:19:38,850
+wandered lonely as a cloud. And remember in the
+
+308
+00:19:38,850 --> 00:19:43,120
+past, We said there's something called a metaphor
+
+309
+00:19:43,120 --> 00:19:46,720
+and a simile. A simile is where you say something
+
+310
+00:19:46,720 --> 00:19:49,480
+is like or as something. When you use the word is
+
+311
+00:19:49,480 --> 00:19:52,820
+or like, this is a simile. And this is how you
+
+312
+00:19:52,820 --> 00:19:56,960
+write a simile. Where you pronounce the E by the
+
+313
+00:19:56,960 --> 00:20:00,900
+way. And generally, a simile is easier than a
+
+314
+00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,580
+metaphor. I know people who do research on the
+
+315
+00:20:03,580 --> 00:20:06,160
+simile and the metaphor. A metaphor is generally
+
+316
+00:20:06,160 --> 00:20:09,200
+not clear. The meaning is implied. You don't know
+
+317
+00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:11,900
+when you say, the teacher roared. I'm just being
+
+318
+00:20:11,900 --> 00:20:14,720
+very simplistic here. The teacher roared. You
+
+319
+00:20:14,720 --> 00:20:17,020
+know, roar is a word you use to describe a lion.
+
+320
+00:20:17,620 --> 00:20:21,560
+So what does that indicate? He spoke loudly. He
+
+321
+00:20:21,560 --> 00:20:24,740
+was angry. He was hungry. You just can't make up
+
+322
+00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:29,990
+your mind. But when you say the teacher ate like a
+
+323
+00:20:29,990 --> 00:20:33,570
+lion or spoke like a lion, so the word like makes
+
+324
+00:20:33,570 --> 00:20:36,870
+it easy for you to know where you're going. So he
+
+325
+00:20:36,870 --> 00:20:40,190
+chooses here a cloud, which is a natural element.
+
+326
+00:20:40,550 --> 00:20:49,030
+And cloud, he could have said a tree, right? But a
+
+327
+00:20:49,030 --> 00:20:52,350
+tree doesn't wander, right? It doesn't move just a
+
+328
+00:20:52,350 --> 00:20:55,290
+little bit. It's fixed. So he doesn't pick this.
+
+329
+00:20:55,650 --> 00:20:58,710
+Or he could have said, I wandered lonely as a cow,
+
+330
+00:20:59,510 --> 00:21:05,510
+or as a sheep, or as a bird. But he chooses a
+
+331
+00:21:05,510 --> 00:21:07,570
+cloud. A cloud.
+
+332
+00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:13,800
+Thank you. It's up above. That's one. What else
+
+333
+00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:16,700
+about cloud that makes it really interesting for
+
+334
+00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:21,440
+William Wadsworth? It takes water and gives water.
+
+335
+00:21:21,520 --> 00:21:22,240
+Thank you. What else?
+
+336
+00:21:25,000 --> 00:21:28,760
+It can easily be reached probably also through...
+
+337
+00:21:28,760 --> 00:21:33,540
+White? It's also wild. White. White probably
+
+338
+00:21:33,540 --> 00:21:36,600
+signifies, but not always white, but could be gray
+
+339
+00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:40,260
+sometimes or dark or black. And sometimes,
+
+340
+00:21:40,740 --> 00:21:44,380
+generally, it's free. The issue of being free here
+
+341
+00:21:44,380 --> 00:21:48,940
+is highlighted. It moves freely. No human being
+
+342
+00:21:48,940 --> 00:21:53,020
+can control it in a way. It's up above from the,
+
+343
+00:21:53,540 --> 00:21:58,540
+what is going on down, that floats on high ore
+
+344
+00:21:58,540 --> 00:22:03,940
+veils and hills. The high places, the low places.
+
+345
+00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:07,720
+Or the low places, high places. When all at once,
+
+346
+00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:12,980
+I, I saw, I also saw, notice the tense here is
+
+347
+00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:17,390
+past simple, right? I saw a crowd, and a crowd
+
+348
+00:22:17,390 --> 00:22:19,690
+generally a crowd of people, a crowd of something.
+
+349
+00:22:20,430 --> 00:22:23,530
+Crowd could be negative, right? If it's crowded,
+
+350
+00:22:23,890 --> 00:22:27,290
+not always, but if it's crowded, it's bad. There
+
+351
+00:22:27,290 --> 00:22:29,370
+is a good crowd, like a lot of people are coming.
+
+352
+00:22:29,970 --> 00:22:32,110
+And then he repeats the same word in other words,
+
+353
+00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:36,650
+in a more positive word, a host. Someone who hosts
+
+354
+00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:39,310
+you, someone who takes care of you, hospitability
+
+355
+00:22:39,310 --> 00:22:44,230
+here. A host of golden daffodils. So the daffodils
+
+356
+00:22:44,230 --> 00:22:47,650
+are described as golden and they are personified
+
+357
+00:22:47,650 --> 00:22:53,010
+as welcoming, hosting you. They attract you. They
+
+358
+00:22:53,010 --> 00:22:56,370
+make you feel at home, at peace, tranquility and
+
+359
+00:22:56,370 --> 00:23:00,330
+solitude. Where? Where did he see them? Beside the
+
+360
+00:23:00,330 --> 00:23:03,050
+lake beneath the trees. Although he was up above,
+
+361
+00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:06,430
+he saw them like the clouds because the power of
+
+362
+00:23:06,430 --> 00:23:09,150
+imagination, the onward eye, fluttering and
+
+363
+00:23:09,150 --> 00:23:13,470
+dancing in the breeze. Dancing is also a
+
+364
+00:23:13,470 --> 00:23:16,450
+personification. Generally, people dance, not
+
+365
+00:23:16,450 --> 00:23:20,150
+flowers. So what is happening here is the man, the
+
+366
+00:23:20,150 --> 00:23:27,170
+poet, is depersonified. He is likened to... A
+
+367
+00:23:27,170 --> 00:23:30,950
+cloud. But nature is personified. And that's an
+
+368
+00:23:30,950 --> 00:23:35,710
+interesting mixture of exchanging of places. If
+
+369
+00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:42,470
+you go for the rhyme scheme, it should be A, B, A,
+
+370
+00:23:42,710 --> 00:23:49,370
+B, C, C. So A, B, A, B, and then we have a couplet
+
+371
+00:23:49,370 --> 00:23:53,230
+here. Yeah, trees and breeze. So what happens
+
+372
+00:23:53,230 --> 00:24:00,760
+next? Continuous. So the scene of daffodils were
+
+373
+00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:03,900
+continuous as, again, another simile, as the stars
+
+374
+00:24:03,900 --> 00:24:08,540
+that shine and twinkle in the milky way, they,
+
+375
+00:24:08,880 --> 00:24:11,960
+again referring to the daffodils, stretched past
+
+376
+00:24:11,960 --> 00:24:17,740
+simple never-ending line along the margin of a bay
+
+377
+00:24:17,740 --> 00:24:23,590
+near the water, 10,000 so high at once. At a
+
+378
+00:24:23,590 --> 00:24:26,650
+glance? Yeah. Saw I at a glance. Just one glance
+
+379
+00:24:26,650 --> 00:24:29,670
+and 10,000 daffodils. That's how overwhelmingly
+
+380
+00:24:29,670 --> 00:24:36,150
+beautiful nature is. 10,000, it should be I saw 10
+
+381
+00:24:36,150 --> 00:24:39,650
+,000 at a glance. But the emphasis on the nature
+
+382
+00:24:39,650 --> 00:24:42,230
+rather than on the man himself seeing this.
+
+383
+00:24:42,330 --> 00:24:44,970
+Because nature will make you in a way react to
+
+384
+00:24:44,970 --> 00:24:48,710
+this. Saw I at once at a glance tossing their
+
+385
+00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:52,270
+heads, emphasizing what? The personification here,
+
+386
+00:24:52,450 --> 00:24:56,010
+tossing their heads in a sprightly dance again.
+
+387
+00:24:56,170 --> 00:24:59,870
+And that's how beautiful and pure nature is. The
+
+388
+00:24:59,870 --> 00:25:03,510
+waves, so because of this scene, the waves were
+
+389
+00:25:03,510 --> 00:25:08,390
+dancing. The waves beside them danced, also past
+
+390
+00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:12,510
+simple, but they, referring to the daffodils,
+
+391
+00:25:13,550 --> 00:25:17,150
+outdid the, also past simple, the sparkling waves
+
+392
+00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:22,890
+in glee, A poet could not but be gay in such a
+
+393
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:29,150
+jocund company. I gazed and gazed, but little
+
+394
+00:25:29,150 --> 00:25:31,530
+thought. You remember? The feelings, the senses,
+
+395
+00:25:31,750 --> 00:25:35,180
+the emotions, the heart just You're looking at the
+
+396
+00:25:35,180 --> 00:25:38,700
+amazing magical magisterial scene. He didn't
+
+397
+00:25:38,700 --> 00:25:42,320
+think. If it is an ordinary poet, like an Augustan
+
+398
+00:25:42,320 --> 00:25:46,520
+poet, they would think more than gazing, like, ah,
+
+399
+00:25:46,780 --> 00:25:50,980
+what an interesting rose or daffodil or flower.
+
+400
+00:25:51,520 --> 00:25:53,900
+Maybe this looks like something. He doesn't care
+
+401
+00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,260
+about what it looks like. He cares much about the
+
+402
+00:25:56,260 --> 00:25:59,700
+inspiration, the imagination, the feelings, the
+
+403
+00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:04,080
+beauty. I gazed and gazed. But little thought what
+
+404
+00:26:04,080 --> 00:26:07,820
+wealth the show to me had brought. I didn't care
+
+405
+00:26:07,820 --> 00:26:10,340
+about what it brought to me. All I cared about was
+
+406
+00:26:10,340 --> 00:26:14,300
+the scene and gazing and absorbing the beauty of
+
+407
+00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:17,300
+nature. Look also at the past simple and past
+
+408
+00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,140
+simple. Now, if you go to the rhyme scheme, the
+
+409
+00:26:20,140 --> 00:26:23,540
+rhyme scheme was A, B, A, B, C, C. Second
+
+410
+00:26:23,540 --> 00:26:26,300
+syllable, second sounds are the same. And here we
+
+411
+00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:33,780
+have they, B, B, K, Company. Company. Company.
+
+412
+00:26:35,220 --> 00:26:36,120
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+413
+00:26:36,120 --> 00:26:36,400
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+414
+00:26:36,400 --> 00:26:36,480
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+415
+00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,320
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+416
+00:26:40,060 --> 00:26:42,120
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+417
+00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,120
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+418
+00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:42,140
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+419
+00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,140
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+420
+00:26:42,140 --> 00:26:42,180
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+421
+00:26:42,180 --> 00:26:42,260
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+422
+00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:42,500
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+423
+00:26:42,500 --> 00:26:42,520
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+424
+00:26:42,520 --> 00:26:42,580
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+425
+00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,580
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+426
+00:26:42,580 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+427
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+428
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+429
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+430
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. Company. Company. Company.
+
+431
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:42,600
+Company. Company. company. company. company.
+
+432
+00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:43,620
+company. company. company.
+
+433
+00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:53,820
+company. company. company. company. company.
+
+434
+00:26:57,760 --> 00:26:58,080
+company.
+
+435
+00:27:02,060 --> 00:27:03,780
+Because the poet is indicating that there is
+
+436
+00:27:03,780 --> 00:27:06,540
+something wrong with this symmetry. It looks
+
+437
+00:27:06,540 --> 00:27:09,780
+symmetrical and perfect, but in reality it has
+
+438
+00:27:09,780 --> 00:27:13,580
+trouble. It has problems. The second stanza had
+
+439
+00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:15,720
+also a perfect rhyme, and the last stanza had a
+
+440
+00:27:15,720 --> 00:27:18,400
+perfect rhyme. So this is the only stanza that has
+
+441
+00:27:19,170 --> 00:27:22,030
+Imperfect rhyme, there could be a reason. But more
+
+442
+00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:25,030
+interesting to me is the fact that the poet shifts
+
+443
+00:27:25,030 --> 00:27:31,830
+from I, I, I, I wandered lonely, so I, and then he
+
+444
+00:27:31,830 --> 00:27:36,110
+moves to say a poet could not but be gay to
+
+445
+00:27:36,110 --> 00:27:44,850
+generally he or she. Why did he shift from he,
+
+446
+00:27:45,290 --> 00:27:47,690
+from I to he or to she?
+
+447
+00:27:54,620 --> 00:27:57,300
+The word gay means happy. So it's not about he's
+
+448
+00:27:57,300 --> 00:28:01,020
+ashamed that people will say he's gay. Gay is
+
+449
+00:28:01,020 --> 00:28:04,720
+happy. In the past, it meant happy. So a poet
+
+450
+00:28:04,720 --> 00:28:07,060
+could not, could not, but there's emphasis here.
+
+451
+00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,180
+In Arabic, we call this hasr wa qasr, right, for
+
+452
+00:28:10,180 --> 00:28:15,940
+emphasis. So I couldn't but be happy means I am
+
+453
+00:28:15,940 --> 00:28:19,380
+happy, very happy actually. There's no way I can't
+
+454
+00:28:19,380 --> 00:28:23,240
+be happy. So there is negative here for emphasis.
+
+455
+00:28:24,060 --> 00:28:28,440
+There's an imperfect rhyme here. in this area, and
+
+456
+00:28:28,440 --> 00:28:31,560
+there is a shift from the first-person narrator to
+
+457
+00:28:31,560 --> 00:28:34,120
+the third-person narrator. To show that this
+
+458
+00:28:34,120 --> 00:28:38,860
+perfect scene could make any person's emotions
+
+459
+00:28:38,860 --> 00:28:41,560
+especially good because... They have more
+
+460
+00:28:41,560 --> 00:28:44,200
+sensitivity. Yes, make him happy. Thank you.
+
+461
+00:28:44,380 --> 00:28:50,820
+Interesting. Yes? The bias came from B or A? A, B,
+
+462
+00:28:51,440 --> 00:28:52,060
+A, B.
+
+463
+00:28:54,960 --> 00:28:57,860
+They and gay is different. This is the sound.
+
+464
+00:29:00,860 --> 00:29:03,340
+You will learn how to do the phonemic
+
+465
+00:29:03,340 --> 00:29:09,590
+transcription hopefully next year. Yes? So we have
+
+466
+00:29:09,590 --> 00:29:12,950
+a suggestion here, because this is all poets. All
+
+467
+00:29:12,950 --> 00:29:15,570
+poets, because poets especially have the
+
+468
+00:29:15,570 --> 00:29:18,310
+sensibility, the emotions, the extra emotions to
+
+469
+00:29:18,310 --> 00:29:21,870
+do, to react to this beautiful scene in nature. So
+
+470
+00:29:21,870 --> 00:29:25,070
+all people, especially poets, will be happy. That
+
+471
+00:29:25,070 --> 00:29:27,950
+is true, but I think there is more to this. Let me
+
+472
+00:29:27,950 --> 00:29:31,070
+go back to this after I finish the last sentence,
+
+473
+00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:34,770
+OK? So we'll go back to a poet could not but be
+
+474
+00:29:34,770 --> 00:29:38,640
+gay, because he could have easily said, I was gay.
+
+475
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:43,680
+I was happy. The last stanza, this is how it ends.
+
+476
+00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:47,020
+Notice there is a change in what? The first thing.
+
+477
+00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,420
+He shifts
+
+478
+00:29:53,420 --> 00:29:58,800
+to the present and also we have something back. We
+
+479
+00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,780
+have the I back.
+
+480
+00:30:06,350 --> 00:30:10,430
+Why is, again, the poem is part past simple and
+
+481
+00:30:10,430 --> 00:30:14,730
+part present simple? So what's going on now?
+
+482
+00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:18,590
+How?
+
+483
+00:30:21,410 --> 00:30:23,950
+So how did the story happen? Where is the poet
+
+484
+00:30:23,950 --> 00:30:27,310
+now? Very now? He's in the present. What is he
+
+485
+00:30:27,310 --> 00:30:31,710
+doing? Oh, recollecting tranquility. And that's an
+
+486
+00:30:31,710 --> 00:30:34,190
+interesting romantic issue here. You need to pay
+
+487
+00:30:34,190 --> 00:30:36,630
+attention to the tenses to know what's going on.
+
+488
+00:30:36,770 --> 00:30:39,910
+So what is the poet doing? He says, for oft, when
+
+489
+00:30:39,910 --> 00:30:45,290
+on my couch I lie. When I lie, I lie down.
+
+490
+00:30:45,470 --> 00:30:48,990
+Remember, tranquility, peace of mind, carefree,
+
+491
+00:30:49,210 --> 00:30:51,930
+carefree, nothing to bother him, nothing to
+
+492
+00:30:51,930 --> 00:30:55,410
+trouble him. What happens? Whether he is in vacant
+
+493
+00:30:55,410 --> 00:31:00,930
+or in pensive mood, They, referring to? The
+
+494
+00:31:00,930 --> 00:31:05,310
+daffodils. They flash, not something he sees first
+
+495
+00:31:05,310 --> 00:31:08,810
+experience. They flash upon the inward eye, in his
+
+496
+00:31:08,810 --> 00:31:13,750
+imagination, inside him. His mind's eye, his
+
+497
+00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:17,470
+heart's eye, I would say. They flash upon the
+
+498
+00:31:17,470 --> 00:31:21,630
+inward eye, which is the bliss of solitude.
+
+499
+00:31:21,750 --> 00:31:24,910
+Solitude from solo. From being alone. Being alone.
+
+500
+00:31:25,210 --> 00:31:29,830
+Not emotionally, just no one around you. Bliss.
+
+501
+00:31:29,930 --> 00:31:34,830
+This is a bliss of solitude. This is, as a result,
+
+502
+00:31:34,950 --> 00:31:38,690
+this is a good advantage of being alone in nature,
+
+503
+00:31:38,930 --> 00:31:43,570
+individuality. What happens then? How does the
+
+504
+00:31:43,570 --> 00:31:47,500
+poet, the I, react? His heart with pleasure fills
+
+505
+00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:52,780
+and then my heart with pleasure fills and dances
+
+506
+00:31:52,780 --> 00:31:56,480
+with the daffodils. When we speak normally,
+
+507
+00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,540
+naturally, the determiners, the articles, the
+
+508
+00:31:59,540 --> 00:32:02,040
+prepositions, the auxiliaries are not generally
+
+509
+00:32:02,040 --> 00:32:07,120
+stressed. When I say, I went with him. I went with
+
+510
+00:32:07,120 --> 00:32:10,000
+her. She came with me. You don't say, she came
+
+511
+00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,720
+with me. But here, when you count the stressed and
+
+512
+00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:15,020
+unstressed syllables, something you'll study later
+
+513
+00:32:15,020 --> 00:32:19,120
+on, this with is emphasized, is stressed. It
+
+514
+00:32:19,120 --> 00:32:22,500
+becomes and dances with the daffodils, because the
+
+515
+00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:25,600
+theme is withness with nature, togetherness with
+
+516
+00:32:25,600 --> 00:32:29,160
+nature, unity, melting down, becoming nature, and
+
+517
+00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:31,320
+nature overwhelmingly
+
+518
+00:32:33,430 --> 00:32:35,930
+claiming you, controlling you. So this is the
+
+519
+00:32:35,930 --> 00:32:39,150
+reaction of the poet. His heart with pleasure
+
+520
+00:32:39,150 --> 00:32:44,230
+fills. It overflows with pleasure. And he, it's
+
+521
+00:32:44,230 --> 00:32:48,290
+not clear here whether he says like he himself
+
+522
+00:32:48,290 --> 00:32:51,570
+dances with the daffodils or his heart, both. But
+
+523
+00:32:51,570 --> 00:32:55,630
+here it's probably more his heart doing this and
+
+524
+00:32:55,630 --> 00:32:59,070
+dances with the daffodils. So this is a reaction.
+
+525
+00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,770
+What is the difference between this reaction and
+
+526
+00:33:02,770 --> 00:33:06,650
+this reaction. This is a romantic poet, in my
+
+527
+00:33:06,650 --> 00:33:12,810
+opinion. You just don't react. You just fill your
+
+528
+00:33:12,810 --> 00:33:17,190
+heart with pleasure, with beauty and innocence of
+
+529
+00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:20,030
+nature. And as a result, you become a totally
+
+530
+00:33:20,030 --> 00:33:23,730
+different person. You remember. You recollect. Not
+
+531
+00:33:23,730 --> 00:33:26,930
+once. Not an instant reaction. You just don't look
+
+532
+00:33:26,930 --> 00:33:30,150
+at the daffodils and then You react in this
+
+533
+00:33:30,150 --> 00:33:32,430
+particular way. A romantic poet generally
+
+534
+00:33:32,430 --> 00:33:37,170
+encounters something, sees something. They don't
+
+535
+00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:39,670
+react instantly, because this is going to be
+
+536
+00:33:39,670 --> 00:33:42,270
+artificial. If you see a beautiful scene, nature,
+
+537
+00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:45,330
+element, something, and you write poetry
+
+538
+00:33:45,330 --> 00:33:47,850
+instantly, according to the romantics generally,
+
+539
+00:33:47,970 --> 00:33:50,050
+this is not good poetry. So you just absorb
+
+540
+00:33:50,050 --> 00:33:52,550
+everything. You store this. You know store? You
+
+541
+00:33:52,550 --> 00:33:56,860
+bear it. He used the word bear, actually. There
+
+542
+00:33:56,860 --> 00:34:00,160
+was bear in this or that was another poem. So he
+
+543
+00:34:00,160 --> 00:34:05,280
+keeps it somewhere. When he is in solitude, alone,
+
+544
+00:34:05,620 --> 00:34:08,320
+in vacant or impulsive mood, when he's lying on
+
+545
+00:34:08,320 --> 00:34:13,140
+his couch all alone, he recollects. He remembers.
+
+546
+00:34:14,280 --> 00:34:17,680
+He recalls this experience and then starts to live
+
+547
+00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:21,680
+it again. And this is more powerful for the
+
+548
+00:34:21,680 --> 00:34:25,720
+romantics than reacting to a scene you just see.
+
+549
+00:34:26,060 --> 00:34:30,280
+So what's going on here? In my opinion, this is a
+
+550
+00:34:30,280 --> 00:34:33,240
+direct criticism from William Wordsworth to
+
+551
+00:34:33,240 --> 00:34:38,140
+classical Augustan poets. He's saying any ordinary
+
+552
+00:34:38,140 --> 00:34:42,870
+poet would just only feel happy. but not William
+
+553
+00:34:42,870 --> 00:34:47,370
+Wordsworth, the romantic poet. So a poet, this is
+
+554
+00:34:47,370 --> 00:34:49,650
+the shift. This is the negative here. And this is
+
+555
+00:34:49,650 --> 00:34:52,230
+the imperfect trying. This is an imperfect
+
+556
+00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:55,470
+reaction on nature. If you just react to nature by
+
+557
+00:34:55,470 --> 00:35:00,110
+being happy, that's not what it, you know, it
+
+558
+00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,710
+takes more to be a romantic poet, to be like us,
+
+559
+00:35:04,010 --> 00:35:06,510
+the romantics. And that's why in the end, the poem
+
+560
+00:35:06,510 --> 00:35:10,570
+ends with, and then, my heart with pleasure fills.
+
+561
+00:35:11,420 --> 00:35:13,460
+and dances with the daffodils. There is an
+
+562
+00:35:13,460 --> 00:35:17,160
+interesting fact here. William Wordsworth, when he
+
+563
+00:35:17,160 --> 00:35:20,500
+saw the daffodils, he saw them for real. He had
+
+564
+00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:25,590
+his sister Dorothy with him. And in her diaries,
+
+565
+00:35:25,830 --> 00:35:29,350
+you know, diaries, there is an entry where she
+
+566
+00:35:29,350 --> 00:35:32,230
+tells us something about, I was working with Will,
+
+567
+00:35:32,590 --> 00:35:35,490
+Willie, or Bill, I don't know what she called him,
+
+568
+00:35:35,650 --> 00:35:39,230
+but William Wadsworth, and we saw this beautiful,
+
+569
+00:35:39,630 --> 00:35:42,350
+magical, it was magisterial, the daffodils,
+
+570
+00:35:42,450 --> 00:35:45,230
+everything. She describes this in prose, very
+
+571
+00:35:45,230 --> 00:35:50,910
+beautiful. But here, where is she in the poem? Is
+
+572
+00:35:50,910 --> 00:35:56,410
+she in the poem? He kicks her out because two is a
+
+573
+00:35:56,410 --> 00:36:00,520
+company. Two is a company, and this is more about
+
+574
+00:36:00,520 --> 00:36:04,140
+a personal, self-expressive experience about
+
+575
+00:36:04,140 --> 00:36:07,200
+individuality. Some people would hate him for
+
+576
+00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,240
+doing this. He's silencing her. Hey, Dorothy, get
+
+577
+00:36:10,240 --> 00:36:13,020
+out of this, which is an anti-feminist thing.
+
+578
+00:36:13,740 --> 00:36:15,540
+Maybe you can take it this way, but generally,
+
+579
+00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:18,040
+because this is what the romanticist is saying,
+
+580
+00:36:18,440 --> 00:36:21,660
+his own experience, and the sister can say her own
+
+581
+00:36:21,660 --> 00:36:28,010
+experience in a way or another. A final point, we
+
+582
+00:36:28,010 --> 00:36:29,810
+don't have time to go for Lucy Gray, another
+
+583
+00:36:29,810 --> 00:36:32,230
+beautiful poem, but next class we can do Lucy Gray
+
+584
+00:36:32,230 --> 00:36:35,430
+and we go back to Blake's London. We'll have time
+
+585
+00:36:35,430 --> 00:36:39,130
+to do that. One final thing I want to say about
+
+586
+00:36:39,130 --> 00:36:41,290
+the romantics is the fact that there's something
+
+587
+00:36:41,290 --> 00:36:46,030
+called, not baby actually, childlike experience.
+
+588
+00:36:51,610 --> 00:36:55,470
+Childlike experience. What is this? The romantics
+
+589
+00:36:55,470 --> 00:36:58,890
+say the most beautiful, important, significant
+
+590
+00:36:58,890 --> 00:37:01,830
+thing about city, about the romantics themselves,
+
+591
+00:37:02,490 --> 00:37:07,810
+is they have this romantic childlike reaction to
+
+592
+00:37:07,810 --> 00:37:13,180
+life. They believe because of corruption and
+
+593
+00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:15,240
+pollution in the city and the factories and the
+
+594
+00:37:15,240 --> 00:37:18,080
+industrial revolution, people go out early in the
+
+595
+00:37:18,080 --> 00:37:21,160
+morning, they keep working until late hours, and
+
+596
+00:37:21,160 --> 00:37:23,600
+they don't have time to appreciate life themselves
+
+597
+00:37:23,600 --> 00:37:26,840
+or nature or the environment, right? They're
+
+598
+00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,340
+always busy. They believe that the city has a
+
+599
+00:37:31,340 --> 00:37:35,560
+veil. You know what veil is? Veil. Veil, like
+
+600
+00:37:35,560 --> 00:37:40,680
+hijab. A veil of familiarity. You know familiar?
+
+601
+00:37:41,680 --> 00:37:44,880
+Familiarity? What is familiarity in Arabic? Ulfa.
+
+602
+00:37:45,640 --> 00:37:49,640
+Thank you. Yeah, yeah. So the city life adds a
+
+603
+00:37:49,640 --> 00:37:52,960
+veil of familiarity. Like here, you for example,
+
+604
+00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:56,620
+us. We're always rushing and busy and competing
+
+605
+00:37:56,620 --> 00:37:58,720
+and running. We have classes. We have exams. We
+
+606
+00:37:58,720 --> 00:38:00,940
+have quizzes. We have to read, right? We have to
+
+607
+00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:03,420
+do assignments. We have to take a taxi. We care
+
+608
+00:38:03,420 --> 00:38:06,300
+about our parents and the salaries and the work.
+
+609
+00:38:06,340 --> 00:38:08,540
+And what should I do when I finish this? There is
+
+610
+00:38:08,540 --> 00:38:11,440
+a lot. of care here, a lot of trouble, a lot of
+
+611
+00:38:11,440 --> 00:38:14,180
+problems, that we don't sometimes stop to
+
+612
+00:38:14,180 --> 00:38:16,840
+appreciate the moon or appreciate the flowers or
+
+613
+00:38:16,840 --> 00:38:19,120
+the roses or even the cats here at campus, right?
+
+614
+00:38:19,280 --> 00:38:21,880
+Maybe you play with the cats once in a while, but
+
+615
+00:38:21,880 --> 00:38:24,760
+how many times did you stop to appreciate a rose
+
+616
+00:38:24,760 --> 00:38:27,590
+or a flower? And even these roses and flowers,
+
+617
+00:38:27,750 --> 00:38:30,290
+they are artificial. They are man-made in a way
+
+618
+00:38:30,290 --> 00:38:33,590
+that man controls them and keeps trimming them. If
+
+619
+00:38:33,590 --> 00:38:36,470
+your friend tells you, hey, look at the moon.
+
+620
+00:38:36,590 --> 00:38:39,090
+There's a super moon. It's beautiful. Maybe you
+
+621
+00:38:39,090 --> 00:38:41,680
+don't even see the moon through your window. And
+
+622
+00:38:41,680 --> 00:38:43,520
+maybe you don't have the time because you are on
+
+623
+00:38:43,520 --> 00:38:45,980
+social media spending time and chatting. Maybe
+
+624
+00:38:45,980 --> 00:38:48,320
+because you only have four hours of electricity
+
+625
+00:38:48,320 --> 00:38:52,020
+here in Gaza that you just want to do your stuff
+
+626
+00:38:52,020 --> 00:38:53,640
+that requires electricity, that you don't care
+
+627
+00:38:53,640 --> 00:38:57,040
+about nature. So the romantics say life,
+
+628
+00:38:57,280 --> 00:39:01,560
+especially in the city, has added some sort of
+
+629
+00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:08,650
+avail of familiarity. where we don't see things as
+
+630
+00:39:08,650 --> 00:39:12,650
+they should be seen, beautiful and majestic. So
+
+631
+00:39:12,650 --> 00:39:16,390
+they invite us to have this childlike experience.
+
+632
+00:39:16,550 --> 00:39:20,410
+Children, they always react to the same thing.
+
+633
+00:39:20,490 --> 00:39:22,910
+They see the same thing for a hundred times and
+
+634
+00:39:22,910 --> 00:39:26,690
+they're like, Wow, this is a childlike reaction.
+
+635
+00:39:27,130 --> 00:39:29,630
+When kids start learning words, for example, and
+
+636
+00:39:29,630 --> 00:39:32,130
+they see the lights, they keep referring to it
+
+637
+00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:36,970
+like a hundred times every day. Right? When they
+
+638
+00:39:36,970 --> 00:39:39,410
+go out, when you are in a taxi or something, they
+
+639
+00:39:39,410 --> 00:39:44,670
+see a donkey and they were like, more right like I
+
+640
+00:39:44,670 --> 00:39:48,970
+know but this is how children generally react to
+
+641
+00:39:48,970 --> 00:39:52,250
+things they see again and again but for us adults
+
+642
+00:39:52,250 --> 00:39:57,970
+experience deprives us of this beautiful child not
+
+643
+00:39:57,970 --> 00:40:02,230
+childish childlike reaction where every time you
+
+644
+00:40:02,230 --> 00:40:07,350
+see something you just So he shifts from the past
+
+645
+00:40:07,350 --> 00:40:09,710
+to the present because he's recollecting and
+
+646
+00:40:09,710 --> 00:40:13,150
+because he's telling us, I relive this beautiful
+
+647
+00:40:13,150 --> 00:40:19,410
+moment every time I want to relive this. So
+
+648
+00:40:19,410 --> 00:40:22,810
+beautiful encounter, kind of flashbacking on
+
+649
+00:40:22,810 --> 00:40:26,810
+something. Please, put this in mind. When I teach
+
+650
+00:40:26,810 --> 00:40:29,810
+literature, I always invite my students to
+
+651
+00:40:29,810 --> 00:40:33,310
+reconsider their lives. This is not about exams.
+
+652
+00:40:33,870 --> 00:40:36,050
+Yeah, I know you want to get high marks. You
+
+653
+00:40:36,050 --> 00:40:39,490
+should. And you study. But also think of how
+
+654
+00:40:39,490 --> 00:40:43,330
+literature can change you, can change your lives,
+
+655
+00:40:43,530 --> 00:40:45,590
+can make you better human beings, can make you
+
+656
+00:40:45,590 --> 00:40:50,530
+think, can make you grow. Exactly like movies. And
+
+657
+00:40:50,530 --> 00:40:53,210
+poetry here invites us to be different, to care
+
+658
+00:40:53,210 --> 00:40:57,530
+about others, to like, to love.
+
+659
+00:41:00,240 --> 00:41:01,980
+And this is part of the question you need to
+
+660
+00:41:01,980 --> 00:41:05,220
+answer. How literature influences life. Literature
+
+661
+00:41:05,220 --> 00:41:10,040
+is a criticism of life and a tool of empowerment.
+
+662
+00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:13,670
+It makes us better people, more powerful people,
+
+663
+00:41:13,990 --> 00:41:16,750
+especially for people like us here oppressed and
+
+664
+00:41:16,750 --> 00:41:19,110
+occupied by the Israeli occupation, especially if
+
+665
+00:41:19,110 --> 00:41:22,070
+we are women and we need to raise our voices and
+
+666
+00:41:22,070 --> 00:41:24,910
+reach out to people and break the barriers, break
+
+667
+00:41:24,910 --> 00:41:30,790
+the glass ceiling, break the unfavorable rules
+
+668
+00:41:30,790 --> 00:41:35,410
+around us here or there. So this is one poem by
+
+669
+00:41:35,410 --> 00:41:37,910
+William Wordsworth that has almost all the
+
+670
+00:41:37,910 --> 00:41:40,670
+features of romanticism. Nature, tick.
+
+671
+00:41:41,410 --> 00:41:44,690
+Individuality, tick. Imagination, tick. Man and
+
+672
+00:41:44,690 --> 00:41:47,390
+nature, simplicity, tick. I think you'll find two,
+
+673
+00:41:47,530 --> 00:41:50,530
+three words. Imagine yourself a native speaker in
+
+674
+00:41:50,530 --> 00:41:53,310
+grade seven in England or America. You will get
+
+675
+00:41:53,310 --> 00:41:57,670
+most of the words, if not all of them. Subject
+
+676
+00:41:57,670 --> 00:42:01,750
+matter, common life, flowers from nature, also
+
+677
+00:42:01,750 --> 00:42:10,470
+tick. What else? Recalling memory, tick. How you
+
+678
+00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:13,090
+break the rules in order to, you know, sometimes
+
+679
+00:42:13,090 --> 00:42:16,490
+to get to convey a message with the imperfect
+
+680
+00:42:16,490 --> 00:42:23,030
+rhyme, also tick. I'll stop here. And if you have
+
+681
+00:42:23,030 --> 00:42:26,330
+any question, you can definitely ask. Next class,
+
+682
+00:42:26,410 --> 00:42:29,570
+we'll continue doing Lucy Gray by William
+
+683
+00:42:29,570 --> 00:42:32,770
+Wordsworth, and we will have time to do London by
+
+684
+00:42:32,770 --> 00:42:36,670
+William Blake. Thank you very much. And hopefully
+
+685
+00:42:36,670 --> 00:42:38,610
+this will change something in you.
+
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c428d9f9a2574e644ff07d6dc559c3610d8cc8f
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@@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@
+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:26,740
+Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we
+
+2
+00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:33,540
+move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major
+
+3
+00:00:33,540 --> 00:00:37,320
+issues in the 20th century, major names and major
+
+4
+00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,060
+literary texts. We are about to close this course.
+
+5
+00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,570
+And I want you always to imagine how the journey
+
+6
+00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,930
+of English literature moved from the oral Old
+
+7
+00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,130
+English tradition and then to Middle English, and
+
+8
+00:00:53,130 --> 00:00:55,070
+then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel,
+
+9
+00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,490
+and prose, and then the 20th century. This has
+
+10
+00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:02,250
+been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again,
+
+11
+00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:05,390
+to speak about everything in English literature in
+
+12
+00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:10,370
+just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully,
+
+13
+00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,450
+you will be studying more literature courses, and
+
+14
+00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:17,430
+you will go in-depth into more issues than we
+
+15
+00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:22,350
+discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to
+
+16
+00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:25,430
+show you how literature and life interact, how
+
+17
+00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:27,830
+life influences literature, and how literature
+
+18
+00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:32,170
+also creates particular things in life in the
+
+19
+00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:35,690
+sense that it empowers people. It suggests new
+
+20
+00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:40,030
+ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And
+
+21
+00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:42,830
+how literature has always been used by the
+
+22
+00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:45,730
+marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the
+
+23
+00:01:45,730 --> 00:01:49,210
+outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking
+
+24
+00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:53,370
+truth to power of expressing themselves in the
+
+25
+00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:56,730
+sense that literature is revolution and can cause
+
+26
+00:01:56,730 --> 00:02:01,910
+revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a
+
+27
+00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,550
+fascinating era to speak about in all issues,
+
+28
+00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:10,170
+whether we speak about technology, technological
+
+29
+00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:15,850
+advancements, industry, society, philosophy,
+
+30
+00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:21,830
+literature, arts, relationships, how the world has
+
+31
+00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:25,650
+become a really tiny village, especially with the
+
+32
+00:02:25,650 --> 00:02:30,380
+internet in the late 20th century. Now when we
+
+33
+00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,000
+speak about, before we speak about the literature,
+
+34
+00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,100
+I want just to mention the major issues here. I
+
+35
+00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:40,040
+can't cover everything again, but we'll have an
+
+36
+00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:45,760
+idea. So remember how people were lamenting the
+
+37
+00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,620
+loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were
+
+38
+00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:52,380
+sad, expressing their sadness because people were
+
+39
+00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,040
+no longer the people who used to be close, who
+
+40
+00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,840
+loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or
+
+41
+00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,420
+another living in a society in harmony. And how
+
+42
+00:03:03,420 --> 00:03:05,660
+this society, because of the city and the
+
+43
+00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:09,100
+Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing
+
+44
+00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:13,140
+and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented
+
+45
+00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:15,840
+this in literature, especially in the poetry of
+
+46
+00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,200
+the late Victorian period. And we've seen the
+
+47
+00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,400
+crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem
+
+48
+00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:29,520
+Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little
+
+49
+00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,000
+tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to
+
+50
+00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,200
+one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth.
+
+51
+00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,700
+and beauty are all important things that can at
+
+52
+00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,680
+least unite us despite the differences. Now, when
+
+53
+00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,840
+people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or
+
+54
+00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,100
+the First World War broke out. And millions and
+
+55
+00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,060
+millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how
+
+56
+00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:58,040
+many, but I think like over 20 million people were
+
+57
+00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,700
+killed. And most of them were white European
+
+58
+00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:05,300
+Christians. So I remember in literature we have
+
+59
+00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,880
+always this idea of the Western man being more
+
+60
+00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,860
+superior than the native Africans or Asians, being
+
+61
+00:04:11,860 --> 00:04:15,180
+smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden,
+
+62
+00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,820
+The Europeans among themselves, the Christians,
+
+63
+00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,060
+the white people are massacring each other for
+
+64
+00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:24,780
+more or less trivial things. Could be political
+
+65
+00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:28,720
+issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of
+
+66
+00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:35,220
+how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And
+
+67
+00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,380
+this was the final blow that people lost hope. So
+
+68
+00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:42,800
+many people lost hope. So the period between the
+
+69
+00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,380
+First World War and the Second World War,
+
+70
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,540
+especially in the 30s, is called the lost
+
+71
+00:04:46,540 --> 00:04:48,980
+generation, where people lost not only hope, but
+
+72
+00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:52,140
+everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope
+
+73
+00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:54,140
+they had of maybe this is the Western
+
+74
+00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:57,460
+civilization. It's going to be the best. history
+
+75
+00:04:57,460 --> 00:05:00,720
+has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war
+
+76
+00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040
+and another war, and tens of millions of people,
+
+77
+00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,200
+over 50, around 60 million people were massacred.
+
+78
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,960
+Because in a way or another, there's no hope.
+
+79
+00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,960
+Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the
+
+80
+00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,180
+positivism of George Eliot that humanity is
+
+81
+00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,940
+advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come.
+
+82
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:29,490
+This proved that Many things were not true. Now,
+
+83
+00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:33,610
+the British Empire started to fall apart, to be
+
+84
+00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,270
+torn into pieces because of the liberation
+
+85
+00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:41,190
+movements and the resistance by the colonized
+
+86
+00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:44,650
+around the world. So England was shrinking. The
+
+87
+00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:49,670
+British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now
+
+88
+00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:54,140
+only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority
+
+89
+00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,600
+here and there. In the 20th century, we speak
+
+90
+00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:01,180
+about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism.
+
+91
+00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:05,630
+like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what
+
+92
+00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,470
+humanity has given, especially in modern history,
+
+93
+00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:12,490
+is fascism and Nazism, when people considered
+
+94
+00:06:12,490 --> 00:06:14,590
+themselves to be bitter just because of the color
+
+95
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,050
+of their skin, to be more superior, and to give
+
+96
+00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:19,590
+themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of
+
+97
+00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:23,290
+people just because they believe that we are the
+
+98
+00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:28,030
+chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or
+
+99
+00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:31,300
+Nazism could have ended with the fall or the
+
+100
+00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:35,440
+defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and
+
+101
+00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,960
+Nazis are still alive and kicking around the
+
+102
+00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,300
+world. And fascists are also still alive and
+
+103
+00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:42,800
+kicking around the world. There are still many
+
+104
+00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,300
+people who believe that, for example, the white
+
+105
+00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,980
+people are the best, the most superior, and this
+
+106
+00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,960
+is called white supremacy. So no matter what
+
+107
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600
+people do, like sometimes you say, why are people
+
+108
+00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,940
+like this? Why is it that this person hate me
+
+109
+00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,580
+because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what
+
+110
+00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:04,560
+I think, or how I look. Horrible people will
+
+111
+00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,400
+always be around, no matter what we do, no matter
+
+112
+00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,260
+how good we are, okay? So when we speak about
+
+113
+00:07:11,260 --> 00:07:13,320
+literature, because this is a literature course,
+
+114
+00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,440
+we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about
+
+115
+00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,120
+John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said
+
+116
+00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,680
+these were, in a way or another, modernist poets.
+
+117
+00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,860
+When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence
+
+118
+00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,650
+Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a
+
+119
+00:07:31,650 --> 00:07:34,710
+modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary
+
+120
+00:07:34,710 --> 00:07:36,950
+Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are
+
+121
+00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:39,970
+modernist elements. Some people think that
+
+122
+00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:43,030
+modernism started in the 20th century. It's not
+
+123
+00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:45,990
+accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular
+
+124
+00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,100
+time. But the majority of modernist artistic
+
+125
+00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:54,500
+creation took place in the 20th century. So I
+
+126
+00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,020
+always give this funny example of, I say if
+
+127
+00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,220
+modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it
+
+128
+00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:04,260
+happened before the 20th century. Examples, John
+
+129
+00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:08,020
+Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have
+
+130
+00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,700
+generally experimental issues. When we speak about
+
+131
+00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,800
+modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new
+
+132
+00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,200
+forms of expression, new literary forms, how you
+
+133
+00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:20,880
+try to break the rules and the barriers of what
+
+134
+00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080
+you have to do and you just do something new.
+
+135
+00:08:23,420 --> 00:08:27,000
+That's basically what it is. When we speak also
+
+136
+00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,380
+about literature, we speak about literary theory.
+
+137
+00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:33,020
+So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago
+
+138
+00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:36,460
+or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you
+
+139
+00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:40,930
+know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke
+
+140
+00:08:40,930 --> 00:08:45,220
+about literature and they tried to give an idea to
+
+141
+00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:48,180
+help us understand literature. So it was
+
+142
+00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:50,580
+basically, if you follow these particular rules,
+
+143
+00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,680
+you're going to write great literature. And great
+
+144
+00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,620
+literature is great because of one, two, three,
+
+145
+00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:58,860
+four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand
+
+146
+00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:01,300
+a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the
+
+147
+00:09:01,300 --> 00:09:03,560
+criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great
+
+148
+00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,640
+text because one, two, one, two, three. And we
+
+149
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:08,980
+spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on
+
+150
+00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:13,130
+criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander
+
+151
+00:09:13,130 --> 00:09:16,330
+Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and
+
+152
+00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:19,630
+literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I
+
+153
+00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,610
+don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just
+
+154
+00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:25,670
+to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or
+
+155
+00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:29,050
+literary theories, they are a set of theories to
+
+156
+00:09:29,050 --> 00:09:31,950
+help us, to guide us how to understand literature.
+
+157
+00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:37,090
+I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we
+
+158
+00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:39,970
+mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the
+
+159
+00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,610
+movement, the literary theory that locks a text
+
+160
+00:09:43,610 --> 00:09:46,190
+from the perspective of a woman, how women are
+
+161
+00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:49,450
+treated. It's basically a movement that says women
+
+162
+00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,250
+are equal to men or are different in their own
+
+163
+00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:55,470
+way, not worse. Some people say they are better
+
+164
+00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:00,570
+than men. It depends on how you take it. So
+
+165
+00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:03,070
+feminism goes to the literary text and tries to
+
+166
+00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:06,510
+see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this
+
+167
+00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:08,630
+way? Why are you representing this woman in this
+
+168
+00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:11,890
+way? Why do most women die in their literatics?
+
+169
+00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:15,110
+This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the
+
+170
+00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:17,110
+woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism.
+
+171
+00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:20,170
+And women should have their own rights to speak,
+
+172
+00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:23,850
+to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to
+
+173
+00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:27,150
+act. This was a significant thing that empowered
+
+174
+00:10:27,150 --> 00:10:29,390
+women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we
+
+175
+00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:31,710
+also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also
+
+176
+00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,090
+post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we
+
+177
+00:10:34,090 --> 00:10:39,530
+mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post
+
+178
+00:10:39,530 --> 00:10:42,430
+-colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name?
+
+179
+00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:47,170
+Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said
+
+180
+00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:50,130
+is said to be, although he's quoted by some people
+
+181
+00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:52,370
+that say, like, no, I didn't invent post
+
+182
+00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:55,230
+-colonialism. But it is generally attributed to
+
+183
+00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:58,270
+Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post
+
+184
+00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:01,470
+-colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the
+
+185
+00:11:01,470 --> 00:11:03,770
+relationship between the East and the West, the
+
+186
+00:11:03,770 --> 00:11:08,950
+imperial powers of Europe and the colonized
+
+187
+00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:13,830
+oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the
+
+188
+00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:17,390
+world. So both of these theories invite us to
+
+189
+00:11:17,390 --> 00:11:21,550
+question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So
+
+190
+00:11:21,550 --> 00:11:25,190
+remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of
+
+191
+00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:28,450
+the most important... Writings, literary works,
+
+192
+00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,070
+whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check
+
+193
+00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:34,830
+this again, thanks to these theories, they say,
+
+194
+00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,390
+okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men?
+
+195
+00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:42,110
+White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically.
+
+196
+00:11:42,250 --> 00:11:44,650
+No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong
+
+197
+00:11:44,650 --> 00:11:48,610
+with this. So we reread the canon in a way or
+
+198
+00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:53,140
+whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said,
+
+199
+00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:56,080
+Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism
+
+200
+00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,400
+figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and
+
+201
+00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,020
+critic. I'll give you examples from three major
+
+202
+00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,660
+literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a
+
+203
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:11,480
+poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will
+
+204
+00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,740
+break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to
+
+205
+00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:18,180
+show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly
+
+206
+00:12:18,180 --> 00:12:24,270
+and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be
+
+207
+00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:30,490
+the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His
+
+208
+00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:34,970
+famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally
+
+209
+00:12:34,970 --> 00:12:39,650
+translated into Arabic as... Okay,
+
+210
+00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:46,270
+so notice it's two words here, not one word. So
+
+211
+00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:47,170
+The Wasteland,
+
+212
+00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:57,120
+So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S.
+
+213
+00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:02,000
+Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem
+
+214
+00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,920
+in the 20th century. It is one of the most really
+
+215
+00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:11,260
+fascinating poems of all time. And when you read
+
+216
+00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:15,690
+it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read
+
+217
+00:13:15,690 --> 00:13:18,490
+it, I understand you're still, you know, taking
+
+218
+00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,610
+the first steps into English literature and
+
+219
+00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:23,030
+English language. But give it a shot. At least
+
+220
+00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:25,510
+listen to poetry. The most significant thing about
+
+221
+00:13:25,510 --> 00:13:27,150
+poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant
+
+222
+00:13:27,150 --> 00:13:29,850
+to be recited. Listen to the recitation on
+
+223
+00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:34,590
+YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the
+
+224
+00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:37,110
+title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So
+
+225
+00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,750
+it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient
+
+226
+00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:47,970
+myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you
+
+227
+00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:50,190
+know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the
+
+228
+00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:53,710
+stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods
+
+229
+00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:56,950
+and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories
+
+230
+00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:01,630
+similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by
+
+231
+00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:06,310
+someone, like,
+
+232
+00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:12,230
+You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And
+
+233
+00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:14,290
+anything you wish, you will be granted.
+
+234
+00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,370
+Interesting, right? So what would you ask for?
+
+235
+00:14:17,410 --> 00:14:20,610
+What would you ask for now here? To read people's
+
+236
+00:14:20,610 --> 00:14:25,850
+minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time.
+
+237
+00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:29,690
+Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What
+
+238
+00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:34,470
+else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on.
+
+239
+00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:39,620
+That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So
+
+240
+00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:44,700
+what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life.
+
+241
+00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,960
+She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone
+
+242
+00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,980
+wants to live forever. However, and this is where
+
+243
+00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:54,400
+the famous saying comes from. In English, they
+
+244
+00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,580
+say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want
+
+245
+00:14:57,580 --> 00:15:01,900
+the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell
+
+246
+00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,020
+you, careful what you wish for, because it could
+
+247
+00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:07,490
+be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for
+
+248
+00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,430
+you if you write paragraphs, because you're
+
+249
+00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:11,550
+trained to write and express yourself. But true or
+
+250
+00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:14,870
+false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and
+
+251
+00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:18,450
+white, right? She forgot. She should have asked
+
+252
+00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:23,210
+for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness,
+
+253
+00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:28,350
+but means death eventually. So she asked for
+
+254
+00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:34,210
+eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And
+
+255
+00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:36,910
+what happens here is that she grew very old and
+
+256
+00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,610
+very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and
+
+257
+00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,870
+shrinking to the extent that she became like a
+
+258
+00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:46,230
+tiny little creature, like a little bird. And
+
+259
+00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:49,330
+people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds
+
+260
+00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910
+of years later, the kids would be teasing her and
+
+261
+00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:54,470
+making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want?
+
+262
+00:15:54,810 --> 00:15:56,650
+So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want
+
+263
+00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,780
+eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He
+
+264
+00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,740
+wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is
+
+265
+00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:07,280
+40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th
+
+266
+00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:09,120
+century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't
+
+267
+00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260
+even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes
+
+268
+00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,340
+from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He
+
+269
+00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640
+doesn't write in English this. And then he
+
+270
+00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,380
+dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet
+
+271
+00:16:22,380 --> 00:16:27,280
+and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So
+
+272
+00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:33,820
+Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a
+
+273
+00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:36,640
+subheading for this section of the poem called,
+
+274
+00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,320
+The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also
+
+275
+00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,060
+taken from the Bible. So what is he writing?
+
+276
+00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:43,320
+There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when
+
+277
+00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,760
+we read, April is the cruelest month, we say,
+
+278
+00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,340
+finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart
+
+279
+00:16:51,340 --> 00:16:54,920
+enough, I think you are, you will remember that.
+
+280
+00:16:55,820 --> 00:17:02,090
+Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's
+
+281
+00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,870
+Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the
+
+282
+00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:08,510
+poem praising April. What does April generally
+
+283
+00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:14,170
+symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection,
+
+284
+00:17:14,450 --> 00:17:17,430
+new beginning, new world, new experiences, new
+
+285
+00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:20,710
+ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has
+
+286
+00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710
+been the case in English literature. So spring
+
+287
+00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710
+always represents new life, rebirth. But here,
+
+288
+00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350
+what is bringing to England, to the West, to
+
+289
+00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770
+Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people
+
+290
+00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:37,150
+dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my
+
+291
+00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,720
+understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called
+
+292
+00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400
+allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a
+
+293
+00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520
+text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if
+
+294
+00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360
+he's going back in history. Remember we said
+
+295
+00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,540
+Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's
+
+296
+00:17:53,540 --> 00:17:56,960
+like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the
+
+297
+00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,680
+hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by
+
+298
+00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,460
+the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the
+
+299
+00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:06,260
+20th century, and telling us all it's all been a
+
+300
+00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:10,530
+lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all
+
+301
+00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:13,790
+going to die. And even when we want to die, we
+
+302
+00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:18,390
+can't. Because April is not a beautiful month.
+
+303
+00:18:19,650 --> 00:18:26,350
+April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of
+
+304
+00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:31,110
+the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees
+
+305
+00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:35,810
+and the plants spring beneath this millions of
+
+306
+00:18:35,810 --> 00:18:40,370
+dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and
+
+307
+00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630
+desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain.
+
+308
+00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:46,530
+Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go
+
+309
+00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:50,230
+out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth
+
+310
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:53,030
+in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with
+
+311
+00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030
+dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this
+
+312
+00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430
+text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some
+
+313
+00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890
+ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek,
+
+314
+00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330
+Italian, German language, French language. He uses
+
+315
+00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450
+Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies,
+
+316
+00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830
+ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read
+
+317
+00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970
+this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't
+
+318
+00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460
+understand basically Everything. So later on, he
+
+319
+00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460
+published something, and he added notes. He says,
+
+320
+00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800
+OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and
+
+321
+00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360
+here I mean this and that. But all just we need
+
+322
+00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920
+here for the class is this, like April is the
+
+323
+00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180
+cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th
+
+324
+00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020
+century became more self-aware about itself. There
+
+325
+00:19:39,020 --> 00:19:41,240
+is a lot of metafictional elements here, like
+
+326
+00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680
+always taking you outside of the text. If you look
+
+327
+00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500
+at the structure here, you'll see that it's not
+
+328
+00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100
+like the classical poetry. This is experimental.
+
+329
+00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060
+This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that
+
+330
+00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640
+doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no
+
+331
+00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,940
+surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne
+
+332
+00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580
+and showed how important he is. In a way, he
+
+333
+00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000
+followed, he learned something from John Donne.
+
+334
+00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960
+Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at
+
+335
+00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,640
+even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring,
+
+336
+00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,880
+grain like. It's almost the same in a way or
+
+337
+00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780
+another. Does this make it less poetic than any
+
+338
+00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940
+other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the
+
+339
+00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220
+20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson
+
+340
+00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:26,920
+and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair
+
+341
+00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100
+right now. Because for them, You have to follow
+
+342
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200
+the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or
+
+343
+00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840
+another. So this is basically what we need to know
+
+344
+00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980
+about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month.
+
+345
+00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380
+And then I'll give you an example from the novel.
+
+346
+00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:49,080
+Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work
+
+347
+00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740
+in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the
+
+348
+00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660
+major trend, the most important famous trend,
+
+349
+00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900
+modernist literature, although many people were
+
+350
+00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860
+writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and
+
+351
+00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280
+stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses?
+
+352
+00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:08,160
+I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer,
+
+353
+00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280
+from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other
+
+354
+00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040
+poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text,
+
+355
+00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860
+Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about
+
+356
+00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840
+someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is
+
+357
+00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,020
+usually this allusion and metafictional element.
+
+358
+00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,260
+Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts
+
+359
+00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,480
+from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses
+
+360
+00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,320
+the famous stream of consciousness technique of
+
+361
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000
+narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one
+
+362
+00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630
+of the first people to use this. where you get
+
+363
+00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450
+inside the mind, the thoughts of the character,
+
+364
+00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850
+and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as
+
+365
+00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:02,330
+they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he
+
+366
+00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450
+also mixes between first person and third person
+
+367
+00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,960
+narrators. Very experimental power. The text
+
+368
+00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500
+covers only 18 hours in the life of the author.
+
+369
+00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,380
+And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages,
+
+370
+00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600
+30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and
+
+371
+00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620
+write your own diaries, you write everything that
+
+372
+00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500
+happened with you and even every thought that you
+
+373
+00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:32,770
+thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages,
+
+374
+00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830
+50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how
+
+375
+00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710
+imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000
+
+376
+00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130
+pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the
+
+377
+00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110
+stream of consciousness technique. This novel is
+
+378
+00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370
+considered... Many people hated this poem, by the
+
+379
+00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170
+way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are
+
+380
+00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250
+you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know
+
+381
+00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170
+who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects
+
+382
+00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910
+something about the 20th century, the
+
+383
+00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730
+difficulties, the new experimentations, the new
+
+384
+00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110
+intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to
+
+385
+00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750
+break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here
+
+386
+00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530
+in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go
+
+387
+00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510
+read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff.
+
+388
+00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320
+For example, in one of his novels, the main
+
+389
+00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880
+character wakes up and finds himself to be a
+
+390
+00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440
+beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes
+
+391
+00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160
+out to work to the outside world as a small
+
+392
+00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300
+insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah,
+
+393
+00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620
+you have to have this idea about what modernism
+
+394
+00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460
+and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact
+
+395
+00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360
+about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no
+
+396
+00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800
+punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no
+
+397
+00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620
+punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this?
+
+398
+00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640
+Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there
+
+399
+00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360
+is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a
+
+400
+00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280
+reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a
+
+401
+00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800
+reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that
+
+402
+00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260
+he's a good writer and he has a different type of
+
+403
+00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320
+style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about
+
+404
+00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040
+only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being
+
+405
+00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480
+different. But why would you write a whole page
+
+406
+00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880
+sometimes or two or three pages without
+
+407
+00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940
+punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of
+
+408
+00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620
+chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos,
+
+409
+00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560
+some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of
+
+410
+00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940
+grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But
+
+411
+00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500
+there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is
+
+412
+00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020
+his new way of writing.
+
+413
+00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500
+Like what?
+
+414
+00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470
+It's like just It's like they say, no matter how
+
+415
+00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330
+big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this
+
+416
+00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170
+is just something that crosses your mind. No time
+
+417
+00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750
+for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the
+
+418
+00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610
+narrative style? What is dream of consciousness?
+
+419
+00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660
+Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and
+
+420
+00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560
+we see the ideas and how they develop, how they
+
+421
+00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160
+go, how they move, how they become, how they come
+
+422
+00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300
+out. When you think, you don't think with
+
+423
+00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760
+punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe
+
+424
+00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500
+daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish,
+
+425
+00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140
+exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking
+
+426
+00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420
+for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing
+
+427
+00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180
+Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do
+
+428
+00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440
+something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do
+
+429
+00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640
+this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay
+
+430
+00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060
+attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait
+
+431
+00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020
+a minute. I thought using the past simple, I
+
+432
+00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260
+should be using the present perfect. We don't do
+
+433
+00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020
+this. So this is reflecting the stream of
+
+434
+00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820
+consciousness technique. Unless you want to think
+
+435
+00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960
+using grammar, it's up to you. Another example
+
+436
+00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440
+from the 20th century. This time it's a play.
+
+437
+00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960
+Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot,
+
+438
+00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960
+and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not
+
+439
+00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920
+Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's
+
+440
+00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300
+like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But
+
+441
+00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360
+does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say
+
+442
+00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260
+yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And
+
+443
+00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010
+the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each
+
+444
+00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390
+act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five,
+
+445
+00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490
+seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number
+
+446
+00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110
+three has the climax and the top, the peak. And
+
+447
+00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070
+after that, things go down for the resolution. So
+
+448
+00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130
+the complication, the plot moves this way. So this
+
+449
+00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570
+is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play,
+
+450
+00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650
+Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But
+
+451
+00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550
+let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous
+
+452
+00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650
+playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for
+
+453
+00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570
+Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the
+
+454
+00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550
+two acts mirror each other. What happens in the
+
+455
+00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350
+first one basically happens in the second one. The
+
+456
+00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860
+story of the play is that two people are Two
+
+457
+00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920
+people were just waiting for someone named Godo.
+
+458
+00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120
+Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him
+
+459
+00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140
+before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't
+
+460
+00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340
+come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a
+
+461
+00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800
+famous expression. What are you doing here? You
+
+462
+00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260
+could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of
+
+463
+00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280
+the department, waiting for something, for the
+
+464
+00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720
+electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting
+
+465
+00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060
+for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is
+
+466
+00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090
+not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the
+
+467
+00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090
+characters describes, summarizes even the whole,
+
+468
+00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170
+in a way or another, the whole play saying,
+
+469
+00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670
+nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the
+
+470
+00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030
+first act or seen, they're just waiting and
+
+471
+00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150
+spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid
+
+472
+00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230
+things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the
+
+473
+00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550
+carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties
+
+474
+00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190
+it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing
+
+475
+00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700
+They're just gossiping about the most trivial,
+
+476
+00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920
+unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a
+
+477
+00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680
+boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not
+
+478
+00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040
+coming today. God is going to come next day,
+
+479
+00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880
+tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move.
+
+480
+00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520
+The curtains are closed. The second act, same
+
+481
+00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870
+people again, and they speak about Like, we
+
+482
+00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510
+realize that there's trouble with their memories
+
+483
+00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830
+in a way or another. They can't remember basically
+
+484
+00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810
+everything. And we don't know whether this is the
+
+485
+00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250
+second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years,
+
+486
+00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370
+basically like a couple of months or years later
+
+487
+00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030
+on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot.
+
+488
+00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590
+We have new extra characters, also minor
+
+489
+00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130
+characters. But basically at the end, the boy
+
+490
+00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890
+shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr.
+
+491
+00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910
+Godot told me to tell you he won't come this
+
+492
+00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640
+evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say,
+
+493
+00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580
+OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains
+
+494
+00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180
+are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What
+
+495
+00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220
+is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about?
+
+496
+00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120
+Many people were like, come on. This is absurd.
+
+497
+00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320
+Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater
+
+498
+00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200
+was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath.
+
+499
+00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550
+Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous.
+
+500
+00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730
+But some people believe that this is the most
+
+501
+00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450
+significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this
+
+502
+00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110
+is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a
+
+503
+00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010
+significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is
+
+504
+00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590
+different and insignificant. The text could be
+
+505
+00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590
+about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes
+
+506
+00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090
+our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for
+
+507
+00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940
+something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've
+
+508
+00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880
+been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been
+
+509
+00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180
+waiting for Israel to understand that we need our
+
+510
+00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900
+rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're
+
+511
+00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080
+waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a
+
+512
+00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940
+day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for
+
+513
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140
+the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the
+
+514
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480
+occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah
+
+515
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940
+crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend
+
+516
+00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640
+all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good
+
+517
+00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220
+things to come, for hope, for a better life. But
+
+518
+00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800
+nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for?
+
+519
+00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620
+We're waiting for Godot. You could write an
+
+520
+00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000
+article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot.
+
+521
+00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540
+Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like,
+
+522
+00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000
+we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the
+
+523
+00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800
+20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had
+
+524
+00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000
+a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing.
+
+525
+00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200
+God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I
+
+526
+00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240
+don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little
+
+527
+00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440
+boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely
+
+528
+00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220
+tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this
+
+529
+00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220
+is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the
+
+530
+00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580
+loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of
+
+531
+00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980
+purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very
+
+532
+00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220
+existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has
+
+533
+00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480
+other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess,
+
+534
+00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200
+as far as I can remember, the main characters,
+
+535
+00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440
+there are four characters, all dead, all in the
+
+536
+00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380
+grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many
+
+537
+00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660
+other plays. But again, remember this.
+
+538
+00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020
+The fact that this is different from Shakespeare
+
+539
+00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520
+and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad
+
+540
+00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620
+literature. Many people love this experimental
+
+541
+00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220
+literature. I know many people like movies with,
+
+542
+00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200
+you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle
+
+543
+00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340
+and ending, and it ends happily and you love the
+
+544
+00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660
+movie. But many people love movies and texts that
+
+545
+00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660
+shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask
+
+546
+00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800
+questions about ourselves, about life. What are we
+
+547
+00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050
+doing here? What's going on? So this is another
+
+548
+00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170
+example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for
+
+549
+00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470
+Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show
+
+550
+00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570
+up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th
+
+551
+00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270
+-century literature examples. I'll give you an
+
+552
+00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050
+idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and
+
+553
+00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030
+critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend
+
+554
+00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690
+and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our
+
+555
+00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190
+neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian
+
+556
+00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570
+intellectual and critic Edward Said in
+
+557
+00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650
+Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said
+
+558
+00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890
+is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over
+
+559
+00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990
+the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist,
+
+560
+00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270
+one of the early 20th century feminists. She
+
+561
+00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510
+lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s,
+
+562
+00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950
+something. I don't care. But she was one of the
+
+563
+00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930
+leaders of the feminist movement who called for
+
+564
+00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110
+not only human, but political, intellectual, and
+
+565
+00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870
+all rights for women. She said women are even
+
+566
+00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130
+better than men in many ways. Why? Because if
+
+567
+00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450
+everything, all the odds are against you, your
+
+568
+00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570
+parents are against you, your brothers are against
+
+569
+00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470
+you, your society is against you, everything is
+
+570
+00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830
+against you, if you manage despite all these
+
+571
+00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110
+difficulties to write, to produce, to do
+
+572
+00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370
+something, then you are amazing. Because
+
+573
+00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490
+everything is against you. Like us, we are
+
+574
+00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330
+Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do
+
+575
+00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650
+anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest,
+
+576
+00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560
+right? So when you manage to succeed and become a
+
+577
+00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820
+success story, that's an amazing thing because
+
+578
+00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020
+people around the world don't have, like have so
+
+579
+00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080
+many things. We don't have 1% of what they have.
+
+580
+00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540
+So in here, famous article, a collection of
+
+581
+00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610
+articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically
+
+582
+00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390
+discusses not only literary figures like Aphra
+
+583
+00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110
+Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She
+
+584
+00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670
+also discusses fictional women, like how women
+
+585
+00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910
+were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare,
+
+586
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380
+and later on. So the idea is that you can't
+
+587
+00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260
+separate fact from fiction, because literature
+
+588
+00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720
+also empowers us. I said this before. When you
+
+589
+00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200
+read a text about a particular person who
+
+590
+00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980
+struggles in a particular way, it influences you.
+
+591
+00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100
+It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it
+
+592
+00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520
+in your own way. So basically, she explores both
+
+593
+00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900
+women as writers and characters. The most
+
+594
+00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980
+interesting thing is that she discusses Many
+
+595
+00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180
+people, many male critics, many men generally
+
+596
+00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500
+would believe that it would have been impossible
+
+597
+00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100
+for any woman to have written the plays that
+
+598
+00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920
+Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they
+
+599
+00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260
+would be saying, because they are women, because
+
+600
+00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780
+women can't write, can't express, can't explore
+
+601
+00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400
+what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers
+
+602
+00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100
+can explore. That's simple. And this is anti
+
+603
+00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760
+-feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK,
+
+604
+00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360
+I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible
+
+605
+00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570
+completely and entirely for any woman to have
+
+606
+00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110
+written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of
+
+607
+00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930
+Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She
+
+608
+00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010
+imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives
+
+609
+00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190
+him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So,
+
+610
+00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230
+Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented
+
+611
+00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420
+by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why
+
+612
+00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600
+does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have
+
+613
+00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500
+a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that
+
+614
+00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960
+Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as
+
+615
+00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580
+Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as
+
+616
+00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520
+interested in art and literature and writing and
+
+617
+00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980
+studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take
+
+618
+00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280
+the journey together and see what her father would
+
+619
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280
+do to her, what her mother would do to her, what
+
+620
+00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440
+the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's
+
+621
+00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120
+not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good,
+
+622
+00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360
+or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because
+
+623
+00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360
+the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here?
+
+624
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960
+Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his
+
+625
+00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240
+extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose,
+
+626
+00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740
+remained at home. She was as adventurous, as
+
+627
+00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460
+imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was.
+
+628
+00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260
+But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes
+
+629
+00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560
+to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of
+
+630
+00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540
+learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar
+
+631
+00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780
+school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot
+
+632
+00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520
+of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil.
+
+633
+00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000
+Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are
+
+634
+00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460
+generally careless and they throw, toss their
+
+635
+00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080
+books around here. So she finds a book by
+
+636
+00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490
+Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study
+
+637
+00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410
+the night before the exam. So she's like, oh,
+
+638
+00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170
+maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can
+
+639
+00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870
+learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is
+
+640
+00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090
+like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or
+
+641
+00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350
+something. now and then, one of her brothers
+
+642
+00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690
+perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her
+
+643
+00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790
+parents came in and told her to mend the stockings
+
+644
+00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750
+or mine the stew and not moon about with the book.
+
+645
+00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060
+You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This
+
+646
+00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520
+is not for you. Women are supposed to help around
+
+647
+00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680
+at the house, to get married, have kids, spend
+
+648
+00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480
+their time at home taking care of the husband and
+
+649
+00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920
+the kids and making food. And that's it. This is
+
+650
+00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000
+the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she,
+
+651
+00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320
+here referring to Judith, the fictional character,
+
+652
+00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840
+fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by
+
+653
+00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220
+Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on,
+
+654
+00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640
+what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because
+
+655
+00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940
+he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and
+
+656
+00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560
+goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced
+
+657
+00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140
+into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's
+
+658
+00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440
+beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her,
+
+659
+00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980
+if you don't get married to this man I picked for
+
+660
+00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220
+you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already
+
+661
+00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940
+said yes to the family or to the father or to the
+
+662
+00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000
+person himself. So this is what would happen. So
+
+663
+00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480
+if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs
+
+664
+00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760
+away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for
+
+665
+00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410
+example, at the door of the stage. Telling people,
+
+666
+00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730
+I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I
+
+667
+00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930
+can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her
+
+668
+00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150
+and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he
+
+669
+00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790
+said, could possibly be an actress. It's
+
+670
+00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090
+impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because
+
+671
+00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270
+women didn't want to, but because they weren't
+
+672
+00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390
+allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she
+
+673
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510
+would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant
+
+674
+00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330
+with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere
+
+675
+00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300
+in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So
+
+676
+00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080
+basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it
+
+677
+00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690
+like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know
+
+678
+00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750
+what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the
+
+679
+00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470
+title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She
+
+680
+00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730
+says, a woman has to have financial independence.
+
+681
+00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570
+If you have your own house or your own room, you
+
+682
+00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750
+can be independent, you can express yourself, you
+
+683
+00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810
+can write. But as long as you're living in a house
+
+684
+00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410
+that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will
+
+685
+00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830
+not be able to... In the other class, I told the
+
+686
+00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050
+students, at least if you have so many family
+
+687
+00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210
+members here in Gaza, like houses would be having
+
+688
+00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110
+10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your
+
+689
+00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690
+own drawer where you keep your own talent, your
+
+690
+00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970
+own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw.
+
+691
+00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550
+And it's very easy because of social media. Now
+
+692
+00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610
+you can have your own account. You can use a pin
+
+693
+00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630
+name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook
+
+694
+00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470
+page under a pin name where you can write. whether
+
+695
+00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570
+in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she
+
+696
+00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590
+praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra
+
+697
+00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650
+Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one
+
+698
+00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270
+of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the
+
+699
+00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610
+women how? To speak their minds. That's why all
+
+700
+00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870
+women all together ought to let flowers fall upon
+
+701
+00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410
+the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way
+
+702
+00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900
+or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism.
+
+703
+00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360
+This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know
+
+704
+00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160
+Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic?
+
+705
+00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060
+Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism.
+
+706
+00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860
+Orientalism.
+
+707
+00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660
+Generally, what Western people, the studies
+
+708
+00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440
+they're involved in, in order to understand the
+
+709
+00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760
+east. It's called Orientalism.
+
+710
+00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390
+So he again exposes how the West controls the
+
+711
+00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590
+East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West
+
+712
+00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970
+always misinterprets the East, how generally,
+
+713
+00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390
+especially Europe, for example, looks down upon
+
+714
+00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030
+the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses
+
+715
+00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450
+them, steals their raw materials, their resources,
+
+716
+00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730
+and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you
+
+717
+00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810
+know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide
+
+718
+00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490
+and rule. So even when England, the British Empire
+
+719
+00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770
+withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because
+
+720
+00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170
+of the division it created. So according to the
+
+721
+00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890
+faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and
+
+722
+00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430
+colonialism. Like he says, English and Western
+
+723
+00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570
+literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of
+
+724
+00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190
+the Western people to invade the world, colonize
+
+725
+00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950
+the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this
+
+726
+00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430
+in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson
+
+727
+00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850
+Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote
+
+728
+00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990
+from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism.
+
+729
+00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170
+The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe
+
+730
+00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860
+or the West. That's good, right? But not in its
+
+731
+00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590
+good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if
+
+732
+00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290
+the West is superior, the East is inferior.
+
+733
+00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190
+Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward.
+
+734
+00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810
+Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific,
+
+735
+00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550
+intellectual, superstitious. So the East has
+
+736
+00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310
+always been looked at as a contrasting image. We
+
+737
+00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790
+are always the negative opposite. The other side
+
+738
+00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500
+of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward
+
+739
+00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640
+Said brings the text and he tries to examine the
+
+740
+00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320
+relationship between the East and the West. Like
+
+741
+00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020
+we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello.
+
+742
+00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200
+In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say
+
+743
+00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550
+that Basically, there's a lot of racism here.
+
+744
+00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570
+Basically, because the European white Christian
+
+745
+00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230
+people there are racist, they consider themselves
+
+746
+00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630
+to be more superior to Othello, not because they
+
+747
+00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250
+are smarter or better or more powerful, but
+
+748
+00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670
+because he's black, because he's originally an
+
+749
+00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840
+African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So
+
+750
+00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020
+he tries to understand this unique relationship.
+
+751
+00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360
+You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the
+
+752
+00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060
+relationship, why is Friday always there to be
+
+753
+00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440
+cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us?
+
+754
+00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660
+Because of his origin and his color. He will
+
+755
+00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080
+never, no matter what happens, be considered to be
+
+756
+00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400
+a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this
+
+757
+00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560
+is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the
+
+758
+00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580
+book, the last example, just one minute. I want
+
+759
+00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300
+you all to go to page 154. This is an example of
+
+760
+00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420
+how Edward Said would be, for example, studying
+
+761
+00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920
+this text. Kipling is an English novelist,
+
+762
+00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420
+Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He
+
+763
+00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660
+wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a
+
+764
+00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880
+novel.
+
+765
+00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580
+According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid,
+
+766
+00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920
+Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel.
+
+767
+00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080
+When I say, remember when I said an allegory of
+
+768
+00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200
+imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it
+
+769
+00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200
+shows the West that they are better, superior,
+
+770
+00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850
+more civilized. And the East? It's a very
+
+771
+00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470
+contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is
+
+772
+00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670
+Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study
+
+773
+00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770
+the colonial interaction between the colonized and
+
+774
+00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950
+the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love
+
+775
+00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170
+this book. I say this many times. But this is an
+
+776
+00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910
+example of the worst whitewashing I have read in
+
+777
+00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940
+my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows
+
+778
+00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420
+in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The
+
+779
+00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120
+story is about an English boy who grows up in
+
+780
+00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320
+India, and he works for the Secret Service, for
+
+781
+00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760
+the British Secret Service, to gather information
+
+782
+00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260
+and intelligence to help empower the British
+
+783
+00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760
+Empire. That's basically it. So here he says,
+
+784
+00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080
+Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the
+
+785
+00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620
+Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I
+
+786
+00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260
+understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling
+
+787
+00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460
+saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east
+
+788
+00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060
+is the east, and the west is the west, and never
+
+789
+00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900
+the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this
+
+790
+00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420
+is racism.
+
+791
+00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140
+He's saying the east is the east, the west is the
+
+792
+00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000
+west, they will never meet. Because the east is
+
+793
+00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540
+the east, and because the west is the west.
+
+794
+00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100
+Because the east is civilization, modernity, what
+
+795
+00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920
+else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific,
+
+796
+00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560
+all the technological and industrial advancement.
+
+797
+00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240
+And the East is what?
+
+798
+00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040
+Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or
+
+799
+00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200
+another. So the book comments here, and this is
+
+800
+00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280
+infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his
+
+801
+00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430
+hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and
+
+802
+00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990
+fretting in his grave because of this explanation.
+
+803
+00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250
+So the book says the British Empire had tried to
+
+804
+00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690
+make them meet, to make them east and west. and
+
+805
+00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130
+become part of one whole. But in the new century,
+
+806
+00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430
+a new process started, and things began to fall to
+
+807
+00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310
+pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years
+
+808
+00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370
+of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of
+
+809
+00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870
+massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're
+
+810
+00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370
+describing this as England trying to make the East
+
+811
+00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650
+and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure,
+
+812
+00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320
+again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is
+
+813
+00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920
+whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says
+
+814
+00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820
+here in the book that the British Empire tried to
+
+815
+00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200
+bring India and Africa and Europe together. This
+
+816
+00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220
+is not true. The British Empire is about
+
+817
+00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900
+occupation and imperialism. It's about control.
+
+818
+00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410
+It's about supremacy. And it describes here the
+
+819
+00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910
+new process. This is the movements of liberation
+
+820
+00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950
+and independence. This is fighting back. This is
+
+821
+00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850
+the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's
+
+822
+00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590
+described as something like a process. And began
+
+823
+00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370
+to fall. What began to fall into pieces?
+
+824
+00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650
+Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice.
+
+825
+00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100
+Do you mean that they used this line to show that
+
+826
+00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320
+they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the
+
+827
+00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200
+book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's
+
+828
+00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000
+line that the East is the East and the West is the
+
+829
+00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680
+West and they will never meet again, saying that
+
+830
+00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340
+the British Empire tried to make the East and the
+
+831
+00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320
+West meet. They didn't. They went for control.
+
+832
+00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500
+They went for control, to take, to assume
+
+833
+00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910
+everything as theirs. And this is an example of
+
+834
+00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310
+how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to
+
+835
+00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270
+reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us
+
+836
+00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670
+to reread literature in a particular way. I'll
+
+837
+00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990
+stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more
+
+838
+00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670
+class, and then we will do a review class on
+
+839
+00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930
+Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/Iqda-Bpvvrs_raw.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1c428d9f9a2574e644ff07d6dc559c3610d8cc8f
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@@ -0,0 +1,3356 @@
+1
+00:00:20,960 --> 00:00:26,740
+Assalamualaikum and good day everyone. Today we
+
+2
+00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:33,540
+move to the 20th century. We'll speak about major
+
+3
+00:00:33,540 --> 00:00:37,320
+issues in the 20th century, major names and major
+
+4
+00:00:37,320 --> 00:00:43,060
+literary texts. We are about to close this course.
+
+5
+00:00:44,010 --> 00:00:46,570
+And I want you always to imagine how the journey
+
+6
+00:00:46,570 --> 00:00:49,930
+of English literature moved from the oral Old
+
+7
+00:00:49,930 --> 00:00:53,130
+English tradition and then to Middle English, and
+
+8
+00:00:53,130 --> 00:00:55,070
+then to drama, Shakespeare, and poetry, and novel,
+
+9
+00:00:55,170 --> 00:00:57,490
+and prose, and then the 20th century. This has
+
+10
+00:00:57,490 --> 00:01:02,250
+been a fascinating journey. It's not easy, again,
+
+11
+00:01:02,430 --> 00:01:05,390
+to speak about everything in English literature in
+
+12
+00:01:05,390 --> 00:01:10,370
+just 30 or 40 classes. In the future, hopefully,
+
+13
+00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,450
+you will be studying more literature courses, and
+
+14
+00:01:12,450 --> 00:01:17,430
+you will go in-depth into more issues than we
+
+15
+00:01:17,430 --> 00:01:22,350
+discussed here. My aim was to give you an idea to
+
+16
+00:01:22,350 --> 00:01:25,430
+show you how literature and life interact, how
+
+17
+00:01:25,430 --> 00:01:27,830
+life influences literature, and how literature
+
+18
+00:01:27,830 --> 00:01:32,170
+also creates particular things in life in the
+
+19
+00:01:32,170 --> 00:01:35,690
+sense that it empowers people. It suggests new
+
+20
+00:01:35,690 --> 00:01:40,030
+ideas. It makes us grow in a way or another. And
+
+21
+00:01:40,030 --> 00:01:42,830
+how literature has always been used by the
+
+22
+00:01:42,830 --> 00:01:45,730
+marginalized, by the subclass, by women, by the
+
+23
+00:01:45,730 --> 00:01:49,210
+outsiders as a tool of resistance, of speaking
+
+24
+00:01:49,210 --> 00:01:53,370
+truth to power of expressing themselves in the
+
+25
+00:01:53,370 --> 00:01:56,730
+sense that literature is revolution and can cause
+
+26
+00:01:56,730 --> 00:02:01,910
+revolutions. Now, the 20th century is a
+
+27
+00:02:01,910 --> 00:02:05,550
+fascinating era to speak about in all issues,
+
+28
+00:02:05,730 --> 00:02:10,170
+whether we speak about technology, technological
+
+29
+00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:15,850
+advancements, industry, society, philosophy,
+
+30
+00:02:16,190 --> 00:02:21,830
+literature, arts, relationships, how the world has
+
+31
+00:02:21,830 --> 00:02:25,650
+become a really tiny village, especially with the
+
+32
+00:02:25,650 --> 00:02:30,380
+internet in the late 20th century. Now when we
+
+33
+00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:33,000
+speak about, before we speak about the literature,
+
+34
+00:02:33,200 --> 00:02:36,100
+I want just to mention the major issues here. I
+
+35
+00:02:36,100 --> 00:02:40,040
+can't cover everything again, but we'll have an
+
+36
+00:02:40,040 --> 00:02:45,760
+idea. So remember how people were lamenting the
+
+37
+00:02:45,760 --> 00:02:48,620
+loss of faith in the late Victorian Age. They were
+
+38
+00:02:48,620 --> 00:02:52,380
+sad, expressing their sadness because people were
+
+39
+00:02:52,380 --> 00:02:56,040
+no longer the people who used to be close, who
+
+40
+00:02:56,040 --> 00:02:59,840
+loved each other, who were, you know, in a way or
+
+41
+00:02:59,840 --> 00:03:03,420
+another living in a society in harmony. And how
+
+42
+00:03:03,420 --> 00:03:05,660
+this society, because of the city and the
+
+43
+00:03:05,660 --> 00:03:09,100
+Industrial Revolution, how everything was changing
+
+44
+00:03:09,100 --> 00:03:13,140
+and moving too. to the worst. Some people lamented
+
+45
+00:03:13,140 --> 00:03:15,840
+this in literature, especially in the poetry of
+
+46
+00:03:15,840 --> 00:03:19,200
+the late Victorian period. And we've seen the
+
+47
+00:03:19,200 --> 00:03:23,400
+crisis of faith in Matthew Arnold's famous poem
+
+48
+00:03:23,400 --> 00:03:29,520
+Dover Beach. And now when Arnold gave us a little
+
+49
+00:03:29,520 --> 00:03:32,000
+tiny ray of hope when he said, let us be true to
+
+50
+00:03:32,000 --> 00:03:37,200
+one another, suggesting that be honesty and truth.
+
+51
+00:03:38,240 --> 00:03:40,700
+and beauty are all important things that can at
+
+52
+00:03:40,700 --> 00:03:44,680
+least unite us despite the differences. Now, when
+
+53
+00:03:44,680 --> 00:03:48,840
+people had a little tiny hope, the Great War or
+
+54
+00:03:48,840 --> 00:03:53,100
+the First World War broke out. And millions and
+
+55
+00:03:53,100 --> 00:03:55,060
+millions of people were killed. I'm not sure how
+
+56
+00:03:55,060 --> 00:03:58,040
+many, but I think like over 20 million people were
+
+57
+00:03:58,040 --> 00:04:00,700
+killed. And most of them were white European
+
+58
+00:04:00,700 --> 00:04:05,300
+Christians. So I remember in literature we have
+
+59
+00:04:05,300 --> 00:04:08,880
+always this idea of the Western man being more
+
+60
+00:04:08,880 --> 00:04:11,860
+superior than the native Africans or Asians, being
+
+61
+00:04:11,860 --> 00:04:15,180
+smarter, more civilized. And now all of a sudden,
+
+62
+00:04:16,520 --> 00:04:18,820
+The Europeans among themselves, the Christians,
+
+63
+00:04:19,000 --> 00:04:22,060
+the white people are massacring each other for
+
+64
+00:04:22,060 --> 00:04:24,780
+more or less trivial things. Could be political
+
+65
+00:04:24,780 --> 00:04:28,720
+issues, but sometimes you go back to the origin of
+
+66
+00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:35,220
+how it all started, and it's a stupid thing. And
+
+67
+00:04:35,220 --> 00:04:38,380
+this was the final blow that people lost hope. So
+
+68
+00:04:38,380 --> 00:04:42,800
+many people lost hope. So the period between the
+
+69
+00:04:42,800 --> 00:04:44,380
+First World War and the Second World War,
+
+70
+00:04:44,720 --> 00:04:46,540
+especially in the 30s, is called the lost
+
+71
+00:04:46,540 --> 00:04:48,980
+generation, where people lost not only hope, but
+
+72
+00:04:48,980 --> 00:04:52,140
+everything. Even the tiny little spark of hope
+
+73
+00:04:52,140 --> 00:04:54,140
+they had of maybe this is the Western
+
+74
+00:04:54,140 --> 00:04:57,460
+civilization. It's going to be the best. history
+
+75
+00:04:57,460 --> 00:05:00,720
+has ever known. But then all of a sudden, one war
+
+76
+00:05:00,720 --> 00:05:04,040
+and another war, and tens of millions of people,
+
+77
+00:05:04,160 --> 00:05:07,200
+over 50, around 60 million people were massacred.
+
+78
+00:05:07,480 --> 00:05:12,960
+Because in a way or another, there's no hope.
+
+79
+00:05:13,240 --> 00:05:16,960
+Humanity is doomed to fail. Remember the
+
+80
+00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,180
+positivism of George Eliot that humanity is
+
+81
+00:05:20,180 --> 00:05:23,940
+advancing, progressing, the good is yet to come.
+
+82
+00:05:24,440 --> 00:05:29,490
+This proved that Many things were not true. Now,
+
+83
+00:05:29,670 --> 00:05:33,610
+the British Empire started to fall apart, to be
+
+84
+00:05:33,610 --> 00:05:37,270
+torn into pieces because of the liberation
+
+85
+00:05:37,270 --> 00:05:41,190
+movements and the resistance by the colonized
+
+86
+00:05:41,190 --> 00:05:44,650
+around the world. So England was shrinking. The
+
+87
+00:05:44,650 --> 00:05:49,670
+British Empire itself was shrinking until it's now
+
+88
+00:05:49,670 --> 00:05:54,140
+only a little tiny island. some symbolic authority
+
+89
+00:05:54,140 --> 00:05:57,600
+here and there. In the 20th century, we speak
+
+90
+00:05:57,600 --> 00:06:01,180
+about the rise of fascism, the rise of Nazism.
+
+91
+00:06:02,170 --> 00:06:05,630
+like, as too brutal, like, the worst of what
+
+92
+00:06:05,630 --> 00:06:08,470
+humanity has given, especially in modern history,
+
+93
+00:06:08,690 --> 00:06:12,490
+is fascism and Nazism, when people considered
+
+94
+00:06:12,490 --> 00:06:14,590
+themselves to be bitter just because of the color
+
+95
+00:06:14,590 --> 00:06:17,050
+of their skin, to be more superior, and to give
+
+96
+00:06:17,050 --> 00:06:19,590
+themselves the right to kill, massacre millions of
+
+97
+00:06:19,590 --> 00:06:23,290
+people just because they believe that we are the
+
+98
+00:06:23,290 --> 00:06:28,030
+chosen people more, more or less. Fascism or
+
+99
+00:06:28,030 --> 00:06:31,300
+Nazism could have ended with the fall or the
+
+100
+00:06:31,300 --> 00:06:35,440
+defeat of Hitler and Germany, but neo-Nazism and
+
+101
+00:06:35,440 --> 00:06:37,960
+Nazis are still alive and kicking around the
+
+102
+00:06:37,960 --> 00:06:41,300
+world. And fascists are also still alive and
+
+103
+00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:42,800
+kicking around the world. There are still many
+
+104
+00:06:42,800 --> 00:06:45,300
+people who believe that, for example, the white
+
+105
+00:06:45,300 --> 00:06:48,980
+people are the best, the most superior, and this
+
+106
+00:06:48,980 --> 00:06:51,960
+is called white supremacy. So no matter what
+
+107
+00:06:51,960 --> 00:06:54,600
+people do, like sometimes you say, why are people
+
+108
+00:06:54,600 --> 00:06:57,940
+like this? Why is it that this person hate me
+
+109
+00:06:57,940 --> 00:07:01,580
+because of... what I believe, what I wear, or what
+
+110
+00:07:01,580 --> 00:07:04,560
+I think, or how I look. Horrible people will
+
+111
+00:07:04,560 --> 00:07:07,400
+always be around, no matter what we do, no matter
+
+112
+00:07:07,400 --> 00:07:11,260
+how good we are, okay? So when we speak about
+
+113
+00:07:11,260 --> 00:07:13,320
+literature, because this is a literature course,
+
+114
+00:07:13,360 --> 00:07:17,440
+we speak about modernism. And when I spoke about
+
+115
+00:07:17,440 --> 00:07:19,120
+John Donne and the metaphysical poets, and I said
+
+116
+00:07:19,120 --> 00:07:22,680
+these were, in a way or another, modernist poets.
+
+117
+00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:27,860
+When I spoke about, what's his name, Lawrence
+
+118
+00:07:27,860 --> 00:07:31,650
+Stern, I said, His text Tristram Shandy is also a
+
+119
+00:07:31,650 --> 00:07:34,710
+modernist text. And when we spoke about Mary
+
+120
+00:07:34,710 --> 00:07:36,950
+Shelley's Frankenstein, we said there are
+
+121
+00:07:36,950 --> 00:07:39,970
+modernist elements. Some people think that
+
+122
+00:07:39,970 --> 00:07:43,030
+modernism started in the 20th century. It's not
+
+123
+00:07:43,030 --> 00:07:45,990
+accurate. Modernism is not related to a particular
+
+124
+00:07:45,990 --> 00:07:50,100
+time. But the majority of modernist artistic
+
+125
+00:07:50,100 --> 00:07:54,500
+creation took place in the 20th century. So I
+
+126
+00:07:54,500 --> 00:07:57,020
+always give this funny example of, I say if
+
+127
+00:07:57,020 --> 00:08:00,220
+modernism is a pizza, at least two slices of it
+
+128
+00:08:00,220 --> 00:08:04,260
+happened before the 20th century. Examples, John
+
+129
+00:08:04,260 --> 00:08:08,020
+Donne, Herbert, Lawrence Stern, Mary Shelley have
+
+130
+00:08:09,560 --> 00:08:12,700
+generally experimental issues. When we speak about
+
+131
+00:08:12,700 --> 00:08:15,800
+modernism, it's basically how you try to bring new
+
+132
+00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,200
+forms of expression, new literary forms, how you
+
+133
+00:08:18,200 --> 00:08:20,880
+try to break the rules and the barriers of what
+
+134
+00:08:20,880 --> 00:08:23,080
+you have to do and you just do something new.
+
+135
+00:08:23,420 --> 00:08:27,000
+That's basically what it is. When we speak also
+
+136
+00:08:27,000 --> 00:08:29,380
+about literature, we speak about literary theory.
+
+137
+00:08:29,480 --> 00:08:33,020
+So we have literature. In the past 2,000 years ago
+
+138
+00:08:33,020 --> 00:08:36,460
+or more, we speak about Aristotle and Plato, you
+
+139
+00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:40,930
+know, Plato. Platon, Aristotle, those people spoke
+
+140
+00:08:40,930 --> 00:08:45,220
+about literature and they tried to give an idea to
+
+141
+00:08:45,220 --> 00:08:48,180
+help us understand literature. So it was
+
+142
+00:08:48,180 --> 00:08:50,580
+basically, if you follow these particular rules,
+
+143
+00:08:50,640 --> 00:08:52,680
+you're going to write great literature. And great
+
+144
+00:08:52,680 --> 00:08:54,620
+literature is great because of one, two, three,
+
+145
+00:08:54,740 --> 00:08:58,860
+four. And it helps us to appreciate and understand
+
+146
+00:08:58,860 --> 00:09:01,300
+a poem. So you look at the poem, you look at the
+
+147
+00:09:01,300 --> 00:09:03,560
+criteria they said, and say, oh, this is a great
+
+148
+00:09:03,560 --> 00:09:06,640
+text because one, two, one, two, three. And we
+
+149
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:08,980
+spoke about Shelley, who wrote an essay on
+
+150
+00:09:08,980 --> 00:09:13,130
+criticism. And also, what's his name? Alexander
+
+151
+00:09:13,130 --> 00:09:16,330
+Pope also wrote another essay on criticism and
+
+152
+00:09:16,330 --> 00:09:19,630
+literary criticism. So what is literary theory? I
+
+153
+00:09:19,630 --> 00:09:22,610
+don't want you to be bothered a lot here, but just
+
+154
+00:09:22,610 --> 00:09:25,670
+to have an idea. Basically, literary criticism or
+
+155
+00:09:25,670 --> 00:09:29,050
+literary theories, they are a set of theories to
+
+156
+00:09:29,050 --> 00:09:31,950
+help us, to guide us how to understand literature.
+
+157
+00:09:32,630 --> 00:09:37,090
+I'll speak about two examples here. Feminism, we
+
+158
+00:09:37,090 --> 00:09:39,970
+mentioned feminism before. Feminism is the
+
+159
+00:09:39,970 --> 00:09:43,610
+movement, the literary theory that locks a text
+
+160
+00:09:43,610 --> 00:09:46,190
+from the perspective of a woman, how women are
+
+161
+00:09:46,190 --> 00:09:49,450
+treated. It's basically a movement that says women
+
+162
+00:09:49,450 --> 00:09:52,250
+are equal to men or are different in their own
+
+163
+00:09:52,250 --> 00:09:55,470
+way, not worse. Some people say they are better
+
+164
+00:09:55,470 --> 00:10:00,570
+than men. It depends on how you take it. So
+
+165
+00:10:00,570 --> 00:10:03,070
+feminism goes to the literary text and tries to
+
+166
+00:10:03,070 --> 00:10:06,510
+see, OK, why are you depicting the woman in this
+
+167
+00:10:06,510 --> 00:10:08,630
+way? Why are you representing this woman in this
+
+168
+00:10:08,630 --> 00:10:11,890
+way? Why do most women die in their literatics?
+
+169
+00:10:12,030 --> 00:10:15,110
+This is anti-feminism. Why aren't you allowing the
+
+170
+00:10:15,110 --> 00:10:17,110
+woman to express herself? This is anti-feminism.
+
+171
+00:10:17,230 --> 00:10:20,170
+And women should have their own rights to speak,
+
+172
+00:10:20,330 --> 00:10:23,850
+to express themselves, to love, to hate, to do, to
+
+173
+00:10:23,850 --> 00:10:27,150
+act. This was a significant thing that empowered
+
+174
+00:10:27,150 --> 00:10:29,390
+women. The other thing is post-colonialism. And we
+
+175
+00:10:29,390 --> 00:10:31,710
+also... I'll just go through it in a bit. And also
+
+176
+00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:34,090
+post-colonialism, we spoke about it when we
+
+177
+00:10:34,090 --> 00:10:39,530
+mentioned Who's the founder, more or less, of post
+
+178
+00:10:39,530 --> 00:10:42,430
+-colonialism we mentioned before? What's his name?
+
+179
+00:10:43,610 --> 00:10:47,170
+Palestinian? Edward Said. Edward Said. Edward Said
+
+180
+00:10:47,170 --> 00:10:50,130
+is said to be, although he's quoted by some people
+
+181
+00:10:50,130 --> 00:10:52,370
+that say, like, no, I didn't invent post
+
+182
+00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:55,230
+-colonialism. But it is generally attributed to
+
+183
+00:10:55,230 --> 00:10:58,270
+Edward Said, post-colonialism. Now, post
+
+184
+00:10:58,270 --> 00:11:01,470
+-colonialism says, OK. It focuses mainly on the
+
+185
+00:11:01,470 --> 00:11:03,770
+relationship between the East and the West, the
+
+186
+00:11:03,770 --> 00:11:08,950
+imperial powers of Europe and the colonized
+
+187
+00:11:08,950 --> 00:11:13,830
+oppressed people in Asia and Africa and around the
+
+188
+00:11:13,830 --> 00:11:17,390
+world. So both of these theories invite us to
+
+189
+00:11:17,390 --> 00:11:21,550
+question, to challenge, to reread the canon. So
+
+190
+00:11:21,550 --> 00:11:25,190
+remember the canon? What is the canon? The set of
+
+191
+00:11:25,190 --> 00:11:28,450
+the most important... Writings, literary works,
+
+192
+00:11:28,570 --> 00:11:32,070
+whether poetry, novel, or drama. When we check
+
+193
+00:11:32,070 --> 00:11:34,830
+this again, thanks to these theories, they say,
+
+194
+00:11:34,950 --> 00:11:38,390
+okay, wait a minute. Why are all the writers men?
+
+195
+00:11:38,750 --> 00:11:42,110
+White. Europeans. Christians. No women, basically.
+
+196
+00:11:42,250 --> 00:11:44,650
+No people of color. Ah, there's something wrong
+
+197
+00:11:44,650 --> 00:11:48,610
+with this. So we reread the canon in a way or
+
+198
+00:11:48,610 --> 00:11:53,140
+whatever. So today, I'll speak about Edward Said,
+
+199
+00:11:53,680 --> 00:11:56,080
+Virginia Woolf. Edward Said is a post-colonialism
+
+200
+00:11:56,080 --> 00:12:00,400
+figure. Virginia Woolf is a feminist figure and
+
+201
+00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,020
+critic. I'll give you examples from three major
+
+202
+00:12:04,020 --> 00:12:06,660
+literatics, I guess. We'll have T.S. Eliot as a
+
+203
+00:12:06,660 --> 00:12:11,480
+poet, James Joyce as a novelist, and some will
+
+204
+00:12:11,480 --> 00:12:14,740
+break it as a playwright or a dramatist, just to
+
+205
+00:12:14,740 --> 00:12:18,180
+show you an idea about the 20th century, mainly
+
+206
+00:12:18,180 --> 00:12:24,270
+and briefly. T.S. Eliot. T.S. Eliot is said to be
+
+207
+00:12:24,270 --> 00:12:30,490
+the greatest 20th century poet and critic. His
+
+208
+00:12:30,490 --> 00:12:34,970
+famous poem is The Wasteland. And it's generally
+
+209
+00:12:34,970 --> 00:12:39,650
+translated into Arabic as... Okay,
+
+210
+00:12:41,610 --> 00:12:46,270
+so notice it's two words here, not one word. So
+
+211
+00:12:46,270 --> 00:12:47,170
+The Wasteland,
+
+212
+00:12:50,380 --> 00:12:57,120
+So The Wasteland, written around 1922 by T.S.
+
+213
+00:12:57,240 --> 00:13:02,000
+Eliot, is considered to be the most important poem
+
+214
+00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,920
+in the 20th century. It is one of the most really
+
+215
+00:13:05,920 --> 00:13:11,260
+fascinating poems of all time. And when you read
+
+216
+00:13:11,260 --> 00:13:15,690
+it, it's very interesting. Until you try to read
+
+217
+00:13:15,690 --> 00:13:18,490
+it, I understand you're still, you know, taking
+
+218
+00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,610
+the first steps into English literature and
+
+219
+00:13:20,610 --> 00:13:23,030
+English language. But give it a shot. At least
+
+220
+00:13:23,030 --> 00:13:25,510
+listen to poetry. The most significant thing about
+
+221
+00:13:25,510 --> 00:13:27,150
+poetry is to listen to it because poetry is meant
+
+222
+00:13:27,150 --> 00:13:29,850
+to be recited. Listen to the recitation on
+
+223
+00:13:29,850 --> 00:13:34,590
+YouTube. So this poem, tears in it begins, the
+
+224
+00:13:34,590 --> 00:13:37,110
+title, The Wasteland, is taken from the Bible. So
+
+225
+00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:42,750
+it's not his. And then he uses a myth, an ancient
+
+226
+00:13:42,750 --> 00:13:47,970
+myth about a woman named Sibel. This woman, you
+
+227
+00:13:47,970 --> 00:13:50,190
+know, an ancient mythology, mythology like the
+
+228
+00:13:50,190 --> 00:13:53,710
+stories from 2,000, 3,000 years ago with the gods
+
+229
+00:13:53,710 --> 00:13:56,950
+and goddesses, like unbelievable fictional stories
+
+230
+00:13:56,950 --> 00:14:01,630
+similar to Beowulf in a way. So Sibel was asked by
+
+231
+00:14:01,630 --> 00:14:06,310
+someone, like,
+
+232
+00:14:07,410 --> 00:14:12,230
+You have one wish. What do you want to wish? And
+
+233
+00:14:12,230 --> 00:14:14,290
+anything you wish, you will be granted.
+
+234
+00:14:15,170 --> 00:14:17,370
+Interesting, right? So what would you ask for?
+
+235
+00:14:17,410 --> 00:14:20,610
+What would you ask for now here? To read people's
+
+236
+00:14:20,610 --> 00:14:25,850
+minds. Oh, wow. That's spooky. To go back in time.
+
+237
+00:14:25,950 --> 00:14:29,690
+Back, not forward. Back in time. What else? What
+
+238
+00:14:29,690 --> 00:14:34,470
+else would you do? Get a full mark? Come on.
+
+239
+00:14:34,530 --> 00:14:39,620
+That's very simplistic. But yeah, it depends. So
+
+240
+00:14:39,620 --> 00:14:44,700
+what did she ask for? She asked for eternal life.
+
+241
+00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:48,960
+She wanted to live very ambitious, very everyone
+
+242
+00:14:48,960 --> 00:14:51,980
+wants to live forever. However, and this is where
+
+243
+00:14:51,980 --> 00:14:54,400
+the famous saying comes from. In English, they
+
+244
+00:14:54,400 --> 00:14:57,580
+say, careful what you wish for. So, sir, we want
+
+245
+00:14:57,580 --> 00:15:01,900
+the final exam to be all true or false. And I tell
+
+246
+00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,020
+you, careful what you wish for, because it could
+
+247
+00:15:04,020 --> 00:15:07,490
+be tough. OK? I tell you, like, it's better for
+
+248
+00:15:07,490 --> 00:15:09,430
+you if you write paragraphs, because you're
+
+249
+00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:11,550
+trained to write and express yourself. But true or
+
+250
+00:15:11,550 --> 00:15:14,870
+false, it's like true or false. OK? Black and
+
+251
+00:15:14,870 --> 00:15:18,450
+white, right? She forgot. She should have asked
+
+252
+00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:23,210
+for eternal health or eternal youth. Happiness,
+
+253
+00:15:23,850 --> 00:15:28,350
+but means death eventually. So she asked for
+
+254
+00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:34,210
+eternal life, and she was given eternal life. And
+
+255
+00:15:34,210 --> 00:15:36,910
+what happens here is that she grew very old and
+
+256
+00:15:36,910 --> 00:15:39,610
+very tiny. She kept shrinking and shrinking and
+
+257
+00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,870
+shrinking to the extent that she became like a
+
+258
+00:15:41,870 --> 00:15:46,230
+tiny little creature, like a little bird. And
+
+259
+00:15:46,230 --> 00:15:49,330
+people put her in a cage. And like after hundreds
+
+260
+00:15:49,330 --> 00:15:51,910
+of years later, the kids would be teasing her and
+
+261
+00:15:51,910 --> 00:15:54,470
+making fun of her. Hey, Sibel, what do you want?
+
+262
+00:15:54,810 --> 00:15:56,650
+So I remember at the beginning, she said, I want
+
+263
+00:15:56,650 --> 00:16:01,780
+eternal life. Now she's saying, I want to die. He
+
+264
+00:16:01,780 --> 00:16:04,740
+wants to die, and he can't even die. And this is
+
+265
+00:16:04,740 --> 00:16:07,280
+40 years earlier. This is something in the 20th
+
+266
+00:16:07,280 --> 00:16:09,120
+century. People wanted to die, but they couldn't
+
+267
+00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:13,260
+even die. Even death was difficult. So he goes
+
+268
+00:16:13,260 --> 00:16:16,340
+from the Bible to Greek and Latin language. He
+
+269
+00:16:16,340 --> 00:16:18,640
+doesn't write in English this. And then he
+
+270
+00:16:18,640 --> 00:16:22,380
+dedicates this poem to his friend, the famous poet
+
+271
+00:16:22,380 --> 00:16:27,280
+and critic Ezra Pound. Also, he uses Italian. So
+
+272
+00:16:27,280 --> 00:16:33,820
+Bible. Latin and Greek, Italian. And there is a
+
+273
+00:16:33,820 --> 00:16:36,640
+subheading for this section of the poem called,
+
+274
+00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:38,320
+The Burial of the Dead. And I think it's also
+
+275
+00:16:38,320 --> 00:16:40,060
+taken from the Bible. So what is he writing?
+
+276
+00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:43,320
+There's nothing by T.S. Eliot. And finally, when
+
+277
+00:16:43,320 --> 00:16:45,760
+we read, April is the cruelest month, we say,
+
+278
+00:16:46,120 --> 00:16:51,340
+finally, we come to the poem. And if you're smart
+
+279
+00:16:51,340 --> 00:16:54,920
+enough, I think you are, you will remember that.
+
+280
+00:16:55,820 --> 00:17:02,090
+Yeah, thank you. When we discussed Chaucer's
+
+281
+00:17:02,090 --> 00:17:05,870
+Canterbury Tales, he started this by opening the
+
+282
+00:17:05,870 --> 00:17:08,510
+poem praising April. What does April generally
+
+283
+00:17:08,510 --> 00:17:14,170
+symbolize? Life, spring, rebirth, resurrection,
+
+284
+00:17:14,450 --> 00:17:17,430
+new beginning, new world, new experiences, new
+
+285
+00:17:17,430 --> 00:17:20,710
+ambitions, life, beauty, happiness. And this has
+
+286
+00:17:20,710 --> 00:17:22,710
+been the case in English literature. So spring
+
+287
+00:17:22,710 --> 00:17:26,710
+always represents new life, rebirth. But here,
+
+288
+00:17:27,690 --> 00:17:30,350
+what is bringing to England, to the West, to
+
+289
+00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:33,770
+Europe? Death and destruction. Millions of people
+
+290
+00:17:33,770 --> 00:17:37,150
+dying in the First World War. So it's like, in my
+
+291
+00:17:37,150 --> 00:17:41,720
+understanding, T.S. Eliot, this is called
+
+292
+00:17:41,720 --> 00:17:45,400
+allusion. You know allusion when you allude to a
+
+293
+00:17:45,400 --> 00:17:49,520
+text outside your own text, okay? So he's as if
+
+294
+00:17:49,520 --> 00:17:51,360
+he's going back in history. Remember we said
+
+295
+00:17:51,360 --> 00:17:53,540
+Chaucer is the father of English poetry? So it's
+
+296
+00:17:53,540 --> 00:17:56,960
+like he's going to Chaucer, dragging him by the
+
+297
+00:17:56,960 --> 00:17:59,680
+hand, dragging him by the hand, dragging him by
+
+298
+00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:02,460
+the hand, maybe by the collar, bringing him to the
+
+299
+00:18:02,460 --> 00:18:06,260
+20th century, and telling us all it's all been a
+
+300
+00:18:06,260 --> 00:18:10,530
+lie. It's a lie. Don't believe this. We are all
+
+301
+00:18:10,530 --> 00:18:13,790
+going to die. And even when we want to die, we
+
+302
+00:18:13,790 --> 00:18:18,390
+can't. Because April is not a beautiful month.
+
+303
+00:18:19,650 --> 00:18:26,350
+April is a cruelest month. Breeding lilacs out of
+
+304
+00:18:26,350 --> 00:18:31,110
+the dead. Because when the flowers and the trees
+
+305
+00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:35,810
+and the plants spring beneath this millions of
+
+306
+00:18:35,810 --> 00:18:40,370
+dead, bodies and land and mixing memory and
+
+307
+00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,630
+desire, stirring dull roots with spring rain.
+
+308
+00:18:43,770 --> 00:18:46,530
+Winter kept us warm, at least like you don't go
+
+309
+00:18:46,530 --> 00:18:50,230
+out in winter, just try to forget. Covering earth
+
+310
+00:18:50,230 --> 00:18:53,030
+in forgetful snow, feeding a little life with
+
+311
+00:18:53,030 --> 00:18:59,030
+dried tubers. Summer surprised us. Now, in this
+
+312
+00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,430
+text, he uses so many languages. Like, after some
+
+313
+00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,890
+ten lines, he uses, for example, Latin, Greek,
+
+314
+00:19:06,330 --> 00:19:10,330
+Italian, German language, French language. He uses
+
+315
+00:19:10,330 --> 00:19:13,450
+Egyptian mythologies. He uses Chinese mythologies,
+
+316
+00:19:13,610 --> 00:19:15,830
+ancient mythologies. Like, when people first read
+
+317
+00:19:15,830 --> 00:19:17,970
+this poem, like, what's going on here? We don't
+
+318
+00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:22,460
+understand basically Everything. So later on, he
+
+319
+00:19:22,460 --> 00:19:25,460
+published something, and he added notes. He says,
+
+320
+00:19:25,580 --> 00:19:27,800
+OK, here I mean this, and here I mean that, and
+
+321
+00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,360
+here I mean this and that. But all just we need
+
+322
+00:19:31,360 --> 00:19:33,920
+here for the class is this, like April is the
+
+323
+00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:36,180
+cruelest month, and how literature in the 20th
+
+324
+00:19:36,180 --> 00:19:39,020
+century became more self-aware about itself. There
+
+325
+00:19:39,020 --> 00:19:41,240
+is a lot of metafictional elements here, like
+
+326
+00:19:41,240 --> 00:19:44,680
+always taking you outside of the text. If you look
+
+327
+00:19:44,680 --> 00:19:48,500
+at the structure here, you'll see that it's not
+
+328
+00:19:48,500 --> 00:19:51,100
+like the classical poetry. This is experimental.
+
+329
+00:19:51,280 --> 00:19:53,060
+This is modernist poetry. This is poetry that
+
+330
+00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:55,640
+doesn't follow the rules of decorum. And no
+
+331
+00:19:55,640 --> 00:19:57,940
+surprise, it was T.S. Eliot who praised John Donne
+
+332
+00:19:57,940 --> 00:20:01,580
+and showed how important he is. In a way, he
+
+333
+00:20:01,580 --> 00:20:04,000
+followed, he learned something from John Donne.
+
+334
+00:20:04,380 --> 00:20:07,960
+Like many other poets of the 20th century. Look at
+
+335
+00:20:07,960 --> 00:20:11,640
+even the rhyme scheme. Breeding, mixing, stirring,
+
+336
+00:20:11,940 --> 00:20:14,880
+grain like. It's almost the same in a way or
+
+337
+00:20:14,880 --> 00:20:17,780
+another. Does this make it less poetic than any
+
+338
+00:20:17,780 --> 00:20:19,940
+other poetry? This is the greatest poem of the
+
+339
+00:20:19,940 --> 00:20:24,220
+20th century. But I'm sure Johnson, Samuel Johnson
+
+340
+00:20:24,220 --> 00:20:26,920
+and Bob and Dryden would be pulling their hair
+
+341
+00:20:26,920 --> 00:20:32,100
+right now. Because for them, You have to follow
+
+342
+00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:34,200
+the rules, the rules of decorum in a way or
+
+343
+00:20:34,200 --> 00:20:36,840
+another. So this is basically what we need to know
+
+344
+00:20:36,840 --> 00:20:40,980
+about the wasteland. April is the cruelest month.
+
+345
+00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:46,380
+And then I'll give you an example from the novel.
+
+346
+00:20:46,620 --> 00:20:49,080
+Listen, it doesn't mean every single literary work
+
+347
+00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:53,740
+in the 20th century is a modernist text. But the
+
+348
+00:20:53,740 --> 00:20:55,660
+major trend, the most important famous trend,
+
+349
+00:20:56,140 --> 00:20:57,900
+modernist literature, although many people were
+
+350
+00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,860
+writing ordinary classical traditional poetry and
+
+351
+00:21:00,860 --> 00:21:05,280
+stuff. So James Joyce's Ulysses. Remember Ulysses?
+
+352
+00:21:05,360 --> 00:21:08,160
+I mentioned Ulysses. Homer, character from Homer,
+
+353
+00:21:08,520 --> 00:21:11,280
+from The Odyssey. And it was mentioned by other
+
+354
+00:21:11,280 --> 00:21:16,040
+poet, Tennyson, I guess. Anyway. So this text,
+
+355
+00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,860
+Ulysses, refers to the ancient mythology about
+
+356
+00:21:20,860 --> 00:21:26,840
+someone named Ulysses. Yeah, of course. There is
+
+357
+00:21:26,840 --> 00:21:29,020
+usually this allusion and metafictional element.
+
+358
+00:21:29,160 --> 00:21:32,260
+Sometimes even intertextuality if you use texts
+
+359
+00:21:32,260 --> 00:21:39,480
+from the past. So in this novel, James Joyce uses
+
+360
+00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:43,320
+the famous stream of consciousness technique of
+
+361
+00:21:43,320 --> 00:21:48,000
+narrative. Remember Lawrence Stern? So he was one
+
+362
+00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:50,630
+of the first people to use this. where you get
+
+363
+00:21:50,630 --> 00:21:54,450
+inside the mind, the thoughts of the character,
+
+364
+00:21:55,070 --> 00:21:58,850
+and you expose them, reveals as they develop, as
+
+365
+00:21:58,850 --> 00:22:02,330
+they come, how the ideas develop. But here, he
+
+366
+00:22:02,330 --> 00:22:05,450
+also mixes between first person and third person
+
+367
+00:22:05,450 --> 00:22:08,960
+narrators. Very experimental power. The text
+
+368
+00:22:08,960 --> 00:22:12,500
+covers only 18 hours in the life of the author.
+
+369
+00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:16,380
+And the novel, how long is it? Like three pages,
+
+370
+00:22:16,580 --> 00:22:20,600
+30 pages, 10 pages? If you go back home today and
+
+371
+00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,620
+write your own diaries, you write everything that
+
+372
+00:22:23,620 --> 00:22:27,500
+happened with you and even every thought that you
+
+373
+00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:32,770
+thought of or imagined. Maybe you write 100 pages,
+
+374
+00:22:33,050 --> 00:22:35,830
+50 pages, 70 pages, three pages, depends on how
+
+375
+00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:42,710
+imaginative you are. But 18 hours, almost 1,000
+
+376
+00:22:42,710 --> 00:22:46,130
+pages, that's a lot of pages. Why? Because of the
+
+377
+00:22:46,130 --> 00:22:50,110
+stream of consciousness technique. This novel is
+
+378
+00:22:50,110 --> 00:22:52,370
+considered... Many people hated this poem, by the
+
+379
+00:22:52,370 --> 00:22:55,170
+way, this novel. Like, what are you doing? Why are
+
+380
+00:22:55,170 --> 00:22:57,250
+you jumping from one... Sometimes you don't know
+
+381
+00:22:57,250 --> 00:23:00,170
+who the narrator is. But in a way, this reflects
+
+382
+00:23:00,170 --> 00:23:01,910
+something about the 20th century, the
+
+383
+00:23:01,910 --> 00:23:04,730
+difficulties, the new experimentations, the new
+
+384
+00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,110
+intellectualism, how people wanted to change, to
+
+385
+00:23:07,110 --> 00:23:11,750
+break all sorts of barriers. Someone not sure here
+
+386
+00:23:11,750 --> 00:23:14,530
+in this class or another class mentioned Kafka. Go
+
+387
+00:23:14,530 --> 00:23:18,510
+read something about Kafka. Also amazing stuff.
+
+388
+00:23:19,260 --> 00:23:22,320
+For example, in one of his novels, the main
+
+389
+00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:24,880
+character wakes up and finds himself to be a
+
+390
+00:23:24,880 --> 00:23:29,440
+beetle, I guess, or a small insect. Just he goes
+
+391
+00:23:29,440 --> 00:23:33,160
+out to work to the outside world as a small
+
+392
+00:23:33,160 --> 00:23:36,300
+insect, a small animal. Beautiful stuff. But yeah,
+
+393
+00:23:36,360 --> 00:23:39,620
+you have to have this idea about what modernism
+
+394
+00:23:39,620 --> 00:23:44,460
+and postmodernism is. Okay? One interesting fact
+
+395
+00:23:44,460 --> 00:23:48,360
+about this novel is that the last 50 pages have no
+
+396
+00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:53,800
+punctuation marks. Nothing. It's like 50 pages, no
+
+397
+00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:57,620
+punctuation marks at all. Why would he do this?
+
+398
+00:23:57,660 --> 00:24:00,640
+Yeah, why? Remember, if there is something, there
+
+399
+00:24:00,640 --> 00:24:03,360
+is a reason. If it's there, it's there for a
+
+400
+00:24:03,360 --> 00:24:05,280
+reason. If it's not there, it's not there for a
+
+401
+00:24:05,280 --> 00:24:09,800
+reason. That's basically literature. Yeah. that
+
+402
+00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:13,260
+he's a good writer and he has a different type of
+
+403
+00:24:13,260 --> 00:24:17,320
+style than other authors. Okay. But it's not about
+
+404
+00:24:17,320 --> 00:24:20,040
+only being a good writer. But yeah, he's being
+
+405
+00:24:20,040 --> 00:24:23,480
+different. But why would you write a whole page
+
+406
+00:24:23,480 --> 00:24:25,880
+sometimes or two or three pages without
+
+407
+00:24:25,880 --> 00:24:30,940
+punctuation marks? Maybe to reflect a case of
+
+408
+00:24:30,940 --> 00:24:36,620
+chaos. Okay, interesting also. reflect some chaos,
+
+409
+00:24:36,760 --> 00:24:39,560
+some lawlessness. I'm not following the rules of
+
+410
+00:24:39,560 --> 00:24:42,940
+grammar and punctuation. I'm not doing this. But
+
+411
+00:24:42,940 --> 00:24:48,500
+there's something else. Yes. That's okay. This is
+
+412
+00:24:48,500 --> 00:24:50,020
+his new way of writing.
+
+413
+00:24:52,960 --> 00:24:53,500
+Like what?
+
+414
+00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:04,470
+It's like just It's like they say, no matter how
+
+415
+00:25:04,470 --> 00:25:08,330
+big the dream is, it's only like seconds. So this
+
+416
+00:25:08,330 --> 00:25:11,170
+is just something that crosses your mind. No time
+
+417
+00:25:11,170 --> 00:25:13,750
+for punctuation. Good. But remember, what is the
+
+418
+00:25:13,750 --> 00:25:18,610
+narrative style? What is dream of consciousness?
+
+419
+00:25:18,990 --> 00:25:25,660
+Again, technique where We get inside the mind, and
+
+420
+00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:29,560
+we see the ideas and how they develop, how they
+
+421
+00:25:29,560 --> 00:25:33,160
+go, how they move, how they become, how they come
+
+422
+00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:36,300
+out. When you think, you don't think with
+
+423
+00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:40,760
+punctuation marks, do you? Now you hear maybe
+
+424
+00:25:40,760 --> 00:25:45,500
+daydreaming say, oh, I want this class to finish,
+
+425
+00:25:45,640 --> 00:25:49,140
+exclamation point. I wonder what my mom is cooking
+
+426
+00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,420
+for us today. Full stop. I hope she's not doing
+
+427
+00:25:53,420 --> 00:25:58,180
+Molokhia again. Exclamation mark. Please mom, do
+
+428
+00:25:58,180 --> 00:26:00,440
+something I love. Exclamation mark. You don't do
+
+429
+00:26:00,440 --> 00:26:04,640
+this. When we think, we don't even we don't pay
+
+430
+00:26:04,640 --> 00:26:09,060
+attention to grammar, right? Okay, I won. Oh, wait
+
+431
+00:26:09,060 --> 00:26:12,020
+a minute. I thought using the past simple, I
+
+432
+00:26:12,020 --> 00:26:14,260
+should be using the present perfect. We don't do
+
+433
+00:26:14,260 --> 00:26:17,020
+this. So this is reflecting the stream of
+
+434
+00:26:17,020 --> 00:26:20,820
+consciousness technique. Unless you want to think
+
+435
+00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,960
+using grammar, it's up to you. Another example
+
+436
+00:26:24,960 --> 00:26:28,440
+from the 20th century. This time it's a play.
+
+437
+00:26:29,740 --> 00:26:35,960
+Play. The name of the play is Waiting For. Godot,
+
+438
+00:26:36,100 --> 00:26:39,960
+and the T is silent, waiting for silent T, not
+
+439
+00:26:39,960 --> 00:26:43,920
+Godot, Godot. And it's half of God, right? It's
+
+440
+00:26:43,920 --> 00:26:49,300
+like an extra syllable on God here, playing. But
+
+441
+00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:51,360
+does it mean God? We don't know. Some people say
+
+442
+00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:55,260
+yes, some people say no. Remember Shakespeare? And
+
+443
+00:26:55,260 --> 00:27:01,010
+the plays consisted of basically five acts. Each
+
+444
+00:27:01,010 --> 00:27:04,390
+act has scenes, sometimes two, three, four, five,
+
+445
+00:27:04,590 --> 00:27:08,490
+seven, nine, more. And generally, scene act number
+
+446
+00:27:08,490 --> 00:27:12,110
+three has the climax and the top, the peak. And
+
+447
+00:27:12,110 --> 00:27:16,070
+after that, things go down for the resolution. So
+
+448
+00:27:16,070 --> 00:27:19,130
+the complication, the plot moves this way. So this
+
+449
+00:27:19,130 --> 00:27:24,570
+is the plot for a traditional Shakespearean play,
+
+450
+00:27:24,990 --> 00:27:28,650
+Greek ancient drama basically was like this. But
+
+451
+00:27:28,650 --> 00:27:31,550
+let's see Samuel Bickett. Samuel Bickett, famous
+
+452
+00:27:31,550 --> 00:27:35,650
+playwright, wonderful playwright. In Waiting for
+
+453
+00:27:35,650 --> 00:27:39,570
+Godot, it's basically two acts. And basically the
+
+454
+00:27:39,570 --> 00:27:42,550
+two acts mirror each other. What happens in the
+
+455
+00:27:42,550 --> 00:27:45,350
+first one basically happens in the second one. The
+
+456
+00:27:45,350 --> 00:27:49,860
+story of the play is that two people are Two
+
+457
+00:27:49,860 --> 00:27:52,920
+people were just waiting for someone named Godo.
+
+458
+00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:59,120
+Who's Godo? Nobody knows. Has anybody met him
+
+459
+00:27:59,120 --> 00:28:02,140
+before? Nobody knows. Does he come? He doesn't
+
+460
+00:28:02,140 --> 00:28:08,340
+come. They just don't. And that's why now it's a
+
+461
+00:28:08,340 --> 00:28:10,800
+famous expression. What are you doing here? You
+
+462
+00:28:10,800 --> 00:28:12,260
+could be waiting for the teacher, for the head of
+
+463
+00:28:12,260 --> 00:28:14,280
+the department, waiting for something, for the
+
+464
+00:28:14,280 --> 00:28:16,720
+electricity. What are you doing? Oh, I'm waiting
+
+465
+00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,060
+for Godo. Like, I'm waiting for something that is
+
+466
+00:28:19,990 --> 00:28:25,090
+not going to come, generally. Okay? So one of the
+
+467
+00:28:25,090 --> 00:28:28,090
+characters describes, summarizes even the whole,
+
+468
+00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:31,170
+in a way or another, the whole play saying,
+
+469
+00:28:31,610 --> 00:28:35,670
+nothing happens, nobody comes, nobody goes. So the
+
+470
+00:28:35,670 --> 00:28:40,030
+first act or seen, they're just waiting and
+
+471
+00:28:40,030 --> 00:28:42,150
+spending their time chatting about trivial, stupid
+
+472
+00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:45,230
+things. He finds a carrot somewhere, he eats the
+
+473
+00:28:45,230 --> 00:28:48,550
+carrot, he ties the, does the shoelace and unties
+
+474
+00:28:48,550 --> 00:28:51,190
+it and they want to hang themselves. Just doing
+
+475
+00:28:52,660 --> 00:28:55,700
+They're just gossiping about the most trivial,
+
+476
+00:28:55,940 --> 00:28:58,920
+unimportant things in life. And then at the end, a
+
+477
+00:28:58,920 --> 00:29:01,680
+boy comes, a messenger says, oh, sorry, God is not
+
+478
+00:29:01,680 --> 00:29:05,040
+coming today. God is going to come next day,
+
+479
+00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:08,880
+tomorrow. They say, OK, let's go. They don't move.
+
+480
+00:29:08,960 --> 00:29:11,520
+The curtains are closed. The second act, same
+
+481
+00:29:11,520 --> 00:29:14,870
+people again, and they speak about Like, we
+
+482
+00:29:14,870 --> 00:29:17,510
+realize that there's trouble with their memories
+
+483
+00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:19,830
+in a way or another. They can't remember basically
+
+484
+00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:21,810
+everything. And we don't know whether this is the
+
+485
+00:29:21,810 --> 00:29:25,250
+second day or like 50 years or 30 or 10 years,
+
+486
+00:29:25,850 --> 00:29:28,370
+basically like a couple of months or years later
+
+487
+00:29:28,370 --> 00:29:31,030
+on. And then they're still also waiting for Godot.
+
+488
+00:29:31,090 --> 00:29:33,590
+We have new extra characters, also minor
+
+489
+00:29:33,590 --> 00:29:36,130
+characters. But basically at the end, the boy
+
+490
+00:29:36,130 --> 00:29:38,890
+shows up. The messenger shows up. And he says, Mr.
+
+491
+00:29:38,950 --> 00:29:41,910
+Godot told me to tell you he won't come this
+
+492
+00:29:41,910 --> 00:29:45,640
+evening, but surely tomorrow. And again, they say,
+
+493
+00:29:46,660 --> 00:29:50,580
+OK, let's go. And they don't move. The curtains
+
+494
+00:29:50,580 --> 00:29:57,180
+are closed again. So un-Shakespearean, right? What
+
+495
+00:29:57,180 --> 00:29:59,220
+is it? What is the theme? Yeah. What is it about?
+
+496
+00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:02,120
+Many people were like, come on. This is absurd.
+
+497
+00:30:02,860 --> 00:30:06,320
+Ridiculous. And it was named, this type of theater
+
+498
+00:30:06,320 --> 00:30:09,200
+was named Theater of the Absurd, Masrah Al Abath.
+
+499
+00:30:09,740 --> 00:30:15,550
+Some people consider it Yeah? Absurd, ridiculous.
+
+500
+00:30:15,750 --> 00:30:17,730
+But some people believe that this is the most
+
+501
+00:30:17,730 --> 00:30:21,450
+significant drama after Shakespeare. Because this
+
+502
+00:30:21,450 --> 00:30:26,110
+is a modernist literature. Like how Ulysses is a
+
+503
+00:30:26,110 --> 00:30:29,010
+significant work. Like how T.S. Eliot's poem is
+
+504
+00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:33,590
+different and insignificant. The text could be
+
+505
+00:30:33,590 --> 00:30:37,590
+about nothing. But because... Yeah? It symbolizes
+
+506
+00:30:37,590 --> 00:30:41,090
+our... Our life. We wait. We always wait for
+
+507
+00:30:41,090 --> 00:30:43,940
+something. Look at us Palestinians here. We've
+
+508
+00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,880
+been waiting for freedom, independence. We've been
+
+509
+00:30:46,880 --> 00:30:50,180
+waiting for Israel to understand that we need our
+
+510
+00:30:50,180 --> 00:30:52,900
+rights, human rights, basic human rights. We're
+
+511
+00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:56,080
+waiting for the electricity to come. Four hours a
+
+512
+00:30:56,080 --> 00:30:58,940
+day of electricity is so unfair. We're waiting for
+
+513
+00:30:58,940 --> 00:31:01,140
+the siege to be lifted. We're waiting for the
+
+514
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480
+occupation to end. We're waiting for the Rafah
+
+515
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:06,940
+crossing to open, to travel, to finish. We spend
+
+516
+00:31:06,940 --> 00:31:09,640
+all our lives waiting. We're waiting for the good
+
+517
+00:31:09,640 --> 00:31:13,220
+things to come, for hope, for a better life. But
+
+518
+00:31:13,220 --> 00:31:16,800
+nothing is improving. So what are we waiting for?
+
+519
+00:31:17,240 --> 00:31:19,620
+We're waiting for Godot. You could write an
+
+520
+00:31:19,620 --> 00:31:22,000
+article like, Palestinians are waiting for Godot.
+
+521
+00:31:22,160 --> 00:31:24,540
+Are Palestinians waiting for Godot? Meaning like,
+
+522
+00:31:24,580 --> 00:31:27,000
+we have no hope. So in a way, this is how in the
+
+523
+00:31:27,000 --> 00:31:29,800
+20th century, if the Victorian Age some people had
+
+524
+00:31:29,800 --> 00:31:33,000
+a tiny little shred of hope, here there's nothing.
+
+525
+00:31:34,440 --> 00:31:37,200
+God doesn't even come to tell them, I'm sorry, I
+
+526
+00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,240
+don't have time. Maybe tomorrow. He sends a little
+
+527
+00:31:40,240 --> 00:31:44,440
+boy, oh, sorry, he's not coming. Maybe surely
+
+528
+00:31:44,440 --> 00:31:48,220
+tomorrow. And he never keeps his promise. So this
+
+529
+00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:51,220
+is about the loss of faith, the loss of hope, the
+
+530
+00:31:51,220 --> 00:31:54,580
+loss of even the sense of direction, the sense of
+
+531
+00:31:54,580 --> 00:31:57,980
+purpose. Why are we here? It's about the very
+
+532
+00:31:57,980 --> 00:32:04,220
+existence of us, of humanity. Maybe, yeah. He has
+
+533
+00:32:04,220 --> 00:32:08,480
+other crazy plays, like one of his plays, I guess,
+
+534
+00:32:08,620 --> 00:32:11,200
+as far as I can remember, the main characters,
+
+535
+00:32:11,380 --> 00:32:13,440
+there are four characters, all dead, all in the
+
+536
+00:32:13,440 --> 00:32:18,380
+grave, and they're just chatting. What? And many
+
+537
+00:32:18,380 --> 00:32:21,660
+other plays. But again, remember this.
+
+538
+00:32:23,340 --> 00:32:25,020
+The fact that this is different from Shakespeare
+
+539
+00:32:25,020 --> 00:32:27,520
+and other playwrights doesn't mean this is bad
+
+540
+00:32:27,520 --> 00:32:29,620
+literature. Many people love this experimental
+
+541
+00:32:29,620 --> 00:32:33,220
+literature. I know many people like movies with,
+
+542
+00:32:33,240 --> 00:32:36,200
+you know, clear plot, the beginning and the middle
+
+543
+00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,340
+and ending, and it ends happily and you love the
+
+544
+00:32:39,340 --> 00:32:43,660
+movie. But many people love movies and texts that
+
+545
+00:32:43,660 --> 00:32:48,660
+shake us, texts that make us ask questions and ask
+
+546
+00:32:48,660 --> 00:32:50,800
+questions about ourselves, about life. What are we
+
+547
+00:32:50,800 --> 00:32:55,050
+doing here? What's going on? So this is another
+
+548
+00:32:55,050 --> 00:32:58,170
+example from 20th-century literature, Waiting for
+
+549
+00:32:58,170 --> 00:33:03,470
+Godot. Hopefully, whatever Godot is, he will show
+
+550
+00:33:03,470 --> 00:33:08,570
+up. So this is basically the three texts for 20th
+
+551
+00:33:08,570 --> 00:33:11,270
+-century literature examples. I'll give you an
+
+552
+00:33:11,270 --> 00:33:14,050
+idea about Virginia Woolf as a feminist writer and
+
+553
+00:33:14,050 --> 00:33:17,030
+critic, and I'll give you an idea about our friend
+
+554
+00:33:17,030 --> 00:33:21,690
+and fellow Palestinian, our cousin and our
+
+555
+00:33:21,690 --> 00:33:26,190
+neighbor, The one and only Palestinian Christian
+
+556
+00:33:26,190 --> 00:33:29,570
+intellectual and critic Edward Said in
+
+557
+00:33:29,570 --> 00:33:32,650
+Orientalism. We should be proud that Edward Said
+
+558
+00:33:32,650 --> 00:33:34,890
+is Palestinian, by the way. He's famous all over
+
+559
+00:33:34,890 --> 00:33:41,990
+the world. So now Virginia Woolf is a feminist,
+
+560
+00:33:42,310 --> 00:33:46,270
+one of the early 20th century feminists. She
+
+561
+00:33:46,270 --> 00:33:50,510
+lived, I think, until the 1950s, 40s, 78s,
+
+562
+00:33:50,530 --> 00:33:52,950
+something. I don't care. But she was one of the
+
+563
+00:33:52,950 --> 00:33:56,930
+leaders of the feminist movement who called for
+
+564
+00:33:56,930 --> 00:34:00,110
+not only human, but political, intellectual, and
+
+565
+00:34:00,110 --> 00:34:02,870
+all rights for women. She said women are even
+
+566
+00:34:02,870 --> 00:34:08,130
+better than men in many ways. Why? Because if
+
+567
+00:34:08,130 --> 00:34:10,450
+everything, all the odds are against you, your
+
+568
+00:34:10,450 --> 00:34:12,570
+parents are against you, your brothers are against
+
+569
+00:34:12,570 --> 00:34:15,470
+you, your society is against you, everything is
+
+570
+00:34:15,470 --> 00:34:17,830
+against you, if you manage despite all these
+
+571
+00:34:17,830 --> 00:34:20,110
+difficulties to write, to produce, to do
+
+572
+00:34:20,110 --> 00:34:23,370
+something, then you are amazing. Because
+
+573
+00:34:23,370 --> 00:34:25,490
+everything is against you. Like us, we are
+
+574
+00:34:25,490 --> 00:34:27,330
+Palestinians. Israel doesn't want us to do
+
+575
+00:34:27,330 --> 00:34:31,650
+anything, to study, to grow, to build, to invest,
+
+576
+00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:35,560
+right? So when you manage to succeed and become a
+
+577
+00:34:35,560 --> 00:34:38,820
+success story, that's an amazing thing because
+
+578
+00:34:38,820 --> 00:34:42,020
+people around the world don't have, like have so
+
+579
+00:34:42,020 --> 00:34:45,080
+many things. We don't have 1% of what they have.
+
+580
+00:34:46,380 --> 00:34:48,540
+So in here, famous article, a collection of
+
+581
+00:34:48,540 --> 00:34:52,610
+articles called A Room of One's Own, She basically
+
+582
+00:34:52,610 --> 00:34:56,390
+discusses not only literary figures like Aphra
+
+583
+00:34:56,390 --> 00:35:00,110
+Behn and George Eliot and other women writers. She
+
+584
+00:35:00,110 --> 00:35:03,670
+also discusses fictional women, like how women
+
+585
+00:35:03,670 --> 00:35:05,910
+were portrayed, for example, Chaucer, Shakespeare,
+
+586
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,380
+and later on. So the idea is that you can't
+
+587
+00:35:10,380 --> 00:35:13,260
+separate fact from fiction, because literature
+
+588
+00:35:13,260 --> 00:35:15,720
+also empowers us. I said this before. When you
+
+589
+00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,200
+read a text about a particular person who
+
+590
+00:35:18,200 --> 00:35:20,980
+struggles in a particular way, it influences you.
+
+591
+00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:24,100
+It shows you an example. It tells you how to do it
+
+592
+00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,520
+in your own way. So basically, she explores both
+
+593
+00:35:28,520 --> 00:35:31,900
+women as writers and characters. The most
+
+594
+00:35:31,900 --> 00:35:36,980
+interesting thing is that she discusses Many
+
+595
+00:35:36,980 --> 00:35:41,180
+people, many male critics, many men generally
+
+596
+00:35:41,180 --> 00:35:44,500
+would believe that it would have been impossible
+
+597
+00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:49,100
+for any woman to have written the plays that
+
+598
+00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:53,920
+Shakespeare wrote. Impossible. Why? For men, they
+
+599
+00:35:53,920 --> 00:35:56,260
+would be saying, because they are women, because
+
+600
+00:35:56,260 --> 00:35:58,780
+women can't write, can't express, can't explore
+
+601
+00:35:58,780 --> 00:36:02,400
+what Shakespeare and other men poets or writers
+
+602
+00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,100
+can explore. That's simple. And this is anti
+
+603
+00:36:05,100 --> 00:36:10,760
+-feminist. OK? Now, Virginia Woolf says, yeah, OK,
+
+604
+00:36:10,840 --> 00:36:15,360
+I agree. Yes. It would have been impossible
+
+605
+00:36:15,360 --> 00:36:20,570
+completely and entirely for any woman to have
+
+606
+00:36:20,570 --> 00:36:23,110
+written the plays of Shakespeare in the age of
+
+607
+00:36:23,110 --> 00:36:26,930
+Shakespeare, and she gives us reasons why. She
+
+608
+00:36:26,930 --> 00:36:31,010
+imagines a sister for Shakespeare, and she gives
+
+609
+00:36:31,010 --> 00:36:35,190
+him the name, the hair, the name of Judith. So,
+
+610
+00:36:35,310 --> 00:36:41,230
+Judith is Shakespeare's fictional sister, invented
+
+611
+00:36:41,230 --> 00:36:47,420
+by... Regina Watt. Does he have a sister? So why
+
+612
+00:36:47,420 --> 00:36:50,600
+does she invent her, create her? She doesn't have
+
+613
+00:36:50,600 --> 00:36:53,500
+a sister. But she says, okay, let's assume that
+
+614
+00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:55,960
+Shakespeare had a sister. She was as genius as
+
+615
+00:36:55,960 --> 00:36:57,580
+Shakespeare, as smart as Shakespeare, as
+
+616
+00:36:57,580 --> 00:36:59,520
+interested in art and literature and writing and
+
+617
+00:36:59,520 --> 00:37:01,980
+studying and reading as Shakespeare. Let's take
+
+618
+00:37:01,980 --> 00:37:05,280
+the journey together and see what her father would
+
+619
+00:37:05,280 --> 00:37:07,280
+do to her, what her mother would do to her, what
+
+620
+00:37:07,280 --> 00:37:10,440
+the society would do to her. So if she fails, it's
+
+621
+00:37:10,440 --> 00:37:14,120
+not because she didn't even try, or wasn't good,
+
+622
+00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360
+or as smart as, as intellectual as. It's because
+
+623
+00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,360
+the society wasn't doing her. Someone read here?
+
+624
+00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,960
+Okay, raise your voice, please. Meanwhile, his
+
+625
+00:37:23,960 --> 00:37:27,240
+extraordinarily gifted sister, let us suppose,
+
+626
+00:37:27,820 --> 00:37:31,740
+remained at home. She was as adventurous, as
+
+627
+00:37:31,740 --> 00:37:35,460
+imaginative, as a dog to see the world as he was.
+
+628
+00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:38,260
+But she was not sent to school. Shakespeare goes
+
+629
+00:37:38,260 --> 00:37:41,560
+to school, she doesn't. She had no chance of
+
+630
+00:37:41,560 --> 00:37:44,540
+learning grammar and logic. So he went to grammar
+
+631
+00:37:44,540 --> 00:37:48,780
+school, learned logic, she doesn't. That's a lot
+
+632
+00:37:48,780 --> 00:37:51,520
+of reading Horace and Virgil. Horace and Virgil.
+
+633
+00:37:53,420 --> 00:37:56,000
+Okay, but Shakespeare, you know how boys are
+
+634
+00:37:56,000 --> 00:37:59,460
+generally careless and they throw, toss their
+
+635
+00:37:59,460 --> 00:38:02,080
+books around here. So she finds a book by
+
+636
+00:38:02,080 --> 00:38:06,490
+Shakespeare. Leaving it alone to the dust to study
+
+637
+00:38:06,490 --> 00:38:09,410
+the night before the exam. So she's like, oh,
+
+638
+00:38:09,810 --> 00:38:12,170
+maybe I can. I don't have to go to school. I can
+
+639
+00:38:12,170 --> 00:38:14,870
+learn by myself. And then the mother-in-law is
+
+640
+00:38:14,870 --> 00:38:18,090
+like, go make sandwiches. Go clean the dishes or
+
+641
+00:38:18,090 --> 00:38:22,350
+something. now and then, one of her brothers
+
+642
+00:38:22,350 --> 00:38:25,690
+perhaps, and read a few pages. But then her
+
+643
+00:38:25,690 --> 00:38:29,790
+parents came in and told her to mend the stockings
+
+644
+00:38:29,790 --> 00:38:34,750
+or mine the stew and not moon about with the book.
+
+645
+00:38:35,320 --> 00:38:38,060
+You don't say anything. Don't mention books. This
+
+646
+00:38:38,060 --> 00:38:41,520
+is not for you. Women are supposed to help around
+
+647
+00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:43,680
+at the house, to get married, have kids, spend
+
+648
+00:38:43,680 --> 00:38:46,480
+their time at home taking care of the husband and
+
+649
+00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:48,920
+the kids and making food. And that's it. This is
+
+650
+00:38:48,920 --> 00:38:54,000
+the mentality. Again, more extracts here. So she,
+
+651
+00:38:54,600 --> 00:38:57,320
+here referring to Judith, the fictional character,
+
+652
+00:38:57,820 --> 00:38:59,840
+fictional sister of Shakespeare, invented by
+
+653
+00:38:59,840 --> 00:39:03,220
+Virginia Woolf. So even if she, and then later on,
+
+654
+00:39:03,420 --> 00:39:06,640
+what happens? She's forced, Shakespeare, because
+
+655
+00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,940
+he's the boy, he gets married, but he leaves and
+
+656
+00:39:08,940 --> 00:39:12,560
+goes to London to pursue his dreams. She's forced
+
+657
+00:39:12,560 --> 00:39:17,140
+into a marriage that she doesn't like. And she's
+
+658
+00:39:17,140 --> 00:39:21,440
+beaten. And then her father begs her, tells her,
+
+659
+00:39:21,780 --> 00:39:25,980
+if you don't get married to this man I picked for
+
+660
+00:39:25,980 --> 00:39:28,220
+you, you're going to hurt me. Because I already
+
+661
+00:39:28,220 --> 00:39:31,940
+said yes to the family or to the father or to the
+
+662
+00:39:31,940 --> 00:39:36,000
+person himself. So this is what would happen. So
+
+663
+00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:38,480
+if she runs away, she imagines that, OK, she runs
+
+664
+00:39:38,480 --> 00:39:41,760
+away. She leaves the country. She would stand, for
+
+665
+00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:45,410
+example, at the door of the stage. Telling people,
+
+666
+00:39:45,650 --> 00:39:48,730
+I can perform, I am an actor, I have a talent, I
+
+667
+00:39:48,730 --> 00:39:51,930
+can act. Again, the men would be laughing at her
+
+668
+00:39:51,930 --> 00:39:57,150
+and would be like, oh, women acting. No woman, he
+
+669
+00:39:57,150 --> 00:39:59,790
+said, could possibly be an actress. It's
+
+670
+00:39:59,790 --> 00:40:03,090
+impossible. We've never seen a woman, not because
+
+671
+00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:06,270
+women didn't want to, but because they weren't
+
+672
+00:40:06,270 --> 00:40:08,390
+allowed. And again, at the end of the day, she
+
+673
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:12,510
+would find herself raped, maybe tricked, pregnant
+
+674
+00:40:12,510 --> 00:40:15,330
+with a baby, with a child, and then dies somewhere
+
+675
+00:40:15,330 --> 00:40:19,300
+in London. And this is how it ends for a woman. So
+
+676
+00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,080
+basically, she says, yeah, OK, women can try it
+
+677
+00:40:22,080 --> 00:40:25,690
+like Shakespeare. But not because... And you know
+
+678
+00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:28,750
+what she says? Very simple. She says, that's the
+
+679
+00:40:28,750 --> 00:40:32,470
+title of the article, A Room of One's Own. She
+
+680
+00:40:32,470 --> 00:40:34,730
+says, a woman has to have financial independence.
+
+681
+00:40:35,430 --> 00:40:38,570
+If you have your own house or your own room, you
+
+682
+00:40:38,570 --> 00:40:40,750
+can be independent, you can express yourself, you
+
+683
+00:40:40,750 --> 00:40:44,810
+can write. But as long as you're living in a house
+
+684
+00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:48,410
+that nobody respects you or your privacy, you will
+
+685
+00:40:48,410 --> 00:40:51,830
+not be able to... In the other class, I told the
+
+686
+00:40:51,830 --> 00:40:55,050
+students, at least if you have so many family
+
+687
+00:40:55,050 --> 00:40:58,210
+members here in Gaza, like houses would be having
+
+688
+00:40:58,210 --> 00:41:02,110
+10 and 12 brothers and sisters, at least have your
+
+689
+00:41:02,110 --> 00:41:05,690
+own drawer where you keep your own talent, your
+
+690
+00:41:05,690 --> 00:41:07,970
+own productions, if you write poetry, if you draw.
+
+691
+00:41:08,630 --> 00:41:10,550
+And it's very easy because of social media. Now
+
+692
+00:41:10,550 --> 00:41:12,610
+you can have your own account. You can use a pin
+
+693
+00:41:12,610 --> 00:41:15,630
+name, a pseudonym. You can have your own Facebook
+
+694
+00:41:15,630 --> 00:41:19,470
+page under a pin name where you can write. whether
+
+695
+00:41:19,470 --> 00:41:24,570
+in English or in Arabic. Now, remember, she
+
+696
+00:41:24,570 --> 00:41:26,590
+praises John Donne, and she also praises Aphra
+
+697
+00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:29,650
+Behn, considers her to be one of the leaders, one
+
+698
+00:41:29,650 --> 00:41:32,270
+of the pioneers. She started this. She showed the
+
+699
+00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:36,610
+women how? To speak their minds. That's why all
+
+700
+00:41:36,610 --> 00:41:40,870
+women all together ought to let flowers fall upon
+
+701
+00:41:40,870 --> 00:41:44,410
+the grave of Aphra Behn. She started this in a way
+
+702
+00:41:44,410 --> 00:41:49,900
+or another. Finally, Edward Said. And Orientalism.
+
+703
+00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:54,360
+This is his book. Orientalism. It's... You know
+
+704
+00:41:54,360 --> 00:41:57,160
+Orientalism? How it's translated into Arabic?
+
+705
+00:41:57,360 --> 00:42:02,060
+Orientalism? The orient is the east. Orientalism.
+
+706
+00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:02,860
+Orientalism.
+
+707
+00:42:06,200 --> 00:42:09,660
+Generally, what Western people, the studies
+
+708
+00:42:09,660 --> 00:42:12,440
+they're involved in, in order to understand the
+
+709
+00:42:12,440 --> 00:42:13,760
+east. It's called Orientalism.
+
+710
+00:42:16,210 --> 00:42:19,390
+So he again exposes how the West controls the
+
+711
+00:42:19,390 --> 00:42:22,590
+East, abuses, exploits the East, and how the West
+
+712
+00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,970
+always misinterprets the East, how generally,
+
+713
+00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:28,390
+especially Europe, for example, looks down upon
+
+714
+00:42:28,390 --> 00:42:32,030
+the natives, occupies them, controls them, abuses
+
+715
+00:42:32,030 --> 00:42:38,450
+them, steals their raw materials, their resources,
+
+716
+00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:42,730
+and then they leave us with nothing. And they, you
+
+717
+00:42:42,730 --> 00:42:45,810
+know, the divide and rule thing, principle, divide
+
+718
+00:42:45,810 --> 00:42:49,490
+and rule. So even when England, the British Empire
+
+719
+00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:53,770
+withdraws, we are fighting among ourselves because
+
+720
+00:42:53,770 --> 00:42:58,170
+of the division it created. So according to the
+
+721
+00:42:58,170 --> 00:43:00,890
+faith, Orientalism is part of imperialism and
+
+722
+00:43:00,890 --> 00:43:04,430
+colonialism. Like he says, English and Western
+
+723
+00:43:04,430 --> 00:43:08,570
+literature, in a way, helped prepare the minds of
+
+724
+00:43:08,570 --> 00:43:12,190
+the Western people to invade the world, colonize
+
+725
+00:43:12,190 --> 00:43:13,950
+the world, and occupy the world. We've seen this
+
+726
+00:43:13,950 --> 00:43:16,430
+in Shakespeare. We've seen this in Robinson
+
+727
+00:43:16,430 --> 00:43:19,850
+Crusoe, for example. He says this famous quote
+
+728
+00:43:19,850 --> 00:43:21,990
+from Edward Sayed, The Beginning of Orientalism.
+
+729
+00:43:22,570 --> 00:43:30,170
+The Orient, the East, us, has helped define Europe
+
+730
+00:43:30,170 --> 00:43:34,860
+or the West. That's good, right? But not in its
+
+731
+00:43:34,860 --> 00:43:40,590
+good sense here, as it's contrasting image. So if
+
+732
+00:43:40,590 --> 00:43:44,290
+the West is superior, the East is inferior.
+
+733
+00:43:44,970 --> 00:43:48,190
+Civilized, uncivilized. Developed, backward.
+
+734
+00:43:48,750 --> 00:43:53,810
+Scientific, sentimental and emotional. Scientific,
+
+735
+00:43:54,210 --> 00:43:57,550
+intellectual, superstitious. So the East has
+
+736
+00:43:57,550 --> 00:44:02,310
+always been looked at as a contrasting image. We
+
+737
+00:44:02,310 --> 00:44:05,790
+are always the negative opposite. The other side
+
+738
+00:44:05,790 --> 00:44:12,500
+of the coin. What does Edward Said say? Edward
+
+739
+00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:15,640
+Said brings the text and he tries to examine the
+
+740
+00:44:15,640 --> 00:44:17,320
+relationship between the East and the West. Like
+
+741
+00:44:17,320 --> 00:44:21,020
+we said this in The Tempest, remember? In Othello.
+
+742
+00:44:21,280 --> 00:44:24,200
+In Othello, for example, Edward Said would say
+
+743
+00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:27,550
+that Basically, there's a lot of racism here.
+
+744
+00:44:27,910 --> 00:44:30,570
+Basically, because the European white Christian
+
+745
+00:44:30,570 --> 00:44:35,230
+people there are racist, they consider themselves
+
+746
+00:44:35,230 --> 00:44:37,630
+to be more superior to Othello, not because they
+
+747
+00:44:37,630 --> 00:44:40,250
+are smarter or better or more powerful, but
+
+748
+00:44:40,250 --> 00:44:43,670
+because he's black, because he's originally an
+
+749
+00:44:43,670 --> 00:44:47,840
+African, a Muslim, an Arab. And that's racism. So
+
+750
+00:44:47,840 --> 00:44:50,020
+he tries to understand this unique relationship.
+
+751
+00:44:50,320 --> 00:44:53,360
+You know, Friday and Robinson Crusoe, the
+
+752
+00:44:53,360 --> 00:44:57,060
+relationship, why is Friday always there to be
+
+753
+00:44:57,060 --> 00:45:00,440
+cured, to be civilized, misrepresented to us?
+
+754
+00:45:01,440 --> 00:45:03,660
+Because of his origin and his color. He will
+
+755
+00:45:03,660 --> 00:45:07,080
+never, no matter what happens, be considered to be
+
+756
+00:45:07,080 --> 00:45:11,400
+a smart person compared to the Europeans. So this
+
+757
+00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:15,560
+is an example from The book, Kipling Kim. In the
+
+758
+00:45:15,560 --> 00:45:19,580
+book, the last example, just one minute. I want
+
+759
+00:45:19,580 --> 00:45:24,300
+you all to go to page 154. This is an example of
+
+760
+00:45:24,300 --> 00:45:26,420
+how Edward Said would be, for example, studying
+
+761
+00:45:26,420 --> 00:45:30,920
+this text. Kipling is an English novelist,
+
+762
+00:45:31,340 --> 00:45:34,420
+Victorian novelist, 20th century novelist. He
+
+763
+00:45:34,420 --> 00:45:36,660
+wrote this text. The text is called Kim. It's a
+
+764
+00:45:36,660 --> 00:45:36,880
+novel.
+
+765
+00:45:41,360 --> 00:45:44,580
+According to Edward Said, According to Dotsaid,
+
+766
+00:45:45,480 --> 00:45:52,920
+Kim is an imperialist novel, a colonialist novel.
+
+767
+00:45:53,620 --> 00:45:56,080
+When I say, remember when I said an allegory of
+
+768
+00:45:56,080 --> 00:46:00,200
+imperialism? In a way, basically, it teaches, it
+
+769
+00:46:00,200 --> 00:46:04,200
+shows the West that they are better, superior,
+
+770
+00:46:05,040 --> 00:46:08,850
+more civilized. And the East? It's a very
+
+771
+00:46:08,850 --> 00:46:13,470
+contrasting image. So this is Orientalism. This is
+
+772
+00:46:13,470 --> 00:46:16,670
+Edward Said's theory of post-colonialism to study
+
+773
+00:46:16,670 --> 00:46:20,770
+the colonial interaction between the colonized and
+
+774
+00:46:20,770 --> 00:46:24,950
+the colonizers. Now in this book, sadly, I love
+
+775
+00:46:24,950 --> 00:46:28,170
+this book. I say this many times. But this is an
+
+776
+00:46:28,170 --> 00:46:31,910
+example of the worst whitewashing I have read in
+
+777
+00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:38,940
+my life. Number one, the book says, Kipling shows
+
+778
+00:46:38,940 --> 00:46:42,420
+in Kim that he's sympathetic with the Indians. The
+
+779
+00:46:42,420 --> 00:46:45,120
+story is about an English boy who grows up in
+
+780
+00:46:45,120 --> 00:46:48,320
+India, and he works for the Secret Service, for
+
+781
+00:46:48,320 --> 00:46:50,760
+the British Secret Service, to gather information
+
+782
+00:46:50,760 --> 00:46:53,260
+and intelligence to help empower the British
+
+783
+00:46:53,260 --> 00:46:56,760
+Empire. That's basically it. So here he says,
+
+784
+00:46:57,480 --> 00:47:02,080
+Kipling shows that he has sympathy to whom? To the
+
+785
+00:47:02,080 --> 00:47:04,620
+Indian people. Okay, this is an opinion. I
+
+786
+00:47:04,620 --> 00:47:08,260
+understand. But then the text quotes this, Kipling
+
+787
+00:47:08,260 --> 00:47:10,460
+saying, not from the book, from a poem, the east
+
+788
+00:47:10,460 --> 00:47:13,060
+is the east, and the west is the west, and never
+
+789
+00:47:13,060 --> 00:47:16,900
+the two or the twin shall meet. And I think this
+
+790
+00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:17,420
+is racism.
+
+791
+00:47:20,240 --> 00:47:22,140
+He's saying the east is the east, the west is the
+
+792
+00:47:22,140 --> 00:47:26,000
+west, they will never meet. Because the east is
+
+793
+00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:27,540
+the east, and because the west is the west.
+
+794
+00:47:28,460 --> 00:47:33,100
+Because the east is civilization, modernity, what
+
+795
+00:47:33,100 --> 00:47:36,920
+else? Superior, smart, intellectual, scientific,
+
+796
+00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,560
+all the technological and industrial advancement.
+
+797
+00:47:40,580 --> 00:47:43,240
+And the East is what?
+
+798
+00:47:44,660 --> 00:47:48,040
+Backward. Uncivilized. Savages in a way or
+
+799
+00:47:48,040 --> 00:47:51,200
+another. So the book comments here, and this is
+
+800
+00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,280
+infuriating. I'm sure Edward Said is pulling his
+
+801
+00:47:54,280 --> 00:47:57,430
+hair right now. I'm sure he's spinning and
+
+802
+00:47:57,430 --> 00:47:59,990
+fretting in his grave because of this explanation.
+
+803
+00:48:00,350 --> 00:48:05,250
+So the book says the British Empire had tried to
+
+804
+00:48:05,250 --> 00:48:12,690
+make them meet, to make them east and west. and
+
+805
+00:48:12,690 --> 00:48:16,130
+become part of one whole. But in the new century,
+
+806
+00:48:16,410 --> 00:48:19,430
+a new process started, and things began to fall to
+
+807
+00:48:19,430 --> 00:48:23,310
+pieces. What? Are you describing hundreds of years
+
+808
+00:48:23,310 --> 00:48:26,370
+of slavery, of colonialism, of occupation, of
+
+809
+00:48:26,370 --> 00:48:29,870
+massacres, of ethnic cleansing, of pogroms? You're
+
+810
+00:48:29,870 --> 00:48:32,370
+describing this as England trying to make the East
+
+811
+00:48:32,370 --> 00:48:35,650
+and the West meet? This is horrible. I'm sure,
+
+812
+00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:40,320
+again, Edward Said is pulling his hair. This is
+
+813
+00:48:40,320 --> 00:48:42,920
+whitewashing. This is in the book. Yeah, it says
+
+814
+00:48:42,920 --> 00:48:45,820
+here in the book that the British Empire tried to
+
+815
+00:48:45,820 --> 00:48:50,200
+bring India and Africa and Europe together. This
+
+816
+00:48:50,200 --> 00:48:53,220
+is not true. The British Empire is about
+
+817
+00:48:53,220 --> 00:48:55,900
+occupation and imperialism. It's about control.
+
+818
+00:48:56,060 --> 00:49:00,410
+It's about supremacy. And it describes here the
+
+819
+00:49:00,410 --> 00:49:02,910
+new process. This is the movements of liberation
+
+820
+00:49:02,910 --> 00:49:04,950
+and independence. This is fighting back. This is
+
+821
+00:49:04,950 --> 00:49:08,850
+the natives trying to end the oppression. But it's
+
+822
+00:49:08,850 --> 00:49:13,590
+described as something like a process. And began
+
+823
+00:49:13,590 --> 00:49:16,370
+to fall. What began to fall into pieces?
+
+824
+00:49:16,670 --> 00:49:21,650
+Oppression, imperialism, colonialism, injustice.
+
+825
+00:49:23,300 --> 00:49:27,100
+Do you mean that they used this line to show that
+
+826
+00:49:27,100 --> 00:49:30,320
+they were great and they wanted to... Yeah, the
+
+827
+00:49:30,320 --> 00:49:34,200
+book here interprets, like, comments on Kipling's
+
+828
+00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:36,000
+line that the East is the East and the West is the
+
+829
+00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,680
+West and they will never meet again, saying that
+
+830
+00:49:38,680 --> 00:49:41,340
+the British Empire tried to make the East and the
+
+831
+00:49:41,340 --> 00:49:44,320
+West meet. They didn't. They went for control.
+
+832
+00:49:45,080 --> 00:49:49,500
+They went for control, to take, to assume
+
+833
+00:49:49,500 --> 00:49:54,910
+everything as theirs. And this is an example of
+
+834
+00:49:54,910 --> 00:49:59,310
+how a critic like Edward Said is inviting us to
+
+835
+00:49:59,310 --> 00:50:02,270
+reread literature, and Virginia Woolf inviting us
+
+836
+00:50:02,270 --> 00:50:06,670
+to reread literature in a particular way. I'll
+
+837
+00:50:06,670 --> 00:50:11,990
+stop here. Thank you very much. We have one more
+
+838
+00:50:11,990 --> 00:50:14,670
+class, and then we will do a review class on
+
+839
+00:50:14,670 --> 00:50:17,930
+Wednesday. Okay? Thank you very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0295654138c3cefd9c9659451a1e968b1e5eec4d
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2860 @@
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:25,070
+Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to
+
+2
+00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:28,530
+continue our journey into this course, an
+
+3
+00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:32,650
+introduction to English literature for Palestinian
+
+4
+00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,310
+students at the English department at the Islamic
+
+5
+00:00:35,310 --> 00:00:40,060
+University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces
+
+6
+00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:45,260
+us to major literary movements, major literary
+
+7
+00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:48,260
+events, major literary texts, and major literary
+
+8
+00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,460
+figures in English. We understand these texts. We
+
+9
+00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:56,320
+study them in their historical context. And again,
+
+10
+00:00:56,340 --> 00:01:00,620
+I have to repeat this because this is a literature
+
+11
+00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:05,410
+course. literature in its historical context
+
+12
+00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:07,590
+because we need to understand the relationship
+
+13
+00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,810
+between history and literature. And I said this
+
+14
+00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:15,010
+before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people
+
+15
+00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:18,630
+only think that literature influences history, but
+
+16
+00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:22,990
+we here also examine how literature influences
+
+17
+00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:27,580
+life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a
+
+18
+00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:31,300
+way or another. We finished last time talking
+
+19
+00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,000
+about Middle English. We've seen how England
+
+20
+00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,740
+started to become the England we know now, how the
+
+21
+00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:41,420
+English language was developing, how English
+
+22
+00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:45,220
+literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey
+
+23
+00:01:45,220 --> 00:01:48,280
+Chaucer, how they were looking for the English
+
+24
+00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,300
+identity because they wanted to be special in a
+
+25
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:55,450
+way different from other European countries. Today
+
+26
+00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:59,410
+we move to speak about one of the major eras in
+
+27
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,210
+the history of English literature. It's the
+
+28
+00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:05,620
+Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many
+
+29
+00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,540
+things to speak about. But in general, the
+
+30
+00:02:08,540 --> 00:02:12,480
+subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The
+
+31
+00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,140
+Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and
+
+32
+00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:19,700
+see what the Renaissance means to England, to the
+
+33
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:22,440
+United Kingdom, and to English literature. And
+
+34
+00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,380
+then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet
+
+35
+00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:31,190
+as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can
+
+36
+00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:33,570
+see, it is said that the Renaissance started
+
+37
+00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,810
+earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England
+
+38
+00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:43,070
+followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th
+
+39
+00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,910
+century to the mid-17th century is considered the
+
+40
+00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,270
+Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means
+
+41
+00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:55,150
+renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's
+
+42
+00:02:55,150 --> 00:03:00,810
+New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English
+
+43
+00:03:00,810 --> 00:03:06,570
+texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the
+
+44
+00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:08,950
+Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they
+
+45
+00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:11,030
+say all good things about England, about the
+
+46
+00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:14,930
+United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear
+
+47
+00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:19,610
+and read all these important, fascinating
+
+48
+00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:22,730
+discoveries, inventions, and technological,
+
+49
+00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:27,340
+scientific advances. which all these are in a way
+
+50
+00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,280
+or another are true. But usually these books that
+
+51
+00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680
+speak about how England became England usually
+
+52
+00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,200
+forget something very important. Remember, England
+
+53
+00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,980
+became, you know, the British Empire, right? The
+
+54
+00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:47,940
+British Empire that controlled large areas around
+
+55
+00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:50,800
+the world. England became the most powerful
+
+56
+00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,300
+country in the world. London became not only the
+
+57
+00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,800
+capital of Britain, of England, but it became the
+
+58
+00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,380
+most important city in the world. What does that
+
+59
+00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,380
+mean? It means the English people in a way became
+
+60
+00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:10,460
+richer. They discovered new areas. They reached
+
+61
+00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:15,990
+different areas around the world. Again, however,
+
+62
+00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,110
+when we speak about this, when English books speak
+
+63
+00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:21,450
+about this, they usually forget two important
+
+64
+00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:25,150
+things. And I will focus on these things. In a
+
+65
+00:04:25,150 --> 00:04:27,070
+way, they are interchangeable. They are
+
+66
+00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:31,600
+imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and
+
+67
+00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,780
+colonialism. What does it mean? What is
+
+68
+00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,120
+imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me
+
+69
+00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,280
+someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have
+
+70
+00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:43,580
+you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial,
+
+71
+00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:50,480
+colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you
+
+72
+00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,180
+have any idea?
+
+73
+00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:55,120
+Yes.
+
+74
+00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:07,470
+OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part
+
+75
+00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:13,410
+of imperialism, the British Empire, where a
+
+76
+00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:17,030
+country generally controls another country,
+
+77
+00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:20,090
+politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera.
+
+78
+00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,630
+Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized
+
+79
+00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:29,660
+to occupy. When we speak about the British
+
+80
+00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:34,300
+colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts
+
+81
+00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:40,620
+of America, it becomes part of the British Empire,
+
+82
+00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:45,340
+not by right, but by force. So what happens in
+
+83
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,480
+colonialism is that the British Empire sends its
+
+84
+00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,580
+armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the
+
+85
+00:05:52,580 --> 00:05:55,560
+world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy,
+
+86
+00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:57,420
+what happens to this country? What happens to
+
+87
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:05:59,740
+Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to
+
+88
+00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:03,000
+India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the
+
+89
+00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,520
+British Empire takes all the good things, the raw
+
+90
+00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,380
+materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings
+
+91
+00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:13,140
+money. It brings riches to the English people in
+
+92
+00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,680
+England. But what happens to the natives? What
+
+93
+00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,420
+happens to the colonizers? It's something that
+
+94
+00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,980
+this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay
+
+95
+00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:24,120
+attention to this. It means colonialism means if
+
+96
+00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,540
+England was getting richer and richer, Africa and
+
+97
+00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:31,700
+Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means
+
+98
+00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,860
+oppression. It means the destruction of these
+
+99
+00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:37,580
+countries. It means that these countries are
+
+100
+00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:41,120
+massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions
+
+101
+00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,360
+and millions of people were massacred. Because of
+
+102
+00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:46,800
+the British Empire, countries even today as
+
+103
+00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,780
+Palestinians, we were for some time under the
+
+104
+00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,540
+British mandate of colonialism. And because of the
+
+105
+00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:57,640
+British Empire, we're still paying this heavy
+
+106
+00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:04,340
+price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists.
+
+107
+00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,320
+And we're still suffering now. Most of the
+
+108
+00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,860
+problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and
+
+109
+00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:15,380
+Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British
+
+110
+00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:18,810
+Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English
+
+111
+00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,690
+book praising again the advancements, the
+
+112
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:25,450
+achievements of the British Empire, don't always,
+
+113
+00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:28,490
+don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the
+
+114
+00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,610
+other people that colonized paid the heaviest
+
+115
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:33,610
+price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their
+
+116
+00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,890
+countries, their nations are destroyed for
+
+117
+00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,490
+centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we
+
+118
+00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:42,750
+still pay for this. So one interesting thing is
+
+119
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:45,270
+that these new worlds that were discovered are not
+
+120
+00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:48,430
+actually, in fact, new. Because look at America,
+
+121
+00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,310
+for example, the Native Americans. There were
+
+122
+00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:54,610
+Native Americans that the Europeans called Red
+
+123
+00:07:54,610 --> 00:07:56,310
+Indians because they thought they were discovering
+
+124
+00:07:56,310 --> 00:08:04,430
+India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is
+
+125
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:06,750
+mentioned here as an achievement, right?
+
+126
+00:08:07,410 --> 00:08:10,590
+Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started
+
+127
+00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,530
+migrating to America and made America. But this
+
+128
+00:08:15,530 --> 00:08:18,050
+doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions
+
+129
+00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,610
+were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally
+
+130
+00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:22,730
+destroyed and massacred.
+
+131
+00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:27,750
+their land and everything. They had their land,
+
+132
+00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:30,950
+their life, their futures, and everything. So
+
+133
+00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:32,990
+that's number one. So the Renaissance is
+
+134
+00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:36,350
+characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the
+
+135
+00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,010
+world. But we know these are not new, because
+
+136
+00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,670
+there were people already there. The lands
+
+137
+00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:44,670
+belonged to other people. And everything else
+
+138
+00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,950
+belonged to those people. So that's number one.
+
+139
+00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,770
+And then when we speak about religion during this
+
+140
+00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:54,800
+era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in
+
+141
+00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,740
+Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in
+
+142
+00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,240
+Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man
+
+143
+00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:09,700
+in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He
+
+144
+00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:13,160
+gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for
+
+145
+00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,300
+things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he
+
+146
+00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,700
+gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he
+
+147
+00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:24,640
+says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother
+
+148
+00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,320
+died, he succeeded him. He became the king of
+
+149
+00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,160
+England. He married his brother's wife. And he
+
+150
+00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,580
+didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said,
+
+151
+00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:38,340
+OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can
+
+152
+00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:43,100
+you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't.
+
+153
+00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,000
+It's for eternity.
+
+154
+00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:52,910
+Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what
+
+155
+00:09:52,910 --> 00:09:56,410
+should the king do here? Should he listen to the
+
+156
+00:09:56,410 --> 00:09:58,670
+Pope? Because England, again, remember England was
+
+157
+00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:01,910
+working very hard to be different, to gain its own
+
+158
+00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:05,730
+identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank
+
+159
+00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:10,150
+you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we
+
+160
+00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:12,530
+started something called the Church of England.
+
+161
+00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,100
+And who's the head of this church? The king. The
+
+162
+00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:21,240
+king became the most important man in England. He
+
+163
+00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,240
+was God's person, God's representative on earth.
+
+164
+00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:29,820
+Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again
+
+165
+00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:33,260
+about the Church of England. Religion was, in a
+
+166
+00:10:33,260 --> 00:10:36,280
+way, becoming different. And here we have, we can
+
+167
+00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,540
+speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and
+
+168
+00:10:38,540 --> 00:10:42,550
+Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a
+
+169
+00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:45,010
+Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the
+
+170
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:47,310
+word to protest because they were protesting some
+
+171
+00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:53,890
+teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is
+
+172
+00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,890
+important to our understanding of literature and
+
+173
+00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:02,290
+English history here because New ways of thinking
+
+174
+00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:04,650
+in terms of religion and God and man means new
+
+175
+00:11:04,650 --> 00:11:08,150
+thinking about life, about how to write, how you
+
+176
+00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,590
+understand life. Now, a very important point here
+
+177
+00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:17,370
+is what is called the great chain of being. Look
+
+178
+00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,770
+at this.
+
+179
+00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:27,110
+This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know
+
+180
+00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:29,730
+as the great chain of people, where people were
+
+181
+00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,250
+ranked according to their importance. God is the
+
+182
+00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:37,470
+creator, but here we have, who's here? The king.
+
+183
+00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:41,620
+The king of England. He became God's spokesperson,
+
+184
+00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:44,740
+the most important person, which means everything
+
+185
+00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:47,960
+the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey
+
+186
+00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,640
+the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash
+
+187
+00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,660
+the king. And then probably the royal family, the
+
+188
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:56,780
+church people, important people, rich people, et
+
+189
+00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:59,280
+cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor
+
+190
+00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,560
+people. And at the end, we have insects, animals,
+
+191
+00:12:02,980 --> 00:12:06,970
+and everything else. So man became important. But
+
+192
+00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:10,270
+who's the most important man? The king. He became
+
+193
+00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,290
+God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So
+
+194
+00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:17,530
+this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought,
+
+195
+00:12:17,930 --> 00:12:23,570
+three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas,
+
+196
+00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:26,210
+new thoughts about life, about man, about the
+
+197
+00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:28,430
+relationship between man and God and man and man.
+
+198
+00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:32,530
+Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a
+
+199
+00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,540
+Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with
+
+200
+00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:40,880
+this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism
+
+201
+00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,880
+is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man,
+
+202
+00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:48,400
+man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the
+
+203
+00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,000
+world. Man, not anything else, became the most
+
+204
+00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,100
+crucial person in the world. People started to
+
+205
+00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:59,140
+realize that man is not only because of his
+
+206
+00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:02,860
+intelligence, but also because of man's ability to
+
+207
+00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:06,760
+distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or
+
+208
+00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,040
+evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart.
+
+209
+00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,220
+Man is the center of the world, can control his
+
+210
+00:13:14,220 --> 00:13:17,240
+fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not
+
+211
+00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:21,700
+to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement,
+
+212
+00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,920
+this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of
+
+213
+00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:30,860
+the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as
+
+214
+00:13:30,860 --> 00:13:32,820
+the center of the world, as the most important
+
+215
+00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:35,700
+center figure in the world, more important than
+
+216
+00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,120
+any other creatures. In addition, it talks about
+
+217
+00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,480
+man's ability to change. to the better, to choose
+
+218
+00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,840
+the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we
+
+219
+00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,160
+speak about changes in politics, in economics,
+
+220
+00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,420
+intellectualism and life and religion and God,
+
+221
+00:13:55,040 --> 00:14:00,380
+necessarily there is what? Change in literature.
+
+222
+00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:05,260
+So whether literature is adapting, to include more
+
+223
+00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:08,780
+characters and more themes and more issues. Or
+
+224
+00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:13,820
+life is influencing literature. Or literature
+
+225
+00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,800
+influencing life is, again, a matter of
+
+226
+00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,520
+discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But
+
+227
+00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,840
+again, literature is so important that it also
+
+228
+00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,620
+makes a difference. It also creates a difference
+
+229
+00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,840
+and makes a difference. This is our major point.
+
+230
+00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:32,690
+Literature during the Renaissance And when we
+
+231
+00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:34,390
+speak about literature at that time, we speak
+
+232
+00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:37,330
+about the most important genre. Remember, so far,
+
+233
+00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:43,310
+we only have poetry and then some drama, the
+
+234
+00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,530
+miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in
+
+235
+00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,970
+the Middle Ages. And now drama became more
+
+236
+00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:54,210
+important because there were theaters and people
+
+237
+00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,050
+would go pay money to watch actors act on the
+
+238
+00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,680
+stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was
+
+239
+00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:07,740
+written also in verse. Here, it was written in
+
+240
+00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:11,200
+poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in
+
+241
+00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840
+poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry.
+
+242
+00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,480
+But the major difference between poetry and drama
+
+243
+00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:23,440
+is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs
+
+244
+00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,520
+in a way. But drama was written to be acted on
+
+245
+00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,390
+stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of
+
+246
+00:15:30,390 --> 00:15:33,850
+Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they
+
+247
+00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:37,450
+wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage.
+
+248
+00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,690
+This is important. That's why sometimes you love
+
+249
+00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:44,770
+the play more when you watch it. Because it comes
+
+250
+00:15:44,770 --> 00:15:47,870
+to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is
+
+251
+00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:55,110
+performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare,
+
+252
+00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:55,750
+Shakespeare.
+
+253
+00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:02,330
+What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great
+
+254
+00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:09,030
+writer. He wrote plays and poems.
+
+255
+00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,330
+What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the
+
+256
+00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,810
+impression you already have about Shakespeare? He
+
+257
+00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:18,130
+wrote 37 plays.
+
+258
+00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,440
+More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and
+
+259
+00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,980
+histories. There are other divisions, but we'll
+
+260
+00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:30,340
+come to this later on. What do you know about
+
+261
+00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:32,500
+Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and
+
+262
+00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,420
+Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The
+
+263
+00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:41,280
+most famous line in English history, in English
+
+264
+00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,800
+literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet.
+
+265
+00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,340
+From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know
+
+266
+00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:47,860
+about Shakespeare?
+
+267
+00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,240
+He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150
+
+268
+00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:59,240
+sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a
+
+269
+00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:02,500
+sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for
+
+270
+00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:08,560
+the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay,
+
+271
+00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:13,720
+good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But
+
+272
+00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,160
+he moved to London because London... Remember,
+
+273
+00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,940
+London was the most important city in the world.
+
+274
+00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,560
+So he moved to London because London is the city
+
+275
+00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,640
+of culture, of literature, of politics, of
+
+276
+00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,580
+economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the
+
+277
+00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:33,920
+theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa
+
+278
+00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,860
+papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his
+
+279
+00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:45,620
+tragedies and then the people... Even the queen
+
+280
+00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,620
+would watch some of his plays. He has his own
+
+281
+00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:54,640
+theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a
+
+282
+00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,120
+little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now
+
+283
+00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,100
+Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the
+
+284
+00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,800
+age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got
+
+285
+00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,400
+married to a woman older than him. He had some
+
+286
+00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,480
+kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then
+
+287
+00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,130
+he moved to London because He wanted to act, he
+
+288
+00:18:12,130 --> 00:18:14,470
+wanted to do something, to write literature, to be
+
+289
+00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:18,170
+part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it
+
+290
+00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810
+is said that he went to a grammar school where he
+
+291
+00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:25,850
+learned some grammar, language, probably he read
+
+292
+00:18:25,850 --> 00:18:29,710
+something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek
+
+293
+00:18:29,710 --> 00:18:35,160
+literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he
+
+294
+00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,060
+didn't go to university, he didn't go to college,
+
+295
+00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,760
+so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent
+
+296
+00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:44,000
+him to university to learn. And this is something
+
+297
+00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,540
+we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his
+
+298
+00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:53,900
+37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most
+
+299
+00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:58,430
+important people throughout history. He's
+
+300
+00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:00,430
+important. He's everywhere. His books were
+
+301
+00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090
+translated. His plays were translated into almost
+
+302
+00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450
+every language around the world. Everybody knows
+
+303
+00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270
+Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare.
+
+304
+00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710
+Whatever you want to talk about, you find
+
+305
+00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650
+Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare.
+
+306
+00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650
+Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use
+
+307
+00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970
+Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not
+
+308
+00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250
+only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only
+
+309
+00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390
+about his stories. His stories are amazing.
+
+310
+00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:25,010
+Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people,
+
+311
+00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910
+the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare,
+
+312
+00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:33,370
+the stories are usually taken from some book he
+
+313
+00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:36,070
+read. But it's the language, it's the depiction,
+
+314
+00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:39,810
+it's bringing the people and bringing the events
+
+315
+00:19:39,810 --> 00:19:44,010
+alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400
+
+316
+00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490
+years later, and we feel that he belongs to this
+
+317
+00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910
+age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life
+
+318
+00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,390
+today, the way he talks to us, the way he
+
+319
+00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430
+discusses his issues, the concerns, his
+
+320
+00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,570
+characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see
+
+321
+00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:07,730
+Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about
+
+322
+00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:10,390
+Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most
+
+323
+00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890
+important figure in world literature is important
+
+324
+00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,790
+because that's why we're studying Shakespeare
+
+325
+00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750
+here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all
+
+326
+00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890
+times and all places. As students of the English
+
+327
+00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,950
+department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I
+
+328
+00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,310
+know some of you might have a bad impression about
+
+329
+00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:32,590
+Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't.
+
+330
+00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190
+Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any
+
+331
+00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690
+topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship,
+
+332
+00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290
+sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers,
+
+333
+00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750
+writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look
+
+334
+00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430
+up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy,
+
+335
+00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530
+you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about
+
+336
+00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330
+everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to
+
+337
+00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450
+look for information about the relationships,
+
+338
+00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710
+Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is
+
+339
+00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870
+there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know.
+
+340
+00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450
+Like there are references to the planets, to the
+
+341
+00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180
+stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching,
+
+342
+00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780
+to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how
+
+343
+00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580
+learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some
+
+344
+00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000
+people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside
+
+345
+00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640
+London who only went to a grammar school be this
+
+346
+00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,690
+knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this
+
+347
+00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310
+conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not
+
+348
+00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430
+Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have
+
+349
+00:21:41,430 --> 00:21:47,410
+37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's
+
+350
+00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830
+translated to almost every main language around
+
+351
+00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750
+the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly
+
+352
+00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690
+experimenting. Because literature, for example,
+
+353
+00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750
+the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from
+
+354
+00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,300
+Italy. But he changed something. He added
+
+355
+00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,740
+something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and
+
+356
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860
+he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man
+
+357
+00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800
+himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way,
+
+358
+00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,860
+one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no,
+
+359
+00:22:14,940 --> 00:22:18,400
+this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another
+
+360
+00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020
+picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi
+
+361
+00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560
+of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an
+
+362
+00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480
+Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because
+
+363
+00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:41,020
+Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is
+
+364
+00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280
+Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair.
+
+365
+00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660
+Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the
+
+366
+00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100
+language and be this? efficient this professional
+
+367
+00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810
+this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable,
+
+368
+00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270
+unlikely. But it's interesting that people around
+
+369
+00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270
+the world want to claim Shakespeare for
+
+370
+00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150
+themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't
+
+371
+00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:14,670
+Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because
+
+372
+00:23:14,670 --> 00:23:17,810
+we don't know much about his life. Some claim that
+
+373
+00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770
+a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim
+
+374
+00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310
+Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe.
+
+375
+00:23:24,030 --> 00:23:26,010
+Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because
+
+376
+00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,830
+Christopher Marlowe died young, and he
+
+377
+00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860
+disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't
+
+378
+00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800
+die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another
+
+379
+00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100
+people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford.
+
+380
+00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360
+This theory is interesting. Those people, it's
+
+381
+00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960
+called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's
+
+382
+00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680
+a very famous university. Of course. So they claim
+
+383
+00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860
+that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford.
+
+384
+00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:59,630
+that there's no way only a grammar school boy
+
+385
+00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,790
+could write this. It has to be someone who went to
+
+386
+00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570
+university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a
+
+387
+00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670
+great background, a noble person with knowledge
+
+388
+00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340
+and experience. This is interesting. Some people
+
+389
+00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720
+support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has
+
+390
+00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140
+some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows
+
+391
+00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400
+arrogance because they believe that only important
+
+392
+00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960
+people, royal family, elite people, educated
+
+393
+00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240
+people can produce this amazing literature. See
+
+394
+00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340
+this? Okay? And some people even believe that
+
+395
+00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160
+Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if
+
+396
+00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070
+not the King James himself. I don't know. But some
+
+397
+00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290
+people in their reality did not want to be
+
+398
+00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730
+attached with producing plays because this, in a
+
+399
+00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350
+way, belongs to other people. And another
+
+400
+00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690
+interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there
+
+401
+00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210
+was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years
+
+402
+00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250
+ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish
+
+403
+00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490
+woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a
+
+404
+00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820
+Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many
+
+405
+00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220
+people want to claim Shakespeare for them.
+
+406
+00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380
+Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a
+
+407
+00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300
+discussion with this interesting guy who believed
+
+408
+00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480
+that Shakespeare could probably be a group of
+
+409
+00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560
+people. Because again, there is profound knowledge
+
+410
+00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700
+about the universe, the stars, the planets,
+
+411
+00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180
+peoples, histories, other cultures, language,
+
+412
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290
+chemistry, science, everything. So probably a
+
+413
+00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970
+group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing
+
+414
+00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330
+language skills put this together. We don't know.
+
+415
+00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430
+We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here,
+
+416
+00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410
+we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him
+
+417
+00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780
+as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more
+
+418
+00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740
+important than Shakespeare and his life and what
+
+419
+00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120
+he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you
+
+420
+00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840
+very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's
+
+421
+00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790
+funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this
+
+422
+00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370
+play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that
+
+423
+00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710
+we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by
+
+424
+00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670
+someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So
+
+425
+00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550
+if the author changes, if somebody realizes that
+
+426
+00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890
+Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from
+
+427
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630
+Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who
+
+428
+00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030
+left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went
+
+429
+00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070
+to England and became the most famous person in
+
+430
+00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790
+England, Still, the text is more important. It's
+
+431
+00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970
+interesting to know something about the life of
+
+432
+00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770
+this person. Now, let's study in brief again
+
+433
+00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630
+Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important
+
+434
+00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890
+play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet.
+
+435
+00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670
+See the character map here. Or probably before we
+
+436
+00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390
+do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we
+
+437
+00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350
+agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around
+
+438
+00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370
+the world. Now look at this interesting critic who
+
+439
+00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770
+said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again,
+
+440
+00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770
+this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone
+
+441
+00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610
+the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again,
+
+442
+00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290
+indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of
+
+443
+00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370
+the day, someone somewhere around the world is
+
+444
+00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730
+talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying
+
+445
+00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930
+Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet,
+
+446
+00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010
+quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet,
+
+447
+00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650
+writing about Hamlet, answering questions about
+
+448
+00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970
+Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I
+
+449
+00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570
+don't know, anything, like so many things. And
+
+450
+00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030
+here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged
+
+451
+00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250
+and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're
+
+452
+00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570
+studying Shakespeare because of how significant
+
+453
+00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570
+this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he
+
+454
+00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730
+belongs to every time and every place.
+
+455
+00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170
+Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has
+
+456
+00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370
+modern thoughts
+
+457
+00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810
+and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we
+
+458
+00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430
+can relate to. His problems are problems of today
+
+459
+00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410
+and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also
+
+460
+00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030
+an individual. When we read Hamlet, the
+
+461
+00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650
+relationship between him and his dad, his uncle,
+
+462
+00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610
+his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies,
+
+463
+00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090
+everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us.
+
+464
+00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890
+And that's why many people identify with Hamlet.
+
+465
+00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670
+Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's
+
+466
+00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010
+interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet.
+
+467
+00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750
+Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take
+
+468
+00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830
+Hamlet and make the character You know, like a
+
+469
+00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670
+black African or in China, Chinese man. And there
+
+470
+00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390
+is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name,
+
+471
+00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370
+where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century
+
+472
+00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510
+businessman from New York. But again, he has to
+
+473
+00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270
+come face to face with all these problems of the
+
+474
+00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470
+modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man
+
+475
+00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530
+who goes to university, University of Wittenberg.
+
+476
+00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680
+By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The
+
+477
+00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180
+story could have happened in a way or another, but
+
+478
+00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260
+Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a
+
+479
+00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440
+prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed
+
+480
+00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800
+to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news
+
+481
+00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560
+that his father died, passed away. He comes back
+
+482
+00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300
+sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle
+
+483
+00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070
+becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his
+
+484
+00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010
+father. His uncle becomes the king. And his
+
+485
+00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890
+mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It
+
+486
+00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050
+wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is
+
+487
+00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150
+the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can
+
+488
+00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310
+say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the
+
+489
+00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950
+pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a
+
+490
+00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390
+sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's
+
+491
+00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800
+a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a
+
+492
+00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680
+university student. As we don't believe in ghosts,
+
+493
+00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160
+do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he,
+
+494
+00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680
+because he was desperate, he goes out with his
+
+495
+00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080
+friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face
+
+496
+00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640
+with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him
+
+497
+00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060
+alone and he tells them, I was killed by your
+
+498
+00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500
+uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And
+
+499
+00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520
+Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's
+
+500
+00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260
+something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king.
+
+501
+00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780
+To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a
+
+502
+00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160
+modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes
+
+503
+00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740
+to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way
+
+504
+00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820
+belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who
+
+505
+00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560
+kills you, in modern life, you go to court now.
+
+506
+00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340
+You go to court. You go to the police or whatever
+
+507
+00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640
+represents the police here. So what happens is
+
+508
+00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300
+that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and
+
+509
+00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600
+hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he
+
+510
+00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300
+kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or
+
+511
+00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600
+is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But
+
+512
+00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310
+Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes
+
+513
+00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170
+tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in
+
+514
+00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450
+love. They're a really cool couple. But because
+
+515
+00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670
+the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents,
+
+516
+00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630
+by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father.
+
+517
+00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150
+So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for
+
+518
+00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010
+Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How
+
+519
+00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170
+much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her
+
+520
+00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670
+parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And
+
+521
+00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830
+Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills
+
+522
+00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150
+Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king,
+
+523
+00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050
+was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him.
+
+524
+00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550
+Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out.
+
+525
+00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290
+Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And
+
+526
+00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710
+then she kills herself or dies accidentally.
+
+527
+00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270
+Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries
+
+528
+00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410
+to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel.
+
+529
+00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610
+Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to
+
+530
+00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070
+be or not to be. That is the question. Because
+
+531
+00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270
+Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old
+
+532
+00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350
+age, or should I belong to the modern age? What
+
+533
+00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210
+should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill
+
+534
+00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930
+the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king
+
+535
+00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690
+is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this.
+
+536
+00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620
+To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I
+
+537
+00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960
+just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy
+
+538
+00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680
+is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be?
+
+539
+00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700
+That is the question. And then they agree on a
+
+540
+00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820
+duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or
+
+541
+00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040
+dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I
+
+542
+00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960
+steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land
+
+543
+00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560
+back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the
+
+544
+00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380
+land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I
+
+545
+00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540
+kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now,
+
+546
+00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330
+Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the
+
+547
+00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690
+king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's
+
+548
+00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610
+uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet.
+
+549
+00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310
+He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's
+
+550
+00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050
+sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a
+
+551
+00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970
+glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison
+
+552
+00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810
+inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting,
+
+553
+00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670
+heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts
+
+554
+00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290
+Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and
+
+555
+00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350
+stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes
+
+556
+00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790
+he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead.
+
+557
+00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580
+The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During
+
+558
+00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480
+this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother
+
+559
+00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760
+wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared
+
+560
+00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320
+for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for
+
+561
+00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380
+the first time, she decides to disobey him.
+
+562
+00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100
+It's interesting how she proves herself, but when
+
+563
+00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260
+she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no,
+
+564
+00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940
+I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the
+
+565
+00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030
+poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that
+
+566
+00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470
+story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle.
+
+567
+00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470
+He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no
+
+568
+00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950
+to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet
+
+569
+00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030
+dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies.
+
+570
+00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490
+Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main
+
+571
+00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490
+characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy.
+
+572
+00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730
+It's a tragedy where all the main characters die.
+
+573
+00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570
+However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future.
+
+574
+00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850
+His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet
+
+575
+00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390
+tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a
+
+576
+00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670
+novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new
+
+577
+00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250
+king is crowned.
+
+578
+00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720
+And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy.
+
+579
+00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040
+But if you think this is cool, the story, you need
+
+580
+00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280
+to read the language. Really beautiful. Really
+
+581
+00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040
+amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on
+
+582
+00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280
+Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here
+
+583
+00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380
+is to be or not to be. So this is the character
+
+584
+00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660
+map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the
+
+585
+00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210
+ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So
+
+586
+00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010
+why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person.
+
+587
+00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570
+When I don't use inverted commas, it means the
+
+588
+00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470
+character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns,
+
+589
+00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950
+love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood,
+
+590
+00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870
+friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the
+
+591
+00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050
+old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the
+
+592
+00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020
+old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many
+
+593
+00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140
+until this very day identify with him. When you
+
+594
+00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660
+read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He
+
+595
+00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380
+looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could
+
+596
+00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500
+be like a Palestinian young man living under
+
+597
+00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080
+occupation with the society, the rules, and the
+
+598
+00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740
+siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy
+
+599
+00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580
+because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So
+
+600
+00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420
+sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is
+
+601
+00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280
+the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy,
+
+602
+00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380
+basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy?
+
+603
+00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660
+You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo,
+
+604
+00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960
+soliloquy.
+
+605
+00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400
+Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk
+
+606
+00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980
+to myself.
+
+607
+00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360
+Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical
+
+608
+00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300
+device from drama, dramatical device where one of
+
+609
+00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040
+the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the
+
+610
+00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400
+main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on
+
+611
+00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920
+the stage.
+
+612
+00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460
+On the stage. What does he do? He talks to
+
+613
+00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600
+himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm
+
+614
+00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380
+sure some of you are talking to But here, because
+
+615
+00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220
+this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the
+
+616
+00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160
+audience, the people in the audience are very
+
+617
+00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920
+important, they are part of the drama. So in a
+
+618
+00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260
+way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner
+
+619
+00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480
+conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he
+
+620
+00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620
+doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes
+
+621
+00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660
+it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't
+
+622
+00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840
+move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this
+
+623
+00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000
+is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be,
+
+624
+00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300
+that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the
+
+625
+00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560
+mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous
+
+626
+00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920
+fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble,
+
+627
+00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780
+and by opposing in them to die, to sleep,
+
+628
+00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300
+When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or
+
+629
+00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040
+seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience
+
+630
+00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160
+directly. What does that indicate? What does that
+
+631
+00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980
+mean? How important is the soliloquy for the
+
+632
+00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480
+audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's
+
+633
+00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880
+assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the
+
+634
+00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280
+stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just
+
+635
+00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600
+talking with other people before, I come closer in
+
+636
+00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680
+a way to the audience and I speak to the people
+
+637
+00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060
+next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What
+
+638
+00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320
+does this make the people I come closer to feel?
+
+639
+00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760
+How does it feel to them?
+
+640
+00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590
+Very good. So they will know, try to understand
+
+641
+00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850
+the struggle and probably they will feel some of
+
+642
+00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370
+this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you,
+
+643
+00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130
+he becomes your friend, it's like someone
+
+644
+00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230
+whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets,
+
+645
+00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170
+his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us
+
+646
+00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240
+secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust
+
+647
+00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600
+us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for
+
+648
+00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300
+them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it
+
+649
+00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120
+makes the audience part of the play. It attracts
+
+650
+00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960
+the audience. And the audience, the people, they
+
+651
+00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320
+identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God,
+
+652
+00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960
+this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns
+
+653
+00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880
+or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have
+
+654
+00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920
+soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In
+
+655
+00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960
+Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies.
+
+656
+00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060
+There's another thing to talk about here. It's an
+
+657
+00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620
+aside.
+
+658
+00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600
+We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so
+
+659
+00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060
+again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device
+
+660
+00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260
+when the actor is all alone on stage and directs,
+
+661
+00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010
+in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is
+
+662
+00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490
+the importance of the soliloquy? To share
+
+663
+00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110
+feelings, to attract the audience, to make them
+
+664
+00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010
+grab attention, make them identify with you, feel,
+
+665
+00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790
+understand? Now the aside is also a literary
+
+666
+00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870
+device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is
+
+667
+00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980
+usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the
+
+668
+00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580
+soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the
+
+669
+00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380
+actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there
+
+670
+00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260
+are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are
+
+671
+00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100
+other actors. What happens here is that in
+
+672
+00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060
+Anasite, there are other people here, and the
+
+673
+00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280
+character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to
+
+674
+00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500
+someone here, he does this, and he says something.
+
+675
+00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690
+Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a
+
+676
+00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630
+soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor
+
+677
+00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070
+is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and
+
+678
+00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750
+there are other actors on the stage who are not
+
+679
+00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830
+supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay,
+
+680
+00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130
+I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or
+
+681
+00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750
+something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to
+
+682
+00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650
+the audience, but not to the other characters. The
+
+683
+00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550
+significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy
+
+684
+00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390
+is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that
+
+685
+00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650
+is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind
+
+686
+00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070
+to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous
+
+687
+00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270
+fortune,
+
+688
+00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080
+or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and
+
+689
+00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940
+bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The
+
+690
+00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520
+most important line or verse in English
+
+691
+00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120
+literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside.
+
+692
+00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820
+And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's
+
+693
+00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480
+The Globe.
+
+694
+00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740
+I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look
+
+695
+00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930
+here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And
+
+696
+00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190
+these are the people near the stage that can talk
+
+697
+00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650
+to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more
+
+698
+00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690
+money, and you sit here above. Here, you're
+
+699
+00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930
+usually standing. This is not the globe itself,
+
+700
+00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010
+but something similar to it. So this is the stage.
+
+701
+00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310
+People are very close. So the soliloquy is
+
+702
+00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110
+significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But
+
+703
+00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690
+if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked
+
+704
+00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310
+down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And
+
+705
+00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090
+finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous
+
+706
+00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910
+picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And
+
+707
+00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310
+this is the picture that recently has been
+
+708
+00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770
+recently discovered, where people say this is the
+
+709
+00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950
+real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare?
+
+710
+00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730
+Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish
+
+711
+00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600
+woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not
+
+712
+00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980
+sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we
+
+713
+00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280
+don't care. All we care is about the texts, the
+
+714
+00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020
+plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll
+
+715
+00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760
+stop here. If you have questions, please do ask.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0295654138c3cefd9c9659451a1e968b1e5eec4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/JHi3IW9Ip-I_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2860 @@
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:25,070
+Hello everyone, nice to have you yet again to
+
+2
+00:00:25,070 --> 00:00:28,530
+continue our journey into this course, an
+
+3
+00:00:28,530 --> 00:00:32,650
+introduction to English literature for Palestinian
+
+4
+00:00:32,650 --> 00:00:35,310
+students at the English department at the Islamic
+
+5
+00:00:35,310 --> 00:00:40,060
+University of Gaza. Again, the course introduces
+
+6
+00:00:40,060 --> 00:00:45,260
+us to major literary movements, major literary
+
+7
+00:00:45,260 --> 00:00:48,260
+events, major literary texts, and major literary
+
+8
+00:00:48,260 --> 00:00:52,460
+figures in English. We understand these texts. We
+
+9
+00:00:52,460 --> 00:00:56,320
+study them in their historical context. And again,
+
+10
+00:00:56,340 --> 00:01:00,620
+I have to repeat this because this is a literature
+
+11
+00:01:00,620 --> 00:01:05,410
+course. literature in its historical context
+
+12
+00:01:05,410 --> 00:01:07,590
+because we need to understand the relationship
+
+13
+00:01:07,590 --> 00:01:10,810
+between history and literature. And I said this
+
+14
+00:01:10,810 --> 00:01:15,010
+before, it's not a one-way thing. It's not people
+
+15
+00:01:15,010 --> 00:01:18,630
+only think that literature influences history, but
+
+16
+00:01:18,630 --> 00:01:22,990
+we here also examine how literature influences
+
+17
+00:01:22,990 --> 00:01:27,580
+life. So how this is a mutual relationship in a
+
+18
+00:01:27,580 --> 00:01:31,300
+way or another. We finished last time talking
+
+19
+00:01:31,300 --> 00:01:34,000
+about Middle English. We've seen how England
+
+20
+00:01:34,000 --> 00:01:38,740
+started to become the England we know now, how the
+
+21
+00:01:38,740 --> 00:01:41,420
+English language was developing, how English
+
+22
+00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:45,220
+literary figures, especially people like Geoffrey
+
+23
+00:01:45,220 --> 00:01:48,280
+Chaucer, how they were looking for the English
+
+24
+00:01:48,280 --> 00:01:52,300
+identity because they wanted to be special in a
+
+25
+00:01:52,300 --> 00:01:55,450
+way different from other European countries. Today
+
+26
+00:01:55,450 --> 00:01:59,410
+we move to speak about one of the major eras in
+
+27
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,210
+the history of English literature. It's the
+
+28
+00:02:02,210 --> 00:02:05,620
+Renaissance. In the Renaissance, we have so many
+
+29
+00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:08,540
+things to speak about. But in general, the
+
+30
+00:02:08,540 --> 00:02:12,480
+subtitle here reads as The Age of Shakespeare, The
+
+31
+00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,140
+Age of Drama. So we'll have an introduction and
+
+32
+00:02:16,140 --> 00:02:19,700
+see what the Renaissance means to England, to the
+
+33
+00:02:19,700 --> 00:02:22,440
+United Kingdom, and to English literature. And
+
+34
+00:02:22,440 --> 00:02:25,380
+then we'll talk about Shakespeare and take Hamlet
+
+35
+00:02:25,380 --> 00:02:31,190
+as an example. Now, the Renaissance, as you can
+
+36
+00:02:31,190 --> 00:02:33,570
+see, it is said that the Renaissance started
+
+37
+00:02:33,570 --> 00:02:36,810
+earlier in Europe, and then, in a way, England
+
+38
+00:02:36,810 --> 00:02:43,070
+followed up. Around 1485, that's the late 15th
+
+39
+00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,910
+century to the mid-17th century is considered the
+
+40
+00:02:46,910 --> 00:02:50,270
+Renaissance. The Renaissance means rebirth, means
+
+41
+00:02:50,270 --> 00:02:55,150
+renewal. It's the rebirth. It's New England. It's
+
+42
+00:02:55,150 --> 00:03:00,810
+New Britain. Now, in the book, And in most English
+
+43
+00:03:00,810 --> 00:03:06,570
+texts, they usually introduce us to this era, the
+
+44
+00:03:06,570 --> 00:03:08,950
+Renaissance. And they speak all, you know, they
+
+45
+00:03:08,950 --> 00:03:11,030
+say all good things about England, about the
+
+46
+00:03:11,030 --> 00:03:14,930
+United Kingdom, about the British Empire. We hear
+
+47
+00:03:14,930 --> 00:03:19,610
+and read all these important, fascinating
+
+48
+00:03:19,610 --> 00:03:22,730
+discoveries, inventions, and technological,
+
+49
+00:03:23,110 --> 00:03:27,340
+scientific advances. which all these are in a way
+
+50
+00:03:27,340 --> 00:03:31,280
+or another are true. But usually these books that
+
+51
+00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,680
+speak about how England became England usually
+
+52
+00:03:34,680 --> 00:03:39,200
+forget something very important. Remember, England
+
+53
+00:03:39,200 --> 00:03:42,980
+became, you know, the British Empire, right? The
+
+54
+00:03:42,980 --> 00:03:47,940
+British Empire that controlled large areas around
+
+55
+00:03:47,940 --> 00:03:50,800
+the world. England became the most powerful
+
+56
+00:03:50,800 --> 00:03:54,300
+country in the world. London became not only the
+
+57
+00:03:54,300 --> 00:03:57,800
+capital of Britain, of England, but it became the
+
+58
+00:03:57,800 --> 00:04:02,380
+most important city in the world. What does that
+
+59
+00:04:02,380 --> 00:04:05,380
+mean? It means the English people in a way became
+
+60
+00:04:05,380 --> 00:04:10,460
+richer. They discovered new areas. They reached
+
+61
+00:04:10,460 --> 00:04:15,990
+different areas around the world. Again, however,
+
+62
+00:04:16,430 --> 00:04:19,110
+when we speak about this, when English books speak
+
+63
+00:04:19,110 --> 00:04:21,450
+about this, they usually forget two important
+
+64
+00:04:21,450 --> 00:04:25,150
+things. And I will focus on these things. In a
+
+65
+00:04:25,150 --> 00:04:27,070
+way, they are interchangeable. They are
+
+66
+00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:31,600
+imperialism and colonialism. Imperialism and
+
+67
+00:04:31,600 --> 00:04:33,780
+colonialism. What does it mean? What is
+
+68
+00:04:33,780 --> 00:04:37,120
+imperialism? What is colonialism? Can you tell me
+
+69
+00:04:37,120 --> 00:04:40,280
+someone? What is imperialism or colonialism? Have
+
+70
+00:04:40,280 --> 00:04:43,580
+you ever heard about the term colonies, colonial,
+
+71
+00:04:43,820 --> 00:04:50,480
+colonizer, colonizer? Yeah? Imperialism. Do you
+
+72
+00:04:50,480 --> 00:04:51,180
+have any idea?
+
+73
+00:04:54,640 --> 00:04:55,120
+Yes.
+
+74
+00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:07,470
+OK. So again, I say in a way, colonialism is part
+
+75
+00:05:07,470 --> 00:05:13,410
+of imperialism, the British Empire, where a
+
+76
+00:05:13,410 --> 00:05:17,030
+country generally controls another country,
+
+77
+00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:20,090
+politically, economically, et cetera, et cetera.
+
+78
+00:05:21,630 --> 00:05:26,630
+Now colonialism is like an occupation, colonized
+
+79
+00:05:26,630 --> 00:05:29,660
+to occupy. When we speak about the British
+
+80
+00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:34,300
+colonies in Africa, in Asia, and even some parts
+
+81
+00:05:34,300 --> 00:05:40,620
+of America, it becomes part of the British Empire,
+
+82
+00:05:41,060 --> 00:05:45,340
+not by right, but by force. So what happens in
+
+83
+00:05:45,340 --> 00:05:48,480
+colonialism is that the British Empire sends its
+
+84
+00:05:48,480 --> 00:05:52,580
+armies, sends its soldiers to occupy areas of the
+
+85
+00:05:52,580 --> 00:05:55,560
+world in Africa and in Asia. And when they occupy,
+
+86
+00:05:55,640 --> 00:05:57,420
+what happens to this country? What happens to
+
+87
+00:05:57,420 --> 00:05:59,740
+Asia? What happens to Australia? What happens to
+
+88
+00:05:59,740 --> 00:06:03,000
+India, for example, or Pakistan? It's that the
+
+89
+00:06:03,000 --> 00:06:06,520
+British Empire takes all the good things, the raw
+
+90
+00:06:06,520 --> 00:06:10,380
+materials, the treasures, the materials. It brings
+
+91
+00:06:10,380 --> 00:06:13,140
+money. It brings riches to the English people in
+
+92
+00:06:13,140 --> 00:06:15,680
+England. But what happens to the natives? What
+
+93
+00:06:15,680 --> 00:06:18,420
+happens to the colonizers? It's something that
+
+94
+00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:20,980
+this book doesn't touch upon. And we need to pay
+
+95
+00:06:20,980 --> 00:06:24,120
+attention to this. It means colonialism means if
+
+96
+00:06:24,120 --> 00:06:27,540
+England was getting richer and richer, Africa and
+
+97
+00:06:27,540 --> 00:06:31,700
+Asia were getting poorer and poorer. It means
+
+98
+00:06:31,700 --> 00:06:34,860
+oppression. It means the destruction of these
+
+99
+00:06:34,860 --> 00:06:37,580
+countries. It means that these countries are
+
+100
+00:06:37,580 --> 00:06:41,120
+massacred. Because of the British Empire, millions
+
+101
+00:06:41,120 --> 00:06:44,360
+and millions of people were massacred. Because of
+
+102
+00:06:44,360 --> 00:06:46,800
+the British Empire, countries even today as
+
+103
+00:06:46,800 --> 00:06:49,780
+Palestinians, we were for some time under the
+
+104
+00:06:49,780 --> 00:06:53,540
+British mandate of colonialism. And because of the
+
+105
+00:06:53,540 --> 00:06:57,640
+British Empire, we're still paying this heavy
+
+106
+00:06:57,640 --> 00:07:04,340
+price. Israel gifted Palestine to the Zionists.
+
+107
+00:07:06,700 --> 00:07:09,320
+And we're still suffering now. Most of the
+
+108
+00:07:09,320 --> 00:07:11,860
+problems about borders in Pakistan, in India, and
+
+109
+00:07:11,860 --> 00:07:15,380
+Kashmir, in Africa, are thanks to the British
+
+110
+00:07:15,380 --> 00:07:18,810
+Empire. So don't forget, when you read an English
+
+111
+00:07:18,810 --> 00:07:22,690
+book praising again the advancements, the
+
+112
+00:07:22,690 --> 00:07:25,450
+achievements of the British Empire, don't always,
+
+113
+00:07:25,670 --> 00:07:28,490
+don't forget, don't ever forget the fact that the
+
+114
+00:07:28,490 --> 00:07:30,610
+other people that colonized paid the heaviest
+
+115
+00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:33,610
+price. They're killed. They're destroyed. Their
+
+116
+00:07:33,610 --> 00:07:36,890
+countries, their nations are destroyed for
+
+117
+00:07:36,890 --> 00:07:39,490
+centuries and centuries. And as Palestinians, we
+
+118
+00:07:39,490 --> 00:07:42,750
+still pay for this. So one interesting thing is
+
+119
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:45,270
+that these new worlds that were discovered are not
+
+120
+00:07:45,270 --> 00:07:48,430
+actually, in fact, new. Because look at America,
+
+121
+00:07:48,530 --> 00:07:51,310
+for example, the Native Americans. There were
+
+122
+00:07:51,310 --> 00:07:54,610
+Native Americans that the Europeans called Red
+
+123
+00:07:54,610 --> 00:07:56,310
+Indians because they thought they were discovering
+
+124
+00:07:56,310 --> 00:08:04,430
+India. Now Columbus discovering America in 1492 is
+
+125
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:06,750
+mentioned here as an achievement, right?
+
+126
+00:08:07,410 --> 00:08:10,590
+Something, wow, cool, because Europeans started
+
+127
+00:08:10,590 --> 00:08:15,530
+migrating to America and made America. But this
+
+128
+00:08:15,530 --> 00:08:18,050
+doesn't mention the fact that tens of millions
+
+129
+00:08:18,050 --> 00:08:21,610
+were massacred, Native Americans, just brutally
+
+130
+00:08:21,610 --> 00:08:22,730
+destroyed and massacred.
+
+131
+00:08:25,350 --> 00:08:27,750
+their land and everything. They had their land,
+
+132
+00:08:27,850 --> 00:08:30,950
+their life, their futures, and everything. So
+
+133
+00:08:30,950 --> 00:08:32,990
+that's number one. So the Renaissance is
+
+134
+00:08:32,990 --> 00:08:36,350
+characterized, yes, by new discoveries around the
+
+135
+00:08:36,350 --> 00:08:39,010
+world. But we know these are not new, because
+
+136
+00:08:39,010 --> 00:08:41,670
+there were people already there. The lands
+
+137
+00:08:41,670 --> 00:08:44,670
+belonged to other people. And everything else
+
+138
+00:08:44,670 --> 00:08:47,950
+belonged to those people. So that's number one.
+
+139
+00:08:48,350 --> 00:08:50,770
+And then when we speak about religion during this
+
+140
+00:08:50,770 --> 00:08:54,800
+era, we speak about Henry VIII. Now, generally in
+
+141
+00:08:54,800 --> 00:08:59,740
+Europe, the king follows the Catholic church in
+
+142
+00:08:59,740 --> 00:09:03,240
+Rome, the Pope. The Pope is the most important man
+
+143
+00:09:03,240 --> 00:09:09,700
+in Europe. He was God's spokesperson on Earth. He
+
+144
+00:09:09,700 --> 00:09:13,160
+gives blessings to the kings. The kings ask for
+
+145
+00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:16,300
+things, ask for his permission sometimes, and he
+
+146
+00:09:16,300 --> 00:09:18,700
+gives them his blessings, or he says no. And if he
+
+147
+00:09:18,700 --> 00:09:24,640
+says no, it's no. Now, King Henry, Whose brother
+
+148
+00:09:24,640 --> 00:09:28,320
+died, he succeeded him. He became the king of
+
+149
+00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,160
+England. He married his brother's wife. And he
+
+150
+00:09:32,160 --> 00:09:34,580
+didn't love her. He didn't like her. And he said,
+
+151
+00:09:34,660 --> 00:09:38,340
+OK, I want to divorce her. Divorce her. But can
+
+152
+00:09:38,340 --> 00:09:43,100
+you divorce your wife in Catholicism? You can't.
+
+153
+00:09:43,420 --> 00:09:45,000
+It's for eternity.
+
+154
+00:09:48,190 --> 00:09:52,910
+Yeah? And this is, again, Catholicism. So what
+
+155
+00:09:52,910 --> 00:09:56,410
+should the king do here? Should he listen to the
+
+156
+00:09:56,410 --> 00:09:58,670
+Pope? Because England, again, remember England was
+
+157
+00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:01,910
+working very hard to be different, to gain its own
+
+158
+00:10:01,910 --> 00:10:05,730
+identity, to be its own master. He said, OK, thank
+
+159
+00:10:05,730 --> 00:10:10,150
+you, Pope. We'll have our own church. And then we
+
+160
+00:10:10,150 --> 00:10:12,530
+started something called the Church of England.
+
+161
+00:10:13,760 --> 00:10:17,100
+And who's the head of this church? The king. The
+
+162
+00:10:17,100 --> 00:10:21,240
+king became the most important man in England. He
+
+163
+00:10:21,240 --> 00:10:24,240
+was God's person, God's representative on earth.
+
+164
+00:10:25,700 --> 00:10:29,820
+Okay? But when we speak about this, we speak again
+
+165
+00:10:29,820 --> 00:10:33,260
+about the Church of England. Religion was, in a
+
+166
+00:10:33,260 --> 00:10:36,280
+way, becoming different. And here we have, we can
+
+167
+00:10:36,280 --> 00:10:38,540
+speak about Catholicism, the Pope, and
+
+168
+00:10:38,540 --> 00:10:42,550
+Protestantism. You know a Protestant? He's a
+
+169
+00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:45,010
+Protestant or a Catholic. A Protestant from the
+
+170
+00:10:45,010 --> 00:10:47,310
+word to protest because they were protesting some
+
+171
+00:10:47,310 --> 00:10:53,890
+teachings of the Catholic Church. Now this is
+
+172
+00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,890
+important to our understanding of literature and
+
+173
+00:10:56,890 --> 00:11:02,290
+English history here because New ways of thinking
+
+174
+00:11:02,290 --> 00:11:04,650
+in terms of religion and God and man means new
+
+175
+00:11:04,650 --> 00:11:08,150
+thinking about life, about how to write, how you
+
+176
+00:11:08,150 --> 00:11:11,590
+understand life. Now, a very important point here
+
+177
+00:11:11,590 --> 00:11:17,370
+is what is called the great chain of being. Look
+
+178
+00:11:17,370 --> 00:11:17,770
+at this.
+
+179
+00:11:20,730 --> 00:11:27,110
+This pyramid shape, the triangle, is what we know
+
+180
+00:11:27,110 --> 00:11:29,730
+as the great chain of people, where people were
+
+181
+00:11:29,730 --> 00:11:32,250
+ranked according to their importance. God is the
+
+182
+00:11:32,250 --> 00:11:37,470
+creator, but here we have, who's here? The king.
+
+183
+00:11:38,660 --> 00:11:41,620
+The king of England. He became God's spokesperson,
+
+184
+00:11:41,940 --> 00:11:44,740
+the most important person, which means everything
+
+185
+00:11:44,740 --> 00:11:47,960
+the king says, you have to obey. You can't disobey
+
+186
+00:11:47,960 --> 00:11:50,640
+the king. You can't hurt the king. You can't trash
+
+187
+00:11:50,640 --> 00:11:53,660
+the king. And then probably the royal family, the
+
+188
+00:11:53,660 --> 00:11:56,780
+church people, important people, rich people, et
+
+189
+00:11:56,780 --> 00:11:59,280
+cetera. And then here we have the masses, the poor
+
+190
+00:11:59,280 --> 00:12:02,560
+people. And at the end, we have insects, animals,
+
+191
+00:12:02,980 --> 00:12:06,970
+and everything else. So man became important. But
+
+192
+00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:10,270
+who's the most important man? The king. He became
+
+193
+00:12:10,270 --> 00:12:14,290
+God's speaker, God's spokesperson on Earth. So
+
+194
+00:12:14,290 --> 00:12:17,530
+this is in terms of religion. In terms of thought,
+
+195
+00:12:17,930 --> 00:12:23,570
+three. Again, everything is advancing. New ideas,
+
+196
+00:12:23,690 --> 00:12:26,210
+new thoughts about life, about man, about the
+
+197
+00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:28,430
+relationship between man and God and man and man.
+
+198
+00:12:29,190 --> 00:12:32,530
+Now, this person, his name is Erasmus. He's a
+
+199
+00:12:32,530 --> 00:12:36,540
+Dutch. a thinker and philosopher, he came with
+
+200
+00:12:36,540 --> 00:12:40,880
+this idea that is now known as humanism. Humanism
+
+201
+00:12:40,880 --> 00:12:44,880
+is from human. It's a concept that focuses on man,
+
+202
+00:12:45,420 --> 00:12:48,400
+man and woman, okay? Man as the center of the
+
+203
+00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:52,000
+world. Man, not anything else, became the most
+
+204
+00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:56,100
+crucial person in the world. People started to
+
+205
+00:12:56,100 --> 00:12:59,140
+realize that man is not only because of his
+
+206
+00:12:59,140 --> 00:13:02,860
+intelligence, but also because of man's ability to
+
+207
+00:13:02,860 --> 00:13:06,760
+distinguish bad from good, or good from bad, or
+
+208
+00:13:06,760 --> 00:13:11,040
+evil from good. Man is intelligent. Man is smart.
+
+209
+00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:14,220
+Man is the center of the world, can control his
+
+210
+00:13:14,220 --> 00:13:17,240
+fate in a way, and can choose to do good and not
+
+211
+00:13:17,240 --> 00:13:21,700
+to do bad. Now again, Erasmus and his statement,
+
+212
+00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,920
+this is a paraphrase, that man is the center of
+
+213
+00:13:24,920 --> 00:13:30,860
+the world. This is the concept of humanism, man as
+
+214
+00:13:30,860 --> 00:13:32,820
+the center of the world, as the most important
+
+215
+00:13:32,820 --> 00:13:35,700
+center figure in the world, more important than
+
+216
+00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,120
+any other creatures. In addition, it talks about
+
+217
+00:13:39,120 --> 00:13:43,480
+man's ability to change. to the better, to choose
+
+218
+00:13:43,480 --> 00:13:47,840
+the good rather than the bad or evil. Now if we
+
+219
+00:13:47,840 --> 00:13:51,160
+speak about changes in politics, in economics,
+
+220
+00:13:51,720 --> 00:13:54,420
+intellectualism and life and religion and God,
+
+221
+00:13:55,040 --> 00:14:00,380
+necessarily there is what? Change in literature.
+
+222
+00:14:00,860 --> 00:14:05,260
+So whether literature is adapting, to include more
+
+223
+00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:08,780
+characters and more themes and more issues. Or
+
+224
+00:14:08,780 --> 00:14:13,820
+life is influencing literature. Or literature
+
+225
+00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:15,800
+influencing life is, again, a matter of
+
+226
+00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,520
+discussion. Sometimes it's not easy to follow. But
+
+227
+00:14:18,520 --> 00:14:21,840
+again, literature is so important that it also
+
+228
+00:14:21,840 --> 00:14:25,620
+makes a difference. It also creates a difference
+
+229
+00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,840
+and makes a difference. This is our major point.
+
+230
+00:14:29,160 --> 00:14:32,690
+Literature during the Renaissance And when we
+
+231
+00:14:32,690 --> 00:14:34,390
+speak about literature at that time, we speak
+
+232
+00:14:34,390 --> 00:14:37,330
+about the most important genre. Remember, so far,
+
+233
+00:14:37,410 --> 00:14:43,310
+we only have poetry and then some drama, the
+
+234
+00:14:43,310 --> 00:14:46,530
+miracle drama, remember, from the Bible, okay, in
+
+235
+00:14:46,530 --> 00:14:50,970
+the Middle Ages. And now drama became more
+
+236
+00:14:50,970 --> 00:14:54,210
+important because there were theaters and people
+
+237
+00:14:54,210 --> 00:14:58,050
+would go pay money to watch actors act on the
+
+238
+00:14:58,050 --> 00:15:01,680
+stage, et cetera. But don't forget that drama was
+
+239
+00:15:01,680 --> 00:15:07,740
+written also in verse. Here, it was written in
+
+240
+00:15:07,740 --> 00:15:11,200
+poetry. Shakespeare's plays are mainly written in
+
+241
+00:15:11,200 --> 00:15:14,840
+poetry. Don't forget this. So it's still poetry.
+
+242
+00:15:15,120 --> 00:15:17,480
+But the major difference between poetry and drama
+
+243
+00:15:17,480 --> 00:15:23,440
+is that poetry is written to be sung, like songs
+
+244
+00:15:23,440 --> 00:15:27,520
+in a way. But drama was written to be acted on
+
+245
+00:15:27,520 --> 00:15:30,390
+stage. Please don't forget this. When you think of
+
+246
+00:15:30,390 --> 00:15:33,850
+Shakespeare and dramatists of that time, they
+
+247
+00:15:33,850 --> 00:15:37,450
+wrote their plays to be acted, performed on stage.
+
+248
+00:15:37,550 --> 00:15:40,690
+This is important. That's why sometimes you love
+
+249
+00:15:40,690 --> 00:15:44,770
+the play more when you watch it. Because it comes
+
+250
+00:15:44,770 --> 00:15:47,870
+to life. It wonderfully comes to life when it is
+
+251
+00:15:47,870 --> 00:15:55,110
+performed on stage. So Shakespeare. Shakespeare,
+
+252
+00:15:55,410 --> 00:15:55,750
+Shakespeare.
+
+253
+00:15:59,410 --> 00:16:02,330
+What do you know about Shakespeare? He's a great
+
+254
+00:16:02,330 --> 00:16:09,030
+writer. He wrote plays and poems.
+
+255
+00:16:10,370 --> 00:16:12,330
+What do you know about Shakespeare? What is the
+
+256
+00:16:12,330 --> 00:16:14,810
+impression you already have about Shakespeare? He
+
+257
+00:16:14,810 --> 00:16:18,130
+wrote 37 plays.
+
+258
+00:16:21,800 --> 00:16:25,440
+More than four, but tragedies, comedies, and
+
+259
+00:16:25,440 --> 00:16:27,980
+histories. There are other divisions, but we'll
+
+260
+00:16:27,980 --> 00:16:30,340
+come to this later on. What do you know about
+
+261
+00:16:30,340 --> 00:16:32,500
+Shakespeare? Forget about the slides. Romeo and
+
+262
+00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,420
+Juliet. Romeo and Juliet. Hamlet. King Lear. The
+
+263
+00:16:36,420 --> 00:16:41,280
+most famous line in English history, in English
+
+264
+00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:44,800
+literature, is to be or not to be from? Hamlet.
+
+265
+00:16:44,920 --> 00:16:47,340
+From Hamlet. What else? What else do you know
+
+266
+00:16:47,340 --> 00:16:47,860
+about Shakespeare?
+
+267
+00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,240
+He wrote the sonnets. He wrote more than 150
+
+268
+00:16:54,240 --> 00:16:59,240
+sonnets. 154, some say 52 sonnets. What is a
+
+269
+00:16:59,240 --> 00:17:02,500
+sonnet? We'll have one more, one whole class for
+
+270
+00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:08,560
+the sonnet. 14 line poems, sonnets, please. Okay,
+
+271
+00:17:09,840 --> 00:17:13,720
+good. So originally he wasn't born in London. But
+
+272
+00:17:13,720 --> 00:17:16,160
+he moved to London because London... Remember,
+
+273
+00:17:16,340 --> 00:17:19,940
+London was the most important city in the world.
+
+274
+00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:23,560
+So he moved to London because London is the city
+
+275
+00:17:23,560 --> 00:17:26,640
+of culture, of literature, of politics, of
+
+276
+00:17:26,640 --> 00:17:30,580
+economics, of money, of literature, of art, of the
+
+277
+00:17:30,580 --> 00:17:33,920
+theatre, of success. I like that in the Kamoa
+
+278
+00:17:33,920 --> 00:17:39,860
+papers because when Queen Elizabeth saw one of his
+
+279
+00:17:39,860 --> 00:17:45,620
+tragedies and then the people... Even the queen
+
+280
+00:17:45,620 --> 00:17:49,620
+would watch some of his plays. He has his own
+
+281
+00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:54,640
+theater later on called The Globe. So let's talk a
+
+282
+00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:57,120
+little bit about Shakespeare. Listen, now
+
+283
+00:17:57,120 --> 00:18:00,100
+Shakespeare was not born in London. But at the
+
+284
+00:18:00,100 --> 00:18:02,800
+age, around the age of 20, 18, he moved. He got
+
+285
+00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:05,400
+married to a woman older than him. He had some
+
+286
+00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,480
+kids. Some of them died in their infancy. And then
+
+287
+00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:12,130
+he moved to London because He wanted to act, he
+
+288
+00:18:12,130 --> 00:18:14,470
+wanted to do something, to write literature, to be
+
+289
+00:18:14,470 --> 00:18:18,170
+part of the important world. Now Shakespeare, it
+
+290
+00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:21,810
+is said that he went to a grammar school where he
+
+291
+00:18:21,810 --> 00:18:25,850
+learned some grammar, language, probably he read
+
+292
+00:18:25,850 --> 00:18:29,710
+something, some Latin, Greek mythology, Greek
+
+293
+00:18:29,710 --> 00:18:35,160
+literature probably. maybe some rhetoric, but he
+
+294
+00:18:35,160 --> 00:18:37,060
+didn't go to university, he didn't go to college,
+
+295
+00:18:37,160 --> 00:18:40,760
+so he wasn't a fancy rich boy whose parents sent
+
+296
+00:18:40,760 --> 00:18:44,000
+him to university to learn. And this is something
+
+297
+00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,540
+we'll talk about in a bit. Now Shakespeare, in his
+
+298
+00:18:47,540 --> 00:18:53,900
+37 plays or so, is said to be one of the most
+
+299
+00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:58,430
+important people throughout history. He's
+
+300
+00:18:58,430 --> 00:19:00,430
+important. He's everywhere. His books were
+
+301
+00:19:00,430 --> 00:19:03,090
+translated. His plays were translated into almost
+
+302
+00:19:03,090 --> 00:19:06,450
+every language around the world. Everybody knows
+
+303
+00:19:06,450 --> 00:19:08,270
+Shakespeare. Everybody hears about Shakespeare.
+
+304
+00:19:08,910 --> 00:19:10,710
+Whatever you want to talk about, you find
+
+305
+00:19:10,710 --> 00:19:12,650
+Shakespeare. Business people quote Shakespeare.
+
+306
+00:19:12,790 --> 00:19:14,650
+Politicians quote Shakespeare. Teachers use
+
+307
+00:19:14,650 --> 00:19:17,970
+Shakespeare. Shakespeare's everywhere. It's not
+
+308
+00:19:17,970 --> 00:19:20,250
+only about... We'll talk about this also. Not only
+
+309
+00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,390
+about his stories. His stories are amazing.
+
+310
+00:19:22,970 --> 00:19:25,010
+Wonderful. The plot, the tragedies, the people,
+
+311
+00:19:25,230 --> 00:19:28,910
+the character, the characters. Now in Shakespeare,
+
+312
+00:19:29,790 --> 00:19:33,370
+the stories are usually taken from some book he
+
+313
+00:19:33,370 --> 00:19:36,070
+read. But it's the language, it's the depiction,
+
+314
+00:19:36,270 --> 00:19:39,810
+it's bringing the people and bringing the events
+
+315
+00:19:39,810 --> 00:19:44,010
+alive to us. We watch Shakespeare now, almost 400
+
+316
+00:19:44,010 --> 00:19:48,490
+years later, and we feel that he belongs to this
+
+317
+00:19:48,490 --> 00:19:54,910
+age. We feel We feel that he is part of our life
+
+318
+00:19:54,910 --> 00:19:58,390
+today, the way he talks to us, the way he
+
+319
+00:19:58,390 --> 00:20:00,430
+discusses his issues, the concerns, his
+
+320
+00:20:00,430 --> 00:20:03,570
+characters. He touches our hearts. We'll see
+
+321
+00:20:03,570 --> 00:20:07,730
+Hamlet for example here. Now, the point about
+
+322
+00:20:07,730 --> 00:20:10,390
+Shakespeare being one of the most, if not the most
+
+323
+00:20:10,390 --> 00:20:14,890
+important figure in world literature is important
+
+324
+00:20:14,890 --> 00:20:17,790
+because that's why we're studying Shakespeare
+
+325
+00:20:17,790 --> 00:20:20,750
+here. He's a canonical writer. He belongs to all
+
+326
+00:20:20,750 --> 00:20:24,890
+times and all places. As students of the English
+
+327
+00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,950
+department here, we need to study Shakespeare. I
+
+328
+00:20:27,950 --> 00:20:30,310
+know some of you might have a bad impression about
+
+329
+00:20:30,310 --> 00:20:32,590
+Shakespeare for a reason or another. Please don't.
+
+330
+00:20:33,150 --> 00:20:37,190
+Try to read quotes. If you love anything about any
+
+331
+00:20:37,190 --> 00:20:39,690
+topic you have in mind, I don't know, friendship,
+
+332
+00:20:41,170 --> 00:20:44,290
+sisters, brothers, mothers, life, teachers,
+
+333
+00:20:44,690 --> 00:20:49,750
+writing, language, war, battles, heroes, just look
+
+334
+00:20:49,750 --> 00:20:53,430
+up. Shakespeare quotes on war. And you'll enjoy,
+
+335
+00:20:53,570 --> 00:20:56,530
+you'll be amazed. Shakespeare talks about
+
+336
+00:20:56,530 --> 00:21:01,330
+everything in the world. Sometimes if you want to
+
+337
+00:21:01,330 --> 00:21:03,450
+look for information about the relationships,
+
+338
+00:21:03,670 --> 00:21:05,710
+Shakespeare is there. About kings, Shakespeare is
+
+339
+00:21:05,710 --> 00:21:08,870
+there. If you want to quote a topic, I don't know.
+
+340
+00:21:08,930 --> 00:21:12,450
+Like there are references to the planets, to the
+
+341
+00:21:12,450 --> 00:21:16,180
+stars, to chemistry. to translation, to teaching,
+
+342
+00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,780
+to thinking, to philosophy. People are amazed how
+
+343
+00:21:20,780 --> 00:21:24,580
+learned Shakespeare was and is. That's why some
+
+344
+00:21:24,580 --> 00:21:29,000
+people doubt. They say, can a boy from outside
+
+345
+00:21:29,000 --> 00:21:31,640
+London who only went to a grammar school be this
+
+346
+00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:34,690
+knowledgeable? And we'll talk about this
+
+347
+00:21:34,690 --> 00:21:37,310
+conspiracy. People say, no, Shakespeare is not
+
+348
+00:21:37,310 --> 00:21:41,430
+Shakespeare. We'll see this in a bit. So we have
+
+349
+00:21:41,430 --> 00:21:47,410
+37 plays. We have more than 150 sonnets. He's
+
+350
+00:21:47,410 --> 00:21:50,830
+translated to almost every main language around
+
+351
+00:21:50,830 --> 00:21:53,750
+the world. He's quoted. Shakespeare was constantly
+
+352
+00:21:53,750 --> 00:21:56,690
+experimenting. Because literature, for example,
+
+353
+00:21:56,750 --> 00:21:58,750
+the sonnet, the sonnet came from Europe, from
+
+354
+00:21:58,750 --> 00:22:02,300
+Italy. But he changed something. He added
+
+355
+00:22:02,300 --> 00:22:05,740
+something. He doesn't only imitate. He takes and
+
+356
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:08,860
+he adapts. Now talking about Shakespeare, the man
+
+357
+00:22:08,860 --> 00:22:11,800
+himself, who is Shakespeare? This is, by the way,
+
+358
+00:22:11,800 --> 00:22:14,860
+one of his famous pictures. Some people say, no,
+
+359
+00:22:14,940 --> 00:22:18,400
+this is not Shakespeare. And I'll show you another
+
+360
+00:22:18,400 --> 00:22:24,020
+picture later on. If you remember Muammar Gaddafi
+
+361
+00:22:24,020 --> 00:22:27,560
+of Libya, he said Shakespeare is originally an
+
+362
+00:22:27,560 --> 00:22:32,480
+Arab man. His name is Sheikh Zubair. Because
+
+363
+00:22:32,480 --> 00:22:41,020
+Sheikh is the same as Sheikh. And Shakespeare is
+
+364
+00:22:41,020 --> 00:22:43,280
+Shakespeare. Sheikh Zubair.
+
+365
+00:22:48,340 --> 00:22:54,660
+Could an Arab man travel to England, learn the
+
+366
+00:22:54,660 --> 00:22:59,100
+language and be this? efficient this professional
+
+367
+00:22:59,100 --> 00:23:03,810
+this profound We don't know. It's very doubtable,
+
+368
+00:23:04,090 --> 00:23:08,270
+unlikely. But it's interesting that people around
+
+369
+00:23:08,270 --> 00:23:10,270
+the world want to claim Shakespeare for
+
+370
+00:23:10,270 --> 00:23:13,150
+themselves. Now, some people say Shakespeare isn't
+
+371
+00:23:13,150 --> 00:23:14,670
+Shakespeare. Shakespeare is just a name, because
+
+372
+00:23:14,670 --> 00:23:17,810
+we don't know much about his life. Some claim that
+
+373
+00:23:17,810 --> 00:23:21,770
+a guy named Francis Bacon. Others claim
+
+374
+00:23:21,770 --> 00:23:23,310
+Christopher Marlowe. We study Christopher Marlowe.
+
+375
+00:23:24,030 --> 00:23:26,010
+Shakespeare is Christopher Marlowe, because
+
+376
+00:23:26,010 --> 00:23:28,830
+Christopher Marlowe died young, and he
+
+377
+00:23:28,830 --> 00:23:31,860
+disappeared. So some people say, no, he didn't
+
+378
+00:23:31,860 --> 00:23:35,800
+die. He just pretended to be someone else. Another
+
+379
+00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:40,100
+people believe he is Edouard Devier of Oxford.
+
+380
+00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:44,360
+This theory is interesting. Those people, it's
+
+381
+00:23:44,360 --> 00:23:47,960
+called the Oxford School. The Oxford School. It's
+
+382
+00:23:47,960 --> 00:23:52,680
+a very famous university. Of course. So they claim
+
+383
+00:23:52,680 --> 00:23:54,860
+that Shakespeare is someone who went to Oxford.
+
+384
+00:23:56,150 --> 00:23:59,630
+that there's no way only a grammar school boy
+
+385
+00:23:59,630 --> 00:24:02,790
+could write this. It has to be someone who went to
+
+386
+00:24:02,790 --> 00:24:06,570
+university like Oxford, knowledgeable, with a
+
+387
+00:24:06,570 --> 00:24:09,670
+great background, a noble person with knowledge
+
+388
+00:24:09,670 --> 00:24:13,340
+and experience. This is interesting. Some people
+
+389
+00:24:13,340 --> 00:24:16,720
+support this wholeheartedly. But this theory has
+
+390
+00:24:16,720 --> 00:24:20,140
+some kind of elitism, condescending. It shows
+
+391
+00:24:20,140 --> 00:24:23,400
+arrogance because they believe that only important
+
+392
+00:24:23,400 --> 00:24:26,960
+people, royal family, elite people, educated
+
+393
+00:24:26,960 --> 00:24:30,240
+people can produce this amazing literature. See
+
+394
+00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,340
+this? Okay? And some people even believe that
+
+395
+00:24:35,340 --> 00:24:37,160
+Shakespeare could be one of the royal family if
+
+396
+00:24:37,160 --> 00:24:41,070
+not the King James himself. I don't know. But some
+
+397
+00:24:41,070 --> 00:24:43,290
+people in their reality did not want to be
+
+398
+00:24:43,290 --> 00:24:46,730
+attached with producing plays because this, in a
+
+399
+00:24:46,730 --> 00:24:49,350
+way, belongs to other people. And another
+
+400
+00:24:49,350 --> 00:24:52,690
+interesting theory about who Shakespeare is, there
+
+401
+00:24:52,690 --> 00:24:56,210
+was an article in Haaretz, probably seven years
+
+402
+00:24:56,210 --> 00:24:59,250
+ago, wondering if Shakespeare is an Italian Jewish
+
+403
+00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:04,490
+woman. So not only Italian, but also not only a
+
+404
+00:25:04,490 --> 00:25:07,820
+Jew, but also a woman. Still interesting. Many
+
+405
+00:25:07,820 --> 00:25:11,220
+people want to claim Shakespeare for them.
+
+406
+00:25:11,940 --> 00:25:14,380
+Shakespeare for them. Some people, I had a
+
+407
+00:25:14,380 --> 00:25:16,300
+discussion with this interesting guy who believed
+
+408
+00:25:16,300 --> 00:25:18,480
+that Shakespeare could probably be a group of
+
+409
+00:25:18,480 --> 00:25:22,560
+people. Because again, there is profound knowledge
+
+410
+00:25:22,560 --> 00:25:24,700
+about the universe, the stars, the planets,
+
+411
+00:25:25,160 --> 00:25:28,180
+peoples, histories, other cultures, language,
+
+412
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:34,290
+chemistry, science, everything. So probably a
+
+413
+00:25:34,290 --> 00:25:36,970
+group of people, in a way, and one with an amazing
+
+414
+00:25:36,970 --> 00:25:40,330
+language skills put this together. We don't know.
+
+415
+00:25:41,610 --> 00:25:46,430
+We don't know. This sounds silly, but for us here,
+
+416
+00:25:47,230 --> 00:25:52,410
+we don't care who Shakespeare is. We'll take him
+
+417
+00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:56,780
+as Shakespeare, the man, the person. But more
+
+418
+00:25:56,780 --> 00:25:58,740
+important than Shakespeare and his life and what
+
+419
+00:25:58,740 --> 00:26:03,120
+he did is the literature he's produced. Thank you
+
+420
+00:26:03,120 --> 00:26:06,840
+very much. The text itself. Because sometimes it's
+
+421
+00:26:06,840 --> 00:26:11,790
+funny. Every couple of decades, they say, ah, this
+
+422
+00:26:11,790 --> 00:26:15,370
+play was half written by Marlow. This sonnet that
+
+423
+00:26:15,370 --> 00:26:17,710
+we thought that Shakespeare wrote was written by
+
+424
+00:26:17,710 --> 00:26:20,670
+someone other than Shakespeare, or vice versa. So
+
+425
+00:26:20,670 --> 00:26:23,550
+if the author changes, if somebody realizes that
+
+426
+00:26:23,550 --> 00:26:26,890
+Shakespeare is a guy from Shijia, is someone from
+
+427
+00:26:26,890 --> 00:26:29,630
+Gaza, who wrote all these wonderful things, who
+
+428
+00:26:29,630 --> 00:26:33,030
+left Gaza because of a siege back then, and went
+
+429
+00:26:33,030 --> 00:26:35,070
+to England and became the most famous person in
+
+430
+00:26:35,070 --> 00:26:39,790
+England, Still, the text is more important. It's
+
+431
+00:26:39,790 --> 00:26:42,970
+interesting to know something about the life of
+
+432
+00:26:42,970 --> 00:26:48,770
+this person. Now, let's study in brief again
+
+433
+00:26:48,770 --> 00:26:53,630
+Shakespeare's major literary work. Most important
+
+434
+00:26:53,630 --> 00:27:00,890
+play. It is Hamlet. The play is Hamlet.
+
+435
+00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:07,670
+See the character map here. Or probably before we
+
+436
+00:27:07,670 --> 00:27:11,390
+do the character map. Listen to me. So OK, we
+
+437
+00:27:11,390 --> 00:27:14,350
+agree that Shakespeare is everywhere, all around
+
+438
+00:27:14,350 --> 00:27:18,370
+the world. Now look at this interesting critic who
+
+439
+00:27:18,370 --> 00:27:21,770
+said, talking about Hamlet. And this is again,
+
+440
+00:27:21,830 --> 00:27:27,770
+this is only Hamlet. One of 37 plays and let alone
+
+441
+00:27:27,770 --> 00:27:32,610
+the sonnets. He said, any time of the day, Again,
+
+442
+00:27:32,650 --> 00:27:35,290
+indicating how important Hamlet is. Any time of
+
+443
+00:27:35,290 --> 00:27:39,370
+the day, someone somewhere around the world is
+
+444
+00:27:39,370 --> 00:27:41,730
+talking about Hamlet, reading Hamlet, studying
+
+445
+00:27:41,730 --> 00:27:43,930
+Hamlet, watching Hamlet, researching Hamlet,
+
+446
+00:27:44,110 --> 00:27:47,010
+quoting Hamlet, cursing Hamlet, adapting Hamlet,
+
+447
+00:27:47,650 --> 00:27:49,650
+writing about Hamlet, answering questions about
+
+448
+00:27:49,650 --> 00:27:53,970
+Hamlet, thinking of Hamlet, dreaming of Hamlet, I
+
+449
+00:27:53,970 --> 00:27:57,570
+don't know, anything, like so many things. And
+
+450
+00:27:57,570 --> 00:28:01,030
+here, at the end of the world, in Gaza, besieged
+
+451
+00:28:01,030 --> 00:28:04,250
+and occupied, we're studying Hamlet. We're
+
+452
+00:28:04,250 --> 00:28:06,570
+studying Shakespeare because of how significant
+
+453
+00:28:06,570 --> 00:28:10,570
+this person is. Hamlet was a prince, but he
+
+454
+00:28:10,570 --> 00:28:12,730
+belongs to every time and every place.
+
+455
+00:28:13,610 --> 00:28:16,170
+Hamlet—we'll talk about this in a bit— Hamlet has
+
+456
+00:28:16,170 --> 00:28:20,370
+modern thoughts
+
+457
+00:28:20,370 --> 00:28:25,810
+and ideas that even today, in the 21st century, we
+
+458
+00:28:25,810 --> 00:28:29,430
+can relate to. His problems are problems of today
+
+459
+00:28:29,430 --> 00:28:34,410
+and every day. Hamlet is a prince, but he's also
+
+460
+00:28:34,410 --> 00:28:37,030
+an individual. When we read Hamlet, the
+
+461
+00:28:37,030 --> 00:28:39,650
+relationship between him and his dad, his uncle,
+
+462
+00:28:39,810 --> 00:28:45,610
+his mom, his friend, his girlfriend, his enemies,
+
+463
+00:28:45,930 --> 00:28:50,090
+everything, oh my God, it's like it's part of us.
+
+464
+00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:53,890
+And that's why many people identify with Hamlet.
+
+465
+00:28:53,990 --> 00:28:56,670
+Hamlet was performed all over the world. And it's
+
+466
+00:28:56,670 --> 00:28:59,010
+interesting how many people might adapt Hamlet.
+
+467
+00:28:59,530 --> 00:29:01,750
+Sometimes in Africa, for example, they would take
+
+468
+00:29:01,750 --> 00:29:05,830
+Hamlet and make the character You know, like a
+
+469
+00:29:05,830 --> 00:29:09,670
+black African or in China, Chinese man. And there
+
+470
+00:29:09,670 --> 00:29:11,390
+is, I think, a movie, I can't remember the name,
+
+471
+00:29:12,030 --> 00:29:16,370
+where Hamlet is a 21st century or 20th century
+
+472
+00:29:16,370 --> 00:29:19,510
+businessman from New York. But again, he has to
+
+473
+00:29:19,510 --> 00:29:22,270
+come face to face with all these problems of the
+
+474
+00:29:22,270 --> 00:29:27,470
+modern life. Now, Hamlet is a modern person, a man
+
+475
+00:29:27,470 --> 00:29:29,530
+who goes to university, University of Wittenberg.
+
+476
+00:29:30,560 --> 00:29:32,680
+By the way, the play takes place in Denmark. The
+
+477
+00:29:32,680 --> 00:29:35,180
+story could have happened in a way or another, but
+
+478
+00:29:35,180 --> 00:29:39,260
+Shakespeare reproduced it. So again, Hamlet is a
+
+479
+00:29:39,260 --> 00:29:44,440
+prince. He's a student. He's a son. He's supposed
+
+480
+00:29:44,440 --> 00:29:46,800
+to succeed the throne. And then he gets the news
+
+481
+00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,560
+that his father died, passed away. He comes back
+
+482
+00:29:50,560 --> 00:29:58,300
+sad, mournful, sorrowful. And then his uncle
+
+483
+00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:02,070
+becomes the king. Hamlet does not succeed his
+
+484
+00:30:02,070 --> 00:30:05,010
+father. His uncle becomes the king. And his
+
+485
+00:30:05,010 --> 00:30:09,890
+mother, Hamlet's mother, marries his uncle. It
+
+486
+00:30:09,890 --> 00:30:12,050
+wasn't allowed at that time. But because this is
+
+487
+00:30:12,050 --> 00:30:14,150
+the king, nobody can talk to the king. Nobody can
+
+488
+00:30:14,150 --> 00:30:17,310
+say no to the king. Remember, he's the top of the
+
+489
+00:30:17,310 --> 00:30:21,950
+pyramid. And Hamlet is so sad. And all of a
+
+490
+00:30:21,950 --> 00:30:24,390
+sudden, someone tells Hamlet, hey, Hamlet, there's
+
+491
+00:30:24,390 --> 00:30:27,800
+a ghost that looks like your dad. Hamlet is a
+
+492
+00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:30,680
+university student. As we don't believe in ghosts,
+
+493
+00:30:31,020 --> 00:30:36,160
+do you? We don't because they don't exist. But he,
+
+494
+00:30:36,460 --> 00:30:38,680
+because he was desperate, he goes out with his
+
+495
+00:30:38,680 --> 00:30:42,080
+friend Horatio and he sees he comes face to face
+
+496
+00:30:42,080 --> 00:30:47,640
+with the ghost of his father. And he talks to him
+
+497
+00:30:47,640 --> 00:30:51,060
+alone and he tells them, I was killed by your
+
+498
+00:30:51,060 --> 00:30:57,500
+uncle and your mom kind of knew about this. And
+
+499
+00:30:57,500 --> 00:31:00,520
+Hamlet was like, oh prophetic soul, I knew there's
+
+500
+00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:05,260
+something wrong. What's the plan? Kill the king.
+
+501
+00:31:06,160 --> 00:31:11,780
+To kill the king, revenge. But again, this is a
+
+502
+00:31:11,780 --> 00:31:15,160
+modern person, a man of the world, a man who goes
+
+503
+00:31:15,160 --> 00:31:17,740
+to university, seeking revenge belongs in a way
+
+504
+00:31:17,740 --> 00:31:19,820
+belongs to the past. If you kill somebody who
+
+505
+00:31:19,820 --> 00:31:23,560
+kills you, in modern life, you go to court now.
+
+506
+00:31:24,460 --> 00:31:28,340
+You go to court. You go to the police or whatever
+
+507
+00:31:28,340 --> 00:31:32,640
+represents the police here. So what happens is
+
+508
+00:31:32,640 --> 00:31:35,300
+that after a long time of Hamlet thinking and
+
+509
+00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,600
+hesitating and OK to do this or not to do this, he
+
+510
+00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:45,300
+kills. OK. Hamlet, remember, falls in love with or
+
+511
+00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:51,600
+is in love with Ophelia. Ophelia. OK? But
+
+512
+00:31:51,600 --> 00:31:56,310
+Ophelia's father, Polonius, And brother Laertes
+
+513
+00:31:56,310 --> 00:31:59,170
+tells Ophelia not to love Hamlet. They are in
+
+514
+00:31:59,170 --> 00:32:03,450
+love. They're a really cool couple. But because
+
+515
+00:32:03,450 --> 00:32:07,670
+the woman was weak, was controlled by the parents,
+
+516
+00:32:07,770 --> 00:32:10,630
+by the society, she says, OK, I'll obey my father.
+
+517
+00:32:11,770 --> 00:32:15,150
+So sad, so heartbreaking. We feel sorry for
+
+518
+00:32:15,150 --> 00:32:19,010
+Hamlet, because people should stand by him. How
+
+519
+00:32:19,010 --> 00:32:21,170
+much do we blame Ophelia? How much do we blame her
+
+520
+00:32:21,170 --> 00:32:25,670
+parents? It's an issue of discussion here. And
+
+521
+00:32:25,670 --> 00:32:28,830
+Hamlet, in an act of rash, accidentally kills
+
+522
+00:32:28,830 --> 00:32:35,150
+Ophelia's father. Yeah. He thinks he was the king,
+
+523
+00:32:35,270 --> 00:32:38,050
+was hiding behind some curtain, and he stabs him.
+
+524
+00:32:38,350 --> 00:32:42,550
+Oh, and he dies. And after that, Laertes is out.
+
+525
+00:32:43,850 --> 00:32:47,290
+Ophelia, after that, in a way, goes crazy. And
+
+526
+00:32:47,290 --> 00:32:49,710
+then she kills herself or dies accidentally.
+
+527
+00:32:53,650 --> 00:32:58,270
+Laertes comes back, and the king, Claudius, tries
+
+528
+00:32:58,270 --> 00:33:02,410
+to get rid of Hamlet, and they agree on a duel.
+
+529
+00:33:03,390 --> 00:33:06,610
+Now, before this, it was the moment of Hamlet to
+
+530
+00:33:06,610 --> 00:33:11,070
+be or not to be. That is the question. Because
+
+531
+00:33:11,070 --> 00:33:13,270
+Hamlet was hesitant. Should I belong to the old
+
+532
+00:33:13,270 --> 00:33:15,350
+age, or should I belong to the modern age? What
+
+533
+00:33:15,350 --> 00:33:17,210
+should I do? Should I kill the king? Can I kill
+
+534
+00:33:17,210 --> 00:33:19,930
+the king? Can the king be killed? Even if the king
+
+535
+00:33:19,930 --> 00:33:22,690
+is a murderer, it wasn't easy to think about this.
+
+536
+00:33:23,300 --> 00:33:26,620
+To die? To sleep? Should I kill myself? Should I
+
+537
+00:33:26,620 --> 00:33:29,960
+just commit suicide? What should I do? Hesitancy
+
+538
+00:33:29,960 --> 00:33:34,680
+is a theme here. Deliberation. To be or not to be?
+
+539
+00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,700
+That is the question. And then they agree on a
+
+540
+00:33:38,700 --> 00:33:42,820
+duel. In the old ages, if people had a problem or
+
+541
+00:33:42,820 --> 00:33:46,040
+dispute, they resolved this by a duel. So if I
+
+542
+00:33:46,040 --> 00:33:48,960
+steal your land, and you say, hey, bring my land
+
+543
+00:33:48,960 --> 00:33:52,560
+back. I say, OK, let's duel. So if I kill you, the
+
+544
+00:33:52,560 --> 00:33:58,380
+land is mine, basically, in simplistic terms. If I
+
+545
+00:33:58,380 --> 00:34:01,540
+kill you, it means the land belongs to me. Now,
+
+546
+00:34:02,180 --> 00:34:08,330
+Laertes and Hamlet agree on a duel. Because the
+
+547
+00:34:08,330 --> 00:34:11,690
+king, King Claudius, Hamlet's stepfather, Hamlet's
+
+548
+00:34:11,690 --> 00:34:14,610
+uncle, Hamlet's king, wants to get rid of Hamlet.
+
+549
+00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:20,310
+He soaks, with the help of Laertes, Laertes's
+
+550
+00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:26,050
+sword with deadly poison. And he also brings a
+
+551
+00:34:26,050 --> 00:34:29,970
+glass of wine for Hamlet, and he puts poison
+
+552
+00:34:29,970 --> 00:34:34,810
+inside the cup. So they're fighting and fighting,
+
+553
+00:34:35,570 --> 00:34:38,670
+heroically, both of them. And then Laertes cuts
+
+554
+00:34:38,670 --> 00:34:43,290
+Hamlet. And Hamlet, in a way, takes the sword and
+
+555
+00:34:43,290 --> 00:34:48,350
+stabs Laertes. And then Laertes probably realizes
+
+556
+00:34:48,350 --> 00:34:51,790
+he's wrong in a way, tells Hamlet, you're dead.
+
+557
+00:34:52,470 --> 00:34:56,580
+The sword is poisoned. Your uncle did this. During
+
+558
+00:34:56,580 --> 00:34:59,480
+this, or before this a little bit, Hamlet's mother
+
+559
+00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:02,760
+wants to drink the wine that her husband prepared
+
+560
+00:35:02,760 --> 00:35:06,320
+for Hamlet. And he says, no, don't drink. And for
+
+561
+00:35:06,320 --> 00:35:09,380
+the first time, she decides to disobey him.
+
+562
+00:35:12,400 --> 00:35:15,100
+It's interesting how she proves herself, but when
+
+563
+00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:18,260
+she does so, like Ophelia, she dies. She says, no,
+
+564
+00:35:18,640 --> 00:35:21,940
+I am my own master in a way. And she drinks the
+
+565
+00:35:21,940 --> 00:35:26,030
+poison. She dies. And Hamlet, when he knows that
+
+566
+00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:29,470
+story, he takes the sword and he stabs his uncle.
+
+567
+00:35:29,550 --> 00:35:31,470
+He doesn't think, he doesn't hesitate. There's no
+
+568
+00:35:31,470 --> 00:35:34,950
+to be or not to be here. There is action. Hamlet
+
+569
+00:35:34,950 --> 00:35:41,030
+dies. Laertes dies. Ophelia dies. Polonius dies.
+
+570
+00:35:41,690 --> 00:35:44,490
+Gertrude, his mom, dies. Almost every, all main
+
+571
+00:35:44,490 --> 00:35:46,490
+characters die. That's why Hamlet is a tragedy.
+
+572
+00:35:48,390 --> 00:35:51,730
+It's a tragedy where all the main characters die.
+
+573
+00:35:52,290 --> 00:35:56,570
+However, in Hamlet, there is hope for the future.
+
+574
+00:35:57,810 --> 00:36:03,850
+His best friend Horatio is still alive, and Hamlet
+
+575
+00:36:03,850 --> 00:36:08,390
+tells him, tell my story. In a way, if this is a
+
+576
+00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:12,670
+novel, the narrator is Horatio. And then a new
+
+577
+00:36:12,670 --> 00:36:14,250
+king is crowned.
+
+578
+00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,720
+And that's the story of Hamlet. It's a tragedy.
+
+579
+00:36:19,160 --> 00:36:22,040
+But if you think this is cool, the story, you need
+
+580
+00:36:22,040 --> 00:36:25,280
+to read the language. Really beautiful. Really
+
+581
+00:36:25,280 --> 00:36:29,040
+amazing. So many. I'll be posting some quotes on
+
+582
+00:36:29,040 --> 00:36:31,280
+Facebook. They are optional. But all we need here
+
+583
+00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:35,380
+is to be or not to be. So this is the character
+
+584
+00:36:35,380 --> 00:36:37,660
+map. This is Hamlet. He's the center. And then the
+
+585
+00:36:37,660 --> 00:36:41,210
+ghost and the skull. So many good things there. So
+
+586
+00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:44,010
+why Hamlet? Hamlet, again, Hamlet's the person.
+
+587
+00:36:44,350 --> 00:36:47,570
+When I don't use inverted commas, it means the
+
+588
+00:36:47,570 --> 00:36:51,470
+character. Hamlet is a man of modern concerns,
+
+589
+00:36:51,650 --> 00:36:54,950
+love, duty, revenge, relationships, brotherhood,
+
+590
+00:36:55,190 --> 00:36:58,870
+friendship, et cetera. The struggle between the
+
+591
+00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:02,050
+old and the young is there. Young Hamlet and the
+
+592
+00:37:02,050 --> 00:37:06,020
+old system. Young Hamlet and old Hamlet. Many
+
+593
+00:37:06,020 --> 00:37:09,140
+until this very day identify with him. When you
+
+594
+00:37:09,140 --> 00:37:11,660
+read Hamlet, you'll find some of you in Hamlet. He
+
+595
+00:37:11,660 --> 00:37:15,380
+looks like, I usually say, Hamlet in a way could
+
+596
+00:37:15,380 --> 00:37:18,500
+be like a Palestinian young man living under
+
+597
+00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:22,080
+occupation with the society, the rules, and the
+
+598
+00:37:22,080 --> 00:37:26,740
+siege. We think about this. Hamlet is a tragedy
+
+599
+00:37:26,740 --> 00:37:30,580
+because everybody, almost everybody dies there. So
+
+600
+00:37:30,580 --> 00:37:35,420
+sad, but there's hope for the future. Now this is
+
+601
+00:37:35,420 --> 00:37:41,280
+the to be or not to be quote. This is a soliloquy,
+
+602
+00:37:41,720 --> 00:37:46,380
+basically it's a soliloquy. What is a soliloquy?
+
+603
+00:37:47,300 --> 00:37:51,660
+You know solo, solo, when we say solo? Okay, solo,
+
+604
+00:37:53,140 --> 00:37:55,960
+soliloquy.
+
+605
+00:37:56,660 --> 00:38:01,400
+Soliloquy means solo, originally it means I talk
+
+606
+00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:01,980
+to myself.
+
+607
+00:38:04,540 --> 00:38:07,360
+Soliloquy is a literary device, a theatrical
+
+608
+00:38:07,360 --> 00:38:11,300
+device from drama, dramatical device where one of
+
+609
+00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,040
+the characters, mainly, sometimes or usually the
+
+610
+00:38:14,040 --> 00:38:17,400
+main character is alone, alone, that's solo, on
+
+611
+00:38:17,400 --> 00:38:17,920
+the stage.
+
+612
+00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:26,460
+On the stage. What does he do? He talks to
+
+613
+00:38:26,460 --> 00:38:29,600
+himself. Usually we do this all the time. Now I'm
+
+614
+00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:34,380
+sure some of you are talking to But here, because
+
+615
+00:38:34,380 --> 00:38:38,220
+this is supposed to be heard by the audience, the
+
+616
+00:38:38,220 --> 00:38:41,160
+audience, the people in the audience are very
+
+617
+00:38:41,160 --> 00:38:43,920
+important, they are part of the drama. So in a
+
+618
+00:38:43,920 --> 00:38:49,260
+way, he speaks his mind out, shows us his inner
+
+619
+00:38:49,260 --> 00:38:51,480
+conflict, what's going on in his mind. But he
+
+620
+00:38:51,480 --> 00:38:54,620
+doesn't do it in movies and TV shows, sometimes
+
+621
+00:38:54,620 --> 00:38:57,660
+it's done with a voiceover. The character doesn't
+
+622
+00:38:57,660 --> 00:39:00,840
+move his or her lips. But we hear the voice, this
+
+623
+00:39:00,840 --> 00:39:06,000
+is a voice over. But here, to be or not to be,
+
+624
+00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,300
+that is the question. Whether it is nobler in the
+
+625
+00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:15,560
+mind to suffer slings and arrows of outrageous
+
+626
+00:39:15,560 --> 00:39:19,920
+fortune, or to take arms against a sea of trouble,
+
+627
+00:39:21,620 --> 00:39:26,780
+and by opposing in them to die, to sleep,
+
+628
+00:39:30,620 --> 00:39:33,300
+When Hamlet does this soliloquy and other six or
+
+629
+00:39:33,300 --> 00:39:36,040
+seven major soliloquies, he talks to the audience
+
+630
+00:39:36,040 --> 00:39:38,160
+directly. What does that indicate? What does that
+
+631
+00:39:38,160 --> 00:39:40,980
+mean? How important is the soliloquy for the
+
+632
+00:39:40,980 --> 00:39:44,480
+audience and for the play? Can you tell? Let's
+
+633
+00:39:44,480 --> 00:39:48,880
+assume this is a stage. I'm all alone on the
+
+634
+00:39:48,880 --> 00:39:51,280
+stage. And all of a sudden, instead of just
+
+635
+00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:56,600
+talking with other people before, I come closer in
+
+636
+00:39:56,600 --> 00:39:58,680
+a way to the audience and I speak to the people
+
+637
+00:39:58,680 --> 00:40:02,060
+next to me. Look them in the eye like this. What
+
+638
+00:40:02,060 --> 00:40:05,320
+does this make the people I come closer to feel?
+
+639
+00:40:05,400 --> 00:40:06,760
+How does it feel to them?
+
+640
+00:40:09,720 --> 00:40:14,590
+Very good. So they will know, try to understand
+
+641
+00:40:14,590 --> 00:40:17,850
+the struggle and probably they will feel some of
+
+642
+00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:21,370
+this, it's personal. Like he comes closer to you,
+
+643
+00:40:21,470 --> 00:40:23,130
+he becomes your friend, it's like someone
+
+644
+00:40:23,130 --> 00:40:27,230
+whispering in your ear, telling you his secrets,
+
+645
+00:40:27,390 --> 00:40:30,170
+his conflicts. Don't we like people who tell us
+
+646
+00:40:30,170 --> 00:40:36,240
+secrets more? In a way, we love them. They trust
+
+647
+00:40:36,240 --> 00:40:40,600
+us. We have to share, to feel probably sorry for
+
+648
+00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,300
+them. Now, the soliloquy is important because it
+
+649
+00:40:43,300 --> 00:40:46,120
+makes the audience part of the play. It attracts
+
+650
+00:40:46,120 --> 00:40:49,960
+the audience. And the audience, the people, they
+
+651
+00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,320
+identify, identify. Like they feel, oh my God,
+
+652
+00:40:53,360 --> 00:40:56,960
+this is like me. I have similar fears or concerns
+
+653
+00:40:56,960 --> 00:41:00,880
+or emotions to express. In Shakespeare, we have
+
+654
+00:41:00,880 --> 00:41:03,920
+soliloquies everywhere, mainly in tragedies. In
+
+655
+00:41:03,920 --> 00:41:06,960
+Hamlet, we have like seven main soliloquies.
+
+656
+00:41:07,360 --> 00:41:10,060
+There's another thing to talk about here. It's an
+
+657
+00:41:10,060 --> 00:41:10,620
+aside.
+
+658
+00:41:13,220 --> 00:41:16,600
+We'll talk about this just with a bit. Okay, so
+
+659
+00:41:16,600 --> 00:41:19,060
+again, what is a soliloquy? It's a dramatic device
+
+660
+00:41:19,060 --> 00:41:23,260
+when the actor is all alone on stage and directs,
+
+661
+00:41:23,280 --> 00:41:28,010
+in a way, directs his or her speech to No, what is
+
+662
+00:41:28,010 --> 00:41:31,490
+the importance of the soliloquy? To share
+
+663
+00:41:31,490 --> 00:41:36,110
+feelings, to attract the audience, to make them
+
+664
+00:41:36,110 --> 00:41:40,010
+grab attention, make them identify with you, feel,
+
+665
+00:41:40,190 --> 00:41:44,790
+understand? Now the aside is also a literary
+
+666
+00:41:44,790 --> 00:41:50,870
+device, a theatrical, dramatic device. An aside is
+
+667
+00:41:50,870 --> 00:41:55,980
+usually short, one liner, one sentence. But the
+
+668
+00:41:55,980 --> 00:42:00,580
+soliloquy is generally long. In a soliloquy, the
+
+669
+00:42:00,580 --> 00:42:06,380
+actor is all alone, okay? But in Anasite, there
+
+670
+00:42:06,380 --> 00:42:11,260
+are other actors. Again, in Anasite, there are
+
+671
+00:42:11,260 --> 00:42:14,100
+other actors. What happens here is that in
+
+672
+00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,060
+Anasite, there are other people here, and the
+
+673
+00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:19,280
+character takes Anasite, like I'm talking to
+
+674
+00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:22,500
+someone here, he does this, and he says something.
+
+675
+00:42:23,570 --> 00:42:27,690
+Okay? So what happens? Let me say this again. In a
+
+676
+00:42:27,690 --> 00:42:30,630
+soliloquy, it's usually a long speech. The actor
+
+677
+00:42:30,630 --> 00:42:35,070
+is alone. In an aside, short, one sentence, and
+
+678
+00:42:35,070 --> 00:42:38,750
+there are other actors on the stage who are not
+
+679
+00:42:38,750 --> 00:42:41,830
+supposed to hear. Like you say something, okay,
+
+680
+00:42:41,970 --> 00:42:46,130
+I'll do this, okay. I'll meet you outside, or
+
+681
+00:42:46,130 --> 00:42:48,750
+something. Like directing, in a way, the talk to
+
+682
+00:42:48,750 --> 00:42:53,650
+the audience, but not to the other characters. The
+
+683
+00:42:53,650 --> 00:42:56,550
+significance is almost the same. But the soliloquy
+
+684
+00:42:56,550 --> 00:43:02,390
+is deeper, more profound. To be or not to be, that
+
+685
+00:43:02,390 --> 00:43:05,650
+is the question. Whether it is nobler in the mind
+
+686
+00:43:05,650 --> 00:43:08,070
+to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous
+
+687
+00:43:08,070 --> 00:43:11,270
+fortune,
+
+688
+00:43:11,670 --> 00:43:15,080
+or to take arms against a sea of troubles. and
+
+689
+00:43:15,080 --> 00:43:19,940
+bioposing in them. We're focusing on this, OK? The
+
+690
+00:43:19,940 --> 00:43:22,520
+most important line or verse in English
+
+691
+00:43:22,520 --> 00:43:25,120
+literature. This is the Soliloquy and the Aside.
+
+692
+00:43:26,840 --> 00:43:30,820
+And finally, I'll stop here. This is Shakespeare's
+
+693
+00:43:30,820 --> 00:43:31,480
+The Globe.
+
+694
+00:43:35,060 --> 00:43:37,740
+I'm not sure if this is very clear there. Look
+
+695
+00:43:37,740 --> 00:43:43,930
+here. This is the stage. This is the stage. And
+
+696
+00:43:43,930 --> 00:43:48,190
+these are the people near the stage that can talk
+
+697
+00:43:48,190 --> 00:43:50,650
+to them. If you are rich enough, you can pay more
+
+698
+00:43:50,650 --> 00:43:54,690
+money, and you sit here above. Here, you're
+
+699
+00:43:54,690 --> 00:43:58,930
+usually standing. This is not the globe itself,
+
+700
+00:43:58,990 --> 00:44:02,010
+but something similar to it. So this is the stage.
+
+701
+00:44:02,090 --> 00:44:04,310
+People are very close. So the soliloquy is
+
+702
+00:44:04,310 --> 00:44:08,110
+significant. You pay one penny. I don't know. But
+
+703
+00:44:08,110 --> 00:44:11,690
+if you are rich, you can sit above. and knocked
+
+704
+00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:16,310
+down, VIP, if you are royalties or something. And
+
+705
+00:44:16,310 --> 00:44:19,090
+finally, this is again Shakespeare, a famous
+
+706
+00:44:19,090 --> 00:44:23,910
+picture. Look at the ring here, the earring. And
+
+707
+00:44:23,910 --> 00:44:27,310
+this is the picture that recently has been
+
+708
+00:44:27,310 --> 00:44:29,770
+recently discovered, where people say this is the
+
+709
+00:44:29,770 --> 00:44:31,950
+real Shakespeare. Who is the real Shakespeare?
+
+710
+00:44:32,430 --> 00:44:35,730
+Sheikh Zubair, Marlow, Bacon, an Italian Jewish
+
+711
+00:44:35,730 --> 00:44:40,600
+woman, a guy from Gaza, We don't know. We're not
+
+712
+00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,980
+sure. We don't care. It's good to know, but we
+
+713
+00:44:43,980 --> 00:44:47,280
+don't care. All we care is about the texts, the
+
+714
+00:44:47,280 --> 00:44:50,020
+plays and the sonnets. Thank you very much. We'll
+
+715
+00:44:50,020 --> 00:44:52,760
+stop here. If you have questions, please do ask.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_postprocess.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f366244bcc3f8c1f1c6cf5df029905bb3fa4134c
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@@ -0,0 +1,2828 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:23,340
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English
+
+2
+00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,800
+literature class at the Islamic University English
+
+3
+00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,580
+department. As you all know part of your class
+
+4
+00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,920
+assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic,
+
+5
+00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,020
+an issue, a literary issue of your own choice.
+
+6
+00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,980
+Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an
+
+7
+00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,600
+interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's
+
+8
+00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,440
+spend some quality time enjoying this
+
+9
+00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,580
+presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start
+
+10
+00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:58,710
+talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of
+
+11
+00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:01,130
+George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the
+
+12
+00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:06,130
+picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and
+
+13
+00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:13,030
+she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real
+
+14
+00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:17,450
+name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she
+
+15
+00:01:17,450 --> 00:01:22,050
+changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work
+
+16
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,770
+would be noticed, because in the Victorian age,
+
+17
+00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:31,150
+the male gender role was more significant.
+
+18
+00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:37,510
+I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet
+
+19
+00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:40,490
+Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her
+
+20
+00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:43,210
+love, and she's talking about their love story.
+
+21
+00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:49,570
+The explanation of the title is when considering
+
+22
+00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,270
+love, most sweet things happen in relations, but
+
+23
+00:01:52,270 --> 00:01:55,470
+they will eventually fade. Things in a
+
+24
+00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:58,730
+relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the
+
+25
+00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:02,350
+end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It
+
+26
+00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:04,010
+doesn't stay the same for a while.
+
+27
+00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:10,650
+That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then
+
+28
+00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:14,770
+I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She
+
+29
+00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:17,310
+started in Spanish words, then she turned into...
+
+30
+00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:19,290
+You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it.
+
+31
+00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:24,250
+Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche
+
+32
+00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:30,790
+viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás
+
+33
+00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:36,490
+más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the
+
+34
+00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,430
+English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They
+
+35
+00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:44,410
+come and went for your. This evening of our life
+
+36
+00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:46,330
+love shall go and come no more.
+
+37
+00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:52,110
+When we have passed away, love, all things will
+
+38
+00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,010
+keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love,
+
+39
+00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:00,410
+with ours will be the same. The daisies will be
+
+40
+00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:04,630
+there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I
+
+41
+00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:08,310
+shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands
+
+42
+00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:12,050
+in thine. A better time will come, love, and
+
+43
+00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:15,230
+better souls be born. I would not be the best,
+
+44
+00:03:15,510 --> 00:03:19,350
+love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read,
+
+45
+00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:22,770
+please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish,
+
+46
+00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:26,930
+please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet
+
+47
+00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:29,690
+evenings come and go. They come in an advent of
+
+48
+00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,650
+pure. This evening our life's love shall go and
+
+49
+00:03:32,650 --> 00:03:36,530
+come no more. When we have passed away, love, all
+
+50
+00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,510
+things will keep their name. But yet no life on
+
+51
+00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:43,870
+earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days
+
+52
+00:03:43,870 --> 00:03:46,990
+will be their love, the stars in heaven will
+
+53
+00:03:46,990 --> 00:03:51,650
+shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw
+
+54
+00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:55,350
+my hand in kind. A better time will come, love,
+
+55
+00:03:55,570 --> 00:03:58,550
+and better souls depart. I would not be the best
+
+56
+00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,350
+love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear,
+
+57
+00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:07,810
+I want to just say this word means for a long
+
+58
+00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:13,550
+time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also,
+
+59
+00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:20,630
+This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right?
+
+60
+00:04:21,230 --> 00:04:24,730
+Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone.
+
+61
+00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:33,930
+Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is
+
+62
+00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,950
+the Spanish part. It's translated into English.
+
+63
+00:04:37,330 --> 00:04:40,750
+The good night is coming. The good night goes away
+
+64
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:46,680
+and will go and we will not be back anymore. This
+
+65
+00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,200
+is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is
+
+66
+00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,700
+expressing to her love that their love has to end.
+
+67
+00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:58,940
+It has to become, it has to end for some time.
+
+68
+00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,540
+She's really attached to him, she loves him very
+
+69
+00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,740
+much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks
+
+70
+00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:12,460
+that she needs time to, in their future, it's best
+
+71
+00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:13,320
+for them to be apart.
+
+72
+00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,800
+The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means
+
+73
+00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,120
+that good things will last forever. The second
+
+74
+00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,560
+line talks about that the stars in heaven will
+
+75
+00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,000
+shine. She's saying that there's something in our
+
+76
+00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,200
+relationship that will always rise, that will
+
+77
+00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,480
+always be remembered, that will never be
+
+78
+00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:34,860
+forgotten.
+
+79
+00:05:38,490 --> 00:05:42,630
+Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that
+
+80
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:47,050
+they would never wish to be back together, but
+
+81
+00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,590
+they're looking forward to be in a relationship
+
+82
+00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:52,010
+with other people, with another person. She would
+
+83
+00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,190
+go with another person, but she's saying that it
+
+84
+00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:57,390
+would never be the same with their relationship.
+
+85
+00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:03,770
+Also, she's saying that they won't want what they
+
+86
+00:06:03,770 --> 00:06:06,730
+had, but they will value the moments that they
+
+87
+00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:11,190
+share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's
+
+88
+00:06:11,190 --> 00:06:13,350
+talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings
+
+89
+00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,710
+they had together, the meetings, the nights they
+
+90
+00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:20,630
+spent together. She's saying that they will never
+
+91
+00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,770
+be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings
+
+92
+00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:26,930
+were less. They had less connections between each
+
+93
+00:06:26,930 --> 00:06:29,190
+other. They sat together, but with less
+
+94
+00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:31,610
+connections. Okay.
+
+95
+00:06:35,900 --> 00:06:39,060
+Here she's saying that the young love was awesome,
+
+96
+00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:42,900
+but when they grew older, their love grew with
+
+97
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:44,960
+them. They had difficult times, they had difficult
+
+98
+00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:45,400
+problems.
+
+99
+00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:51,230
+And she's saying here that better times will come.
+
+100
+00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:54,370
+She will go with another person. She will meet
+
+101
+00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:57,810
+other people, but her love will never be the same,
+
+102
+00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,750
+and she will have a bad time being alone without
+
+103
+00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:04,890
+him. But she's saying that she has to go see a
+
+104
+00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:07,990
+new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now
+
+105
+00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:13,550
+I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay,
+
+106
+00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:17,970
+here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem?
+
+107
+00:07:19,140 --> 00:07:19,680
+The mood.
+
+108
+00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:26,540
+Mood, memories, okay.
+
+109
+00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:32,900
+Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they
+
+110
+00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:36,680
+spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels
+
+111
+00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,640
+lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a
+
+112
+00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560
+personification in these lines. Can someone get it
+
+113
+00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,010
+out? Personification.
+
+114
+00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:57,950
+Yeah, that is one, but there's another one.
+
+115
+00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:14,440
+Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The
+
+116
+00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,600
+souls that are not born, they live in us. They
+
+117
+00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,720
+don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme
+
+118
+00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,100
+scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme.
+
+119
+00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,700
+Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to
+
+120
+00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:36,560
+come out here? A, B, C, D.
+
+121
+00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,300
+Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the
+
+122
+00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,660
+English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C,
+
+123
+00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:56,600
+D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you
+
+124
+00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,780
+can start over again with every new standard.
+
+125
+00:08:58,780 --> 00:09:02,780
+Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A,
+
+126
+00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,920
+B. I did it a different way.
+
+127
+00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:13,870
+My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a
+
+128
+00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,810
+long poem, start over every stanza. Because we
+
+129
+00:09:16,810 --> 00:09:18,810
+don't have a hundred English letters, because
+
+130
+00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,690
+there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So
+
+131
+00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:24,670
+with every stanza, especially when there is a
+
+132
+00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,290
+clear break in the stanza, you can start over to
+
+133
+00:09:27,290 --> 00:09:30,930
+make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A,
+
+134
+00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:37,550
+B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The
+
+135
+00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:41,990
+poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about
+
+136
+00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:44,630
+the relationship, but the other stands that she's
+
+137
+00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:48,340
+saying that she has to move on. Let me read it,
+
+138
+00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,900
+okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts
+
+139
+00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:55,080
+appear in line four. She started her poem by
+
+140
+00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:57,880
+saying that she has to move on and these things,
+
+141
+00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:01,440
+but then she tells their love that their love
+
+142
+00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,340
+shall not continue. She goes on to tell the
+
+143
+00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:06,560
+positive things. She talks about the positive
+
+144
+00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:09,380
+things they did in their relationship. Also in
+
+145
+00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:13,280
+line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood,
+
+146
+00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,740
+but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be
+
+147
+00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:19,300
+left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the
+
+148
+00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,200
+rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E,
+
+149
+00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,840
+D. But if you have like a hundred lines here,
+
+150
+00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,440
+where would you go? There is a solution for this,
+
+151
+00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:33,060
+but if you have to go for each
+
+152
+00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,500
+Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent
+
+153
+00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,900
+presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very
+
+154
+00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000
+proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You
+
+155
+00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,440
+discussed interesting issues, especially that a
+
+156
+00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,560
+woman had to choose a man's name so that he can
+
+157
+00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,160
+publish. What does that tell about the society and
+
+158
+00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,360
+about publications and the canon and the
+
+159
+00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:14,190
+mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I
+
+160
+00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,450
+told you you have five maximum seven minutes
+
+161
+00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:18,610
+because we have so many students we can't you know
+
+162
+00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:21,490
+okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the
+
+163
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:24,270
+class in the future we can give you more and more
+
+164
+00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,410
+time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text
+
+165
+00:11:27,410 --> 00:11:29,690
+if you want to discuss a text just one issue one
+
+166
+00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:33,030
+thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20
+
+167
+00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,900
+minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in
+
+168
+00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,220
+this text, and how it reflects the author of the
+
+169
+00:11:40,220 --> 00:11:44,900
+theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female
+
+170
+00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:49,700
+text, rather than, because all the poems we read
+
+171
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,360
+so far here, the extracts, were written by men.
+
+172
+00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:56,550
+But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does
+
+173
+00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,470
+this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in
+
+174
+00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:01,590
+the text, the female poet is doing in the text to
+
+175
+00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,370
+break the rules determined by man, to break all
+
+176
+00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:09,190
+these rules imposed on people, especially on women
+
+177
+00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:14,250
+by male critics? I think we can trace some of
+
+178
+00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:18,510
+this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme.
+
+179
+00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,430
+The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates
+
+180
+00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:29,270
+that she wants to break away with the rules of
+
+181
+00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,930
+decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your,
+
+182
+00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:39,550
+love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then
+
+183
+00:12:39,550 --> 00:12:41,450
+there's something new. We've never seen this
+
+184
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:43,790
+before. The fact that
+
+185
+00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:50,350
+times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's
+
+186
+00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,390
+repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's
+
+187
+00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:56,890
+talking to, addressing love in her particular way.
+
+188
+00:12:57,210 --> 00:12:59,570
+But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you
+
+189
+00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:02,850
+repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like
+
+190
+00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,650
+seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In
+
+191
+00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:08,610
+Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical
+
+192
+00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:12,510
+Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion,
+
+193
+00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,550
+she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's
+
+194
+00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:18,350
+writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way
+
+195
+00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:21,450
+she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is
+
+196
+00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:25,890
+really interesting. Thank you. My last point is
+
+197
+00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:28,430
+that try when you do a presentation in the future,
+
+198
+00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,750
+go for official slides like white, black text,
+
+199
+00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:38,470
+white background, black text. Try not to crowd
+
+200
+00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:42,210
+your slide with a lot of information and colors
+
+201
+00:13:42,210 --> 00:13:44,790
+and everything. This is the rule that says seven
+
+202
+00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,810
+by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I
+
+203
+00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:49,970
+don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a
+
+204
+00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:53,170
+teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to
+
+205
+00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:55,910
+the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better
+
+206
+00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:57,690
+for you and for your audience to
+
+207
+00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,840
+And again, thank you for engaging your classmates,
+
+208
+00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,220
+your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go
+
+209
+00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:13,560
+back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting
+
+210
+00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,480
+thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most
+
+211
+00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,720
+interesting topics so far because we discussed for
+
+212
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,640
+the first time women writers, authors.
+
+213
+00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,480
+We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the
+
+214
+00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,340
+people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is
+
+215
+00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,800
+significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What
+
+216
+00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:50,700
+is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to
+
+217
+00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,580
+speak, they were the mothers of the English novel.
+
+218
+00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,120
+In a way, they started the English novel. They
+
+219
+00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,340
+started the first steps of the English novel. What
+
+220
+00:14:58,340 --> 00:15:01,750
+else? What else did they do to literature, to
+
+221
+00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:03,850
+English, to women, to feminism, to the movement?
+
+222
+00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:09,830
+Mary talked about the rights of women. She
+
+223
+00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:14,740
+discussed the idea of rape being against men. So
+
+224
+00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:18,340
+they were spokeswomen for all the women in the
+
+225
+00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:22,580
+world. They spoke about men's violence against
+
+226
+00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:25,820
+women in the society. They exposed the vices of
+
+227
+00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:28,980
+men, especially the violence and discrimination
+
+228
+00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:33,680
+against women. And they said that her writings
+
+229
+00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,580
+were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When
+
+230
+00:15:36,580 --> 00:15:40,460
+you read literature books, sometimes you'll find
+
+231
+00:15:40,460 --> 00:15:43,880
+people describing especially Mary mainly as
+
+232
+00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,040
+scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But
+
+233
+00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:50,640
+always remember, always go a step or two back.
+
+234
+00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:53,140
+When you read something in a book, don't take it
+
+235
+00:15:53,140 --> 00:15:57,360
+for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this?
+
+236
+00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,480
+Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then
+
+237
+00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:05,900
+we realize here that critics of that time most of
+
+238
+00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:09,520
+the time are generally men. So this is a man
+
+239
+00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,140
+judging a woman. And generally there will be some
+
+240
+00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,740
+kind of discrimination against women only for
+
+241
+00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:23,560
+being So these were daring, brave women, brave
+
+242
+00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,380
+writers because they wanted to speak for the women
+
+243
+00:16:27,380 --> 00:16:29,440
+in their communities. And that's why Virginia
+
+244
+00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600
+Woolf later on praised them, especially she
+
+245
+00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,540
+praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something
+
+246
+00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,960
+like, all the women in the world should put roses
+
+247
+00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,670
+on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it
+
+248
+00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:45,430
+is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and
+
+249
+00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:48,770
+hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan
+
+250
+00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730
+Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel
+
+251
+00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:58,250
+Defoe as the father of the English novel. The
+
+252
+00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:02,770
+first real novel is classically, we don't
+
+253
+00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:06,050
+necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's
+
+254
+00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:09,310
+Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe.
+
+255
+00:17:12,260 --> 00:17:17,540
+Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe
+
+256
+00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,600
+himself was a journalist. He started his life as a
+
+257
+00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,280
+journalist. And this influenced the way he write,
+
+258
+00:17:22,380 --> 00:17:27,900
+of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a
+
+259
+00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700
+man, an English person, who wanted to get richer,
+
+260
+00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:41,590
+to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that
+
+261
+00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:45,070
+time, the easiest way for any person to change his
+
+262
+00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:50,130
+life is to go out to travel to the new world, to
+
+263
+00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:54,090
+the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being
+
+264
+00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:58,410
+developed here in a way or another. So his parents
+
+265
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,710
+were not okay with this because they represent the
+
+266
+00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:04,010
+older generation and he's the younger generation,
+
+267
+00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:09,670
+adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen
+
+268
+00:18:09,670 --> 00:18:13,430
+to them. He goes with some people to work on a
+
+269
+00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,330
+ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World.
+
+270
+00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:22,790
+On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed
+
+271
+00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:28,870
+by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson
+
+272
+00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100
+himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this
+
+273
+00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560
+rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a
+
+274
+00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300
+movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on
+
+275
+00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,600
+a desert island in the middle of the sea where
+
+276
+00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:52,850
+there are no people there. no society, no
+
+277
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,330
+community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get
+
+278
+00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:58,930
+out as soon as possible, people come and save him,
+
+279
+00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,130
+rescue him, and then he was... he passed through
+
+280
+00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150
+so many stages of hope and despair, belief and
+
+281
+00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170
+disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30
+
+282
+00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:14,140
+years on the island that's really tough being
+
+283
+00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:18,620
+alone cut out isolated but because this is the
+
+284
+00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280
+white christian european english man he always has
+
+285
+00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740
+the ability to do what to create a civilization
+
+286
+00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240
+and that's that's one theme here it's the power of
+
+287
+00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230
+the white man how a European person, how an
+
+288
+00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990
+English person can go anywhere in the world and be
+
+289
+00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430
+the master and control. And he indeed begins his
+
+290
+00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250
+own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I
+
+291
+00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450
+am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my
+
+292
+00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930
+island. Similar to what we had before in The
+
+293
+00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510
+Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island.
+
+294
+00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:53,190
+It's not his island. But a white man has always
+
+295
+00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370
+been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he
+
+296
+00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340
+doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island
+
+297
+00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200
+he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was
+
+298
+00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180
+terrified because he met some cannibals. You know
+
+299
+00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780
+what a cannibal is? People who
+
+300
+00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330
+eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat
+
+301
+00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630
+human flesh was terrified because at the beginning
+
+302
+00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770
+he saw one footprint not two not three just one
+
+303
+00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570
+and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw
+
+304
+00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350
+a group of people and he saved a person he was
+
+305
+00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130
+about to be eaten he saved him physically
+
+306
+00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510
+literally and of course metaphorically he named
+
+307
+00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910
+him friday Very funny name. No offense for people
+
+308
+00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410
+whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny
+
+309
+00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250
+because this is in a way in English at least in
+
+310
+00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470
+Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't
+
+311
+00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190
+know many people. We have May. You know, some
+
+312
+00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830
+people named May after May, the month, but not
+
+313
+00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790
+after the days. And the funny thing is that when
+
+314
+00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930
+he goes back to England after years, he realizes
+
+315
+00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170
+that when he was keeping record of the days and
+
+316
+00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610
+the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably
+
+317
+00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790
+he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or
+
+318
+00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910
+whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have
+
+319
+00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050
+Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other
+
+320
+00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450
+character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly
+
+321
+00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270
+is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is?
+
+322
+00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050
+The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very,
+
+323
+00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410
+listen, a very interesting community here.
+
+324
+00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630
+Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him.
+
+325
+00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270
+It's like property. Because he isn't, he's
+
+326
+00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890
+inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not
+
+327
+00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330
+Christian, he's not English, so he controls him.
+
+328
+00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410
+He tries to cure his religion
+
+329
+00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690
+because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to
+
+330
+00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900
+civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because
+
+331
+00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600
+it's taken for granted that the English way of
+
+332
+00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700
+life is the best English, the best way in life.
+
+333
+00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780
+Now this relationship between Robinson and the
+
+334
+00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920
+parrot and Robinson and Friday is very
+
+335
+00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420
+interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always
+
+336
+00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580
+like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen
+
+337
+00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710
+to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird
+
+338
+00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730
+that repeats what you say is interesting because
+
+339
+00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030
+the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But
+
+340
+00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550
+the bird is someone who only parrots because
+
+341
+00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250
+parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to
+
+342
+00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770
+repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is
+
+343
+00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190
+significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master,
+
+344
+00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230
+as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist,
+
+345
+00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540
+as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He
+
+346
+00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160
+wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He
+
+347
+00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020
+wanted people just to repeat what he says word for
+
+348
+00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480
+word. In my understanding here of the novel,
+
+349
+00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500
+I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go
+
+350
+00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280
+back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly,
+
+351
+00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240
+I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's
+
+352
+00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640
+number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna.
+
+353
+00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780
+The most significant thing here for me is that
+
+354
+00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540
+when Friday speaks, although he was cured and
+
+355
+00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480
+civilized by the master, his English was still
+
+356
+00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900
+broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He
+
+357
+00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820
+can't understand that man can have the irregular
+
+358
+00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260
+plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this.
+
+359
+00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820
+So he says man.
+
+360
+00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230
+He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally.
+
+361
+00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030
+He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me,
+
+362
+00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970
+like always in the object. He can't be a subject.
+
+363
+00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930
+He can't be the person who does things. He only
+
+364
+00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870
+follows, et cetera. However, very, very
+
+365
+00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890
+interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot,
+
+366
+00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310
+When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost
+
+367
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790
+Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed
+
+368
+00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810
+that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we
+
+369
+00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270
+generally don't use. I have been ranting for life
+
+370
+00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970
+for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past
+
+371
+00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640
+perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But
+
+372
+00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000
+this bird is so smart that it can tell the
+
+373
+00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460
+difference between two actions and which action
+
+374
+00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380
+happened first, right? But Friday doesn't,
+
+375
+00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080
+although he's the human being. So in my opinion,
+
+376
+00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120
+this is how the book is presenting the white man
+
+377
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120
+as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and
+
+378
+00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790
+the others. the people of the black people people
+
+379
+00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090
+of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages
+
+380
+00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870
+who need to be civilized and educated and that's
+
+381
+00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170
+why people like Edward Said would look at this
+
+382
+00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790
+book as
+
+383
+00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850
+and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to
+
+384
+00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150
+post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The
+
+385
+00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110
+book could be about many things. It could be
+
+386
+00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090
+about, again, about imperialism and how you can
+
+387
+00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790
+get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow
+
+388
+00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870
+rich when you own land and people. It could be
+
+389
+00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070
+about the power of white people and white men and
+
+390
+00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470
+how white men can civilize people and create
+
+391
+00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230
+society and civilization. It can be about that. It
+
+392
+00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730
+can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory
+
+393
+00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450
+about survival, how people can survive despite
+
+394
+00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630
+everything if they try, if they struggle. But it
+
+395
+00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070
+also can be about how the white people, the
+
+396
+00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570
+English people, the Europeans, the Christians of
+
+397
+00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590
+that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy,
+
+398
+00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920
+colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak.
+
+399
+00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020
+So many things about this book. I'm not saying
+
+400
+00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380
+this book is a bad read. It's really interesting.
+
+401
+00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180
+It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could
+
+402
+00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140
+start reading this book. But warning, you have to
+
+403
+00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780
+really be patient with these books.
+
+404
+00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040
+What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe
+
+405
+00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020
+being represented to us as a man, as a fable of
+
+406
+00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940
+survival, of praise to the white human, but also
+
+407
+00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340
+in particular to white European spirit of
+
+408
+00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340
+survival, that nothing can crush this spirit.
+
+409
+00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570
+There is an interesting thing here also in the in
+
+410
+00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910
+the novel to show how a capitalist society works
+
+411
+00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430
+and functions and money is more important than
+
+412
+00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630
+anything and materialism is more you know what
+
+413
+00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750
+capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital
+
+414
+00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070
+your capital your capital is your money the money
+
+415
+00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090
+you have you the property capitalism
+
+416
+00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430
+Capitalism where you work for your own, you
+
+417
+00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350
+collect as much money as possible, you want to be
+
+418
+00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670
+as rich as possible regardless of what people
+
+419
+00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610
+around you do. So that's very simplistic terms.
+
+420
+00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170
+When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of
+
+421
+00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450
+400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets
+
+422
+00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180
+married, how long does it take? One page. In a
+
+423
+00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500
+way, this is significant. I think there is also
+
+424
+00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000
+another example where he buys some cows and horses
+
+425
+00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780
+and it takes more pages than when he gets married.
+
+426
+00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860
+So relationships are not as important as riches,
+
+427
+00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360
+as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism
+
+428
+00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900
+here. How did he get back to his land? He was
+
+429
+00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420
+saved. Some people came to the island and then he
+
+430
+00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700
+went back to England and he brought more people
+
+431
+00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120
+and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay?
+
+432
+00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680
+So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you
+
+433
+00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740
+know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian
+
+434
+00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360
+intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one
+
+435
+00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960
+person behind an important theory called post
+
+436
+00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260
+-colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or
+
+437
+00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300
+the literature that reacted to a colonial
+
+438
+00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620
+occupation of those countries. Friday, part of
+
+439
+00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760
+this, Friday was presented as uncivilized,
+
+440
+00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520
+inferior, not only inferior to his master, because
+
+441
+00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220
+he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly.
+
+442
+00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110
+How? We examine the language. But there are other
+
+443
+00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270
+things you can read about Friday. Very
+
+444
+00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290
+interesting, very interesting thing. Another text
+
+445
+00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270
+by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the
+
+446
+00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150
+pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry,
+
+447
+00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070
+Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a
+
+448
+00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510
+person. So many books of this age, the 18th
+
+449
+00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530
+century, took, many novels took their titles from
+
+450
+00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320
+the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe
+
+451
+00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360
+tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of
+
+452
+00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380
+troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the
+
+453
+00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940
+life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion
+
+454
+00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920
+of readership in the 18th century probably were
+
+455
+00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160
+women. So as authors, you wanted to write things
+
+456
+00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300
+for them, because they would buy. More than men,
+
+457
+00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060
+actually. So this is about a woman. This woman,
+
+458
+00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760
+Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented
+
+459
+00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760
+as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many
+
+460
+00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660
+vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She
+
+461
+00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600
+goes to prison. She does so many horrible things.
+
+462
+00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000
+However, when she tells the story, she is already
+
+463
+00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080
+reformed. She has already changed her life to the
+
+464
+00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060
+better. And this is a major theme of the 18th
+
+465
+00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380
+century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's
+
+466
+00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920
+difficult. You have to struggle. And this is
+
+467
+00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360
+capitalism. You have to work for your own self.
+
+468
+00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970
+And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you
+
+469
+00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430
+work hard, your life work is going to improve. The
+
+470
+00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290
+same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel,
+
+471
+00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990
+Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily
+
+472
+00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670
+because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it
+
+473
+00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770
+makes a moral point here about ways of living. The
+
+474
+00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880
+reader shares her experience. And I, in a way,
+
+475
+00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280
+identify with her. How does the reader share
+
+476
+00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980
+somebody's experience? Because generally, when you
+
+477
+00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960
+read a text, you sometimes find common things
+
+478
+00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460
+between you and the characters. When you watch a
+
+479
+00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020
+movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet?
+
+480
+00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040
+Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock?
+
+481
+00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670
+Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or
+
+482
+00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370
+another, there are so many ways for you to
+
+483
+00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310
+identify, so many techniques the authors employ to
+
+484
+00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410
+make you part of the text. The most important
+
+485
+00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030
+technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first
+
+486
+00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810
+-person narrator. We'll speak about this probably
+
+487
+00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370
+in two classes. The first person narrator.
+
+488
+00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210
+When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were
+
+489
+00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510
+no narrators. The drama is generally largely based
+
+490
+00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950
+on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or
+
+491
+00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450
+soliloquies, right? People just talk to each
+
+492
+00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590
+other, and as the audience, we just watch and
+
+493
+00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410
+judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's
+
+494
+00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510
+always someone, usually not the author, who tells
+
+495
+00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790
+the story. It could be either, number one, a first
+
+496
+00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360
+-person narrator where One character sometimes, or
+
+497
+00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120
+usually the main character, uses I. Not always,
+
+498
+00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520
+but usually the main character, the protagonist,
+
+499
+00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680
+who tells us the story. So you open the first
+
+500
+00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940
+book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents,
+
+501
+00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260
+I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked.
+
+502
+00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880
+This is a first person narrator. What happens
+
+503
+00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460
+here, a first person narrator is an interesting
+
+504
+00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420
+way to tell stories because when you read the
+
+505
+00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540
+first page and the second and the third you keep
+
+506
+00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400
+reading you find a lot of you in the text no
+
+507
+00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720
+matter what no matter because humans share a lot
+
+508
+00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880
+you have a lot in common when you find a lot in
+
+509
+00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860
+common between you and this character using the I
+
+510
+00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500
+I U sometimes largely or in part become the
+
+511
+00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120
+character. You see yourself in this character, a
+
+512
+00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460
+man or a woman. So this is one way for you to
+
+513
+00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500
+identify. I'll elaborate on this later on,
+
+514
+00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060
+probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The
+
+515
+00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060
+other type of narrative is the third person
+
+516
+00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860
+narrator.
+
+517
+00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200
+What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious.
+
+518
+00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240
+Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a
+
+519
+00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900
+story told to us from somebody, generally from
+
+520
+00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400
+outside the text, where he refers to people as he,
+
+521
+00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190
+she, and things it and they. So talking about
+
+522
+00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210
+people, the third person, in the third person. So
+
+523
+00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470
+Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept
+
+524
+00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950
+this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to
+
+525
+00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810
+attend. And I don't have time to have my
+
+526
+00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250
+breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to
+
+527
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140
+rush because I have to do a presentation. This is
+
+528
+00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280
+my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody.
+
+529
+00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600
+I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch.
+
+530
+00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300
+I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem
+
+531
+00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500
+and entered first person. But if it is like this,
+
+532
+00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840
+it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was
+
+533
+00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880
+supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to
+
+534
+00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940
+wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be
+
+535
+00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800
+seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her
+
+536
+00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140
+mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she,
+
+537
+00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360
+she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator.
+
+538
+00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000
+So because he started his life as a journalist,
+
+539
+00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120
+Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person
+
+540
+00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840
+narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders.
+
+541
+00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520
+Your question. I just wanted to comment that the
+
+542
+00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540
+first person could be so boring and you could feel
+
+543
+00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120
+like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer
+
+544
+00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640
+should balance between telling the story and
+
+545
+00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350
+telling about himself. That's a very interesting
+
+546
+00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110
+point. But it depends, because things are
+
+547
+00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130
+relative. What is boring for me could be
+
+548
+00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730
+interesting for someone. Like football, for
+
+549
+00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330
+example. I love watching football matches. But
+
+550
+00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150
+some of you might hate them. Your friend could be
+
+551
+00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770
+into football, but you could be like, come on. How
+
+552
+00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030
+would you spend an hour and a half watching people
+
+553
+00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590
+kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative,
+
+554
+00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790
+this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who
+
+555
+00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360
+doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you
+
+556
+00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340
+need to always think of. When you read this book,
+
+557
+00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540
+you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember,
+
+558
+00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960
+this was written in the early 18th century. And
+
+559
+00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060
+people were like, whoa, this was a huge success.
+
+560
+00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380
+Even today, this is a huge success. It's a
+
+561
+00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040
+classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to
+
+562
+00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090
+speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan
+
+563
+00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330
+Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one
+
+564
+00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090
+of them today. The first one is Gulliver's
+
+565
+00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950
+Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's
+
+566
+00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770
+Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days
+
+567
+00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370
+of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned
+
+568
+00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810
+into a cartoon. I remember watching this many
+
+569
+00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520
+times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was
+
+570
+00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560
+also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's
+
+571
+00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300
+Travels, as the name suggests, also we have
+
+572
+00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560
+traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver.
+
+573
+00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060
+So this man is known, very famous for his satire
+
+574
+00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920
+and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of
+
+575
+00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900
+the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as
+
+576
+00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860
+people in a library and the old box and the new
+
+577
+00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780
+box are fighting. Interesting. But his most
+
+578
+00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860
+significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is
+
+579
+00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780
+one of the most powerful satires of all time. He
+
+580
+00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520
+criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes
+
+581
+00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110
+politics. Religion, science, everything. But in
+
+582
+00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070
+particular, he openly attacks the English society.
+
+583
+00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270
+He attacks English colonialism and imperialism
+
+584
+00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050
+because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about
+
+585
+00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650
+Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem,
+
+586
+00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050
+remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he
+
+587
+00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210
+exposes all these faults and vices of the English
+
+588
+00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970
+society. There are actually four parts in the
+
+589
+00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690
+book, four books, four sections. Book number one,
+
+590
+00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530
+he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput.
+
+591
+00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750
+in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've
+
+592
+00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410
+seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man
+
+593
+00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770
+like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny
+
+594
+00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270
+people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm
+
+595
+00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570
+also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the
+
+596
+00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290
+trick. So when he landed, when he just went there,
+
+597
+00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800
+arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was
+
+598
+00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840
+sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and
+
+599
+00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440
+then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this
+
+600
+00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180
+big. And it's interesting how he tells us how
+
+601
+00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360
+everything shifts from the perspective of a normal
+
+602
+00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720
+human being to a giant treating people. The next
+
+603
+00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560
+book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I
+
+604
+00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120
+don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me
+
+605
+00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480
+time.
+
+606
+00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020
+It's not the same in the book. I think I made a
+
+607
+00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780
+mistake here.
+
+608
+00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080
+So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't
+
+609
+00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660
+write it wrong.
+
+610
+00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440
+Okay,
+
+611
+00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620
+so the first book, he meets these small people.
+
+612
+00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500
+The second book, he meets giants.
+
+613
+00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720
+Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small.
+
+614
+00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060
+See, the perspective changes. It puts you
+
+615
+00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380
+sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a
+
+616
+00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580
+tiny little person. It's a very interesting
+
+617
+00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400
+experience here. Now when he tells he attacks
+
+618
+00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960
+religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and
+
+619
+00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260
+especially the English society. In one scene, for
+
+620
+00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480
+example, he was talking to the king of
+
+621
+00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070
+Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when
+
+622
+00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050
+he described, Gulliver told him how England,
+
+623
+00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850
+the English people, they're living this way and
+
+624
+00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550
+that way, telling him about the politics, about
+
+625
+00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330
+the religion, about many things. And the man was
+
+626
+00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770
+like, your natives, the English people at that
+
+627
+00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050
+time, are the most pernicious race of little
+
+628
+00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850
+odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl
+
+629
+00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100
+upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst,
+
+630
+00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800
+horrible, horrible people. What a life you're
+
+631
+00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320
+living. There's no justice, there's no logic,
+
+632
+00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880
+there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is
+
+633
+00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040
+in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a
+
+634
+00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240
+direct attack against the English society at that
+
+635
+00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460
+time. The natives, the most pernicious race of
+
+636
+00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480
+little odious families. You're filth, you're
+
+637
+00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800
+trash. you're not civilized you are the very
+
+638
+00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320
+opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to
+
+639
+00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840
+a place where he criticizes science. Everything
+
+640
+00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880
+was being experimented on. There is a lot of
+
+641
+00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420
+detail here to speak about, but he attacks science
+
+642
+00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820
+and the scientific scientists of his age who
+
+643
+00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600
+wanted to experiment on many things. I think there
+
+644
+00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740
+was a scene where someone was trying to generate
+
+645
+00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780
+electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and
+
+646
+00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140
+years. He failed, but he still continued to
+
+647
+00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780
+experiment on this. And finally, he in book four,
+
+648
+00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680
+he meets, this is probably the most satirical of
+
+649
+00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160
+all the books. He goes to a place where the main
+
+650
+00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180
+characters, the civilized characters are horses.
+
+651
+00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980
+They live in a place called, can you read this
+
+652
+00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390
+anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like
+
+653
+00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530
+similar to this, like the neighing of the horses.
+
+654
+00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530
+Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are
+
+655
+00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150
+civilized. The animals are civilized. And the
+
+656
+00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750
+human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos,
+
+657
+00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510
+you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You
+
+658
+00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750
+do? That was like a long time ago. You must be
+
+659
+00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110
+very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so
+
+660
+00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290
+they represent humanity. So animals are more
+
+661
+00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390
+civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a
+
+662
+00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850
+dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear,
+
+663
+00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610
+but not a human being. The person who said rat was
+
+664
+00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990
+King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses
+
+665
+00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270
+satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong.
+
+666
+00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490
+He criticizes everything openly, directly in the
+
+667
+00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230
+book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's
+
+668
+00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030
+Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's
+
+669
+00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390
+Travels was because this is still a name of a book
+
+670
+00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330
+despite the plural. It soon turned into a
+
+671
+00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590
+children's story, a story for kids. like huh
+
+672
+00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290
+nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the
+
+673
+00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930
+kids do some illustrations some pictures and let
+
+674
+00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030
+the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started
+
+675
+00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310
+reading at that time but why would you turn a
+
+676
+00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690
+serious powerful satirical book into a book for
+
+677
+00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240
+kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I
+
+678
+00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640
+think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of
+
+679
+00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860
+the English people. So the English people were
+
+680
+00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080
+like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to
+
+681
+00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110
+the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my
+
+682
+00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330
+opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he
+
+683
+00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570
+wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class,
+
+684
+00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070
+probably we can speak about Swift's Modest
+
+685
+00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750
+Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please.
+
+686
+00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490
+One more minute. His last text here, it's actually
+
+687
+00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950
+an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest
+
+688
+00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470
+Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest
+
+689
+00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650
+proposal is
+
+690
+00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090
+an article where he suggests a solution for the
+
+691
+00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810
+many kids that the Irish families had. What is his
+
+692
+00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850
+suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We
+
+693
+00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970
+have too many kids. I think the best way is to
+
+694
+00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050
+sell them for the English people where they can
+
+695
+00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930
+eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of
+
+696
+00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390
+eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were
+
+697
+00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350
+like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So
+
+698
+00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390
+it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly
+
+699
+00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840
+and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this
+
+700
+00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220
+book, he was criticizing the Irish families for
+
+701
+00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060
+having too many kids, and he was also criticizing
+
+702
+00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340
+the English people, the colonizers, who were in a
+
+703
+00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960
+way or another causing the starvation and the
+
+704
+00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460
+famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping
+
+705
+00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120
+you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a
+
+706
+00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040
+question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank
+
+707
+00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280
+you.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f366244bcc3f8c1f1c6cf5df029905bb3fa4134c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/KUkNZMr8ktE_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2828 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:23,340
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English
+
+2
+00:00:23,340 --> 00:00:25,800
+literature class at the Islamic University English
+
+3
+00:00:25,800 --> 00:00:29,580
+department. As you all know part of your class
+
+4
+00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:33,920
+assessment is a five mark presentation on a topic,
+
+5
+00:00:34,400 --> 00:00:38,020
+an issue, a literary issue of your own choice.
+
+6
+00:00:38,120 --> 00:00:43,980
+Today we have a seal Asil Sharab, she has an
+
+7
+00:00:43,980 --> 00:00:47,600
+interesting presentation on George Eliot. Let's
+
+8
+00:00:47,600 --> 00:00:50,440
+spend some quality time enjoying this
+
+9
+00:00:50,440 --> 00:00:53,580
+presentation. Hello everyone, I'm gonna start
+
+10
+00:00:53,580 --> 00:00:58,710
+talking about George Eliot. This is a picture of
+
+11
+00:00:58,710 --> 00:01:01,130
+George Eliot. She's a woman, as you can see in the
+
+12
+00:01:01,130 --> 00:01:06,130
+picture. She was born on November 22, 1819, and
+
+13
+00:01:06,130 --> 00:01:13,030
+she died at age 61 in December 22, 1880. Her real
+
+14
+00:01:13,030 --> 00:01:17,450
+name is Mary Anne Evans. as you can see, and she
+
+15
+00:01:17,450 --> 00:01:22,050
+changed her name, she used a pen name, so her work
+
+16
+00:01:22,050 --> 00:01:26,770
+would be noticed, because in the Victorian age,
+
+17
+00:01:27,170 --> 00:01:31,150
+the male gender role was more significant.
+
+18
+00:01:33,970 --> 00:01:37,510
+I'm gonna talk about a poem she wrote, Sweet
+
+19
+00:01:37,510 --> 00:01:40,490
+Endings Come and Go Love. She's talking to her
+
+20
+00:01:40,490 --> 00:01:43,210
+love, and she's talking about their love story.
+
+21
+00:01:46,110 --> 00:01:49,570
+The explanation of the title is when considering
+
+22
+00:01:49,570 --> 00:01:52,270
+love, most sweet things happen in relations, but
+
+23
+00:01:52,270 --> 00:01:55,470
+they will eventually fade. Things in a
+
+24
+00:01:55,470 --> 00:01:58,730
+relationship, a lot of things happen, but at the
+
+25
+00:01:58,730 --> 00:02:02,350
+end, some feelings may miss, may come and go. It
+
+26
+00:02:02,350 --> 00:02:04,010
+doesn't stay the same for a while.
+
+27
+00:02:07,670 --> 00:02:10,650
+That's the poem. I'm gonna read it first, then
+
+28
+00:02:10,650 --> 00:02:14,770
+I'll let someone read it. This is in Spanish. She
+
+29
+00:02:14,770 --> 00:02:17,310
+started in Spanish words, then she turned into...
+
+30
+00:02:17,310 --> 00:02:19,290
+You don't know Spanish? No, but I can read it.
+
+31
+00:02:19,410 --> 00:02:24,250
+Okay, good. La noche viuna se viene, la noche
+
+32
+00:02:24,250 --> 00:02:30,790
+viuna se va, y nuestros nos hermos y nos volverás
+
+33
+00:02:30,790 --> 00:02:36,490
+más al vilánico. Vilániquico. Okay, and that's the
+
+34
+00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,430
+English part. Sweet evenings come and go. They
+
+35
+00:02:39,430 --> 00:02:44,410
+come and went for your. This evening of our life
+
+36
+00:02:44,410 --> 00:02:46,330
+love shall go and come no more.
+
+37
+00:02:49,190 --> 00:02:52,110
+When we have passed away, love, all things will
+
+38
+00:02:52,110 --> 00:02:56,010
+keep their name. But yet no life on earth, love,
+
+39
+00:02:56,150 --> 00:03:00,410
+with ours will be the same. The daisies will be
+
+40
+00:03:00,410 --> 00:03:04,630
+there, love. The stars in heaven will shine. I
+
+41
+00:03:04,630 --> 00:03:08,310
+shall not feel thee wish, love, nor thou my hands
+
+42
+00:03:08,310 --> 00:03:12,050
+in thine. A better time will come, love, and
+
+43
+00:03:12,050 --> 00:03:15,230
+better souls be born. I would not be the best,
+
+44
+00:03:15,510 --> 00:03:19,350
+love, to leave thee now forlorn. Can someone read,
+
+45
+00:03:19,570 --> 00:03:22,770
+please? Who wants to read? Not the Spanish,
+
+46
+00:03:22,930 --> 00:03:26,930
+please. You can read the English part. Okay. Sweet
+
+47
+00:03:26,930 --> 00:03:29,690
+evenings come and go. They come in an advent of
+
+48
+00:03:29,690 --> 00:03:32,650
+pure. This evening our life's love shall go and
+
+49
+00:03:32,650 --> 00:03:36,530
+come no more. When we have passed away, love, all
+
+50
+00:03:36,530 --> 00:03:40,510
+things will keep their name. But yet no life on
+
+51
+00:03:40,510 --> 00:03:43,870
+earth, love, but ours will be the same. The days
+
+52
+00:03:43,870 --> 00:03:46,990
+will be their love, the stars in heaven will
+
+53
+00:03:46,990 --> 00:03:51,650
+shine. I shall not feel thy wish, love, nor draw
+
+54
+00:03:51,650 --> 00:03:55,350
+my hand in kind. A better time will come, love,
+
+55
+00:03:55,570 --> 00:03:58,550
+and better souls depart. I would not be the best
+
+56
+00:03:58,550 --> 00:04:03,350
+love to leave thee now forlorn. Just to be clear,
+
+57
+00:04:04,230 --> 00:04:07,810
+I want to just say this word means for a long
+
+58
+00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:13,550
+time. So they came and went a long time ago. Also,
+
+59
+00:04:15,330 --> 00:04:20,630
+This is again, sign is a pronoun of yours, right?
+
+60
+00:04:21,230 --> 00:04:24,730
+Yeah, and forlorn is alone, means alone.
+
+61
+00:04:27,710 --> 00:04:33,930
+Okay, I'm gonna analyze the poem in brief. This is
+
+62
+00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,950
+the Spanish part. It's translated into English.
+
+63
+00:04:37,330 --> 00:04:40,750
+The good night is coming. The good night goes away
+
+64
+00:04:40,750 --> 00:04:46,680
+and will go and we will not be back anymore. This
+
+65
+00:04:46,680 --> 00:04:52,200
+is, I didn't, I didn't, okay. Here, the woman is
+
+66
+00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:55,700
+expressing to her love that their love has to end.
+
+67
+00:04:55,900 --> 00:04:58,940
+It has to become, it has to end for some time.
+
+68
+00:04:59,440 --> 00:05:02,540
+She's really attached to him, she loves him very
+
+69
+00:05:02,540 --> 00:05:06,740
+much, and he's everything for her, but she thinks
+
+70
+00:05:06,740 --> 00:05:12,460
+that she needs time to, in their future, it's best
+
+71
+00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:13,320
+for them to be apart.
+
+72
+00:05:16,120 --> 00:05:19,800
+The daisies will be there. Okay, this line means
+
+73
+00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:23,120
+that good things will last forever. The second
+
+74
+00:05:23,120 --> 00:05:26,560
+line talks about that the stars in heaven will
+
+75
+00:05:26,560 --> 00:05:30,000
+shine. She's saying that there's something in our
+
+76
+00:05:30,000 --> 00:05:32,200
+relationship that will always rise, that will
+
+77
+00:05:32,200 --> 00:05:34,480
+always be remembered, that will never be
+
+78
+00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:34,860
+forgotten.
+
+79
+00:05:38,490 --> 00:05:42,630
+Okay, I shall not feel thy wish. She's saying that
+
+80
+00:05:42,630 --> 00:05:47,050
+they would never wish to be back together, but
+
+81
+00:05:47,050 --> 00:05:49,590
+they're looking forward to be in a relationship
+
+82
+00:05:49,590 --> 00:05:52,010
+with other people, with another person. She would
+
+83
+00:05:52,010 --> 00:05:55,190
+go with another person, but she's saying that it
+
+84
+00:05:55,190 --> 00:05:57,390
+would never be the same with their relationship.
+
+85
+00:05:59,790 --> 00:06:03,770
+Also, she's saying that they won't want what they
+
+86
+00:06:03,770 --> 00:06:06,730
+had, but they will value the moments that they
+
+87
+00:06:06,730 --> 00:06:11,190
+share together. Sweet evenings come and go. She's
+
+88
+00:06:11,190 --> 00:06:13,350
+talking about the evenings, the romantic evenings
+
+89
+00:06:13,350 --> 00:06:15,710
+they had together, the meetings, the nights they
+
+90
+00:06:15,710 --> 00:06:20,630
+spent together. She's saying that they will never
+
+91
+00:06:20,630 --> 00:06:23,770
+be forgotten, but as time passed, the evenings
+
+92
+00:06:23,770 --> 00:06:26,930
+were less. They had less connections between each
+
+93
+00:06:26,930 --> 00:06:29,190
+other. They sat together, but with less
+
+94
+00:06:29,190 --> 00:06:31,610
+connections. Okay.
+
+95
+00:06:35,900 --> 00:06:39,060
+Here she's saying that the young love was awesome,
+
+96
+00:06:39,280 --> 00:06:42,900
+but when they grew older, their love grew with
+
+97
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:44,960
+them. They had difficult times, they had difficult
+
+98
+00:06:44,960 --> 00:06:45,400
+problems.
+
+99
+00:06:48,730 --> 00:06:51,230
+And she's saying here that better times will come.
+
+100
+00:06:51,410 --> 00:06:54,370
+She will go with another person. She will meet
+
+101
+00:06:54,370 --> 00:06:57,810
+other people, but her love will never be the same,
+
+102
+00:06:58,230 --> 00:07:01,750
+and she will have a bad time being alone without
+
+103
+00:07:01,750 --> 00:07:04,890
+him. But she's saying that she has to go see a
+
+104
+00:07:04,890 --> 00:07:07,990
+new, she has to start a new beginning. Okay, now
+
+105
+00:07:07,990 --> 00:07:13,550
+I'm gonna ask some questions. One second. Okay,
+
+106
+00:07:13,990 --> 00:07:17,970
+here, can someone tell me the mode of the poem?
+
+107
+00:07:19,140 --> 00:07:19,680
+The mood.
+
+108
+00:07:22,820 --> 00:07:26,540
+Mood, memories, okay.
+
+109
+00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:32,900
+Yeah, sadness for time, love for the time they
+
+110
+00:07:32,900 --> 00:07:36,680
+spent together, loneliness, she's alone, she feels
+
+111
+00:07:36,680 --> 00:07:41,640
+lonely. Okay, here in this poem, we have a
+
+112
+00:07:41,640 --> 00:07:46,560
+personification in these lines. Can someone get it
+
+113
+00:07:46,560 --> 00:07:49,010
+out? Personification.
+
+114
+00:07:54,230 --> 00:07:57,950
+Yeah, that is one, but there's another one.
+
+115
+00:08:09,880 --> 00:08:14,440
+Souls will be born. Yeah, souls will be born. The
+
+116
+00:08:14,440 --> 00:08:17,600
+souls that are not born, they live in us. They
+
+117
+00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:22,720
+don't have a time to be born. What is the rhyme
+
+118
+00:08:22,720 --> 00:08:27,100
+scheme of the poem? The rhyme scheme.
+
+119
+00:08:30,300 --> 00:08:33,700
+Can someone come out here to do it? Who wants to
+
+120
+00:08:33,700 --> 00:08:36,560
+come out here? A, B, C, D.
+
+121
+00:08:39,840 --> 00:08:46,300
+Yeah. A, A, A. Forget about this one, go to the
+
+122
+00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,660
+English one. Okay, go to the English one. A, B, C,
+
+123
+00:08:48,840 --> 00:08:56,600
+D. Uh-huh. A, B, A, B. No, just continue. No, you
+
+124
+00:08:56,600 --> 00:08:58,780
+can start over again with every new standard.
+
+125
+00:08:58,780 --> 00:09:02,780
+Okay. It's better to do this. A, B, A, B. A, B, A,
+
+126
+00:09:02,800 --> 00:09:05,920
+B. I did it a different way.
+
+127
+00:09:09,850 --> 00:09:13,870
+My advice, usually when you do rhyme scheme for a
+
+128
+00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,810
+long poem, start over every stanza. Because we
+
+129
+00:09:16,810 --> 00:09:18,810
+don't have a hundred English letters, because
+
+130
+00:09:18,810 --> 00:09:22,690
+there are poems with thousands of lines, right? So
+
+131
+00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:24,670
+with every stanza, especially when there is a
+
+132
+00:09:24,670 --> 00:09:27,290
+clear break in the stanza, you can start over to
+
+133
+00:09:27,290 --> 00:09:30,930
+make addition. So you know, A, B, A, B, A, B, A,
+
+134
+00:09:30,990 --> 00:09:37,550
+B. Okay, finally. We have two shifts in tone. The
+
+135
+00:09:37,550 --> 00:09:41,990
+poet shifted in tone. One part she's happy about
+
+136
+00:09:41,990 --> 00:09:44,630
+the relationship, but the other stands that she's
+
+137
+00:09:44,630 --> 00:09:48,340
+saying that she has to move on. Let me read it,
+
+138
+00:09:48,480 --> 00:09:51,900
+okay. In line, the shifting tones, the shifts
+
+139
+00:09:51,900 --> 00:09:55,080
+appear in line four. She started her poem by
+
+140
+00:09:55,080 --> 00:09:57,880
+saying that she has to move on and these things,
+
+141
+00:09:58,260 --> 00:10:01,440
+but then she tells their love that their love
+
+142
+00:10:01,440 --> 00:10:04,340
+shall not continue. She goes on to tell the
+
+143
+00:10:04,340 --> 00:10:06,560
+positive things. She talks about the positive
+
+144
+00:10:06,560 --> 00:10:09,380
+things they did in their relationship. Also in
+
+145
+00:10:09,380 --> 00:10:13,280
+line 11, she seems to be in an optimistic mood,
+
+146
+00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,740
+but then she moves on to saying that she cannot be
+
+147
+00:10:15,740 --> 00:10:19,300
+left alone. Thank you very much. And that's the
+
+148
+00:10:19,300 --> 00:10:24,200
+rhyme scheme I did. A, B, A, A, B, C, D, E, D, E,
+
+149
+00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:27,840
+D. But if you have like a hundred lines here,
+
+150
+00:10:27,920 --> 00:10:31,440
+where would you go? There is a solution for this,
+
+151
+00:10:31,560 --> 00:10:33,060
+but if you have to go for each
+
+152
+00:10:44,400 --> 00:10:48,500
+Okay, my comment here is that this is an excellent
+
+153
+00:10:48,500 --> 00:10:51,900
+presentation, well prepared actually. I'm very
+
+154
+00:10:51,900 --> 00:10:56,000
+proud of you, you should be proud of yourself. You
+
+155
+00:10:56,000 --> 00:10:58,440
+discussed interesting issues, especially that a
+
+156
+00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:01,560
+woman had to choose a man's name so that he can
+
+157
+00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:04,160
+publish. What does that tell about the society and
+
+158
+00:11:04,160 --> 00:11:07,360
+about publications and the canon and the
+
+159
+00:11:07,360 --> 00:11:14,190
+mainstream writing of that time? Two things. I
+
+160
+00:11:14,190 --> 00:11:16,450
+told you you have five maximum seven minutes
+
+161
+00:11:16,450 --> 00:11:18,610
+because we have so many students we can't you know
+
+162
+00:11:18,610 --> 00:11:21,490
+okay hopefully when we have fewer students in the
+
+163
+00:11:21,490 --> 00:11:24,270
+class in the future we can give you more and more
+
+164
+00:11:24,270 --> 00:11:27,410
+time so my advice is to pick one issue in a text
+
+165
+00:11:27,410 --> 00:11:29,690
+if you want to discuss a text just one issue one
+
+166
+00:11:29,690 --> 00:11:33,030
+thing for example I could discuss I could spend 20
+
+167
+00:11:33,030 --> 00:11:36,900
+minutes discussing the rhyme scheme in this in
+
+168
+00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,220
+this text, and how it reflects the author of the
+
+169
+00:11:40,220 --> 00:11:44,900
+theme, or how this text is a woman text, a female
+
+170
+00:11:44,900 --> 00:11:49,700
+text, rather than, because all the poems we read
+
+171
+00:11:49,700 --> 00:11:52,360
+so far here, the extracts, were written by men.
+
+172
+00:11:53,870 --> 00:11:56,550
+But here we have a woman. Does this reflect, does
+
+173
+00:11:56,550 --> 00:11:59,470
+this show? Is there anything the woman is doing in
+
+174
+00:11:59,470 --> 00:12:01,590
+the text, the female poet is doing in the text to
+
+175
+00:12:01,590 --> 00:12:06,370
+break the rules determined by man, to break all
+
+176
+00:12:06,370 --> 00:12:09,190
+these rules imposed on people, especially on women
+
+177
+00:12:09,190 --> 00:12:14,250
+by male critics? I think we can trace some of
+
+178
+00:12:14,250 --> 00:12:18,510
+this. Like for example here, the rhyme scheme.
+
+179
+00:12:21,690 --> 00:12:25,430
+The rhyme scheme itself, in my opinion, indicates
+
+180
+00:12:25,430 --> 00:12:29,270
+that she wants to break away with the rules of
+
+181
+00:12:29,270 --> 00:12:32,930
+decorum imposed here. For example, the go, your,
+
+182
+00:12:33,330 --> 00:12:39,550
+love, and more, we have A, B, C, B, and then
+
+183
+00:12:39,550 --> 00:12:41,450
+there's something new. We've never seen this
+
+184
+00:12:41,450 --> 00:12:43,790
+before. The fact that
+
+185
+00:12:47,710 --> 00:12:50,350
+times one, two, three, four, five, six, she's
+
+186
+00:12:50,350 --> 00:12:52,390
+repeating this, she's emphasizing this, she's
+
+187
+00:12:52,390 --> 00:12:56,890
+talking to, addressing love in her particular way.
+
+188
+00:12:57,210 --> 00:12:59,570
+But we've never seen a poem, in Arabic if you
+
+189
+00:12:59,570 --> 00:13:02,850
+repeat the same rhyme, I think every seven, like
+
+190
+00:13:02,850 --> 00:13:06,650
+seven lines or so, this is a sign of weakness. In
+
+191
+00:13:06,650 --> 00:13:08,610
+Arabic, in traditional Arabic poetry, classical
+
+192
+00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:12,510
+Arabic poetry. She's doing this. In my opinion,
+
+193
+00:13:12,730 --> 00:13:15,550
+she's defying the rules imposed by man. She's
+
+194
+00:13:15,550 --> 00:13:18,350
+writing her own poetry the way she likes, the way
+
+195
+00:13:18,350 --> 00:13:21,450
+she feels. Her own form, thank you. And this is
+
+196
+00:13:21,450 --> 00:13:25,890
+really interesting. Thank you. My last point is
+
+197
+00:13:25,890 --> 00:13:28,430
+that try when you do a presentation in the future,
+
+198
+00:13:28,610 --> 00:13:34,750
+go for official slides like white, black text,
+
+199
+00:13:34,850 --> 00:13:38,470
+white background, black text. Try not to crowd
+
+200
+00:13:38,470 --> 00:13:42,210
+your slide with a lot of information and colors
+
+201
+00:13:42,210 --> 00:13:44,790
+and everything. This is the rule that says seven
+
+202
+00:13:44,790 --> 00:13:47,810
+by seven, seven words, seven lines. Sometimes I
+
+203
+00:13:47,810 --> 00:13:49,970
+don't follow this. Hopefully when you're a
+
+204
+00:13:49,970 --> 00:13:53,170
+teacher, you don't have to stick to, you know, to
+
+205
+00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:55,910
+the rules. But yeah, it's always easier, better
+
+206
+00:13:55,910 --> 00:13:57,690
+for you and for your audience to
+
+207
+00:14:00,340 --> 00:14:04,840
+And again, thank you for engaging your classmates,
+
+208
+00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,220
+your friends here. Thank you very much. Let's go
+
+209
+00:14:08,220 --> 00:14:13,560
+back. Last time we spoke about a very interesting
+
+210
+00:14:13,560 --> 00:14:17,480
+thing. In my opinion, it was one of the most
+
+211
+00:14:17,480 --> 00:14:21,720
+interesting topics so far because we discussed for
+
+212
+00:14:21,720 --> 00:14:25,640
+the first time women writers, authors.
+
+213
+00:14:30,800 --> 00:14:34,480
+We spoke about, can you remind me? Who are the
+
+214
+00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:38,340
+people we spoke about? Noronoko. What is
+
+215
+00:14:38,340 --> 00:14:44,800
+significant about Mary Manley and Aphra Behn? What
+
+216
+00:14:44,800 --> 00:14:50,700
+is significant? What did she do? Yes? Okay, so to
+
+217
+00:14:50,700 --> 00:14:52,580
+speak, they were the mothers of the English novel.
+
+218
+00:14:52,760 --> 00:14:55,120
+In a way, they started the English novel. They
+
+219
+00:14:55,120 --> 00:14:58,340
+started the first steps of the English novel. What
+
+220
+00:14:58,340 --> 00:15:01,750
+else? What else did they do to literature, to
+
+221
+00:15:01,750 --> 00:15:03,850
+English, to women, to feminism, to the movement?
+
+222
+00:15:07,130 --> 00:15:09,830
+Mary talked about the rights of women. She
+
+223
+00:15:09,830 --> 00:15:14,740
+discussed the idea of rape being against men. So
+
+224
+00:15:14,740 --> 00:15:18,340
+they were spokeswomen for all the women in the
+
+225
+00:15:18,340 --> 00:15:22,580
+world. They spoke about men's violence against
+
+226
+00:15:22,580 --> 00:15:25,820
+women in the society. They exposed the vices of
+
+227
+00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:28,980
+men, especially the violence and discrimination
+
+228
+00:15:28,980 --> 00:15:33,680
+against women. And they said that her writings
+
+229
+00:15:33,680 --> 00:15:36,580
+were used objectively. Exactly, interesting. When
+
+230
+00:15:36,580 --> 00:15:40,460
+you read literature books, sometimes you'll find
+
+231
+00:15:40,460 --> 00:15:43,880
+people describing especially Mary mainly as
+
+232
+00:15:43,880 --> 00:15:47,040
+scandalous and objectionable, controversial. But
+
+233
+00:15:47,040 --> 00:15:50,640
+always remember, always go a step or two back.
+
+234
+00:15:50,740 --> 00:15:53,140
+When you read something in a book, don't take it
+
+235
+00:15:53,140 --> 00:15:57,360
+for granted. Ask yourself. Who's writing this?
+
+236
+00:15:57,700 --> 00:16:00,480
+Whose perspective? Whose opinion is this? And then
+
+237
+00:16:00,480 --> 00:16:05,900
+we realize here that critics of that time most of
+
+238
+00:16:05,900 --> 00:16:09,520
+the time are generally men. So this is a man
+
+239
+00:16:09,520 --> 00:16:14,140
+judging a woman. And generally there will be some
+
+240
+00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:16,740
+kind of discrimination against women only for
+
+241
+00:16:16,740 --> 00:16:23,560
+being So these were daring, brave women, brave
+
+242
+00:16:23,560 --> 00:16:27,380
+writers because they wanted to speak for the women
+
+243
+00:16:27,380 --> 00:16:29,440
+in their communities. And that's why Virginia
+
+244
+00:16:29,440 --> 00:16:32,600
+Woolf later on praised them, especially she
+
+245
+00:16:32,600 --> 00:16:34,540
+praised Aphra Behn. I think she said something
+
+246
+00:16:34,540 --> 00:16:37,960
+like, all the women in the world should put roses
+
+247
+00:16:37,960 --> 00:16:41,670
+on Aphra Behn's grave. This is how significant it
+
+248
+00:16:41,670 --> 00:16:45,430
+is. Today we move to speak about Daniel Defoe, and
+
+249
+00:16:45,430 --> 00:16:48,770
+hopefully we'll have time to discuss Jonathan
+
+250
+00:16:48,770 --> 00:16:53,730
+Swift. Traditionally, many people consider Daniel
+
+251
+00:16:53,730 --> 00:16:58,250
+Defoe as the father of the English novel. The
+
+252
+00:16:58,250 --> 00:17:02,770
+first real novel is classically, we don't
+
+253
+00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:06,050
+necessarily agree with this, is Daniel Defoe's
+
+254
+00:17:06,050 --> 00:17:09,310
+Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe.
+
+255
+00:17:12,260 --> 00:17:17,540
+Robinson Crusoe. It was published in 1719. Defoe
+
+256
+00:17:17,540 --> 00:17:19,600
+himself was a journalist. He started his life as a
+
+257
+00:17:19,600 --> 00:17:22,280
+journalist. And this influenced the way he write,
+
+258
+00:17:22,380 --> 00:17:27,900
+of course. Robinson Crusoe tells the story about a
+
+259
+00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:35,700
+man, an English person, who wanted to get richer,
+
+260
+00:17:36,440 --> 00:17:41,590
+to gain wealth, to change his life. And at that
+
+261
+00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:45,070
+time, the easiest way for any person to change his
+
+262
+00:17:45,070 --> 00:17:50,130
+life is to go out to travel to the new world, to
+
+263
+00:17:50,130 --> 00:17:54,090
+the colonies. Remember travel writing? It's being
+
+264
+00:17:54,090 --> 00:17:58,410
+developed here in a way or another. So his parents
+
+265
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:00,710
+were not okay with this because they represent the
+
+266
+00:18:00,710 --> 00:18:04,010
+older generation and he's the younger generation,
+
+267
+00:18:04,990 --> 00:18:09,670
+adventurous and everything. And he doesn't listen
+
+268
+00:18:09,670 --> 00:18:13,430
+to them. He goes with some people to work on a
+
+269
+00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:16,330
+ship, and they travel somewhere to the New World.
+
+270
+00:18:16,530 --> 00:18:22,790
+On his way, on their way, the ship was destroyed
+
+271
+00:18:22,790 --> 00:18:28,870
+by a storm. The only survivor was Robinson
+
+272
+00:18:28,870 --> 00:18:34,100
+himself, Robinson Crusoe. Interesting, maybe this
+
+273
+00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:39,560
+rings a bell because we've seen Tom Hanks in a
+
+274
+00:18:39,560 --> 00:18:44,300
+movie surviving on a desert island. So he lands on
+
+275
+00:18:44,300 --> 00:18:47,600
+a desert island in the middle of the sea where
+
+276
+00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:52,850
+there are no people there. no society, no
+
+277
+00:18:52,850 --> 00:18:56,330
+community. At the beginning, he was hopeful to get
+
+278
+00:18:56,330 --> 00:18:58,930
+out as soon as possible, people come and save him,
+
+279
+00:18:59,030 --> 00:19:02,130
+rescue him, and then he was... he passed through
+
+280
+00:19:02,130 --> 00:19:05,150
+so many stages of hope and despair, belief and
+
+281
+00:19:05,150 --> 00:19:09,170
+disbelief, and so many things. He spent about 30
+
+282
+00:19:09,170 --> 00:19:14,140
+years on the island that's really tough being
+
+283
+00:19:14,140 --> 00:19:18,620
+alone cut out isolated but because this is the
+
+284
+00:19:18,620 --> 00:19:22,280
+white christian european english man he always has
+
+285
+00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:24,740
+the ability to do what to create a civilization
+
+286
+00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:28,240
+and that's that's one theme here it's the power of
+
+287
+00:19:28,240 --> 00:19:32,230
+the white man how a European person, how an
+
+288
+00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:34,990
+English person can go anywhere in the world and be
+
+289
+00:19:34,990 --> 00:19:39,430
+the master and control. And he indeed begins his
+
+290
+00:19:39,430 --> 00:19:42,250
+own society or community. He calls it sometimes, I
+
+291
+00:19:42,250 --> 00:19:44,450
+am the ruler. This is my kingdom. This is my
+
+292
+00:19:44,450 --> 00:19:46,930
+island. Similar to what we had before in The
+
+293
+00:19:46,930 --> 00:19:49,510
+Tempest and Prospero saying, this is my island.
+
+294
+00:19:49,510 --> 00:19:53,190
+It's not his island. But a white man has always
+
+295
+00:19:53,190 --> 00:19:57,370
+been portrayed as such, being entitled to what he
+
+296
+00:19:57,370 --> 00:20:06,340
+doesn't own. Now later on there is in this island
+
+297
+00:20:06,340 --> 00:20:10,200
+he saves, he meets, he sees some cannibal. He was
+
+298
+00:20:10,200 --> 00:20:13,180
+terrified because he met some cannibals. You know
+
+299
+00:20:13,180 --> 00:20:18,780
+what a cannibal is? People who
+
+300
+00:20:18,780 --> 00:20:23,330
+eat human flesh, the cannibals. people who eat
+
+301
+00:20:23,330 --> 00:20:26,630
+human flesh was terrified because at the beginning
+
+302
+00:20:26,630 --> 00:20:30,770
+he saw one footprint not two not three just one
+
+303
+00:20:30,770 --> 00:20:34,570
+and then later on he was on the lookout and he saw
+
+304
+00:20:34,570 --> 00:20:38,350
+a group of people and he saved a person he was
+
+305
+00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:42,130
+about to be eaten he saved him physically
+
+306
+00:20:42,130 --> 00:20:45,510
+literally and of course metaphorically he named
+
+307
+00:20:45,510 --> 00:20:49,910
+him friday Very funny name. No offense for people
+
+308
+00:20:49,910 --> 00:20:55,410
+whose relatives are named Friday. But it's funny
+
+309
+00:20:55,410 --> 00:20:58,250
+because this is in a way in English at least in
+
+310
+00:20:58,250 --> 00:21:01,470
+Arabic we're used to Juma and Khamis. But we don't
+
+311
+00:21:01,470 --> 00:21:05,190
+know many people. We have May. You know, some
+
+312
+00:21:05,190 --> 00:21:07,830
+people named May after May, the month, but not
+
+313
+00:21:07,830 --> 00:21:10,790
+after the days. And the funny thing is that when
+
+314
+00:21:10,790 --> 00:21:13,930
+he goes back to England after years, he realizes
+
+315
+00:21:13,930 --> 00:21:16,170
+that when he was keeping record of the days and
+
+316
+00:21:16,170 --> 00:21:19,610
+the dates, he skipped one or two days. So probably
+
+317
+00:21:19,610 --> 00:21:22,790
+he should be named Thursday, Khamis or Arba or
+
+318
+00:21:22,790 --> 00:21:26,910
+whatever. That means, ah, but we don't have
+
+319
+00:21:26,910 --> 00:21:31,050
+Saturday. Something, anyway. And the other
+
+320
+00:21:31,050 --> 00:21:34,450
+character is poly. Do you know what poly is? Poly
+
+321
+00:21:34,450 --> 00:21:39,270
+is? Poly is a parrot. You know what a parrot is?
+
+322
+00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:44,050
+The bird that repeats stuff you say. A very,
+
+323
+00:21:44,170 --> 00:21:46,410
+listen, a very interesting community here.
+
+324
+00:21:46,770 --> 00:21:51,630
+Someone, he calls him my man. My man. He owns him.
+
+325
+00:21:51,690 --> 00:21:54,270
+It's like property. Because he isn't, he's
+
+326
+00:21:54,270 --> 00:21:58,890
+inferior. He's backward, he's not white, he's not
+
+327
+00:21:58,890 --> 00:22:01,330
+Christian, he's not English, so he controls him.
+
+328
+00:22:01,370 --> 00:22:06,410
+He tries to cure his religion
+
+329
+00:22:06,410 --> 00:22:11,690
+because he's in a way a savage, a backward, to
+
+330
+00:22:11,690 --> 00:22:17,900
+civilize him. Civilize and cure Friday because
+
+331
+00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600
+it's taken for granted that the English way of
+
+332
+00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:23,700
+life is the best English, the best way in life.
+
+333
+00:22:24,100 --> 00:22:26,780
+Now this relationship between Robinson and the
+
+334
+00:22:26,780 --> 00:22:28,920
+parrot and Robinson and Friday is very
+
+335
+00:22:28,920 --> 00:22:32,420
+interesting. When I read Robinson Crusoe, I always
+
+336
+00:22:32,420 --> 00:22:35,580
+like to compare between Friday and Polly. Listen
+
+337
+00:22:35,580 --> 00:22:41,710
+to me. The choice of the parrot poly as a bird
+
+338
+00:22:41,710 --> 00:22:44,730
+that repeats what you say is interesting because
+
+339
+00:22:44,730 --> 00:22:48,030
+the man wanted somebody to communicate with. But
+
+340
+00:22:48,030 --> 00:22:50,550
+the bird is someone who only parrots because
+
+341
+00:22:50,550 --> 00:22:53,250
+parrot can also be used as a verb. To parrot, to
+
+342
+00:22:53,250 --> 00:22:57,770
+repeat, to imitate. It only echoes. And this is
+
+343
+00:22:57,770 --> 00:23:01,190
+significant because Robinson Crusoe as a master,
+
+344
+00:23:01,330 --> 00:23:04,230
+as a colonizer, as an occupier, as an imperialist,
+
+345
+00:23:04,390 --> 00:23:08,540
+as a capitalist, he wanted people only to obey. He
+
+346
+00:23:08,540 --> 00:23:13,160
+wanted people to say yes, say, OK, I will obey. He
+
+347
+00:23:13,160 --> 00:23:17,020
+wanted people just to repeat what he says word for
+
+348
+00:23:17,020 --> 00:23:21,480
+word. In my understanding here of the novel,
+
+349
+00:23:24,600 --> 00:23:28,500
+I usually, again, this is somewhere here. I'll go
+
+350
+00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:34,280
+back to the rest. When I compare Friday to Polly,
+
+351
+00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:36,240
+I think Polly is a more interesting name. That's
+
+352
+00:23:36,240 --> 00:23:40,640
+number one, Polly. Right? Yes. But it's a pitna.
+
+353
+00:23:41,460 --> 00:23:45,780
+The most significant thing here for me is that
+
+354
+00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,540
+when Friday speaks, although he was cured and
+
+355
+00:23:49,540 --> 00:23:53,480
+civilized by the master, his English was still
+
+356
+00:23:53,480 --> 00:23:56,900
+broken. For example, he doesn't use the word. He
+
+357
+00:23:56,900 --> 00:24:01,820
+can't understand that man can have the irregular
+
+358
+00:24:01,820 --> 00:24:05,260
+plural of men. He's too stupid to understand this.
+
+359
+00:24:05,340 --> 00:24:06,820
+So he says man.
+
+360
+00:24:09,110 --> 00:24:13,230
+He's too subjugated. He doesn't say I generally.
+
+361
+00:24:13,350 --> 00:24:17,030
+He doesn't say I do this, I do that. He says me,
+
+362
+00:24:17,150 --> 00:24:19,970
+like always in the object. He can't be a subject.
+
+363
+00:24:20,130 --> 00:24:22,930
+He can't be the person who does things. He only
+
+364
+00:24:22,930 --> 00:24:25,870
+follows, et cetera. However, very, very
+
+365
+00:24:25,870 --> 00:24:29,890
+interesting thing. When Polly speaks, the parrot,
+
+366
+00:24:31,670 --> 00:24:36,310
+When it speaks, it uses perfect English, almost
+
+367
+00:24:36,310 --> 00:24:40,790
+Queen's English. And in one instance, I noticed
+
+368
+00:24:40,790 --> 00:24:47,810
+that Polly uses the past perfect tense, a tense we
+
+369
+00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:52,270
+generally don't use. I have been ranting for life
+
+370
+00:24:52,270 --> 00:24:56,970
+for 10 minutes, not once have I used the past
+
+371
+00:24:56,970 --> 00:25:00,640
+perfect tense. We don't use it very often. But
+
+372
+00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,000
+this bird is so smart that it can tell the
+
+373
+00:25:03,000 --> 00:25:05,460
+difference between two actions and which action
+
+374
+00:25:05,460 --> 00:25:08,380
+happened first, right? But Friday doesn't,
+
+375
+00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,080
+although he's the human being. So in my opinion,
+
+376
+00:25:11,220 --> 00:25:16,120
+this is how the book is presenting the white man
+
+377
+00:25:16,120 --> 00:25:22,120
+as the master, the owner, the king, the ruler, and
+
+378
+00:25:22,120 --> 00:25:26,790
+the others. the people of the black people people
+
+379
+00:25:26,790 --> 00:25:32,090
+of color as uncivilized ignorant backward savages
+
+380
+00:25:32,090 --> 00:25:35,870
+who need to be civilized and educated and that's
+
+381
+00:25:35,870 --> 00:25:38,170
+why people like Edward Said would look at this
+
+382
+00:25:38,170 --> 00:25:38,790
+book as
+
+383
+00:25:42,730 --> 00:25:45,850
+and allegory of imperialism. Again, we go back to
+
+384
+00:25:45,850 --> 00:25:49,150
+post-colonialism and post-colonial literature. The
+
+385
+00:25:49,150 --> 00:25:51,110
+book could be about many things. It could be
+
+386
+00:25:51,110 --> 00:25:54,090
+about, again, about imperialism and how you can
+
+387
+00:25:54,090 --> 00:25:58,790
+get rich in a capitalist society, how you can grow
+
+388
+00:25:58,790 --> 00:26:01,870
+rich when you own land and people. It could be
+
+389
+00:26:01,870 --> 00:26:05,070
+about the power of white people and white men and
+
+390
+00:26:05,070 --> 00:26:08,470
+how white men can civilize people and create
+
+391
+00:26:08,470 --> 00:26:12,230
+society and civilization. It can be about that. It
+
+392
+00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,730
+can be a moral lesson or a fable or an allegory
+
+393
+00:26:15,730 --> 00:26:19,450
+about survival, how people can survive despite
+
+394
+00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:22,630
+everything if they try, if they struggle. But it
+
+395
+00:26:22,630 --> 00:26:27,070
+also can be about how the white people, the
+
+396
+00:26:27,070 --> 00:26:29,570
+English people, the Europeans, the Christians of
+
+397
+00:26:29,570 --> 00:26:32,590
+that time can go anywhere in the world, occupy,
+
+398
+00:26:33,170 --> 00:26:38,920
+colonize. and civilized the people, so to speak.
+
+399
+00:26:39,240 --> 00:26:42,020
+So many things about this book. I'm not saying
+
+400
+00:26:42,020 --> 00:26:44,380
+this book is a bad read. It's really interesting.
+
+401
+00:26:44,560 --> 00:26:46,180
+It's lovely. Probably in the summer you could
+
+402
+00:26:46,180 --> 00:26:50,140
+start reading this book. But warning, you have to
+
+403
+00:26:50,140 --> 00:26:51,780
+really be patient with these books.
+
+404
+00:26:55,160 --> 00:26:59,040
+What we have here is that is again Robinson Crusoe
+
+405
+00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:03,020
+being represented to us as a man, as a fable of
+
+406
+00:27:03,020 --> 00:27:06,940
+survival, of praise to the white human, but also
+
+407
+00:27:06,940 --> 00:27:09,340
+in particular to white European spirit of
+
+408
+00:27:09,340 --> 00:27:13,340
+survival, that nothing can crush this spirit.
+
+409
+00:27:15,060 --> 00:27:20,570
+There is an interesting thing here also in the in
+
+410
+00:27:20,570 --> 00:27:24,910
+the novel to show how a capitalist society works
+
+411
+00:27:24,910 --> 00:27:27,430
+and functions and money is more important than
+
+412
+00:27:27,430 --> 00:27:30,630
+anything and materialism is more you know what
+
+413
+00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:34,750
+capitalism is capitalism what's a what's capital
+
+414
+00:27:34,750 --> 00:27:37,070
+your capital your capital is your money the money
+
+415
+00:27:37,070 --> 00:27:39,090
+you have you the property capitalism
+
+416
+00:27:41,810 --> 00:27:44,430
+Capitalism where you work for your own, you
+
+417
+00:27:44,430 --> 00:27:48,350
+collect as much money as possible, you want to be
+
+418
+00:27:48,350 --> 00:27:51,670
+as rich as possible regardless of what people
+
+419
+00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:56,610
+around you do. So that's very simplistic terms.
+
+420
+00:27:56,990 --> 00:28:00,170
+When he gets married, so we speak about a novel of
+
+421
+00:28:00,170 --> 00:28:05,450
+400 pages. 400 pages. When Robinson Crusoe gets
+
+422
+00:28:05,450 --> 00:28:12,180
+married, how long does it take? One page. In a
+
+423
+00:28:12,180 --> 00:28:14,500
+way, this is significant. I think there is also
+
+424
+00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,000
+another example where he buys some cows and horses
+
+425
+00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:19,780
+and it takes more pages than when he gets married.
+
+426
+00:28:19,920 --> 00:28:22,860
+So relationships are not as important as riches,
+
+427
+00:28:23,020 --> 00:28:27,360
+as money, as wealth as capitalism and imperialism
+
+428
+00:28:27,360 --> 00:28:30,900
+here. How did he get back to his land? He was
+
+429
+00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:34,420
+saved. Some people came to the island and then he
+
+430
+00:28:34,420 --> 00:28:37,700
+went back to England and he brought more people
+
+431
+00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:42,120
+and he went back to his island, so to speak. Okay?
+
+432
+00:28:47,720 --> 00:28:53,680
+So, a post-colonial critic like Edward Said, you
+
+433
+00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,740
+know Edward Said? A Palestinian Christian
+
+434
+00:28:56,740 --> 00:29:00,360
+intellectual, the author of Orientalism, one
+
+435
+00:29:00,360 --> 00:29:03,960
+person behind an important theory called post
+
+436
+00:29:03,960 --> 00:29:07,260
+-colonialism. Post-colonialism is the theory or
+
+437
+00:29:07,260 --> 00:29:11,300
+the literature that reacted to a colonial
+
+438
+00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:17,620
+occupation of those countries. Friday, part of
+
+439
+00:29:17,620 --> 00:29:20,760
+this, Friday was presented as uncivilized,
+
+440
+00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:25,520
+inferior, not only inferior to his master, because
+
+441
+00:29:25,520 --> 00:29:30,220
+he is in the book, but also to the bird, Polly.
+
+442
+00:29:30,400 --> 00:29:36,110
+How? We examine the language. But there are other
+
+443
+00:29:36,110 --> 00:29:38,270
+things you can read about Friday. Very
+
+444
+00:29:38,270 --> 00:29:40,290
+interesting, very interesting thing. Another text
+
+445
+00:29:40,290 --> 00:29:43,270
+by Robinson Crusoe, before I go back to the
+
+446
+00:29:43,270 --> 00:29:49,150
+pronoun, is called Moll Flanders. Moll, sorry,
+
+447
+00:29:49,570 --> 00:29:53,070
+Flanders. Moll is a name of, again, a name of a
+
+448
+00:29:53,070 --> 00:29:56,510
+person. So many books of this age, the 18th
+
+449
+00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,530
+century, took, many novels took their titles from
+
+450
+00:29:59,530 --> 00:30:04,320
+the name of the main character. If Robinson Crusoe
+
+451
+00:30:04,320 --> 00:30:07,360
+tells the story of a man who goes through a lot of
+
+452
+00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,380
+troubles and struggle, Moll Flanders traces the
+
+453
+00:30:11,380 --> 00:30:18,940
+life of a woman. Don't forget, the largest portion
+
+454
+00:30:18,940 --> 00:30:21,920
+of readership in the 18th century probably were
+
+455
+00:30:21,920 --> 00:30:26,160
+women. So as authors, you wanted to write things
+
+456
+00:30:26,160 --> 00:30:30,300
+for them, because they would buy. More than men,
+
+457
+00:30:30,580 --> 00:30:35,060
+actually. So this is about a woman. This woman,
+
+458
+00:30:35,220 --> 00:30:38,760
+Moll Flanders, is indeed generally not presented
+
+459
+00:30:38,760 --> 00:30:41,760
+as a good woman. She commits so many sins, so many
+
+460
+00:30:41,760 --> 00:30:44,660
+vices. She's a prostitute. She's also a thief. She
+
+461
+00:30:44,660 --> 00:30:47,600
+goes to prison. She does so many horrible things.
+
+462
+00:30:49,240 --> 00:30:53,000
+However, when she tells the story, she is already
+
+463
+00:30:53,000 --> 00:30:57,080
+reformed. She has already changed her life to the
+
+464
+00:30:57,080 --> 00:30:59,060
+better. And this is a major theme of the 18th
+
+465
+00:30:59,060 --> 00:31:02,380
+century, like Robinson Crusoe. Life is tough. It's
+
+466
+00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:04,920
+difficult. You have to struggle. And this is
+
+467
+00:31:04,920 --> 00:31:08,360
+capitalism. You have to work for your own self.
+
+468
+00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:13,970
+And if you work hard, you will be rich. If you
+
+469
+00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,430
+work hard, your life work is going to improve. The
+
+470
+00:31:17,430 --> 00:31:21,290
+same thing happens here. It's a really sad novel,
+
+471
+00:31:21,450 --> 00:31:24,990
+Moll Flandre, but at the end, it ends happily
+
+472
+00:31:24,990 --> 00:31:30,670
+because this is the spirit of the age, okay? So it
+
+473
+00:31:30,670 --> 00:31:33,770
+makes a moral point here about ways of living. The
+
+474
+00:31:33,770 --> 00:31:38,880
+reader shares her experience. And I, in a way,
+
+475
+00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:44,280
+identify with her. How does the reader share
+
+476
+00:31:44,280 --> 00:31:48,980
+somebody's experience? Because generally, when you
+
+477
+00:31:48,980 --> 00:31:52,960
+read a text, you sometimes find common things
+
+478
+00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,460
+between you and the characters. When you watch a
+
+479
+00:31:55,460 --> 00:32:00,020
+movie, like in Hamlet, yeah. Can I be like Hamlet?
+
+480
+00:32:00,160 --> 00:32:03,040
+Would I behave like Hamlet? Can I be like Shylock?
+
+481
+00:32:03,120 --> 00:32:06,670
+Would I react to this like Shylock? In a way or
+
+482
+00:32:06,670 --> 00:32:09,370
+another, there are so many ways for you to
+
+483
+00:32:09,370 --> 00:32:14,310
+identify, so many techniques the authors employ to
+
+484
+00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:17,410
+make you part of the text. The most important
+
+485
+00:32:17,410 --> 00:32:24,030
+technique is... Oh, thank you. This was a first
+
+486
+00:32:24,030 --> 00:32:25,810
+-person narrator. We'll speak about this probably
+
+487
+00:32:25,810 --> 00:32:32,370
+in two classes. The first person narrator.
+
+488
+00:32:34,950 --> 00:32:38,210
+When we spoke about poetry and drama, there were
+
+489
+00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:42,510
+no narrators. The drama is generally largely based
+
+490
+00:32:42,510 --> 00:32:46,950
+on dialogue or monologue scenes, acts, or
+
+491
+00:32:46,950 --> 00:32:49,450
+soliloquies, right? People just talk to each
+
+492
+00:32:49,450 --> 00:32:51,590
+other, and as the audience, we just watch and
+
+493
+00:32:51,590 --> 00:32:54,410
+judge for ourselves. But in the novel, there's
+
+494
+00:32:54,410 --> 00:32:58,510
+always someone, usually not the author, who tells
+
+495
+00:32:58,510 --> 00:33:01,790
+the story. It could be either, number one, a first
+
+496
+00:33:01,790 --> 00:33:06,360
+-person narrator where One character sometimes, or
+
+497
+00:33:06,360 --> 00:33:10,120
+usually the main character, uses I. Not always,
+
+498
+00:33:10,420 --> 00:33:13,520
+but usually the main character, the protagonist,
+
+499
+00:33:14,140 --> 00:33:17,680
+who tells us the story. So you open the first
+
+500
+00:33:17,680 --> 00:33:20,940
+book, you sign, I was born, I went to my parents,
+
+501
+00:33:21,060 --> 00:33:24,260
+I wanted to travel, I did this, I was shipwrecked.
+
+502
+00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:28,880
+This is a first person narrator. What happens
+
+503
+00:33:28,880 --> 00:33:32,460
+here, a first person narrator is an interesting
+
+504
+00:33:32,460 --> 00:33:35,420
+way to tell stories because when you read the
+
+505
+00:33:35,420 --> 00:33:38,540
+first page and the second and the third you keep
+
+506
+00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:42,400
+reading you find a lot of you in the text no
+
+507
+00:33:42,400 --> 00:33:46,720
+matter what no matter because humans share a lot
+
+508
+00:33:46,720 --> 00:33:49,880
+you have a lot in common when you find a lot in
+
+509
+00:33:49,880 --> 00:33:52,860
+common between you and this character using the I
+
+510
+00:33:52,860 --> 00:33:58,500
+I U sometimes largely or in part become the
+
+511
+00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,120
+character. You see yourself in this character, a
+
+512
+00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,460
+man or a woman. So this is one way for you to
+
+513
+00:34:05,460 --> 00:34:08,500
+identify. I'll elaborate on this later on,
+
+514
+00:34:08,640 --> 00:34:13,060
+probably on Wednesday, what it means to be. The
+
+515
+00:34:13,060 --> 00:34:18,060
+other type of narrative is the third person
+
+516
+00:34:18,060 --> 00:34:19,860
+narrator.
+
+517
+00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,200
+What is a third-person narrator? It's ambitious.
+
+518
+00:34:25,300 --> 00:34:30,240
+Yeah, there is all-knowing here, but generally a
+
+519
+00:34:30,240 --> 00:34:33,900
+story told to us from somebody, generally from
+
+520
+00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,400
+outside the text, where he refers to people as he,
+
+521
+00:34:38,260 --> 00:34:44,190
+she, and things it and they. So talking about
+
+522
+00:34:44,190 --> 00:34:48,210
+people, the third person, in the third person. So
+
+523
+00:34:48,210 --> 00:34:55,470
+Ali, if the story says, for example, I overslept
+
+524
+00:34:55,470 --> 00:34:58,950
+this morning. Oh, I'm tired. I have classes to
+
+525
+00:34:58,950 --> 00:35:02,810
+attend. And I don't have time to have my
+
+526
+00:35:02,810 --> 00:35:06,250
+breakfast. My mom is already shouting. I need to
+
+527
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,140
+rush because I have to do a presentation. This is
+
+528
+00:35:10,140 --> 00:35:15,280
+my life. This is the first person. I saw somebody.
+
+529
+00:35:15,400 --> 00:35:18,600
+I met him. I took a taxi. I paid. I had my lunch.
+
+530
+00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:23,300
+I went to bed. I started my job. I wrote a poem
+
+531
+00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:28,500
+and entered first person. But if it is like this,
+
+532
+00:35:28,680 --> 00:35:33,840
+it was nine o'clock and Huda woke up late. She was
+
+533
+00:35:33,840 --> 00:35:37,880
+supposed to do a presentation. She asks her mom to
+
+534
+00:35:37,880 --> 00:35:42,940
+wake her up at six. But her mom is nowhere to be
+
+535
+00:35:42,940 --> 00:35:47,800
+seen. She moves out. She calls for her mom. Her
+
+536
+00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:53,140
+mom doesn't reply. She was not at home. So she,
+
+537
+00:35:53,380 --> 00:35:57,360
+she, he, he, they, this is that person, narrator.
+
+538
+00:35:57,960 --> 00:36:01,000
+So because he started his life as a journalist,
+
+539
+00:36:02,380 --> 00:36:05,120
+Robinson Crusoe generally uses the first person
+
+540
+00:36:05,120 --> 00:36:12,840
+narrator in Robinson Crusoe and in Moll Flanders.
+
+541
+00:36:13,380 --> 00:36:17,520
+Your question. I just wanted to comment that the
+
+542
+00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:21,540
+first person could be so boring and you could feel
+
+543
+00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:26,120
+like he's so exaggerating himself. So the writer
+
+544
+00:36:26,120 --> 00:36:28,640
+should balance between telling the story and
+
+545
+00:36:28,640 --> 00:36:31,350
+telling about himself. That's a very interesting
+
+546
+00:36:31,350 --> 00:36:35,110
+point. But it depends, because things are
+
+547
+00:36:35,110 --> 00:36:37,130
+relative. What is boring for me could be
+
+548
+00:36:37,130 --> 00:36:39,730
+interesting for someone. Like football, for
+
+549
+00:36:39,730 --> 00:36:43,330
+example. I love watching football matches. But
+
+550
+00:36:43,330 --> 00:36:46,150
+some of you might hate them. Your friend could be
+
+551
+00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:48,770
+into football, but you could be like, come on. How
+
+552
+00:36:48,770 --> 00:36:52,030
+would you spend an hour and a half watching people
+
+553
+00:36:52,030 --> 00:36:55,590
+kicking a ball around, right? So it's relative,
+
+554
+00:36:56,090 --> 00:36:58,790
+this thing. But yeah, a smart author is one who
+
+555
+00:36:58,790 --> 00:37:03,360
+doesn't make us Feel bored. But a point here you
+
+556
+00:37:03,360 --> 00:37:06,340
+need to always think of. When you read this book,
+
+557
+00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,540
+you might feel it's boring nowadays. But remember,
+
+558
+00:37:08,660 --> 00:37:12,960
+this was written in the early 18th century. And
+
+559
+00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,060
+people were like, whoa, this was a huge success.
+
+560
+00:37:16,180 --> 00:37:20,380
+Even today, this is a huge success. It's a
+
+561
+00:37:20,380 --> 00:37:24,040
+classic. It's a famous classic. OK. I'll move to
+
+562
+00:37:24,040 --> 00:37:28,090
+speak about Jonathan Swift. Two takes for Jonathan
+
+563
+00:37:28,090 --> 00:37:30,330
+Swift. I hope we have time to cover at least one
+
+564
+00:37:30,330 --> 00:37:33,090
+of them today. The first one is Gulliver's
+
+565
+00:37:33,090 --> 00:37:34,950
+Travels. Have you ever heard of Gulliver's
+
+566
+00:37:34,950 --> 00:37:40,770
+Travels? Gulliver's Travels. Ah, too bad. The days
+
+567
+00:37:40,770 --> 00:37:44,370
+of the good cartoons are gone. This was turned
+
+568
+00:37:44,370 --> 00:37:46,810
+into a cartoon. I remember watching this many
+
+569
+00:37:46,810 --> 00:37:51,520
+times when I was a kid myself. Jonathan Swift. was
+
+570
+00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:55,560
+also an early 18th century novelist. Gulliver's
+
+571
+00:37:55,560 --> 00:37:58,300
+Travels, as the name suggests, also we have
+
+572
+00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,560
+traveled, someone traveling. His name is Gulliver.
+
+573
+00:38:02,360 --> 00:38:06,060
+So this man is known, very famous for his satire
+
+574
+00:38:06,060 --> 00:38:08,920
+and humor. For example, in his book, The Battle of
+
+575
+00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:13,900
+the Box, it's actually box. He presents box as
+
+576
+00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:18,860
+people in a library and the old box and the new
+
+577
+00:38:18,860 --> 00:38:23,780
+box are fighting. Interesting. But his most
+
+578
+00:38:23,780 --> 00:38:27,860
+significant work is Gulliver's Travels. And it is
+
+579
+00:38:27,860 --> 00:38:33,780
+one of the most powerful satires of all time. He
+
+580
+00:38:33,780 --> 00:38:39,520
+criticizes humanity in general. He criticizes
+
+581
+00:38:39,520 --> 00:38:46,110
+politics. Religion, science, everything. But in
+
+582
+00:38:46,110 --> 00:38:51,070
+particular, he openly attacks the English society.
+
+583
+00:38:52,130 --> 00:38:56,270
+He attacks English colonialism and imperialism
+
+584
+00:38:56,270 --> 00:39:02,050
+because Swift was Irish. You know, we spoke about
+
+585
+00:39:02,050 --> 00:39:04,650
+Ireland and Scotland. Ireland was the problem,
+
+586
+00:39:04,810 --> 00:39:11,050
+remember? So in his book, Gulliver's Travels, he
+
+587
+00:39:11,050 --> 00:39:17,210
+exposes all these faults and vices of the English
+
+588
+00:39:17,210 --> 00:39:19,970
+society. There are actually four parts in the
+
+589
+00:39:19,970 --> 00:39:24,690
+book, four books, four sections. Book number one,
+
+590
+00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:28,530
+he travels to a place called Lilliput, Lilliput.
+
+591
+00:39:29,650 --> 00:39:33,750
+in which he meets very tiny people. I think you've
+
+592
+00:39:33,750 --> 00:39:37,410
+seen this before, an old, a big man, a huge man
+
+593
+00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:42,770
+like this, you know, tied up by young little tiny
+
+594
+00:39:42,770 --> 00:39:45,270
+people here. I'm not sure if you know this. I'm
+
+595
+00:39:45,270 --> 00:39:48,570
+also horrible at drawing, but I hope this does the
+
+596
+00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:53,290
+trick. So when he landed, when he just went there,
+
+597
+00:39:53,410 --> 00:39:57,800
+arrived, I think he was, I can't remember. was
+
+598
+00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,840
+sort of asleep somewhere, or tired and asleep, and
+
+599
+00:40:01,840 --> 00:40:04,440
+then they tied him up. All tiny people, like this
+
+600
+00:40:04,440 --> 00:40:08,180
+big. And it's interesting how he tells us how
+
+601
+00:40:08,180 --> 00:40:11,360
+everything shifts from the perspective of a normal
+
+602
+00:40:11,360 --> 00:40:16,720
+human being to a giant treating people. The next
+
+603
+00:40:16,720 --> 00:40:24,560
+book, he goes to a place called Probigdang. I
+
+604
+00:40:24,560 --> 00:40:27,120
+don't know how to pronounce this. It takes me
+
+605
+00:40:27,120 --> 00:40:27,480
+time.
+
+606
+00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:42,020
+It's not the same in the book. I think I made a
+
+607
+00:40:42,020 --> 00:40:42,780
+mistake here.
+
+608
+00:40:52,040 --> 00:40:56,080
+So fix this, please. I should fix it so you don't
+
+609
+00:40:56,080 --> 00:40:57,660
+write it wrong.
+
+610
+00:41:01,840 --> 00:41:02,440
+Okay,
+
+611
+00:41:07,920 --> 00:41:10,620
+so the first book, he meets these small people.
+
+612
+00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,500
+The second book, he meets giants.
+
+613
+00:41:16,560 --> 00:41:20,720
+Enormous, huge people. So he himself feels small.
+
+614
+00:41:22,340 --> 00:41:25,060
+See, the perspective changes. It puts you
+
+615
+00:41:25,060 --> 00:41:28,380
+sometimes as a powerful person and sometimes as a
+
+616
+00:41:28,380 --> 00:41:30,580
+tiny little person. It's a very interesting
+
+617
+00:41:30,580 --> 00:41:33,400
+experience here. Now when he tells he attacks
+
+618
+00:41:33,400 --> 00:41:35,960
+religion, like I said, he satirizes politics and
+
+619
+00:41:35,960 --> 00:41:39,260
+especially the English society. In one scene, for
+
+620
+00:41:39,260 --> 00:41:42,480
+example, he was talking to the king of
+
+621
+00:41:42,480 --> 00:41:48,070
+Brobdingnang and then The king said this. So when
+
+622
+00:41:48,070 --> 00:41:54,050
+he described, Gulliver told him how England,
+
+623
+00:41:54,410 --> 00:41:56,850
+the English people, they're living this way and
+
+624
+00:41:56,850 --> 00:41:59,550
+that way, telling him about the politics, about
+
+625
+00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:02,330
+the religion, about many things. And the man was
+
+626
+00:42:02,330 --> 00:42:05,770
+like, your natives, the English people at that
+
+627
+00:42:05,770 --> 00:42:09,050
+time, are the most pernicious race of little
+
+628
+00:42:09,050 --> 00:42:11,850
+odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl
+
+629
+00:42:11,850 --> 00:42:16,100
+upon the surface of the earth. You are the worst,
+
+630
+00:42:16,940 --> 00:42:19,800
+horrible, horrible people. What a life you're
+
+631
+00:42:19,800 --> 00:42:23,320
+living. There's no justice, there's no logic,
+
+632
+00:42:23,440 --> 00:42:25,880
+there's no sense of what you're doing. And this is
+
+633
+00:42:25,880 --> 00:42:28,040
+in a way, I wouldn't say it's indirect, it's a
+
+634
+00:42:28,040 --> 00:42:31,240
+direct attack against the English society at that
+
+635
+00:42:31,240 --> 00:42:35,460
+time. The natives, the most pernicious race of
+
+636
+00:42:35,460 --> 00:42:38,480
+little odious families. You're filth, you're
+
+637
+00:42:38,480 --> 00:42:42,800
+trash. you're not civilized you are the very
+
+638
+00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:46,320
+opposite of civilized. In book three he travels to
+
+639
+00:42:46,320 --> 00:42:49,840
+a place where he criticizes science. Everything
+
+640
+00:42:49,840 --> 00:42:53,880
+was being experimented on. There is a lot of
+
+641
+00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:58,420
+detail here to speak about, but he attacks science
+
+642
+00:42:58,420 --> 00:43:03,820
+and the scientific scientists of his age who
+
+643
+00:43:03,820 --> 00:43:06,600
+wanted to experiment on many things. I think there
+
+644
+00:43:06,600 --> 00:43:09,740
+was a scene where someone was trying to generate
+
+645
+00:43:09,740 --> 00:43:13,780
+electricity out of cucumber. He spent years and
+
+646
+00:43:13,780 --> 00:43:16,140
+years. He failed, but he still continued to
+
+647
+00:43:16,140 --> 00:43:22,780
+experiment on this. And finally, he in book four,
+
+648
+00:43:22,880 --> 00:43:27,680
+he meets, this is probably the most satirical of
+
+649
+00:43:27,680 --> 00:43:32,160
+all the books. He goes to a place where the main
+
+650
+00:43:32,160 --> 00:43:35,180
+characters, the civilized characters are horses.
+
+651
+00:43:37,340 --> 00:43:39,980
+They live in a place called, can you read this
+
+652
+00:43:39,980 --> 00:43:46,390
+anyone? It's the sound the horses make. Like
+
+653
+00:43:46,390 --> 00:43:49,530
+similar to this, like the neighing of the horses.
+
+654
+00:43:50,870 --> 00:43:54,530
+Poignants or something. Okay? So the horses are
+
+655
+00:43:54,530 --> 00:43:57,150
+civilized. The animals are civilized. And the
+
+656
+00:43:57,150 --> 00:44:01,750
+human beings, the yahoos, the monkey-like yahoos,
+
+657
+00:44:01,830 --> 00:44:05,510
+you know? Do you have a yahoo email address? You
+
+658
+00:44:05,510 --> 00:44:09,750
+do? That was like a long time ago. You must be
+
+659
+00:44:09,750 --> 00:44:13,110
+very old to have a Yahoo email address. Anyway, so
+
+660
+00:44:13,110 --> 00:44:18,290
+they represent humanity. So animals are more
+
+661
+00:44:18,290 --> 00:44:20,390
+civilized. Remember the one who said I would be a
+
+662
+00:44:20,390 --> 00:44:25,850
+dog? No, a rat. That's a dog, a monkey, a bear,
+
+663
+00:44:26,190 --> 00:44:29,610
+but not a human being. The person who said rat was
+
+664
+00:44:29,610 --> 00:44:32,990
+King Lear, I guess. So what does he use? He uses
+
+665
+00:44:32,990 --> 00:44:36,270
+satire. And his satire is very, very, very strong.
+
+666
+00:44:36,410 --> 00:44:40,490
+He criticizes everything openly, directly in the
+
+667
+00:44:40,490 --> 00:44:44,230
+book. Interesting thing here, when Gulliver's
+
+668
+00:44:44,230 --> 00:44:49,030
+Travels was published, I'm going to say Gulliver's
+
+669
+00:44:49,030 --> 00:44:52,390
+Travels was because this is still a name of a book
+
+670
+00:44:52,390 --> 00:44:56,330
+despite the plural. It soon turned into a
+
+671
+00:44:56,330 --> 00:45:00,590
+children's story, a story for kids. like huh
+
+672
+00:45:00,590 --> 00:45:05,290
+nobody took it seriously oh oh funny do it for the
+
+673
+00:45:05,290 --> 00:45:08,930
+kids do some illustrations some pictures and let
+
+674
+00:45:08,930 --> 00:45:12,030
+the kids enjoy it's interesting that kids started
+
+675
+00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:15,310
+reading at that time but why would you turn a
+
+676
+00:45:15,310 --> 00:45:20,690
+serious powerful satirical book into a book for
+
+677
+00:45:20,690 --> 00:45:26,240
+kids Maybe. To make fun of this guy. Maybe. But I
+
+678
+00:45:26,240 --> 00:45:28,640
+think, yeah, I agree here. He was making fun of
+
+679
+00:45:28,640 --> 00:45:30,860
+the English people. So the English people were
+
+680
+00:45:30,860 --> 00:45:35,080
+like, OK, kick this out of the canon. Throw it to
+
+681
+00:45:35,080 --> 00:45:40,110
+the kids. And also because he was Irish, in my
+
+682
+00:45:40,110 --> 00:45:44,330
+opinion. His being Irish was one reason why he
+
+683
+00:45:44,330 --> 00:45:49,570
+wasn't taken seriously in this sport. Next class,
+
+684
+00:45:49,670 --> 00:45:52,070
+probably we can speak about Swift's Modest
+
+685
+00:45:52,070 --> 00:45:54,750
+Proposal. Or if I have one more minute, please.
+
+686
+00:45:54,990 --> 00:45:58,490
+One more minute. His last text here, it's actually
+
+687
+00:45:58,490 --> 00:46:02,950
+an essay. It's an essay. It's called Modest
+
+688
+00:46:02,950 --> 00:46:10,470
+Proposal. Modest Proposal. One minute. A modest
+
+689
+00:46:10,470 --> 00:46:15,650
+proposal is
+
+690
+00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:21,090
+an article where he suggests a solution for the
+
+691
+00:46:21,090 --> 00:46:24,810
+many kids that the Irish families had. What is his
+
+692
+00:46:24,810 --> 00:46:28,850
+suggestion? What is his proposal? He says that We
+
+693
+00:46:28,850 --> 00:46:31,970
+have too many kids. I think the best way is to
+
+694
+00:46:31,970 --> 00:46:34,050
+sell them for the English people where they can
+
+695
+00:46:34,050 --> 00:46:36,930
+eat the kids. And he speaks about the benefits of
+
+696
+00:46:36,930 --> 00:46:41,390
+eating flesh, kids flesh. And many people were
+
+697
+00:46:41,390 --> 00:46:45,350
+like, Oh, wait, wait a minute. They hated this. So
+
+698
+00:46:45,350 --> 00:46:48,390
+it's funny how his serious book was taken lightly
+
+699
+00:46:48,390 --> 00:46:53,840
+and his ironic text was taken seriously. In this
+
+700
+00:46:53,840 --> 00:46:56,220
+book, he was criticizing the Irish families for
+
+701
+00:46:56,220 --> 00:46:59,060
+having too many kids, and he was also criticizing
+
+702
+00:46:59,060 --> 00:47:02,340
+the English people, the colonizers, who were in a
+
+703
+00:47:02,340 --> 00:47:05,960
+way or another causing the starvation and the
+
+704
+00:47:05,960 --> 00:47:11,460
+famine in Ireland as colonizers. Sorry for keeping
+
+705
+00:47:11,460 --> 00:47:14,120
+you this late. I'll stop here, and if you have a
+
+706
+00:47:14,120 --> 00:47:19,040
+question, you can stay a little bit. Okay, thank
+
+707
+00:47:19,040 --> 00:47:19,280
+you.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a09e8fc8556095297fd990de332ddf6683eeff6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2480 @@
+1
+00:00:22,850 --> 00:00:28,110
+Today we start something probably different,
+
+2
+00:00:29,030 --> 00:00:33,750
+something new, related but still something new.
+
+3
+00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,150
+Last time we finished speaking about major
+
+4
+00:00:38,150 --> 00:00:42,090
+Renaissance poets and before that we studied major
+
+5
+00:00:42,090 --> 00:00:46,910
+Renaissance dramatists. We spoke about several
+
+6
+00:00:46,910 --> 00:00:50,570
+terms that we needed to understand and we still
+
+7
+00:00:50,570 --> 00:00:54,950
+do. We spoke about censorship, patronage, and we
+
+8
+00:00:54,950 --> 00:01:01,110
+also spoke about the canon, and last time, the
+
+9
+00:01:01,110 --> 00:01:06,320
+rules of Decorum. What do you know about the rules
+
+10
+00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:08,920
+of decorum? Did you read more stuff about the
+
+11
+00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,400
+rules of decorum? What does the term rules of
+
+12
+00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,400
+decorum mean in the context of literature here?
+
+13
+00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:22,220
+Rules of decorum, yes, please. The rules of
+
+14
+00:01:22,220 --> 00:01:26,880
+decorum are the rules that the poet has to have in
+
+15
+00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,160
+his personality or in his style of writing to be
+
+16
+00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:36,040
+in the group of canon. To write great poetry, you
+
+17
+00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:41,040
+had to follow certain rules, specific rules. And
+
+18
+00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,480
+many of these rules were strict. You had to follow
+
+19
+00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,560
+them. What topic to choose? Universal truths,
+
+20
+00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:52,220
+remember? The language itself. Not everything can
+
+21
+00:01:52,220 --> 00:01:55,120
+be poetic. Only highly embellished poetic
+
+22
+00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,560
+language. And then the form itself. You had to
+
+23
+00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,850
+follow a particular structure. a highly organized
+
+24
+00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:08,890
+form of poetry. And in the 17th century and 18th
+
+25
+00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:12,770
+century, this became even more famous than now,
+
+26
+00:02:12,870 --> 00:02:17,010
+more common than now. But during the time of
+
+27
+00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:21,050
+Elizabeth and later on, we have a group of poets
+
+28
+00:02:21,050 --> 00:02:24,750
+who did not follow the rules of the Quran, who did
+
+29
+00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:28,930
+not want to obey these ancient rules of writing
+
+30
+00:02:28,930 --> 00:02:33,590
+poetry, of versification. Before I explain things,
+
+31
+00:02:33,790 --> 00:02:36,910
+I'll give you examples from their poetry, and I'll
+
+32
+00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:42,010
+let you come to certain conclusions yourself. Look
+
+33
+00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:45,830
+at this poem. And again, I'm not mentioning the
+
+34
+00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:48,930
+name of the poet, because we care more about the
+
+35
+00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:52,150
+text itself. We need to appreciate the text
+
+36
+00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:57,130
+regardless of who the poet is. This is a poem, The
+
+37
+00:02:57,130 --> 00:03:01,530
+Sun Rising. Look at the shape of the poem and tell
+
+38
+00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,330
+me what you think.
+
+39
+00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:13,930
+Please. How do you know? Did you count the lines?
+
+40
+00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:21,410
+How many lines? This is not a sonnet. Ten lines,
+
+41
+00:03:21,790 --> 00:03:23,970
+not fourteen. So it's not definitely not. By the
+
+42
+00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:27,530
+way, this is the first stanza of a poem consisting
+
+43
+00:03:27,530 --> 00:03:33,540
+of Three stanzas. So the sun rising, number one.
+
+44
+00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:35,960
+Okay, you noticed very quickly the rhyme scheme.
+
+45
+00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:40,140
+Good, very good of you. And you think it has in
+
+46
+00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:43,240
+part something from the Italian sonnet Petrarca.
+
+47
+00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:48,280
+Something clearer than this, please. Oh, remember
+
+48
+00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,040
+the poems before when we studied the sonnets? More
+
+49
+00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,500
+or less they were like this. Oh, sorry. They were
+
+50
+00:03:53,500 --> 00:03:57,940
+like this. Remember five feet, five feet, five
+
+51
+00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:00,120
+feet, five feet, ten syllables, ten syllables, ten
+
+52
+00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:02,960
+syllables. Sometimes four feet, four feet, four
+
+53
+00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:04,620
+feet, like eight syllables, eight syllables, eight
+
+54
+00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:07,480
+syllables. So you read a whole poem, a long poem.
+
+55
+00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,120
+And I said this about Shakespeare's sonnet. We
+
+56
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:16,600
+have over 150. Sonnets, and almost all the lines
+
+57
+00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,440
+consist of 10 syllables, because this is the rules
+
+58
+00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,160
+of decorum, this strict, rigid form of poetry in
+
+59
+00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:26,220
+general, but of the sonnet in particular. So the
+
+60
+00:04:26,220 --> 00:04:29,840
+first thing we notice is that this poem, this was
+
+61
+00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:35,240
+written again in the Elizabethan Age. Clearly the
+
+62
+00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:40,430
+shape is not following the rules of decorum. If
+
+63
+00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:42,630
+you count the syllables, how many syllables do we
+
+64
+00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:46,750
+have in the first line? How many syllables in
+
+65
+00:04:46,750 --> 00:04:55,050
+busy? Busy, happy, two. Okay, one, two, three,
+
+66
+00:04:55,210 --> 00:04:58,930
+four, five, six, seven, eight. So four feet.
+
+67
+00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:11,130
+Unruly three. Unruly, like happy, two. Happiness,
+
+68
+00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:18,390
+three. Happily, three. Ha, pi, li, three. The
+
+69
+00:05:18,390 --> 00:05:22,050
+syllable depends on how many vowel sounds we have.
+
+70
+00:05:22,430 --> 00:05:28,870
+And then, why dost thou thus? How do you know the
+
+71
+00:05:28,870 --> 00:05:32,850
+number of feet generally? You divide the number
+
+72
+00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:38,970
+seven by two. And then, through windows and
+
+73
+00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:43,590
+through curtains call on us. One, two, three,
+
+74
+00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:51,470
+four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Come on.
+
+75
+00:05:53,310 --> 00:05:58,250
+Clearly there is an intention to change, to be
+
+76
+00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:02,570
+different. An intention to not follow the rules.
+
+77
+00:06:03,230 --> 00:06:07,650
+Not write a poem with strictly the same number of
+
+78
+00:06:07,650 --> 00:06:09,110
+syllables and the same number of feet.
+
+79
+00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:15,330
+If you code more, you'll find again, I think this
+
+80
+00:06:15,330 --> 00:06:20,450
+is also 10. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 1, 2,
+
+81
+00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:25,330
+3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and then 5 feet, 4 feet. So
+
+82
+00:06:25,330 --> 00:06:32,120
+number one, we notice the irregular form. The
+
+83
+00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:37,480
+number of lines, the number of feet in the first
+
+84
+00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:40,460
+line is not the same, second, third, etc. What
+
+85
+00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,980
+about the rhyme scheme? Can someone do the rhyme
+
+86
+00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:48,620
+scheme? Can you come here please? Yes?
+
+87
+00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:05,070
+Sun A Y, tell them why. The first sound takes the
+
+88
+00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:12,450
+first letter of the alphabet. Okay. Why B? Why not
+
+89
+00:07:12,450 --> 00:07:17,210
+A? It's different. It's not the same. So we go to
+
+90
+00:07:17,210 --> 00:07:19,850
+the second letter of the alphabet, which is B.
+
+91
+00:07:21,470 --> 00:07:22,830
+Okay. A.
+
+92
+00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,830
+New sound, we go to the next letter.
+
+93
+00:07:39,450 --> 00:07:45,530
+Parenthesis, C? No, definitely not. This is thus,
+
+94
+00:07:46,530 --> 00:07:50,970
+us, this is parenthesis. This is D.
+
+95
+00:08:00,010 --> 00:08:01,050
+Offices, parentheses?
+
+96
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:12,850
+No way. This is M. This is D. Not the same sound.
+
+97
+00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:16,930
+Definitely not the same sound. It's a couplet.
+
+98
+00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:24,190
+Thank you very much. Thank you. Is it regular? How
+
+99
+00:08:24,190 --> 00:08:27,010
+can we tell? Is it musical? Does it make a musical
+
+100
+00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:34,270
+pattern? A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, E. It is. It is
+
+101
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:36,770
+musical. But we can double check when we look at
+
+102
+00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:39,910
+the other stanzas. So this is stanza number one,
+
+103
+00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:42,650
+this is stanza number two. Strong? Someone do it
+
+104
+00:08:42,650 --> 00:08:46,070
+quickly. Someone. The rhyme scheme. Yeah, quickly
+
+105
+00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:53,430
+Also
+
+106
+00:08:53,430 --> 00:09:01,090
+D
+
+107
+00:09:01,090 --> 00:09:09,570
+E E So the same go here. It's the same. So this is
+
+108
+00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:12,210
+a regular rhyme scheme regular rhyme scheme
+
+109
+00:09:12,210 --> 00:09:18,340
+musical but The number of feet in each line is not
+
+110
+00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:22,660
+the same. But does that mean this is not musical?
+
+111
+00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,500
+Let's read the poem. Someone read the poem. The
+
+112
+00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:32,600
+first one, someone, please. Yeah, go on. The sun
+
+113
+00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:36,380
+rising, busy old fool and lonely sun. Why does
+
+114
+00:09:36,380 --> 00:09:41,940
+thou thus throw windows and throw curtains calm on
+
+115
+00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:49,880
+us? Must desire motions lovers seasons run saucy
+
+116
+00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:56,960
+saucy pedantic rich rich gosh child life is cool
+
+117
+00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,100
+boys and princesses princesses princesses go
+
+118
+00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:05,520
+talker handsome handsome handsome man that the
+
+119
+00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,860
+king will ride cold country ants to harvest
+
+120
+00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:15,320
+offices. Love all life, no season, no clime, nor
+
+121
+00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:21,200
+hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. I
+
+122
+00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,160
+think there is some music to this. Can you do it?
+
+123
+00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:24,720
+Yeah? OK.
+
+124
+00:10:28,770 --> 00:10:32,730
+It's not throw,
+
+125
+00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:41,450
+it's like you throwing windows, through windows.
+
+126
+00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:52,930
+So are apprentices.
+
+127
+00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,220
+Beautiful reading. Thank you very much. Let's see
+
+128
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,100
+what the poet is saying here. What is he talking
+
+129
+00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,100
+to? Who is he talking to? Who's he addressing?
+
+130
+00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:32,980
+Okay, who's that? Is he talking to a woman, to a
+
+131
+00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:37,980
+person? Yeah, he's talking to the sun. A
+
+132
+00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:41,390
+personification. And there is, if you don't read
+
+133
+00:11:41,390 --> 00:11:43,530
+the title here of the poem, and someone tells you,
+
+134
+00:11:43,650 --> 00:11:46,530
+busy, old, fool, unruly son, I'm sure some of you
+
+135
+00:11:46,530 --> 00:11:49,830
+will write it this way with O. Because these
+
+136
+00:11:49,830 --> 00:11:56,330
+features, unruly means naughty. Fool, busy,
+
+137
+00:11:57,410 --> 00:12:01,230
+adjectives that describe people rather than
+
+138
+00:12:01,230 --> 00:12:03,790
+things. So there is a personification of the son.
+
+139
+00:12:04,070 --> 00:12:10,410
+And generally, the son is also a symbol. A symbol
+
+140
+00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:13,330
+means something that stands for something else. It
+
+141
+00:12:13,330 --> 00:12:18,590
+symbolizes power. It symbolizes authority.
+
+142
+00:12:20,110 --> 00:12:23,390
+Probably, a new start, generally. But here, is he
+
+143
+00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,570
+happy with the sun? Remember that text, when the
+
+144
+00:12:27,570 --> 00:12:30,010
+sun was good because of the winter of discontent?
+
+145
+00:12:30,330 --> 00:12:34,290
+But here, the guy is attacking the sun, calling it
+
+146
+00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:40,560
+unruly, old, fool, busy. He's not happy with the
+
+147
+00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:43,000
+sun because the sun keeps sticking its nose, its
+
+148
+00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,160
+head, through the windows and the curtains. So
+
+149
+00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,800
+he's busy, old fool, unruly sun. Why dost thou?
+
+150
+00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,420
+He's interrogating the sun. Through windows and
+
+151
+00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:55,320
+through curtains call upon us. Must thy motions
+
+152
+00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,320
+lovers' seasons run? Saucy, pedantic, rich, go.
+
+153
+00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:04,700
+Go. Get out. That's why I would usually here in
+
+154
+00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,740
+this context take the sun as a symbol of
+
+155
+00:13:07,740 --> 00:13:08,200
+authority.
+
+156
+00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:18,490
+What's authority? Power. The mainstream. The
+
+157
+00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,650
+mainstream, the official worldview.
+
+158
+00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:26,150
+The poet, in a way, is personifying the son to
+
+159
+00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,430
+make this idea clear, as if he's talking to a
+
+160
+00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:32,690
+human being, to, I don't know, the king, or
+
+161
+00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:36,730
+probably the people, the critics who decide the
+
+162
+00:13:36,730 --> 00:13:39,670
+rules of poetry. You know what the word pedantic
+
+163
+00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:44,300
+is? Pedantic is someone who uses language in a way
+
+164
+00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,580
+to show off, like using big words, powerful
+
+165
+00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:50,940
+language just to show off that I can use better
+
+166
+00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:54,400
+language than you. So the fact that the poet is
+
+167
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,960
+personifying the sun and describing it as pedantic
+
+168
+00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,500
+and as nosy, you know, nosy because it sticks its
+
+169
+00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:05,620
+nose, curious, waking them up, he's saying, go
+
+170
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:10,660
+out. You're busy, you're old, you're a fool. Don't
+
+171
+00:14:10,660 --> 00:14:14,480
+disturb us, the lovers, because the lovers must
+
+172
+00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:20,680
+not or do not obey your rules. In my reading of
+
+173
+00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,080
+this poem, I think the poet is, again, when he
+
+174
+00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,980
+breaks the decorum of the lines here, he's also
+
+175
+00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:31,000
+breaking the rules by challenging the authority
+
+176
+00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,120
+itself, the sun that stands for power and
+
+177
+00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:38,640
+authority. The sun here, in my opinion, could be
+
+178
+00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,240
+the authority of criticism and poetry, the rules
+
+179
+00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,670
+of decorum. Because you needed to write. You had
+
+180
+00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:48,270
+to write poetry in a particular way. And the poet
+
+181
+00:14:48,270 --> 00:14:51,730
+here is dismissing this. Get out. Don't tell me
+
+182
+00:14:51,730 --> 00:14:56,490
+what I should do, when I should wake up. Why are
+
+183
+00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:58,730
+you sticking your head through the windows and
+
+184
+00:14:58,730 --> 00:15:02,210
+through the curtains? Get out. Go. Go instead of
+
+185
+00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:04,890
+waking me up, disturbing me, telling me, dictating
+
+186
+00:15:04,890 --> 00:15:09,430
+things on me. Go child. Let school boys. Go wake
+
+187
+00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:14,480
+up school children. And sauer apprentices.
+
+188
+00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:18,140
+Apprentices is originally apprentice. The boys who
+
+189
+00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:21,460
+work at somebody's place to learn a craft or a
+
+190
+00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:25,140
+skill. So sauer, you know, sauer is someone who
+
+191
+00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:28,040
+doesn't want to go to work. Go wake them up. Go
+
+192
+00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,600
+tell the court, the huntsman, the people in the
+
+193
+00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,200
+court that the king is going outside. Go call the
+
+194
+00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,680
+farmers. Tell the farmers, go harvest your crops.
+
+195
+00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:44,040
+Leave us alone. And then we have the beautiful,
+
+196
+00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,560
+beautiful, beautiful couplet here. Love, this is
+
+197
+00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:49,980
+so like Shakespeare, probably more beautiful in
+
+198
+00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:53,540
+many ways. When he says here, must thy emotions,
+
+199
+00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:57,880
+lovers, seasons run? I shouldn't obey the sun,
+
+200
+00:15:58,140 --> 00:16:03,040
+because we're more powerful. Love, all alike, no
+
+201
+00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:08,080
+season knows, nor climb. Love is all the time.
+
+202
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:09,920
+It's not in the morning. It's not at night. It's
+
+203
+00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:11,420
+not in the afternoon. It's not when you're hungry,
+
+204
+00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:14,280
+when you're thirsty. It's all the time. The sun
+
+205
+00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:19,200
+does not dictate this. So in brief, we have a text
+
+206
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,680
+here where the poet is clearly breaking the rules.
+
+207
+00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:31,420
+How? Number one, the form itself. But is the form
+
+208
+00:16:31,420 --> 00:16:33,540
+related to the meaning? In my opinion, yes. This
+
+209
+00:16:33,540 --> 00:16:36,720
+is a revolutionary poem in which the poet, the
+
+210
+00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,580
+speaker says, I don't want to obey anybody. And
+
+211
+00:16:40,580 --> 00:16:43,680
+I'm breaking the rules. I'm breaking the rules.
+
+212
+00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:46,640
+Look at the language. Remember, we said the
+
+213
+00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:48,980
+language was especially the language of courtly
+
+214
+00:16:48,980 --> 00:16:51,040
+love. This is a love poem. The language of courtly
+
+215
+00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:54,560
+love. Remember the sonnet? Shall I compare thee to
+
+216
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,880
+a summer's day? Now what more lovely and more
+
+217
+00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,550
+temperate. Come live with me and be my love, and
+
+218
+00:17:00,550 --> 00:17:02,450
+we will all the pleasures prove. But this is a
+
+219
+00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:06,750
+poem about busy old fool and ruly son. Why dost
+
+220
+00:17:06,750 --> 00:17:09,310
+thou through curtains and through windows call
+
+221
+00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:12,090
+upon us? It's like there's a powerful beginning
+
+222
+00:17:12,090 --> 00:17:15,570
+here. There's someone who is dramatic about this,
+
+223
+00:17:16,250 --> 00:17:18,710
+probably expressing unhappiness or
+
+224
+00:17:18,710 --> 00:17:24,850
+dissatisfaction. That's example number one. The
+
+225
+00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:30,140
+same thing applies. to the other standard another
+
+226
+00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:35,260
+text this is one we have in the book what do you
+
+227
+00:17:35,260 --> 00:17:39,300
+notice quickly look at the text tell me what you
+
+228
+00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:46,480
+notice about this raise your hand please remember
+
+229
+00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,680
+generally i do it like this i look at the poem
+
+230
+00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:55,090
+that's the first thing i do the second thing is I
+
+231
+00:17:55,090 --> 00:17:57,450
+count the lines because it could be a sonnet if it
+
+232
+00:17:57,450 --> 00:18:00,470
+is a sonnet there is something I can say out of
+
+233
+00:18:00,470 --> 00:18:05,150
+the lines the counting I go for the rhyme scheme
+
+234
+00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:09,710
+so what do you notice please okay
+
+235
+00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:16,570
+so it's one block 14 lines interesting it is a
+
+236
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:21,930
+sonnet remember the sonnet Italy Petrarch
+
+237
+00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:25,700
+Particular subject matter, particular rhyme
+
+238
+00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,740
+scheme, Shakespeare? The rhyme scheme. Let's go
+
+239
+00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:32,940
+for the rhyme scheme. Can someone do it? This is
+
+240
+00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:36,760
+going to be problematic. Come here please. Yes.
+
+241
+00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,700
+Okay, no problem.
+
+242
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,470
+Tell them what you're doing. Okay, the first one,
+
+243
+00:18:48,670 --> 00:18:53,990
+first alphabet, A, U meant it's totally different,
+
+244
+00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:59,770
+bent than meant A, sorry, B. Okay, good. U and U,
+
+245
+00:18:59,910 --> 00:19:09,010
+A, U, C, and A. U and U are not the same, U, U, U.
+
+246
+00:19:09,630 --> 00:19:16,730
+They're the same. M and bent B, different.
+
+247
+00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:22,560
+Okay,
+
+248
+00:19:25,980 --> 00:19:28,860
+before she continues, what does this remind you
+
+249
+00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:33,280
+of? Italian sonnet, Petrarch, remember? A, B, B,
+
+250
+00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:38,720
+A, A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, C, D. Go on.
+
+251
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:57,280
+I for I are you
+
+252
+00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:01,620
+sure maybe it is listen we started something
+
+253
+00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:05,880
+called imperfect rhyme what is an imperfect rhyme
+
+254
+00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:10,560
+there is rhyme but it doesn't rhyme hundred
+
+255
+00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:15,370
+percent probably fifty percent so anime Enemy and
+
+256
+00:20:15,370 --> 00:20:18,730
+I they are close but not close enough to be
+
+257
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:22,510
+perfect rhyme. So it should be DD Before she
+
+258
+00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:30,550
+continues. This is also Petrarch however Oh,
+
+259
+00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:34,490
+thank you. What is EE? Couplet. Thank you very
+
+260
+00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:39,110
+much. Good Listen to me The imperfect rhyme again.
+
+261
+00:20:39,250 --> 00:20:42,170
+Remember we said this before either it was read in
+
+262
+00:20:42,170 --> 00:20:44,810
+a particular way or when you read it you just do
+
+263
+00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:47,450
+it extend it stretch it a little bit so it could
+
+264
+00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:51,750
+be like anime I in a way a little bit close or
+
+265
+00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:54,900
+could have been pronounced in a way that But more
+
+266
+00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,220
+important to me is that an imperfect rhyme tells
+
+267
+00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:01,200
+us, when you read the text, be careful. The poet
+
+268
+00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,920
+is sending us a signal, a particular message. Why
+
+269
+00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:07,180
+we need to stop and see why there is imperfection
+
+270
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:10,340
+here. Does it reflect a particular idea? And
+
+271
+00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:15,500
+usually it does. So is this a Shakespearean or a
+
+272
+00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,540
+Petrarchan sonnet? Italian or English? Italian.
+
+273
+00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:24,060
+Are you sure? Yes. Half and half, mixture.
+
+274
+00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:34,840
+Generally, we have
+
+275
+00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,760
+several forms, but the most important forms are
+
+276
+00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,400
+again the Italian, the English, Petrarchan,
+
+277
+00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,000
+Shakespeare. We have a person here who's going for
+
+278
+00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:50,200
+Petrarch, the original, Sonneteer and then at the
+
+279
+00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,780
+end all of a sudden shifts to Shakespeare in a way
+
+280
+00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:59,940
+creating a new form in a way mixing things and
+
+281
+00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:08,080
+bringing a new form a bb a a bb a cd cd ee and
+
+282
+00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,330
+remember the sonnet With a couplet, it means
+
+283
+00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:14,950
+something. Remember we said some people believe
+
+284
+00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:18,550
+that only Shakespeare could do this, where he
+
+285
+00:22:18,550 --> 00:22:21,830
+develops in 12 lines a particular problem and
+
+286
+00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:25,670
+gives us the twist, the resolution, the closure in
+
+287
+00:22:25,670 --> 00:22:28,110
+two lines. So this is someone saying, I don't want
+
+288
+00:22:28,110 --> 00:22:30,950
+to follow Shakespeare, but I can be as smart as
+
+289
+00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:32,790
+Shakespeare, as good as Shakespeare, and this is
+
+290
+00:22:32,790 --> 00:22:34,270
+the couplet I have here.
+
+291
+00:22:37,070 --> 00:22:40,980
+So sonnet, different rhyme scheme. What do you
+
+292
+00:22:40,980 --> 00:22:43,400
+notice? What else do you notice about it? Now
+
+293
+00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,820
+read.
+
+294
+00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,220
+What is the sonnet about? Does anyone want to
+
+295
+00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,900
+read? Probably the first quatrain, yes? batter my
+
+296
+00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,540
+heart, three persons God for you, as yet but not
+
+297
+00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:02,700
+breathe shine and seek to mend, that I may rise
+
+298
+00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:07,260
+and stand o'er you, me and them, you're forced to
+
+299
+00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:11,160
+break, blow, burn and make me new. No, no, read
+
+300
+00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:14,300
+this again and pay attention to the B B B sound,
+
+301
+00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,460
+the alliteration. You're forced to break, blow,
+
+302
+00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,000
+burn and make me new. Break, break, blow, burn.
+
+303
+00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,300
+Yeah, that's that's part of the strong language
+
+304
+00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:30,100
+strong opening here. Is this a love poem? There's
+
+305
+00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:34,500
+God here. You know three persons in Christianity
+
+306
+00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,700
+who have Trinity. The Trinity. This is a religious
+
+307
+00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,800
+poem and the whole poem is about the poet trying
+
+308
+00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:49,500
+to break free from the sins of God's enemy, Satan,
+
+309
+00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,860
+the devil. He's asking God to break this
+
+310
+00:23:52,860 --> 00:23:57,820
+relationship between him and Satan, to free him.
+
+311
+00:23:58,460 --> 00:24:03,560
+Divorce me from who? From his relationship with
+
+312
+00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:08,620
+the enemy of God, Satan. Because he wants to be
+
+313
+00:24:08,620 --> 00:24:12,000
+close to God. He wants to be free. And there's a
+
+314
+00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,660
+paradox. I like the paradox here. Imprison me to
+
+315
+00:24:15,660 --> 00:24:19,840
+make me free. What is a paradox? Saying something
+
+316
+00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,900
+and saying the opposite. That's irony. Paradox is
+
+317
+00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:25,820
+a sentence that contradicts itself. When someone
+
+318
+00:24:25,820 --> 00:24:28,820
+says imprison me because I want to be free. What?
+
+319
+00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,190
+Feed me because I want to be hungry. Break me
+
+320
+00:24:36,190 --> 00:24:41,750
+because I want to be new. Generally, it's a
+
+321
+00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:44,770
+statement that contradicts itself. When you first
+
+322
+00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:47,810
+read it, you think it doesn't make sense. But when
+
+323
+00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:50,550
+you analyze it, when you put it in its context,
+
+324
+00:24:51,010 --> 00:24:54,550
+you realize how smart and witty this is. So he
+
+325
+00:24:54,550 --> 00:24:58,810
+wants to break the old him, the sinner, the person
+
+326
+00:24:58,810 --> 00:25:02,250
+that is close to Satan, to the devil, because he
+
+327
+00:25:02,250 --> 00:25:06,270
+wants to be new with God. He wants God to imprison
+
+328
+00:25:06,270 --> 00:25:10,690
+him away from the enemy of God, from him to him.
+
+329
+00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:15,010
+If you are a prisoner with God, you're still free.
+
+330
+00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:18,950
+He offers you a lot of freedom. So what is this
+
+331
+00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:24,510
+poet doing? Again, changing the form, changing the
+
+332
+00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:28,130
+rhyme scheme, and changing the subject matter of
+
+333
+00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:31,310
+the most important form of English literature of
+
+334
+00:25:31,310 --> 00:25:33,710
+that time, the sonnet. So there is a deliberate
+
+335
+00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:38,890
+Insistence on this, on bringing something new, on
+
+336
+00:25:38,890 --> 00:25:41,430
+breaking the rules of the Qur'an. This is someone
+
+337
+00:25:41,430 --> 00:25:44,130
+saying, no, I am more powerful than the rules of
+
+338
+00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:46,270
+the Qur'an. Because the rules of the Qur'an are
+
+339
+00:25:46,270 --> 00:25:50,770
+busy old fool and unruly. They keep just calling
+
+340
+00:25:50,770 --> 00:25:53,270
+upon us, telling us what to do and what not to do.
+
+341
+00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:58,690
+I'm not going to follow this. OK. One more. This
+
+342
+00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,490
+is another sonnet. Probably I can pass it on. Look
+
+343
+00:26:01,490 --> 00:26:07,140
+at this poem. it's in the book by the way and the
+
+344
+00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:12,540
+title is Easter Wings you know not Red Bull this
+
+345
+00:26:12,540 --> 00:26:17,840
+time but if you look at the text from afar it
+
+346
+00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:23,680
+sounds like a bird flying or probably two birds
+
+347
+00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,780
+flying because this is body the wings the body the
+
+348
+00:26:27,780 --> 00:26:28,300
+wings
+
+349
+00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:34,540
+What was that? The M?
+
+350
+00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,240
+But generally I just turned it this way because I
+
+351
+00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,680
+wanted to show you how it could look like a bird,
+
+352
+00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:48,140
+like wings. Easter, wings. Also Easter, you know
+
+353
+00:26:48,140 --> 00:26:50,400
+Easter, we are in March, Easter. This is also a
+
+354
+00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,860
+really just Christian thing here.
+
+355
+00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:00,220
+This is the poem. Now, the title, Easter Wings,
+
+356
+00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:06,400
+might sound religious. It is religious. But when
+
+357
+00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:11,380
+you look at the shape of the poem, remember, when
+
+358
+00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:13,440
+we go for Shakespeare, for Ben Jonson, even
+
+359
+00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:18,280
+Marlowe and those poets, same number of syllables
+
+360
+00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:22,840
+and feet. This looks crazy, because we have long
+
+361
+00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:26,600
+line, shorter, short, and then the shortest, and
+
+362
+00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:31,260
+then it gets long. Listen. Now these group, these
+
+363
+00:27:31,260 --> 00:27:36,860
+poets, this group of poets did something new to
+
+364
+00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:41,320
+literature, to English poetry. And this is
+
+365
+00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:46,880
+important because to them, the meaning is more
+
+366
+00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:51,860
+important than the rule. Again, the meaning is
+
+367
+00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:55,360
+more important than the rule. If I feel like
+
+368
+00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:57,680
+writing a religious poem in the sonnet form, you
+
+369
+00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:02,620
+go for it. If I feel that the line needs five
+
+370
+00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:06,000
+feet, I go there. If I feel it needs less or more,
+
+371
+00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:11,500
+I go there. The idea is more important. The idea
+
+372
+00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,780
+is more significant than the rule itself, than the
+
+373
+00:28:14,780 --> 00:28:19,680
+number of the syllables in many ways. Let's see
+
+374
+00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:22,640
+how they connect where the meaning and the form
+
+375
+00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,060
+are connected. In the rules of the Quran, like in
+
+376
+00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:28,360
+Arabic poetry by the way, sometimes when you read
+
+377
+00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,600
+Arabic poetry you find that a particular word
+
+378
+00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,300
+doesn't fit in the context. I'm not sure if I
+
+379
+00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:37,970
+mentioned this before here. What's his name? Elia
+
+380
+00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:42,010
+Boumadie, in one of his poems, Kam Tashtaki, He's
+
+381
+00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,630
+inviting people to be optimistic. And in one line,
+
+382
+00:28:45,710 --> 00:28:46,190
+he says,
+
+383
+00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:53,360
+So he's saying, like, be happy because the sun is
+
+384
+00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,640
+burning. It doesn't work. Why? Because he chose
+
+385
+00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,560
+this particular word, although it is the wrong
+
+386
+00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,220
+word, because of the rhyme and because of the
+
+387
+00:29:02,220 --> 00:29:04,980
+meter. It wasn't mulqafiyah. For those
+
+388
+00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:08,000
+metaphysical poets, for those poets we're studying
+
+389
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,100
+today, the meaning is more important. They can
+
+390
+00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,680
+break the rule for the right word, for the right
+
+391
+00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:18,240
+idea. Let's see how the meaning, the theme, is
+
+392
+00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:19,420
+connected with
+
+393
+00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:28,490
+The form. So this is the longest line, right? And
+
+394
+00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:32,690
+this is the shortest line. Same here, two lines,
+
+395
+00:29:32,790 --> 00:29:35,830
+very short, long, long. The first line says, Lord,
+
+396
+00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:42,730
+again, God, religious. Lord who created man in
+
+397
+00:29:42,730 --> 00:29:44,870
+wealth and store. And that's why we have the
+
+398
+00:29:44,870 --> 00:29:49,350
+longest line. He's saying, God gave man
+
+399
+00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:54,450
+everything. This big, the biggest thing. God
+
+400
+00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:59,710
+created man in wealth and store. And that's why
+
+401
+00:29:59,710 --> 00:30:04,270
+it's the longest line. What happens next? Man
+
+402
+00:30:04,270 --> 00:30:06,930
+begins to lose.
+
+403
+00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:12,390
+And then because there is loss here, the line
+
+404
+00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:17,240
+shrinks. Thank you for the word, shrinks. And then
+
+405
+00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,440
+decay, you know, decay decline, fades, decaying
+
+406
+00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:28,320
+even more and more till he became most poor, most
+
+407
+00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:33,200
+poor and we have the shortest line. But what
+
+408
+00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,900
+happens next with thee, thee here, Lord. Let me
+
+409
+00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,980
+rise. Because there's rising, it grows again
+
+410
+00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:43,940
+bigger because you connect, you go back to God. As
+
+411
+00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,960
+larks, as birds. You know the lark? Harmoniously
+
+412
+00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,920
+and sing this day thy victories. Then shall the
+
+413
+00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:55,260
+fall further the flight in me. Oh, thank you. I
+
+414
+00:30:55,260 --> 00:31:00,660
+love the further alliteration. The fall further
+
+415
+00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:05,790
+the flight. It's alliteration where the sound It's
+
+416
+00:31:05,790 --> 00:31:11,210
+like, it's like wings fluttering. Similar to this
+
+417
+00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:15,710
+in a way, fluttering. The fall, further, the
+
+418
+00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:20,110
+flight, there is alliteration here, but also there
+
+419
+00:31:20,110 --> 00:31:27,910
+is a paradox. What's a paradox? A sentence that is
+
+420
+00:31:27,910 --> 00:31:32,190
+self-contradictory. How does the fall further the
+
+421
+00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:36,030
+flight? If you fall, you fall. But here he says,
+
+422
+00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:41,030
+if I fall, I rise up above. Because this is a
+
+423
+00:31:41,030 --> 00:31:44,470
+religious concept here. If you commit a sin and
+
+424
+00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:49,150
+you repent, you go back to God, you will rise
+
+425
+00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:52,270
+higher than ever before. If you count the number
+
+426
+00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:57,310
+of syllables here, Ten. Can you say how that
+
+427
+00:31:57,310 --> 00:32:05,530
+worked with you? One, two, three, four,
+
+428
+00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:07,610
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+429
+00:32:07,810 --> 00:32:10,030
+three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
+
+430
+00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:11,050
+nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six,
+
+431
+00:32:11,050 --> 00:32:11,590
+seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four,
+
+432
+00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:11,990
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+433
+00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:12,090
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
+
+434
+00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:13,010
+nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six,
+
+435
+00:32:13,010 --> 00:32:14,750
+seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four,
+
+436
+00:32:14,750 --> 00:32:15,250
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+437
+00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:17,150
+One, two,
+
+438
+00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:21,470
+three, four, five, six, seven
+
+439
+00:32:24,690 --> 00:32:28,870
+One foot. One foot. No, two syllables, one foot.
+
+440
+00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:35,270
+Plural of foot. And then one, two, three, four,
+
+441
+00:32:35,510 --> 00:32:39,950
+five. The same thing happens again and again. But
+
+442
+00:32:39,950 --> 00:32:42,250
+again, what I'm saying here is that the longest
+
+443
+00:32:42,250 --> 00:32:46,330
+line corresponds, is connected with what it means.
+
+444
+00:32:47,030 --> 00:32:51,930
+Wealth and store. God gave man everything. And
+
+445
+00:32:51,930 --> 00:32:55,930
+when man lost everything, became the most, most
+
+446
+00:32:55,930 --> 00:33:00,930
+poor. Same thing happens again. Most thin, because
+
+447
+00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:03,210
+this is the most thin physically, it's the most
+
+448
+00:33:03,210 --> 00:33:07,930
+thin. But the poet is saying that I want to imp.
+
+449
+00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:12,230
+Imp means like link, glue, connect. My wing on
+
+450
+00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:14,850
+thine. And that's why we have here, this is a bird
+
+451
+00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:18,220
+probably standing for man. And this is another
+
+452
+00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:23,040
+bird standing for Jesus or God. And he wants the
+
+453
+00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:27,920
+wings to be connected so they can... Affliction,
+
+454
+00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:31,680
+pain shall advance the flight in me. I want to go
+
+455
+00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,840
+back to you, God. Forgive my sins. I love you,
+
+456
+00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,380
+God. I'm coming back to you. Look at the rhyme
+
+457
+00:33:38,380 --> 00:33:48,240
+scheme here. We have Thor. Same. B, more, A, B,
+
+458
+00:33:48,780 --> 00:33:56,820
+Puro, so A, D, C, rise, D, listen, harmoniously
+
+459
+00:33:56,820 --> 00:34:02,660
+rhymes with D but imperfectly. So C, also rise and
+
+460
+00:34:02,660 --> 00:34:07,640
+victories, they rhyme but imperfect rhyme. So D
+
+461
+00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:09,600
+and C.
+
+462
+00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:18,680
+So A, B, A, B, A. C, D, C, D, C. And the same
+
+463
+00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:25,760
+thing happens later on. What do we see here again
+
+464
+00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:31,100
+is that a poet deliberately, on purpose, changing
+
+465
+00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,460
+the form. And the form is not random. It's
+
+466
+00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:39,830
+connected with the meaning in many ways. If you
+
+467
+00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,610
+notice, we have in one stanza, we have two
+
+468
+00:34:42,610 --> 00:34:46,090
+imperfect rhymes here. So they don't look for the
+
+469
+00:34:46,090 --> 00:34:47,950
+perfect rhyme. They don't look for the most
+
+470
+00:34:47,950 --> 00:34:51,030
+beautiful, most elegant, most powerful, most
+
+471
+00:34:51,030 --> 00:34:55,590
+highly, you know. Like a word that really is
+
+472
+00:34:55,590 --> 00:34:59,110
+poetic that only poets and only people who go to
+
+473
+00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:02,430
+university know. The right word in the right place
+
+474
+00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:06,070
+is usually used. Because the meaning is more
+
+475
+00:35:06,070 --> 00:35:10,610
+important than the rule. What is this?
+
+476
+00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:17,550
+Okay, see, this is clearer here. What is this?
+
+477
+00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:25,890
+This is John Donne and his school of poets. John
+
+478
+00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:31,910
+Donne. John Donne. And his followers, George
+
+479
+00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:35,710
+Herbert. The Easter Wings poem is a poem by
+
+480
+00:35:37,930 --> 00:35:44,450
+Someone named George Herbert. So in brief, to wrap
+
+481
+00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:48,850
+things up, John Donne as a poet clearly was
+
+482
+00:35:48,850 --> 00:35:51,830
+dissatisfied with the way English poetry was
+
+483
+00:35:51,830 --> 00:35:54,270
+written during his time. He didn't like the rules
+
+484
+00:35:54,270 --> 00:35:57,470
+of decorum, so he broke them. He changed many
+
+485
+00:35:57,470 --> 00:36:00,270
+things. He changed something about the form, about
+
+486
+00:36:00,270 --> 00:36:05,210
+the language, about the rules, the meter. For this
+
+487
+00:36:05,210 --> 00:36:08,150
+poet, the idea is more important than the rule. So
+
+488
+00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:11,570
+he would break the rule just to convey the right
+
+489
+00:36:11,570 --> 00:36:12,010
+idea.
+
+490
+00:36:15,150 --> 00:36:18,330
+And what does that mean? Does it mean that it was
+
+491
+00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:24,390
+okay to do this then? Of course not. Remember,
+
+492
+00:36:24,510 --> 00:36:27,450
+this is the heyday of Renaissance. And then we
+
+493
+00:36:27,450 --> 00:36:30,950
+will be having the neoclassical age, the age that
+
+494
+00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:34,970
+emphasized rules over meanings in so many ways.
+
+495
+00:36:35,810 --> 00:36:37,810
+The rules of decorum were sacred. You had to
+
+496
+00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:40,790
+follow them. And when someone comes to do this,
+
+497
+00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:45,300
+number one, he's viewed as a threat. Writing
+
+498
+00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:47,960
+something different, writing something new could
+
+499
+00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,640
+be viewed as a threat because some patrons might
+
+500
+00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:53,880
+find this interesting and would be, oh, I want
+
+501
+00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,260
+this poet who writes different poetry. And I want
+
+502
+00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:00,020
+to give him money. I want to bring him. So
+
+503
+00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:03,940
+probably some critics of that time viewed this as
+
+504
+00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:06,700
+a threat. But definitely, they didn't like
+
+505
+00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:10,980
+Diondan. But not because Diondan was writing bad
+
+506
+00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:17,700
+poetry. or difficult poetry, or complex poetry. It
+
+507
+00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,260
+was because John Donne was breaking the rules. And
+
+508
+00:37:20,260 --> 00:37:22,760
+the rules for them are the most important things.
+
+509
+00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:27,160
+One critic, Johnson, we studied Johnson already as
+
+510
+00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,560
+a dramatist and a poet, he said, John Donne
+
+511
+00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,260
+deserves hanging. Yeah, that's extreme. He
+
+512
+00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:38,040
+deserves hanging.
+
+513
+00:37:38,740 --> 00:37:43,210
+For what? For writing different poetry? Where's
+
+514
+00:37:43,210 --> 00:37:46,070
+the freedom of speech, right? And he said, John
+
+515
+00:37:46,070 --> 00:37:50,310
+Donne will perish. You know perish? He will
+
+516
+00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:55,030
+decline. He will be forgotten. Perish. No one will
+
+517
+00:37:55,030 --> 00:38:01,130
+remember him. Perish. He will vanish. He will
+
+518
+00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:03,630
+disappear because no one will like his poetry.
+
+519
+00:38:03,730 --> 00:38:06,550
+Actually, many people liked his poetry, but the
+
+520
+00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:10,790
+mainstream critics The critics who called for the
+
+521
+00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:12,470
+rules of the Quran did it like this, and they
+
+522
+00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:14,450
+kicked John Donne and his followers from the
+
+523
+00:38:14,450 --> 00:38:18,590
+canon. They would also not talk about them, ignore
+
+524
+00:38:18,590 --> 00:38:20,710
+them, and when they talk about them, they would
+
+525
+00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:23,110
+negatively frame them. Remember the word frame?
+
+526
+00:38:24,190 --> 00:38:28,370
+Important word here. Frame? to describe somebody
+
+527
+00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:31,130
+in a negative way or a positive way. But here,
+
+528
+00:38:31,210 --> 00:38:35,310
+John Donne was negatively framed by the mainstream
+
+529
+00:38:35,310 --> 00:38:39,210
+critics. How? Someone said, he deserves hanging.
+
+530
+00:38:39,430 --> 00:38:43,810
+Someone said, he will perish. Someone said, he
+
+531
+00:38:43,810 --> 00:38:47,650
+writes a perplexing poetry. Someone said, John
+
+532
+00:38:47,650 --> 00:38:49,650
+Donne, this is not poetry, this is verse.
+
+533
+00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:55,620
+Someone said even, because a lot of critics agree
+
+534
+00:38:55,620 --> 00:38:59,520
+that John Donne is smart, witty. Alexander Pope
+
+535
+00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:05,060
+said, no, he doesn't have an extraordinary kind of
+
+536
+00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:09,240
+wit. All poets have the same level of wit like
+
+537
+00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:14,120
+Donne. So John Donne and his followers, for about
+
+538
+00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:20,390
+200 years, was in a way marginalized, was not in
+
+539
+00:39:20,390 --> 00:39:24,790
+the canon, was kicked out. And thanks to a very
+
+540
+00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,790
+important man, a very important critic, a very
+
+541
+00:39:28,790 --> 00:39:32,130
+important poet in the 20th century, early 20th
+
+542
+00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:38,930
+century, T.S. Eliot. The Wasteland, April is the
+
+543
+00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:44,390
+cruelest month. When he was reading poetry, he
+
+544
+00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:48,530
+came across the metaphysical poets, John Donne.
+
+545
+00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:52,190
+And he said, wow, these are important poets. He
+
+546
+00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:57,030
+showed how important their poetry was, to the
+
+547
+00:39:57,030 --> 00:40:00,770
+extent that in the 20th century, John Donne and
+
+548
+00:40:00,770 --> 00:40:03,630
+his followers became more important than Johnson,
+
+549
+00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:06,790
+than Dryden, than Samuel Johnson, and then
+
+550
+00:40:06,790 --> 00:40:10,810
+Alexander Pope combined. Many poets in the 20th
+
+551
+00:40:10,810 --> 00:40:13,510
+century started to imitate them in a way. That's
+
+552
+00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:17,530
+why John Donne is considered a modernist. What is
+
+553
+00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:18,190
+a modernist?
+
+554
+00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:25,750
+Modernism. He brings new ideas, he experiments, he
+
+555
+00:40:25,750 --> 00:40:30,870
+changes. The 20th century went back to the poets
+
+556
+00:40:30,870 --> 00:40:34,030
+like John Donne to imitate them, to learn from
+
+557
+00:40:34,030 --> 00:40:39,540
+them. And finally, when we read the literature
+
+558
+00:40:39,540 --> 00:40:42,480
+box, we will come across the term metaphysical.
+
+559
+00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,780
+Listen to this again. Metaphysical poetry,
+
+560
+00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:48,860
+metaphysical poets. This is an ugly term. Look at
+
+561
+00:40:48,860 --> 00:40:51,900
+it. It's horrible, right? Metaphysical poetry. It
+
+562
+00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:57,580
+sounds terrorizing, intimidating, spooky. Now,
+
+563
+00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,900
+this term was used again by the mainstream critics
+
+564
+00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,220
+Dryden and Johnson to describe John Donne and his
+
+565
+00:41:04,220 --> 00:41:07,340
+followers. What does it mean, metaphysical?
+
+566
+00:41:07,620 --> 00:41:10,180
+Believe me, it doesn't mean much. It doesn't mean
+
+567
+00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:16,360
+anything. But it was used in order to, again, make
+
+568
+00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,740
+people just, in a way, hate those poets, not read
+
+569
+00:41:19,740 --> 00:41:23,840
+them. Because I want to read poetry. Oh, yeah.
+
+570
+00:41:24,830 --> 00:41:27,070
+Metaphysical, it sounds, the name even sounds
+
+571
+00:41:27,070 --> 00:41:29,950
+difficult. So this is also negative framing. So
+
+572
+00:41:29,950 --> 00:41:34,290
+according to T.S. Eliot, the term metaphysical was
+
+573
+00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:41,870
+a term of abuse. What's abuse? As an insult. So it
+
+574
+00:41:41,870 --> 00:41:44,710
+wasn't used to describe them, but it was used to
+
+575
+00:41:44,710 --> 00:41:48,510
+insult them. To tell people, don't read this
+
+576
+00:41:48,510 --> 00:41:48,830
+poetry.
+
+577
+00:41:53,340 --> 00:41:57,380
+I'll stop here. I will continue this later on. But
+
+578
+00:41:57,380 --> 00:42:00,480
+let me just summarize the last point here and see
+
+579
+00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:05,160
+how funny literature is and how life works against
+
+580
+00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:12,160
+certain ideologies and ideas. Ben Jonson said John
+
+581
+00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,260
+Donne will perish for breaking the rules.
+
+582
+00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:17,880
+Ironically, nowadays John Donne is more important
+
+583
+00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:22,470
+than Ben Jonson. and probably other mainstream
+
+584
+00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:27,090
+critics, neoclassical critics of that type. So no
+
+585
+00:42:27,090 --> 00:42:29,710
+matter how much sometimes the official mainstream
+
+586
+00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:34,790
+critics and poets try to dismiss some poetry, not
+
+587
+00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:37,250
+because it's bad, but because it's against their
+
+588
+00:42:37,250 --> 00:42:40,590
+ideology, against their rules, because it
+
+589
+00:42:40,590 --> 00:42:43,670
+threatens them, no matter how much, how hard they
+
+590
+00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:48,420
+try. Later on, people will have the chance to read
+
+591
+00:42:48,420 --> 00:42:51,980
+this poetry and appreciate it for its beauty and
+
+592
+00:42:51,980 --> 00:42:57,500
+its contribution. Okay? So these are the major
+
+593
+00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,700
+points I just discussed here.
+
+594
+00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:06,300
+You don't have to write them down. You can see
+
+595
+00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:07,360
+them in the video, by the way.
+
+596
+00:43:13,450 --> 00:43:17,270
+Our next class will continue doing John Donne,
+
+597
+00:43:17,970 --> 00:43:21,770
+George Herbert, and Andrew Marvel. And I'll repeat
+
+598
+00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:24,510
+these ideas and speak about the features of
+
+599
+00:43:24,510 --> 00:43:27,250
+metaphysical portrait. Do you have any question?
+
+600
+00:43:27,730 --> 00:43:33,030
+Please. How we can know the irregular rhyme scheme
+
+601
+00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:40,390
+like this? When you look at the poem and trace the
+
+602
+00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:41,590
+rhyme
+
+603
+00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:51,360
+Generally, go with your gut, meaning like, what do
+
+604
+00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,580
+you feel here? How do you feel? And then go
+
+605
+00:43:54,580 --> 00:43:57,800
+through it again and try to see whether two rhymes
+
+606
+00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:02,560
+are close, not close enough to be perfect rhymes,
+
+607
+00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,260
+but probably 50% and you bring them together. So
+
+608
+00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:09,390
+here, generally, when I first read this, I didn't
+
+609
+00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:13,870
+like rise with victories. Because rise is
+
+610
+00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:16,290
+different from victories. But does it sound like
+
+611
+00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:22,030
+it? In a way, yes. A little bit. Not 100%. So we
+
+612
+00:44:22,030 --> 00:44:24,190
+go for imperfect rhyme. When we remember these are
+
+613
+00:44:24,190 --> 00:44:25,930
+the metaphysical powers, we say, oh, they didn't
+
+614
+00:44:25,930 --> 00:44:29,270
+want to follow the rules 100%. But there is more
+
+615
+00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:31,970
+to this. When you study the imperfect rhyme, I
+
+616
+00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:34,690
+think you will find more reasons why this is
+
+617
+00:44:34,690 --> 00:44:37,310
+imperfect. There's something going on. We need to
+
+618
+00:44:37,310 --> 00:44:39,860
+analyze. Okay, thank you. If you have any
+
+619
+00:44:39,860 --> 00:44:42,480
+question, we can continue after this. Thank you
+
+620
+00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:42,960
+and good luck.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/LIKvgoqM1PA_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62adf3a192649fb6007afef28a6f22037fa4248d
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@@ -0,0 +1,2492 @@
+1
+00:00:22,850 --> 00:00:28,110
+Today we start something probably different,
+
+2
+00:00:29,030 --> 00:00:33,750
+something new, related but still something new.
+
+3
+00:00:34,490 --> 00:00:38,150
+Last time we finished speaking about major
+
+4
+00:00:38,150 --> 00:00:42,090
+Renaissance poets and before that we studied major
+
+5
+00:00:42,090 --> 00:00:46,910
+Renaissance dramatists. We spoke about several
+
+6
+00:00:46,910 --> 00:00:50,570
+terms that we needed to understand and we still
+
+7
+00:00:50,570 --> 00:00:54,950
+do. We spoke about censorship, patronage, and we
+
+8
+00:00:54,950 --> 00:01:01,110
+also spoke about the canon, and last time, the
+
+9
+00:01:01,110 --> 00:01:06,320
+rules of Decorum. What do you know about the rules
+
+10
+00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:08,920
+of decorum? Did you read more stuff about the
+
+11
+00:01:08,920 --> 00:01:12,400
+rules of decorum? What does the term rules of
+
+12
+00:01:12,400 --> 00:01:15,400
+decorum mean in the context of literature here?
+
+13
+00:01:17,260 --> 00:01:22,220
+Rules of decorum, yes, please. The rules of
+
+14
+00:01:22,220 --> 00:01:26,880
+decorum are the rules that the poet has to have in
+
+15
+00:01:26,880 --> 00:01:30,160
+his personality or in his style of writing to be
+
+16
+00:01:30,160 --> 00:01:36,040
+in the group of canon. To write great poetry, you
+
+17
+00:01:36,040 --> 00:01:41,040
+had to follow certain rules, specific rules. And
+
+18
+00:01:41,040 --> 00:01:44,480
+many of these rules were strict. You had to follow
+
+19
+00:01:44,480 --> 00:01:48,560
+them. What topic to choose? Universal truths,
+
+20
+00:01:48,660 --> 00:01:52,220
+remember? The language itself. Not everything can
+
+21
+00:01:52,220 --> 00:01:55,120
+be poetic. Only highly embellished poetic
+
+22
+00:01:55,120 --> 00:01:58,560
+language. And then the form itself. You had to
+
+23
+00:01:58,560 --> 00:02:02,850
+follow a particular structure. a highly organized
+
+24
+00:02:02,850 --> 00:02:08,890
+form of poetry. And in the 17th century and 18th
+
+25
+00:02:08,890 --> 00:02:12,770
+century, this became even more famous than now,
+
+26
+00:02:12,870 --> 00:02:17,010
+more common than now. But during the time of
+
+27
+00:02:17,010 --> 00:02:21,050
+Elizabeth and later on, we have a group of poets
+
+28
+00:02:21,050 --> 00:02:24,750
+who did not follow the rules of the Quran, who did
+
+29
+00:02:24,750 --> 00:02:28,930
+not want to obey these ancient rules of writing
+
+30
+00:02:28,930 --> 00:02:33,590
+poetry, of versification. Before I explain things,
+
+31
+00:02:33,790 --> 00:02:36,910
+I'll give you examples from their poetry, and I'll
+
+32
+00:02:36,910 --> 00:02:42,010
+let you come to certain conclusions yourself. Look
+
+33
+00:02:42,010 --> 00:02:45,830
+at this poem. And again, I'm not mentioning the
+
+34
+00:02:45,830 --> 00:02:48,930
+name of the poet, because we care more about the
+
+35
+00:02:48,930 --> 00:02:52,150
+text itself. We need to appreciate the text
+
+36
+00:02:52,150 --> 00:02:57,130
+regardless of who the poet is. This is a poem, The
+
+37
+00:02:57,130 --> 00:03:01,530
+Sun Rising. Look at the shape of the poem and tell
+
+38
+00:03:01,530 --> 00:03:02,330
+me what you think.
+
+39
+00:03:05,090 --> 00:03:13,930
+Please. How do you know? Did you count the lines?
+
+40
+00:03:15,890 --> 00:03:21,410
+How many lines? This is not a sonnet. Ten lines,
+
+41
+00:03:21,790 --> 00:03:23,970
+not fourteen. So it's not definitely not. By the
+
+42
+00:03:23,970 --> 00:03:27,530
+way, this is the first stanza of a poem consisting
+
+43
+00:03:27,530 --> 00:03:33,540
+of Three stanzas. So the sun rising, number one.
+
+44
+00:03:33,640 --> 00:03:35,960
+Okay, you noticed very quickly the rhyme scheme.
+
+45
+00:03:36,140 --> 00:03:40,140
+Good, very good of you. And you think it has in
+
+46
+00:03:40,140 --> 00:03:43,240
+part something from the Italian sonnet Petrarca.
+
+47
+00:03:43,860 --> 00:03:48,280
+Something clearer than this, please. Oh, remember
+
+48
+00:03:48,280 --> 00:03:51,040
+the poems before when we studied the sonnets? More
+
+49
+00:03:51,040 --> 00:03:53,500
+or less they were like this. Oh, sorry. They were
+
+50
+00:03:53,500 --> 00:03:57,940
+like this. Remember five feet, five feet, five
+
+51
+00:03:57,940 --> 00:04:00,120
+feet, five feet, ten syllables, ten syllables, ten
+
+52
+00:04:00,120 --> 00:04:02,960
+syllables. Sometimes four feet, four feet, four
+
+53
+00:04:02,960 --> 00:04:04,620
+feet, like eight syllables, eight syllables, eight
+
+54
+00:04:04,620 --> 00:04:07,480
+syllables. So you read a whole poem, a long poem.
+
+55
+00:04:07,600 --> 00:04:10,120
+And I said this about Shakespeare's sonnet. We
+
+56
+00:04:10,120 --> 00:04:16,600
+have over 150. Sonnets, and almost all the lines
+
+57
+00:04:16,600 --> 00:04:19,440
+consist of 10 syllables, because this is the rules
+
+58
+00:04:19,440 --> 00:04:23,160
+of decorum, this strict, rigid form of poetry in
+
+59
+00:04:23,160 --> 00:04:26,220
+general, but of the sonnet in particular. So the
+
+60
+00:04:26,220 --> 00:04:29,840
+first thing we notice is that this poem, this was
+
+61
+00:04:29,840 --> 00:04:35,240
+written again in the Elizabethan Age. Clearly the
+
+62
+00:04:35,240 --> 00:04:40,430
+shape is not following the rules of decorum. If
+
+63
+00:04:40,430 --> 00:04:42,630
+you count the syllables, how many syllables do we
+
+64
+00:04:42,630 --> 00:04:46,750
+have in the first line? How many syllables in
+
+65
+00:04:46,750 --> 00:04:55,050
+busy? Busy, happy, two. Okay, one, two, three,
+
+66
+00:04:55,210 --> 00:04:58,930
+four, five, six, seven, eight. So four feet.
+
+67
+00:05:05,010 --> 00:05:11,130
+Unruly three. Unruly, like happy, two. Happiness,
+
+68
+00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:18,390
+three. Happily, three. Ha, pi, li, three. The
+
+69
+00:05:18,390 --> 00:05:22,050
+syllable depends on how many vowel sounds we have.
+
+70
+00:05:22,430 --> 00:05:28,870
+And then, why dost thou thus? How do you know the
+
+71
+00:05:28,870 --> 00:05:32,850
+number of feet generally? You divide the number
+
+72
+00:05:32,850 --> 00:05:38,970
+seven by two. And then, through windows and
+
+73
+00:05:38,970 --> 00:05:43,590
+through curtains call on us. One, two, three,
+
+74
+00:05:43,990 --> 00:05:51,470
+four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Come on.
+
+75
+00:05:53,310 --> 00:05:58,250
+Clearly there is an intention to change, to be
+
+76
+00:05:58,250 --> 00:06:02,570
+different. An intention to not follow the rules.
+
+77
+00:06:03,230 --> 00:06:07,650
+Not write a poem with strictly the same number of
+
+78
+00:06:07,650 --> 00:06:09,110
+syllables and the same number of feet.
+
+79
+00:06:12,430 --> 00:06:15,330
+If you code more, you'll find again, I think this
+
+80
+00:06:15,330 --> 00:06:20,450
+is also 10. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 1, 2,
+
+81
+00:06:20,590 --> 00:06:25,330
+3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and then 5 feet, 4 feet. So
+
+82
+00:06:25,330 --> 00:06:32,120
+number one, we notice the irregular form. The
+
+83
+00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:37,480
+number of lines, the number of feet in the first
+
+84
+00:06:37,480 --> 00:06:40,460
+line is not the same, second, third, etc. What
+
+85
+00:06:40,460 --> 00:06:43,980
+about the rhyme scheme? Can someone do the rhyme
+
+86
+00:06:43,980 --> 00:06:48,620
+scheme? Can you come here please? Yes?
+
+87
+00:06:55,960 --> 00:07:05,070
+Sun A Y, tell them why. The first sound takes the
+
+88
+00:07:05,070 --> 00:07:12,450
+first letter of the alphabet. Okay. Why B? Why not
+
+89
+00:07:12,450 --> 00:07:17,210
+A? It's different. It's not the same. So we go to
+
+90
+00:07:17,210 --> 00:07:19,850
+the second letter of the alphabet, which is B.
+
+91
+00:07:21,470 --> 00:07:22,830
+Okay. A.
+
+92
+00:07:32,350 --> 00:07:35,830
+New sound, we go to the next letter.
+
+93
+00:07:39,450 --> 00:07:45,530
+Parenthesis, C? No, definitely not. This is thus,
+
+94
+00:07:46,530 --> 00:07:50,970
+us, this is parenthesis. This is D.
+
+95
+00:08:00,010 --> 00:08:01,050
+Offices, parentheses?
+
+96
+00:08:04,430 --> 00:08:12,850
+No way. This is M. This is D. Not the same sound.
+
+97
+00:08:12,910 --> 00:08:16,930
+Definitely not the same sound. It's a couplet.
+
+98
+00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:24,190
+Thank you very much. Thank you. Is it regular? How
+
+99
+00:08:24,190 --> 00:08:27,010
+can we tell? Is it musical? Does it make a musical
+
+100
+00:08:27,010 --> 00:08:34,270
+pattern? A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, E. It is. It is
+
+101
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:36,770
+musical. But we can double check when we look at
+
+102
+00:08:36,770 --> 00:08:39,910
+the other stanzas. So this is stanza number one,
+
+103
+00:08:40,010 --> 00:08:42,650
+this is stanza number two. Strong? Someone do it
+
+104
+00:08:42,650 --> 00:08:46,070
+quickly. Someone. The rhyme scheme. Yeah, quickly
+
+105
+00:08:46,070 --> 00:08:53,430
+Also
+
+106
+00:08:53,430 --> 00:09:01,090
+D
+
+107
+00:09:01,090 --> 00:09:09,570
+E E So the same go here. It's the same. So this is
+
+108
+00:09:09,570 --> 00:09:12,210
+a regular rhyme scheme regular rhyme scheme
+
+109
+00:09:12,210 --> 00:09:18,340
+musical but The number of feet in each line is not
+
+110
+00:09:18,340 --> 00:09:22,660
+the same. But does that mean this is not musical?
+
+111
+00:09:23,000 --> 00:09:26,500
+Let's read the poem. Someone read the poem. The
+
+112
+00:09:26,500 --> 00:09:32,600
+first one, someone, please. Yeah, go on. The sun
+
+113
+00:09:32,600 --> 00:09:36,380
+rising, busy old fool and lonely sun. Why does
+
+114
+00:09:36,380 --> 00:09:41,940
+thou thus throw windows and throw curtains calm on
+
+115
+00:09:41,940 --> 00:09:49,880
+us? Must desire motions lovers seasons run saucy
+
+116
+00:09:49,880 --> 00:09:56,960
+saucy pedantic rich rich gosh child life is cool
+
+117
+00:09:56,960 --> 00:10:01,100
+boys and princesses princesses princesses go
+
+118
+00:10:01,100 --> 00:10:05,520
+talker handsome handsome handsome man that the
+
+119
+00:10:05,520 --> 00:10:09,860
+king will ride cold country ants to harvest
+
+120
+00:10:09,860 --> 00:10:15,320
+offices. Love all life, no season, no clime, nor
+
+121
+00:10:15,320 --> 00:10:21,200
+hours, days, months, which are the rags of time. I
+
+122
+00:10:21,200 --> 00:10:24,160
+think there is some music to this. Can you do it?
+
+123
+00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:24,720
+Yeah? OK.
+
+124
+00:10:28,770 --> 00:10:32,730
+It's not throw,
+
+125
+00:10:33,130 --> 00:10:41,450
+it's like you throwing windows, through windows.
+
+126
+00:10:49,350 --> 00:10:52,930
+So are apprentices.
+
+127
+00:11:17,020 --> 00:11:19,220
+Beautiful reading. Thank you very much. Let's see
+
+128
+00:11:19,220 --> 00:11:22,100
+what the poet is saying here. What is he talking
+
+129
+00:11:22,100 --> 00:11:25,100
+to? Who is he talking to? Who's he addressing?
+
+130
+00:11:27,300 --> 00:11:32,980
+Okay, who's that? Is he talking to a woman, to a
+
+131
+00:11:32,980 --> 00:11:37,980
+person? Yeah, he's talking to the sun. A
+
+132
+00:11:37,980 --> 00:11:41,390
+personification. And there is, if you don't read
+
+133
+00:11:41,390 --> 00:11:43,530
+the title here of the poem, and someone tells you,
+
+134
+00:11:43,650 --> 00:11:46,530
+busy, old, fool, unruly son, I'm sure some of you
+
+135
+00:11:46,530 --> 00:11:49,830
+will write it this way with O. Because these
+
+136
+00:11:49,830 --> 00:11:56,330
+features, unruly means naughty. Fool, busy,
+
+137
+00:11:57,410 --> 00:12:01,230
+adjectives that describe people rather than
+
+138
+00:12:01,230 --> 00:12:03,790
+things. So there is a personification of the son.
+
+139
+00:12:04,070 --> 00:12:10,410
+And generally, the son is also a symbol. A symbol
+
+140
+00:12:10,410 --> 00:12:13,330
+means something that stands for something else. It
+
+141
+00:12:13,330 --> 00:12:18,590
+symbolizes power. It symbolizes authority.
+
+142
+00:12:20,110 --> 00:12:23,390
+Probably, a new start, generally. But here, is he
+
+143
+00:12:23,390 --> 00:12:27,570
+happy with the sun? Remember that text, when the
+
+144
+00:12:27,570 --> 00:12:30,010
+sun was good because of the winter of discontent?
+
+145
+00:12:30,330 --> 00:12:34,290
+But here, the guy is attacking the sun, calling it
+
+146
+00:12:34,290 --> 00:12:40,560
+unruly, old, fool, busy. He's not happy with the
+
+147
+00:12:40,560 --> 00:12:43,000
+sun because the sun keeps sticking its nose, its
+
+148
+00:12:43,000 --> 00:12:46,160
+head, through the windows and the curtains. So
+
+149
+00:12:46,160 --> 00:12:49,800
+he's busy, old fool, unruly sun. Why dost thou?
+
+150
+00:12:49,800 --> 00:12:52,420
+He's interrogating the sun. Through windows and
+
+151
+00:12:52,420 --> 00:12:55,320
+through curtains call upon us. Must thy motions
+
+152
+00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:59,320
+lovers' seasons run? Saucy, pedantic, rich, go.
+
+153
+00:12:59,520 --> 00:13:04,700
+Go. Get out. That's why I would usually here in
+
+154
+00:13:04,700 --> 00:13:07,740
+this context take the sun as a symbol of
+
+155
+00:13:07,740 --> 00:13:08,200
+authority.
+
+156
+00:13:11,570 --> 00:13:18,490
+What's authority? Power. The mainstream. The
+
+157
+00:13:18,490 --> 00:13:20,650
+mainstream, the official worldview.
+
+158
+00:13:23,130 --> 00:13:26,150
+The poet, in a way, is personifying the son to
+
+159
+00:13:26,150 --> 00:13:29,430
+make this idea clear, as if he's talking to a
+
+160
+00:13:29,430 --> 00:13:32,690
+human being, to, I don't know, the king, or
+
+161
+00:13:32,690 --> 00:13:36,730
+probably the people, the critics who decide the
+
+162
+00:13:36,730 --> 00:13:39,670
+rules of poetry. You know what the word pedantic
+
+163
+00:13:39,670 --> 00:13:44,300
+is? Pedantic is someone who uses language in a way
+
+164
+00:13:44,300 --> 00:13:47,580
+to show off, like using big words, powerful
+
+165
+00:13:47,580 --> 00:13:50,940
+language just to show off that I can use better
+
+166
+00:13:50,940 --> 00:13:54,400
+language than you. So the fact that the poet is
+
+167
+00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,960
+personifying the sun and describing it as pedantic
+
+168
+00:13:57,960 --> 00:14:01,500
+and as nosy, you know, nosy because it sticks its
+
+169
+00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:05,620
+nose, curious, waking them up, he's saying, go
+
+170
+00:14:05,620 --> 00:14:10,660
+out. You're busy, you're old, you're a fool. Don't
+
+171
+00:14:10,660 --> 00:14:14,480
+disturb us, the lovers, because the lovers must
+
+172
+00:14:14,480 --> 00:14:20,680
+not or do not obey your rules. In my reading of
+
+173
+00:14:20,680 --> 00:14:24,080
+this poem, I think the poet is, again, when he
+
+174
+00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:27,980
+breaks the decorum of the lines here, he's also
+
+175
+00:14:27,980 --> 00:14:31,000
+breaking the rules by challenging the authority
+
+176
+00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,120
+itself, the sun that stands for power and
+
+177
+00:14:34,120 --> 00:14:38,640
+authority. The sun here, in my opinion, could be
+
+178
+00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,240
+the authority of criticism and poetry, the rules
+
+179
+00:14:42,240 --> 00:14:45,670
+of decorum. Because you needed to write. You had
+
+180
+00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:48,270
+to write poetry in a particular way. And the poet
+
+181
+00:14:48,270 --> 00:14:51,730
+here is dismissing this. Get out. Don't tell me
+
+182
+00:14:51,730 --> 00:14:56,490
+what I should do, when I should wake up. Why are
+
+183
+00:14:56,490 --> 00:14:58,730
+you sticking your head through the windows and
+
+184
+00:14:58,730 --> 00:15:02,210
+through the curtains? Get out. Go. Go instead of
+
+185
+00:15:02,210 --> 00:15:04,890
+waking me up, disturbing me, telling me, dictating
+
+186
+00:15:04,890 --> 00:15:09,430
+things on me. Go child. Let school boys. Go wake
+
+187
+00:15:09,430 --> 00:15:14,480
+up school children. And sauer apprentices.
+
+188
+00:15:14,840 --> 00:15:18,140
+Apprentices is originally apprentice. The boys who
+
+189
+00:15:18,140 --> 00:15:21,460
+work at somebody's place to learn a craft or a
+
+190
+00:15:21,460 --> 00:15:25,140
+skill. So sauer, you know, sauer is someone who
+
+191
+00:15:25,140 --> 00:15:28,040
+doesn't want to go to work. Go wake them up. Go
+
+192
+00:15:28,040 --> 00:15:30,600
+tell the court, the huntsman, the people in the
+
+193
+00:15:30,600 --> 00:15:35,200
+court that the king is going outside. Go call the
+
+194
+00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,680
+farmers. Tell the farmers, go harvest your crops.
+
+195
+00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:44,040
+Leave us alone. And then we have the beautiful,
+
+196
+00:15:44,100 --> 00:15:47,560
+beautiful, beautiful couplet here. Love, this is
+
+197
+00:15:47,560 --> 00:15:49,980
+so like Shakespeare, probably more beautiful in
+
+198
+00:15:49,980 --> 00:15:53,540
+many ways. When he says here, must thy emotions,
+
+199
+00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:57,880
+lovers, seasons run? I shouldn't obey the sun,
+
+200
+00:15:58,140 --> 00:16:03,040
+because we're more powerful. Love, all alike, no
+
+201
+00:16:03,040 --> 00:16:08,080
+season knows, nor climb. Love is all the time.
+
+202
+00:16:08,340 --> 00:16:09,920
+It's not in the morning. It's not at night. It's
+
+203
+00:16:09,920 --> 00:16:11,420
+not in the afternoon. It's not when you're hungry,
+
+204
+00:16:11,560 --> 00:16:14,280
+when you're thirsty. It's all the time. The sun
+
+205
+00:16:14,280 --> 00:16:19,200
+does not dictate this. So in brief, we have a text
+
+206
+00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:23,680
+here where the poet is clearly breaking the rules.
+
+207
+00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:31,420
+How? Number one, the form itself. But is the form
+
+208
+00:16:31,420 --> 00:16:33,540
+related to the meaning? In my opinion, yes. This
+
+209
+00:16:33,540 --> 00:16:36,720
+is a revolutionary poem in which the poet, the
+
+210
+00:16:36,720 --> 00:16:40,580
+speaker says, I don't want to obey anybody. And
+
+211
+00:16:40,580 --> 00:16:43,680
+I'm breaking the rules. I'm breaking the rules.
+
+212
+00:16:44,100 --> 00:16:46,640
+Look at the language. Remember, we said the
+
+213
+00:16:46,640 --> 00:16:48,980
+language was especially the language of courtly
+
+214
+00:16:48,980 --> 00:16:51,040
+love. This is a love poem. The language of courtly
+
+215
+00:16:51,040 --> 00:16:54,560
+love. Remember the sonnet? Shall I compare thee to
+
+216
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,880
+a summer's day? Now what more lovely and more
+
+217
+00:16:56,880 --> 00:17:00,550
+temperate. Come live with me and be my love, and
+
+218
+00:17:00,550 --> 00:17:02,450
+we will all the pleasures prove. But this is a
+
+219
+00:17:02,450 --> 00:17:06,750
+poem about busy old fool and ruly son. Why dost
+
+220
+00:17:06,750 --> 00:17:09,310
+thou through curtains and through windows call
+
+221
+00:17:09,310 --> 00:17:12,090
+upon us? It's like there's a powerful beginning
+
+222
+00:17:12,090 --> 00:17:15,570
+here. There's someone who is dramatic about this,
+
+223
+00:17:16,250 --> 00:17:18,710
+probably expressing unhappiness or
+
+224
+00:17:18,710 --> 00:17:24,850
+dissatisfaction. That's example number one. The
+
+225
+00:17:24,850 --> 00:17:30,140
+same thing applies. to the other standard another
+
+226
+00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:35,260
+text this is one we have in the book what do you
+
+227
+00:17:35,260 --> 00:17:39,300
+notice quickly look at the text tell me what you
+
+228
+00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:46,480
+notice about this raise your hand please remember
+
+229
+00:17:46,480 --> 00:17:50,680
+generally i do it like this i look at the poem
+
+230
+00:17:50,680 --> 00:17:55,090
+that's the first thing i do the second thing is I
+
+231
+00:17:55,090 --> 00:17:57,450
+count the lines because it could be a sonnet if it
+
+232
+00:17:57,450 --> 00:18:00,470
+is a sonnet there is something I can say out of
+
+233
+00:18:00,470 --> 00:18:05,150
+the lines the counting I go for the rhyme scheme
+
+234
+00:18:05,150 --> 00:18:09,710
+so what do you notice please okay
+
+235
+00:18:09,710 --> 00:18:16,570
+so it's one block 14 lines interesting it is a
+
+236
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:21,930
+sonnet remember the sonnet Italy Petrarch
+
+237
+00:18:23,480 --> 00:18:25,700
+Particular subject matter, particular rhyme
+
+238
+00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,740
+scheme, Shakespeare? The rhyme scheme. Let's go
+
+239
+00:18:29,740 --> 00:18:32,940
+for the rhyme scheme. Can someone do it? This is
+
+240
+00:18:32,940 --> 00:18:36,760
+going to be problematic. Come here please. Yes.
+
+241
+00:18:40,440 --> 00:18:41,700
+Okay, no problem.
+
+242
+00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:48,470
+Tell them what you're doing. Okay, the first one,
+
+243
+00:18:48,670 --> 00:18:53,990
+first alphabet, A, U meant it's totally different,
+
+244
+00:18:54,270 --> 00:18:59,770
+bent than meant A, sorry, B. Okay, good. U and U,
+
+245
+00:18:59,910 --> 00:19:09,010
+A, U, C, and A. U and U are not the same, U, U, U.
+
+246
+00:19:09,630 --> 00:19:16,730
+They're the same. M and bent B, different.
+
+247
+00:19:22,120 --> 00:19:22,560
+Okay,
+
+248
+00:19:25,980 --> 00:19:28,860
+before she continues, what does this remind you
+
+249
+00:19:28,860 --> 00:19:33,280
+of? Italian sonnet, Petrarch, remember? A, B, B,
+
+250
+00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:38,720
+A, A, B, B, A, C, D, C, D, C, D. Go on.
+
+251
+00:19:49,840 --> 00:19:57,280
+I for I are you
+
+252
+00:19:57,280 --> 00:20:01,620
+sure maybe it is listen we started something
+
+253
+00:20:01,620 --> 00:20:05,880
+called imperfect rhyme what is an imperfect rhyme
+
+254
+00:20:05,880 --> 00:20:10,560
+there is rhyme but it doesn't rhyme hundred
+
+255
+00:20:10,560 --> 00:20:15,370
+percent probably fifty percent so anime Enemy and
+
+256
+00:20:15,370 --> 00:20:18,730
+I they are close but not close enough to be
+
+257
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:22,510
+perfect rhyme. So it should be DD Before she
+
+258
+00:20:22,510 --> 00:20:30,550
+continues. This is also Petrarch however Oh,
+
+259
+00:20:30,650 --> 00:20:34,490
+thank you. What is EE? Couplet. Thank you very
+
+260
+00:20:34,490 --> 00:20:39,110
+much. Good Listen to me The imperfect rhyme again.
+
+261
+00:20:39,250 --> 00:20:42,170
+Remember we said this before either it was read in
+
+262
+00:20:42,170 --> 00:20:44,810
+a particular way or when you read it you just do
+
+263
+00:20:44,810 --> 00:20:47,450
+it extend it stretch it a little bit so it could
+
+264
+00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:51,750
+be like anime I in a way a little bit close or
+
+265
+00:20:51,750 --> 00:20:54,900
+could have been pronounced in a way that But more
+
+266
+00:20:54,900 --> 00:20:58,220
+important to me is that an imperfect rhyme tells
+
+267
+00:20:58,220 --> 00:21:01,200
+us, when you read the text, be careful. The poet
+
+268
+00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,920
+is sending us a signal, a particular message. Why
+
+269
+00:21:04,920 --> 00:21:07,180
+we need to stop and see why there is imperfection
+
+270
+00:21:07,180 --> 00:21:10,340
+here. Does it reflect a particular idea? And
+
+271
+00:21:10,340 --> 00:21:15,500
+usually it does. So is this a Shakespearean or a
+
+272
+00:21:15,500 --> 00:21:18,540
+Petrarchan sonnet? Italian or English? Italian.
+
+273
+00:21:19,560 --> 00:21:24,060
+Are you sure? Yes. Half and half, mixture.
+
+274
+00:21:25,960 --> 00:21:34,840
+Generally, we have
+
+275
+00:21:34,840 --> 00:21:37,760
+several forms, but the most important forms are
+
+276
+00:21:37,760 --> 00:21:41,400
+again the Italian, the English, Petrarchan,
+
+277
+00:21:41,760 --> 00:21:46,000
+Shakespeare. We have a person here who's going for
+
+278
+00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:50,200
+Petrarch, the original, Sonneteer and then at the
+
+279
+00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,780
+end all of a sudden shifts to Shakespeare in a way
+
+280
+00:21:54,780 --> 00:21:59,940
+creating a new form in a way mixing things and
+
+281
+00:21:59,940 --> 00:22:08,080
+bringing a new form a bb a a bb a cd cd ee and
+
+282
+00:22:08,080 --> 00:22:12,330
+remember the sonnet With a couplet, it means
+
+283
+00:22:12,330 --> 00:22:14,950
+something. Remember we said some people believe
+
+284
+00:22:14,950 --> 00:22:18,550
+that only Shakespeare could do this, where he
+
+285
+00:22:18,550 --> 00:22:21,830
+develops in 12 lines a particular problem and
+
+286
+00:22:21,830 --> 00:22:25,670
+gives us the twist, the resolution, the closure in
+
+287
+00:22:25,670 --> 00:22:28,110
+two lines. So this is someone saying, I don't want
+
+288
+00:22:28,110 --> 00:22:30,950
+to follow Shakespeare, but I can be as smart as
+
+289
+00:22:30,950 --> 00:22:32,790
+Shakespeare, as good as Shakespeare, and this is
+
+290
+00:22:32,790 --> 00:22:34,270
+the couplet I have here.
+
+291
+00:22:37,070 --> 00:22:40,980
+So sonnet, different rhyme scheme. What do you
+
+292
+00:22:40,980 --> 00:22:43,400
+notice? What else do you notice about it? Now
+
+293
+00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:43,820
+read.
+
+294
+00:22:47,640 --> 00:22:51,220
+What is the sonnet about? Does anyone want to
+
+295
+00:22:51,220 --> 00:22:55,900
+read? Probably the first quatrain, yes? batter my
+
+296
+00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:59,540
+heart, three persons God for you, as yet but not
+
+297
+00:22:59,540 --> 00:23:02,700
+breathe shine and seek to mend, that I may rise
+
+298
+00:23:02,700 --> 00:23:07,260
+and stand o'er you, me and them, you're forced to
+
+299
+00:23:07,260 --> 00:23:11,160
+break, blow, burn and make me new. No, no, read
+
+300
+00:23:11,160 --> 00:23:14,300
+this again and pay attention to the B B B sound,
+
+301
+00:23:14,440 --> 00:23:17,460
+the alliteration. You're forced to break, blow,
+
+302
+00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:20,000
+burn and make me new. Break, break, blow, burn.
+
+303
+00:23:20,840 --> 00:23:24,300
+Yeah, that's that's part of the strong language
+
+304
+00:23:24,300 --> 00:23:30,100
+strong opening here. Is this a love poem? There's
+
+305
+00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:34,500
+God here. You know three persons in Christianity
+
+306
+00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:38,700
+who have Trinity. The Trinity. This is a religious
+
+307
+00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,800
+poem and the whole poem is about the poet trying
+
+308
+00:23:43,800 --> 00:23:49,500
+to break free from the sins of God's enemy, Satan,
+
+309
+00:23:49,640 --> 00:23:52,860
+the devil. He's asking God to break this
+
+310
+00:23:52,860 --> 00:23:57,820
+relationship between him and Satan, to free him.
+
+311
+00:23:58,460 --> 00:24:03,560
+Divorce me from who? From his relationship with
+
+312
+00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:08,620
+the enemy of God, Satan. Because he wants to be
+
+313
+00:24:08,620 --> 00:24:12,000
+close to God. He wants to be free. And there's a
+
+314
+00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,660
+paradox. I like the paradox here. Imprison me to
+
+315
+00:24:15,660 --> 00:24:19,840
+make me free. What is a paradox? Saying something
+
+316
+00:24:19,840 --> 00:24:22,900
+and saying the opposite. That's irony. Paradox is
+
+317
+00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:25,820
+a sentence that contradicts itself. When someone
+
+318
+00:24:25,820 --> 00:24:28,820
+says imprison me because I want to be free. What?
+
+319
+00:24:32,060 --> 00:24:36,190
+Feed me because I want to be hungry. Break me
+
+320
+00:24:36,190 --> 00:24:41,750
+because I want to be new. Generally, it's a
+
+321
+00:24:41,750 --> 00:24:44,770
+statement that contradicts itself. When you first
+
+322
+00:24:44,770 --> 00:24:47,810
+read it, you think it doesn't make sense. But when
+
+323
+00:24:47,810 --> 00:24:50,550
+you analyze it, when you put it in its context,
+
+324
+00:24:51,010 --> 00:24:54,550
+you realize how smart and witty this is. So he
+
+325
+00:24:54,550 --> 00:24:58,810
+wants to break the old him, the sinner, the person
+
+326
+00:24:58,810 --> 00:25:02,250
+that is close to Satan, to the devil, because he
+
+327
+00:25:02,250 --> 00:25:06,270
+wants to be new with God. He wants God to imprison
+
+328
+00:25:06,270 --> 00:25:10,690
+him away from the enemy of God, from him to him.
+
+329
+00:25:11,050 --> 00:25:15,010
+If you are a prisoner with God, you're still free.
+
+330
+00:25:15,830 --> 00:25:18,950
+He offers you a lot of freedom. So what is this
+
+331
+00:25:18,950 --> 00:25:24,510
+poet doing? Again, changing the form, changing the
+
+332
+00:25:24,510 --> 00:25:28,130
+rhyme scheme, and changing the subject matter of
+
+333
+00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:31,310
+the most important form of English literature of
+
+334
+00:25:31,310 --> 00:25:33,710
+that time, the sonnet. So there is a deliberate
+
+335
+00:25:35,590 --> 00:25:38,890
+Insistence on this, on bringing something new, on
+
+336
+00:25:38,890 --> 00:25:41,430
+breaking the rules of the Qur'an. This is someone
+
+337
+00:25:41,430 --> 00:25:44,130
+saying, no, I am more powerful than the rules of
+
+338
+00:25:44,130 --> 00:25:46,270
+the Qur'an. Because the rules of the Qur'an are
+
+339
+00:25:46,270 --> 00:25:50,770
+busy old fool and unruly. They keep just calling
+
+340
+00:25:50,770 --> 00:25:53,270
+upon us, telling us what to do and what not to do.
+
+341
+00:25:53,350 --> 00:25:58,690
+I'm not going to follow this. OK. One more. This
+
+342
+00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:01,490
+is another sonnet. Probably I can pass it on. Look
+
+343
+00:26:01,490 --> 00:26:07,140
+at this poem. it's in the book by the way and the
+
+344
+00:26:07,140 --> 00:26:12,540
+title is Easter Wings you know not Red Bull this
+
+345
+00:26:12,540 --> 00:26:17,840
+time but if you look at the text from afar it
+
+346
+00:26:17,840 --> 00:26:23,680
+sounds like a bird flying or probably two birds
+
+347
+00:26:23,680 --> 00:26:27,780
+flying because this is body the wings the body the
+
+348
+00:26:27,780 --> 00:26:28,300
+wings
+
+349
+00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:34,540
+What was that? The M?
+
+350
+00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:41,240
+But generally I just turned it this way because I
+
+351
+00:26:41,240 --> 00:26:44,680
+wanted to show you how it could look like a bird,
+
+352
+00:26:44,860 --> 00:26:48,140
+like wings. Easter, wings. Also Easter, you know
+
+353
+00:26:48,140 --> 00:26:50,400
+Easter, we are in March, Easter. This is also a
+
+354
+00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:52,860
+really just Christian thing here.
+
+355
+00:26:57,060 --> 00:27:00,220
+This is the poem. Now, the title, Easter Wings,
+
+356
+00:27:00,380 --> 00:27:06,400
+might sound religious. It is religious. But when
+
+357
+00:27:06,400 --> 00:27:11,380
+you look at the shape of the poem, remember, when
+
+358
+00:27:11,380 --> 00:27:13,440
+we go for Shakespeare, for Ben Jonson, even
+
+359
+00:27:13,440 --> 00:27:18,280
+Marlowe and those poets, same number of syllables
+
+360
+00:27:18,280 --> 00:27:22,840
+and feet. This looks crazy, because we have long
+
+361
+00:27:22,840 --> 00:27:26,600
+line, shorter, short, and then the shortest, and
+
+362
+00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:31,260
+then it gets long. Listen. Now these group, these
+
+363
+00:27:31,260 --> 00:27:36,860
+poets, this group of poets did something new to
+
+364
+00:27:36,860 --> 00:27:41,320
+literature, to English poetry. And this is
+
+365
+00:27:41,320 --> 00:27:46,880
+important because to them, the meaning is more
+
+366
+00:27:46,880 --> 00:27:51,860
+important than the rule. Again, the meaning is
+
+367
+00:27:51,860 --> 00:27:55,360
+more important than the rule. If I feel like
+
+368
+00:27:55,360 --> 00:27:57,680
+writing a religious poem in the sonnet form, you
+
+369
+00:27:57,680 --> 00:28:02,620
+go for it. If I feel that the line needs five
+
+370
+00:28:02,620 --> 00:28:06,000
+feet, I go there. If I feel it needs less or more,
+
+371
+00:28:06,200 --> 00:28:11,500
+I go there. The idea is more important. The idea
+
+372
+00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:14,780
+is more significant than the rule itself, than the
+
+373
+00:28:14,780 --> 00:28:19,680
+number of the syllables in many ways. Let's see
+
+374
+00:28:19,680 --> 00:28:22,640
+how they connect where the meaning and the form
+
+375
+00:28:22,640 --> 00:28:26,060
+are connected. In the rules of the Quran, like in
+
+376
+00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:28,360
+Arabic poetry by the way, sometimes when you read
+
+377
+00:28:28,360 --> 00:28:30,600
+Arabic poetry you find that a particular word
+
+378
+00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:33,300
+doesn't fit in the context. I'm not sure if I
+
+379
+00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:37,970
+mentioned this before here. What's his name? Elia
+
+380
+00:28:37,970 --> 00:28:42,010
+Boumadie, in one of his poems, Kam Tashtaki, He's
+
+381
+00:28:42,010 --> 00:28:45,630
+inviting people to be optimistic. And in one line,
+
+382
+00:28:45,710 --> 00:28:46,190
+he says,
+
+383
+00:28:50,660 --> 00:28:53,360
+So he's saying, like, be happy because the sun is
+
+384
+00:28:53,360 --> 00:28:57,640
+burning. It doesn't work. Why? Because he chose
+
+385
+00:28:57,640 --> 00:28:59,560
+this particular word, although it is the wrong
+
+386
+00:28:59,560 --> 00:29:02,220
+word, because of the rhyme and because of the
+
+387
+00:29:02,220 --> 00:29:04,980
+meter. It wasn't mulqafiyah. For those
+
+388
+00:29:04,980 --> 00:29:08,000
+metaphysical poets, for those poets we're studying
+
+389
+00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:11,100
+today, the meaning is more important. They can
+
+390
+00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,680
+break the rule for the right word, for the right
+
+391
+00:29:13,680 --> 00:29:18,240
+idea. Let's see how the meaning, the theme, is
+
+392
+00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:19,420
+connected with
+
+393
+00:29:22,470 --> 00:29:28,490
+The form. So this is the longest line, right? And
+
+394
+00:29:28,490 --> 00:29:32,690
+this is the shortest line. Same here, two lines,
+
+395
+00:29:32,790 --> 00:29:35,830
+very short, long, long. The first line says, Lord,
+
+396
+00:29:35,950 --> 00:29:42,730
+again, God, religious. Lord who created man in
+
+397
+00:29:42,730 --> 00:29:44,870
+wealth and store. And that's why we have the
+
+398
+00:29:44,870 --> 00:29:49,350
+longest line. He's saying, God gave man
+
+399
+00:29:49,350 --> 00:29:54,450
+everything. This big, the biggest thing. God
+
+400
+00:29:54,450 --> 00:29:59,710
+created man in wealth and store. And that's why
+
+401
+00:29:59,710 --> 00:30:04,270
+it's the longest line. What happens next? Man
+
+402
+00:30:04,270 --> 00:30:06,930
+begins to lose.
+
+403
+00:30:08,750 --> 00:30:12,390
+And then because there is loss here, the line
+
+404
+00:30:12,390 --> 00:30:17,240
+shrinks. Thank you for the word, shrinks. And then
+
+405
+00:30:17,240 --> 00:30:21,440
+decay, you know, decay decline, fades, decaying
+
+406
+00:30:21,440 --> 00:30:28,320
+even more and more till he became most poor, most
+
+407
+00:30:28,320 --> 00:30:33,200
+poor and we have the shortest line. But what
+
+408
+00:30:33,200 --> 00:30:37,900
+happens next with thee, thee here, Lord. Let me
+
+409
+00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:40,980
+rise. Because there's rising, it grows again
+
+410
+00:30:40,980 --> 00:30:43,940
+bigger because you connect, you go back to God. As
+
+411
+00:30:43,940 --> 00:30:46,960
+larks, as birds. You know the lark? Harmoniously
+
+412
+00:30:46,960 --> 00:30:50,920
+and sing this day thy victories. Then shall the
+
+413
+00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:55,260
+fall further the flight in me. Oh, thank you. I
+
+414
+00:30:55,260 --> 00:31:00,660
+love the further alliteration. The fall further
+
+415
+00:31:00,660 --> 00:31:05,790
+the flight. It's alliteration where the sound It's
+
+416
+00:31:05,790 --> 00:31:11,210
+like, it's like wings fluttering. Similar to this
+
+417
+00:31:11,210 --> 00:31:15,710
+in a way, fluttering. The fall, further, the
+
+418
+00:31:15,710 --> 00:31:20,110
+flight, there is alliteration here, but also there
+
+419
+00:31:20,110 --> 00:31:27,910
+is a paradox. What's a paradox? A sentence that is
+
+420
+00:31:27,910 --> 00:31:32,190
+self-contradictory. How does the fall further the
+
+421
+00:31:32,190 --> 00:31:36,030
+flight? If you fall, you fall. But here he says,
+
+422
+00:31:36,530 --> 00:31:41,030
+if I fall, I rise up above. Because this is a
+
+423
+00:31:41,030 --> 00:31:44,470
+religious concept here. If you commit a sin and
+
+424
+00:31:44,470 --> 00:31:49,150
+you repent, you go back to God, you will rise
+
+425
+00:31:49,150 --> 00:31:52,270
+higher than ever before. If you count the number
+
+426
+00:31:52,270 --> 00:31:57,310
+of syllables here, Ten. Can you say how that
+
+427
+00:31:57,310 --> 00:32:05,530
+worked with you? One, two, three, four,
+
+428
+00:32:05,790 --> 00:32:07,610
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+429
+00:32:07,810 --> 00:32:10,030
+three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
+
+430
+00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:10,030
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
+
+431
+00:32:10,030 --> 00:32:11,050
+nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six,
+
+432
+00:32:11,050 --> 00:32:11,590
+seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four,
+
+433
+00:32:11,590 --> 00:32:11,990
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+434
+00:32:11,990 --> 00:32:11,990
+three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
+
+435
+00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:12,090
+One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight,
+
+436
+00:32:12,090 --> 00:32:13,010
+nine, ten. One, two, three, four, five, six,
+
+437
+00:32:13,010 --> 00:32:14,750
+seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two, three, four,
+
+438
+00:32:14,750 --> 00:32:15,250
+five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. One, two,
+
+439
+00:32:15,250 --> 00:32:15,250
+three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten.
+
+440
+00:32:16,670 --> 00:32:17,150
+One, two,
+
+441
+00:32:19,930 --> 00:32:21,470
+three, four, five, six, seven
+
+442
+00:32:24,690 --> 00:32:28,870
+One foot. One foot. No, two syllables, one foot.
+
+443
+00:32:29,770 --> 00:32:35,270
+Plural of foot. And then one, two, three, four,
+
+444
+00:32:35,510 --> 00:32:39,950
+five. The same thing happens again and again. But
+
+445
+00:32:39,950 --> 00:32:42,250
+again, what I'm saying here is that the longest
+
+446
+00:32:42,250 --> 00:32:46,330
+line corresponds, is connected with what it means.
+
+447
+00:32:47,030 --> 00:32:51,930
+Wealth and store. God gave man everything. And
+
+448
+00:32:51,930 --> 00:32:55,930
+when man lost everything, became the most, most
+
+449
+00:32:55,930 --> 00:33:00,930
+poor. Same thing happens again. Most thin, because
+
+450
+00:33:00,930 --> 00:33:03,210
+this is the most thin physically, it's the most
+
+451
+00:33:03,210 --> 00:33:07,930
+thin. But the poet is saying that I want to imp.
+
+452
+00:33:08,030 --> 00:33:12,230
+Imp means like link, glue, connect. My wing on
+
+453
+00:33:12,230 --> 00:33:14,850
+thine. And that's why we have here, this is a bird
+
+454
+00:33:14,850 --> 00:33:18,220
+probably standing for man. And this is another
+
+455
+00:33:18,220 --> 00:33:23,040
+bird standing for Jesus or God. And he wants the
+
+456
+00:33:23,040 --> 00:33:27,920
+wings to be connected so they can... Affliction,
+
+457
+00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:31,680
+pain shall advance the flight in me. I want to go
+
+458
+00:33:31,680 --> 00:33:34,840
+back to you, God. Forgive my sins. I love you,
+
+459
+00:33:34,960 --> 00:33:38,380
+God. I'm coming back to you. Look at the rhyme
+
+460
+00:33:38,380 --> 00:33:48,240
+scheme here. We have Thor. Same. B, more, A, B,
+
+461
+00:33:48,780 --> 00:33:56,820
+Puro, so A, D, C, rise, D, listen, harmoniously
+
+462
+00:33:56,820 --> 00:34:02,660
+rhymes with D but imperfectly. So C, also rise and
+
+463
+00:34:02,660 --> 00:34:07,640
+victories, they rhyme but imperfect rhyme. So D
+
+464
+00:34:07,640 --> 00:34:09,600
+and C.
+
+465
+00:34:12,280 --> 00:34:18,680
+So A, B, A, B, A. C, D, C, D, C. And the same
+
+466
+00:34:18,680 --> 00:34:25,760
+thing happens later on. What do we see here again
+
+467
+00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:31,100
+is that a poet deliberately, on purpose, changing
+
+468
+00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:35,460
+the form. And the form is not random. It's
+
+469
+00:34:35,460 --> 00:34:39,830
+connected with the meaning in many ways. If you
+
+470
+00:34:39,830 --> 00:34:42,610
+notice, we have in one stanza, we have two
+
+471
+00:34:42,610 --> 00:34:46,090
+imperfect rhymes here. So they don't look for the
+
+472
+00:34:46,090 --> 00:34:47,950
+perfect rhyme. They don't look for the most
+
+473
+00:34:47,950 --> 00:34:51,030
+beautiful, most elegant, most powerful, most
+
+474
+00:34:51,030 --> 00:34:55,590
+highly, you know. Like a word that really is
+
+475
+00:34:55,590 --> 00:34:59,110
+poetic that only poets and only people who go to
+
+476
+00:34:59,110 --> 00:35:02,430
+university know. The right word in the right place
+
+477
+00:35:02,430 --> 00:35:06,070
+is usually used. Because the meaning is more
+
+478
+00:35:06,070 --> 00:35:10,610
+important than the rule. What is this?
+
+479
+00:35:13,410 --> 00:35:17,550
+Okay, see, this is clearer here. What is this?
+
+480
+00:35:17,750 --> 00:35:25,890
+This is John Donne and his school of poets. John
+
+481
+00:35:25,890 --> 00:35:31,910
+Donne. John Donne. And his followers, George
+
+482
+00:35:31,910 --> 00:35:35,710
+Herbert. The Easter Wings poem is a poem by
+
+483
+00:35:37,930 --> 00:35:44,450
+Someone named George Herbert. So in brief, to wrap
+
+484
+00:35:44,450 --> 00:35:48,850
+things up, John Donne as a poet clearly was
+
+485
+00:35:48,850 --> 00:35:51,830
+dissatisfied with the way English poetry was
+
+486
+00:35:51,830 --> 00:35:54,270
+written during his time. He didn't like the rules
+
+487
+00:35:54,270 --> 00:35:57,470
+of decorum, so he broke them. He changed many
+
+488
+00:35:57,470 --> 00:36:00,270
+things. He changed something about the form, about
+
+489
+00:36:00,270 --> 00:36:05,210
+the language, about the rules, the meter. For this
+
+490
+00:36:05,210 --> 00:36:08,150
+poet, the idea is more important than the rule. So
+
+491
+00:36:08,150 --> 00:36:11,570
+he would break the rule just to convey the right
+
+492
+00:36:11,570 --> 00:36:12,010
+idea.
+
+493
+00:36:15,150 --> 00:36:18,330
+And what does that mean? Does it mean that it was
+
+494
+00:36:18,330 --> 00:36:24,390
+okay to do this then? Of course not. Remember,
+
+495
+00:36:24,510 --> 00:36:27,450
+this is the heyday of Renaissance. And then we
+
+496
+00:36:27,450 --> 00:36:30,950
+will be having the neoclassical age, the age that
+
+497
+00:36:30,950 --> 00:36:34,970
+emphasized rules over meanings in so many ways.
+
+498
+00:36:35,810 --> 00:36:37,810
+The rules of decorum were sacred. You had to
+
+499
+00:36:37,810 --> 00:36:40,790
+follow them. And when someone comes to do this,
+
+500
+00:36:41,210 --> 00:36:45,300
+number one, he's viewed as a threat. Writing
+
+501
+00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:47,960
+something different, writing something new could
+
+502
+00:36:47,960 --> 00:36:51,640
+be viewed as a threat because some patrons might
+
+503
+00:36:51,640 --> 00:36:53,880
+find this interesting and would be, oh, I want
+
+504
+00:36:53,880 --> 00:36:57,260
+this poet who writes different poetry. And I want
+
+505
+00:36:57,260 --> 00:37:00,020
+to give him money. I want to bring him. So
+
+506
+00:37:00,020 --> 00:37:03,940
+probably some critics of that time viewed this as
+
+507
+00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:06,700
+a threat. But definitely, they didn't like
+
+508
+00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:10,980
+Diondan. But not because Diondan was writing bad
+
+509
+00:37:10,980 --> 00:37:17,700
+poetry. or difficult poetry, or complex poetry. It
+
+510
+00:37:17,700 --> 00:37:20,260
+was because John Donne was breaking the rules. And
+
+511
+00:37:20,260 --> 00:37:22,760
+the rules for them are the most important things.
+
+512
+00:37:24,640 --> 00:37:27,160
+One critic, Johnson, we studied Johnson already as
+
+513
+00:37:27,160 --> 00:37:29,560
+a dramatist and a poet, he said, John Donne
+
+514
+00:37:29,560 --> 00:37:35,260
+deserves hanging. Yeah, that's extreme. He
+
+515
+00:37:35,260 --> 00:37:38,040
+deserves hanging.
+
+516
+00:37:38,740 --> 00:37:43,210
+For what? For writing different poetry? Where's
+
+517
+00:37:43,210 --> 00:37:46,070
+the freedom of speech, right? And he said, John
+
+518
+00:37:46,070 --> 00:37:50,310
+Donne will perish. You know perish? He will
+
+519
+00:37:50,310 --> 00:37:55,030
+decline. He will be forgotten. Perish. No one will
+
+520
+00:37:55,030 --> 00:38:01,130
+remember him. Perish. He will vanish. He will
+
+521
+00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:03,630
+disappear because no one will like his poetry.
+
+522
+00:38:03,730 --> 00:38:06,550
+Actually, many people liked his poetry, but the
+
+523
+00:38:06,550 --> 00:38:10,790
+mainstream critics The critics who called for the
+
+524
+00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:12,470
+rules of the Quran did it like this, and they
+
+525
+00:38:12,470 --> 00:38:14,450
+kicked John Donne and his followers from the
+
+526
+00:38:14,450 --> 00:38:18,590
+canon. They would also not talk about them, ignore
+
+527
+00:38:18,590 --> 00:38:20,710
+them, and when they talk about them, they would
+
+528
+00:38:20,710 --> 00:38:23,110
+negatively frame them. Remember the word frame?
+
+529
+00:38:24,190 --> 00:38:28,370
+Important word here. Frame? to describe somebody
+
+530
+00:38:28,370 --> 00:38:31,130
+in a negative way or a positive way. But here,
+
+531
+00:38:31,210 --> 00:38:35,310
+John Donne was negatively framed by the mainstream
+
+532
+00:38:35,310 --> 00:38:39,210
+critics. How? Someone said, he deserves hanging.
+
+533
+00:38:39,430 --> 00:38:43,810
+Someone said, he will perish. Someone said, he
+
+534
+00:38:43,810 --> 00:38:47,650
+writes a perplexing poetry. Someone said, John
+
+535
+00:38:47,650 --> 00:38:49,650
+Donne, this is not poetry, this is verse.
+
+536
+00:38:52,340 --> 00:38:55,620
+Someone said even, because a lot of critics agree
+
+537
+00:38:55,620 --> 00:38:59,520
+that John Donne is smart, witty. Alexander Pope
+
+538
+00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:05,060
+said, no, he doesn't have an extraordinary kind of
+
+539
+00:39:05,060 --> 00:39:09,240
+wit. All poets have the same level of wit like
+
+540
+00:39:09,240 --> 00:39:14,120
+Donne. So John Donne and his followers, for about
+
+541
+00:39:14,120 --> 00:39:20,390
+200 years, was in a way marginalized, was not in
+
+542
+00:39:20,390 --> 00:39:24,790
+the canon, was kicked out. And thanks to a very
+
+543
+00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,790
+important man, a very important critic, a very
+
+544
+00:39:28,790 --> 00:39:32,130
+important poet in the 20th century, early 20th
+
+545
+00:39:32,130 --> 00:39:38,930
+century, T.S. Eliot. The Wasteland, April is the
+
+546
+00:39:38,930 --> 00:39:44,390
+cruelest month. When he was reading poetry, he
+
+547
+00:39:44,390 --> 00:39:48,530
+came across the metaphysical poets, John Donne.
+
+548
+00:39:49,510 --> 00:39:52,190
+And he said, wow, these are important poets. He
+
+549
+00:39:52,190 --> 00:39:57,030
+showed how important their poetry was, to the
+
+550
+00:39:57,030 --> 00:40:00,770
+extent that in the 20th century, John Donne and
+
+551
+00:40:00,770 --> 00:40:03,630
+his followers became more important than Johnson,
+
+552
+00:40:04,370 --> 00:40:06,790
+than Dryden, than Samuel Johnson, and then
+
+553
+00:40:06,790 --> 00:40:10,810
+Alexander Pope combined. Many poets in the 20th
+
+554
+00:40:10,810 --> 00:40:13,510
+century started to imitate them in a way. That's
+
+555
+00:40:13,510 --> 00:40:17,530
+why John Donne is considered a modernist. What is
+
+556
+00:40:17,530 --> 00:40:18,190
+a modernist?
+
+557
+00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:25,750
+Modernism. He brings new ideas, he experiments, he
+
+558
+00:40:25,750 --> 00:40:30,870
+changes. The 20th century went back to the poets
+
+559
+00:40:30,870 --> 00:40:34,030
+like John Donne to imitate them, to learn from
+
+560
+00:40:34,030 --> 00:40:39,540
+them. And finally, when we read the literature
+
+561
+00:40:39,540 --> 00:40:42,480
+box, we will come across the term metaphysical.
+
+562
+00:40:43,040 --> 00:40:46,780
+Listen to this again. Metaphysical poetry,
+
+563
+00:40:46,900 --> 00:40:48,860
+metaphysical poets. This is an ugly term. Look at
+
+564
+00:40:48,860 --> 00:40:51,900
+it. It's horrible, right? Metaphysical poetry. It
+
+565
+00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:57,580
+sounds terrorizing, intimidating, spooky. Now,
+
+566
+00:40:57,920 --> 00:41:00,900
+this term was used again by the mainstream critics
+
+567
+00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,220
+Dryden and Johnson to describe John Donne and his
+
+568
+00:41:04,220 --> 00:41:07,340
+followers. What does it mean, metaphysical?
+
+569
+00:41:07,620 --> 00:41:10,180
+Believe me, it doesn't mean much. It doesn't mean
+
+570
+00:41:10,180 --> 00:41:16,360
+anything. But it was used in order to, again, make
+
+571
+00:41:16,360 --> 00:41:19,740
+people just, in a way, hate those poets, not read
+
+572
+00:41:19,740 --> 00:41:23,840
+them. Because I want to read poetry. Oh, yeah.
+
+573
+00:41:24,830 --> 00:41:27,070
+Metaphysical, it sounds, the name even sounds
+
+574
+00:41:27,070 --> 00:41:29,950
+difficult. So this is also negative framing. So
+
+575
+00:41:29,950 --> 00:41:34,290
+according to T.S. Eliot, the term metaphysical was
+
+576
+00:41:34,290 --> 00:41:41,870
+a term of abuse. What's abuse? As an insult. So it
+
+577
+00:41:41,870 --> 00:41:44,710
+wasn't used to describe them, but it was used to
+
+578
+00:41:44,710 --> 00:41:48,510
+insult them. To tell people, don't read this
+
+579
+00:41:48,510 --> 00:41:48,830
+poetry.
+
+580
+00:41:53,340 --> 00:41:57,380
+I'll stop here. I will continue this later on. But
+
+581
+00:41:57,380 --> 00:42:00,480
+let me just summarize the last point here and see
+
+582
+00:42:00,480 --> 00:42:05,160
+how funny literature is and how life works against
+
+583
+00:42:05,160 --> 00:42:12,160
+certain ideologies and ideas. Ben Jonson said John
+
+584
+00:42:12,160 --> 00:42:14,260
+Donne will perish for breaking the rules.
+
+585
+00:42:15,640 --> 00:42:17,880
+Ironically, nowadays John Donne is more important
+
+586
+00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:22,470
+than Ben Jonson. and probably other mainstream
+
+587
+00:42:22,470 --> 00:42:27,090
+critics, neoclassical critics of that type. So no
+
+588
+00:42:27,090 --> 00:42:29,710
+matter how much sometimes the official mainstream
+
+589
+00:42:29,710 --> 00:42:34,790
+critics and poets try to dismiss some poetry, not
+
+590
+00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:37,250
+because it's bad, but because it's against their
+
+591
+00:42:37,250 --> 00:42:40,590
+ideology, against their rules, because it
+
+592
+00:42:40,590 --> 00:42:43,670
+threatens them, no matter how much, how hard they
+
+593
+00:42:43,670 --> 00:42:48,420
+try. Later on, people will have the chance to read
+
+594
+00:42:48,420 --> 00:42:51,980
+this poetry and appreciate it for its beauty and
+
+595
+00:42:51,980 --> 00:42:57,500
+its contribution. Okay? So these are the major
+
+596
+00:42:57,500 --> 00:43:00,700
+points I just discussed here.
+
+597
+00:43:04,260 --> 00:43:06,300
+You don't have to write them down. You can see
+
+598
+00:43:06,300 --> 00:43:07,360
+them in the video, by the way.
+
+599
+00:43:13,450 --> 00:43:17,270
+Our next class will continue doing John Donne,
+
+600
+00:43:17,970 --> 00:43:21,770
+George Herbert, and Andrew Marvel. And I'll repeat
+
+601
+00:43:21,770 --> 00:43:24,510
+these ideas and speak about the features of
+
+602
+00:43:24,510 --> 00:43:27,250
+metaphysical portrait. Do you have any question?
+
+603
+00:43:27,730 --> 00:43:33,030
+Please. How we can know the irregular rhyme scheme
+
+604
+00:43:33,030 --> 00:43:40,390
+like this? When you look at the poem and trace the
+
+605
+00:43:40,390 --> 00:43:41,590
+rhyme
+
+606
+00:43:45,760 --> 00:43:51,360
+Generally, go with your gut, meaning like, what do
+
+607
+00:43:51,360 --> 00:43:54,580
+you feel here? How do you feel? And then go
+
+608
+00:43:54,580 --> 00:43:57,800
+through it again and try to see whether two rhymes
+
+609
+00:43:57,800 --> 00:44:02,560
+are close, not close enough to be perfect rhymes,
+
+610
+00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,260
+but probably 50% and you bring them together. So
+
+611
+00:44:06,260 --> 00:44:09,390
+here, generally, when I first read this, I didn't
+
+612
+00:44:09,390 --> 00:44:13,870
+like rise with victories. Because rise is
+
+613
+00:44:13,870 --> 00:44:16,290
+different from victories. But does it sound like
+
+614
+00:44:16,290 --> 00:44:22,030
+it? In a way, yes. A little bit. Not 100%. So we
+
+615
+00:44:22,030 --> 00:44:24,190
+go for imperfect rhyme. When we remember these are
+
+616
+00:44:24,190 --> 00:44:25,930
+the metaphysical powers, we say, oh, they didn't
+
+617
+00:44:25,930 --> 00:44:29,270
+want to follow the rules 100%. But there is more
+
+618
+00:44:29,270 --> 00:44:31,970
+to this. When you study the imperfect rhyme, I
+
+619
+00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:34,690
+think you will find more reasons why this is
+
+620
+00:44:34,690 --> 00:44:37,310
+imperfect. There's something going on. We need to
+
+621
+00:44:37,310 --> 00:44:39,860
+analyze. Okay, thank you. If you have any
+
+622
+00:44:39,860 --> 00:44:42,480
+question, we can continue after this. Thank you
+
+623
+00:44:42,480 --> 00:44:42,960
+and good luck.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2088 @@
+1
+00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,800
+Hello everyone, welcome back. As you can see,
+
+2
+00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:30,920
+today we speak about the sonnet, and in particular
+
+3
+00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:35,060
+Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet, probably you've
+
+4
+00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:37,740
+heard about the sonnet before. It's one of the
+
+5
+00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:41,620
+most famous, most important poetic forms of all
+
+6
+00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:51,310
+time. Now the sonnet, generally, is a fourteen 14
+
+7
+00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:59,870
+line poem each line having 10 syllables and the
+
+8
+00:00:59,870 --> 00:01:05,350
+theme of the sonnet is generally love so what is
+
+9
+00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:13,650
+the sonnet it's a love poem of 14 lines each line
+
+10
+00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:20,790
+has 10 syllables the sonnet originated in Italy.
+
+11
+00:01:22,250 --> 00:01:26,430
+Italy with an I, not Y. It sounds ugly with an I,
+
+12
+00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:30,610
+with a Y, sorry. It started in Italy in the 13th
+
+13
+00:01:30,610 --> 00:01:33,790
+century with a very famous poet, you should all
+
+14
+00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:38,750
+know, named Dante. Dante. But it became more
+
+15
+00:01:38,750 --> 00:01:43,310
+famous thanks to an Italian poet named Petrac.
+
+16
+00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:50,450
+Notice how the name is? written Petrarch. Petrarch
+
+17
+00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:55,230
+is an Italian poet who wrote so many sonnets.
+
+18
+00:01:58,050 --> 00:02:00,710
+The sonnet started in Italy in the Renaissance
+
+19
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:06,040
+Italian Renaissance in the 13th century. And
+
+20
+00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,640
+again, it shows how more themes started to be
+
+21
+00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:14,440
+included in poetry. It's no longer about religion
+
+22
+00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,980
+and God and heroism. There are themes of
+
+23
+00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:21,740
+relationships of women and love, et cetera. Now,
+
+24
+00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:26,160
+in a way, the sonnet migrated to England through
+
+25
+00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:30,740
+two famous people. The first one is named Sir
+
+26
+00:02:30,740 --> 00:02:33,640
+Thomas Wyatt, and the second one is Henry Howard.
+
+27
+00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:35,740
+We'll know the names later on. They're not that
+
+28
+00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:40,100
+important for now to us. So we have Henry Howard
+
+29
+00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:44,920
+and Sir Thomas Wyatt. They brought, they imported,
+
+30
+00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:50,960
+kind of, the sonnet from Italy to England. What
+
+31
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,360
+did they do to the sonnet? They translated it.
+
+32
+00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,560
+They brought and they adapted it. They, in a way,
+
+33
+00:02:56,640 --> 00:02:59,480
+made it look English. Because there are
+
+34
+00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,540
+differences between Italian and English language.
+
+35
+00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,300
+We have many English poets who wrote the sonnet.
+
+36
+00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:12,040
+But the most famous of them is Shakespeare.
+
+37
+00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:19,790
+How many sonnets did he write? One, five, four,
+
+38
+00:03:19,970 --> 00:03:22,210
+more or less. Some people say, like, a couple of
+
+39
+00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:24,110
+them are not Shakespearean, written by someone
+
+40
+00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:28,670
+else. It's not a big deal. Again, to us, because
+
+41
+00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:31,390
+some people, they spend like years and years
+
+42
+00:03:31,390 --> 00:03:34,110
+examining which sonnet is Shakespearean and which
+
+43
+00:03:34,110 --> 00:03:36,250
+one is not Shakespearean.
+
+44
+00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:43,600
+Again, 14 lines. 14 lines. However, Shakespeare
+
+45
+00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:49,020
+did two things to change about the sonnet. What
+
+46
+00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:52,500
+did he change? Before we begin talking about
+
+47
+00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:55,620
+Shakespeare, let's go back again to the Italian
+
+48
+00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:59,460
+sonnet to Petrarch. 14 lines. You can't change the
+
+49
+00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,880
+14 lines, because if it is 13 or 15, it's not a
+
+50
+00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,450
+sonnet. It's not considered. So that's why it's
+
+51
+00:04:07,450 --> 00:04:10,010
+usually important when you want to analyze a poem,
+
+52
+00:04:10,110 --> 00:04:13,010
+understand the poem, count the lines. Are there
+
+53
+00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:16,490
+14? It's a sonnet. Not 14? Not a sonnet. Because
+
+54
+00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:19,710
+if it is a sonnet, we'll say what the sonnet is
+
+55
+00:04:19,710 --> 00:04:24,610
+and how important the sonnet is. Now, the Italian
+
+56
+00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:30,070
+sonnet was, again, 14 lines and about love, the
+
+57
+00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:32,010
+theme. There's something important about this,
+
+58
+00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:33,150
+which is the rhyme.
+
+59
+00:04:36,380 --> 00:04:40,980
+scheme. The rhyme scheme or the structure, the
+
+60
+00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:45,920
+rhyme structure, how the music at the end of the
+
+61
+00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,080
+lines of the song. The Italian sonnet sounds like
+
+62
+00:04:50,080 --> 00:05:06,220
+this A B B A A B B A sorry C D C D C D We'll
+
+63
+00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,940
+explain this more, we'll show you examples in a
+
+64
+00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:18,080
+bit. Again we have A B B A, A B B B A and then C D
+
+65
+00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:22,160
+C D C D. How many? If you count them these are 14
+
+66
+00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:27,750
+because a sonnet has only 14 lines. Now these are
+
+67
+00:05:27,750 --> 00:05:31,270
+divided into two groups number one the first eight
+
+68
+00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:36,250
+lines which look similar in a way A B B A A B B A
+
+69
+00:05:36,250 --> 00:05:41,230
+these are eight lines in English eight lines are
+
+70
+00:05:41,230 --> 00:05:45,110
+called an octave you know an octopus because the
+
+71
+00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:50,550
+octopus has eight octave means eight eight lines
+
+72
+00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:54,530
+and here we have the remaining lines are assisted
+
+73
+00:05:57,330 --> 00:06:01,230
+It could be C, D, E, C, D, E or different
+
+74
+00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:05,250
+variation but this is the most common. C, D, C, D,
+
+75
+00:06:05,450 --> 00:06:11,530
+C, D. How many lines? Six lines, eight lines,
+
+76
+00:06:11,830 --> 00:06:15,450
+fourteen. The eight lines are called the octave.
+
+77
+00:06:17,690 --> 00:06:20,110
+Now what happens in the eight lines and this is
+
+78
+00:06:20,110 --> 00:06:26,000
+significant. The problem is discussed. He's
+
+79
+00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:31,340
+elaborated. The poet exposes us to some problem
+
+80
+00:06:31,340 --> 00:06:34,840
+between him and his beloved, and why he can't have
+
+81
+00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,360
+her, why he should have her, why she's the most
+
+82
+00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,900
+beautiful woman on earth. In the six lines, we
+
+83
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:47,120
+have some kind of resolution, the conclusion. What
+
+84
+00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,240
+happens next? Life is complicated. There's this
+
+85
+00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,160
+problem. And in six lines, we have some sort of a
+
+86
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,860
+resolution. something to solve this problem to get
+
+87
+00:06:58,860 --> 00:07:03,880
+the poet out of the trouble. So this is again
+
+88
+00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,510
+generally the Italian sonnet 14 lines check Love
+
+89
+00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:15,150
+theme, also check. The rhyme scheme is A B B A A B
+
+90
+00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:20,390
+B A C D C D C D The first eight lines are called
+
+91
+00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:24,510
+the octave and then the sixth. Sixth is from six,
+
+92
+00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:30,880
+okay? Now, what did Shakespeare do to change, to
+
+93
+00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:34,100
+experiment? Remember we said Shakespeare, in a
+
+94
+00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:36,380
+way, he's considered the most important classical
+
+95
+00:07:36,380 --> 00:07:43,040
+playwright and poet of English history. But
+
+96
+00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:46,700
+Shakespeare also wanted to change in many ways, to
+
+97
+00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,160
+change in the language, to change in the form, to
+
+98
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,320
+change in the themes. What did he do to the
+
+99
+00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:51,660
+sonnet?
+
+100
+00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,260
+okay number one thank you very much he changed the
+
+101
+00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,740
+form or the structure
+
+102
+00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:18,610
+What is the form, the structure of the poem? It's
+
+103
+00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:21,970
+how the poem looks. When you look at the poem from
+
+104
+00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,810
+afar, how does it look? It's short. It has these
+
+105
+00:08:25,810 --> 00:08:29,850
+stanzas, et cetera. So Shakespeare, number one. It
+
+106
+00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:31,370
+didn't start with Shakespeare, but Shakespeare
+
+107
+00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:35,390
+made this structure famous. And his famous rhyme
+
+108
+00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:40,310
+scheme, almost all his 154 sonnets have the same
+
+109
+00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:51,680
+structure. Rhyme structure. A B A B C D C D E F E
+
+110
+00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:59,880
+F G G G G. Do you know GG? You know GG? Yeah? I
+
+111
+00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:06,640
+don't know. Anyway GG Without listen without
+
+112
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,020
+reading the poem when we see this happening G G.
+
+113
+00:09:10,140 --> 00:09:13,780
+It's the same sound two lines Yeah, it tells us
+
+114
+00:09:13,780 --> 00:09:15,940
+it's a couplet. So what is Shakespeare doing
+
+115
+00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:22,660
+number one? four lines and then four lines and
+
+116
+00:09:22,660 --> 00:09:26,520
+then four lines and then a couplet It's easy to
+
+117
+00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:32,100
+know the couplet What's the couplet again Yes
+
+118
+00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:39,860
+Two lines of verse about one subject with the same
+
+119
+00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:43,980
+rhyme scheme. Two lines with the same rhyme
+
+120
+00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:48,200
+scheme. We'll give you a lot of examples in a bit.
+
+121
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,300
+But the four lines here are called quatrains.
+
+122
+00:09:54,980 --> 00:09:58,900
+So he has three quatrains and a couplet.
+
+123
+00:10:02,210 --> 00:10:08,130
+Quatrain one, quatrain means four, four. A, B, A,
+
+124
+00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:12,890
+B, they alternate, and then C, D, C, D, E, F, E,
+
+125
+00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:16,950
+F, and finally we have G, G. That's number one.
+
+126
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:23,610
+Shakespeare changes, expands the structure. What
+
+127
+00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,970
+is interesting here, look at this. The poet here
+
+128
+00:10:26,970 --> 00:10:32,450
+generally again has the problem in eight lines and
+
+129
+00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:35,410
+the resolution in six. Now Shakespeare complicates
+
+130
+00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:41,500
+the whole life and everything in 12 lines. In 12
+
+131
+00:10:41,500 --> 00:10:44,960
+lines, he just shows you that life is complex.
+
+132
+00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:47,400
+This is the end of the world. Life is destructive.
+
+133
+00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,840
+Time kills us all. And then when you are about to
+
+134
+00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:54,780
+give hope, he twists. In two lines, he gives us
+
+135
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:58,000
+some kind of hope or resolution. No one can do
+
+136
+00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,200
+this like Shakespeare. He's a master of this. No
+
+137
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,020
+one can complicate everything. And then in only
+
+138
+00:11:04,020 --> 00:11:08,380
+two lines, can change everything to the very
+
+139
+00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:12,060
+opposite gives you a closure a resolution or at
+
+140
+00:11:12,060 --> 00:11:14,700
+least some kind of hope for for the future like
+
+141
+00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:17,600
+the example the examples we will be seeing in a
+
+142
+00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,260
+bit now also Shakespeare changed the theme I
+
+143
+00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:25,700
+wouldn't say change because he kind of expanded he
+
+144
+00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,720
+added more themes so the sunnah for Shakespeare is
+
+145
+00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:34,680
+also a love poem it's about beauty Not nature
+
+146
+00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,020
+exactly, like in the romantic sense. It's about
+
+147
+00:11:37,020 --> 00:11:44,620
+loss. It's about the passing of time. So he
+
+148
+00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:48,720
+included more themes, more subjects. Many people
+
+149
+00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:52,480
+still say, no, he didn't, because beauty, loss,
+
+150
+00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:55,700
+and the passing of time are still themes that can
+
+151
+00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:58,120
+go under the theme of love, in a way.
+
+152
+00:12:01,810 --> 00:12:04,150
+If you notice, before I give you the examples
+
+153
+00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:09,370
+here, when I say the sonnet has to have a certain
+
+154
+00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:13,650
+number of lines and a certain rhyme scheme, it
+
+155
+00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:17,750
+tells us that the sonnet is strict. If you write
+
+156
+00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:20,810
+13 lines, see I wrote this sonnet, I say sorry
+
+157
+00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:24,210
+this is not a sonnet. 15 lines, sorry this is not
+
+158
+00:12:24,210 --> 00:12:28,190
+a sonnet. So the form of the sunnah is very
+
+159
+00:12:28,190 --> 00:12:32,830
+strict, very fixed, very rigid. It doesn't change
+
+160
+00:12:32,830 --> 00:12:36,510
+for team lines. For Shakespeare, it's almost
+
+161
+00:12:36,510 --> 00:12:41,870
+always A, B, A, B, C, D, C, D, E, F, E, F, G, G.
+
+162
+00:12:42,250 --> 00:12:46,330
+Now what's going on? According to critics, they
+
+163
+00:12:46,330 --> 00:12:48,550
+say Shakespearean, like many people, many critics,
+
+164
+00:12:48,670 --> 00:12:52,430
+many poets, they have realized that life is chaos,
+
+165
+00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:56,940
+chaotic. Life doesn't follow a system, right? It's
+
+166
+00:12:56,940 --> 00:13:00,600
+random sometimes. It's so sad that good people
+
+167
+00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,220
+die, that beauty declines, that no good thing
+
+168
+00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:09,220
+remains forever, right? So in a way life is
+
+169
+00:13:09,220 --> 00:13:12,360
+haphazard, chaotic. There's no system. It's full
+
+170
+00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:16,180
+of disorder. So critics believe that Shakespeare
+
+171
+00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:20,500
+was trying to control life. by squeezing it into
+
+172
+00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:25,140
+this tiny rigid form love poem of the sonnet where
+
+173
+00:13:25,140 --> 00:13:28,160
+usually at the end there is hope that he will live
+
+174
+00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,760
+forever, that she will live forever, his beloved
+
+175
+00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,080
+or his addressee and that his poetry will live
+
+176
+00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,420
+forever. So no matter what happens, no matter how
+
+177
+00:13:37,420 --> 00:13:42,070
+harsh life is, The form of the sonnet is going to
+
+178
+00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,250
+control it. The rigid form of the sonnet, the
+
+179
+00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:45,930
+number of the lines, the number of the syllables
+
+180
+00:13:45,930 --> 00:13:48,610
+and the fixed rhyme scheme is going to control
+
+181
+00:13:48,610 --> 00:13:53,130
+life and give it a form and give it a shape where
+
+182
+00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:56,310
+only Shakespeare can control this. In a sense,
+
+183
+00:13:56,770 --> 00:13:59,750
+Shakespeare is telling us he is the master of his
+
+184
+00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,460
+own world. He is creating his own world. And
+
+185
+00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:06,440
+there's a question here. Like, do great people
+
+186
+00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,500
+like Shakespeare realize they're doing great
+
+187
+00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,620
+things? Yeah. Did he realize, did he know he was
+
+188
+00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:15,720
+writing great things, that he will be famous all
+
+189
+00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:19,580
+around the world? Did he? At the time he wrote it,
+
+190
+00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:22,200
+he doesn't think that, because he just feels like
+
+191
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,420
+this is what he is. Exactly. Later on, yeah? Yes.
+
+192
+00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:31,940
+He shows what his works affects people. Is there
+
+193
+00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:35,140
+evidence in his poetry where he says something
+
+194
+00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:38,740
+about his poetry outliving all the harsh realities
+
+195
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,660
+of life? There is a lot of evidence. Remember last
+
+196
+00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:48,880
+time probably I posted a sonnet on the Facebook
+
+197
+00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,340
+group where he ends with, so long as men can
+
+198
+00:14:52,340 --> 00:14:57,100
+breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, this,
+
+199
+00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:02,350
+my poetry. My sonnet, my verse. And this gives
+
+200
+00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,290
+life to thee. So yes, beauty declines, fairness
+
+201
+00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:13,970
+declines. Life ends. Death dominates. But as long
+
+202
+00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,030
+as you are in my poem, in my sonnet, you will live
+
+203
+00:15:18,030 --> 00:15:20,290
+forever and ever, and people will remember you,
+
+204
+00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:24,970
+and you will grow. Because simply? His poems are
+
+205
+00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:32,240
+alive. His poetry. His sonnet will outlive all
+
+206
+00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,980
+these difficulties. So long as men can breathe, or
+
+207
+00:15:35,980 --> 00:15:39,220
+eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives
+
+208
+00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,520
+life to thee. And this is actually the couplet to
+
+209
+00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,380
+probably Shakespeare's most famous sonnet, Sonnet
+
+210
+00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:48,580
+18, you will see in a bit. So in brief, it's
+
+211
+00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:50,900
+originally an Italian, European thing that was
+
+212
+00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:55,040
+brought to England, adapted, and things happened
+
+213
+00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:59,570
+to it. Shakespeare made it in a way what it looks
+
+214
+00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,290
+like now. But again, not all sonnets are written
+
+215
+00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:06,470
+like this or like this. But this is called the
+
+216
+00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:09,350
+Shakespearean sonnet, the English sonnet. And this
+
+217
+00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:11,770
+is called the Italian sonnet. There are so many
+
+218
+00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:16,210
+forms, but these are the most famous forms of the
+
+219
+00:16:16,210 --> 00:16:20,350
+sonnet. Before... Yeah, go on. Is there a reason
+
+220
+00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:25,780
+behind choosing the number 14? I don't know. I'm
+
+221
+00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:32,000
+not sure, but is 14 the magic number? Because it's
+
+222
+00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,420
+seven and seven and seven. Many people love the
+
+223
+00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:39,840
+number seven. It's my favorite number. Why 14? I
+
+224
+00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:43,460
+think it's haphazard. It's not a big deal. But why
+
+225
+00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:47,420
+14? Yeah, I don't know. if there is a reason
+
+226
+00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:50,760
+probably we can look it up online somewhere before
+
+227
+00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,960
+I go on give you examples look at these middle
+
+228
+00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,520
+English words these are very important to know
+
+229
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:04,700
+remember we have thou meaning you for subject thee
+
+230
+00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:10,580
+you for object in the past they would add th
+
+231
+00:17:10,580 --> 00:17:16,990
+instead of s for he she it so had It has doth,
+
+232
+00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:25,670
+comes, and they would usually add st for thou. It
+
+233
+00:17:25,670 --> 00:17:31,370
+is, we will see that. Thy and thine both mean
+
+234
+00:17:31,370 --> 00:17:33,930
+your. Your, but the difference is like the
+
+235
+00:17:33,930 --> 00:17:38,470
+difference between a and an. You say a book, an
+
+236
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,970
+apple. When we have a vowel sound, you add the one
+
+237
+00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,870
+with the N. Same here. Say, frailty, Hamlet says,
+
+238
+00:17:47,110 --> 00:17:52,110
+frailty thy name is woman. Thy name. But when we
+
+239
+00:17:52,110 --> 00:17:59,050
+have a vowel here, I vowel I thine eyes thine eyes
+
+240
+00:17:59,050 --> 00:18:06,770
+your your eyes thou art you are it is it is why
+
+241
+00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:09,510
+remember it's because of the number of syllables
+
+242
+00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:15,210
+and the music thyself easy yourself ear means
+
+243
+00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:18,170
+before what's the difference between ear and
+
+244
+00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:18,490
+before
+
+245
+00:18:22,380 --> 00:18:24,740
+Yeah, look at the words.
+
+246
+00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:33,680
+Okay, so what does it mean? How many syllables are
+
+247
+00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:38,760
+there in before? Two syllables. Syllable one,
+
+248
+00:18:38,940 --> 00:18:43,340
+syllable two, before. But here, one syllable. So
+
+249
+00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:46,880
+this is what we call sometimes poetic license you
+
+250
+00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,760
+know driving license you have a license to drive
+
+251
+00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,820
+now poets have a license poetic license if you
+
+252
+00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,540
+want to change something just to make things fit
+
+253
+00:18:57,540 --> 00:19:03,120
+near same here with never never two syllables but
+
+254
+00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:08,560
+near one ear ever last time we had overthrown
+
+255
+00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:14,750
+overthrown originally over overthrown Please don't
+
+256
+00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:18,950
+forget that, thou, thee, hath, doth, just these
+
+257
+00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:24,770
+major words. Thou means you, thee means also you
+
+258
+00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:30,910
+for objects, doth and hath, does and has. Doesn't
+
+259
+00:19:30,910 --> 00:19:34,430
+the change in language complicate poetry? It
+
+260
+00:19:34,430 --> 00:19:37,730
+doesn't, of course. If before they had the word
+
+261
+00:19:37,730 --> 00:19:41,370
+er, and nowadays we change it to before, it would
+
+262
+00:19:41,370 --> 00:19:44,730
+change the Yeah, that's why it's good to know
+
+263
+00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:48,010
+these words and study the sonnets, the poems in
+
+264
+00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:50,810
+the language they were written in to really
+
+265
+00:19:50,810 --> 00:19:53,850
+appreciate the beauty. When you modernize this,
+
+266
+00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:57,830
+you're going to change a lot about the music and
+
+267
+00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:02,910
+everything. So I'll probably post this on Facebook
+
+268
+00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:05,850
+so you can get the slides to summarize the main
+
+269
+00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,100
+ideas here. But don't forget again, the sonnet is
+
+270
+00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:15,040
+a very important form where the form, remember the
+
+271
+00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:16,960
+form, the shape, the number of lines and the rhyme
+
+272
+00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:20,680
+scheme helps the idea, the meaning. Where again,
+
+273
+00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:24,640
+the poet is struggling to control life, to give
+
+274
+00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,860
+meaning to life, to make sense out of the chaotic
+
+275
+00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:32,900
+nature of life. For Shakespeare, in a way he was
+
+276
+00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:38,810
+trying to outsmart and outlive. life itself. In
+
+277
+00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:42,190
+the sonnet, finally, the form, what is the form?
+
+278
+00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:47,410
+The 14 lines, the number of these syllables here,
+
+279
+00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:51,710
+the number of the stanzas here, and the rhyme
+
+280
+00:20:51,710 --> 00:20:55,890
+scheme. What is the content? The theme. Is it
+
+281
+00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:59,070
+about love? About loss? About passing of time? Et
+
+282
+00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070
+cetera. Let's see more applications.
+
+283
+00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:11,590
+This is Sonnet 17. We'll do it very quickly, but
+
+284
+00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:15,510
+we'll talk more about Sonnet 18. How many lines?
+
+285
+00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:19,910
+40. Look at the shape. The last two lines are
+
+286
+00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:22,890
+sometimes indenting, like they're pushed this way.
+
+287
+00:21:23,230 --> 00:21:25,810
+But look at the rhyme here. We have time and
+
+288
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,430
+rhyme. That's GDR. Shakespeare. Someone read?
+
+289
+00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:43,640
+Okay, speak up yeah Okay,
+
+290
+00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,640
+probably next time you sit here yeah go on who
+
+291
+00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,860
+will believe my verse in time to come if if it
+
+292
+00:21:49,860 --> 00:21:54,080
+were filled with your most high desert Desert
+
+293
+00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,260
+though yeah heaven knows it knows it it is but a
+
+294
+00:21:59,260 --> 00:22:04,190
+thumb a tongue tomb which hides your life and
+
+295
+00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:07,570
+shows not half your parts. If I could write the
+
+296
+00:22:07,570 --> 00:22:11,570
+beauty of your eyes and in fresh numbers number
+
+297
+00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:15,510
+all your graces, the age to come would say this
+
+298
+00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:21,170
+poet lies. Such heavenly touches near touch
+
+299
+00:22:21,170 --> 00:22:25,510
+earthly faces. Should my papers, yellowed with
+
+300
+00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:30,350
+their age, be scorned like old men of less truth
+
+301
+00:22:30,350 --> 00:22:34,830
+than tongue? And your true rights be termed a
+
+302
+00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:41,330
+poet's rage and stretched meter for antique song.
+
+303
+00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:47,150
+Antique song. Antique song. But for some child of
+
+304
+00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:53,450
+yours alive that time, you should live twice in it
+
+305
+00:22:53,450 --> 00:23:00,210
+and in my rhyme. Okay, one more please. Who will
+
+306
+00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:04,030
+believe my verse in time to come, if it were
+
+307
+00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:08,750
+filled with your most high desires. I'll just,
+
+308
+00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:11,570
+while you're reading, I'll try to do the rhyme
+
+309
+00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:13,850
+scheme. Remember, the rhyme scheme follows the A,
+
+310
+00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:20,830
+B, C, D, the first sound is A. Why A? The first
+
+311
+00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:23,750
+letter of the alphabet. If the second repeats the
+
+312
+00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:28,150
+same sound, we give it A. If it's a new sound, B.
+
+313
+00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:35,400
+So, come, desert, Look at, listen, tomb, the B is
+
+314
+00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,100
+silent, so it's not there, the sound, we care
+
+315
+00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,860
+about the sound. But it's not, it's not, it's not,
+
+316
+00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:49,020
+oh, sorry. It's not as perfectly pronounced, like
+
+317
+00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:52,440
+perfectly pronounced as come. This is come, and
+
+318
+00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:58,100
+this is tomb, tomb, grave. This is still A, but
+
+319
+00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,890
+it's called imperfect rhyme. it rhymes but
+
+320
+00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:07,950
+imperfectly like love and prove okay and then
+
+321
+00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:14,490
+parts goes with deserts a
+
+322
+00:24:14,490 --> 00:24:23,000
+b a b go on if i got the Write the beauty of your
+
+323
+00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:27,460
+eyes and in fresh numbers number all your guesses
+
+324
+00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:32,720
+that is to come what you would say this God lies.
+
+325
+00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:41,990
+So we have eyes? C. Graces? D. Lies? C. And then
+
+326
+00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:43,890
+D. Go on.
+
+327
+00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:48,330
+Okay,
+
+328
+00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:52,610
+with their age.
+
+329
+00:24:56,070 --> 00:25:05,270
+And tongue. Different? E, F, Rage, E, and Song.
+
+330
+00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:08,770
+And finally read the couplet.
+
+331
+00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:21,110
+Okay, but where some child of yours alive that
+
+332
+00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:27,970
+time, that's G, you should live twice in it and in
+
+333
+00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:34,110
+my rhyme. My rhyme, my poetry. My verse and again
+
+334
+00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:42,200
+the G. A, B, A, B. That's come and come, desserts
+
+335
+00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:47,500
+and pots, and then eyes and lies, C, C, and graces
+
+336
+00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:53,840
+and faces, D, D, age, rage, E, tongue, and song,
+
+337
+00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:59,040
+F, time, rhyme. If I ask you a question in the
+
+338
+00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,440
+exam, I bring you one of the sonnets, and it
+
+339
+00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:05,370
+rhymes like this. And if you know this is a
+
+340
+00:26:05,370 --> 00:26:07,670
+Shakespearean sonnet, Shakespearean couplet, if
+
+341
+00:26:07,670 --> 00:26:11,570
+you know it by heart, you give it GG Rimsky. But
+
+342
+00:26:11,570 --> 00:26:14,350
+if you don't and you give me AA, it's okay because
+
+343
+00:26:14,350 --> 00:26:19,450
+it's still a sonnet. The next sonnet, a very
+
+344
+00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:23,450
+famous sonnet by Shakespeare. Sonnet 18. Sonnet
+
+345
+00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:28,910
+18. Sonnet 18. I'll read it first and see two or
+
+346
+00:26:28,910 --> 00:26:30,610
+three of you reading it.
+
+347
+00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:38,100
+Again, shall I compare thee to a summer's day,
+
+348
+00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,810
+thou art more lovely and more temperate? Rough
+
+349
+00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:46,670
+winds do shake the darling buds of May And
+
+350
+00:26:46,670 --> 00:26:50,890
+summer's lease has all too short a date Sometime
+
+351
+00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:55,350
+too hot the eye of heaven shines And often is his
+
+352
+00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:59,350
+gold complexion dimmed And every fair from fair
+
+353
+00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:03,530
+sometime declines By chance or nature's changing
+
+354
+00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:08,560
+course untrimmed But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+355
+00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,760
+fade, nor lose position of that fear thou ow'st,
+
+356
+00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:16,960
+nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
+
+357
+00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:23,160
+when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So
+
+358
+00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:28,880
+long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long
+
+359
+00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:35,400
+lives this, and this gives life to thee. Yes?
+
+360
+00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:41,130
+Can you speak up? Speak up.
+
+361
+00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:47,950
+Thou art.
+
+362
+00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:54,630
+Rough winds.
+
+363
+00:27:58,270 --> 00:27:59,430
+Darling buds of May.
+
+364
+00:28:21,070 --> 00:28:25,110
+By thy eternal summer.
+
+365
+00:28:31,070 --> 00:28:36,170
+Eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose position
+
+366
+00:28:36,170 --> 00:28:41,770
+of that firm thou art, nor shall deep death pray
+
+367
+00:28:41,770 --> 00:28:50,330
+thou one last in his shed, when in eternal lines
+
+368
+00:28:50,330 --> 00:28:56,970
+thy blood so long as men can breathe or eyes can
+
+369
+00:28:56,970 --> 00:29:02,880
+see, so long life lives this, Very good. A better
+
+370
+00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:08,280
+reading please. Yes. Shall I compare thee to a
+
+371
+00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,760
+summer's days though are more lovely and more
+
+372
+00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:15,480
+temporary? Shall I? Say again. Shall I compare?
+
+373
+00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,100
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's days? No, not
+
+374
+00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:24,700
+days. Day. Day. Go on. Say again. Shall I compare
+
+375
+00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,620
+thee to a summer's day though are more lovely and
+
+376
+00:29:28,620 --> 00:29:33,140
+more temporary? Rob went to shade the darling buds
+
+377
+00:29:33,140 --> 00:29:38,080
+of May, and Summer's leaves have all too short a
+
+378
+00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:46,000
+date, sometimes too hot the eye of Haven shines,
+
+379
+00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:52,120
+and often is his dull complexion dimmed.
+
+380
+00:29:55,230 --> 00:29:59,350
+And every fair confessed sometimes declines by
+
+381
+00:29:59,350 --> 00:30:03,510
+chance or nature's changing course untrammed.
+
+382
+00:30:03,930 --> 00:30:09,610
+Untrammed. Untrammed, yes. Like damned, untrammed.
+
+383
+00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:14,470
+But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose
+
+384
+00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:21,680
+possession of that fair thou ow'st. Gnosis did
+
+385
+00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,200
+brag thou wondrous in his shade, when in eternal
+
+386
+00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:30,540
+lines to time thou rose, so long as men can
+
+387
+00:30:30,540 --> 00:30:35,720
+breathe or eyes can see, so long life lives this,
+
+388
+00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,760
+and this gives life to thee. Better. Can you?
+
+389
+00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:46,840
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art
+
+390
+00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:53,250
+more lovely and more tempting. Rough. Rough. Rough
+
+391
+00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:57,970
+winds do shake the downland, particularly the
+
+392
+00:30:57,970 --> 00:31:02,350
+main, and summer days have all too short a day,
+
+393
+00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:06,730
+sometimes to have the eye of heaven shines, and
+
+394
+00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:12,240
+often it's years goes from day to day. And every
+
+395
+00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:17,400
+pear from pear sometimes declines by chance or
+
+396
+00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:23,000
+nature's changing course and trend. But the
+
+397
+00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:28,940
+eternal summer shall not fade, nor loss position
+
+398
+00:31:28,940 --> 00:31:31,220
+of that pear that asked.
+
+399
+00:31:46,220 --> 00:31:48,720
+This gives life to people. Can someone do the
+
+400
+00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,000
+rhyme scheme here? Come here.
+
+401
+00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,700
+And explain while you're doing the rhyme scheme,
+
+402
+00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:00,360
+the structure.
+
+403
+00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:09,690
+You don't have to read it. First line is always A.
+
+404
+00:32:10,530 --> 00:32:13,210
+Temperate and day are not the same, so we can say
+
+405
+00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:21,110
+B. May, of May, day, so we add A. Short and date.
+
+406
+00:32:21,250 --> 00:32:27,430
+Date and temperate is also A, is also B. Shines
+
+407
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:29,390
+has nothing to rhyme, so we add B.
+
+408
+00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:36,700
+And that's the same, so we can add D. Declines and
+
+409
+00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:41,260
+shines rhymes, so we can add C. Untrimmed and
+
+410
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:47,700
+dimed is the same rhyme, so we can add D. Fade is
+
+411
+00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,120
+a new rhyme, so we can say E.
+
+412
+00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:59,410
+like oh because but remember he has has not a due
+
+413
+00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:03,050
+but with you in the past they used to add st to
+
+414
+00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:05,790
+the verb thank god they dropped this long time ago
+
+415
+00:33:05,790 --> 00:33:08,110
+what would be what would be a nightmare for us so
+
+416
+00:33:08,110 --> 00:33:13,250
+host is if shade and fade rhymes we can add e
+
+417
+00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:15,590
+roast
+
+418
+00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:27,590
+And then we come to our friend GG. This is a
+
+419
+00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:31,110
+better explanation than mine. Thank you. Very good
+
+420
+00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:33,290
+job. Now what is Shakespeare doing here? What is
+
+421
+00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:37,090
+he saying? This is a sonnet, a love poem, but in
+
+422
+00:33:37,090 --> 00:33:41,180
+this sonnet, he's again there's some kind of
+
+423
+00:33:41,180 --> 00:33:45,020
+complaint there's a problem here he's by the way
+
+424
+00:33:45,020 --> 00:33:47,960
+critics do not agree whether these poems were
+
+425
+00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:51,080
+written to a man or a woman it could be an issue
+
+426
+00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,900
+but not a big deal for us let's study the text
+
+427
+00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,740
+itself shall I compare these two summers in
+
+428
+00:33:56,740 --> 00:34:01,260
+England summer is the best season because it's not
+
+429
+00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:04,040
+very cold because winter is really horribly cold
+
+430
+00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:07,670
+So he says, shall I compare thee to summer's day?
+
+431
+00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:11,830
+This is a rhetorical question. And then he says, I
+
+432
+00:34:11,830 --> 00:34:17,610
+think I shouldn't because of many things. Because
+
+433
+00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:21,610
+you're more beautiful than summer. You're more
+
+434
+00:34:21,610 --> 00:34:26,210
+temperate. Summer is short. Summer doesn't last.
+
+435
+00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,610
+Sometimes there is rough wind.
+
+436
+00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,380
+that shakes the darling buds of May. So summer is
+
+437
+00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,560
+not as beautiful as you are. You're more beautiful
+
+438
+00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:42,880
+than that. And sometimes too hot the eye of heaven
+
+439
+00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:46,840
+shines. And often is his gold complexion dimmed.
+
+440
+00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:50,000
+The clouds sometimes cover everything and it's no
+
+441
+00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,740
+longer beautiful. And this is probably one of the
+
+442
+00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,680
+finest lines of Shakespeare. And every fair from
+
+443
+00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:03,080
+fair sometime declines. Fair meaning beauty. Like
+
+444
+00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:07,320
+a fair person, a fair woman is like the most
+
+445
+00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:12,210
+beautiful there is. So these Things, these
+
+446
+00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:16,390
+features do not last, the beauty, the beauties of
+
+447
+00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:19,910
+the summer compared to you. Generally, every fear
+
+448
+00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:23,970
+from fear sometimes declines. Beauty doesn't last
+
+449
+00:35:23,970 --> 00:35:28,970
+forever. We are all going to grow old and ugly,
+
+450
+00:35:29,070 --> 00:35:31,310
+and then we're going to die. Beauty will fade.
+
+451
+00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:35,290
+Beauty will fade. Furnace will... Notice the
+
+452
+00:35:35,290 --> 00:35:38,150
+repetition of the fa, fa, fa, fa, fa sound. It's
+
+453
+00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:45,860
+like you're like... complaining, sad, angry, by
+
+454
+00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:48,320
+chance, et cetera, et cetera. And then he says,
+
+455
+00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:53,600
+but thy eternal summer, thy affairs shall not
+
+456
+00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,060
+fade. You're more beautiful than summer itself.
+
+457
+00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:01,100
+Nor lose possession of that fair thou ost, nor
+
+458
+00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:05,300
+shall death brag thou wanderst in his ship. And
+
+459
+00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,640
+this is, again, beautiful because Shakespeare is
+
+460
+00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:11,230
+personifying death. Death is not a person. Death
+
+461
+00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:14,550
+doesn't brag, doesn't show off. People brag.
+
+462
+00:36:15,830 --> 00:36:19,530
+People show off. And this is personification. You
+
+463
+00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:23,090
+said personification is when you give things, the
+
+464
+00:36:23,090 --> 00:36:25,870
+features, the characteristics, the traits of human
+
+465
+00:36:25,870 --> 00:36:30,190
+beings. It's personification. Death, even death
+
+466
+00:36:30,190 --> 00:36:33,530
+will not brag about killing you because you're
+
+467
+00:36:33,530 --> 00:36:38,290
+going to outlive everything. When in eternal
+
+468
+00:36:38,290 --> 00:36:42,550
+lines, eternal lines, these lines that will live
+
+469
+00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,970
+forever. This in part answers the question whether
+
+470
+00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:47,990
+Shakespeare knew he was writing really, really
+
+471
+00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:50,850
+good poetry, amazing poetry that will be famous
+
+472
+00:36:50,850 --> 00:36:53,250
+all over the world. Maybe he knew he's going to be
+
+473
+00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,110
+famous all across London and the UK, maybe in
+
+474
+00:36:56,110 --> 00:36:59,620
+Europe. But did he know he's going to be here,
+
+475
+00:36:59,820 --> 00:37:04,880
+studied in Gaza? No. Or in China, or in Africa? We
+
+476
+00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600
+don't know. Nobody knows. But certainly, those
+
+477
+00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,760
+great minds, the giants, the canonical writers,
+
+478
+00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:14,120
+they know. At least they know they're doing
+
+479
+00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:19,500
+something great. And then finally, the couplet
+
+480
+00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,880
+here gives us hope. What he does here is that, oh,
+
+481
+00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,860
+we are all going to die. But then comes the hope,
+
+482
+00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:33,220
+comes the closure. So long as men can breathe or
+
+483
+00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:38,280
+eyes can see, so long lives this. This, my sonnet,
+
+484
+00:37:38,420 --> 00:37:42,600
+my poetry, my verse, my rhyme. And this gives life
+
+485
+00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,260
+to thee. And it's true. It's ironic we don't know
+
+486
+00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:50,220
+who he wrote the poem for. But we know that
+
+487
+00:37:50,220 --> 00:37:53,860
+whoever that person is, is still alive. People are
+
+488
+00:37:53,860 --> 00:38:00,720
+talking about him or her. let's end with something
+
+489
+00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:07,600
+from I downloaded this video from YouTube this is
+
+490
+00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500
+a recitation of shall I compare thee to summer
+
+491
+00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:15,420
+days now
+
+492
+00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:18,780
+I want you to listen to this and then there's a
+
+493
+00:38:18,780 --> 00:38:21,220
+little girl who's going to also recite this I want
+
+494
+00:38:21,220 --> 00:38:22,840
+you to see which one you like most
+
+495
+00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:48,830
+Hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his
+
+496
+00:38:48,830 --> 00:38:53,690
+gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair
+
+497
+00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:58,170
+sometime declines By chance, or nature's changing
+
+498
+00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:03,930
+course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+499
+00:39:03,930 --> 00:39:08,070
+fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
+
+500
+00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:12,500
+Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
+
+501
+00:39:13,220 --> 00:39:19,260
+When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So
+
+502
+00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:25,160
+long as men can breathe, for eyes can see, So long
+
+503
+00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:33,260
+lives this, and this gives life to thee. Let's see
+
+504
+00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:36,320
+the little kid and then stop there. Is it this
+
+505
+00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:36,540
+one?
+
+506
+00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:50,060
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
+
+507
+00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:58,020
+Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The winds
+
+508
+00:39:58,020 --> 00:40:01,140
+do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's
+
+509
+00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:06,380
+leaves have all too short a date. Sometimes too
+
+510
+00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:10,680
+hot the eye of Heather shines, and often it is
+
+511
+00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:16,550
+cold complexion dims. And every fair thing there
+
+512
+00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:21,550
+sometimes declines By chance or nature's changing
+
+513
+00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:26,830
+course of trend. But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+514
+00:40:26,830 --> 00:40:31,790
+fade, Nor this possession that there thou ow'st,
+
+515
+00:40:32,510 --> 00:40:36,590
+Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
+
+516
+00:40:36,710 --> 00:40:40,590
+When in eternal lines the times thou grow'st.
+
+517
+00:40:51,210 --> 00:40:52,650
+Oh cute.
+
+518
+00:40:56,230 --> 00:41:00,190
+Isn't she cute? It's beautiful how she renders
+
+519
+00:41:00,190 --> 00:41:05,250
+Shakespeare to this little tiny recitation of the
+
+520
+00:41:05,250 --> 00:41:10,150
+sonnet. We'll stop here and we'll see what if you
+
+521
+00:41:10,150 --> 00:41:12,650
+have any question about Shakespeare about the
+
+522
+00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:13,010
+sonnet
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19c9b0a7726edd666ece3dca59454486b9413d4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/MDB0yhhsbH4_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2088 @@
+1
+00:00:20,920 --> 00:00:24,800
+Hello everyone, welcome back. As you can see,
+
+2
+00:00:25,160 --> 00:00:30,920
+today we speak about the sonnet, and in particular
+
+3
+00:00:30,920 --> 00:00:35,060
+Shakespearean sonnet. The sonnet, probably you've
+
+4
+00:00:35,060 --> 00:00:37,740
+heard about the sonnet before. It's one of the
+
+5
+00:00:37,740 --> 00:00:41,620
+most famous, most important poetic forms of all
+
+6
+00:00:41,620 --> 00:00:51,310
+time. Now the sonnet, generally, is a fourteen 14
+
+7
+00:00:51,310 --> 00:00:59,870
+line poem each line having 10 syllables and the
+
+8
+00:00:59,870 --> 00:01:05,350
+theme of the sonnet is generally love so what is
+
+9
+00:01:05,350 --> 00:01:13,650
+the sonnet it's a love poem of 14 lines each line
+
+10
+00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:20,790
+has 10 syllables the sonnet originated in Italy.
+
+11
+00:01:22,250 --> 00:01:26,430
+Italy with an I, not Y. It sounds ugly with an I,
+
+12
+00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:30,610
+with a Y, sorry. It started in Italy in the 13th
+
+13
+00:01:30,610 --> 00:01:33,790
+century with a very famous poet, you should all
+
+14
+00:01:33,790 --> 00:01:38,750
+know, named Dante. Dante. But it became more
+
+15
+00:01:38,750 --> 00:01:43,310
+famous thanks to an Italian poet named Petrac.
+
+16
+00:01:44,730 --> 00:01:50,450
+Notice how the name is? written Petrarch. Petrarch
+
+17
+00:01:50,450 --> 00:01:55,230
+is an Italian poet who wrote so many sonnets.
+
+18
+00:01:58,050 --> 00:02:00,710
+The sonnet started in Italy in the Renaissance
+
+19
+00:02:00,710 --> 00:02:06,040
+Italian Renaissance in the 13th century. And
+
+20
+00:02:06,040 --> 00:02:10,640
+again, it shows how more themes started to be
+
+21
+00:02:10,640 --> 00:02:14,440
+included in poetry. It's no longer about religion
+
+22
+00:02:14,440 --> 00:02:17,980
+and God and heroism. There are themes of
+
+23
+00:02:17,980 --> 00:02:21,740
+relationships of women and love, et cetera. Now,
+
+24
+00:02:21,820 --> 00:02:26,160
+in a way, the sonnet migrated to England through
+
+25
+00:02:26,160 --> 00:02:30,740
+two famous people. The first one is named Sir
+
+26
+00:02:30,740 --> 00:02:33,640
+Thomas Wyatt, and the second one is Henry Howard.
+
+27
+00:02:33,880 --> 00:02:35,740
+We'll know the names later on. They're not that
+
+28
+00:02:35,740 --> 00:02:40,100
+important for now to us. So we have Henry Howard
+
+29
+00:02:40,100 --> 00:02:44,920
+and Sir Thomas Wyatt. They brought, they imported,
+
+30
+00:02:45,300 --> 00:02:50,960
+kind of, the sonnet from Italy to England. What
+
+31
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,360
+did they do to the sonnet? They translated it.
+
+32
+00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,560
+They brought and they adapted it. They, in a way,
+
+33
+00:02:56,640 --> 00:02:59,480
+made it look English. Because there are
+
+34
+00:02:59,480 --> 00:03:02,540
+differences between Italian and English language.
+
+35
+00:03:03,360 --> 00:03:07,300
+We have many English poets who wrote the sonnet.
+
+36
+00:03:07,420 --> 00:03:12,040
+But the most famous of them is Shakespeare.
+
+37
+00:03:14,900 --> 00:03:19,790
+How many sonnets did he write? One, five, four,
+
+38
+00:03:19,970 --> 00:03:22,210
+more or less. Some people say, like, a couple of
+
+39
+00:03:22,210 --> 00:03:24,110
+them are not Shakespearean, written by someone
+
+40
+00:03:24,110 --> 00:03:28,670
+else. It's not a big deal. Again, to us, because
+
+41
+00:03:28,670 --> 00:03:31,390
+some people, they spend like years and years
+
+42
+00:03:31,390 --> 00:03:34,110
+examining which sonnet is Shakespearean and which
+
+43
+00:03:34,110 --> 00:03:36,250
+one is not Shakespearean.
+
+44
+00:03:37,900 --> 00:03:43,600
+Again, 14 lines. 14 lines. However, Shakespeare
+
+45
+00:03:43,600 --> 00:03:49,020
+did two things to change about the sonnet. What
+
+46
+00:03:49,020 --> 00:03:52,500
+did he change? Before we begin talking about
+
+47
+00:03:52,500 --> 00:03:55,620
+Shakespeare, let's go back again to the Italian
+
+48
+00:03:55,620 --> 00:03:59,460
+sonnet to Petrarch. 14 lines. You can't change the
+
+49
+00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,880
+14 lines, because if it is 13 or 15, it's not a
+
+50
+00:04:03,880 --> 00:04:07,450
+sonnet. It's not considered. So that's why it's
+
+51
+00:04:07,450 --> 00:04:10,010
+usually important when you want to analyze a poem,
+
+52
+00:04:10,110 --> 00:04:13,010
+understand the poem, count the lines. Are there
+
+53
+00:04:13,010 --> 00:04:16,490
+14? It's a sonnet. Not 14? Not a sonnet. Because
+
+54
+00:04:16,490 --> 00:04:19,710
+if it is a sonnet, we'll say what the sonnet is
+
+55
+00:04:19,710 --> 00:04:24,610
+and how important the sonnet is. Now, the Italian
+
+56
+00:04:24,610 --> 00:04:30,070
+sonnet was, again, 14 lines and about love, the
+
+57
+00:04:30,070 --> 00:04:32,010
+theme. There's something important about this,
+
+58
+00:04:32,230 --> 00:04:33,150
+which is the rhyme.
+
+59
+00:04:36,380 --> 00:04:40,980
+scheme. The rhyme scheme or the structure, the
+
+60
+00:04:40,980 --> 00:04:45,920
+rhyme structure, how the music at the end of the
+
+61
+00:04:45,920 --> 00:04:50,080
+lines of the song. The Italian sonnet sounds like
+
+62
+00:04:50,080 --> 00:05:06,220
+this A B B A A B B A sorry C D C D C D We'll
+
+63
+00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,940
+explain this more, we'll show you examples in a
+
+64
+00:05:08,940 --> 00:05:18,080
+bit. Again we have A B B A, A B B B A and then C D
+
+65
+00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:22,160
+C D C D. How many? If you count them these are 14
+
+66
+00:05:22,160 --> 00:05:27,750
+because a sonnet has only 14 lines. Now these are
+
+67
+00:05:27,750 --> 00:05:31,270
+divided into two groups number one the first eight
+
+68
+00:05:31,270 --> 00:05:36,250
+lines which look similar in a way A B B A A B B A
+
+69
+00:05:36,250 --> 00:05:41,230
+these are eight lines in English eight lines are
+
+70
+00:05:41,230 --> 00:05:45,110
+called an octave you know an octopus because the
+
+71
+00:05:45,110 --> 00:05:50,550
+octopus has eight octave means eight eight lines
+
+72
+00:05:50,550 --> 00:05:54,530
+and here we have the remaining lines are assisted
+
+73
+00:05:57,330 --> 00:06:01,230
+It could be C, D, E, C, D, E or different
+
+74
+00:06:01,230 --> 00:06:05,250
+variation but this is the most common. C, D, C, D,
+
+75
+00:06:05,450 --> 00:06:11,530
+C, D. How many lines? Six lines, eight lines,
+
+76
+00:06:11,830 --> 00:06:15,450
+fourteen. The eight lines are called the octave.
+
+77
+00:06:17,690 --> 00:06:20,110
+Now what happens in the eight lines and this is
+
+78
+00:06:20,110 --> 00:06:26,000
+significant. The problem is discussed. He's
+
+79
+00:06:26,000 --> 00:06:31,340
+elaborated. The poet exposes us to some problem
+
+80
+00:06:31,340 --> 00:06:34,840
+between him and his beloved, and why he can't have
+
+81
+00:06:34,840 --> 00:06:37,360
+her, why he should have her, why she's the most
+
+82
+00:06:37,360 --> 00:06:42,900
+beautiful woman on earth. In the six lines, we
+
+83
+00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:47,120
+have some kind of resolution, the conclusion. What
+
+84
+00:06:47,120 --> 00:06:50,240
+happens next? Life is complicated. There's this
+
+85
+00:06:50,240 --> 00:06:54,160
+problem. And in six lines, we have some sort of a
+
+86
+00:06:54,160 --> 00:06:58,860
+resolution. something to solve this problem to get
+
+87
+00:06:58,860 --> 00:07:03,880
+the poet out of the trouble. So this is again
+
+88
+00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,510
+generally the Italian sonnet 14 lines check Love
+
+89
+00:07:08,510 --> 00:07:15,150
+theme, also check. The rhyme scheme is A B B A A B
+
+90
+00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:20,390
+B A C D C D C D The first eight lines are called
+
+91
+00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:24,510
+the octave and then the sixth. Sixth is from six,
+
+92
+00:07:25,150 --> 00:07:30,880
+okay? Now, what did Shakespeare do to change, to
+
+93
+00:07:30,880 --> 00:07:34,100
+experiment? Remember we said Shakespeare, in a
+
+94
+00:07:34,100 --> 00:07:36,380
+way, he's considered the most important classical
+
+95
+00:07:36,380 --> 00:07:43,040
+playwright and poet of English history. But
+
+96
+00:07:43,040 --> 00:07:46,700
+Shakespeare also wanted to change in many ways, to
+
+97
+00:07:46,700 --> 00:07:49,160
+change in the language, to change in the form, to
+
+98
+00:07:49,160 --> 00:07:51,320
+change in the themes. What did he do to the
+
+99
+00:07:51,320 --> 00:07:51,660
+sonnet?
+
+100
+00:08:06,600 --> 00:08:10,260
+okay number one thank you very much he changed the
+
+101
+00:08:10,260 --> 00:08:12,740
+form or the structure
+
+102
+00:08:15,410 --> 00:08:18,610
+What is the form, the structure of the poem? It's
+
+103
+00:08:18,610 --> 00:08:21,970
+how the poem looks. When you look at the poem from
+
+104
+00:08:21,970 --> 00:08:25,810
+afar, how does it look? It's short. It has these
+
+105
+00:08:25,810 --> 00:08:29,850
+stanzas, et cetera. So Shakespeare, number one. It
+
+106
+00:08:29,850 --> 00:08:31,370
+didn't start with Shakespeare, but Shakespeare
+
+107
+00:08:31,370 --> 00:08:35,390
+made this structure famous. And his famous rhyme
+
+108
+00:08:35,390 --> 00:08:40,310
+scheme, almost all his 154 sonnets have the same
+
+109
+00:08:40,310 --> 00:08:51,680
+structure. Rhyme structure. A B A B C D C D E F E
+
+110
+00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:59,880
+F G G G G. Do you know GG? You know GG? Yeah? I
+
+111
+00:08:59,880 --> 00:09:06,640
+don't know. Anyway GG Without listen without
+
+112
+00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,020
+reading the poem when we see this happening G G.
+
+113
+00:09:10,140 --> 00:09:13,780
+It's the same sound two lines Yeah, it tells us
+
+114
+00:09:13,780 --> 00:09:15,940
+it's a couplet. So what is Shakespeare doing
+
+115
+00:09:15,940 --> 00:09:22,660
+number one? four lines and then four lines and
+
+116
+00:09:22,660 --> 00:09:26,520
+then four lines and then a couplet It's easy to
+
+117
+00:09:26,520 --> 00:09:32,100
+know the couplet What's the couplet again Yes
+
+118
+00:09:34,960 --> 00:09:39,860
+Two lines of verse about one subject with the same
+
+119
+00:09:39,860 --> 00:09:43,980
+rhyme scheme. Two lines with the same rhyme
+
+120
+00:09:43,980 --> 00:09:48,200
+scheme. We'll give you a lot of examples in a bit.
+
+121
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,300
+But the four lines here are called quatrains.
+
+122
+00:09:54,980 --> 00:09:58,900
+So he has three quatrains and a couplet.
+
+123
+00:10:02,210 --> 00:10:08,130
+Quatrain one, quatrain means four, four. A, B, A,
+
+124
+00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:12,890
+B, they alternate, and then C, D, C, D, E, F, E,
+
+125
+00:10:12,930 --> 00:10:16,950
+F, and finally we have G, G. That's number one.
+
+126
+00:10:17,150 --> 00:10:23,610
+Shakespeare changes, expands the structure. What
+
+127
+00:10:23,610 --> 00:10:26,970
+is interesting here, look at this. The poet here
+
+128
+00:10:26,970 --> 00:10:32,450
+generally again has the problem in eight lines and
+
+129
+00:10:32,450 --> 00:10:35,410
+the resolution in six. Now Shakespeare complicates
+
+130
+00:10:35,410 --> 00:10:41,500
+the whole life and everything in 12 lines. In 12
+
+131
+00:10:41,500 --> 00:10:44,960
+lines, he just shows you that life is complex.
+
+132
+00:10:45,280 --> 00:10:47,400
+This is the end of the world. Life is destructive.
+
+133
+00:10:47,640 --> 00:10:50,840
+Time kills us all. And then when you are about to
+
+134
+00:10:50,840 --> 00:10:54,780
+give hope, he twists. In two lines, he gives us
+
+135
+00:10:54,780 --> 00:10:58,000
+some kind of hope or resolution. No one can do
+
+136
+00:10:58,000 --> 00:11:01,200
+this like Shakespeare. He's a master of this. No
+
+137
+00:11:01,200 --> 00:11:04,020
+one can complicate everything. And then in only
+
+138
+00:11:04,020 --> 00:11:08,380
+two lines, can change everything to the very
+
+139
+00:11:08,380 --> 00:11:12,060
+opposite gives you a closure a resolution or at
+
+140
+00:11:12,060 --> 00:11:14,700
+least some kind of hope for for the future like
+
+141
+00:11:14,700 --> 00:11:17,600
+the example the examples we will be seeing in a
+
+142
+00:11:17,600 --> 00:11:22,260
+bit now also Shakespeare changed the theme I
+
+143
+00:11:22,260 --> 00:11:25,700
+wouldn't say change because he kind of expanded he
+
+144
+00:11:25,700 --> 00:11:28,720
+added more themes so the sunnah for Shakespeare is
+
+145
+00:11:28,720 --> 00:11:34,680
+also a love poem it's about beauty Not nature
+
+146
+00:11:34,680 --> 00:11:37,020
+exactly, like in the romantic sense. It's about
+
+147
+00:11:37,020 --> 00:11:44,620
+loss. It's about the passing of time. So he
+
+148
+00:11:44,620 --> 00:11:48,720
+included more themes, more subjects. Many people
+
+149
+00:11:48,720 --> 00:11:52,480
+still say, no, he didn't, because beauty, loss,
+
+150
+00:11:52,660 --> 00:11:55,700
+and the passing of time are still themes that can
+
+151
+00:11:55,700 --> 00:11:58,120
+go under the theme of love, in a way.
+
+152
+00:12:01,810 --> 00:12:04,150
+If you notice, before I give you the examples
+
+153
+00:12:04,150 --> 00:12:09,370
+here, when I say the sonnet has to have a certain
+
+154
+00:12:09,370 --> 00:12:13,650
+number of lines and a certain rhyme scheme, it
+
+155
+00:12:13,650 --> 00:12:17,750
+tells us that the sonnet is strict. If you write
+
+156
+00:12:17,750 --> 00:12:20,810
+13 lines, see I wrote this sonnet, I say sorry
+
+157
+00:12:20,810 --> 00:12:24,210
+this is not a sonnet. 15 lines, sorry this is not
+
+158
+00:12:24,210 --> 00:12:28,190
+a sonnet. So the form of the sunnah is very
+
+159
+00:12:28,190 --> 00:12:32,830
+strict, very fixed, very rigid. It doesn't change
+
+160
+00:12:32,830 --> 00:12:36,510
+for team lines. For Shakespeare, it's almost
+
+161
+00:12:36,510 --> 00:12:41,870
+always A, B, A, B, C, D, C, D, E, F, E, F, G, G.
+
+162
+00:12:42,250 --> 00:12:46,330
+Now what's going on? According to critics, they
+
+163
+00:12:46,330 --> 00:12:48,550
+say Shakespearean, like many people, many critics,
+
+164
+00:12:48,670 --> 00:12:52,430
+many poets, they have realized that life is chaos,
+
+165
+00:12:52,570 --> 00:12:56,940
+chaotic. Life doesn't follow a system, right? It's
+
+166
+00:12:56,940 --> 00:13:00,600
+random sometimes. It's so sad that good people
+
+167
+00:13:00,600 --> 00:13:05,220
+die, that beauty declines, that no good thing
+
+168
+00:13:05,220 --> 00:13:09,220
+remains forever, right? So in a way life is
+
+169
+00:13:09,220 --> 00:13:12,360
+haphazard, chaotic. There's no system. It's full
+
+170
+00:13:12,360 --> 00:13:16,180
+of disorder. So critics believe that Shakespeare
+
+171
+00:13:16,180 --> 00:13:20,500
+was trying to control life. by squeezing it into
+
+172
+00:13:20,500 --> 00:13:25,140
+this tiny rigid form love poem of the sonnet where
+
+173
+00:13:25,140 --> 00:13:28,160
+usually at the end there is hope that he will live
+
+174
+00:13:28,160 --> 00:13:30,760
+forever, that she will live forever, his beloved
+
+175
+00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,080
+or his addressee and that his poetry will live
+
+176
+00:13:34,080 --> 00:13:37,420
+forever. So no matter what happens, no matter how
+
+177
+00:13:37,420 --> 00:13:42,070
+harsh life is, The form of the sonnet is going to
+
+178
+00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,250
+control it. The rigid form of the sonnet, the
+
+179
+00:13:44,250 --> 00:13:45,930
+number of the lines, the number of the syllables
+
+180
+00:13:45,930 --> 00:13:48,610
+and the fixed rhyme scheme is going to control
+
+181
+00:13:48,610 --> 00:13:53,130
+life and give it a form and give it a shape where
+
+182
+00:13:53,130 --> 00:13:56,310
+only Shakespeare can control this. In a sense,
+
+183
+00:13:56,770 --> 00:13:59,750
+Shakespeare is telling us he is the master of his
+
+184
+00:13:59,750 --> 00:14:03,460
+own world. He is creating his own world. And
+
+185
+00:14:03,460 --> 00:14:06,440
+there's a question here. Like, do great people
+
+186
+00:14:06,440 --> 00:14:09,500
+like Shakespeare realize they're doing great
+
+187
+00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:13,620
+things? Yeah. Did he realize, did he know he was
+
+188
+00:14:13,620 --> 00:14:15,720
+writing great things, that he will be famous all
+
+189
+00:14:15,720 --> 00:14:19,580
+around the world? Did he? At the time he wrote it,
+
+190
+00:14:19,620 --> 00:14:22,200
+he doesn't think that, because he just feels like
+
+191
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,420
+this is what he is. Exactly. Later on, yeah? Yes.
+
+192
+00:14:26,680 --> 00:14:31,940
+He shows what his works affects people. Is there
+
+193
+00:14:31,940 --> 00:14:35,140
+evidence in his poetry where he says something
+
+194
+00:14:35,140 --> 00:14:38,740
+about his poetry outliving all the harsh realities
+
+195
+00:14:38,740 --> 00:14:43,660
+of life? There is a lot of evidence. Remember last
+
+196
+00:14:43,660 --> 00:14:48,880
+time probably I posted a sonnet on the Facebook
+
+197
+00:14:48,880 --> 00:14:52,340
+group where he ends with, so long as men can
+
+198
+00:14:52,340 --> 00:14:57,100
+breathe or eyes can see, so long lives this, this,
+
+199
+00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:02,350
+my poetry. My sonnet, my verse. And this gives
+
+200
+00:15:02,350 --> 00:15:06,290
+life to thee. So yes, beauty declines, fairness
+
+201
+00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:13,970
+declines. Life ends. Death dominates. But as long
+
+202
+00:15:13,970 --> 00:15:18,030
+as you are in my poem, in my sonnet, you will live
+
+203
+00:15:18,030 --> 00:15:20,290
+forever and ever, and people will remember you,
+
+204
+00:15:20,370 --> 00:15:24,970
+and you will grow. Because simply? His poems are
+
+205
+00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:32,240
+alive. His poetry. His sonnet will outlive all
+
+206
+00:15:32,240 --> 00:15:35,980
+these difficulties. So long as men can breathe, or
+
+207
+00:15:35,980 --> 00:15:39,220
+eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives
+
+208
+00:15:39,220 --> 00:15:42,520
+life to thee. And this is actually the couplet to
+
+209
+00:15:42,520 --> 00:15:45,380
+probably Shakespeare's most famous sonnet, Sonnet
+
+210
+00:15:45,380 --> 00:15:48,580
+18, you will see in a bit. So in brief, it's
+
+211
+00:15:48,580 --> 00:15:50,900
+originally an Italian, European thing that was
+
+212
+00:15:50,900 --> 00:15:55,040
+brought to England, adapted, and things happened
+
+213
+00:15:55,040 --> 00:15:59,570
+to it. Shakespeare made it in a way what it looks
+
+214
+00:15:59,570 --> 00:16:03,290
+like now. But again, not all sonnets are written
+
+215
+00:16:03,290 --> 00:16:06,470
+like this or like this. But this is called the
+
+216
+00:16:06,470 --> 00:16:09,350
+Shakespearean sonnet, the English sonnet. And this
+
+217
+00:16:09,350 --> 00:16:11,770
+is called the Italian sonnet. There are so many
+
+218
+00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:16,210
+forms, but these are the most famous forms of the
+
+219
+00:16:16,210 --> 00:16:20,350
+sonnet. Before... Yeah, go on. Is there a reason
+
+220
+00:16:20,350 --> 00:16:25,780
+behind choosing the number 14? I don't know. I'm
+
+221
+00:16:25,780 --> 00:16:32,000
+not sure, but is 14 the magic number? Because it's
+
+222
+00:16:32,000 --> 00:16:35,420
+seven and seven and seven. Many people love the
+
+223
+00:16:35,420 --> 00:16:39,840
+number seven. It's my favorite number. Why 14? I
+
+224
+00:16:39,840 --> 00:16:43,460
+think it's haphazard. It's not a big deal. But why
+
+225
+00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:47,420
+14? Yeah, I don't know. if there is a reason
+
+226
+00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:50,760
+probably we can look it up online somewhere before
+
+227
+00:16:50,760 --> 00:16:53,960
+I go on give you examples look at these middle
+
+228
+00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:57,520
+English words these are very important to know
+
+229
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:04,700
+remember we have thou meaning you for subject thee
+
+230
+00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:10,580
+you for object in the past they would add th
+
+231
+00:17:10,580 --> 00:17:16,990
+instead of s for he she it so had It has doth,
+
+232
+00:17:17,450 --> 00:17:25,670
+comes, and they would usually add st for thou. It
+
+233
+00:17:25,670 --> 00:17:31,370
+is, we will see that. Thy and thine both mean
+
+234
+00:17:31,370 --> 00:17:33,930
+your. Your, but the difference is like the
+
+235
+00:17:33,930 --> 00:17:38,470
+difference between a and an. You say a book, an
+
+236
+00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:41,970
+apple. When we have a vowel sound, you add the one
+
+237
+00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,870
+with the N. Same here. Say, frailty, Hamlet says,
+
+238
+00:17:47,110 --> 00:17:52,110
+frailty thy name is woman. Thy name. But when we
+
+239
+00:17:52,110 --> 00:17:59,050
+have a vowel here, I vowel I thine eyes thine eyes
+
+240
+00:17:59,050 --> 00:18:06,770
+your your eyes thou art you are it is it is why
+
+241
+00:18:06,770 --> 00:18:09,510
+remember it's because of the number of syllables
+
+242
+00:18:09,510 --> 00:18:15,210
+and the music thyself easy yourself ear means
+
+243
+00:18:15,210 --> 00:18:18,170
+before what's the difference between ear and
+
+244
+00:18:18,170 --> 00:18:18,490
+before
+
+245
+00:18:22,380 --> 00:18:24,740
+Yeah, look at the words.
+
+246
+00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:33,680
+Okay, so what does it mean? How many syllables are
+
+247
+00:18:33,680 --> 00:18:38,760
+there in before? Two syllables. Syllable one,
+
+248
+00:18:38,940 --> 00:18:43,340
+syllable two, before. But here, one syllable. So
+
+249
+00:18:43,340 --> 00:18:46,880
+this is what we call sometimes poetic license you
+
+250
+00:18:46,880 --> 00:18:49,760
+know driving license you have a license to drive
+
+251
+00:18:49,760 --> 00:18:54,820
+now poets have a license poetic license if you
+
+252
+00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,540
+want to change something just to make things fit
+
+253
+00:18:57,540 --> 00:19:03,120
+near same here with never never two syllables but
+
+254
+00:19:03,120 --> 00:19:08,560
+near one ear ever last time we had overthrown
+
+255
+00:19:08,560 --> 00:19:14,750
+overthrown originally over overthrown Please don't
+
+256
+00:19:14,750 --> 00:19:18,950
+forget that, thou, thee, hath, doth, just these
+
+257
+00:19:18,950 --> 00:19:24,770
+major words. Thou means you, thee means also you
+
+258
+00:19:24,770 --> 00:19:30,910
+for objects, doth and hath, does and has. Doesn't
+
+259
+00:19:30,910 --> 00:19:34,430
+the change in language complicate poetry? It
+
+260
+00:19:34,430 --> 00:19:37,730
+doesn't, of course. If before they had the word
+
+261
+00:19:37,730 --> 00:19:41,370
+er, and nowadays we change it to before, it would
+
+262
+00:19:41,370 --> 00:19:44,730
+change the Yeah, that's why it's good to know
+
+263
+00:19:44,730 --> 00:19:48,010
+these words and study the sonnets, the poems in
+
+264
+00:19:48,010 --> 00:19:50,810
+the language they were written in to really
+
+265
+00:19:50,810 --> 00:19:53,850
+appreciate the beauty. When you modernize this,
+
+266
+00:19:54,230 --> 00:19:57,830
+you're going to change a lot about the music and
+
+267
+00:19:57,830 --> 00:20:02,910
+everything. So I'll probably post this on Facebook
+
+268
+00:20:02,910 --> 00:20:05,850
+so you can get the slides to summarize the main
+
+269
+00:20:05,850 --> 00:20:11,100
+ideas here. But don't forget again, the sonnet is
+
+270
+00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:15,040
+a very important form where the form, remember the
+
+271
+00:20:15,040 --> 00:20:16,960
+form, the shape, the number of lines and the rhyme
+
+272
+00:20:16,960 --> 00:20:20,680
+scheme helps the idea, the meaning. Where again,
+
+273
+00:20:20,740 --> 00:20:24,640
+the poet is struggling to control life, to give
+
+274
+00:20:24,640 --> 00:20:28,860
+meaning to life, to make sense out of the chaotic
+
+275
+00:20:28,860 --> 00:20:32,900
+nature of life. For Shakespeare, in a way he was
+
+276
+00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:38,810
+trying to outsmart and outlive. life itself. In
+
+277
+00:20:38,810 --> 00:20:42,190
+the sonnet, finally, the form, what is the form?
+
+278
+00:20:42,870 --> 00:20:47,410
+The 14 lines, the number of these syllables here,
+
+279
+00:20:47,590 --> 00:20:51,710
+the number of the stanzas here, and the rhyme
+
+280
+00:20:51,710 --> 00:20:55,890
+scheme. What is the content? The theme. Is it
+
+281
+00:20:55,890 --> 00:20:59,070
+about love? About loss? About passing of time? Et
+
+282
+00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070
+cetera. Let's see more applications.
+
+283
+00:21:06,990 --> 00:21:11,590
+This is Sonnet 17. We'll do it very quickly, but
+
+284
+00:21:11,590 --> 00:21:15,510
+we'll talk more about Sonnet 18. How many lines?
+
+285
+00:21:16,070 --> 00:21:19,910
+40. Look at the shape. The last two lines are
+
+286
+00:21:19,910 --> 00:21:22,890
+sometimes indenting, like they're pushed this way.
+
+287
+00:21:23,230 --> 00:21:25,810
+But look at the rhyme here. We have time and
+
+288
+00:21:25,810 --> 00:21:33,430
+rhyme. That's GDR. Shakespeare. Someone read?
+
+289
+00:21:34,860 --> 00:21:43,640
+Okay, speak up yeah Okay,
+
+290
+00:21:44,280 --> 00:21:46,640
+probably next time you sit here yeah go on who
+
+291
+00:21:46,640 --> 00:21:49,860
+will believe my verse in time to come if if it
+
+292
+00:21:49,860 --> 00:21:54,080
+were filled with your most high desert Desert
+
+293
+00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:59,260
+though yeah heaven knows it knows it it is but a
+
+294
+00:21:59,260 --> 00:22:04,190
+thumb a tongue tomb which hides your life and
+
+295
+00:22:04,190 --> 00:22:07,570
+shows not half your parts. If I could write the
+
+296
+00:22:07,570 --> 00:22:11,570
+beauty of your eyes and in fresh numbers number
+
+297
+00:22:11,570 --> 00:22:15,510
+all your graces, the age to come would say this
+
+298
+00:22:15,510 --> 00:22:21,170
+poet lies. Such heavenly touches near touch
+
+299
+00:22:21,170 --> 00:22:25,510
+earthly faces. Should my papers, yellowed with
+
+300
+00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:30,350
+their age, be scorned like old men of less truth
+
+301
+00:22:30,350 --> 00:22:34,830
+than tongue? And your true rights be termed a
+
+302
+00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:41,330
+poet's rage and stretched meter for antique song.
+
+303
+00:22:42,110 --> 00:22:47,150
+Antique song. Antique song. But for some child of
+
+304
+00:22:47,150 --> 00:22:53,450
+yours alive that time, you should live twice in it
+
+305
+00:22:53,450 --> 00:23:00,210
+and in my rhyme. Okay, one more please. Who will
+
+306
+00:23:00,210 --> 00:23:04,030
+believe my verse in time to come, if it were
+
+307
+00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:08,750
+filled with your most high desires. I'll just,
+
+308
+00:23:09,510 --> 00:23:11,570
+while you're reading, I'll try to do the rhyme
+
+309
+00:23:11,570 --> 00:23:13,850
+scheme. Remember, the rhyme scheme follows the A,
+
+310
+00:23:14,090 --> 00:23:20,830
+B, C, D, the first sound is A. Why A? The first
+
+311
+00:23:20,830 --> 00:23:23,750
+letter of the alphabet. If the second repeats the
+
+312
+00:23:23,750 --> 00:23:28,150
+same sound, we give it A. If it's a new sound, B.
+
+313
+00:23:29,170 --> 00:23:35,400
+So, come, desert, Look at, listen, tomb, the B is
+
+314
+00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:38,100
+silent, so it's not there, the sound, we care
+
+315
+00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,860
+about the sound. But it's not, it's not, it's not,
+
+316
+00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:49,020
+oh, sorry. It's not as perfectly pronounced, like
+
+317
+00:23:49,020 --> 00:23:52,440
+perfectly pronounced as come. This is come, and
+
+318
+00:23:52,440 --> 00:23:58,100
+this is tomb, tomb, grave. This is still A, but
+
+319
+00:23:58,100 --> 00:24:01,890
+it's called imperfect rhyme. it rhymes but
+
+320
+00:24:01,890 --> 00:24:07,950
+imperfectly like love and prove okay and then
+
+321
+00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:14,490
+parts goes with deserts a
+
+322
+00:24:14,490 --> 00:24:23,000
+b a b go on if i got the Write the beauty of your
+
+323
+00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:27,460
+eyes and in fresh numbers number all your guesses
+
+324
+00:24:27,460 --> 00:24:32,720
+that is to come what you would say this God lies.
+
+325
+00:24:33,660 --> 00:24:41,990
+So we have eyes? C. Graces? D. Lies? C. And then
+
+326
+00:24:41,990 --> 00:24:43,890
+D. Go on.
+
+327
+00:24:47,330 --> 00:24:48,330
+Okay,
+
+328
+00:24:51,730 --> 00:24:52,610
+with their age.
+
+329
+00:24:56,070 --> 00:25:05,270
+And tongue. Different? E, F, Rage, E, and Song.
+
+330
+00:25:06,770 --> 00:25:08,770
+And finally read the couplet.
+
+331
+00:25:17,950 --> 00:25:21,110
+Okay, but where some child of yours alive that
+
+332
+00:25:21,110 --> 00:25:27,970
+time, that's G, you should live twice in it and in
+
+333
+00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:34,110
+my rhyme. My rhyme, my poetry. My verse and again
+
+334
+00:25:34,110 --> 00:25:42,200
+the G. A, B, A, B. That's come and come, desserts
+
+335
+00:25:42,200 --> 00:25:47,500
+and pots, and then eyes and lies, C, C, and graces
+
+336
+00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:53,840
+and faces, D, D, age, rage, E, tongue, and song,
+
+337
+00:25:54,140 --> 00:25:59,040
+F, time, rhyme. If I ask you a question in the
+
+338
+00:25:59,040 --> 00:26:01,440
+exam, I bring you one of the sonnets, and it
+
+339
+00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:05,370
+rhymes like this. And if you know this is a
+
+340
+00:26:05,370 --> 00:26:07,670
+Shakespearean sonnet, Shakespearean couplet, if
+
+341
+00:26:07,670 --> 00:26:11,570
+you know it by heart, you give it GG Rimsky. But
+
+342
+00:26:11,570 --> 00:26:14,350
+if you don't and you give me AA, it's okay because
+
+343
+00:26:14,350 --> 00:26:19,450
+it's still a sonnet. The next sonnet, a very
+
+344
+00:26:19,450 --> 00:26:23,450
+famous sonnet by Shakespeare. Sonnet 18. Sonnet
+
+345
+00:26:23,450 --> 00:26:28,910
+18. Sonnet 18. I'll read it first and see two or
+
+346
+00:26:28,910 --> 00:26:30,610
+three of you reading it.
+
+347
+00:26:33,680 --> 00:26:38,100
+Again, shall I compare thee to a summer's day,
+
+348
+00:26:39,080 --> 00:26:42,810
+thou art more lovely and more temperate? Rough
+
+349
+00:26:42,810 --> 00:26:46,670
+winds do shake the darling buds of May And
+
+350
+00:26:46,670 --> 00:26:50,890
+summer's lease has all too short a date Sometime
+
+351
+00:26:50,890 --> 00:26:55,350
+too hot the eye of heaven shines And often is his
+
+352
+00:26:55,350 --> 00:26:59,350
+gold complexion dimmed And every fair from fair
+
+353
+00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:03,530
+sometime declines By chance or nature's changing
+
+354
+00:27:03,530 --> 00:27:08,560
+course untrimmed But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+355
+00:27:08,560 --> 00:27:12,760
+fade, nor lose position of that fear thou ow'st,
+
+356
+00:27:13,580 --> 00:27:16,960
+nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
+
+357
+00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:23,160
+when in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So
+
+358
+00:27:23,160 --> 00:27:28,880
+long as men can breathe or eyes can see, so long
+
+359
+00:27:28,880 --> 00:27:35,400
+lives this, and this gives life to thee. Yes?
+
+360
+00:27:38,630 --> 00:27:41,130
+Can you speak up? Speak up.
+
+361
+00:27:46,010 --> 00:27:47,950
+Thou art.
+
+362
+00:27:51,370 --> 00:27:54,630
+Rough winds.
+
+363
+00:27:58,270 --> 00:27:59,430
+Darling buds of May.
+
+364
+00:28:21,070 --> 00:28:25,110
+By thy eternal summer.
+
+365
+00:28:31,070 --> 00:28:36,170
+Eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose position
+
+366
+00:28:36,170 --> 00:28:41,770
+of that firm thou art, nor shall deep death pray
+
+367
+00:28:41,770 --> 00:28:50,330
+thou one last in his shed, when in eternal lines
+
+368
+00:28:50,330 --> 00:28:56,970
+thy blood so long as men can breathe or eyes can
+
+369
+00:28:56,970 --> 00:29:02,880
+see, so long life lives this, Very good. A better
+
+370
+00:29:02,880 --> 00:29:08,280
+reading please. Yes. Shall I compare thee to a
+
+371
+00:29:08,280 --> 00:29:11,760
+summer's days though are more lovely and more
+
+372
+00:29:11,760 --> 00:29:15,480
+temporary? Shall I? Say again. Shall I compare?
+
+373
+00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:20,100
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's days? No, not
+
+374
+00:29:20,100 --> 00:29:24,700
+days. Day. Day. Go on. Say again. Shall I compare
+
+375
+00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,620
+thee to a summer's day though are more lovely and
+
+376
+00:29:28,620 --> 00:29:33,140
+more temporary? Rob went to shade the darling buds
+
+377
+00:29:33,140 --> 00:29:38,080
+of May, and Summer's leaves have all too short a
+
+378
+00:29:38,080 --> 00:29:46,000
+date, sometimes too hot the eye of Haven shines,
+
+379
+00:29:46,700 --> 00:29:52,120
+and often is his dull complexion dimmed.
+
+380
+00:29:55,230 --> 00:29:59,350
+And every fair confessed sometimes declines by
+
+381
+00:29:59,350 --> 00:30:03,510
+chance or nature's changing course untrammed.
+
+382
+00:30:03,930 --> 00:30:09,610
+Untrammed. Untrammed, yes. Like damned, untrammed.
+
+383
+00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:14,470
+But thy eternal summer shall not fade, nor lose
+
+384
+00:30:14,470 --> 00:30:21,680
+possession of that fair thou ow'st. Gnosis did
+
+385
+00:30:21,680 --> 00:30:26,200
+brag thou wondrous in his shade, when in eternal
+
+386
+00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:30,540
+lines to time thou rose, so long as men can
+
+387
+00:30:30,540 --> 00:30:35,720
+breathe or eyes can see, so long life lives this,
+
+388
+00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,760
+and this gives life to thee. Better. Can you?
+
+389
+00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:46,840
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art
+
+390
+00:30:46,840 --> 00:30:53,250
+more lovely and more tempting. Rough. Rough. Rough
+
+391
+00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:57,970
+winds do shake the downland, particularly the
+
+392
+00:30:57,970 --> 00:31:02,350
+main, and summer days have all too short a day,
+
+393
+00:31:02,750 --> 00:31:06,730
+sometimes to have the eye of heaven shines, and
+
+394
+00:31:06,730 --> 00:31:12,240
+often it's years goes from day to day. And every
+
+395
+00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:17,400
+pear from pear sometimes declines by chance or
+
+396
+00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:23,000
+nature's changing course and trend. But the
+
+397
+00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:28,940
+eternal summer shall not fade, nor loss position
+
+398
+00:31:28,940 --> 00:31:31,220
+of that pear that asked.
+
+399
+00:31:46,220 --> 00:31:48,720
+This gives life to people. Can someone do the
+
+400
+00:31:48,720 --> 00:31:52,000
+rhyme scheme here? Come here.
+
+401
+00:31:56,640 --> 00:31:59,700
+And explain while you're doing the rhyme scheme,
+
+402
+00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:00,360
+the structure.
+
+403
+00:32:04,270 --> 00:32:09,690
+You don't have to read it. First line is always A.
+
+404
+00:32:10,530 --> 00:32:13,210
+Temperate and day are not the same, so we can say
+
+405
+00:32:13,210 --> 00:32:21,110
+B. May, of May, day, so we add A. Short and date.
+
+406
+00:32:21,250 --> 00:32:27,430
+Date and temperate is also A, is also B. Shines
+
+407
+00:32:27,430 --> 00:32:29,390
+has nothing to rhyme, so we add B.
+
+408
+00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:36,700
+And that's the same, so we can add D. Declines and
+
+409
+00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:41,260
+shines rhymes, so we can add C. Untrimmed and
+
+410
+00:32:41,260 --> 00:32:47,700
+dimed is the same rhyme, so we can add D. Fade is
+
+411
+00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,120
+a new rhyme, so we can say E.
+
+412
+00:32:53,090 --> 00:32:59,410
+like oh because but remember he has has not a due
+
+413
+00:32:59,410 --> 00:33:03,050
+but with you in the past they used to add st to
+
+414
+00:33:03,050 --> 00:33:05,790
+the verb thank god they dropped this long time ago
+
+415
+00:33:05,790 --> 00:33:08,110
+what would be what would be a nightmare for us so
+
+416
+00:33:08,110 --> 00:33:13,250
+host is if shade and fade rhymes we can add e
+
+417
+00:33:13,250 --> 00:33:15,590
+roast
+
+418
+00:33:19,430 --> 00:33:27,590
+And then we come to our friend GG. This is a
+
+419
+00:33:27,590 --> 00:33:31,110
+better explanation than mine. Thank you. Very good
+
+420
+00:33:31,110 --> 00:33:33,290
+job. Now what is Shakespeare doing here? What is
+
+421
+00:33:33,290 --> 00:33:37,090
+he saying? This is a sonnet, a love poem, but in
+
+422
+00:33:37,090 --> 00:33:41,180
+this sonnet, he's again there's some kind of
+
+423
+00:33:41,180 --> 00:33:45,020
+complaint there's a problem here he's by the way
+
+424
+00:33:45,020 --> 00:33:47,960
+critics do not agree whether these poems were
+
+425
+00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:51,080
+written to a man or a woman it could be an issue
+
+426
+00:33:51,080 --> 00:33:53,900
+but not a big deal for us let's study the text
+
+427
+00:33:53,900 --> 00:33:56,740
+itself shall I compare these two summers in
+
+428
+00:33:56,740 --> 00:34:01,260
+England summer is the best season because it's not
+
+429
+00:34:01,260 --> 00:34:04,040
+very cold because winter is really horribly cold
+
+430
+00:34:05,330 --> 00:34:07,670
+So he says, shall I compare thee to summer's day?
+
+431
+00:34:07,730 --> 00:34:11,830
+This is a rhetorical question. And then he says, I
+
+432
+00:34:11,830 --> 00:34:17,610
+think I shouldn't because of many things. Because
+
+433
+00:34:17,610 --> 00:34:21,610
+you're more beautiful than summer. You're more
+
+434
+00:34:21,610 --> 00:34:26,210
+temperate. Summer is short. Summer doesn't last.
+
+435
+00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,610
+Sometimes there is rough wind.
+
+436
+00:34:31,440 --> 00:34:35,380
+that shakes the darling buds of May. So summer is
+
+437
+00:34:35,380 --> 00:34:37,560
+not as beautiful as you are. You're more beautiful
+
+438
+00:34:37,560 --> 00:34:42,880
+than that. And sometimes too hot the eye of heaven
+
+439
+00:34:42,880 --> 00:34:46,840
+shines. And often is his gold complexion dimmed.
+
+440
+00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:50,000
+The clouds sometimes cover everything and it's no
+
+441
+00:34:50,000 --> 00:34:52,740
+longer beautiful. And this is probably one of the
+
+442
+00:34:52,740 --> 00:34:56,680
+finest lines of Shakespeare. And every fair from
+
+443
+00:34:56,680 --> 00:35:03,080
+fair sometime declines. Fair meaning beauty. Like
+
+444
+00:35:03,080 --> 00:35:07,320
+a fair person, a fair woman is like the most
+
+445
+00:35:07,320 --> 00:35:12,210
+beautiful there is. So these Things, these
+
+446
+00:35:12,210 --> 00:35:16,390
+features do not last, the beauty, the beauties of
+
+447
+00:35:16,390 --> 00:35:19,910
+the summer compared to you. Generally, every fear
+
+448
+00:35:19,910 --> 00:35:23,970
+from fear sometimes declines. Beauty doesn't last
+
+449
+00:35:23,970 --> 00:35:28,970
+forever. We are all going to grow old and ugly,
+
+450
+00:35:29,070 --> 00:35:31,310
+and then we're going to die. Beauty will fade.
+
+451
+00:35:31,870 --> 00:35:35,290
+Beauty will fade. Furnace will... Notice the
+
+452
+00:35:35,290 --> 00:35:38,150
+repetition of the fa, fa, fa, fa, fa sound. It's
+
+453
+00:35:38,150 --> 00:35:45,860
+like you're like... complaining, sad, angry, by
+
+454
+00:35:45,860 --> 00:35:48,320
+chance, et cetera, et cetera. And then he says,
+
+455
+00:35:48,680 --> 00:35:53,600
+but thy eternal summer, thy affairs shall not
+
+456
+00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:57,060
+fade. You're more beautiful than summer itself.
+
+457
+00:35:58,100 --> 00:36:01,100
+Nor lose possession of that fair thou ost, nor
+
+458
+00:36:01,100 --> 00:36:05,300
+shall death brag thou wanderst in his ship. And
+
+459
+00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,640
+this is, again, beautiful because Shakespeare is
+
+460
+00:36:07,640 --> 00:36:11,230
+personifying death. Death is not a person. Death
+
+461
+00:36:11,230 --> 00:36:14,550
+doesn't brag, doesn't show off. People brag.
+
+462
+00:36:15,830 --> 00:36:19,530
+People show off. And this is personification. You
+
+463
+00:36:19,530 --> 00:36:23,090
+said personification is when you give things, the
+
+464
+00:36:23,090 --> 00:36:25,870
+features, the characteristics, the traits of human
+
+465
+00:36:25,870 --> 00:36:30,190
+beings. It's personification. Death, even death
+
+466
+00:36:30,190 --> 00:36:33,530
+will not brag about killing you because you're
+
+467
+00:36:33,530 --> 00:36:38,290
+going to outlive everything. When in eternal
+
+468
+00:36:38,290 --> 00:36:42,550
+lines, eternal lines, these lines that will live
+
+469
+00:36:42,550 --> 00:36:44,970
+forever. This in part answers the question whether
+
+470
+00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:47,990
+Shakespeare knew he was writing really, really
+
+471
+00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:50,850
+good poetry, amazing poetry that will be famous
+
+472
+00:36:50,850 --> 00:36:53,250
+all over the world. Maybe he knew he's going to be
+
+473
+00:36:53,250 --> 00:36:56,110
+famous all across London and the UK, maybe in
+
+474
+00:36:56,110 --> 00:36:59,620
+Europe. But did he know he's going to be here,
+
+475
+00:36:59,820 --> 00:37:04,880
+studied in Gaza? No. Or in China, or in Africa? We
+
+476
+00:37:04,880 --> 00:37:07,600
+don't know. Nobody knows. But certainly, those
+
+477
+00:37:07,600 --> 00:37:11,760
+great minds, the giants, the canonical writers,
+
+478
+00:37:12,760 --> 00:37:14,120
+they know. At least they know they're doing
+
+479
+00:37:14,120 --> 00:37:19,500
+something great. And then finally, the couplet
+
+480
+00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,880
+here gives us hope. What he does here is that, oh,
+
+481
+00:37:23,080 --> 00:37:27,860
+we are all going to die. But then comes the hope,
+
+482
+00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:33,220
+comes the closure. So long as men can breathe or
+
+483
+00:37:33,220 --> 00:37:38,280
+eyes can see, so long lives this. This, my sonnet,
+
+484
+00:37:38,420 --> 00:37:42,600
+my poetry, my verse, my rhyme. And this gives life
+
+485
+00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:46,260
+to thee. And it's true. It's ironic we don't know
+
+486
+00:37:46,260 --> 00:37:50,220
+who he wrote the poem for. But we know that
+
+487
+00:37:50,220 --> 00:37:53,860
+whoever that person is, is still alive. People are
+
+488
+00:37:53,860 --> 00:38:00,720
+talking about him or her. let's end with something
+
+489
+00:38:00,720 --> 00:38:07,600
+from I downloaded this video from YouTube this is
+
+490
+00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500
+a recitation of shall I compare thee to summer
+
+491
+00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:15,420
+days now
+
+492
+00:38:15,420 --> 00:38:18,780
+I want you to listen to this and then there's a
+
+493
+00:38:18,780 --> 00:38:21,220
+little girl who's going to also recite this I want
+
+494
+00:38:21,220 --> 00:38:22,840
+you to see which one you like most
+
+495
+00:38:45,370 --> 00:38:48,830
+Hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his
+
+496
+00:38:48,830 --> 00:38:53,690
+gold complexion dimmed, And every fair from fair
+
+497
+00:38:53,690 --> 00:38:58,170
+sometime declines By chance, or nature's changing
+
+498
+00:38:58,170 --> 00:39:03,930
+course untrimmed. But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+499
+00:39:03,930 --> 00:39:08,070
+fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st,
+
+500
+00:39:09,020 --> 00:39:12,500
+Nor shall death brag thou wanderest in his shade,
+
+501
+00:39:13,220 --> 00:39:19,260
+When in eternal lines to time thou grow'st. So
+
+502
+00:39:19,260 --> 00:39:25,160
+long as men can breathe, for eyes can see, So long
+
+503
+00:39:25,160 --> 00:39:33,260
+lives this, and this gives life to thee. Let's see
+
+504
+00:39:33,260 --> 00:39:36,320
+the little kid and then stop there. Is it this
+
+505
+00:39:36,320 --> 00:39:36,540
+one?
+
+506
+00:39:45,680 --> 00:39:50,060
+Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
+
+507
+00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:58,020
+Thou art more lovely and more temperate. The winds
+
+508
+00:39:58,020 --> 00:40:01,140
+do shake the darling buds of May, and summer's
+
+509
+00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:06,380
+leaves have all too short a date. Sometimes too
+
+510
+00:40:06,380 --> 00:40:10,680
+hot the eye of Heather shines, and often it is
+
+511
+00:40:10,680 --> 00:40:16,550
+cold complexion dims. And every fair thing there
+
+512
+00:40:16,550 --> 00:40:21,550
+sometimes declines By chance or nature's changing
+
+513
+00:40:21,550 --> 00:40:26,830
+course of trend. But thy eternal summer shall not
+
+514
+00:40:26,830 --> 00:40:31,790
+fade, Nor this possession that there thou ow'st,
+
+515
+00:40:32,510 --> 00:40:36,590
+Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,
+
+516
+00:40:36,710 --> 00:40:40,590
+When in eternal lines the times thou grow'st.
+
+517
+00:40:51,210 --> 00:40:52,650
+Oh cute.
+
+518
+00:40:56,230 --> 00:41:00,190
+Isn't she cute? It's beautiful how she renders
+
+519
+00:41:00,190 --> 00:41:05,250
+Shakespeare to this little tiny recitation of the
+
+520
+00:41:05,250 --> 00:41:10,150
+sonnet. We'll stop here and we'll see what if you
+
+521
+00:41:10,150 --> 00:41:12,650
+have any question about Shakespeare about the
+
+522
+00:41:12,650 --> 00:41:13,010
+sonnet
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a41be894320a0c387f9b8195cceb6e3dd219c5ac
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2175 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone.
+
+2
+00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850
+Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English
+
+3
+00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490
+students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This
+
+4
+00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470
+is again an introductory course into the history
+
+5
+00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130
+of English literature. The course again aims at
+
+6
+00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190
+understanding the development of English
+
+7
+00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010
+literature and literary texts in their historical
+
+8
+00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670
+context. I said last time that we are going to
+
+9
+00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690
+take this course mainly as a literature course,
+
+10
+00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390
+but again to study the historical background of
+
+11
+00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950
+the literary movements, literary texts, and
+
+12
+00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990
+literary figures. We need also to study not only
+
+13
+00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050
+how history and historical events influence
+
+14
+00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630
+literature, but also how literature sometimes
+
+15
+00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250
+influences history and people in general. Last
+
+16
+00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090
+time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the
+
+17
+00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740
+time when England was being made. England was in
+
+18
+00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040
+the process of making itself the England we know
+
+19
+00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500
+now. Originally, there were people from all around
+
+20
+00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080
+Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings.
+
+21
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440
+We spoke about the French. We spoke about the
+
+22
+00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480
+Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another,
+
+23
+00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700
+thought it would be probably safer in the island
+
+24
+00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660
+rather than in the continent, in Europe itself.
+
+25
+00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140
+But later on, there were again more fighting and
+
+26
+00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330
+more wars inside the island itself. Now early old
+
+27
+00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170
+English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry
+
+28
+00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370
+remained oral for a long time. People depended on
+
+29
+00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360
+their memory. Many of the poems were originally
+
+30
+00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060
+meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized
+
+31
+00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240
+them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy
+
+32
+00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140
+to remember, and easy to memorize, there were
+
+33
+00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520
+certain features that we spoke about last time. We
+
+34
+00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440
+said they tried to be narrative in a way where the
+
+35
+00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630
+poem mainly tells a story. Because stories,
+
+36
+00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930
+everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you
+
+37
+00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610
+need to memorize something, to immortalize
+
+38
+00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050
+something, to make it forever, to make it
+
+39
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230
+everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of
+
+40
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970
+a story. And then the themes. The themes were
+
+41
+00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330
+taken from real life, related to the people of
+
+42
+00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660
+that time. The themes touch the lives, the
+
+43
+00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200
+aspects of everybody's life there and their
+
+44
+00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620
+circumstances and everything. That's why the
+
+45
+00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880
+themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting,
+
+46
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240
+struggle. And there were also personal themes,
+
+47
+00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640
+like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and
+
+48
+00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100
+et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes.
+
+49
+00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560
+And some of you noticed that the majority of texts
+
+50
+00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860
+from Old English are religious texts. And that
+
+51
+00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740
+could be telling in the sense that we ask a
+
+52
+00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620
+question. Were people purely religious at that
+
+53
+00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040
+time? Is it because people were? Or is there
+
+54
+00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960
+another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the
+
+55
+00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800
+author was religious, and sometimes the church
+
+56
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380
+chose a religious form rather than a religious
+
+57
+00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290
+form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak
+
+58
+00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490
+up?
+
+59
+00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050
+Exactly. So who could read and write at that time?
+
+60
+00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870
+The monks, the people of the church. The people of
+
+61
+00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990
+the church were probably the only people who could
+
+62
+00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170
+read and write, which means only those people
+
+63
+00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070
+wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act
+
+64
+00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080
+of selection, which means there could have been
+
+65
+00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600
+some kind of censorship, where the monk would
+
+66
+00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100
+choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a
+
+67
+00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120
+religious theme rather than probably a secular theme
+
+68
+00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760
+or something else. And then finally, we said Old
+
+69
+00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660
+English in so many ways was a musical language,
+
+70
+00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580
+especially when they wrote poetry. There was the
+
+71
+00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520
+caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm
+
+72
+00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320
+of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem
+
+73
+00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800
+easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we
+
+74
+00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660
+move from Old English to Middle English, we speak
+
+75
+00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660
+about a society that is developing, a society that
+
+76
+00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080
+is in the making. We speak about the English
+
+77
+00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120
+identity that is being made. Originally, people
+
+78
+00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360
+again came from different parts of Europe, but now
+
+79
+00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400
+they are in a part, in an area called England. And
+
+80
+00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340
+many people started to seek this English identity.
+
+81
+00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080
+The Englishness of English started to be developed
+
+82
+00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280
+at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of
+
+83
+00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520
+harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to
+
+84
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220
+this place. They wanted to see common interests
+
+85
+00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760
+and common issues among themselves. And when we
+
+86
+00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920
+speak about Middle English literature, we speak
+
+87
+00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320
+about the most famous literary figure of that
+
+88
+00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500
+time. The man who is considered the father of
+
+89
+00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480
+English literature, or English poetry in
+
+90
+00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320
+particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is
+
+91
+00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860
+Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many
+
+92
+00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340
+people, is considered the father of English
+
+93
+00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940
+literature. When we speak about early middle
+
+94
+00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520
+English, this is the man who was working on some
+
+95
+00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680
+kind of literature to reflect the English identity
+
+96
+00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060
+that is being made, the society that is developing
+
+97
+00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830
+probably from all aspects. I will Remember last
+
+98
+00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450
+time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke
+
+99
+00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510
+about the features of the period, the authors, the
+
+100
+00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870
+literature. And then we discussed the literature.
+
+101
+00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670
+Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to
+
+102
+00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750
+give you samples from extracts from poems by
+
+103
+00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610
+Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry
+
+104
+00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170
+we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the
+
+105
+00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310
+features of not only literature and poetry and
+
+106
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000
+language, but also of life. The most important
+
+107
+00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620
+literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is
+
+108
+00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880
+The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long
+
+109
+00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980
+poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say
+
+110
+00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660
+much here, let's go directly to the text. And
+
+111
+00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600
+again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects
+
+112
+00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000
+the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look
+
+113
+00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750
+at this, number one. Remember what we call two
+
+114
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630
+lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A
+
+115
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130
+couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read
+
+116
+00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050
+someone? Please.
+
+117
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650
+Philosopher.
+
+118
+00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790
+In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please.
+
+119
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090
+But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless,
+
+120
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750
+he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you
+
+121
+00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650
+very much, please. But although he was a
+
+122
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170
+philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little
+
+123
+00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210
+gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading,
+
+124
+00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510
+please. But although he was a philosopher, he had
+
+125
+00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890
+only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless,
+
+126
+00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510
+but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless,
+
+127
+00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230
+he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again,
+
+128
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870
+this is the modern English writing. But if you
+
+129
+00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230
+look at your book, you will be able to read the
+
+130
+00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230
+Middle English text. You will at least be able to
+
+131
+00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690
+recognize some of the words. And the words that
+
+132
+00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190
+you can't read can easily be guessed from the
+
+133
+00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110
+context there. So if everyone goes to the book,
+
+134
+00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420
+Okay.
+
+135
+00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240
+Page 1313.
+
+136
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860
+Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12
+
+137
+00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160
+and page 13. Look at the original English text.
+
+138
+00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120
+Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try
+
+139
+00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720
+to read the Middle English? This is also, this is
+
+140
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740
+not like typical Middle English, but this is
+
+141
+00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920
+close. Remember Old English? We couldn't read Old
+
+142
+00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470
+English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally
+
+143
+00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430
+different language. But Middle English is the
+
+144
+00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490
+start of what we call the English language that we
+
+145
+00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210
+have now. It's not exactly what the language we
+
+146
+00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910
+have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read
+
+147
+00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330
+the English text one?
+
+148
+00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990
+In his coffer.
+
+149
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620
+So how many words are familiar to you? Probably
+
+150
+00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160
+most of them. Even the words that look weird,
+
+151
+00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720
+because again there were no standards for
+
+152
+00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260
+spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed
+
+153
+00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440
+then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the
+
+154
+00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440
+spelling. This is the word had. And they would be
+
+155
+00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130
+throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the
+
+156
+00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230
+modern English makes it clearer for us. But
+
+157
+00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890
+although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he
+
+158
+00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510
+had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you
+
+159
+00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110
+notice about this? What does the text communicate
+
+160
+00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690
+with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice
+
+161
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490
+anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English.
+
+162
+00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350
+What is the theme? What is the form? Is there
+
+163
+00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430
+anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm?
+
+164
+00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640
+Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So
+
+165
+00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740
+it's
+
+166
+00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320
+talking about a philosopher. And the poet is
+
+167
+00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620
+telling us, the text is telling us that he had a
+
+168
+00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320
+little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably
+
+169
+00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440
+safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very
+
+170
+00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960
+good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything
+
+171
+00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640
+here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching
+
+172
+00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100
+for money. He was searching for knowledge and
+
+173
+00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800
+being a philosopher. Very good. What is a
+
+174
+00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480
+philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge,
+
+175
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000
+a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy
+
+176
+00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280
+is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How
+
+177
+00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920
+much money does he have? A little. A little gold.
+
+178
+00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960
+OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares
+
+179
+00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060
+more about giving people information more than
+
+180
+00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260
+getting money. Is this in the text, or are you
+
+181
+00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180
+guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a
+
+182
+00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940
+philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people,
+
+183
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840
+to knowledge, to his society, the community, or
+
+184
+00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280
+her, of course, if we're talking about a female
+
+185
+00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880
+philosopher. What else do you notice? What else
+
+186
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260
+can you tell from the text?
+
+187
+00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830
+What difference can
+
+188
+00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230
+you notice? What is the major difference between
+
+189
+00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210
+this and Old English? In Old English, it includes
+
+190
+00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930
+a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right?
+
+191
+00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660
+This is Europe started to disappear physically,
+
+192
+00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520
+but it also still existed. We'll talk about this
+
+193
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920
+later on. It is now no longer marked by the space.
+
+194
+00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360
+It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full
+
+195
+00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660
+stop in the middle of the line or something.
+
+196
+00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000
+Please.
+
+197
+00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200
+Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember
+
+198
+00:
+
+223
+00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290
+question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he
+
+224
+00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570
+being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way,
+
+225
+00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770
+he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only
+
+226
+00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650
+has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a
+
+227
+00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290
+coffer where he puts gold, probably the author
+
+228
+00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130
+here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The
+
+229
+00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890
+philosopher is not doing his job of being a
+
+230
+00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650
+philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate
+
+231
+00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250
+people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in
+
+232
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450
+collecting money than anything. So the society
+
+233
+00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070
+that was, again, fighting among itself now has
+
+234
+00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950
+different themes, different topics. But now people
+
+235
+00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150
+started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what
+
+236
+00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490
+did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the
+
+237
+00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790
+enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his
+
+238
+00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990
+people, but for other peoples. But now we have the
+
+239
+00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130
+scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is
+
+240
+00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310
+seeking his own personal interest. This is the
+
+241
+00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290
+theme of selfishness. The society started to have
+
+242
+00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430
+its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are
+
+243
+00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650
+during war, people come closer to each other. We
+
+244
+00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790
+are united, but when people
+
+245
+00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110
+settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we
+
+246
+00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850
+become selfish and selfish. What do you notice
+
+247
+00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950
+also about the form?
+
+248
+00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610
+There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any
+
+249
+00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960
+source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The
+
+250
+00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460
+rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the
+
+251
+00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380
+last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme.
+
+252
+00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100
+Creates music. But although he was a philosopher,
+
+253
+00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840
+there was a little money, there's a little gold in
+
+254
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100
+his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme.
+
+255
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420
+You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last
+
+256
+00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200
+couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new
+
+257
+00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300
+themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no
+
+258
+00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300
+caesura here, but a new theme is starting to show
+
+259
+00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300
+up. Let's see another example and come back to the
+
+260
+00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740
+second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the
+
+261
+00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760
+book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale.
+
+262
+00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840
+The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the
+
+263
+00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680
+philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is
+
+264
+00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460
+like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman
+
+265
+00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840
+who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She
+
+266
+00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780
+vows not to marry, not to have kids, just
+
+267
+00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700
+everything is dedicated to God, love of God.
+
+268
+00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080
+That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there
+
+269
+00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840
+is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle
+
+270
+00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910
+English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can
+
+271
+00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570
+you read it? Look at the words. Can you find
+
+272
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750
+familiar words? Are there familiar words? They
+
+273
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290
+have the English letters that we have now. So they
+
+274
+00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490
+look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't
+
+275
+00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510
+look below. Look at the original text. Can you
+
+276
+00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850
+read? Please. No, here.
+
+277
+00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040
+And she was all consistent and tender heart.
+
+278
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460
+Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you
+
+279
+00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080
+understand every single word or not, but still you
+
+280
+00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420
+can read this. The words look different because of
+
+281
+00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400
+the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the
+
+282
+00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560
+original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in
+
+283
+00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860
+her way of smiling was very ineffective and
+
+284
+00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950
+modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is
+
+285
+00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550
+not the original text. The original text, if you
+
+286
+00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250
+read the original text again, it's going to get
+
+287
+00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690
+easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how
+
+288
+00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590
+they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize
+
+289
+00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230
+it. Go again for the original text.
+
+290
+00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350
+Very good. Let's now go back to the modern,
+
+291
+00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740
+modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The
+
+292
+00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020
+nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling
+
+293
+00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940
+was very unaffected and modest. And all was
+
+294
+00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520
+sentiment and tender heart.
+
+295
+00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680
+Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute.
+
+296
+00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160
+Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new?
+
+297
+00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480
+The poet saying, what is he communicating with us?
+
+298
+00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860
+What is the theme? What do you notice about the
+
+299
+00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960
+language, about the form, the music? Who are the
+
+300
+00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980
+characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main
+
+301
+00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760
+character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a
+
+302
+00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900
+woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the
+
+303
+00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500
+church, to God. Now, remember the old English
+
+304
+00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120
+texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We
+
+305
+00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080
+discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of
+
+306
+00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480
+them were about heroes, about someone who hears
+
+307
+00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220
+the voice of God, someone who loses his job,
+
+308
+00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690
+someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now,
+
+309
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790
+for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And
+
+310
+00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850
+the woman is not only a character. It's not only
+
+311
+00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230
+mentioned in passing. She's the main character.
+
+312
+00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270
+There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The
+
+313
+00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530
+Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the
+
+314
+00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590
+conclusion that, in Middle English, women started
+
+315
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460
+to appear, to take space and to take room. They
+
+316
+00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120
+became main characters in the text. What else is
+
+317
+00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560
+there in the couplet? Please.
+
+318
+00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160
+OK.
+
+319
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520
+So she smiles. She influences people. And you're
+
+320
+00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620
+talking about crossing the lines of being a nun.
+
+321
+00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980
+Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then
+
+322
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000
+in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the
+
+323
+00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960
+first line, who in her way of smiling was
+
+324
+00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800
+unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's
+
+325
+00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700
+dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen,
+
+326
+00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320
+at that time, and even now in so many cultures,
+
+327
+00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020
+women, the most important thing about women is
+
+328
+00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120
+modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is
+
+329
+00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620
+usually defined by man. OK? Which is something
+
+330
+00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120
+probably we'll talk about later on. But usually
+
+331
+00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460
+women live under the rules of men for ages and
+
+332
+00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940
+ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And
+
+333
+00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600
+that's why women start to struggle to take their
+
+334
+00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950
+rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a
+
+335
+00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290
+role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And
+
+336
+00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130
+the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest.
+
+337
+00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130
+She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the
+
+338
+00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370
+second line, there is a word that we need to
+
+339
+00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990
+notice here.
+
+340
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310
+She was all sentiment. What's sentiment?
+
+341
+00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380
+Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings
+
+342
+00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780
+of love and tender heart. In other ways, again
+
+343
+00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600
+similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a
+
+344
+00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400
+woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her
+
+345
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280
+life to God, but instead she cares more about her
+
+346
+00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000
+love and emotions than anything else. Again, This
+
+347
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600
+is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using
+
+348
+00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580
+what we call, again, irony. He says something, but
+
+349
+00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740
+he means something else. He says, this philosopher
+
+350
+00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840
+has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god.
+
+351
+00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560
+Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun?
+
+352
+00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080
+She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So
+
+353
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480
+the nun is also in the strictest sense of the
+
+354
+00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660
+word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new
+
+355
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320
+here is the fact that women started to appear to
+
+356
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000
+take her to be part of this. Although generally,
+
+357
+00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900
+generally at the beginning they were just objects
+
+358
+00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700
+of admiration. They were just objects for men to
+
+359
+00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200
+admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun?
+
+360
+00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800
+Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of
+
+361
+00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220
+the society, someone defying, resisting the roles
+
+362
+00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940
+imposed upon her? My question again, here we have
+
+363
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000
+a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's
+
+364
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980
+breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the
+
+365
+00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+rules here? Part of the woman doing something,
+
+366
+00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440
+what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+367
+00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560
+Okay.
+
+368
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580
+Okay.
+
+369
+00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230
+and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not
+
+370
+00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590
+supposed to fall in love with life, with things,
+
+371
+00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830
+with people, like men-women relationships. But
+
+372
+00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230
+this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say
+
+373
+00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070
+something? When the philosopher broke the rules,
+
+374
+00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270
+we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher,
+
+375
+00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280
+because he is interested in collecting money. And
+
+376
+00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860
+now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing
+
+377
+00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200
+something important?
+
+378
+00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380
+Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love.
+
+379
+00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000
+I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you
+
+380
+00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200
+know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her,
+
+381
+00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940
+like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes
+
+382
+00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320
+society leads you to a particular conclusion. But
+
+383
+00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440
+it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking
+
+384
+00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060
+this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman,
+
+385
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960
+if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe
+
+386
+00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160
+in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in
+
+387
+00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140
+a position where she had no choice. But my
+
+388
+00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950
+question again, what does it tell? if this woman
+
+389
+00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030
+is not following the rules of being a nun, the
+
+390
+00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450
+rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she?
+
+391
+00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210
+She's a woman following her heart. Personality,
+
+392
+00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610
+like to challenge that given.
+
+393
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970
+Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is
+
+394
+00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530
+someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for
+
+395
+00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890
+women. Probably the voice is not that loud and
+
+396
+00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910
+clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of
+
+397
+00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330
+the society, even resisting the rules of the
+
+398
+00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270
+church. And for her, being a man is not what the
+
+399
+00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010
+church decides. It's what her tender heart
+
+400
+00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270
+decides. Please. Choose to be a nun to not go
+
+401
+00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490
+under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think
+
+402
+00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690
+she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show
+
+403
+00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830
+that she's strict rather than being under a man.
+
+404
+00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710
+In general, that could be. That is possible. But
+
+405
+00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290
+it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a
+
+406
+00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610
+woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks
+
+407
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170
+the rules in a way to change the image of women,
+
+408
+00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620
+to give women a place. We'll talk about this later
+
+409
+00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420
+on as we move talking about English literature.
+
+410
+00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680
+Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale.
+
+411
+00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640
+You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a
+
+412
+00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880
+knight,
+
+445
+00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110
+just added. There's no need to add it here in the
+
+446
+00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870
+translation. I'd like to go for this version. And 
+
+447
+00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590
+the four at the king's court, my brother. What
+
+448
+00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810
+happens at the king's court when a knight is
+
+449
+00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590
+telling a story? Traditionally, people are
+
+450
+00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180
+competing to show that they are strong. To be
+
+451
+00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980
+heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's
+
+452
+00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600
+court? Each man for himself.
+
+453
+00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820
+Each man for himself, there is no other. No other
+
+454
+00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560
+person I care about except myself. Selfishness.
+
+455
+00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490
+Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why?
+
+456
+00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190
+Because knights chose us, trying again to 
+
+457
+00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410
+communicate with us the idea that knights now
+
+458
+00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010
+don't belong in a modern society in a way. They 
+
+459
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330
+belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of
+
+460
+00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710
+the past. In modern society, people are settling 
+
+461
+00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840
+down more and more. There are no, like there were 
+
+462
+00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300
+wars. When you speak about Middle English, you 
+
+463
+00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540
+speak about there's the 100-year war between
+
+464
+00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100
+England and France that lasted for over 110 years.
+
+465
+00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060
+There were people dying every day. But in so many 
+
+466
+00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060
+ways, people started to settle down and live
+
+467
+00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440
+relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a
+
+468
+00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040
+knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a
+
+469
+00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920
+philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a
+
+470
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800
+society. This is a poet that is exposing his 
+
+471
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140
+society. He's talking about the vices, the
+
+472
+00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900
+problems, but presenting a realistic image about
+
+473
+00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400
+the society. Because yes, we want to defend 
+
+474
+00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380
+others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we 
+
+475
+00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940
+love others. But we usually don't forget 
+
+476
+00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820
+ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you 
+
+477
+00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120
+are totally selfless, that's not realistic. 
+
+478
+00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890
+Because you need to gain something yourself. So 
+
+479
+00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360
+the heroic image of the old English. That the 
+
+480
+00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060
+image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a
+
+481
+00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200
+realistic image in Chosar, where people are 
+
+482
+00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000
+presented as people with weaknesses, with vices, 
+
+483
+00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600
+not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we
+
+484
+00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560
+have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last 
+
+485
+00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380
+sound
+
+486
+00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490
+or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these 
+
+487
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990
+lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and
+
+488
+00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210
+hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example 
+
+489
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230
+here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What 
+
+490
+00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840
+is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his
+
+491
+00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120
+love, now in his cold grave, alone without any 
+
+492
+00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300
+companionship.
+
+493
+00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340
+If I give you this text without telling you this
+
+494
+00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450
+is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're
+
+495
+00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810
+not going to know. Because this question of, what
+
+496
+00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010
+is this life? What is this world? What do men,
+
+497
+00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690
+what do people ask for? What do you want in life?
+
+498
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430
+These are questions that are modern, questions of 
+
+499
+00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370
+today, of the 21st century. But again, this is
+
+500
+00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830
+something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago,
+
+501
+00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410
+that poets asked thousands of years ago and
+
+502
+00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790
+hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the
+
+503
+00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770
+beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses
+
+504
+00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430
+race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address
+
+505
+00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150
+us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer 
+
+506
+00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230
+is the father of English literature. He was a fine 
+
+507
+00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890
+poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart,
+
+508
+00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050
+the mind of English, of England, the English
+
+509
+00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950
+people in a society that was being modernized, 
+
+510
+00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080
+being made. Notice again, In the original text, 
+
+511
+00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480
+there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the
+
+512
+00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260
+translation. What is this world? What do men ask 
+
+513
+00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280
+for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the
+
+514
+00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620
+question about what it means to be a human being?
+
+515
+00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620
+What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the
+
+516
+00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020
+same question is now still being asked. What does
+
+517
+00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620
+it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how
+
+518
+00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260
+powerful, how strong, no matter how much money,
+
+519
+00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360
+how much gold you collect, what is this world?
+
+520
+00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000
+What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness? 
+
+521
+00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360
+At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in 
+
+522
+00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490
+his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when 
+
+523
+00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650
+someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold
+
+524
+00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830
+grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now. 
+
+525
+00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830
+This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The
+
+526
+00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110
+question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his 
+
+527
+00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510
+love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any 
+
+528
+00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790
+companionship.
+
+529
+00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570
+Say again.
+
+530
+00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560
+Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer
+
+531
+00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760
+was not only about fighting battles and wars, he 
+
+532
+00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380
+was bringing us a broad array of themes and 
+
+533
+00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880
+issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the 
+
+534
+00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360
+characteristics of English literature, of English
+
+535
+00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120
+poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell?
+
+536
+00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170
+What do you notice? What new things do we have 
+
+537
+00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090
+here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try
+
+538
+00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390
+to understand the society, how the text reflects 
+
+539
+00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090
+life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new
+
+540
+00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270
+themes such as love, money, hypocrisy, 
+
+541
+00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130
+change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related
+
+542
+00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290
+to women. They started as minor, minimal. They 
+
+543
+00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830
+started as objects of admiration. But later on, 
+
+544
+00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210
+every now and then, we find very strong women who 
+
+545
+00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790
+challenge and defy, like your friend here
+
+546
+00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510
+suggested, to try to change the image people have 
+
+547
+00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490
+about women. Please. The language is softer. The 
+
+548
+00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910
+language is closer to the language of today. Well, 
+
+549
+00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550
+it's sometimes not recognizable because of the
+
+550
+00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350
+different spelling. But upon several readings, we 
+
+551
+00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830
+can make sense. We can make sense of many of this.
+
+552
+00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990
+Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the
+
+553
+00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930
+physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way 
+
+554
+00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010
+or another. But sometimes we have it in
+
+555
+00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550
+punctuation marks. Yes?
+
+556
+00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350
+Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about 
+
+557
+00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310
+heroism, all about praise, all about elegy,
+
+558
+00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530
+praising the dead, praising God, praising the
+
+559
+00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190
+heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques, 
+
+560
+00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990
+irony, using irony to say something and to mean it
+
+561
+00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590
+because people became more and more intelligent.
+
+562
+00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310
+Please.
+
+563
+00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760
+Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure
+
+564
+00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020
+heroes, of complete perfect people started to
+
+565
+00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980
+change into realistic pictures The last point to
+
+566
+00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790
+conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales, 
+
+567
+00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170
+which, again, consists of 24 stories. He
+
+568
+00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550
+originally intended them to be 120, but he only
+
+569
+00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090
+wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem
+
+570
+00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650
+with the description of spring. Spring, new life, 
+
+571
+00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780
+symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was
+
+572
+00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980
+saying that this is England, this is the spring of
+
+573
+00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460
+England, this is the beginning for England. We
+
+574
+00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920
+plant the seeds and the spring begins in April. 
+
+575
+00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260
+Now when we say April in English literature, April
+
+576
+00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740
+has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer, 
+
+577
+00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000
+and then later on in the 20th century by T.S.
+
+578
+00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480
+Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The 
+
+579
+00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280
+Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what
+
+580
+00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740
+he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land.
+
+581
+00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260
+One mark if you know the first verse of the first
+
+582
+00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060
+line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest
+
+583
+00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720
+20th century poet. He's American and British. His 
+
+584
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440
+most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the 
+
+585
+00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320
+first line? One mark.
+
+586
+00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680
+One mark if you know. He says, 
+
+587
+00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060
+April is the
+
+588
+00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520
+cruelest month. April is the cruelest month.
+
+589
+00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080
+Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is
+
+590
+00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360
+the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer. 
+
+591
+00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180
+He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father, 
+
+592
+00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360
+the most important figure of early English poetry.
+
+593
+00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080
+Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S.
+
+594
+00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020
+Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April
+
+595
+00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960
+is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who 
+
+596
+00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160
+praised April as the month of spring and life and
+
+597
+00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580
+generation? I'll let you think of this question. 
+
+598
+00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400
+I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah. 
+
+599
+00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580
+And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle 
+
+600
+00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780
+English. Do you have any question?
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b1e6fd4c977cf1adb7511abe81588d3834d3822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone.
+
+2
+00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850
+Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English
+
+3
+00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490
+students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This
+
+4
+00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470
+is again an introductory course into the history
+
+5
+00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130
+of English literature. The course again aims at
+
+6
+00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190
+understanding the development of English
+
+7
+00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010
+literature and literary texts in their historical
+
+8
+00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670
+context. I said last time that we are going to
+
+9
+00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690
+take this course mainly as a literature course,
+
+10
+00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390
+but again to study the historical background of
+
+11
+00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950
+the literary movements, literary texts, and
+
+12
+00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990
+literary figures. We need also to study not only
+
+13
+00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050
+how history and historical events influence
+
+14
+00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630
+literature, but also how literature sometimes
+
+15
+00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250
+influences history and people in general. Last
+
+16
+00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090
+time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the
+
+17
+00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740
+time when England was being made. England was in
+
+18
+00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040
+the process of making itself the England we know
+
+19
+00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500
+now. Originally, there were people from all around
+
+20
+00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080
+Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings.
+
+21
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440
+We spoke about the French. We spoke about the
+
+22
+00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480
+Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another,
+
+23
+00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700
+thought it would be probably safer in the island
+
+24
+00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660
+rather than in the continent, in Europe itself.
+
+25
+00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140
+But later on, there were again more fighting and
+
+26
+00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330
+more wars inside the island. itself. Now early old
+
+27
+00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170
+English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry
+
+28
+00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370
+remained oral for a long time. People depended on
+
+29
+00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360
+their memory. Many of the poems were originally
+
+30
+00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060
+meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized
+
+31
+00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240
+them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy
+
+32
+00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140
+to remember, and easy to memorize, there were
+
+33
+00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520
+certain features that we spoke about last time. We
+
+34
+00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440
+said they tried to be narrative in a way where the
+
+35
+00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630
+poem mainly tells a story. Because stories,
+
+36
+00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930
+everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you
+
+37
+00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610
+need to memorize something, to immortalize
+
+38
+00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050
+something, to make it forever, to make it
+
+39
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230
+everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of
+
+40
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970
+a story. And then the themes. The themes were
+
+41
+00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330
+taken from real life, related to the people of
+
+42
+00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660
+that time. The themes touch. the lives, the
+
+43
+00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200
+aspects of everybody's life there and their
+
+44
+00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620
+circumstances and everything. That's why the
+
+45
+00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880
+themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting,
+
+46
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240
+struggle. And there were also personal themes,
+
+47
+00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640
+like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and
+
+48
+00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100
+et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes.
+
+49
+00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560
+And some of you noticed that the majority of texts
+
+50
+00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860
+from Old English are religious texts. And that
+
+51
+00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740
+could be telling in the sense that we ask a
+
+52
+00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620
+question. Were people purely religious at that
+
+53
+00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040
+time? Is it because people were? Or is there
+
+54
+00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960
+another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the
+
+55
+00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800
+author was religious, and sometimes the church
+
+56
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380
+chose a religious form rather than a religious
+
+57
+00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290
+form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak
+
+58
+00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490
+up?
+
+59
+00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050
+Exactly. So who could read and write at that time?
+
+60
+00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870
+The monks, the people of the church. The people of
+
+61
+00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990
+the church were probably the only people who could
+
+62
+00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170
+read and write, which means only those people
+
+63
+00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070
+wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act
+
+64
+00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080
+of selection. which means there could have been
+
+65
+00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600
+some kind of censorship, where the monk would
+
+66
+00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100
+choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a
+
+67
+00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120
+religious theme other than probably secular theme
+
+68
+00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760
+or something else. And then finally, we said Old
+
+69
+00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660
+English in so many ways was a musical language,
+
+70
+00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580
+especially when they wrote poetry. There was the
+
+71
+00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520
+caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm
+
+72
+00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320
+of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem
+
+73
+00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800
+easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we
+
+74
+00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660
+move from Old English to Middle English, we speak
+
+75
+00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660
+about a society that is developing, a society that
+
+76
+00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080
+is in the making. We speak about the English
+
+77
+00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120
+identity that is being made. Originally, people
+
+78
+00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360
+again came from different parts of Europe, but now
+
+79
+00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400
+they are in a part, in an area called England. And
+
+80
+00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340
+many people started to seek this English identity.
+
+81
+00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080
+The Englishness of English started to be developed
+
+82
+00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280
+at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of
+
+83
+00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520
+harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to
+
+84
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220
+this place. They wanted to see common interests
+
+85
+00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760
+and common issues among themselves. And when we
+
+86
+00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920
+speak about Middle English literature, we speak
+
+87
+00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320
+about the most famous literary figure of that
+
+88
+00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500
+time. The man who is considered the father of
+
+89
+00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480
+English literature, or English poetry in
+
+90
+00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320
+particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is
+
+91
+00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860
+Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many
+
+92
+00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340
+people, is considered the father of English
+
+93
+00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940
+literature. When we speak about early middle
+
+94
+00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520
+English, this is the man who was working on some
+
+95
+00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680
+kind of literature to reflect the English identity
+
+96
+00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060
+that is being made, the society that is developing
+
+97
+00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830
+probably from all aspects. I will Remember last
+
+98
+00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450
+time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke
+
+99
+00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510
+about the features of the period, the authors, the
+
+100
+00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870
+literature. And then we discussed the literature.
+
+101
+00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670
+Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to
+
+102
+00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750
+give you samples from extracts from poems by
+
+103
+00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610
+Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry
+
+104
+00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170
+we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the
+
+105
+00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310
+features of not only literature and poetry and
+
+106
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000
+language, but also of life. The most important
+
+107
+00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620
+literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is
+
+108
+00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880
+The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long
+
+109
+00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980
+poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say
+
+110
+00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660
+much here, let's go directly to the text. And
+
+111
+00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600
+again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects
+
+112
+00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000
+the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look
+
+113
+00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750
+at this, number one. Remember what we call two
+
+114
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630
+lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A
+
+115
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130
+couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read
+
+116
+00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050
+someone? Please.
+
+117
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650
+Philosopher.
+
+118
+00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790
+In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please.
+
+119
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090
+But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless,
+
+120
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750
+he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you
+
+121
+00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650
+very much, please. But although he was a
+
+122
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170
+philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little
+
+123
+00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210
+gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading,
+
+124
+00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510
+please. But although he was a philosopher, he had
+
+125
+00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890
+only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless,
+
+126
+00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510
+but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless,
+
+127
+00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230
+he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again,
+
+128
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870
+this is the modern English writing. But if you
+
+129
+00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230
+look at your book, you will be able to read the
+
+130
+00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230
+Middle English text. You will at least be able to
+
+131
+00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690
+recognize some of the words. And the words that
+
+132
+00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190
+you can't read can easily be guessed from the
+
+133
+00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110
+context there. So if everyone goes to the book,
+
+134
+00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420
+Okay.
+
+135
+00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240
+Page 1313.
+
+136
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860
+Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12
+
+137
+00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160
+and page 13. Look at the original English text.
+
+138
+00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120
+Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try
+
+139
+00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720
+to read the middle English? This is also, this is
+
+140
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740
+not like typical middle English, but this is
+
+141
+00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920
+close. Remember old English? We couldn't read old
+
+142
+00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470
+English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally
+
+143
+00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430
+different language. But Middle English is the
+
+144
+00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490
+start of what we call the English language that we
+
+145
+00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210
+have now. It's not exactly what the language we
+
+146
+00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910
+have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read
+
+147
+00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330
+the English one text?
+
+148
+00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990
+In his coffer.
+
+149
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620
+So how many words are familiar to you? Probably
+
+150
+00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160
+most of them. Even the words that look weird,
+
+151
+00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720
+because again there were no standards for
+
+152
+00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260
+spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed
+
+153
+00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440
+then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the
+
+154
+00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440
+spelling. This is the word had. And they would be
+
+155
+00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130
+throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the
+
+156
+00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230
+modern English makes it clearer for us. But
+
+157
+00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890
+although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he
+
+158
+00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510
+had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you
+
+159
+00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110
+notice about this? What does the text communicate
+
+160
+00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690
+with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice
+
+161
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490
+anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English.
+
+162
+00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350
+What is the theme? What is the form? Is there
+
+163
+00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430
+anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm?
+
+164
+00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640
+Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So
+
+165
+00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740
+it's
+
+166
+00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320
+talking about a philosopher. And the poet is
+
+167
+00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620
+telling us, the text is telling us that he had a
+
+168
+00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320
+little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably
+
+169
+00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440
+safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very
+
+170
+00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960
+good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything
+
+171
+00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640
+here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching
+
+172
+00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100
+for money. He was searching for knowledge and
+
+173
+00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800
+being a philosopher. Very good. What is a
+
+174
+00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480
+philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge,
+
+175
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000
+a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy
+
+176
+00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280
+is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How
+
+177
+00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920
+much money does he have? A little. A little gold.
+
+178
+00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960
+OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares
+
+179
+00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060
+more about giving people information more than
+
+180
+00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260
+getting money. Is this in the text, or are you
+
+181
+00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180
+guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a
+
+182
+00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940
+philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people,
+
+183
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840
+to knowledge, to his society, the community, or
+
+184
+00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280
+her, of course, if we're talking about a female
+
+185
+00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880
+philosopher. What else do you notice? What else
+
+186
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260
+can you tell from the text?
+
+187
+00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830
+What difference can
+
+188
+00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230
+you notice? What is the major difference between
+
+189
+00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210
+this and Old English? In Old English, it includes
+
+190
+00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930
+a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right?
+
+191
+00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660
+This is Europe started to disappear physically,
+
+192
+00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520
+but it also still existed. We'll talk about this
+
+193
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920
+later on. It is now no longer marked by the space.
+
+194
+00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360
+It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full
+
+195
+00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660
+stop in the middle of the line or something.
+
+196
+00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000
+Please.
+
+197
+00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200
+Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember
+
+198
+00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,060
+in the old English literature, we spoke about
+
+199
+00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:49,060
+people mainly dedicated themselves to fighting, to
+
+200
+00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:51,820
+war. Poetry was mainly either about religion and
+
+201
+00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:55,360
+God or about heroes and heroism. But here we have
+
+202
+00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,400
+new, because like I said, people started to settle
+
+203
+00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:04,390
+down, to form cities and towns. to feel united. If
+
+204
+00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:07,170
+you feel safe, if you start to build your own
+
+205
+00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:09,790
+civilization, you start to look for other jobs.
+
+206
+00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:15,610
+You no longer only produce heroes or Monks. Now
+
+207
+00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:18,410
+you need there are philosophers in the society. So
+
+208
+00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:21,650
+these new themes started to appear in Middle
+
+209
+00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:24,230
+English. And this is a natural step to the
+
+210
+00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,150
+development. Yes? He gives such a picture of his
+
+211
+00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:31,530
+society. He mentions also another things like
+
+212
+00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:37,330
+love, also death. That's true. But here, let's
+
+213
+00:14:37,330 --> 00:14:39,250
+focus on the text now. See what the text
+
+214
+00:14:39,250 --> 00:14:42,390
+communicates with us. Now let me ask you a
+
+215
+00:14:42,390 --> 00:14:42,690
+question.
+
+216
+00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040
+Is little gold a
+
+217
+00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,400
+lot of money or not? Like, little gold. Like,
+
+218
+00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,260
+let's say, I don't know, a handful of gold. If I
+
+219
+00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,560
+give you this much gold, it's still a lot of
+
+220
+00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:05,520
+money. And what does it mean here? So this is a
+
+221
+00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,740
+philosopher who has a little gold. But still,
+
+222
+00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:14,250
+little gold is still a lot of money. So the
+
+223
+00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290
+question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he
+
+224
+00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570
+being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way,
+
+225
+00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770
+he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only
+
+226
+00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650
+has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a
+
+227
+00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290
+coffer where he puts gold, probably the author
+
+228
+00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130
+here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The
+
+229
+00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890
+philosopher is not doing his job. of being a
+
+230
+00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650
+philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate
+
+231
+00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250
+people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in
+
+232
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450
+collecting money than anything. So the society
+
+233
+00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070
+that was, again, fighting among itself now has
+
+234
+00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950
+different themes, different topics. But now people
+
+235
+00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150
+started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what
+
+236
+00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490
+did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the
+
+237
+00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790
+enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his
+
+238
+00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990
+people, but for other peoples. But now we have the
+
+239
+00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130
+scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is
+
+240
+00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310
+seeking his own personal interest. This is the
+
+241
+00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290
+theme of selfishness. The society started to have
+
+242
+00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430
+its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are
+
+243
+00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650
+during war, people come closer to each other. We
+
+244
+00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790
+are united, but when people
+
+245
+00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110
+Settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we
+
+246
+00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850
+become selfish and selfish. What do you notice
+
+247
+00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950
+also about the form?
+
+248
+00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610
+There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any
+
+249
+00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960
+source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The
+
+250
+00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460
+rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the
+
+251
+00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380
+last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme.
+
+252
+00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100
+Creates music. But although he was a philosopher,
+
+253
+00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840
+there was a little money, there's a little gold in
+
+254
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100
+his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme.
+
+255
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420
+You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last
+
+256
+00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200
+couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new
+
+257
+00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300
+themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no
+
+258
+00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300
+cestura here, but a new theme is starting to show
+
+259
+00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300
+up. Let's see another example and come back to the
+
+260
+00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740
+second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the
+
+261
+00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760
+book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale.
+
+262
+00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840
+The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the
+
+263
+00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680
+philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is
+
+264
+00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460
+like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman
+
+265
+00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840
+who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She
+
+266
+00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780
+vows not to marry, not to have kids, just
+
+267
+00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700
+everything is dedicated to God, love of God.
+
+268
+00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080
+That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there
+
+269
+00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840
+is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle
+
+270
+00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910
+English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can
+
+271
+00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570
+you read it? Look at the words. Can you find
+
+272
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750
+familiar words? Are there familiar words? They
+
+273
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290
+have the English letters that we have now. So they
+
+274
+00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490
+look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't
+
+275
+00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510
+look below. Look at the original text. Can you
+
+276
+00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850
+read? Please. No, here.
+
+277
+00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040
+And she was all consistent and tender heart.
+
+278
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460
+Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you
+
+279
+00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080
+understand every single word or not, but still you
+
+280
+00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420
+can read this. The words look different because of
+
+281
+00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400
+the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the
+
+282
+00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560
+original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in
+
+283
+00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860
+her way of smiling was very ineffective and
+
+284
+00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950
+modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is
+
+285
+00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550
+not the original text. The original text, if you
+
+286
+00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250
+read the original text again, it's going to get
+
+287
+00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690
+easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how
+
+288
+00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590
+they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize
+
+289
+00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230
+it. Go again for the original text.
+
+290
+00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350
+Very good. Let's now go back to the modern,
+
+291
+00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740
+modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The
+
+292
+00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020
+nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling
+
+293
+00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940
+was very unaffected and modest. And all was
+
+294
+00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520
+sentiment and tender heart.
+
+295
+00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680
+Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute.
+
+296
+00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160
+Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new?
+
+297
+00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480
+The poet saying, what is he communicating with us?
+
+298
+00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860
+What is the theme? What do you notice about the
+
+299
+00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960
+language, about the form, the music? Who are the
+
+300
+00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980
+characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main
+
+301
+00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760
+character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a
+
+302
+00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900
+woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the
+
+303
+00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500
+church, to God. Now, remember the old English
+
+304
+00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120
+texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We
+
+305
+00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080
+discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of
+
+306
+00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480
+them were about heroes, about someone who hears
+
+307
+00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220
+the voice of God, someone who loses his job,
+
+308
+00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690
+someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now,
+
+309
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790
+for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And
+
+310
+00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850
+the woman is not only a character. It's not only
+
+311
+00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230
+mentioned in passing. She's the main character.
+
+312
+00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270
+There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The
+
+313
+00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530
+Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the
+
+314
+00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590
+conclusion that, in Middle English, women started
+
+315
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460
+to appear, to take space and to take room. They
+
+316
+00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120
+became main characters in the text. What else is
+
+317
+00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560
+there in the couplet? Please.
+
+318
+00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160
+OK.
+
+319
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520
+So she smiles. She influences people. And you're
+
+320
+00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620
+talking about crossing the lines of being a nun.
+
+321
+00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980
+Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then
+
+322
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000
+in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the
+
+323
+00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960
+first line, who in her way of smiling was
+
+324
+00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800
+unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's
+
+325
+00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700
+dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen,
+
+326
+00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320
+at that time, and even now in so many cultures,
+
+327
+00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020
+women, the most important thing about women is
+
+328
+00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120
+modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is
+
+329
+00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620
+usually defined by man. OK? Which is something
+
+330
+00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120
+probably we'll talk about later on. But usually
+
+331
+00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460
+women live under the rules of men for ages and
+
+332
+00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940
+ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And
+
+333
+00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600
+that's why women start to struggle to take their
+
+334
+00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950
+rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a
+
+335
+00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290
+role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And
+
+336
+00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130
+the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest.
+
+337
+00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130
+She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the
+
+338
+00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370
+second line, there is a word that we need to
+
+339
+00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990
+notice here.
+
+340
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310
+She was all sentiment. What's sentiment?
+
+341
+00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380
+Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings
+
+342
+00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780
+of love and tender heart. In other ways, again
+
+343
+00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600
+similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a
+
+344
+00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400
+woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her
+
+345
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280
+life to God, but instead she cares more about her
+
+346
+00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000
+love and emotions than anything else. Again, This
+
+347
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600
+is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using
+
+348
+00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580
+what we call, again, irony. He says something, but
+
+349
+00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740
+he means something else. He says, this philosopher
+
+350
+00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840
+has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god.
+
+351
+00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560
+Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun?
+
+352
+00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080
+She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So
+
+353
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480
+the nun is also in the strictest sense of the
+
+354
+00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660
+word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new
+
+355
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320
+here is the fact that women started to appear to
+
+356
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000
+take her to be part of this. Although generally,
+
+357
+00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900
+generally at the beginning they were just objects
+
+358
+00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700
+of admiration. They were just objects for men to
+
+359
+00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200
+admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun?
+
+360
+00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800
+Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of
+
+361
+00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220
+the society, someone defying, resisting the roles
+
+362
+00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940
+imposed upon her? My question again, here we have
+
+363
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000
+a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's
+
+364
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980
+breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the
+
+365
+00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+rules here? Part of the woman doing something,
+
+366
+00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440
+what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+367
+00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560
+Okay.
+
+368
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580
+Okay.
+
+369
+00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230
+and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not
+
+370
+00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590
+supposed to fall in love with life, with things,
+
+371
+00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830
+with people, like men-women relationships. But
+
+372
+00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230
+this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say
+
+373
+00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070
+something? When the philosopher broke the rules,
+
+374
+00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270
+we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher,
+
+375
+00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280
+because he is interested in collecting money. And
+
+376
+00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860
+now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing
+
+377
+00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200
+something important?
+
+378
+00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380
+Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love.
+
+379
+00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000
+I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you
+
+380
+00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200
+know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her,
+
+381
+00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940
+like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes
+
+382
+00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320
+society leads you to a particular conclusion. But
+
+383
+00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440
+it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking
+
+384
+00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060
+this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman,
+
+385
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960
+if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe
+
+386
+00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160
+in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in
+
+387
+00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140
+a position where she had no choice. But my
+
+388
+00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950
+question again, what does it tell? if this woman
+
+389
+00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030
+is not following the rules of being a nun, the
+
+390
+00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450
+rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she?
+
+391
+00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210
+She's a woman following her heart. Personality,
+
+392
+00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610
+like to challenge that given.
+
+393
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970
+Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is
+
+394
+00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530
+someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for
+
+395
+00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890
+women. Probably the voice is not that loud and
+
+396
+00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910
+clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of
+
+397
+00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330
+the society, even resisting the rules of the
+
+398
+00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270
+church. And for her, being a man is not what the
+
+399
+00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010
+church decides. It's what her tender heart
+
+400
+00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270
+decides. Please. choose to be a nun to not go
+
+401
+00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490
+under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think
+
+402
+00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690
+she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show
+
+403
+00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830
+that she's strict rather than being under a man.
+
+404
+00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710
+In general, that could be. That is possible. But
+
+405
+00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290
+it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a
+
+406
+00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610
+woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks
+
+407
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170
+the rules in a way to change the image of women,
+
+408
+00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620
+to give women a place. We'll talk about this later
+
+409
+00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420
+on as we move talking about English literature.
+
+410
+00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680
+Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale.
+
+411
+00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640
+You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a
+
+412
+00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880
+knight, a warrior, a fighter, a strong man with a
+
+413
+00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:46,820
+horse and a sword. What were they supposed to be,
+
+414
+00:28:46,940 --> 00:28:50,180
+to be doing, knights? What is the job of a knight?
+
+415
+00:28:51,610 --> 00:28:57,410
+To protect, to fight, to defend. They are in a way
+
+416
+00:28:57,410 --> 00:28:59,910
+soldiers, but they are not just ordinary soldiers.
+
+417
+00:29:00,090 --> 00:29:04,830
+They are strong, noble fighters. Again, heroes.
+
+418
+00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:09,210
+What did Beowulf do? He died defending others.
+
+419
+00:29:10,030 --> 00:29:14,290
+Sacrificed his life. This is originally what a
+
+420
+00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:17,510
+knight was supposed to be. Is this knight a
+
+421
+00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:21,310
+traditional knight from Old English? Or is there
+
+422
+00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,750
+something else? Can you please read? Someone read
+
+423
+00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:25,910
+the original text first. Read the original text
+
+424
+00:29:25,910 --> 00:29:29,430
+and speak up. And therefore, I am pleased for my
+
+425
+00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:31,630
+brother, in each man for himself,
+
+426
+00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:38,930
+There's none other. Can you translate this? Do you
+
+427
+00:29:38,930 --> 00:29:42,270
+understand what it's saying? Can you understand
+
+428
+00:29:42,270 --> 00:29:46,550
+the text, the language? A little bit. What are the
+
+429
+00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:47,350
+difficult words?
+
+430
+00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:53,330
+Other? We know other. There's an extra O there.
+
+431
+00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:56,990
+It's other. Read it again and you say, oh my God,
+
+432
+00:29:57,050 --> 00:30:00,690
+these are the words I know. King is weirdly
+
+433
+00:30:00,690 --> 00:30:05,820
+spelled. and himself. But when you read it again,
+
+434
+00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:09,700
+you realize that this is the English of today, but
+
+435
+00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,400
+with different spelling. So again, this is a
+
+436
+00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,740
+Middle English. We can read Middle English. OK,
+
+437
+00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,820
+now someone please read the modernized text,
+
+438
+00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:20,660
+please.
+
+439
+00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:29,100
+Very good.
+
+440
+00:30:29,220 --> 00:30:30,400
+One more, please.
+
+441
+00:30:37,650 --> 00:30:40,150
+There is no other. This is supposed to be king.
+
+442
+00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:41,450
+Okay, one more final.
+
+443
+00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:50,950
+And each man for himself, there is no other. I
+
+444
+00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:54,870
+dropped the word way from the book because it's
+
+445
+00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110
+just added. There's no need to add it here in the
+
+446
+00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870
+translation. I'd like to go for this version. And
+
+447
+00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590
+the four at the king's court, my brother. What
+
+448
+00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810
+happens at the king's court when a knight is
+
+449
+00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590
+telling a story? Traditionally, people are
+
+450
+00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180
+competing to show that they are strong. To be
+
+451
+00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980
+heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's
+
+452
+00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600
+court? Each man for himself.
+
+453
+00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820
+Each man for himself, there is no other. No other
+
+454
+00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560
+person I care about except myself. Selfishness.
+
+455
+00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490
+Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why?
+
+456
+00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190
+Because knights chose us, trying again to
+
+457
+00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410
+communicate with us the idea that knights now
+
+458
+00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010
+don't belong in a modern society in a way. They
+
+459
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330
+belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of
+
+460
+00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710
+the past. In modern society, people are settling
+
+461
+00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840
+down more and more. There are no, like there were
+
+462
+00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300
+wars. When you speak about Middle English, you
+
+463
+00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540
+speak about there's the 100-year war between
+
+464
+00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100
+England and France that lasted for over 110 years.
+
+465
+00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060
+There were people dying every day. But in so many
+
+466
+00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060
+ways, people started to settle down and live
+
+467
+00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440
+relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a
+
+468
+00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040
+knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a
+
+469
+00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920
+philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a
+
+470
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800
+society. This is a poet that is exposing his
+
+471
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140
+society. He's talking about the vices, the
+
+472
+00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900
+problems, but presenting a realistic image about
+
+473
+00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400
+the society. Because yes, we want to defend
+
+474
+00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380
+others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we
+
+475
+00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940
+love others. But we usually don't forget
+
+476
+00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820
+ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you
+
+477
+00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120
+are totally selfless, that's not realistic.
+
+478
+00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890
+Because you need to gain something yourself. So
+
+479
+00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360
+the heroic image of the old English. That the
+
+480
+00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060
+image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a
+
+481
+00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200
+realistic image in Chosar, where people are
+
+482
+00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000
+presented as people with weaknesses, with vices,
+
+483
+00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600
+not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we
+
+484
+00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560
+have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last
+
+485
+00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380
+sound
+
+486
+00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490
+or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these
+
+487
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990
+lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and
+
+488
+00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210
+hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example
+
+489
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230
+here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What
+
+490
+00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840
+is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his
+
+491
+00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120
+love, now in his cold grave, alone without any
+
+492
+00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300
+companionship.
+
+493
+00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340
+If I give you this text without telling you this
+
+494
+00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450
+is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're
+
+495
+00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810
+not going to know. Because this question of, what
+
+496
+00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010
+is this life? What is this world? What do men,
+
+497
+00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690
+what do people ask for? What do you want in life?
+
+498
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430
+These are questions that are modern, questions of
+
+499
+00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370
+today, of the 21st century. But again, this is
+
+500
+00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830
+something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago,
+
+501
+00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410
+that poets asked thousands of years ago and
+
+502
+00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790
+hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the
+
+503
+00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770
+beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses
+
+504
+00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430
+race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address
+
+505
+00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150
+us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer
+
+506
+00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230
+is the father of English literature. He was a fine
+
+507
+00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890
+poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart,
+
+508
+00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050
+the mind of English, of England, the English
+
+509
+00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950
+people in a society that was being modernized,
+
+510
+00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080
+being made. Notice again, In the original text,
+
+511
+00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480
+there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the
+
+512
+00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260
+translation. What is this world? What do men ask
+
+513
+00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280
+for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the
+
+514
+00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620
+question about what it means to be a human being?
+
+515
+00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620
+What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the
+
+516
+00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020
+same question is now still being asked. What does
+
+517
+00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620
+it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how
+
+518
+00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260
+powerful, how strong, no matter how much money,
+
+519
+00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360
+how much gold you collect, what is this world?
+
+520
+00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000
+What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness?
+
+521
+00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360
+At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in
+
+522
+00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490
+his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when
+
+523
+00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650
+someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold
+
+524
+00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830
+grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now.
+
+525
+00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830
+This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The
+
+526
+00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110
+question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his
+
+527
+00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510
+love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any
+
+528
+00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790
+companionship.
+
+529
+00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570
+Say again.
+
+530
+00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560
+Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer
+
+531
+00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760
+was not only about fighting battles and wars, he
+
+532
+00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380
+was bringing us a broad array of themes and
+
+533
+00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880
+issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the
+
+534
+00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360
+characteristics of English literature, of English
+
+535
+00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120
+poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell?
+
+536
+00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170
+What do you notice? What new things do we have
+
+537
+00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090
+here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try
+
+538
+00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390
+to understand the society, how the text reflects
+
+539
+00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090
+life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new
+
+540
+00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270
+themes such as love, money, hypocrisy,
+
+541
+00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130
+change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related
+
+542
+00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290
+to women. They started as minor, minimal. They
+
+543
+00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830
+started as objects of admiration. But later on,
+
+544
+00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210
+every now and then, we find very strong women who
+
+545
+00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790
+challenge and defy, like your friend here
+
+546
+00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510
+suggested, to try to change the image people have
+
+547
+00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490
+about women. Please. The language is softer. The
+
+548
+00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910
+language is closer to the language of today. Well,
+
+549
+00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550
+it's sometimes not recognizable because of the
+
+550
+00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350
+different spelling. But upon several readings, we
+
+551
+00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830
+can make sense. We can make sense of many of this.
+
+552
+00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990
+Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the
+
+553
+00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930
+physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way
+
+554
+00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010
+or another. But sometimes we have it in
+
+555
+00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550
+punctuation marks. Yes?
+
+556
+00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350
+Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about
+
+557
+00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310
+heroism, all about praise, all about elegy,
+
+558
+00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530
+praising the dead, praising God, praising the
+
+559
+00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190
+heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques,
+
+560
+00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990
+irony, using irony to say something and to mean it
+
+561
+00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590
+because people became more and more intelligent.
+
+562
+00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310
+Please.
+
+563
+00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760
+Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure
+
+564
+00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020
+heroes, of complete perfect people started to
+
+565
+00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980
+change into realistic pictures The last point to
+
+566
+00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790
+conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales,
+
+567
+00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170
+which, again, consists of 24 stories. He
+
+568
+00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550
+originally intended them to be 120, but he only
+
+569
+00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090
+wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem
+
+570
+00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650
+with the description of spring. Spring, new life,
+
+571
+00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780
+symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was
+
+572
+00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980
+saying that this is England, this is the spring of
+
+573
+00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460
+England, this is the beginning for England. We
+
+574
+00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920
+plant the seeds and the spring begins in April.
+
+575
+00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260
+Now when we say April in English literature, April
+
+576
+00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740
+has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer,
+
+577
+00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000
+and then later on in the 20th century by T.S.
+
+578
+00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480
+Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The
+
+579
+00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280
+Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what
+
+580
+00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740
+he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land.
+
+581
+00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260
+One mark if you know the first verse of the first
+
+582
+00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060
+line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest
+
+583
+00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720
+20th century poet. He's American and British. His
+
+584
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440
+most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the
+
+585
+00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320
+first line? One mark.
+
+586
+00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680
+One mark if you know. He says,
+
+587
+00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060
+April is the
+
+588
+00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520
+cruelest month. April is the cruelest month.
+
+589
+00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080
+Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is
+
+590
+00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360
+the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer.
+
+591
+00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180
+He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father,
+
+592
+00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360
+the most important figure of early English poetry.
+
+593
+00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080
+Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S.
+
+594
+00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020
+Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April
+
+595
+00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960
+is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who
+
+596
+00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160
+praised April as the month of spring and life and
+
+597
+00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580
+generation? I'll let you think of this question.
+
+598
+00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400
+I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah.
+
+599
+00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580
+And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle
+
+600
+00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780
+English. Do you have any question?
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7b1e6fd4c977cf1adb7511abe81588d3834d3822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/NjudjcKimm4_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2400 @@
+1
+00:00:21,230 --> 00:00:23,230
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Hello everyone.
+
+2
+00:00:24,070 --> 00:00:28,850
+Welcome back to English Literature 101 for English
+
+3
+00:00:28,850 --> 00:00:32,490
+students at the Islamic University of Gaza. This
+
+4
+00:00:32,490 --> 00:00:35,470
+is again an introductory course into the history
+
+5
+00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:39,130
+of English literature. The course again aims at
+
+6
+00:00:39,130 --> 00:00:41,190
+understanding the development of English
+
+7
+00:00:41,190 --> 00:00:45,010
+literature and literary texts in their historical
+
+8
+00:00:45,010 --> 00:00:48,670
+context. I said last time that we are going to
+
+9
+00:00:48,670 --> 00:00:51,690
+take this course mainly as a literature course,
+
+10
+00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,390
+but again to study the historical background of
+
+11
+00:00:55,390 --> 00:00:58,950
+the literary movements, literary texts, and
+
+12
+00:00:58,950 --> 00:01:02,990
+literary figures. We need also to study not only
+
+13
+00:01:02,990 --> 00:01:07,050
+how history and historical events influence
+
+14
+00:01:07,050 --> 00:01:09,630
+literature, but also how literature sometimes
+
+15
+00:01:09,630 --> 00:01:15,250
+influences history and people in general. Last
+
+16
+00:01:15,250 --> 00:01:20,090
+time we spoke about Old English. Old English, the
+
+17
+00:01:20,090 --> 00:01:25,740
+time when England was being made. England was in
+
+18
+00:01:25,740 --> 00:01:29,040
+the process of making itself the England we know
+
+19
+00:01:29,040 --> 00:01:32,500
+now. Originally, there were people from all around
+
+20
+00:01:32,500 --> 00:01:36,080
+Europe. We spoke about the natives, the Vikings.
+
+21
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:39,440
+We spoke about the French. We spoke about the
+
+22
+00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:42,480
+Germans. All these tribes, in a way or another,
+
+23
+00:01:42,660 --> 00:01:45,700
+thought it would be probably safer in the island
+
+24
+00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,660
+rather than in the continent, in Europe itself.
+
+25
+00:01:49,720 --> 00:01:52,140
+But later on, there were again more fighting and
+
+26
+00:01:52,140 --> 00:01:57,330
+more wars inside the island. itself. Now early old
+
+27
+00:01:57,330 --> 00:02:03,170
+English is mainly oral tradition. The poetry
+
+28
+00:02:03,170 --> 00:02:08,370
+remained oral for a long time. People depended on
+
+29
+00:02:08,370 --> 00:02:12,360
+their memory. Many of the poems were originally
+
+30
+00:02:12,360 --> 00:02:16,060
+meant to be sung somewhere so people memorized
+
+31
+00:02:16,060 --> 00:02:19,240
+them. And in order to make a text memorable, easy
+
+32
+00:02:19,240 --> 00:02:23,140
+to remember, and easy to memorize, there were
+
+33
+00:02:23,140 --> 00:02:26,520
+certain features that we spoke about last time. We
+
+34
+00:02:26,520 --> 00:02:31,440
+said they tried to be narrative in a way where the
+
+35
+00:02:31,440 --> 00:02:34,630
+poem mainly tells a story. Because stories,
+
+36
+00:02:34,810 --> 00:02:38,930
+everybody loves stories. We like stories. If you
+
+37
+00:02:38,930 --> 00:02:41,610
+need to memorize something, to immortalize
+
+38
+00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:44,050
+something, to make it forever, to make it
+
+39
+00:02:44,050 --> 00:02:47,230
+everywhere, every time, you put it in the form of
+
+40
+00:02:47,230 --> 00:02:49,970
+a story. And then the themes. The themes were
+
+41
+00:02:49,970 --> 00:02:54,330
+taken from real life, related to the people of
+
+42
+00:02:54,330 --> 00:02:57,660
+that time. The themes touch. the lives, the
+
+43
+00:02:57,660 --> 00:03:01,200
+aspects of everybody's life there and their
+
+44
+00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:03,620
+circumstances and everything. That's why the
+
+45
+00:03:03,620 --> 00:03:07,880
+themes were, remember, battles, wars, fighting,
+
+46
+00:03:08,100 --> 00:03:11,240
+struggle. And there were also personal themes,
+
+47
+00:03:11,520 --> 00:03:14,640
+like themes of happiness, themes of sadness, and
+
+48
+00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,100
+et cetera. We spoke also about religious themes.
+
+49
+00:03:17,520 --> 00:03:20,560
+And some of you noticed that the majority of texts
+
+50
+00:03:22,480 --> 00:03:25,860
+from Old English are religious texts. And that
+
+51
+00:03:25,860 --> 00:03:30,740
+could be telling in the sense that we ask a
+
+52
+00:03:30,740 --> 00:03:33,620
+question. Were people purely religious at that
+
+53
+00:03:33,620 --> 00:03:38,040
+time? Is it because people were? Or is there
+
+54
+00:03:38,040 --> 00:03:42,960
+another explanation? Sometimes the poets or the
+
+55
+00:03:42,960 --> 00:03:45,800
+author was religious, and sometimes the church
+
+56
+00:03:45,800 --> 00:03:48,380
+chose a religious form rather than a religious
+
+57
+00:03:48,380 --> 00:03:55,290
+form. OK. Okay, can you say that again and speak
+
+58
+00:03:55,290 --> 00:03:55,490
+up?
+
+59
+00:04:06,750 --> 00:04:11,050
+Exactly. So who could read and write at that time?
+
+60
+00:04:11,590 --> 00:04:16,870
+The monks, the people of the church. The people of
+
+61
+00:04:16,870 --> 00:04:19,990
+the church were probably the only people who could
+
+62
+00:04:19,990 --> 00:04:23,170
+read and write, which means only those people
+
+63
+00:04:23,170 --> 00:04:27,070
+wrote the poems down, and perhaps there was an act
+
+64
+00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:30,080
+of selection. which means there could have been
+
+65
+00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,600
+some kind of censorship, where the monk would
+
+66
+00:04:32,600 --> 00:04:37,100
+choose the poem he likes, usually a poem with a
+
+67
+00:04:37,100 --> 00:04:41,120
+religious theme other than probably secular theme
+
+68
+00:04:41,120 --> 00:04:44,760
+or something else. And then finally, we said Old
+
+69
+00:04:44,760 --> 00:04:48,660
+English in so many ways was a musical language,
+
+70
+00:04:49,280 --> 00:04:51,580
+especially when they wrote poetry. There was the
+
+71
+00:04:51,580 --> 00:04:54,520
+caesura, the alliteration, the music, the rhythm
+
+72
+00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:59,320
+of poetry, everything was meant to make the poem
+
+73
+00:04:59,320 --> 00:05:03,800
+easy to remember and easy to memorize. Now, as we
+
+74
+00:05:03,800 --> 00:05:08,660
+move from Old English to Middle English, we speak
+
+75
+00:05:08,660 --> 00:05:11,660
+about a society that is developing, a society that
+
+76
+00:05:11,660 --> 00:05:15,080
+is in the making. We speak about the English
+
+77
+00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:19,120
+identity that is being made. Originally, people
+
+78
+00:05:19,120 --> 00:05:22,360
+again came from different parts of Europe, but now
+
+79
+00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:28,400
+they are in a part, in an area called England. And
+
+80
+00:05:28,400 --> 00:05:31,340
+many people started to seek this English identity.
+
+81
+00:05:31,460 --> 00:05:36,080
+The Englishness of English started to be developed
+
+82
+00:05:36,080 --> 00:05:41,280
+at that time. People wanted to feel some kind of
+
+83
+00:05:41,280 --> 00:05:44,520
+harmony. They wanted to feel that they belonged to
+
+84
+00:05:44,520 --> 00:05:47,220
+this place. They wanted to see common interests
+
+85
+00:05:47,220 --> 00:05:50,760
+and common issues among themselves. And when we
+
+86
+00:05:50,760 --> 00:05:53,920
+speak about Middle English literature, we speak
+
+87
+00:05:53,920 --> 00:05:57,320
+about the most famous literary figure of that
+
+88
+00:05:57,320 --> 00:06:03,500
+time. The man who is considered the father of
+
+89
+00:06:03,500 --> 00:06:07,480
+English literature, or English poetry in
+
+90
+00:06:07,480 --> 00:06:12,320
+particular. His name is Chaucer. His name is
+
+91
+00:06:12,320 --> 00:06:16,860
+Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, by so many
+
+92
+00:06:16,860 --> 00:06:20,340
+people, is considered the father of English
+
+93
+00:06:20,340 --> 00:06:22,940
+literature. When we speak about early middle
+
+94
+00:06:22,940 --> 00:06:27,520
+English, this is the man who was working on some
+
+95
+00:06:27,520 --> 00:06:30,680
+kind of literature to reflect the English identity
+
+96
+00:06:30,680 --> 00:06:35,060
+that is being made, the society that is developing
+
+97
+00:06:35,060 --> 00:06:41,830
+probably from all aspects. I will Remember last
+
+98
+00:06:41,830 --> 00:06:43,450
+time when we spoke about Old English, we spoke
+
+99
+00:06:43,450 --> 00:06:47,510
+about the features of the period, the authors, the
+
+100
+00:06:47,510 --> 00:06:49,870
+literature. And then we discussed the literature.
+
+101
+00:06:50,590 --> 00:06:53,670
+Now I'm going to do the opposite. I'm going to
+
+102
+00:06:53,670 --> 00:06:57,750
+give you samples from extracts from poems by
+
+103
+00:06:57,750 --> 00:07:00,610
+Chaucer. And from these samples, from the poetry
+
+104
+00:07:00,610 --> 00:07:05,170
+we have, we need to try to guess and to deduce the
+
+105
+00:07:05,170 --> 00:07:08,310
+features of not only literature and poetry and
+
+106
+00:07:08,310 --> 00:07:12,000
+language, but also of life. The most important
+
+107
+00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,620
+literary work of that time, again by Chaucer, is
+
+108
+00:07:15,620 --> 00:07:19,880
+The Canterbury Tales. Canterbury Tales is a long
+
+109
+00:07:19,880 --> 00:07:26,980
+poem of 24 stories by Chaucer. Now, before I say
+
+110
+00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:30,660
+much here, let's go directly to the text. And
+
+111
+00:07:30,660 --> 00:07:33,600
+again, the aim is to see whether the text reflects
+
+112
+00:07:33,600 --> 00:07:39,000
+the time, the age, or not, and in what sense. Look
+
+113
+00:07:39,000 --> 00:07:42,750
+at this, number one. Remember what we call two
+
+114
+00:07:42,750 --> 00:07:47,630
+lines of verse that rhyme? What we call them? A
+
+115
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:50,130
+couplet. A couplet. Thank you. Can you read
+
+116
+00:07:50,130 --> 00:07:52,050
+someone? Please.
+
+117
+00:07:57,130 --> 00:07:57,650
+Philosopher.
+
+118
+00:08:01,570 --> 00:08:07,790
+In his coffer. Thank you. Someone else? Please.
+
+119
+00:08:08,110 --> 00:08:11,090
+But although he was a philosopher, nevertheless,
+
+120
+00:08:11,370 --> 00:08:13,750
+he had only a little gold in his pocket. Thank you
+
+121
+00:08:13,750 --> 00:08:16,650
+very much, please. But although he was a
+
+122
+00:08:16,650 --> 00:08:19,170
+philosopher, nevertheless, he had only a little
+
+123
+00:08:19,170 --> 00:08:22,210
+gold in his pocket. Okay, one final reading,
+
+124
+00:08:22,450 --> 00:08:26,510
+please. But although he was a philosopher, he had
+
+125
+00:08:26,510 --> 00:08:30,890
+only a little gold in his pocket. Nevertheless,
+
+126
+00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:35,510
+but although he was a philosopher, Nevertheless,
+
+127
+00:08:36,070 --> 00:08:39,230
+he had only a little gold in his coffer. Again,
+
+128
+00:08:39,290 --> 00:08:41,870
+this is the modern English writing. But if you
+
+129
+00:08:41,870 --> 00:08:46,230
+look at your book, you will be able to read the
+
+130
+00:08:46,230 --> 00:08:50,230
+Middle English text. You will at least be able to
+
+131
+00:08:50,230 --> 00:08:55,690
+recognize some of the words. And the words that
+
+132
+00:08:55,690 --> 00:09:00,190
+you can't read can easily be guessed from the
+
+133
+00:09:00,190 --> 00:09:03,110
+context there. So if everyone goes to the book,
+
+134
+00:09:16,720 --> 00:09:17,420
+Okay.
+
+135
+00:09:23,160 --> 00:09:27,240
+Page 1313.
+
+136
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:52,860
+Go to page 13, everyone. This is Chaucer, page 12
+
+137
+00:09:52,860 --> 00:09:58,160
+and page 13. Look at the original English text.
+
+138
+00:09:58,960 --> 00:10:05,120
+Okay, look at the text here, page 13. Can you try
+
+139
+00:10:05,120 --> 00:10:07,720
+to read the middle English? This is also, this is
+
+140
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:10,740
+not like typical middle English, but this is
+
+141
+00:10:10,740 --> 00:10:13,920
+close. Remember old English? We couldn't read old
+
+142
+00:10:13,920 --> 00:10:17,470
+English. Because in so many ways, it's a totally
+
+143
+00:10:17,470 --> 00:10:20,430
+different language. But Middle English is the
+
+144
+00:10:20,430 --> 00:10:23,490
+start of what we call the English language that we
+
+145
+00:10:23,490 --> 00:10:26,210
+have now. It's not exactly what the language we
+
+146
+00:10:26,210 --> 00:10:29,910
+have now, but this is the beginning. Can you read
+
+147
+00:10:29,910 --> 00:10:31,330
+the English one text?
+
+148
+00:10:35,010 --> 00:10:39,990
+In his coffer.
+
+149
+00:10:40,430 --> 00:10:44,620
+So how many words are familiar to you? Probably
+
+150
+00:10:44,620 --> 00:10:47,160
+most of them. Even the words that look weird,
+
+151
+00:10:47,320 --> 00:10:49,720
+because again there were no standards for
+
+152
+00:10:49,720 --> 00:10:52,260
+spelling. And even grammar wasn't still fixed
+
+153
+00:10:52,260 --> 00:10:55,440
+then, at that time. But the spelling, look at the
+
+154
+00:10:55,440 --> 00:10:58,440
+spelling. This is the word had. And they would be
+
+155
+00:10:58,440 --> 00:11:03,130
+throwing the E letter here and there. OK? Now, the
+
+156
+00:11:03,130 --> 00:11:06,230
+modern English makes it clearer for us. But
+
+157
+00:11:06,230 --> 00:11:09,890
+although he was a philosopher, nevertheless, he
+
+158
+00:11:09,890 --> 00:11:13,510
+had only a little gold in his coffer. What do you
+
+159
+00:11:13,510 --> 00:11:16,110
+notice about this? What does the text communicate
+
+160
+00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,690
+with you? Look at the couplet. Do you notice
+
+161
+00:11:20,690 --> 00:11:23,490
+anything? This is poetry. This is Middle English.
+
+162
+00:11:24,230 --> 00:11:27,350
+What is the theme? What is the form? Is there
+
+163
+00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:30,430
+anything you can notice here that makes you, hmm?
+
+164
+00:11:31,060 --> 00:11:36,640
+Interesting what the poet is doing here. Yes? So
+
+165
+00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:42,740
+it's
+
+166
+00:11:42,740 --> 00:11:46,320
+talking about a philosopher. And the poet is
+
+167
+00:11:46,320 --> 00:11:51,620
+telling us, the text is telling us that he had a
+
+168
+00:11:51,620 --> 00:11:56,320
+little gold in his coffer, in his drawer, probably
+
+169
+00:11:56,320 --> 00:12:02,440
+safe, where people hide money. Valuables. Very
+
+170
+00:12:02,440 --> 00:12:05,960
+good. So what does it mean? Do you notice anything
+
+171
+00:12:05,960 --> 00:12:09,640
+here? Yes? That he wasn't seeking and searching
+
+172
+00:12:09,640 --> 00:12:12,100
+for money. He was searching for knowledge and
+
+173
+00:12:12,100 --> 00:12:13,800
+being a philosopher. Very good. What is a
+
+174
+00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480
+philosopher? It's generally a person of knowledge,
+
+175
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:21,000
+a person who seeks knowledge. In a way, this guy
+
+176
+00:12:21,000 --> 00:12:24,280
+is a philosopher. How much gold does he have? How
+
+177
+00:12:24,280 --> 00:12:26,920
+much money does he have? A little. A little gold.
+
+178
+00:12:27,700 --> 00:12:32,960
+OK. What else? Please. I think the person cares
+
+179
+00:12:32,960 --> 00:12:37,060
+more about giving people information more than
+
+180
+00:12:37,060 --> 00:12:39,260
+getting money. Is this in the text, or are you
+
+181
+00:12:39,260 --> 00:12:42,180
+guessing? I'm guessing. OK, you're guessing that a
+
+182
+00:12:42,180 --> 00:12:44,940
+philosopher is supposed to be dedicated to people,
+
+183
+00:12:45,020 --> 00:12:48,840
+to knowledge, to his society, the community, or
+
+184
+00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,280
+her, of course, if we're talking about a female
+
+185
+00:12:51,280 --> 00:12:55,880
+philosopher. What else do you notice? What else
+
+186
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:58,260
+can you tell from the text?
+
+187
+00:13:01,310 --> 00:13:05,830
+What difference can
+
+188
+00:13:05,830 --> 00:13:08,230
+you notice? What is the major difference between
+
+189
+00:13:08,230 --> 00:13:13,210
+this and Old English? In Old English, it includes
+
+190
+00:13:13,210 --> 00:13:16,930
+a caesura. Okay, there's no caesura here, right?
+
+191
+00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:21,660
+This is Europe started to disappear physically,
+
+192
+00:13:21,920 --> 00:13:24,520
+but it also still existed. We'll talk about this
+
+193
+00:13:24,520 --> 00:13:27,920
+later on. It is now no longer marked by the space.
+
+194
+00:13:28,080 --> 00:13:30,360
+It could be marked by a comma or semicolon or full
+
+195
+00:13:30,360 --> 00:13:32,660
+stop in the middle of the line or something.
+
+196
+00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:33,000
+Please.
+
+197
+00:13:37,280 --> 00:13:43,200
+Okay, so now we have a new theme. People remember
+
+198
+00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:46,060
+in the old English literature, we spoke about
+
+199
+00:13:46,060 --> 00:13:49,060
+people mainly dedicated themselves to fighting, to
+
+200
+00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:51,820
+war. Poetry was mainly either about religion and
+
+201
+00:13:51,820 --> 00:13:55,360
+God or about heroes and heroism. But here we have
+
+202
+00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:58,400
+new, because like I said, people started to settle
+
+203
+00:13:58,400 --> 00:14:04,390
+down, to form cities and towns. to feel united. If
+
+204
+00:14:04,390 --> 00:14:07,170
+you feel safe, if you start to build your own
+
+205
+00:14:07,170 --> 00:14:09,790
+civilization, you start to look for other jobs.
+
+206
+00:14:10,390 --> 00:14:15,610
+You no longer only produce heroes or Monks. Now
+
+207
+00:14:15,610 --> 00:14:18,410
+you need there are philosophers in the society. So
+
+208
+00:14:18,410 --> 00:14:21,650
+these new themes started to appear in Middle
+
+209
+00:14:21,650 --> 00:14:24,230
+English. And this is a natural step to the
+
+210
+00:14:24,230 --> 00:14:27,150
+development. Yes? He gives such a picture of his
+
+211
+00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:31,530
+society. He mentions also another things like
+
+212
+00:14:31,530 --> 00:14:37,330
+love, also death. That's true. But here, let's
+
+213
+00:14:37,330 --> 00:14:39,250
+focus on the text now. See what the text
+
+214
+00:14:39,250 --> 00:14:42,390
+communicates with us. Now let me ask you a
+
+215
+00:14:42,390 --> 00:14:42,690
+question.
+
+216
+00:14:45,500 --> 00:14:51,040
+Is little gold a
+
+217
+00:14:51,040 --> 00:14:53,400
+lot of money or not? Like, little gold. Like,
+
+218
+00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,260
+let's say, I don't know, a handful of gold. If I
+
+219
+00:14:55,260 --> 00:15:01,560
+give you this much gold, it's still a lot of
+
+220
+00:15:01,560 --> 00:15:05,520
+money. And what does it mean here? So this is a
+
+221
+00:15:05,520 --> 00:15:09,740
+philosopher who has a little gold. But still,
+
+222
+00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:14,250
+little gold is still a lot of money. So the
+
+223
+00:15:14,250 --> 00:15:18,290
+question is, is Chaucer here making fun? Is he
+
+224
+00:15:18,290 --> 00:15:21,570
+being ironic, you know, being ironic? In a way,
+
+225
+00:15:21,650 --> 00:15:23,770
+he's saying that this is a philosopher. He only
+
+226
+00:15:23,770 --> 00:15:27,650
+has a little gold in his coffer. If he has a
+
+227
+00:15:27,650 --> 00:15:32,290
+coffer where he puts gold, probably the author
+
+228
+00:15:32,290 --> 00:15:36,130
+here is trying to make fun of the philosopher. The
+
+229
+00:15:36,130 --> 00:15:39,890
+philosopher is not doing his job. of being a
+
+230
+00:15:39,890 --> 00:15:43,650
+philosopher to take care of knowledge, educate
+
+231
+00:15:43,650 --> 00:15:47,250
+people, seek knowledge. He's more interested in
+
+232
+00:15:47,250 --> 00:15:50,450
+collecting money than anything. So the society
+
+233
+00:15:50,450 --> 00:15:55,070
+that was, again, fighting among itself now has
+
+234
+00:15:55,070 --> 00:15:57,950
+different themes, different topics. But now people
+
+235
+00:15:57,950 --> 00:16:01,150
+started to be, remember, Beowulf. Beowulf, what
+
+236
+00:16:01,150 --> 00:16:04,490
+did he do? He's fighting the enemy. He fought the
+
+237
+00:16:04,490 --> 00:16:07,790
+enemy. He sacrificed himself, not only for his
+
+238
+00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,990
+people, but for other peoples. But now we have the
+
+239
+00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:16,130
+scientist, the knight, the nun. The philosopher is
+
+240
+00:16:16,130 --> 00:16:19,310
+seeking his own personal interest. This is the
+
+241
+00:16:19,310 --> 00:16:22,290
+theme of selfishness. The society started to have
+
+242
+00:16:22,290 --> 00:16:25,430
+its own vices. When we are threatened, when we are
+
+243
+00:16:25,430 --> 00:16:29,650
+during war, people come closer to each other. We
+
+244
+00:16:29,650 --> 00:16:31,790
+are united, but when people
+
+245
+00:16:34,850 --> 00:16:40,110
+Settle down, feel safe, what happens? Exactly, we
+
+246
+00:16:40,110 --> 00:16:42,850
+become selfish and selfish. What do you notice
+
+247
+00:16:42,850 --> 00:16:43,950
+also about the form?
+
+248
+00:16:47,730 --> 00:16:51,610
+There's no caesura here. What else? Is there any
+
+249
+00:16:51,610 --> 00:16:57,960
+source of music? Where's the rhyme? Oh, yeah. The
+
+250
+00:16:57,960 --> 00:17:02,460
+rhyme is the last sound in a line of verse, the
+
+251
+00:17:02,460 --> 00:17:05,380
+last sound or couple of sounds. That's the rhyme.
+
+252
+00:17:05,660 --> 00:17:08,100
+Creates music. But although he was a philosopher,
+
+253
+00:17:08,460 --> 00:17:11,840
+there was a little money, there's a little gold in
+
+254
+00:17:11,840 --> 00:17:17,100
+his coffer. So philosopher and coffer, they rhyme.
+
+255
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:21,420
+You know what rhyme is? The last sound or the last
+
+256
+00:17:21,420 --> 00:17:27,200
+couple of sounds in a line of verse. So again, new
+
+257
+00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:31,300
+themes, new forms. We have rhyme, and we have no
+
+258
+00:17:31,300 --> 00:17:35,300
+cestura here, but a new theme is starting to show
+
+259
+00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:40,300
+up. Let's see another example and come back to the
+
+260
+00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:45,740
+second one here. OK. Again, if you look at the
+
+261
+00:17:45,740 --> 00:17:52,760
+book, page 12, there's this tale, The Nun's Tale.
+
+262
+00:17:53,760 --> 00:17:57,840
+The Nun's Tale. We move from talking about the
+
+263
+00:17:57,840 --> 00:17:59,680
+philosopher to talking about, you know, the nun is
+
+264
+00:17:59,680 --> 00:18:03,460
+like the monk, the female monk. The nun is a woman
+
+265
+00:18:03,460 --> 00:18:07,840
+who dedicates herself to the church, to God. She
+
+266
+00:18:07,840 --> 00:18:11,780
+vows not to marry, not to have kids, just
+
+267
+00:18:11,780 --> 00:18:14,700
+everything is dedicated to God, love of God.
+
+268
+00:18:15,380 --> 00:18:19,080
+That's the nun. There's the monk, and then there
+
+269
+00:18:19,080 --> 00:18:22,840
+is the nun. OK? Look at the English, the Middle
+
+270
+00:18:22,840 --> 00:18:26,910
+English text. Can someone try to read, please? Can
+
+271
+00:18:26,910 --> 00:18:31,570
+you read it? Look at the words. Can you find
+
+272
+00:18:31,570 --> 00:18:34,750
+familiar words? Are there familiar words? They
+
+273
+00:18:34,750 --> 00:18:38,290
+have the English letters that we have now. So they
+
+274
+00:18:38,290 --> 00:18:41,490
+look strange, weird. So can you read this? Don't
+
+275
+00:18:41,490 --> 00:18:44,510
+look below. Look at the original text. Can you
+
+276
+00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:46,850
+read? Please. No, here.
+
+277
+00:18:57,120 --> 00:19:02,040
+And she was all consistent and tender heart.
+
+278
+00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:05,460
+Tender heart. Very good. Good reading. Whether you
+
+279
+00:19:05,460 --> 00:19:09,080
+understand every single word or not, but still you
+
+280
+00:19:09,080 --> 00:19:13,420
+can read this. The words look different because of
+
+281
+00:19:13,420 --> 00:19:17,400
+the lack of spelling rules. Someone else, read the
+
+282
+00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,560
+original text. Please, raise your voice. Who in
+
+283
+00:19:20,560 --> 00:19:23,860
+her way of smiling was very ineffective and
+
+284
+00:19:23,860 --> 00:19:29,950
+modest, and all was Sentiment and tender. This is
+
+285
+00:19:29,950 --> 00:19:33,550
+not the original text. The original text, if you
+
+286
+00:19:33,550 --> 00:19:36,250
+read the original text again, it's going to get
+
+287
+00:19:36,250 --> 00:19:40,690
+easier and easier. So this is smiling. Strange how
+
+288
+00:19:40,690 --> 00:19:42,590
+they're spelling it, but you're going to recognize
+
+289
+00:19:42,590 --> 00:19:44,230
+it. Go again for the original text.
+
+290
+00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:54,350
+Very good. Let's now go back to the modern,
+
+291
+00:19:54,490 --> 00:19:59,740
+modernized text. Who here is a reference to? The
+
+292
+00:19:59,740 --> 00:20:04,020
+nun. In The Nun's Tale. Who in her way of smiling
+
+293
+00:20:04,020 --> 00:20:08,940
+was very unaffected and modest. And all was
+
+294
+00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:10,520
+sentiment and tender heart.
+
+295
+00:20:14,660 --> 00:20:17,680
+Again, let's comment on the text. Take one minute.
+
+296
+00:20:17,760 --> 00:20:23,160
+Look at the text. What do you notice? What is new?
+
+297
+00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:28,480
+The poet saying, what is he communicating with us?
+
+298
+00:20:29,180 --> 00:20:33,860
+What is the theme? What do you notice about the
+
+299
+00:20:33,860 --> 00:20:38,960
+language, about the form, the music? Who are the
+
+300
+00:20:38,960 --> 00:20:46,980
+characters? Okay. And the nun is? She's the main
+
+301
+00:20:46,980 --> 00:20:55,760
+character. The nun is a woman or a man? A woman, a
+
+302
+00:20:55,760 --> 00:20:58,900
+woman who is supposed to dedicate her life to the
+
+303
+00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,500
+church, to God. Now, remember the old English
+
+304
+00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:07,120
+texts? We discussed, thank you, all men. We
+
+305
+00:21:07,120 --> 00:21:12,080
+discussed probably 10 texts. And almost all of
+
+306
+00:21:12,080 --> 00:21:16,480
+them were about heroes, about someone who hears
+
+307
+00:21:16,480 --> 00:21:20,220
+the voice of God, someone who loses his job,
+
+308
+00:21:20,740 --> 00:21:24,690
+someone who fights dragons and monsters. But now,
+
+309
+00:21:24,810 --> 00:21:29,790
+for the first time, we have a woman in a text. And
+
+310
+00:21:29,790 --> 00:21:31,850
+the woman is not only a character. It's not only
+
+311
+00:21:31,850 --> 00:21:34,230
+mentioned in passing. She's the main character.
+
+312
+00:21:34,310 --> 00:21:38,270
+There's a tale in her name. Look at the title. The
+
+313
+00:21:38,270 --> 00:21:44,530
+Nun's Tale. So we deduce that, we come to the
+
+314
+00:21:44,530 --> 00:21:48,590
+conclusion that, in Middle English, women started
+
+315
+00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:54,460
+to appear, to take space and to take room. They
+
+316
+00:21:54,460 --> 00:22:01,120
+became main characters in the text. What else is
+
+317
+00:22:01,120 --> 00:22:03,560
+there in the couplet? Please.
+
+318
+00:22:09,520 --> 00:22:10,160
+OK.
+
+319
+00:22:14,920 --> 00:22:17,520
+So she smiles. She influences people. And you're
+
+320
+00:22:17,520 --> 00:22:19,620
+talking about crossing the lines of being a nun.
+
+321
+00:22:19,680 --> 00:22:24,980
+Where can you see that? It says unaffected. Then
+
+322
+00:22:24,980 --> 00:22:29,000
+in the other line, it all was simple. OK. In the
+
+323
+00:22:29,000 --> 00:22:31,960
+first line, who in her way of smiling was
+
+324
+00:22:31,960 --> 00:22:34,800
+unaffected and modest. Modest, like she's
+
+325
+00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:39,700
+dedicated. Because this is what generally, listen,
+
+326
+00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:43,320
+at that time, and even now in so many cultures,
+
+327
+00:22:43,740 --> 00:22:47,020
+women, the most important thing about women is
+
+328
+00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:50,120
+modesty. It's their modesty. And modesty is
+
+329
+00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:54,620
+usually defined by man. OK? Which is something
+
+330
+00:22:54,620 --> 00:22:57,120
+probably we'll talk about later on. But usually
+
+331
+00:22:57,120 --> 00:23:01,460
+women live under the rules of men for ages and
+
+332
+00:23:01,460 --> 00:23:04,940
+ages. In so many ways, this is not good. And
+
+333
+00:23:04,940 --> 00:23:07,600
+that's why women start to struggle to take their
+
+334
+00:23:07,600 --> 00:23:12,950
+rights, their equal rights. So the nun is doing a
+
+335
+00:23:12,950 --> 00:23:17,290
+role to dedicate herself to God and religion. And
+
+336
+00:23:17,290 --> 00:23:20,130
+the first line, yes, she's unaffected and modest.
+
+337
+00:23:20,790 --> 00:23:23,130
+She's playing. She's doing her job. But in the
+
+338
+00:23:23,130 --> 00:23:25,370
+second line, there is a word that we need to
+
+339
+00:23:25,370 --> 00:23:25,990
+notice here.
+
+340
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,310
+She was all sentiment. What's sentiment?
+
+341
+00:23:35,990 --> 00:23:41,380
+Sentiment's emotions of love. emotions of feelings
+
+342
+00:23:41,380 --> 00:23:45,780
+of love and tender heart. In other ways, again
+
+343
+00:23:45,780 --> 00:23:49,600
+similar to the story of the philosopher, this is a
+
+344
+00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:52,400
+woman, a nun who is supposed to be dedicated her
+
+345
+00:23:52,400 --> 00:23:58,280
+life to God, but instead she cares more about her
+
+346
+00:23:58,280 --> 00:24:04,000
+love and emotions than anything else. Again, This
+
+347
+00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:08,600
+is Chaucer trying to criticize the society using
+
+348
+00:24:08,600 --> 00:24:12,580
+what we call, again, irony. He says something, but
+
+349
+00:24:12,580 --> 00:24:14,740
+he means something else. He says, this philosopher
+
+350
+00:24:14,740 --> 00:24:17,840
+has a little gold. And then we go, oh my god.
+
+351
+00:24:18,080 --> 00:24:21,560
+Still, this is a lot of money. And see this nun?
+
+352
+00:24:22,860 --> 00:24:27,080
+She's all about sentiment and tender heart. Oh. So
+
+353
+00:24:27,080 --> 00:24:34,480
+the nun is also in the strictest sense of the
+
+354
+00:24:34,480 --> 00:24:39,660
+word, is not a conventional nun. But what is new
+
+355
+00:24:39,660 --> 00:24:44,320
+here is the fact that women started to appear to
+
+356
+00:24:44,320 --> 00:24:47,000
+take her to be part of this. Although generally,
+
+357
+00:24:47,060 --> 00:24:48,900
+generally at the beginning they were just objects
+
+358
+00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,700
+of admiration. They were just objects for men to
+
+359
+00:24:52,700 --> 00:24:57,200
+admire. My question is here. Can you see this nun?
+
+360
+00:24:58,720 --> 00:25:02,800
+Can you see her as someone rejecting the norms of
+
+361
+00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:07,220
+the society, someone defying, resisting the roles
+
+362
+00:25:07,220 --> 00:25:10,940
+imposed upon her? My question again, here we have
+
+363
+00:25:10,940 --> 00:25:14,000
+a nun who's supposed to be a nun, but she's
+
+364
+00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,980
+breaking the rules of being a nun. Is breaking the
+
+365
+00:25:17,980 --> 00:25:22,680
+rules here? Part of the woman doing something,
+
+366
+00:25:23,160 --> 00:25:28,440
+what is she doing? Possibly. Yeah. Yeah.
+
+367
+00:25:33,160 --> 00:25:34,560
+Okay.
+
+368
+00:25:38,180 --> 00:25:39,580
+Okay.
+
+369
+00:25:49,510 --> 00:25:52,230
+and sentiment. Again, generally, you're not
+
+370
+00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:55,590
+supposed to fall in love with life, with things,
+
+371
+00:25:55,690 --> 00:25:59,830
+with people, like men-women relationships. But
+
+372
+00:25:59,830 --> 00:26:03,230
+this woman is breaking the rules. Does it say
+
+373
+00:26:03,230 --> 00:26:06,070
+something? When the philosopher broke the rules,
+
+374
+00:26:06,150 --> 00:26:10,270
+we said he's a hypocrite, a fake philosopher,
+
+375
+00:26:10,610 --> 00:26:16,280
+because he is interested in collecting money. And
+
+376
+00:26:16,280 --> 00:26:18,860
+now, is this a fake nun, or is this woman doing
+
+377
+00:26:18,860 --> 00:26:22,200
+something important?
+
+378
+00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:28,380
+Yeah, about being all about sentiment and love.
+
+379
+00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:37,000
+I'm not sure. I'm not sure whether there were, you
+
+380
+00:26:37,000 --> 00:26:40,200
+know, like, I'm not sure someone would force her,
+
+381
+00:26:40,280 --> 00:26:42,940
+like, physically to be a nun. But sometimes
+
+382
+00:26:42,940 --> 00:26:46,320
+society leads you to a particular conclusion. But
+
+383
+00:26:46,320 --> 00:26:48,440
+it's not clear. But thank you very much for asking
+
+384
+00:26:48,440 --> 00:26:52,060
+this question. Maybe, so we deduce, if this woman,
+
+385
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:54,960
+if this nun is not doing her job as a nun, maybe
+
+386
+00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:59,160
+in the beginning she was forced. Or she was put in
+
+387
+00:26:59,160 --> 00:27:02,140
+a position where she had no choice. But my
+
+388
+00:27:02,140 --> 00:27:05,950
+question again, what does it tell? if this woman
+
+389
+00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:09,030
+is not following the rules of being a nun, the
+
+390
+00:27:09,030 --> 00:27:13,450
+rules of the church. Is she a hypocrite or is she?
+
+391
+00:27:13,550 --> 00:27:19,210
+She's a woman following her heart. Personality,
+
+392
+00:27:19,490 --> 00:27:21,610
+like to challenge that given.
+
+393
+00:27:24,510 --> 00:27:28,970
+Thank you very much. In a way or another, this is
+
+394
+00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:32,530
+someone, a person who's trying to have a voice for
+
+395
+00:27:32,530 --> 00:27:35,890
+women. Probably the voice is not that loud and
+
+396
+00:27:35,890 --> 00:27:38,910
+clear, but this is someone resisting the rules of
+
+397
+00:27:38,910 --> 00:27:42,330
+the society, even resisting the rules of the
+
+398
+00:27:42,330 --> 00:27:46,270
+church. And for her, being a man is not what the
+
+399
+00:27:46,270 --> 00:27:49,010
+church decides. It's what her tender heart
+
+400
+00:27:49,010 --> 00:27:56,270
+decides. Please. choose to be a nun to not go
+
+401
+00:27:56,270 --> 00:28:01,490
+under a man, to not be forced by a man. I think
+
+402
+00:28:01,490 --> 00:28:04,690
+she would be a nun and hide her feelings and show
+
+403
+00:28:04,690 --> 00:28:07,830
+that she's strict rather than being under a man.
+
+404
+00:28:08,830 --> 00:28:10,710
+In general, that could be. That is possible. But
+
+405
+00:28:10,710 --> 00:28:13,290
+it's not here in the text. In the text, we have a
+
+406
+00:28:13,290 --> 00:28:16,610
+woman who defies the rules of being a nun, breaks
+
+407
+00:28:16,610 --> 00:28:19,170
+the rules in a way to change the image of women,
+
+408
+00:28:19,270 --> 00:28:24,620
+to give women a place. We'll talk about this later
+
+409
+00:28:24,620 --> 00:28:29,420
+on as we move talking about English literature.
+
+410
+00:28:29,780 --> 00:28:33,680
+Another example here, it's from The Knight's Tale.
+
+411
+00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:37,640
+You know the knight? Beowulf, in a way, was a
+
+412
+00:28:37,640 --> 00:28:41,880
+knight, a warrior, a fighter, a strong man with a
+
+413
+00:28:41,880 --> 00:28:46,820
+horse and a sword. What were they supposed to be,
+
+414
+00:28:46,940 --> 00:28:50,180
+to be doing, knights? What is the job of a knight?
+
+415
+00:28:51,610 --> 00:28:57,410
+To protect, to fight, to defend. They are in a way
+
+416
+00:28:57,410 --> 00:28:59,910
+soldiers, but they are not just ordinary soldiers.
+
+417
+00:29:00,090 --> 00:29:04,830
+They are strong, noble fighters. Again, heroes.
+
+418
+00:29:05,650 --> 00:29:09,210
+What did Beowulf do? He died defending others.
+
+419
+00:29:10,030 --> 00:29:14,290
+Sacrificed his life. This is originally what a
+
+420
+00:29:14,290 --> 00:29:17,510
+knight was supposed to be. Is this knight a
+
+421
+00:29:17,510 --> 00:29:21,310
+traditional knight from Old English? Or is there
+
+422
+00:29:21,310 --> 00:29:23,750
+something else? Can you please read? Someone read
+
+423
+00:29:23,750 --> 00:29:25,910
+the original text first. Read the original text
+
+424
+00:29:25,910 --> 00:29:29,430
+and speak up. And therefore, I am pleased for my
+
+425
+00:29:29,430 --> 00:29:31,630
+brother, in each man for himself,
+
+426
+00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:38,930
+There's none other. Can you translate this? Do you
+
+427
+00:29:38,930 --> 00:29:42,270
+understand what it's saying? Can you understand
+
+428
+00:29:42,270 --> 00:29:46,550
+the text, the language? A little bit. What are the
+
+429
+00:29:46,550 --> 00:29:47,350
+difficult words?
+
+430
+00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:53,330
+Other? We know other. There's an extra O there.
+
+431
+00:29:54,110 --> 00:29:56,990
+It's other. Read it again and you say, oh my God,
+
+432
+00:29:57,050 --> 00:30:00,690
+these are the words I know. King is weirdly
+
+433
+00:30:00,690 --> 00:30:05,820
+spelled. and himself. But when you read it again,
+
+434
+00:30:06,060 --> 00:30:09,700
+you realize that this is the English of today, but
+
+435
+00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,400
+with different spelling. So again, this is a
+
+436
+00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,740
+Middle English. We can read Middle English. OK,
+
+437
+00:30:16,840 --> 00:30:19,820
+now someone please read the modernized text,
+
+438
+00:30:20,440 --> 00:30:20,660
+please.
+
+439
+00:30:24,960 --> 00:30:29,100
+Very good.
+
+440
+00:30:29,220 --> 00:30:30,400
+One more, please.
+
+441
+00:30:37,650 --> 00:30:40,150
+There is no other. This is supposed to be king.
+
+442
+00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:41,450
+Okay, one more final.
+
+443
+00:30:47,370 --> 00:30:50,950
+And each man for himself, there is no other. I
+
+444
+00:30:50,950 --> 00:30:54,870
+dropped the word way from the book because it's
+
+445
+00:30:54,870 --> 00:30:58,110
+just added. There's no need to add it here in the
+
+446
+00:30:58,110 --> 00:31:03,870
+translation. I'd like to go for this version. And
+
+447
+00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:08,590
+the four at the king's court, my brother. What
+
+448
+00:31:08,590 --> 00:31:10,810
+happens at the king's court when a knight is
+
+449
+00:31:10,810 --> 00:31:13,590
+telling a story? Traditionally, people are
+
+450
+00:31:13,590 --> 00:31:18,180
+competing to show that they are strong. To be
+
+451
+00:31:18,180 --> 00:31:21,980
+heroes, to defend. But what happens at the king's
+
+452
+00:31:21,980 --> 00:31:27,600
+court? Each man for himself.
+
+453
+00:31:29,640 --> 00:31:37,820
+Each man for himself, there is no other. No other
+
+454
+00:31:37,820 --> 00:31:42,560
+person I care about except myself. Selfishness.
+
+455
+00:31:44,750 --> 00:31:49,490
+Again, we have a knight who is not a knight. Why?
+
+456
+00:31:49,630 --> 00:31:52,190
+Because knights chose us, trying again to
+
+457
+00:31:52,190 --> 00:31:54,410
+communicate with us the idea that knights now
+
+458
+00:31:54,410 --> 00:31:58,010
+don't belong in a modern society in a way. They
+
+459
+00:31:58,010 --> 00:32:01,330
+belong to the past, to stories, to the epics of
+
+460
+00:32:01,330 --> 00:32:04,710
+the past. In modern society, people are settling
+
+461
+00:32:04,710 --> 00:32:08,840
+down more and more. There are no, like there were
+
+462
+00:32:08,840 --> 00:32:10,300
+wars. When you speak about Middle English, you
+
+463
+00:32:10,300 --> 00:32:13,540
+speak about there's the 100-year war between
+
+464
+00:32:13,540 --> 00:32:17,100
+England and France that lasted for over 110 years.
+
+465
+00:32:17,940 --> 00:32:22,060
+There were people dying every day. But in so many
+
+466
+00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:24,060
+ways, people started to settle down and live
+
+467
+00:32:24,060 --> 00:32:29,440
+relatively in peace. So a knight is no longer a
+
+468
+00:32:29,440 --> 00:32:33,040
+knight, like a nun is no longer a knight. And a
+
+469
+00:32:33,040 --> 00:32:34,920
+philosopher is no longer a philosopher. This is a
+
+470
+00:32:34,920 --> 00:32:37,800
+society. This is a poet that is exposing his
+
+471
+00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,140
+society. He's talking about the vices, the
+
+472
+00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:43,900
+problems, but presenting a realistic image about
+
+473
+00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,400
+the society. Because yes, we want to defend
+
+474
+00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,380
+others. Yes, we want to fight for others. Yes, we
+
+475
+00:32:49,380 --> 00:32:51,940
+love others. But we usually don't forget
+
+476
+00:32:51,940 --> 00:32:55,820
+ourselves. It's good to be selfless. But if you
+
+477
+00:32:55,820 --> 00:32:58,120
+are totally selfless, that's not realistic.
+
+478
+00:32:59,150 --> 00:33:02,890
+Because you need to gain something yourself. So
+
+479
+00:33:02,890 --> 00:33:08,360
+the heroic image of the old English. That the
+
+480
+00:33:08,360 --> 00:33:12,060
+image that we see in Beowulf is turning into a
+
+481
+00:33:12,060 --> 00:33:16,200
+realistic image in Chosar, where people are
+
+482
+00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:20,000
+presented as people with weaknesses, with vices,
+
+483
+00:33:20,820 --> 00:33:25,600
+not as pure, complete people. Notice also here we
+
+484
+00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:30,560
+have the rhyme. Again, what is the rhyme? The last
+
+485
+00:33:30,560 --> 00:33:34,380
+sound
+
+486
+00:33:34,380 --> 00:33:38,490
+or couple of sounds in a line of verse. Do these
+
+487
+00:33:38,490 --> 00:33:45,990
+lines rhyme? Let's hear brother, other. Modest and
+
+488
+00:33:45,990 --> 00:33:50,210
+hard probably imperfect rhyme. And a final example
+
+489
+00:33:50,210 --> 00:33:58,230
+here is again from Chaucer, the second part. What
+
+490
+00:33:58,230 --> 00:34:04,840
+is this world? What do men ask for? Now with his
+
+491
+00:34:04,840 --> 00:34:09,120
+love, now in his cold grave, alone without any
+
+492
+00:34:09,120 --> 00:34:10,300
+companionship.
+
+493
+00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:16,340
+If I give you this text without telling you this
+
+494
+00:34:16,340 --> 00:34:20,450
+is from over a thousand years ago or less, You're
+
+495
+00:34:20,450 --> 00:34:23,810
+not going to know. Because this question of, what
+
+496
+00:34:23,810 --> 00:34:26,010
+is this life? What is this world? What do men,
+
+497
+00:34:26,090 --> 00:34:28,690
+what do people ask for? What do you want in life?
+
+498
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:32,430
+These are questions that are modern, questions of
+
+499
+00:34:32,430 --> 00:34:36,370
+today, of the 21st century. But again, this is
+
+500
+00:34:36,370 --> 00:34:39,830
+something that Joshua asked a long, long time ago,
+
+501
+00:34:39,890 --> 00:34:42,410
+that poets asked thousands of years ago and
+
+502
+00:34:42,410 --> 00:34:43,790
+hundreds of years ago. And this is, again, the
+
+503
+00:34:43,790 --> 00:34:47,770
+beauty of poetry. Poetry crosses time and crosses
+
+504
+00:34:47,770 --> 00:34:51,430
+race and all obstacles to talk to us, to address
+
+505
+00:34:51,430 --> 00:34:55,150
+us. Now, and again, this is one reason why Chaucer
+
+506
+00:34:55,150 --> 00:34:58,230
+is the father of English literature. He was a fine
+
+507
+00:34:58,230 --> 00:35:02,890
+poet, an excellent poet, who captured the heart,
+
+508
+00:35:03,110 --> 00:35:06,050
+the mind of English, of England, the English
+
+509
+00:35:06,050 --> 00:35:09,950
+people in a society that was being modernized,
+
+510
+00:35:10,050 --> 00:35:16,080
+being made. Notice again, In the original text,
+
+511
+00:35:16,220 --> 00:35:19,480
+there is also a rhyme, but we lose it in the
+
+512
+00:35:19,480 --> 00:35:22,260
+translation. What is this world? What do men ask
+
+513
+00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:27,280
+for? Meaning, no matter what you do. Remember the
+
+514
+00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:29,620
+question about what it means to be a human being?
+
+515
+00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:33,620
+What it means to be a human being in Beowulf, the
+
+516
+00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:37,020
+same question is now still being asked. What does
+
+517
+00:35:37,020 --> 00:35:39,620
+it mean to be a human being? Because no matter how
+
+518
+00:35:39,620 --> 00:35:42,260
+powerful, how strong, no matter how much money,
+
+519
+00:35:42,320 --> 00:35:45,360
+how much gold you collect, what is this world?
+
+520
+00:35:45,820 --> 00:35:51,000
+What do men ask for? What? Love, money, happiness?
+
+521
+00:35:51,800 --> 00:35:57,360
+At the end of the day? Now with his love. Now in
+
+522
+00:35:57,360 --> 00:36:03,490
+his old cold grave. A really terrifying image when
+
+523
+00:36:03,490 --> 00:36:06,650
+someone feels like not only in a grave, in a cold
+
+524
+00:36:06,650 --> 00:36:09,830
+grave, see the now, now, the repetition of now.
+
+525
+00:36:10,630 --> 00:36:13,830
+This, by the way, this creates a caesura. The
+
+526
+00:36:13,830 --> 00:36:17,110
+question, the pause, the caesura. Now with his
+
+527
+00:36:17,110 --> 00:36:22,510
+love, now with a sad tone here, alone without any
+
+528
+00:36:22,510 --> 00:36:23,790
+companionship.
+
+529
+00:36:26,990 --> 00:36:27,570
+Say again.
+
+530
+00:36:33,420 --> 00:36:36,560
+Thank you very much. And this is Chaucer. Chaucer
+
+531
+00:36:36,560 --> 00:36:39,760
+was not only about fighting battles and wars, he
+
+532
+00:36:39,760 --> 00:36:44,380
+was bringing us a broad array of themes and
+
+533
+00:36:44,380 --> 00:36:47,880
+issues. Now, can we talk about the features, the
+
+534
+00:36:47,880 --> 00:36:50,360
+characteristics of English literature, of English
+
+535
+00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:54,120
+poetry mainly in Middle English? Can you tell?
+
+536
+00:36:54,810 --> 00:36:57,170
+What do you notice? What new things do we have
+
+537
+00:36:57,170 --> 00:37:00,090
+here? Listen, so now we have the text and we try
+
+538
+00:37:00,090 --> 00:37:03,390
+to understand the society, how the text reflects
+
+539
+00:37:03,390 --> 00:37:10,090
+life. One, and raise your voice. Number one, new
+
+540
+00:37:10,090 --> 00:37:16,270
+themes such as love, money, hypocrisy,
+
+541
+00:37:18,430 --> 00:37:25,130
+change. Please. Oh, yes, important themes related
+
+542
+00:37:25,130 --> 00:37:29,290
+to women. They started as minor, minimal. They
+
+543
+00:37:29,290 --> 00:37:32,830
+started as objects of admiration. But later on,
+
+544
+00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:37,210
+every now and then, we find very strong women who
+
+545
+00:37:37,210 --> 00:37:39,790
+challenge and defy, like your friend here
+
+546
+00:37:39,790 --> 00:37:44,510
+suggested, to try to change the image people have
+
+547
+00:37:44,510 --> 00:37:47,490
+about women. Please. The language is softer. The
+
+548
+00:37:47,490 --> 00:37:51,910
+language is closer to the language of today. Well,
+
+549
+00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,550
+it's sometimes not recognizable because of the
+
+550
+00:37:54,550 --> 00:37:58,350
+different spelling. But upon several readings, we
+
+551
+00:37:58,350 --> 00:38:01,830
+can make sense. We can make sense of many of this.
+
+552
+00:38:01,950 --> 00:38:04,990
+Yes? No caesura? No, there's no caesura, the
+
+553
+00:38:04,990 --> 00:38:08,930
+physical gap. But still, it disappeared in a way
+
+554
+00:38:08,930 --> 00:38:12,010
+or another. But sometimes we have it in
+
+555
+00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:13,550
+punctuation marks. Yes?
+
+556
+00:38:17,910 --> 00:38:21,350
+Yes. Remember, at the beginning it was all about
+
+557
+00:38:21,350 --> 00:38:24,310
+heroism, all about praise, all about elegy,
+
+558
+00:38:24,550 --> 00:38:26,530
+praising the dead, praising God, praising the
+
+559
+00:38:26,530 --> 00:38:31,190
+heroes. But now we have irony, new techniques,
+
+560
+00:38:32,590 --> 00:38:34,990
+irony, using irony to say something and to mean it
+
+561
+00:38:34,990 --> 00:38:38,590
+because people became more and more intelligent.
+
+562
+00:38:39,130 --> 00:38:39,310
+Please.
+
+563
+00:38:45,220 --> 00:38:48,760
+Okay, so the idealistic image we had of pure
+
+564
+00:38:48,760 --> 00:38:51,020
+heroes, of complete perfect people started to
+
+565
+00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:56,980
+change into realistic pictures The last point to
+
+566
+00:38:56,980 --> 00:39:00,790
+conclude Chaucer begins the Canterbury Tales,
+
+567
+00:39:00,910 --> 00:39:04,170
+which, again, consists of 24 stories. He
+
+568
+00:39:04,170 --> 00:39:07,550
+originally intended them to be 120, but he only
+
+569
+00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:13,090
+wrote 24 stories. And he started the whole poem
+
+570
+00:39:13,090 --> 00:39:19,650
+with the description of spring. Spring, new life,
+
+571
+00:39:19,870 --> 00:39:24,780
+symbolizing regeneration, rebirth, in a way he was
+
+572
+00:39:24,780 --> 00:39:27,980
+saying that this is England, this is the spring of
+
+573
+00:39:27,980 --> 00:39:30,460
+England, this is the beginning for England. We
+
+574
+00:39:30,460 --> 00:39:33,920
+plant the seeds and the spring begins in April.
+
+575
+00:39:34,640 --> 00:39:38,260
+Now when we say April in English literature, April
+
+576
+00:39:38,260 --> 00:39:44,740
+has been made famous mainly because of Chaucer,
+
+577
+00:39:45,480 --> 00:39:49,000
+and then later on in the 20th century by T.S.
+
+578
+00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,480
+Eliot. T.S. Eliot begins his most famous poem, The
+
+579
+00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:57,280
+Waste Land, by mentioning April. Do you know what
+
+580
+00:39:57,280 --> 00:40:00,740
+he says? T.S. Eliot, The Waste Land.
+
+581
+00:40:12,380 --> 00:40:16,260
+One mark if you know the first verse of the first
+
+582
+00:40:16,260 --> 00:40:20,060
+line in The Waste Land. T.S. Eliot is the greatest
+
+583
+00:40:20,060 --> 00:40:24,720
+20th century poet. He's American and British. His
+
+584
+00:40:24,720 --> 00:40:31,440
+most famous poem is The Waste Land. What is the
+
+585
+00:40:31,440 --> 00:40:33,320
+first line? One mark.
+
+586
+00:40:36,540 --> 00:40:38,680
+One mark if you know. He says,
+
+587
+00:40:43,420 --> 00:40:48,060
+April is the
+
+588
+00:40:48,060 --> 00:40:54,520
+cruelest month. April is the cruelest month.
+
+589
+00:40:55,400 --> 00:40:59,080
+Remember, in so many ways, when he says April is
+
+590
+00:40:59,080 --> 00:41:02,360
+the cruelest month, he's reminding us of Chaucer.
+
+591
+00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:08,180
+He's connecting his poem from Chaucer, the father,
+
+592
+00:41:08,660 --> 00:41:11,360
+the most important figure of early English poetry.
+
+593
+00:41:13,420 --> 00:41:18,080
+Do you know why? Can you tell why? Why did T.S.
+
+594
+00:41:18,140 --> 00:41:22,020
+Eliot begin his poem, The Wasteland, with, April
+
+595
+00:41:22,020 --> 00:41:24,960
+is the cruelest month, contradicting Chaucer, who
+
+596
+00:41:24,960 --> 00:41:28,160
+praised April as the month of spring and life and
+
+597
+00:41:28,160 --> 00:41:31,580
+generation? I'll let you think of this question.
+
+598
+00:41:32,220 --> 00:41:36,400
+I'll stop here. And we meet next time, inshallah.
+
+599
+00:41:36,540 --> 00:41:40,580
+And we'll be talking about other texts from Middle
+
+600
+00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:41,780
+English. Do you have any question?
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b193e6eb737231c9ddbfb9c2cf13f68b183c1d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2712 @@
+1
+00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:26,780
+Hello, everyone, and welcome back, as usual. We
+
+2
+00:00:26,780 --> 00:00:30,820
+continue to speak about the metaphysical poets, or
+
+3
+00:00:30,820 --> 00:00:34,820
+as I prefer to call them, the John Donne School of
+
+4
+00:00:34,820 --> 00:00:39,680
+Poetry. Because again, the term metaphysical was
+
+5
+00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,540
+used by the critics of John Donne and his
+
+6
+00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:47,270
+followers as a term of abuse. Not to praise them,
+
+7
+00:00:47,630 --> 00:00:51,810
+not even to describe them, but to insult them, to
+
+8
+00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:54,830
+abuse them, to negatively frame them, and present
+
+9
+00:00:54,830 --> 00:00:58,110
+them, introduce them negatively to the readers.
+
+10
+00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,070
+And as a matter of fact, many people, even today,
+
+11
+00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:06,750
+dislike John Donne's poetry. Not because of John
+
+12
+00:01:06,750 --> 00:01:10,350
+Donne, or because of something his poetry does,
+
+13
+00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:15,050
+but generally because we are framed. When we read
+
+14
+00:01:15,050 --> 00:01:19,200
+books, anthologies about literature. When we read
+
+15
+00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,560
+an introduction into John Donne before reading his
+
+16
+00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,640
+poetry, what he did, what he didn't do, we come
+
+17
+00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:29,480
+across things I mentioned last time from Ben
+
+18
+00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,370
+Johnson. John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, and
+
+19
+00:01:35,370 --> 00:01:37,790
+Alexander Pope. And I have to go through them just
+
+20
+00:01:37,790 --> 00:01:40,790
+to show you how serious this act of framing and
+
+21
+00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:44,110
+censorship is, how one poet who writes differently
+
+22
+00:01:44,110 --> 00:01:49,070
+can easily be kicked outside the canon because, in
+
+23
+00:01:49,070 --> 00:01:51,910
+a way, he could be a threat. So we have Ben
+
+24
+00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:54,790
+Johnson saying, John Donne deserved hanging.
+
+25
+00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:59,330
+That's very tough, very extreme. And that he would
+
+26
+00:01:59,330 --> 00:02:02,490
+perish for not being understood. It's funny here
+
+27
+00:02:02,490 --> 00:02:05,390
+that the critics of this time, 17th and 18th
+
+28
+00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:09,090
+century, those who came during the time of Dan and
+
+29
+00:02:09,090 --> 00:02:12,570
+after Dan, they appointed themselves as the
+
+30
+00:02:12,570 --> 00:02:16,210
+spokespeople for all readers around the world. So
+
+31
+00:02:16,210 --> 00:02:19,870
+when he says, for not being understood, John Donne
+
+32
+00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:24,080
+would perish, he's speaking for us. And then we
+
+33
+00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:27,660
+say, wait a minute. Don't speak for us. We read
+
+34
+00:02:27,660 --> 00:02:30,660
+his poetry. We enjoy his poetry. It's lovely. It's
+
+35
+00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:33,960
+different, at least. And then we have Dryden, who
+
+36
+00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:37,820
+says, John Donne, this is worse, because John
+
+37
+00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:41,000
+Dryden appoints himself as the speaker for women.
+
+38
+00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,580
+And he assumes that women will not be able to
+
+39
+00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,640
+understand John Donne's poetry. And he says, John
+
+40
+00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:54,040
+Donne perplexes, confuses. the mind of the fair
+
+41
+00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,000
+sex, of the women. And it's funny how he uses the
+
+42
+00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,840
+term fair sex. In a way, he's accusing John Donne
+
+43
+00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,000
+of being anti-feminist, I think, writing stuff so
+
+44
+00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,900
+he can confuse women. But because we are smart, we
+
+45
+00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,340
+don't take things for granted. We say, OK, Dryden,
+
+46
+00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:14,260
+just wait. Wait a minute. Calm down. First of all,
+
+47
+00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,100
+you're not a woman. You shouldn't be speaking for
+
+48
+00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:20,580
+women. Second of all, why are you assuming that
+
+49
+00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:24,370
+women are not smart? Why are you assuming that
+
+50
+00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:26,750
+women will not be able to understand this kind of
+
+51
+00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:30,770
+poetry? You are anti-feminist, not John Donne. And
+
+52
+00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:34,130
+indeed, and we saw this, John Donne's poetry gives
+
+53
+00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:38,150
+voice to the voiceless, to the women. John Donne's
+
+54
+00:03:38,150 --> 00:03:42,070
+poetry empowers women. Their presence in the
+
+55
+00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:45,590
+poetry is crucial. We discussed, we mentioned two
+
+56
+00:03:45,590 --> 00:03:50,190
+examples from two poems by Donne. Number one, The
+
+57
+00:03:50,190 --> 00:03:53,360
+Flea, remember? The woman doesn't speak exactly
+
+58
+00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,540
+like the woman in Marlow, but she's present. She's
+
+59
+00:03:56,540 --> 00:03:59,460
+active. When Don says, you, I, and the flea are
+
+60
+00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,000
+one, so let's get together, she's like, and she
+
+61
+00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,280
+kills the flea. She acts. She does the most
+
+62
+00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,620
+important thing. She outsmarts the poet in a way
+
+63
+00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,130
+or another. And in Forbidding Morning, another
+
+64
+00:04:13,130 --> 00:04:17,530
+poem when John Donne likens the relationship to a
+
+65
+00:04:17,530 --> 00:04:19,750
+stiff twin campuses. Remember the conceit? Very
+
+66
+00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:23,830
+important conceit. Stiff twin campuses. We see the
+
+67
+00:04:23,830 --> 00:04:28,790
+woman as the fixed, the firm foot. The woman holds
+
+68
+00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:32,510
+this relationship together. The woman is the
+
+69
+00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:37,030
+essence, the core. She's not marginalized here.
+
+70
+00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,840
+She is very strong, very powerful. So again, see
+
+71
+00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,720
+what I mean by framing here. When you read this,
+
+72
+00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:48,300
+oh, John Donne affects the metaphysics and
+
+73
+00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:52,200
+perplexes the minds of the first sex. We could
+
+74
+00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,880
+have a negative idea about John Donne. And that's
+
+75
+00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,600
+why my advice, always read what writers write, not
+
+76
+00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,640
+what people write about them. Go face to face with
+
+77
+00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,480
+people. Experience things for yourself, because
+
+78
+00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:10,100
+framing is everywhere. People talk about people.
+
+79
+00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:13,120
+Books talk about things. And I said this many
+
+80
+00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,040
+times. This book, for example, contains a lot of
+
+81
+00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:18,160
+the thing we described as whitewashing. Remember?
+
+82
+00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:25,880
+and censorship. For example, remember what
+
+83
+00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,460
+whitewashing means? To represent something in a
+
+84
+00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,040
+positive way. So here there is a lot of
+
+85
+00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:33,360
+colonialism, imperialism. And when we speak about
+
+86
+00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,860
+the English colonialism and imperialism, we speak
+
+87
+00:05:35,860 --> 00:05:40,560
+about the destruction of whole nations, the
+
+88
+00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,940
+massacres that took the lives, claimed the lives
+
+89
+00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:46,620
+of millions and millions of people. But what does
+
+90
+00:05:46,620 --> 00:05:49,800
+the book call this? It calls it colonial glory.
+
+91
+00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:58,930
+Colonial glory. This is whitewashing. So we're
+
+92
+00:05:58,930 --> 00:06:01,590
+training you in this course to be smart, to think
+
+93
+00:06:01,590 --> 00:06:04,450
+for yourself. Always take a step back. And when
+
+94
+00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:07,850
+you read a story, when you read something, ask
+
+95
+00:06:07,850 --> 00:06:10,890
+yourself three important questions, whether this
+
+96
+00:06:10,890 --> 00:06:14,470
+is a story, an article, or a text. Who is telling
+
+97
+00:06:14,470 --> 00:06:20,310
+the story? Who is telling the
+
+98
+00:06:20,310 --> 00:06:24,270
+story? That's question number one. Who is the
+
+99
+00:06:24,270 --> 00:06:27,510
+storyteller? You need to understand the
+
+100
+00:06:27,510 --> 00:06:29,850
+storyteller, the speaker here. Is he English? Is
+
+101
+00:06:29,850 --> 00:06:34,430
+he white? A woman? A man? Number two, who benefits
+
+102
+00:06:34,430 --> 00:06:35,210
+from the story?
+
+103
+00:06:42,750 --> 00:06:47,250
+Who does the story help? Which people generally?
+
+104
+00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:50,470
+This or that? The English people? The Irish
+
+105
+00:06:50,470 --> 00:06:52,670
+people? The Scottish people? Palestinians?
+
+106
+00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:59,350
+Israelis? Arabs? Muslims? Non-Muslims? And then
+
+107
+00:06:59,350 --> 00:07:01,510
+more importantly, who is missing?
+
+108
+00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:08,860
+from the story. This applies to stories in
+
+109
+00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:11,320
+particular, to books, to poems, everywhere.
+
+110
+00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,380
+Because when I write a story, when I tell you a
+
+111
+00:07:14,380 --> 00:07:16,540
+story, if something wrong happens here, takes
+
+112
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,960
+place, somebody breaks something, I'm sure we'll
+
+113
+00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:24,160
+have like 30 of you here. When I ask you to tell
+
+114
+00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,280
+me what happens, what has happened, I'll have 30
+
+115
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,260
+stories. Some of you weren't paying attention.
+
+116
+00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,800
+Some of you didn't see everything. Some of you
+
+117
+00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,720
+were sitting far away in the back. But some of you
+
+118
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:41,080
+have the benefit from this, or they don't. So your
+
+119
+00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,840
+friend did it, so you just try to cover up for
+
+120
+00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:47,500
+her. Or someone you don't like did it, so you try
+
+121
+00:07:47,500 --> 00:07:51,000
+to expose her, to just point the finger accusation
+
+122
+00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:54,320
+at her. We all do this. And it happens at our
+
+123
+00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:59,680
+homes all the time. When kids fight, When kids
+
+124
+00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,900
+fight, they do trouble. They make, you know, as
+
+125
+00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:07,260
+they always do everywhere. We can never know who
+
+126
+00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:08,860
+is to blame. They are always fighting. When you
+
+127
+00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:10,700
+talk to Ali, for example, Ali, what's going on?
+
+128
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:12,660
+Why did you do? Why are you shouting? Why are you
+
+129
+00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:17,680
+fighting with Muhammad? He did this. Muhammad, why
+
+130
+00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,700
+did you do that? Because he first did something.
+
+131
+00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,540
+And it goes on a vicious circle, non-ending. You
+
+132
+00:08:23,540 --> 00:08:27,500
+never know who did what first. And kids do this
+
+133
+00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:31,800
+all the time, but grown-ups, countries. That's why
+
+134
+00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,580
+many people say major conflicts around the world
+
+135
+00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:39,780
+are conflicts on narrative, like Palestine.
+
+136
+00:08:39,900 --> 00:08:42,880
+Palestine belongs to the Palestinians. But the
+
+137
+00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:47,020
+Zionist movement did a lot and paid a lot of money
+
+138
+00:08:47,020 --> 00:08:51,830
+and billions of money, of dollars and stuff. just
+
+139
+00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:55,590
+to change the narrative, to present Palestine as a
+
+140
+00:08:55,590 --> 00:09:00,890
+land without people, a land that was empty, that
+
+141
+00:09:00,890 --> 00:09:05,150
+now belongs to those people and now belongs to
+
+142
+00:09:05,150 --> 00:09:09,450
+their grandsons and daughters. Narrative is very
+
+143
+00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:12,350
+important. We have to be careful who's telling us
+
+144
+00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:18,270
+what, who benefits, and who is missing. So here,
+
+145
+00:09:19,230 --> 00:09:23,190
+Jonathan is being negatively framed. Now Samuel
+
+146
+00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:25,410
+Johnson says Johnson uses a combination of
+
+147
+00:09:25,410 --> 00:09:29,470
+dissimilar images. His poetry is like there is a
+
+148
+00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:32,030
+poem about love, but why is God here in the poem?
+
+149
+00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:35,930
+Or a poem about God religion, but why is love
+
+150
+00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:41,010
+language there? Why does he use a stiff twin
+
+151
+00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:46,850
+compasses? What is a geometrical device? What is
+
+152
+00:09:46,850 --> 00:09:48,850
+he doing here in this? But again, remember, this
+
+153
+00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:51,090
+is John Donne bringing new imagery, original
+
+154
+00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:53,570
+imagery. He doesn't want to imitate. He doesn't
+
+155
+00:09:53,570 --> 00:09:57,150
+want to say, oh, you and I are like a rose and its
+
+156
+00:09:57,150 --> 00:10:01,540
+petals. Because this has been said many times. And
+
+157
+00:10:01,540 --> 00:10:04,620
+finally, no matter what those critics said about
+
+158
+00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,060
+John Donne, they all agreed that John Donne was
+
+159
+00:10:07,060 --> 00:10:11,680
+smart, was witty, a genius. He had this sharp wit
+
+160
+00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:14,360
+that makes him different, that makes him bring all
+
+161
+00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:18,560
+these genius conceits and images. However, and
+
+162
+00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,320
+again it's funny, Alexander Pope says, Donne has
+
+163
+00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:28,100
+no imagination. Donne has no imagination. And even
+
+164
+00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:34,490
+his wit? It's available for all poets. So even the
+
+165
+00:10:34,490 --> 00:10:37,210
+critics of Jonathan do not agree on a particular
+
+166
+00:10:37,210 --> 00:10:39,270
+reason why they should hear it. But then we come
+
+167
+00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,250
+to the conclusion that it's because they were
+
+168
+00:10:41,250 --> 00:10:43,330
+writing different poetry. They were breaking the
+
+169
+00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:48,230
+rules of decorum. Today, we'll speak about two
+
+170
+00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:51,350
+other metaphysical poets. We mentioned them
+
+171
+00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:54,950
+before, Andrew Marvell, And George Herbert. We had
+
+172
+00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:57,010
+an example from George Herbert before, the Easter
+
+173
+00:10:57,010 --> 00:11:00,150
+Wings. Remember that poem with the funny shape,
+
+174
+00:11:00,950 --> 00:11:05,010
+the Easter Wings? But we saw how the length of the
+
+175
+00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:08,730
+line has something to do with its meaning. God,
+
+176
+00:11:08,830 --> 00:11:13,390
+who created man in wealth and store, but that man
+
+177
+00:11:13,390 --> 00:11:17,880
+started to lose, decay, et cetera. Now, one of the
+
+178
+00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,240
+most important love poems in the history of
+
+179
+00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:22,880
+English literature, this is a canonical text by
+
+180
+00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:25,440
+Andrew Marvel. And Andrew Marvel, by the way, is
+
+181
+00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,820
+double L, not one L, OK?
+
+182
+00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:36,600
+So Andrew Marvel and his poem to his coy mistress.
+
+183
+00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:40,280
+And as the name suggests, look at the name, title.
+
+184
+00:11:41,540 --> 00:11:46,310
+You know coy? Coy means shy. So his mistress is
+
+185
+00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:50,810
+shy. And he's addressing her. This poem is
+
+186
+00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:53,930
+addressed to? His mistress. And she is? Shy.
+
+187
+00:11:54,270 --> 00:11:58,590
+Typical anti-feminist image, that women are shy
+
+188
+00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:01,990
+and timid, not courageous and powerful and
+
+189
+00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:05,950
+everything. And also notice this. He owns her. He
+
+190
+00:12:05,950 --> 00:12:09,950
+owns her. Thank you. It's like the woman is some
+
+191
+00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:14,490
+kind of property, commodity. He owns her. to his
+
+192
+00:12:14,490 --> 00:12:20,070
+coy mistress. Now, Andrew Marvel is not 100%
+
+193
+00:12:20,070 --> 00:12:22,170
+purely metaphysical, but he has some metaphysical
+
+194
+00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:25,250
+elements that we can probably trace here. Someone
+
+195
+00:12:25,250 --> 00:12:29,290
+read. Notice the ellipses here. What does this
+
+196
+00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:35,390
+mean? Dot, dot, dot. It means something deleted in
+
+197
+00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:37,930
+between. This is called ellipses, deletion. Go on,
+
+198
+00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:40,890
+please. You, yes.
+
+199
+00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,780
+It's winged actually, but in pottery, if you see
+
+200
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:56,980
+this, it means winged. It adds an extra syllable.
+
+201
+00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:01,260
+And you know why? For the meter. Winged, chariot.
+
+202
+00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,960
+Very good. Someone else, please, hint.
+
+203
+00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:23,600
+Winged, winged, winged, winged, hurrying,
+
+204
+00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,040
+near, yes please, happy, but not enough time,
+
+205
+00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:33,940
+sickness, coldness, leg were not fine, but at my
+
+206
+00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:37,020
+back I always have some winged
+
+207
+00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,380
+I like your musical reading of this. Had we bought
+
+208
+00:13:43,380 --> 00:13:47,780
+enough a world in a fun time, this coyness lady
+
+209
+00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,000
+were no crime. It's like ti-tum, ti-tum, ti-tum,
+
+210
+00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,960
+ti-tum. That's musical. That's the music of most
+
+211
+00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,940
+English poems, by the way. Had we bought world
+
+212
+00:13:57,940 --> 00:14:01,520
+enough on time, this coyness lady were no crime.
+
+213
+00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,500
+But at my back, I always hear times winged chariot
+
+214
+00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,790
+hurrying near. Finally, yeah, one more.
+
+215
+00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:16,190
+Here,
+
+216
+00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:25,590
+chariot, chariot hurrying, okay. Now, before we
+
+217
+00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:27,890
+comment on this, the metaphysicality of this poem,
+
+218
+00:14:28,190 --> 00:14:31,930
+what's going on here? Why do we have a verb before
+
+219
+00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:34,550
+the subject? Is this a question? This is called
+
+220
+00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:38,150
+subject-verb inversion. And it happens on three
+
+221
+00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:41,270
+major occasions. One of them is when you ask a
+
+222
+00:14:41,270 --> 00:14:45,650
+question. You say, where are you? What did he? Why
+
+223
+00:14:45,650 --> 00:14:50,950
+does she? So the verb comes before the subject.
+
+224
+00:14:51,420 --> 00:14:55,700
+The subject. But we have other occasions where we
+
+225
+00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:58,920
+invert the subject and the verb. We do this
+
+226
+00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,580
+generally for emphasis. To emphasize something.
+
+227
+00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,000
+True. But what happens grammatically speaking?
+
+228
+00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:11,320
+Grammar. You already studied two grammar courses.
+
+229
+00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:20,490
+Ah. Okay. So originally this is if. We had. Should
+
+230
+00:15:20,490 --> 00:15:24,670
+it be had or have? Is this present or past?
+
+231
+00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:27,910
+Because he says present, I always hear.
+
+232
+00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:34,250
+What's going on here? Okay, let's do some grammar.
+
+233
+00:15:35,330 --> 00:15:38,010
+But see how literature also brings vocabulary and
+
+234
+00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,050
+expressions and grammar and culture and politics
+
+235
+00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:45,990
+and everything. When we use F, we have several F
+
+236
+00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:49,550
+rules, conditional F. But the major three rules
+
+237
+00:15:49,550 --> 00:15:56,550
+are 1, 2, and 3. In rule number 2 and 3, F1, F2,
+
+238
+00:15:56,630 --> 00:16:01,560
+and 3, when you delete F, you have to invert the
+
+239
+00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,120
+subject and the verb. It's not when you delete,
+
+240
+00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:07,840
+actually. If you want to emphasize the statement,
+
+241
+00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:11,060
+a particular sentence, in if, you can delete if.
+
+242
+00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,120
+But if you do that, you have to invert the subject
+
+243
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,420
+and change the order of the subject and the word.
+
+244
+00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:23,120
+So in rule number one, when you say, if I have
+
+245
+00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:28,080
+time, I will help you.
+
+246
+00:16:31,020 --> 00:16:36,860
+This tense, the tense is present. The meaning is
+
+247
+00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:40,980
+present and future. But more important than this,
+
+248
+00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:44,180
+if you use rule number one, it means this is
+
+249
+00:16:44,180 --> 00:16:49,480
+likely to happen. It's possible. So when you
+
+250
+00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:52,680
+express a possibility using if, you should use
+
+251
+00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:57,520
+rule number one, generally. So you come, say, you
+
+252
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,500
+have a minute, and I say, I'm busy now, but if I
+
+253
+00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:05,500
+have time later, I will help you. If I use this,
+
+254
+00:17:05,580 --> 00:17:07,680
+I'm expressing my willingness to help you.
+
+255
+00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:16,620
+However, rule number two, if I had enough time or
+
+256
+00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:23,900
+time, I would help you. Listen to me. The tense
+
+257
+00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,540
+here, the tense is past, but the meaning is still
+
+258
+00:17:28,540 --> 00:17:35,350
+present. Oh, strange. Why? The rule says in
+
+259
+00:17:35,350 --> 00:17:38,790
+English grammar, we sometimes use the past simple
+
+260
+00:17:38,790 --> 00:17:41,970
+to speak about the present to express
+
+261
+00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,850
+impossibility. To say that something is it's not
+
+262
+00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:50,270
+impossible, unlikely to happen. So this one is
+
+263
+00:17:50,270 --> 00:17:57,140
+likely, and this one is unlikely to happen. There
+
+264
+00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:59,720
+is a strong possibility this could happen. There
+
+265
+00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:02,340
+is a strong possibility this couldn't happen. So
+
+266
+00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:06,740
+you come to me, you tell me, do you have a minute?
+
+267
+00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,520
+I say, I'm busy now. But if I had time later, I
+
+268
+00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,820
+would help you, meaning I'm going to be extremely
+
+269
+00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,780
+busy. Or I'm expressing unwillingness to help you.
+
+270
+00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:24,220
+So do you have money? I need to buy something. If
+
+271
+00:18:24,220 --> 00:18:27,840
+I have enough money, I will lend you. If I had
+
+272
+00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:32,300
+enough money, I will lend you. So probably, don't
+
+273
+00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,580
+count on me that much. And this is where we say
+
+274
+00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:38,980
+the famous expressions, if I were you. Can I be
+
+275
+00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:43,800
+you? No, almost impossible. I can't be you. You
+
+276
+00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:48,520
+are you. If something is going on in Jerusalem,
+
+277
+00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:53,240
+and you say, Someone is telling you, hey, Israeli
+
+278
+00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,940
+settlers are storming Al-Aqsa Mosque. And you say,
+
+279
+00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:02,560
+if I were there, I would defend Al-Aqsa. It's
+
+280
+00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:04,180
+unlikely to happen. It's almost impossible,
+
+281
+00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:06,200
+because you're here. Physically, you can't be
+
+282
+00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:12,020
+there. And in this rule, you could delete if. But
+
+283
+00:19:12,020 --> 00:19:14,760
+if you do this, there should be subject. And it's
+
+284
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:17,840
+more eloquent, more articulate, and more poetic,
+
+285
+00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,740
+and more emphatic, like you said.
+
+286
+00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:27,740
+So, had I more. If I were you, where are you? And
+
+287
+00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:30,840
+listen to this expression, if I were you. In
+
+288
+00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,320
+grammar we don't say I were, say I was. Here we
+
+289
+00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,680
+say I were, this is standard English. If you say I
+
+290
+00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:39,800
+was, it's okay, acceptable, but in standard
+
+291
+00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:41,560
+English it should be I were to express
+
+292
+00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,660
+impossibility. Now if you're talking about
+
+293
+00:19:44,660 --> 00:19:46,900
+something that happened in the past, already
+
+294
+00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:47,360
+unfinished,
+
+295
+00:19:51,730 --> 00:19:53,690
+Something that happened and finished, you use rule
+
+296
+00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:57,150
+number three. So this is present, present. The
+
+297
+00:19:57,150 --> 00:19:59,550
+meaning is present, present. The meaning is past.
+
+298
+00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:03,150
+This is the tense is present. The tense is past.
+
+299
+00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:08,910
+To express impossibility, almost something that is
+
+300
+00:20:08,910 --> 00:20:14,710
+unlikely. So here you say, if I had had time
+
+301
+00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,790
+yesterday, If I had had time yesterday, last
+
+302
+00:20:18,790 --> 00:20:25,030
+night, last week, I would have helped you.
+
+303
+00:20:25,450 --> 00:20:29,070
+Perfect. It will never happen. It will never
+
+304
+00:20:29,070 --> 00:20:30,670
+happen because the past is the past, unless
+
+305
+00:20:30,670 --> 00:20:35,190
+someone invents a time machine. And then it also
+
+306
+00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:38,350
+depends whether they are going to say if I have or
+
+307
+00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:43,630
+if I had. So don't waste your time inventing a
+
+308
+00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:47,200
+time machine probably. So the poet here is saying,
+
+309
+00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,040
+we don't have enough time. But he's a poet. Poets
+
+310
+00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,580
+don't say we don't have enough time. He's saying,
+
+311
+00:20:55,020 --> 00:21:00,900
+if we had time. Do we have time? Clearly unlikely.
+
+312
+00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:03,360
+So he's urging her. He's pushing her. He's
+
+313
+00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:06,320
+convincing her. This is another way of telling
+
+314
+00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,940
+her, come live with me and be my love. But this is
+
+315
+00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,060
+a metaphysical poet. He's not just offering her
+
+316
+00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:14,680
+things. He's using the argumentative style.
+
+317
+00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:17,660
+Remember Don?
+
+318
+00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:25,440
+Metaphysical poets are argument. They argue. When
+
+319
+00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,200
+John Donne says, you, I, the flea are one. What?
+
+320
+00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,500
+And then he argues how things go. You and I are
+
+321
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,660
+like stiff twin compasses. The conceit in the
+
+322
+00:21:37,660 --> 00:21:40,640
+stiff twin compasses. It's unlikely. And then he
+
+323
+00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,980
+elaborates in a way and then says, oh, that really
+
+324
+00:21:42,980 --> 00:21:47,940
+makes sense. So if we had enough world and time,
+
+325
+00:21:49,060 --> 00:21:52,220
+this coyness where, again, notice this coyness
+
+326
+00:21:52,220 --> 00:21:56,180
+generally was or is. Because this is if. We use
+
+327
+00:21:56,180 --> 00:21:58,500
+where just again to emphasize that that's
+
+328
+00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:03,600
+impossible. This coyness where no crime. Because
+
+329
+00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,040
+she's timid. She's shy. She's coy. He's telling
+
+330
+00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:11,000
+her stop being this. We don't have time. And
+
+331
+00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,220
+again, notice how the issue of time here as a
+
+332
+00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:19,320
+theme. Remember in the Renaissance, the poets were
+
+333
+00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:23,480
+obsessed with time. Time was destructive to
+
+334
+00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,380
+everything, to beauty, to people. There's always
+
+335
+00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:30,380
+this concern, the theme of the passing of time.
+
+336
+00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,680
+We've seen this in Shakespeare, and we see this
+
+337
+00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,840
+now. And it's repeated here. But at my back I
+
+338
+00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:41,620
+always hear. Because at my back, this is
+
+339
+00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:45,700
+metaphorical expression. Actually, there is no
+
+340
+00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,260
+chariot. Chariot means wagon, like a car or
+
+341
+00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:54,640
+vehicle. But this chariot is the chariot of time.
+
+342
+00:22:54,880 --> 00:23:01,060
+Beautiful metaphor. He likens time to a car, to a
+
+343
+00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:05,840
+train that is coming what? Very fast, because this
+
+344
+00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,280
+is time. Time is rushing. So we don't have time to
+
+345
+00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,600
+waste. So come live with me and be my love. Be
+
+346
+00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,720
+mine. You don't have time to be shy. If you are
+
+347
+00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,500
+shy now, this year, next year, the years to come,
+
+348
+00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,700
+all of a sudden you will open your eyes and you
+
+349
+00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,660
+are 50, 60, you are old, and your fairness, your
+
+350
+00:23:25,660 --> 00:23:30,730
+beauty, everything, you lose. Very beautiful
+
+351
+00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:32,970
+argumentative style. This is not a pure
+
+352
+00:23:32,970 --> 00:23:36,670
+metaphysical poem, but there are metaphysical
+
+353
+00:23:36,670 --> 00:23:39,570
+features. And this is the only extract we're going
+
+354
+00:23:39,570 --> 00:23:42,390
+to study. Go to YouTube, listen to the whole poem.
+
+355
+00:23:42,510 --> 00:23:46,490
+Really beautiful. And this is Andrew Marvell.
+
+356
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,470
+There is a love poem here. And the personal
+
+357
+00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:52,750
+experience, there's dramatization of this.
+
+358
+00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:55,570
+Probably another feature is how this tiny little
+
+359
+00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:57,770
+experience is dramatized.
+
+360
+00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:05,570
+This could be like a sonnet, sorry, a soliloquy of
+
+361
+00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:10,030
+Shakespeare, an internal monologue. Someone had we
+
+362
+00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:14,070
+bought enough gold and time. This coin, this lady,
+
+363
+00:24:14,330 --> 00:24:17,910
+were no crime. Could be a monologue like the ones
+
+364
+00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:20,350
+we studied in Shakespeare. This is called
+
+365
+00:24:20,350 --> 00:24:23,290
+dramatization. When a tiny little experience is
+
+366
+00:24:23,290 --> 00:24:27,050
+dramatized, like John Donne always does in The Sun
+
+367
+00:24:27,050 --> 00:24:31,120
+Rising and the sonnets we studied. Any question,
+
+368
+00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:31,740
+any comment?
+
+369
+00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:39,460
+You want to add something, to ask something? What
+
+370
+00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,700
+do you think of the rhyme scheme? Couplets,
+
+371
+00:24:44,180 --> 00:24:49,300
+couplets, yeah, yeah, couplets, please. Very good.
+
+372
+00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,020
+This is couplets. Generally, we'll study another
+
+373
+00:24:53,020 --> 00:24:56,140
+poem for Marvel, and he goes for this. He likes
+
+374
+00:24:56,140 --> 00:24:58,620
+this style, couplets, couplets, couplets, because
+
+375
+00:24:58,620 --> 00:25:02,780
+they became very famous later on. Let's move to
+
+376
+00:25:02,780 --> 00:25:06,700
+another text, metaphysical text, the final text,
+
+377
+00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:09,900
+metaphysical text for today. And it's by our
+
+378
+00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,580
+friend George
+
+379
+00:25:13,580 --> 00:25:16,880
+Herbert. Herbert is very interesting, very good.
+
+380
+00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,020
+By the way, he's a very religious poet. He wrote
+
+381
+00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:22,740
+very beautiful religious poetry. And I always
+
+382
+00:25:22,740 --> 00:25:28,620
+remember him by the Easter Wings poem that has the
+
+383
+00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:32,540
+shape of a bird. This poem is called The Color.
+
+384
+00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,460
+And this is The Color. The Color. I don't have a
+
+385
+00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:37,640
+color. Anyway, this is The Color, like when you
+
+386
+00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:42,040
+have a T-shirt and it has a color here. There's a
+
+387
+00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,020
+lot to say here. But to be brief, there's a play
+
+388
+00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:48,080
+on words. The color is what priests do. Monks,
+
+389
+00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:49,740
+religious people in the church, they have a
+
+390
+00:25:49,740 --> 00:25:55,140
+particular color. The color signals that they are
+
+391
+00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:57,280
+religious. They are dedicated to God. They love
+
+392
+00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:02,420
+God. But also, a color could be this device that
+
+393
+00:26:02,420 --> 00:26:06,520
+you put to control animals from their necks, like
+
+394
+00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,900
+dogs. Or if you have a lion pit at home, that's
+
+395
+00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:16,090
+the color in a way. So again, we can't study whole
+
+396
+00:26:16,090 --> 00:26:18,410
+poems in this course, generally, because this is
+
+397
+00:26:18,410 --> 00:26:21,990
+only a brief introduction to things. So this means
+
+398
+00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:27,130
+there is ellipsis here. As a matter of fact, the
+
+399
+00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:30,330
+first two lines and then the last final four
+
+400
+00:26:30,330 --> 00:26:33,370
+lines. What do you think? Before reading, are you
+
+401
+00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:36,470
+going to recognize this as a metaphysical poem?
+
+402
+00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:42,220
+Yes. Why? The structure. The structure. The
+
+403
+00:26:42,220 --> 00:26:46,160
+structure of the poem is unique, is different.
+
+404
+00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:54,580
+See, we have here how many? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+
+405
+00:26:54,660 --> 00:27:00,340
+8. Here, 1, 2, 3, 4. From four feet to two feet.
+
+406
+00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:04,540
+And I think here he goes for five. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+
+407
+00:27:04,740 --> 00:27:13,260
+6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Five feet. Listen, a friend of
+
+408
+00:27:13,260 --> 00:27:16,180
+yours in the other group asked me about Tamim El
+
+409
+00:27:16,180 --> 00:27:20,920
+Barghouti's poem, Falquds. And I told her Tamim's
+
+410
+00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,160
+poem is the perfect example to explain how the
+
+411
+00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,180
+shape of the poem helps its meaning. Do you know
+
+412
+00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:33,240
+how the poem begins? Someone recited the poem
+
+413
+00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,420
+before here. Where is she? Is she absent? Yeah,
+
+414
+00:27:36,460 --> 00:27:38,100
+exactly. It starts with classical poetry.
+
+415
+00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:48,440
+You know,
+
+416
+00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,900
+standing at the ruins and you just reminiscing and
+
+417
+00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:54,280
+remember the good old days.
+
+418
+00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:08,060
+So he starts with a classical Arab poem.
+
+419
+00:28:08,740 --> 00:28:12,560
+In a way, in my opinion, he's telling us that this
+
+420
+00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,360
+is the Arab culture, the poetry, this kind of
+
+421
+00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,780
+poetry, exactly as this city Jerusalem belongs to
+
+422
+00:28:19,780 --> 00:28:24,490
+Palestinians, to the Arabs. Okay? So, and probably
+
+423
+00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,810
+if we want to get it back, to have it back, to
+
+424
+00:28:26,810 --> 00:28:29,910
+struggle for it, we have to go back to our roots,
+
+425
+00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:35,150
+to our, you know, as proud Arabs, owners of the
+
+426
+00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:38,490
+land regardless of our religions here. The moment
+
+427
+00:28:38,490 --> 00:28:41,890
+Tamim shifts from talking about Jerusalem as a
+
+428
+00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:45,610
+city that should belong to us, Palestinians, to
+
+429
+00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:49,370
+speak about the Zionist occupiers, the whole
+
+430
+00:28:49,370 --> 00:28:51,410
+structure of the poem changes.
+
+431
+00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,360
+So he shifts from classical to some kind of blank
+
+432
+00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,560
+verse or sometimes even free verse. No rules.
+
+433
+00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:03,920
+Because when the Israelis, like when Israel was
+
+434
+00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,920
+established, they broke all the rules. They
+
+435
+00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:09,960
+destroyed the country. They destroyed the life
+
+436
+00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,620
+here. They destroyed the lives of the people, the
+
+437
+00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:17,630
+city. So the poem itself doesn't have rules here.
+
+438
+00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:23,370
+What does he say in the second stanza? Look at
+
+439
+00:29:23,370 --> 00:29:24,830
+this, very long line.
+
+440
+00:29:27,650 --> 00:29:31,210
+So you
+
+441
+00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:34,150
+can take a whole long circle and the line still
+
+442
+00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:39,850
+doesn't finish. And he goes on and on, and almost
+
+443
+00:29:39,850 --> 00:29:45,310
+everything is broken here. Because now the
+
+444
+00:29:45,310 --> 00:29:48,470
+intruders, the occupiers are controlling the city.
+
+445
+00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:50,610
+And now this is a religious poem by Herbert.
+
+446
+00:29:50,730 --> 00:29:55,110
+Herbert generally religious poetry. What's going
+
+447
+00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:57,210
+on here? What is he saying? What is struck? What
+
+448
+00:29:57,210 --> 00:30:02,230
+does struck mean? Struck comes from? Strike.
+
+449
+00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:09,520
+Remember poetry used to be cool, nice, beautiful,
+
+450
+00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:13,240
+sweet? But now there is a lot of drama. There's
+
+451
+00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,230
+dramatization. That's the second feature. So the
+
+452
+00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,210
+new form that has the meaning. Here we have a
+
+453
+00:30:19,210 --> 00:30:21,510
+person who is what? What is he doing? He's
+
+454
+00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:24,530
+striking the board. Not board, probably a table or
+
+455
+00:30:24,530 --> 00:30:28,210
+this board. And what is he doing? Shouting. What
+
+456
+00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:30,890
+is he shouting? I will abort. Look at the
+
+457
+00:30:30,890 --> 00:30:33,610
+exclamation mark. He's angry. He's shouting. If
+
+458
+00:30:33,610 --> 00:30:35,850
+someone is shouting, he can't control his emotions
+
+459
+00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,470
+and feelings. And that's why he can't control the
+
+460
+00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,330
+shape and the structure of the poem. If the poem
+
+461
+00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:44,430
+has a well-structured form, it's going to be
+
+462
+00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:47,010
+awkward. It's going to be, in a way, restricting.
+
+463
+00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:49,830
+He's not going to express himself the way he
+
+464
+00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:53,770
+should. So, I struck the board and cried no more.
+
+465
+00:30:54,150 --> 00:30:59,590
+I will abroad. An angry speaker, an angry poet. He
+
+466
+00:30:59,590 --> 00:31:03,370
+hates the rules. He hates the color. He hates the
+
+467
+00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:05,950
+fact that he's being obedient to God. He wants to
+
+468
+00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:09,050
+get rid of this. He wants to go out, away, to free
+
+469
+00:31:09,050 --> 00:31:12,840
+himself. exactly like the way he's breaking the
+
+470
+00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,460
+rules of decorum, the rules of poetry here. So
+
+471
+00:31:15,460 --> 00:31:18,360
+this is connected very much to the idea. What is
+
+472
+00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,080
+the poet doing? He's angry. He's shouting. He
+
+473
+00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:26,280
+wants more freedom. He wants to free himself. And
+
+474
+00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,740
+look at the longest line when he says, but as I
+
+475
+00:31:28,740 --> 00:31:33,400
+raved and grew. This is growing. He grew angrier
+
+476
+00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:38,900
+and angrier. More fierce and wild. I was very
+
+477
+00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:46,170
+angry. I hated my life. At every word, me thought,
+
+478
+00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:50,810
+it's all actually me thoughts. It means it seems.
+
+479
+00:31:52,170 --> 00:31:57,710
+I thought. It seems closer. It's a Middle English
+
+480
+00:31:57,710 --> 00:32:00,810
+word. It's not used commonly nowadays. Me thinks
+
+481
+00:32:00,810 --> 00:32:05,510
+and me thoughts. I heard one call or calling
+
+482
+00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:09,570
+child. So he's angry because God is ignoring him.
+
+483
+00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650
+He's suffering. He's sacrificing many things. And
+
+484
+00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,510
+God doesn't care about him. But because God is
+
+485
+00:32:16,510 --> 00:32:22,080
+loving, God is merciful, He answers his prayer and
+
+486
+00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:27,160
+God says, child. And it takes only one word from
+
+487
+00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,640
+God and the poet is going back to being what? And
+
+488
+00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,400
+I replied, my Lord. He's going back to God. And
+
+489
+00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,840
+the way The poem started angry. This anger is
+
+490
+00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,680
+clear in the choice of words in the structure. But
+
+491
+00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,400
+at the end, it ends in a calm, quiet, peaceful
+
+492
+00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,040
+tone. And this is reflected on the choice of
+
+493
+00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:50,340
+words. And I replied. I didn't shout. I didn't
+
+494
+00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:56,300
+cry. I replied, my lord, in a way. The fact that
+
+495
+00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,180
+the poet is dealing with God as a close friend, as
+
+496
+00:32:59,180 --> 00:33:00,820
+an intimate friend, is a metaphysical feature.
+
+497
+00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:06,990
+Remember, batter my heart, three-person God? God
+
+498
+00:33:06,990 --> 00:33:10,270
+is no longer, for the metaphysicals, is no longer
+
+499
+00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:13,370
+the fearful God that people feared because they
+
+500
+00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:15,890
+thought he's destructive and vengeful. For the
+
+501
+00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:19,710
+metaphysicals, he's like a friend, a close friend,
+
+502
+00:33:19,810 --> 00:33:22,690
+an intimate friend. They talk to him. If you are
+
+503
+00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:26,210
+angry, you can be angry. But you can't always go
+
+504
+00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:29,540
+back when you feel like it. This is George
+
+505
+00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:32,980
+Herbert. Beautiful. I love how the structure,
+
+506
+00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:35,740
+maybe I'll ask you this question in the exam. How
+
+507
+00:33:35,740 --> 00:33:41,260
+does the structure of this reveal or reflect its
+
+508
+00:33:41,260 --> 00:33:46,220
+meaning? Number one, the poem doesn't have a fixed
+
+509
+00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:52,040
+structure. What is fixed? Classical. structure,
+
+510
+00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,200
+like where the lines have the same length and
+
+511
+00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,300
+probably the rhyme scheme. Do we have a rhyme, a
+
+512
+00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:01,120
+particular rhyme scheme here? Yeah, here, but not
+
+513
+00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,720
+here, maybe. Wild, child, word, and lord, they
+
+514
+00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,480
+don't perfectly rhyme, but they work.
+
+515
+00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,860
+So you'd say, the poet here is angry, he's
+
+516
+00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:16,500
+nervous, he's shouting, he's crying. He wants to
+
+517
+00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:18,700
+free himself from the collar. He wants to take the
+
+518
+00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:23,900
+collar out, to throw it away and be free. And the
+
+519
+00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:30,200
+shape of the poem is closely connected to this. He
+
+520
+00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,380
+hates the rules, so he doesn't follow them in the
+
+521
+00:34:32,380 --> 00:34:37,270
+poetry. If he follows the rules, if he writes a
+
+522
+00:34:37,270 --> 00:34:39,490
+poem with the same lines, with the same length,
+
+523
+00:34:39,590 --> 00:34:43,670
+it's going to be restricting. To restrict his
+
+524
+00:34:43,670 --> 00:34:47,130
+movement, restrict his expression. So the form
+
+525
+00:34:47,130 --> 00:34:50,750
+here, and this is a metaphysical feature. The idea
+
+526
+00:34:50,750 --> 00:34:55,410
+comes first. The idea comes first, and then the
+
+527
+00:34:55,410 --> 00:35:01,370
+rule. Not vice versa. The meaning is more
+
+528
+00:35:01,370 --> 00:35:06,090
+important than the rule. So what is he doing? He's
+
+529
+00:35:06,090 --> 00:35:09,550
+expressing his anger. Can I tell that he's angry?
+
+530
+00:35:09,930 --> 00:35:12,470
+Yes, the choice of words, the language, the
+
+531
+00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:20,230
+crying, and the loose form of the poem. Please.
+
+532
+00:35:20,730 --> 00:35:23,130
+Let us suppose that two lines have the same
+
+533
+00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:26,570
+meaning. Can you call them apart? We are here.
+
+534
+00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:38,600
+Generally, the strict definition of a couplet, two
+
+535
+00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,660
+lines with the same rhyme, the same topic, and
+
+536
+00:35:41,660 --> 00:35:46,360
+iambic pentameter, like five feet. That's the
+
+537
+00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,640
+strict definition. But more or less, it could be.
+
+538
+00:35:49,470 --> 00:35:52,330
+But generally, a couplet has this. They talk about
+
+539
+00:35:52,330 --> 00:35:55,250
+the two lines, talk about the same thing. Like in
+
+540
+00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:56,990
+Shakespeare, so long as men can breathe, their
+
+541
+00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:58,730
+eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives
+
+542
+00:35:58,730 --> 00:36:02,530
+life to thee. Like Marvel just now, had we bought
+
+543
+00:36:02,530 --> 00:36:05,550
+enough world and time, this coyonist lady would
+
+544
+00:36:05,550 --> 00:36:11,090
+wear no crime. But basically, yeah, it's not a big
+
+545
+00:36:11,090 --> 00:36:15,210
+deal. Child and Lord could be inverted crime? No.
+
+546
+00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,030
+Maybe. But yeah, actually, this goes with this.
+
+547
+00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:29,460
+And this is word, and this is lord, imperfect. But
+
+548
+00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:32,700
+here and here. But I like the da sound. The da
+
+549
+00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,800
+sound is, in a way, violent sound. Lord, child,
+
+550
+00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:41,620
+wild, bored.
+
+551
+00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,840
+There is movement here. There's action. And this
+
+552
+00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,260
+action is clear in the choice of words.
+
+553
+00:36:51,210 --> 00:36:55,510
+I'll move to something else. The cavalier poets
+
+554
+00:36:55,510 --> 00:37:00,750
+will speak briefly about these two poets, because
+
+555
+00:37:00,750 --> 00:37:03,650
+next class, or probably the class after, we can
+
+556
+00:37:03,650 --> 00:37:07,970
+elaborate on them. So we're done with the
+
+557
+00:37:07,970 --> 00:37:13,710
+metaphysicals. Very interesting poets.
+
+558
+00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,180
+The cavaliers were the supporters of the king.
+
+559
+00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:24,280
+They were close to the king. And on the other
+
+560
+00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,700
+hand, we have the Puritans. Remember the Puritans,
+
+561
+00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:29,580
+what they did to the drama? What did they do? They
+
+562
+00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:34,860
+closed the theater. We'll see what they do next
+
+563
+00:37:34,860 --> 00:37:40,280
+class. Spoiler alert. They execute the king for
+
+564
+00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,020
+the first time. Remember, the king was only killed
+
+565
+00:37:44,020 --> 00:37:48,980
+in Shakespeare's plays. But fiction became a
+
+566
+00:37:48,980 --> 00:37:52,340
+reality. We'll talk about this probably next week.
+
+567
+00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:55,780
+So if you look at this, the poetry of those
+
+568
+00:37:55,780 --> 00:38:00,140
+people, it was generally simpler than metaphysical
+
+569
+00:38:00,140 --> 00:38:02,040
+poetry, and even simpler than Shakespeare and
+
+570
+00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,720
+other poets. It was direct. It was much connected
+
+571
+00:38:04,720 --> 00:38:07,420
+to life. It speaks about personal experiences,
+
+572
+00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:10,200
+about the passing of time, about love. And more
+
+573
+00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,540
+importantly, there are poems about politics. And
+
+574
+00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:16,570
+we'll see how this develops later on. Now
+
+575
+00:38:16,570 --> 00:38:19,550
+political poems started to be part of the English
+
+576
+00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,830
+literature because of the political turmoil and
+
+577
+00:38:22,830 --> 00:38:27,070
+restlessness. Herrick's poem, Counsel to Girls,
+
+578
+00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:29,510
+Advice to Girls, sounds interesting. Maybe you can
+
+579
+00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:34,730
+look it up. He's saying, gather ye, ye here means
+
+580
+00:38:34,730 --> 00:38:39,110
+you, rosebuds while you may. And by the way, this
+
+581
+00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:40,870
+is an English proverb now, it's very famous.
+
+582
+00:38:41,730 --> 00:38:45,030
+Gather your rosebuds while you may. You know the
+
+583
+00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:48,010
+bud? When you have a rose that's starting to
+
+584
+00:38:48,010 --> 00:38:51,550
+blossom? The bud, the tiny little thing here.
+
+585
+00:38:53,290 --> 00:38:56,010
+Again, this is about time. There's a concern about
+
+586
+00:38:56,010 --> 00:38:59,650
+the passing of time here. It means that don't put
+
+587
+00:38:59,650 --> 00:39:03,730
+off till tomorrow what you can do today. Do it
+
+588
+00:39:03,730 --> 00:39:07,530
+while you are young, while you are youthful. Don't
+
+589
+00:39:07,530 --> 00:39:10,970
+wait because we all age and we lose our
+
+590
+00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:15,800
+youthfulness. But this is more beautiful to me.
+
+591
+00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:19,680
+Can someone read the second bit by, again, the
+
+592
+00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,300
+poet is Richard Loveless. Very interesting name.
+
+593
+00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:27,700
+You know what less means? Sho less? Loveless. I
+
+594
+00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,640
+don't know what that could possibly mean. To
+
+595
+00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,820
+Althea from? Prison. Clearly this is someone who
+
+596
+00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:38,550
+is in prison, and this is a political poem. As
+
+597
+00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:40,710
+Palestinians, we have a lot of prison literature.
+
+598
+00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:43,090
+There's something called, a whole genre called
+
+599
+00:39:43,090 --> 00:39:47,750
+prison literature. Very adab al-sujoon. Different
+
+600
+00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,490
+from resistance literature. But prison literature
+
+601
+00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:52,530
+for us as Palestinians is also resistance
+
+602
+00:39:52,530 --> 00:39:56,050
+literature generally. Because we are not
+
+603
+00:39:56,050 --> 00:39:57,690
+imprisoned by our own government generally,
+
+604
+00:39:57,790 --> 00:40:00,810
+although sometimes we are. It's the occupation,
+
+605
+00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:03,770
+the colonizers. Read please.
+
+606
+00:40:08,050 --> 00:40:09,710
+Very good. Yeah.
+
+607
+00:40:15,250 --> 00:40:16,250
+One more.
+
+608
+00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:23,430
+Nor iron bars a cage in India.
+
+609
+00:40:28,210 --> 00:40:31,890
+Very good. How does this translate into Arabic?
+
+610
+00:40:32,010 --> 00:40:34,250
+Can you translate this into Arabic? Into good
+
+611
+00:40:34,250 --> 00:40:37,200
+Arabic? What do you think? Do you like this? Do
+
+612
+00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,520
+you like it? When I first read this, honestly, I
+
+613
+00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,720
+thought it's something that somebody wrote just
+
+614
+00:40:42,720 --> 00:40:50,260
+now, 21st century. Because it's relevant to what
+
+615
+00:40:50,260 --> 00:40:53,340
+we have now as Palestinians. And that's the beauty
+
+616
+00:40:53,340 --> 00:40:56,620
+of poetry. Poetry breaks all the barriers of time
+
+617
+00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,360
+and land race. And that's why we love poetry,
+
+618
+00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,040
+regardless of when or where. Yes?
+
+619
+00:41:06,670 --> 00:41:10,250
+Very good, beautiful translation. You're good with
+
+620
+00:41:10,250 --> 00:41:13,870
+words. Someone else has another translation? The
+
+621
+00:41:13,870 --> 00:41:14,150
+same?
+
+622
+00:41:18,650 --> 00:41:24,310
+Also very beautiful, very beautiful. So stone
+
+623
+00:41:24,310 --> 00:41:28,690
+walls don't a prison make. Notice here it should
+
+624
+00:41:28,690 --> 00:41:30,570
+be don't make a prison, but that's poetic.
+
+625
+00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,440
+Why is this man happy in prison? Why? Why would
+
+626
+00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,160
+you be like this?
+
+627
+00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:46,420
+Okay,
+
+628
+00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:53,820
+I like your interpretation. So as long as you
+
+629
+00:41:53,820 --> 00:41:58,920
+write poetry, you are a free man. Only in your
+
+630
+00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:03,060
+poetry? What else? Thank you very much. If you are
+
+631
+00:42:03,060 --> 00:42:05,680
+in prison because you struggle, you fight for your
+
+632
+00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,580
+country, you defend your own people, your rights,
+
+633
+00:42:09,220 --> 00:42:13,440
+you are a free person. You are a free man. You are
+
+634
+00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:19,420
+a free woman. Even if you are in a cell with stone
+
+635
+00:42:19,420 --> 00:42:25,770
+walls and bars, iron bars. It's the spirit that is
+
+636
+00:42:25,770 --> 00:42:29,510
+free. And this political concern in literature
+
+637
+00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:31,850
+will develop later on in the commonwealth and
+
+638
+00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,210
+restoration literature. So if you want to comment
+
+639
+00:42:34,210 --> 00:42:38,350
+on this, this is an extract from Richard Lovelace
+
+640
+00:42:38,350 --> 00:42:43,530
+to Althea from prison, in which he's expressing a
+
+641
+00:42:43,530 --> 00:42:47,610
+political idea, sending a political message that
+
+642
+00:42:47,610 --> 00:42:50,130
+as long as he struggles, he fights for his
+
+643
+00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:55,530
+country, He's a free man, no matter what happens
+
+644
+00:42:55,530 --> 00:42:58,490
+to him. Because if he fights for others, if he
+
+645
+00:42:58,490 --> 00:43:01,370
+defends others, if his country is free,
+
+646
+00:43:01,950 --> 00:43:05,010
+struggling, resisting oppression and injustices,
+
+647
+00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:11,870
+he's also a free man, even if he is in prison. You
+
+648
+00:43:11,870 --> 00:43:14,570
+said that the cavaliers are a group of people that
+
+649
+00:43:14,570 --> 00:43:18,460
+support the king, but how does this work? We'll
+
+650
+00:43:18,460 --> 00:43:21,820
+elaborate on this later on, yeah. Because for the
+
+651
+00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:25,400
+first time here, there was a major division in
+
+652
+00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,320
+England between two political parties. In the
+
+653
+00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:32,140
+past, it was generally, oh, we love the queen. Oh,
+
+654
+00:43:32,180 --> 00:43:35,120
+we love the king. Sweet Tim runs softly till I end
+
+655
+00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:37,780
+my song. But now, because of politics, we have
+
+656
+00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:40,420
+political parties. So you support this political
+
+657
+00:43:40,420 --> 00:43:42,900
+party against this political party, and then there
+
+658
+00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,660
+is trouble. Because when the king was executed,
+
+659
+00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:51,840
+those people probably will be put in prison
+
+660
+00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,200
+because they still support the king by the other
+
+661
+00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:55,720
+party.
+
+662
+00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,240
+Yeah, the Puritans. We'll speak about the Puritans
+
+663
+00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:05,700
+probably next week. So I'll stop here. Does anyone
+
+664
+00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:10,920
+have a question? So we finish? Yeah, please.
+
+665
+00:44:15,470 --> 00:44:19,630
+So back to grammar, yeah. Say it again. Yes, in a
+
+666
+00:44:19,630 --> 00:44:21,890
+third condition, yes. And I used this expression
+
+667
+00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:24,310
+before. I'm not sure if you paid attention, any of
+
+668
+00:44:24,310 --> 00:44:26,410
+you. When I spoke about Marlow, do you remember
+
+669
+00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:28,050
+what I said about Marlow? First thing I said about
+
+670
+00:44:28,050 --> 00:44:32,050
+Marlow. Before that.
+
+671
+00:44:34,490 --> 00:44:39,570
+I said he died young. Before Shakespeare,
+
+672
+00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:42,910
+Shakespeare was starting his career. I said had he
+
+673
+00:44:42,910 --> 00:44:47,070
+lived longer, he would have surpassed Shakespeare,
+
+674
+00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,030
+according to some critics. Meaning, if he had...
+
+675
+00:44:52,030 --> 00:44:54,830
+So sometimes I use some grammatical expressions
+
+676
+00:44:54,830 --> 00:44:57,830
+for you to pay attention to. Thank you very much,
+
+677
+00:44:58,170 --> 00:45:02,750
+ladies. We can continue talking about this age
+
+678
+00:45:02,750 --> 00:45:04,890
+next class. We speak about prose.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b193e6eb737231c9ddbfb9c2cf13f68b183c1d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/V18uAgqQ0sY_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2712 @@
+1
+00:00:21,240 --> 00:00:26,780
+Hello, everyone, and welcome back, as usual. We
+
+2
+00:00:26,780 --> 00:00:30,820
+continue to speak about the metaphysical poets, or
+
+3
+00:00:30,820 --> 00:00:34,820
+as I prefer to call them, the John Donne School of
+
+4
+00:00:34,820 --> 00:00:39,680
+Poetry. Because again, the term metaphysical was
+
+5
+00:00:39,680 --> 00:00:43,540
+used by the critics of John Donne and his
+
+6
+00:00:43,540 --> 00:00:47,270
+followers as a term of abuse. Not to praise them,
+
+7
+00:00:47,630 --> 00:00:51,810
+not even to describe them, but to insult them, to
+
+8
+00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:54,830
+abuse them, to negatively frame them, and present
+
+9
+00:00:54,830 --> 00:00:58,110
+them, introduce them negatively to the readers.
+
+10
+00:00:59,410 --> 00:01:02,070
+And as a matter of fact, many people, even today,
+
+11
+00:01:03,690 --> 00:01:06,750
+dislike John Donne's poetry. Not because of John
+
+12
+00:01:06,750 --> 00:01:10,350
+Donne, or because of something his poetry does,
+
+13
+00:01:10,470 --> 00:01:15,050
+but generally because we are framed. When we read
+
+14
+00:01:15,050 --> 00:01:19,200
+books, anthologies about literature. When we read
+
+15
+00:01:19,200 --> 00:01:21,560
+an introduction into John Donne before reading his
+
+16
+00:01:21,560 --> 00:01:24,640
+poetry, what he did, what he didn't do, we come
+
+17
+00:01:24,640 --> 00:01:29,480
+across things I mentioned last time from Ben
+
+18
+00:01:29,480 --> 00:01:35,370
+Johnson. John Dryden, Samuel Johnson, and
+
+19
+00:01:35,370 --> 00:01:37,790
+Alexander Pope. And I have to go through them just
+
+20
+00:01:37,790 --> 00:01:40,790
+to show you how serious this act of framing and
+
+21
+00:01:40,790 --> 00:01:44,110
+censorship is, how one poet who writes differently
+
+22
+00:01:44,110 --> 00:01:49,070
+can easily be kicked outside the canon because, in
+
+23
+00:01:49,070 --> 00:01:51,910
+a way, he could be a threat. So we have Ben
+
+24
+00:01:51,910 --> 00:01:54,790
+Johnson saying, John Donne deserved hanging.
+
+25
+00:01:56,350 --> 00:01:59,330
+That's very tough, very extreme. And that he would
+
+26
+00:01:59,330 --> 00:02:02,490
+perish for not being understood. It's funny here
+
+27
+00:02:02,490 --> 00:02:05,390
+that the critics of this time, 17th and 18th
+
+28
+00:02:05,390 --> 00:02:09,090
+century, those who came during the time of Dan and
+
+29
+00:02:09,090 --> 00:02:12,570
+after Dan, they appointed themselves as the
+
+30
+00:02:12,570 --> 00:02:16,210
+spokespeople for all readers around the world. So
+
+31
+00:02:16,210 --> 00:02:19,870
+when he says, for not being understood, John Donne
+
+32
+00:02:19,870 --> 00:02:24,080
+would perish, he's speaking for us. And then we
+
+33
+00:02:24,080 --> 00:02:27,660
+say, wait a minute. Don't speak for us. We read
+
+34
+00:02:27,660 --> 00:02:30,660
+his poetry. We enjoy his poetry. It's lovely. It's
+
+35
+00:02:30,660 --> 00:02:33,960
+different, at least. And then we have Dryden, who
+
+36
+00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:37,820
+says, John Donne, this is worse, because John
+
+37
+00:02:37,820 --> 00:02:41,000
+Dryden appoints himself as the speaker for women.
+
+38
+00:02:42,880 --> 00:02:45,580
+And he assumes that women will not be able to
+
+39
+00:02:45,580 --> 00:02:48,640
+understand John Donne's poetry. And he says, John
+
+40
+00:02:48,640 --> 00:02:54,040
+Donne perplexes, confuses. the mind of the fair
+
+41
+00:02:54,040 --> 00:02:57,000
+sex, of the women. And it's funny how he uses the
+
+42
+00:02:57,000 --> 00:03:00,840
+term fair sex. In a way, he's accusing John Donne
+
+43
+00:03:00,840 --> 00:03:04,000
+of being anti-feminist, I think, writing stuff so
+
+44
+00:03:04,000 --> 00:03:07,900
+he can confuse women. But because we are smart, we
+
+45
+00:03:07,900 --> 00:03:10,340
+don't take things for granted. We say, OK, Dryden,
+
+46
+00:03:10,460 --> 00:03:14,260
+just wait. Wait a minute. Calm down. First of all,
+
+47
+00:03:14,260 --> 00:03:16,100
+you're not a woman. You shouldn't be speaking for
+
+48
+00:03:16,100 --> 00:03:20,580
+women. Second of all, why are you assuming that
+
+49
+00:03:20,580 --> 00:03:24,370
+women are not smart? Why are you assuming that
+
+50
+00:03:24,370 --> 00:03:26,750
+women will not be able to understand this kind of
+
+51
+00:03:26,750 --> 00:03:30,770
+poetry? You are anti-feminist, not John Donne. And
+
+52
+00:03:30,770 --> 00:03:34,130
+indeed, and we saw this, John Donne's poetry gives
+
+53
+00:03:34,130 --> 00:03:38,150
+voice to the voiceless, to the women. John Donne's
+
+54
+00:03:38,150 --> 00:03:42,070
+poetry empowers women. Their presence in the
+
+55
+00:03:42,070 --> 00:03:45,590
+poetry is crucial. We discussed, we mentioned two
+
+56
+00:03:45,590 --> 00:03:50,190
+examples from two poems by Donne. Number one, The
+
+57
+00:03:50,190 --> 00:03:53,360
+Flea, remember? The woman doesn't speak exactly
+
+58
+00:03:53,360 --> 00:03:56,540
+like the woman in Marlow, but she's present. She's
+
+59
+00:03:56,540 --> 00:03:59,460
+active. When Don says, you, I, and the flea are
+
+60
+00:03:59,460 --> 00:04:03,000
+one, so let's get together, she's like, and she
+
+61
+00:04:03,000 --> 00:04:05,280
+kills the flea. She acts. She does the most
+
+62
+00:04:05,280 --> 00:04:09,620
+important thing. She outsmarts the poet in a way
+
+63
+00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,130
+or another. And in Forbidding Morning, another
+
+64
+00:04:13,130 --> 00:04:17,530
+poem when John Donne likens the relationship to a
+
+65
+00:04:17,530 --> 00:04:19,750
+stiff twin campuses. Remember the conceit? Very
+
+66
+00:04:19,750 --> 00:04:23,830
+important conceit. Stiff twin campuses. We see the
+
+67
+00:04:23,830 --> 00:04:28,790
+woman as the fixed, the firm foot. The woman holds
+
+68
+00:04:28,790 --> 00:04:32,510
+this relationship together. The woman is the
+
+69
+00:04:32,510 --> 00:04:37,030
+essence, the core. She's not marginalized here.
+
+70
+00:04:37,680 --> 00:04:41,840
+She is very strong, very powerful. So again, see
+
+71
+00:04:41,840 --> 00:04:44,720
+what I mean by framing here. When you read this,
+
+72
+00:04:45,400 --> 00:04:48,300
+oh, John Donne affects the metaphysics and
+
+73
+00:04:48,300 --> 00:04:52,200
+perplexes the minds of the first sex. We could
+
+74
+00:04:52,200 --> 00:04:54,880
+have a negative idea about John Donne. And that's
+
+75
+00:04:54,880 --> 00:04:59,600
+why my advice, always read what writers write, not
+
+76
+00:04:59,600 --> 00:05:02,640
+what people write about them. Go face to face with
+
+77
+00:05:02,640 --> 00:05:05,480
+people. Experience things for yourself, because
+
+78
+00:05:05,480 --> 00:05:10,100
+framing is everywhere. People talk about people.
+
+79
+00:05:10,860 --> 00:05:13,120
+Books talk about things. And I said this many
+
+80
+00:05:13,120 --> 00:05:16,040
+times. This book, for example, contains a lot of
+
+81
+00:05:16,040 --> 00:05:18,160
+the thing we described as whitewashing. Remember?
+
+82
+00:05:22,140 --> 00:05:25,880
+and censorship. For example, remember what
+
+83
+00:05:25,880 --> 00:05:28,460
+whitewashing means? To represent something in a
+
+84
+00:05:28,460 --> 00:05:31,040
+positive way. So here there is a lot of
+
+85
+00:05:31,040 --> 00:05:33,360
+colonialism, imperialism. And when we speak about
+
+86
+00:05:33,360 --> 00:05:35,860
+the English colonialism and imperialism, we speak
+
+87
+00:05:35,860 --> 00:05:40,560
+about the destruction of whole nations, the
+
+88
+00:05:40,560 --> 00:05:43,940
+massacres that took the lives, claimed the lives
+
+89
+00:05:43,940 --> 00:05:46,620
+of millions and millions of people. But what does
+
+90
+00:05:46,620 --> 00:05:49,800
+the book call this? It calls it colonial glory.
+
+91
+00:05:54,330 --> 00:05:58,930
+Colonial glory. This is whitewashing. So we're
+
+92
+00:05:58,930 --> 00:06:01,590
+training you in this course to be smart, to think
+
+93
+00:06:01,590 --> 00:06:04,450
+for yourself. Always take a step back. And when
+
+94
+00:06:04,450 --> 00:06:07,850
+you read a story, when you read something, ask
+
+95
+00:06:07,850 --> 00:06:10,890
+yourself three important questions, whether this
+
+96
+00:06:10,890 --> 00:06:14,470
+is a story, an article, or a text. Who is telling
+
+97
+00:06:14,470 --> 00:06:20,310
+the story? Who is telling the
+
+98
+00:06:20,310 --> 00:06:24,270
+story? That's question number one. Who is the
+
+99
+00:06:24,270 --> 00:06:27,510
+storyteller? You need to understand the
+
+100
+00:06:27,510 --> 00:06:29,850
+storyteller, the speaker here. Is he English? Is
+
+101
+00:06:29,850 --> 00:06:34,430
+he white? A woman? A man? Number two, who benefits
+
+102
+00:06:34,430 --> 00:06:35,210
+from the story?
+
+103
+00:06:42,750 --> 00:06:47,250
+Who does the story help? Which people generally?
+
+104
+00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:50,470
+This or that? The English people? The Irish
+
+105
+00:06:50,470 --> 00:06:52,670
+people? The Scottish people? Palestinians?
+
+106
+00:06:52,870 --> 00:06:59,350
+Israelis? Arabs? Muslims? Non-Muslims? And then
+
+107
+00:06:59,350 --> 00:07:01,510
+more importantly, who is missing?
+
+108
+00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:08,860
+from the story. This applies to stories in
+
+109
+00:07:08,860 --> 00:07:11,320
+particular, to books, to poems, everywhere.
+
+110
+00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:14,380
+Because when I write a story, when I tell you a
+
+111
+00:07:14,380 --> 00:07:16,540
+story, if something wrong happens here, takes
+
+112
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,960
+place, somebody breaks something, I'm sure we'll
+
+113
+00:07:20,960 --> 00:07:24,160
+have like 30 of you here. When I ask you to tell
+
+114
+00:07:24,160 --> 00:07:28,280
+me what happens, what has happened, I'll have 30
+
+115
+00:07:28,280 --> 00:07:31,260
+stories. Some of you weren't paying attention.
+
+116
+00:07:31,520 --> 00:07:33,800
+Some of you didn't see everything. Some of you
+
+117
+00:07:33,800 --> 00:07:36,720
+were sitting far away in the back. But some of you
+
+118
+00:07:36,720 --> 00:07:41,080
+have the benefit from this, or they don't. So your
+
+119
+00:07:41,080 --> 00:07:43,840
+friend did it, so you just try to cover up for
+
+120
+00:07:43,840 --> 00:07:47,500
+her. Or someone you don't like did it, so you try
+
+121
+00:07:47,500 --> 00:07:51,000
+to expose her, to just point the finger accusation
+
+122
+00:07:51,000 --> 00:07:54,320
+at her. We all do this. And it happens at our
+
+123
+00:07:54,320 --> 00:07:59,680
+homes all the time. When kids fight, When kids
+
+124
+00:07:59,680 --> 00:08:03,900
+fight, they do trouble. They make, you know, as
+
+125
+00:08:03,900 --> 00:08:07,260
+they always do everywhere. We can never know who
+
+126
+00:08:07,260 --> 00:08:08,860
+is to blame. They are always fighting. When you
+
+127
+00:08:08,860 --> 00:08:10,700
+talk to Ali, for example, Ali, what's going on?
+
+128
+00:08:10,720 --> 00:08:12,660
+Why did you do? Why are you shouting? Why are you
+
+129
+00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:17,680
+fighting with Muhammad? He did this. Muhammad, why
+
+130
+00:08:17,680 --> 00:08:19,700
+did you do that? Because he first did something.
+
+131
+00:08:20,080 --> 00:08:23,540
+And it goes on a vicious circle, non-ending. You
+
+132
+00:08:23,540 --> 00:08:27,500
+never know who did what first. And kids do this
+
+133
+00:08:27,500 --> 00:08:31,800
+all the time, but grown-ups, countries. That's why
+
+134
+00:08:31,800 --> 00:08:35,580
+many people say major conflicts around the world
+
+135
+00:08:35,580 --> 00:08:39,780
+are conflicts on narrative, like Palestine.
+
+136
+00:08:39,900 --> 00:08:42,880
+Palestine belongs to the Palestinians. But the
+
+137
+00:08:42,880 --> 00:08:47,020
+Zionist movement did a lot and paid a lot of money
+
+138
+00:08:47,020 --> 00:08:51,830
+and billions of money, of dollars and stuff. just
+
+139
+00:08:51,830 --> 00:08:55,590
+to change the narrative, to present Palestine as a
+
+140
+00:08:55,590 --> 00:09:00,890
+land without people, a land that was empty, that
+
+141
+00:09:00,890 --> 00:09:05,150
+now belongs to those people and now belongs to
+
+142
+00:09:05,150 --> 00:09:09,450
+their grandsons and daughters. Narrative is very
+
+143
+00:09:09,450 --> 00:09:12,350
+important. We have to be careful who's telling us
+
+144
+00:09:12,350 --> 00:09:18,270
+what, who benefits, and who is missing. So here,
+
+145
+00:09:19,230 --> 00:09:23,190
+Jonathan is being negatively framed. Now Samuel
+
+146
+00:09:23,190 --> 00:09:25,410
+Johnson says Johnson uses a combination of
+
+147
+00:09:25,410 --> 00:09:29,470
+dissimilar images. His poetry is like there is a
+
+148
+00:09:29,470 --> 00:09:32,030
+poem about love, but why is God here in the poem?
+
+149
+00:09:32,330 --> 00:09:35,930
+Or a poem about God religion, but why is love
+
+150
+00:09:35,930 --> 00:09:41,010
+language there? Why does he use a stiff twin
+
+151
+00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:46,850
+compasses? What is a geometrical device? What is
+
+152
+00:09:46,850 --> 00:09:48,850
+he doing here in this? But again, remember, this
+
+153
+00:09:48,850 --> 00:09:51,090
+is John Donne bringing new imagery, original
+
+154
+00:09:51,090 --> 00:09:53,570
+imagery. He doesn't want to imitate. He doesn't
+
+155
+00:09:53,570 --> 00:09:57,150
+want to say, oh, you and I are like a rose and its
+
+156
+00:09:57,150 --> 00:10:01,540
+petals. Because this has been said many times. And
+
+157
+00:10:01,540 --> 00:10:04,620
+finally, no matter what those critics said about
+
+158
+00:10:04,620 --> 00:10:07,060
+John Donne, they all agreed that John Donne was
+
+159
+00:10:07,060 --> 00:10:11,680
+smart, was witty, a genius. He had this sharp wit
+
+160
+00:10:11,680 --> 00:10:14,360
+that makes him different, that makes him bring all
+
+161
+00:10:14,360 --> 00:10:18,560
+these genius conceits and images. However, and
+
+162
+00:10:18,560 --> 00:10:22,320
+again it's funny, Alexander Pope says, Donne has
+
+163
+00:10:22,320 --> 00:10:28,100
+no imagination. Donne has no imagination. And even
+
+164
+00:10:28,100 --> 00:10:34,490
+his wit? It's available for all poets. So even the
+
+165
+00:10:34,490 --> 00:10:37,210
+critics of Jonathan do not agree on a particular
+
+166
+00:10:37,210 --> 00:10:39,270
+reason why they should hear it. But then we come
+
+167
+00:10:39,270 --> 00:10:41,250
+to the conclusion that it's because they were
+
+168
+00:10:41,250 --> 00:10:43,330
+writing different poetry. They were breaking the
+
+169
+00:10:43,330 --> 00:10:48,230
+rules of decorum. Today, we'll speak about two
+
+170
+00:10:48,230 --> 00:10:51,350
+other metaphysical poets. We mentioned them
+
+171
+00:10:51,350 --> 00:10:54,950
+before, Andrew Marvell, And George Herbert. We had
+
+172
+00:10:54,950 --> 00:10:57,010
+an example from George Herbert before, the Easter
+
+173
+00:10:57,010 --> 00:11:00,150
+Wings. Remember that poem with the funny shape,
+
+174
+00:11:00,950 --> 00:11:05,010
+the Easter Wings? But we saw how the length of the
+
+175
+00:11:05,010 --> 00:11:08,730
+line has something to do with its meaning. God,
+
+176
+00:11:08,830 --> 00:11:13,390
+who created man in wealth and store, but that man
+
+177
+00:11:13,390 --> 00:11:17,880
+started to lose, decay, et cetera. Now, one of the
+
+178
+00:11:17,880 --> 00:11:20,240
+most important love poems in the history of
+
+179
+00:11:20,240 --> 00:11:22,880
+English literature, this is a canonical text by
+
+180
+00:11:22,880 --> 00:11:25,440
+Andrew Marvel. And Andrew Marvel, by the way, is
+
+181
+00:11:25,440 --> 00:11:27,820
+double L, not one L, OK?
+
+182
+00:11:31,160 --> 00:11:36,600
+So Andrew Marvel and his poem to his coy mistress.
+
+183
+00:11:36,840 --> 00:11:40,280
+And as the name suggests, look at the name, title.
+
+184
+00:11:41,540 --> 00:11:46,310
+You know coy? Coy means shy. So his mistress is
+
+185
+00:11:46,310 --> 00:11:50,810
+shy. And he's addressing her. This poem is
+
+186
+00:11:50,810 --> 00:11:53,930
+addressed to? His mistress. And she is? Shy.
+
+187
+00:11:54,270 --> 00:11:58,590
+Typical anti-feminist image, that women are shy
+
+188
+00:11:58,590 --> 00:12:01,990
+and timid, not courageous and powerful and
+
+189
+00:12:01,990 --> 00:12:05,950
+everything. And also notice this. He owns her. He
+
+190
+00:12:05,950 --> 00:12:09,950
+owns her. Thank you. It's like the woman is some
+
+191
+00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:14,490
+kind of property, commodity. He owns her. to his
+
+192
+00:12:14,490 --> 00:12:20,070
+coy mistress. Now, Andrew Marvel is not 100%
+
+193
+00:12:20,070 --> 00:12:22,170
+purely metaphysical, but he has some metaphysical
+
+194
+00:12:22,170 --> 00:12:25,250
+elements that we can probably trace here. Someone
+
+195
+00:12:25,250 --> 00:12:29,290
+read. Notice the ellipses here. What does this
+
+196
+00:12:29,290 --> 00:12:35,390
+mean? Dot, dot, dot. It means something deleted in
+
+197
+00:12:35,390 --> 00:12:37,930
+between. This is called ellipses, deletion. Go on,
+
+198
+00:12:38,870 --> 00:12:40,890
+please. You, yes.
+
+199
+00:12:52,400 --> 00:12:54,780
+It's winged actually, but in pottery, if you see
+
+200
+00:12:54,780 --> 00:12:56,980
+this, it means winged. It adds an extra syllable.
+
+201
+00:12:57,120 --> 00:13:01,260
+And you know why? For the meter. Winged, chariot.
+
+202
+00:13:03,480 --> 00:13:05,960
+Very good. Someone else, please, hint.
+
+203
+00:13:16,040 --> 00:13:23,600
+Winged, winged, winged, winged, hurrying,
+
+204
+00:13:23,900 --> 00:13:27,040
+near, yes please, happy, but not enough time,
+
+205
+00:13:27,600 --> 00:13:33,940
+sickness, coldness, leg were not fine, but at my
+
+206
+00:13:33,940 --> 00:13:37,020
+back I always have some winged
+
+207
+00:13:39,440 --> 00:13:43,380
+I like your musical reading of this. Had we bought
+
+208
+00:13:43,380 --> 00:13:47,780
+enough a world in a fun time, this coyness lady
+
+209
+00:13:47,780 --> 00:13:51,000
+were no crime. It's like ti-tum, ti-tum, ti-tum,
+
+210
+00:13:51,120 --> 00:13:53,960
+ti-tum. That's musical. That's the music of most
+
+211
+00:13:53,960 --> 00:13:57,940
+English poems, by the way. Had we bought world
+
+212
+00:13:57,940 --> 00:14:01,520
+enough on time, this coyness lady were no crime.
+
+213
+00:14:02,040 --> 00:14:05,500
+But at my back, I always hear times winged chariot
+
+214
+00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:07,790
+hurrying near. Finally, yeah, one more.
+
+215
+00:14:15,470 --> 00:14:16,190
+Here,
+
+216
+00:14:19,670 --> 00:14:25,590
+chariot, chariot hurrying, okay. Now, before we
+
+217
+00:14:25,590 --> 00:14:27,890
+comment on this, the metaphysicality of this poem,
+
+218
+00:14:28,190 --> 00:14:31,930
+what's going on here? Why do we have a verb before
+
+219
+00:14:31,930 --> 00:14:34,550
+the subject? Is this a question? This is called
+
+220
+00:14:34,550 --> 00:14:38,150
+subject-verb inversion. And it happens on three
+
+221
+00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:41,270
+major occasions. One of them is when you ask a
+
+222
+00:14:41,270 --> 00:14:45,650
+question. You say, where are you? What did he? Why
+
+223
+00:14:45,650 --> 00:14:50,950
+does she? So the verb comes before the subject.
+
+224
+00:14:51,420 --> 00:14:55,700
+The subject. But we have other occasions where we
+
+225
+00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:58,920
+invert the subject and the verb. We do this
+
+226
+00:14:58,920 --> 00:15:03,580
+generally for emphasis. To emphasize something.
+
+227
+00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:07,000
+True. But what happens grammatically speaking?
+
+228
+00:15:08,540 --> 00:15:11,320
+Grammar. You already studied two grammar courses.
+
+229
+00:15:12,220 --> 00:15:20,490
+Ah. Okay. So originally this is if. We had. Should
+
+230
+00:15:20,490 --> 00:15:24,670
+it be had or have? Is this present or past?
+
+231
+00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:27,910
+Because he says present, I always hear.
+
+232
+00:15:31,250 --> 00:15:34,250
+What's going on here? Okay, let's do some grammar.
+
+233
+00:15:35,330 --> 00:15:38,010
+But see how literature also brings vocabulary and
+
+234
+00:15:38,010 --> 00:15:40,050
+expressions and grammar and culture and politics
+
+235
+00:15:40,050 --> 00:15:45,990
+and everything. When we use F, we have several F
+
+236
+00:15:45,990 --> 00:15:49,550
+rules, conditional F. But the major three rules
+
+237
+00:15:49,550 --> 00:15:56,550
+are 1, 2, and 3. In rule number 2 and 3, F1, F2,
+
+238
+00:15:56,630 --> 00:16:01,560
+and 3, when you delete F, you have to invert the
+
+239
+00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,120
+subject and the verb. It's not when you delete,
+
+240
+00:16:04,260 --> 00:16:07,840
+actually. If you want to emphasize the statement,
+
+241
+00:16:08,540 --> 00:16:11,060
+a particular sentence, in if, you can delete if.
+
+242
+00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,120
+But if you do that, you have to invert the subject
+
+243
+00:16:14,120 --> 00:16:18,420
+and change the order of the subject and the word.
+
+244
+00:16:18,740 --> 00:16:23,120
+So in rule number one, when you say, if I have
+
+245
+00:16:23,120 --> 00:16:28,080
+time, I will help you.
+
+246
+00:16:31,020 --> 00:16:36,860
+This tense, the tense is present. The meaning is
+
+247
+00:16:36,860 --> 00:16:40,980
+present and future. But more important than this,
+
+248
+00:16:41,220 --> 00:16:44,180
+if you use rule number one, it means this is
+
+249
+00:16:44,180 --> 00:16:49,480
+likely to happen. It's possible. So when you
+
+250
+00:16:49,480 --> 00:16:52,680
+express a possibility using if, you should use
+
+251
+00:16:52,680 --> 00:16:57,520
+rule number one, generally. So you come, say, you
+
+252
+00:16:57,520 --> 00:17:02,500
+have a minute, and I say, I'm busy now, but if I
+
+253
+00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:05,500
+have time later, I will help you. If I use this,
+
+254
+00:17:05,580 --> 00:17:07,680
+I'm expressing my willingness to help you.
+
+255
+00:17:08,640 --> 00:17:16,620
+However, rule number two, if I had enough time or
+
+256
+00:17:16,620 --> 00:17:23,900
+time, I would help you. Listen to me. The tense
+
+257
+00:17:23,900 --> 00:17:28,540
+here, the tense is past, but the meaning is still
+
+258
+00:17:28,540 --> 00:17:35,350
+present. Oh, strange. Why? The rule says in
+
+259
+00:17:35,350 --> 00:17:38,790
+English grammar, we sometimes use the past simple
+
+260
+00:17:38,790 --> 00:17:41,970
+to speak about the present to express
+
+261
+00:17:41,970 --> 00:17:46,850
+impossibility. To say that something is it's not
+
+262
+00:17:46,850 --> 00:17:50,270
+impossible, unlikely to happen. So this one is
+
+263
+00:17:50,270 --> 00:17:57,140
+likely, and this one is unlikely to happen. There
+
+264
+00:17:57,140 --> 00:17:59,720
+is a strong possibility this could happen. There
+
+265
+00:17:59,720 --> 00:18:02,340
+is a strong possibility this couldn't happen. So
+
+266
+00:18:02,340 --> 00:18:06,740
+you come to me, you tell me, do you have a minute?
+
+267
+00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,520
+I say, I'm busy now. But if I had time later, I
+
+268
+00:18:10,520 --> 00:18:12,820
+would help you, meaning I'm going to be extremely
+
+269
+00:18:12,820 --> 00:18:17,780
+busy. Or I'm expressing unwillingness to help you.
+
+270
+00:18:19,200 --> 00:18:24,220
+So do you have money? I need to buy something. If
+
+271
+00:18:24,220 --> 00:18:27,840
+I have enough money, I will lend you. If I had
+
+272
+00:18:27,840 --> 00:18:32,300
+enough money, I will lend you. So probably, don't
+
+273
+00:18:32,300 --> 00:18:35,580
+count on me that much. And this is where we say
+
+274
+00:18:35,580 --> 00:18:38,980
+the famous expressions, if I were you. Can I be
+
+275
+00:18:38,980 --> 00:18:43,800
+you? No, almost impossible. I can't be you. You
+
+276
+00:18:43,800 --> 00:18:48,520
+are you. If something is going on in Jerusalem,
+
+277
+00:18:49,020 --> 00:18:53,240
+and you say, Someone is telling you, hey, Israeli
+
+278
+00:18:53,240 --> 00:18:56,940
+settlers are storming Al-Aqsa Mosque. And you say,
+
+279
+00:18:57,020 --> 00:19:02,560
+if I were there, I would defend Al-Aqsa. It's
+
+280
+00:19:02,560 --> 00:19:04,180
+unlikely to happen. It's almost impossible,
+
+281
+00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:06,200
+because you're here. Physically, you can't be
+
+282
+00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:12,020
+there. And in this rule, you could delete if. But
+
+283
+00:19:12,020 --> 00:19:14,760
+if you do this, there should be subject. And it's
+
+284
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:17,840
+more eloquent, more articulate, and more poetic,
+
+285
+00:19:18,160 --> 00:19:19,740
+and more emphatic, like you said.
+
+286
+00:19:22,660 --> 00:19:27,740
+So, had I more. If I were you, where are you? And
+
+287
+00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:30,840
+listen to this expression, if I were you. In
+
+288
+00:19:30,840 --> 00:19:34,320
+grammar we don't say I were, say I was. Here we
+
+289
+00:19:34,320 --> 00:19:37,680
+say I were, this is standard English. If you say I
+
+290
+00:19:37,680 --> 00:19:39,800
+was, it's okay, acceptable, but in standard
+
+291
+00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:41,560
+English it should be I were to express
+
+292
+00:19:41,560 --> 00:19:44,660
+impossibility. Now if you're talking about
+
+293
+00:19:44,660 --> 00:19:46,900
+something that happened in the past, already
+
+294
+00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:47,360
+unfinished,
+
+295
+00:19:51,730 --> 00:19:53,690
+Something that happened and finished, you use rule
+
+296
+00:19:53,690 --> 00:19:57,150
+number three. So this is present, present. The
+
+297
+00:19:57,150 --> 00:19:59,550
+meaning is present, present. The meaning is past.
+
+298
+00:20:00,210 --> 00:20:03,150
+This is the tense is present. The tense is past.
+
+299
+00:20:06,310 --> 00:20:08,910
+To express impossibility, almost something that is
+
+300
+00:20:08,910 --> 00:20:14,710
+unlikely. So here you say, if I had had time
+
+301
+00:20:14,710 --> 00:20:18,790
+yesterday, If I had had time yesterday, last
+
+302
+00:20:18,790 --> 00:20:25,030
+night, last week, I would have helped you.
+
+303
+00:20:25,450 --> 00:20:29,070
+Perfect. It will never happen. It will never
+
+304
+00:20:29,070 --> 00:20:30,670
+happen because the past is the past, unless
+
+305
+00:20:30,670 --> 00:20:35,190
+someone invents a time machine. And then it also
+
+306
+00:20:35,190 --> 00:20:38,350
+depends whether they are going to say if I have or
+
+307
+00:20:38,350 --> 00:20:43,630
+if I had. So don't waste your time inventing a
+
+308
+00:20:43,630 --> 00:20:47,200
+time machine probably. So the poet here is saying,
+
+309
+00:20:47,760 --> 00:20:51,040
+we don't have enough time. But he's a poet. Poets
+
+310
+00:20:51,040 --> 00:20:54,580
+don't say we don't have enough time. He's saying,
+
+311
+00:20:55,020 --> 00:21:00,900
+if we had time. Do we have time? Clearly unlikely.
+
+312
+00:21:01,540 --> 00:21:03,360
+So he's urging her. He's pushing her. He's
+
+313
+00:21:03,360 --> 00:21:06,320
+convincing her. This is another way of telling
+
+314
+00:21:06,320 --> 00:21:08,940
+her, come live with me and be my love. But this is
+
+315
+00:21:08,940 --> 00:21:11,060
+a metaphysical poet. He's not just offering her
+
+316
+00:21:11,060 --> 00:21:14,680
+things. He's using the argumentative style.
+
+317
+00:21:17,080 --> 00:21:17,660
+Remember Don?
+
+318
+00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:25,440
+Metaphysical poets are argument. They argue. When
+
+319
+00:21:25,440 --> 00:21:29,200
+John Donne says, you, I, the flea are one. What?
+
+320
+00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,500
+And then he argues how things go. You and I are
+
+321
+00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:37,660
+like stiff twin compasses. The conceit in the
+
+322
+00:21:37,660 --> 00:21:40,640
+stiff twin compasses. It's unlikely. And then he
+
+323
+00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:42,980
+elaborates in a way and then says, oh, that really
+
+324
+00:21:42,980 --> 00:21:47,940
+makes sense. So if we had enough world and time,
+
+325
+00:21:49,060 --> 00:21:52,220
+this coyness where, again, notice this coyness
+
+326
+00:21:52,220 --> 00:21:56,180
+generally was or is. Because this is if. We use
+
+327
+00:21:56,180 --> 00:21:58,500
+where just again to emphasize that that's
+
+328
+00:21:58,500 --> 00:22:03,600
+impossible. This coyness where no crime. Because
+
+329
+00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:07,040
+she's timid. She's shy. She's coy. He's telling
+
+330
+00:22:07,040 --> 00:22:11,000
+her stop being this. We don't have time. And
+
+331
+00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:15,220
+again, notice how the issue of time here as a
+
+332
+00:22:15,220 --> 00:22:19,320
+theme. Remember in the Renaissance, the poets were
+
+333
+00:22:19,320 --> 00:22:23,480
+obsessed with time. Time was destructive to
+
+334
+00:22:23,480 --> 00:22:27,380
+everything, to beauty, to people. There's always
+
+335
+00:22:27,380 --> 00:22:30,380
+this concern, the theme of the passing of time.
+
+336
+00:22:30,480 --> 00:22:32,680
+We've seen this in Shakespeare, and we see this
+
+337
+00:22:32,680 --> 00:22:36,840
+now. And it's repeated here. But at my back I
+
+338
+00:22:36,840 --> 00:22:41,620
+always hear. Because at my back, this is
+
+339
+00:22:41,620 --> 00:22:45,700
+metaphorical expression. Actually, there is no
+
+340
+00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,260
+chariot. Chariot means wagon, like a car or
+
+341
+00:22:49,260 --> 00:22:54,640
+vehicle. But this chariot is the chariot of time.
+
+342
+00:22:54,880 --> 00:23:01,060
+Beautiful metaphor. He likens time to a car, to a
+
+343
+00:23:01,060 --> 00:23:05,840
+train that is coming what? Very fast, because this
+
+344
+00:23:05,840 --> 00:23:08,280
+is time. Time is rushing. So we don't have time to
+
+345
+00:23:08,280 --> 00:23:11,600
+waste. So come live with me and be my love. Be
+
+346
+00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,720
+mine. You don't have time to be shy. If you are
+
+347
+00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:17,500
+shy now, this year, next year, the years to come,
+
+348
+00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:20,700
+all of a sudden you will open your eyes and you
+
+349
+00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:25,660
+are 50, 60, you are old, and your fairness, your
+
+350
+00:23:25,660 --> 00:23:30,730
+beauty, everything, you lose. Very beautiful
+
+351
+00:23:30,730 --> 00:23:32,970
+argumentative style. This is not a pure
+
+352
+00:23:32,970 --> 00:23:36,670
+metaphysical poem, but there are metaphysical
+
+353
+00:23:36,670 --> 00:23:39,570
+features. And this is the only extract we're going
+
+354
+00:23:39,570 --> 00:23:42,390
+to study. Go to YouTube, listen to the whole poem.
+
+355
+00:23:42,510 --> 00:23:46,490
+Really beautiful. And this is Andrew Marvell.
+
+356
+00:23:46,990 --> 00:23:50,470
+There is a love poem here. And the personal
+
+357
+00:23:50,470 --> 00:23:52,750
+experience, there's dramatization of this.
+
+358
+00:23:52,830 --> 00:23:55,570
+Probably another feature is how this tiny little
+
+359
+00:23:55,570 --> 00:23:57,770
+experience is dramatized.
+
+360
+00:24:01,930 --> 00:24:05,570
+This could be like a sonnet, sorry, a soliloquy of
+
+361
+00:24:05,570 --> 00:24:10,030
+Shakespeare, an internal monologue. Someone had we
+
+362
+00:24:10,030 --> 00:24:14,070
+bought enough gold and time. This coin, this lady,
+
+363
+00:24:14,330 --> 00:24:17,910
+were no crime. Could be a monologue like the ones
+
+364
+00:24:17,910 --> 00:24:20,350
+we studied in Shakespeare. This is called
+
+365
+00:24:20,350 --> 00:24:23,290
+dramatization. When a tiny little experience is
+
+366
+00:24:23,290 --> 00:24:27,050
+dramatized, like John Donne always does in The Sun
+
+367
+00:24:27,050 --> 00:24:31,120
+Rising and the sonnets we studied. Any question,
+
+368
+00:24:31,260 --> 00:24:31,740
+any comment?
+
+369
+00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:39,460
+You want to add something, to ask something? What
+
+370
+00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,700
+do you think of the rhyme scheme? Couplets,
+
+371
+00:24:44,180 --> 00:24:49,300
+couplets, yeah, yeah, couplets, please. Very good.
+
+372
+00:24:50,100 --> 00:24:53,020
+This is couplets. Generally, we'll study another
+
+373
+00:24:53,020 --> 00:24:56,140
+poem for Marvel, and he goes for this. He likes
+
+374
+00:24:56,140 --> 00:24:58,620
+this style, couplets, couplets, couplets, because
+
+375
+00:24:58,620 --> 00:25:02,780
+they became very famous later on. Let's move to
+
+376
+00:25:02,780 --> 00:25:06,700
+another text, metaphysical text, the final text,
+
+377
+00:25:07,100 --> 00:25:09,900
+metaphysical text for today. And it's by our
+
+378
+00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,580
+friend George
+
+379
+00:25:13,580 --> 00:25:16,880
+Herbert. Herbert is very interesting, very good.
+
+380
+00:25:16,960 --> 00:25:20,020
+By the way, he's a very religious poet. He wrote
+
+381
+00:25:20,020 --> 00:25:22,740
+very beautiful religious poetry. And I always
+
+382
+00:25:22,740 --> 00:25:28,620
+remember him by the Easter Wings poem that has the
+
+383
+00:25:28,620 --> 00:25:32,540
+shape of a bird. This poem is called The Color.
+
+384
+00:25:32,640 --> 00:25:35,460
+And this is The Color. The Color. I don't have a
+
+385
+00:25:35,460 --> 00:25:37,640
+color. Anyway, this is The Color, like when you
+
+386
+00:25:37,640 --> 00:25:42,040
+have a T-shirt and it has a color here. There's a
+
+387
+00:25:42,040 --> 00:25:44,020
+lot to say here. But to be brief, there's a play
+
+388
+00:25:44,020 --> 00:25:48,080
+on words. The color is what priests do. Monks,
+
+389
+00:25:48,220 --> 00:25:49,740
+religious people in the church, they have a
+
+390
+00:25:49,740 --> 00:25:55,140
+particular color. The color signals that they are
+
+391
+00:25:55,140 --> 00:25:57,280
+religious. They are dedicated to God. They love
+
+392
+00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:02,420
+God. But also, a color could be this device that
+
+393
+00:26:02,420 --> 00:26:06,520
+you put to control animals from their necks, like
+
+394
+00:26:06,520 --> 00:26:09,900
+dogs. Or if you have a lion pit at home, that's
+
+395
+00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:16,090
+the color in a way. So again, we can't study whole
+
+396
+00:26:16,090 --> 00:26:18,410
+poems in this course, generally, because this is
+
+397
+00:26:18,410 --> 00:26:21,990
+only a brief introduction to things. So this means
+
+398
+00:26:21,990 --> 00:26:27,130
+there is ellipsis here. As a matter of fact, the
+
+399
+00:26:27,130 --> 00:26:30,330
+first two lines and then the last final four
+
+400
+00:26:30,330 --> 00:26:33,370
+lines. What do you think? Before reading, are you
+
+401
+00:26:33,370 --> 00:26:36,470
+going to recognize this as a metaphysical poem?
+
+402
+00:26:36,950 --> 00:26:42,220
+Yes. Why? The structure. The structure. The
+
+403
+00:26:42,220 --> 00:26:46,160
+structure of the poem is unique, is different.
+
+404
+00:26:47,680 --> 00:26:54,580
+See, we have here how many? 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
+
+405
+00:26:54,660 --> 00:27:00,340
+8. Here, 1, 2, 3, 4. From four feet to two feet.
+
+406
+00:27:00,420 --> 00:27:04,540
+And I think here he goes for five. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
+
+407
+00:27:04,740 --> 00:27:13,260
+6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Five feet. Listen, a friend of
+
+408
+00:27:13,260 --> 00:27:16,180
+yours in the other group asked me about Tamim El
+
+409
+00:27:16,180 --> 00:27:20,920
+Barghouti's poem, Falquds. And I told her Tamim's
+
+410
+00:27:20,920 --> 00:27:25,160
+poem is the perfect example to explain how the
+
+411
+00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,180
+shape of the poem helps its meaning. Do you know
+
+412
+00:27:30,180 --> 00:27:33,240
+how the poem begins? Someone recited the poem
+
+413
+00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:36,420
+before here. Where is she? Is she absent? Yeah,
+
+414
+00:27:36,460 --> 00:27:38,100
+exactly. It starts with classical poetry.
+
+415
+00:27:43,560 --> 00:27:48,440
+You know,
+
+416
+00:27:50,080 --> 00:27:52,900
+standing at the ruins and you just reminiscing and
+
+417
+00:27:52,900 --> 00:27:54,280
+remember the good old days.
+
+418
+00:28:02,820 --> 00:28:08,060
+So he starts with a classical Arab poem.
+
+419
+00:28:08,740 --> 00:28:12,560
+In a way, in my opinion, he's telling us that this
+
+420
+00:28:12,560 --> 00:28:16,360
+is the Arab culture, the poetry, this kind of
+
+421
+00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:19,780
+poetry, exactly as this city Jerusalem belongs to
+
+422
+00:28:19,780 --> 00:28:24,490
+Palestinians, to the Arabs. Okay? So, and probably
+
+423
+00:28:24,490 --> 00:28:26,810
+if we want to get it back, to have it back, to
+
+424
+00:28:26,810 --> 00:28:29,910
+struggle for it, we have to go back to our roots,
+
+425
+00:28:30,450 --> 00:28:35,150
+to our, you know, as proud Arabs, owners of the
+
+426
+00:28:35,150 --> 00:28:38,490
+land regardless of our religions here. The moment
+
+427
+00:28:38,490 --> 00:28:41,890
+Tamim shifts from talking about Jerusalem as a
+
+428
+00:28:41,890 --> 00:28:45,610
+city that should belong to us, Palestinians, to
+
+429
+00:28:45,610 --> 00:28:49,370
+speak about the Zionist occupiers, the whole
+
+430
+00:28:49,370 --> 00:28:51,410
+structure of the poem changes.
+
+431
+00:28:53,700 --> 00:28:57,360
+So he shifts from classical to some kind of blank
+
+432
+00:28:57,360 --> 00:29:00,560
+verse or sometimes even free verse. No rules.
+
+433
+00:29:00,780 --> 00:29:03,920
+Because when the Israelis, like when Israel was
+
+434
+00:29:03,920 --> 00:29:06,920
+established, they broke all the rules. They
+
+435
+00:29:06,920 --> 00:29:09,960
+destroyed the country. They destroyed the life
+
+436
+00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:12,620
+here. They destroyed the lives of the people, the
+
+437
+00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:17,630
+city. So the poem itself doesn't have rules here.
+
+438
+00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:23,370
+What does he say in the second stanza? Look at
+
+439
+00:29:23,370 --> 00:29:24,830
+this, very long line.
+
+440
+00:29:27,650 --> 00:29:31,210
+So you
+
+441
+00:29:31,210 --> 00:29:34,150
+can take a whole long circle and the line still
+
+442
+00:29:34,150 --> 00:29:39,850
+doesn't finish. And he goes on and on, and almost
+
+443
+00:29:39,850 --> 00:29:45,310
+everything is broken here. Because now the
+
+444
+00:29:45,310 --> 00:29:48,470
+intruders, the occupiers are controlling the city.
+
+445
+00:29:48,730 --> 00:29:50,610
+And now this is a religious poem by Herbert.
+
+446
+00:29:50,730 --> 00:29:55,110
+Herbert generally religious poetry. What's going
+
+447
+00:29:55,110 --> 00:29:57,210
+on here? What is he saying? What is struck? What
+
+448
+00:29:57,210 --> 00:30:02,230
+does struck mean? Struck comes from? Strike.
+
+449
+00:30:04,440 --> 00:30:09,520
+Remember poetry used to be cool, nice, beautiful,
+
+450
+00:30:09,760 --> 00:30:13,240
+sweet? But now there is a lot of drama. There's
+
+451
+00:30:13,240 --> 00:30:16,230
+dramatization. That's the second feature. So the
+
+452
+00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:19,210
+new form that has the meaning. Here we have a
+
+453
+00:30:19,210 --> 00:30:21,510
+person who is what? What is he doing? He's
+
+454
+00:30:21,510 --> 00:30:24,530
+striking the board. Not board, probably a table or
+
+455
+00:30:24,530 --> 00:30:28,210
+this board. And what is he doing? Shouting. What
+
+456
+00:30:28,210 --> 00:30:30,890
+is he shouting? I will abort. Look at the
+
+457
+00:30:30,890 --> 00:30:33,610
+exclamation mark. He's angry. He's shouting. If
+
+458
+00:30:33,610 --> 00:30:35,850
+someone is shouting, he can't control his emotions
+
+459
+00:30:35,850 --> 00:30:38,470
+and feelings. And that's why he can't control the
+
+460
+00:30:38,470 --> 00:30:41,330
+shape and the structure of the poem. If the poem
+
+461
+00:30:41,330 --> 00:30:44,430
+has a well-structured form, it's going to be
+
+462
+00:30:44,430 --> 00:30:47,010
+awkward. It's going to be, in a way, restricting.
+
+463
+00:30:47,170 --> 00:30:49,830
+He's not going to express himself the way he
+
+464
+00:30:49,830 --> 00:30:53,770
+should. So, I struck the board and cried no more.
+
+465
+00:30:54,150 --> 00:30:59,590
+I will abroad. An angry speaker, an angry poet. He
+
+466
+00:30:59,590 --> 00:31:03,370
+hates the rules. He hates the color. He hates the
+
+467
+00:31:03,370 --> 00:31:05,950
+fact that he's being obedient to God. He wants to
+
+468
+00:31:05,950 --> 00:31:09,050
+get rid of this. He wants to go out, away, to free
+
+469
+00:31:09,050 --> 00:31:12,840
+himself. exactly like the way he's breaking the
+
+470
+00:31:12,840 --> 00:31:15,460
+rules of decorum, the rules of poetry here. So
+
+471
+00:31:15,460 --> 00:31:18,360
+this is connected very much to the idea. What is
+
+472
+00:31:18,360 --> 00:31:21,080
+the poet doing? He's angry. He's shouting. He
+
+473
+00:31:21,080 --> 00:31:26,280
+wants more freedom. He wants to free himself. And
+
+474
+00:31:26,280 --> 00:31:28,740
+look at the longest line when he says, but as I
+
+475
+00:31:28,740 --> 00:31:33,400
+raved and grew. This is growing. He grew angrier
+
+476
+00:31:33,400 --> 00:31:38,900
+and angrier. More fierce and wild. I was very
+
+477
+00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:46,170
+angry. I hated my life. At every word, me thought,
+
+478
+00:31:46,550 --> 00:31:50,810
+it's all actually me thoughts. It means it seems.
+
+479
+00:31:52,170 --> 00:31:57,710
+I thought. It seems closer. It's a Middle English
+
+480
+00:31:57,710 --> 00:32:00,810
+word. It's not used commonly nowadays. Me thinks
+
+481
+00:32:00,810 --> 00:32:05,510
+and me thoughts. I heard one call or calling
+
+482
+00:32:05,510 --> 00:32:09,570
+child. So he's angry because God is ignoring him.
+
+483
+00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650
+He's suffering. He's sacrificing many things. And
+
+484
+00:32:13,650 --> 00:32:16,510
+God doesn't care about him. But because God is
+
+485
+00:32:16,510 --> 00:32:22,080
+loving, God is merciful, He answers his prayer and
+
+486
+00:32:22,080 --> 00:32:27,160
+God says, child. And it takes only one word from
+
+487
+00:32:27,160 --> 00:32:30,640
+God and the poet is going back to being what? And
+
+488
+00:32:30,640 --> 00:32:34,400
+I replied, my Lord. He's going back to God. And
+
+489
+00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:37,840
+the way The poem started angry. This anger is
+
+490
+00:32:37,840 --> 00:32:40,680
+clear in the choice of words in the structure. But
+
+491
+00:32:40,680 --> 00:32:44,400
+at the end, it ends in a calm, quiet, peaceful
+
+492
+00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,040
+tone. And this is reflected on the choice of
+
+493
+00:32:47,040 --> 00:32:50,340
+words. And I replied. I didn't shout. I didn't
+
+494
+00:32:50,340 --> 00:32:56,300
+cry. I replied, my lord, in a way. The fact that
+
+495
+00:32:56,300 --> 00:32:59,180
+the poet is dealing with God as a close friend, as
+
+496
+00:32:59,180 --> 00:33:00,820
+an intimate friend, is a metaphysical feature.
+
+497
+00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:06,990
+Remember, batter my heart, three-person God? God
+
+498
+00:33:06,990 --> 00:33:10,270
+is no longer, for the metaphysicals, is no longer
+
+499
+00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:13,370
+the fearful God that people feared because they
+
+500
+00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:15,890
+thought he's destructive and vengeful. For the
+
+501
+00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:19,710
+metaphysicals, he's like a friend, a close friend,
+
+502
+00:33:19,810 --> 00:33:22,690
+an intimate friend. They talk to him. If you are
+
+503
+00:33:22,690 --> 00:33:26,210
+angry, you can be angry. But you can't always go
+
+504
+00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:29,540
+back when you feel like it. This is George
+
+505
+00:33:29,540 --> 00:33:32,980
+Herbert. Beautiful. I love how the structure,
+
+506
+00:33:33,540 --> 00:33:35,740
+maybe I'll ask you this question in the exam. How
+
+507
+00:33:35,740 --> 00:33:41,260
+does the structure of this reveal or reflect its
+
+508
+00:33:41,260 --> 00:33:46,220
+meaning? Number one, the poem doesn't have a fixed
+
+509
+00:33:46,220 --> 00:33:52,040
+structure. What is fixed? Classical. structure,
+
+510
+00:33:52,640 --> 00:33:56,200
+like where the lines have the same length and
+
+511
+00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,300
+probably the rhyme scheme. Do we have a rhyme, a
+
+512
+00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:01,120
+particular rhyme scheme here? Yeah, here, but not
+
+513
+00:34:01,120 --> 00:34:05,720
+here, maybe. Wild, child, word, and lord, they
+
+514
+00:34:05,720 --> 00:34:08,480
+don't perfectly rhyme, but they work.
+
+515
+00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,860
+So you'd say, the poet here is angry, he's
+
+516
+00:34:13,860 --> 00:34:16,500
+nervous, he's shouting, he's crying. He wants to
+
+517
+00:34:16,500 --> 00:34:18,700
+free himself from the collar. He wants to take the
+
+518
+00:34:18,700 --> 00:34:23,900
+collar out, to throw it away and be free. And the
+
+519
+00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:30,200
+shape of the poem is closely connected to this. He
+
+520
+00:34:30,200 --> 00:34:32,380
+hates the rules, so he doesn't follow them in the
+
+521
+00:34:32,380 --> 00:34:37,270
+poetry. If he follows the rules, if he writes a
+
+522
+00:34:37,270 --> 00:34:39,490
+poem with the same lines, with the same length,
+
+523
+00:34:39,590 --> 00:34:43,670
+it's going to be restricting. To restrict his
+
+524
+00:34:43,670 --> 00:34:47,130
+movement, restrict his expression. So the form
+
+525
+00:34:47,130 --> 00:34:50,750
+here, and this is a metaphysical feature. The idea
+
+526
+00:34:50,750 --> 00:34:55,410
+comes first. The idea comes first, and then the
+
+527
+00:34:55,410 --> 00:35:01,370
+rule. Not vice versa. The meaning is more
+
+528
+00:35:01,370 --> 00:35:06,090
+important than the rule. So what is he doing? He's
+
+529
+00:35:06,090 --> 00:35:09,550
+expressing his anger. Can I tell that he's angry?
+
+530
+00:35:09,930 --> 00:35:12,470
+Yes, the choice of words, the language, the
+
+531
+00:35:12,470 --> 00:35:20,230
+crying, and the loose form of the poem. Please.
+
+532
+00:35:20,730 --> 00:35:23,130
+Let us suppose that two lines have the same
+
+533
+00:35:23,130 --> 00:35:26,570
+meaning. Can you call them apart? We are here.
+
+534
+00:35:34,220 --> 00:35:38,600
+Generally, the strict definition of a couplet, two
+
+535
+00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:41,660
+lines with the same rhyme, the same topic, and
+
+536
+00:35:41,660 --> 00:35:46,360
+iambic pentameter, like five feet. That's the
+
+537
+00:35:46,360 --> 00:35:48,640
+strict definition. But more or less, it could be.
+
+538
+00:35:49,470 --> 00:35:52,330
+But generally, a couplet has this. They talk about
+
+539
+00:35:52,330 --> 00:35:55,250
+the two lines, talk about the same thing. Like in
+
+540
+00:35:55,250 --> 00:35:56,990
+Shakespeare, so long as men can breathe, their
+
+541
+00:35:56,990 --> 00:35:58,730
+eyes can see, so long lives this, and this gives
+
+542
+00:35:58,730 --> 00:36:02,530
+life to thee. Like Marvel just now, had we bought
+
+543
+00:36:02,530 --> 00:36:05,550
+enough world and time, this coyonist lady would
+
+544
+00:36:05,550 --> 00:36:11,090
+wear no crime. But basically, yeah, it's not a big
+
+545
+00:36:11,090 --> 00:36:15,210
+deal. Child and Lord could be inverted crime? No.
+
+546
+00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,030
+Maybe. But yeah, actually, this goes with this.
+
+547
+00:36:23,080 --> 00:36:29,460
+And this is word, and this is lord, imperfect. But
+
+548
+00:36:29,460 --> 00:36:32,700
+here and here. But I like the da sound. The da
+
+549
+00:36:32,700 --> 00:36:36,800
+sound is, in a way, violent sound. Lord, child,
+
+550
+00:36:38,160 --> 00:36:41,620
+wild, bored.
+
+551
+00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:46,840
+There is movement here. There's action. And this
+
+552
+00:36:46,840 --> 00:36:48,260
+action is clear in the choice of words.
+
+553
+00:36:51,210 --> 00:36:55,510
+I'll move to something else. The cavalier poets
+
+554
+00:36:55,510 --> 00:37:00,750
+will speak briefly about these two poets, because
+
+555
+00:37:00,750 --> 00:37:03,650
+next class, or probably the class after, we can
+
+556
+00:37:03,650 --> 00:37:07,970
+elaborate on them. So we're done with the
+
+557
+00:37:07,970 --> 00:37:13,710
+metaphysicals. Very interesting poets.
+
+558
+00:37:18,400 --> 00:37:21,180
+The cavaliers were the supporters of the king.
+
+559
+00:37:21,560 --> 00:37:24,280
+They were close to the king. And on the other
+
+560
+00:37:24,280 --> 00:37:26,700
+hand, we have the Puritans. Remember the Puritans,
+
+561
+00:37:26,760 --> 00:37:29,580
+what they did to the drama? What did they do? They
+
+562
+00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:34,860
+closed the theater. We'll see what they do next
+
+563
+00:37:34,860 --> 00:37:40,280
+class. Spoiler alert. They execute the king for
+
+564
+00:37:40,280 --> 00:37:44,020
+the first time. Remember, the king was only killed
+
+565
+00:37:44,020 --> 00:37:48,980
+in Shakespeare's plays. But fiction became a
+
+566
+00:37:48,980 --> 00:37:52,340
+reality. We'll talk about this probably next week.
+
+567
+00:37:53,020 --> 00:37:55,780
+So if you look at this, the poetry of those
+
+568
+00:37:55,780 --> 00:38:00,140
+people, it was generally simpler than metaphysical
+
+569
+00:38:00,140 --> 00:38:02,040
+poetry, and even simpler than Shakespeare and
+
+570
+00:38:02,040 --> 00:38:04,720
+other poets. It was direct. It was much connected
+
+571
+00:38:04,720 --> 00:38:07,420
+to life. It speaks about personal experiences,
+
+572
+00:38:07,640 --> 00:38:10,200
+about the passing of time, about love. And more
+
+573
+00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,540
+importantly, there are poems about politics. And
+
+574
+00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:16,570
+we'll see how this develops later on. Now
+
+575
+00:38:16,570 --> 00:38:19,550
+political poems started to be part of the English
+
+576
+00:38:19,550 --> 00:38:22,830
+literature because of the political turmoil and
+
+577
+00:38:22,830 --> 00:38:27,070
+restlessness. Herrick's poem, Counsel to Girls,
+
+578
+00:38:27,190 --> 00:38:29,510
+Advice to Girls, sounds interesting. Maybe you can
+
+579
+00:38:29,510 --> 00:38:34,730
+look it up. He's saying, gather ye, ye here means
+
+580
+00:38:34,730 --> 00:38:39,110
+you, rosebuds while you may. And by the way, this
+
+581
+00:38:39,110 --> 00:38:40,870
+is an English proverb now, it's very famous.
+
+582
+00:38:41,730 --> 00:38:45,030
+Gather your rosebuds while you may. You know the
+
+583
+00:38:45,030 --> 00:38:48,010
+bud? When you have a rose that's starting to
+
+584
+00:38:48,010 --> 00:38:51,550
+blossom? The bud, the tiny little thing here.
+
+585
+00:38:53,290 --> 00:38:56,010
+Again, this is about time. There's a concern about
+
+586
+00:38:56,010 --> 00:38:59,650
+the passing of time here. It means that don't put
+
+587
+00:38:59,650 --> 00:39:03,730
+off till tomorrow what you can do today. Do it
+
+588
+00:39:03,730 --> 00:39:07,530
+while you are young, while you are youthful. Don't
+
+589
+00:39:07,530 --> 00:39:10,970
+wait because we all age and we lose our
+
+590
+00:39:10,970 --> 00:39:15,800
+youthfulness. But this is more beautiful to me.
+
+591
+00:39:16,280 --> 00:39:19,680
+Can someone read the second bit by, again, the
+
+592
+00:39:19,680 --> 00:39:23,300
+poet is Richard Loveless. Very interesting name.
+
+593
+00:39:23,340 --> 00:39:27,700
+You know what less means? Sho less? Loveless. I
+
+594
+00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:30,640
+don't know what that could possibly mean. To
+
+595
+00:39:30,640 --> 00:39:34,820
+Althea from? Prison. Clearly this is someone who
+
+596
+00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:38,550
+is in prison, and this is a political poem. As
+
+597
+00:39:38,550 --> 00:39:40,710
+Palestinians, we have a lot of prison literature.
+
+598
+00:39:40,870 --> 00:39:43,090
+There's something called, a whole genre called
+
+599
+00:39:43,090 --> 00:39:47,750
+prison literature. Very adab al-sujoon. Different
+
+600
+00:39:47,750 --> 00:39:50,490
+from resistance literature. But prison literature
+
+601
+00:39:50,490 --> 00:39:52,530
+for us as Palestinians is also resistance
+
+602
+00:39:52,530 --> 00:39:56,050
+literature generally. Because we are not
+
+603
+00:39:56,050 --> 00:39:57,690
+imprisoned by our own government generally,
+
+604
+00:39:57,790 --> 00:40:00,810
+although sometimes we are. It's the occupation,
+
+605
+00:40:01,270 --> 00:40:03,770
+the colonizers. Read please.
+
+606
+00:40:08,050 --> 00:40:09,710
+Very good. Yeah.
+
+607
+00:40:15,250 --> 00:40:16,250
+One more.
+
+608
+00:40:19,450 --> 00:40:23,430
+Nor iron bars a cage in India.
+
+609
+00:40:28,210 --> 00:40:31,890
+Very good. How does this translate into Arabic?
+
+610
+00:40:32,010 --> 00:40:34,250
+Can you translate this into Arabic? Into good
+
+611
+00:40:34,250 --> 00:40:37,200
+Arabic? What do you think? Do you like this? Do
+
+612
+00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,520
+you like it? When I first read this, honestly, I
+
+613
+00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,720
+thought it's something that somebody wrote just
+
+614
+00:40:42,720 --> 00:40:50,260
+now, 21st century. Because it's relevant to what
+
+615
+00:40:50,260 --> 00:40:53,340
+we have now as Palestinians. And that's the beauty
+
+616
+00:40:53,340 --> 00:40:56,620
+of poetry. Poetry breaks all the barriers of time
+
+617
+00:40:56,620 --> 00:41:00,360
+and land race. And that's why we love poetry,
+
+618
+00:41:00,480 --> 00:41:02,040
+regardless of when or where. Yes?
+
+619
+00:41:06,670 --> 00:41:10,250
+Very good, beautiful translation. You're good with
+
+620
+00:41:10,250 --> 00:41:13,870
+words. Someone else has another translation? The
+
+621
+00:41:13,870 --> 00:41:14,150
+same?
+
+622
+00:41:18,650 --> 00:41:24,310
+Also very beautiful, very beautiful. So stone
+
+623
+00:41:24,310 --> 00:41:28,690
+walls don't a prison make. Notice here it should
+
+624
+00:41:28,690 --> 00:41:30,570
+be don't make a prison, but that's poetic.
+
+625
+00:41:35,400 --> 00:41:39,440
+Why is this man happy in prison? Why? Why would
+
+626
+00:41:39,440 --> 00:41:41,160
+you be like this?
+
+627
+00:41:45,980 --> 00:41:46,420
+Okay,
+
+628
+00:41:51,340 --> 00:41:53,820
+I like your interpretation. So as long as you
+
+629
+00:41:53,820 --> 00:41:58,920
+write poetry, you are a free man. Only in your
+
+630
+00:41:58,920 --> 00:42:03,060
+poetry? What else? Thank you very much. If you are
+
+631
+00:42:03,060 --> 00:42:05,680
+in prison because you struggle, you fight for your
+
+632
+00:42:05,680 --> 00:42:08,580
+country, you defend your own people, your rights,
+
+633
+00:42:09,220 --> 00:42:13,440
+you are a free person. You are a free man. You are
+
+634
+00:42:13,440 --> 00:42:19,420
+a free woman. Even if you are in a cell with stone
+
+635
+00:42:19,420 --> 00:42:25,770
+walls and bars, iron bars. It's the spirit that is
+
+636
+00:42:25,770 --> 00:42:29,510
+free. And this political concern in literature
+
+637
+00:42:29,510 --> 00:42:31,850
+will develop later on in the commonwealth and
+
+638
+00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,210
+restoration literature. So if you want to comment
+
+639
+00:42:34,210 --> 00:42:38,350
+on this, this is an extract from Richard Lovelace
+
+640
+00:42:38,350 --> 00:42:43,530
+to Althea from prison, in which he's expressing a
+
+641
+00:42:43,530 --> 00:42:47,610
+political idea, sending a political message that
+
+642
+00:42:47,610 --> 00:42:50,130
+as long as he struggles, he fights for his
+
+643
+00:42:50,130 --> 00:42:55,530
+country, He's a free man, no matter what happens
+
+644
+00:42:55,530 --> 00:42:58,490
+to him. Because if he fights for others, if he
+
+645
+00:42:58,490 --> 00:43:01,370
+defends others, if his country is free,
+
+646
+00:43:01,950 --> 00:43:05,010
+struggling, resisting oppression and injustices,
+
+647
+00:43:05,430 --> 00:43:11,870
+he's also a free man, even if he is in prison. You
+
+648
+00:43:11,870 --> 00:43:14,570
+said that the cavaliers are a group of people that
+
+649
+00:43:14,570 --> 00:43:18,460
+support the king, but how does this work? We'll
+
+650
+00:43:18,460 --> 00:43:21,820
+elaborate on this later on, yeah. Because for the
+
+651
+00:43:21,820 --> 00:43:25,400
+first time here, there was a major division in
+
+652
+00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:28,320
+England between two political parties. In the
+
+653
+00:43:28,320 --> 00:43:32,140
+past, it was generally, oh, we love the queen. Oh,
+
+654
+00:43:32,180 --> 00:43:35,120
+we love the king. Sweet Tim runs softly till I end
+
+655
+00:43:35,120 --> 00:43:37,780
+my song. But now, because of politics, we have
+
+656
+00:43:37,780 --> 00:43:40,420
+political parties. So you support this political
+
+657
+00:43:40,420 --> 00:43:42,900
+party against this political party, and then there
+
+658
+00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,660
+is trouble. Because when the king was executed,
+
+659
+00:43:46,940 --> 00:43:51,840
+those people probably will be put in prison
+
+660
+00:43:51,840 --> 00:43:55,200
+because they still support the king by the other
+
+661
+00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:55,720
+party.
+
+662
+00:43:59,080 --> 00:44:01,240
+Yeah, the Puritans. We'll speak about the Puritans
+
+663
+00:44:01,240 --> 00:44:05,700
+probably next week. So I'll stop here. Does anyone
+
+664
+00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:10,920
+have a question? So we finish? Yeah, please.
+
+665
+00:44:15,470 --> 00:44:19,630
+So back to grammar, yeah. Say it again. Yes, in a
+
+666
+00:44:19,630 --> 00:44:21,890
+third condition, yes. And I used this expression
+
+667
+00:44:21,890 --> 00:44:24,310
+before. I'm not sure if you paid attention, any of
+
+668
+00:44:24,310 --> 00:44:26,410
+you. When I spoke about Marlow, do you remember
+
+669
+00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:28,050
+what I said about Marlow? First thing I said about
+
+670
+00:44:28,050 --> 00:44:32,050
+Marlow. Before that.
+
+671
+00:44:34,490 --> 00:44:39,570
+I said he died young. Before Shakespeare,
+
+672
+00:44:39,610 --> 00:44:42,910
+Shakespeare was starting his career. I said had he
+
+673
+00:44:42,910 --> 00:44:47,070
+lived longer, he would have surpassed Shakespeare,
+
+674
+00:44:47,150 --> 00:44:52,030
+according to some critics. Meaning, if he had...
+
+675
+00:44:52,030 --> 00:44:54,830
+So sometimes I use some grammatical expressions
+
+676
+00:44:54,830 --> 00:44:57,830
+for you to pay attention to. Thank you very much,
+
+677
+00:44:58,170 --> 00:45:02,750
+ladies. We can continue talking about this age
+
+678
+00:45:02,750 --> 00:45:04,890
+next class. We speak about prose.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2460 @@
+1
+00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:25,970
+Hello everyone and welcome back to our journey
+
+2
+00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:30,170
+into the history of English literature and
+
+3
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:32,230
+introductory course to students of the Islamic
+
+4
+00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:39,170
+University of English department in Gaza. So when
+
+5
+00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:41,970
+we studied Shakespeare as a dramatist and as a
+
+6
+00:00:41,970 --> 00:00:45,230
+poet, we moved on to speak about more dramatists
+
+7
+00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:49,650
+in the golden age of drama, the age of Queen
+
+8
+00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:55,630
+Elizabeth and King James I, the heyday of the
+
+9
+00:00:55,630 --> 00:00:59,170
+golden age of drama. Shakespeare was one of
+
+10
+00:00:59,170 --> 00:01:01,530
+several dramatists and playwrights of that time.
+
+11
+00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:05,230
+Last time we discussed two important names. Can
+
+12
+00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:09,270
+you remind me? Christopher Marlowe and Ben
+
+13
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:12,550
+Johnson. And Ben Johnson. What's the major
+
+14
+00:01:12,550 --> 00:01:15,690
+difference between Marlowe and Shakespeare?
+
+15
+00:01:16,210 --> 00:01:19,830
+Please. Marlowe shared the university. Okay.
+
+16
+00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:27,770
+So number one Christopher Marlowe was a university
+
+17
+00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:31,450
+wit and a university graduate and this term
+
+18
+00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:36,170
+university wits describes people writers authors
+
+19
+00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:40,590
+who studied at either oxford or cambridge no
+
+20
+00:01:40,590 --> 00:01:43,750
+harvard yes the second major difference please
+
+21
+00:01:43,750 --> 00:01:46,710
+Marlowe gives every character a highly poetic
+
+22
+00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:49,670
+language okay very good and that's influenced by
+
+23
+00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:53,640
+his Education. Interesting. I like how you link
+
+24
+00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:55,880
+between his studies and the fact that he insists
+
+25
+00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,400
+on a particular style. Not sure if you heard this
+
+26
+00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,920
+story about Abu Tamam, the famous Arab poet. Many
+
+27
+00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,400
+told him, Abu Tamam, why do you keep writing
+
+28
+00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,520
+highly sophisticated, elite poetry that not many
+
+29
+00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,970
+people can understand? Why don't you write
+
+30
+00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,770
+ordinary poetry so people can understand? All
+
+31
+00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:20,670
+people. He said, why don't people understand my
+
+32
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,450
+highly sophisticated poetry? So there are trends
+
+33
+00:02:24,450 --> 00:02:27,910
+and attitude. Some people want to write everything
+
+34
+00:02:27,910 --> 00:02:30,610
+poetic, but some people want to write for
+
+35
+00:02:30,610 --> 00:02:35,570
+different audiences. OK, we have two major works
+
+36
+00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:38,690
+for Marlow. Remember, Marlow preceded Shakespeare.
+
+37
+00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:43,360
+For so many, Shakespeare learned from and was
+
+38
+00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,300
+inspired by Marlow, especially his play,
+
+39
+00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,980
+The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta, where
+
+40
+00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:56,360
+Barabbas, remember? A Jewish character is the main
+
+41
+00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,960
+character, and we compared Barabbas to Shylock in
+
+42
+00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:03,520
+a way. Can someone give me more insight about
+
+43
+00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,180
+this, the differences between Barabbas and,
+
+44
+00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:13,350
+please. Part of us were very deep evil, but
+
+45
+00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,490
+Shylock in some situations you can feel sorry
+
+46
+00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:23,730
+about him and something like that, but part of us
+
+47
+00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:29,730
+was even used his daughter in his revenge. How
+
+48
+00:03:29,730 --> 00:03:35,030
+evil is that? So in a way Shakespeare humanizes
+
+49
+00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:40,090
+the outsider, intruder, the Jewish man in the
+
+50
+00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:43,930
+Christian community. He humanizes him. Sometimes
+
+51
+00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:47,830
+we feel sorry for him, for what happens to him.
+
+52
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:55,190
+But Barabbas is almost complete evil. Someone who
+
+53
+00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:59,030
+uses his own daughter as a sex object.
+
+54
+00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,480
+to seduce someone so people can kill themselves.
+
+55
+00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,740
+And when she refuses, like later on, when she
+
+56
+00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:12,480
+realizes how evil her father was, what does he do
+
+57
+00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:18,900
+to her? He poisons her. He kills her. Causes the
+
+58
+00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:21,800
+death of many people. What else can you say about
+
+59
+00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:27,360
+Barabas and Shylock, please? No, no, Barabas and
+
+60
+00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:30,100
+Shylock.
+
+61
+00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:38,570
+which is more, in a way, more artistic. Because in
+
+62
+00:04:38,570 --> 00:04:40,370
+literature, listen, there's no, there shouldn't be
+
+63
+00:04:40,370 --> 00:04:43,910
+absolute evil in literature. If characters are too
+
+64
+00:04:43,910 --> 00:04:45,450
+good or too bad,
+
+65
+00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:51,370
+but if it is a bad character who does good things
+
+66
+00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:56,090
+or a good character who does bad things, we kind
+
+67
+00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:59,230
+of, in a way, relate sometimes. It's similar to
+
+68
+00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:01,690
+us. Because if they are too good, too bad, it's
+
+69
+00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:08,050
+like angels and demons or the devil. So
+
+70
+00:05:08,050 --> 00:05:11,630
+Shakespeare is more colorful. And the same thing
+
+71
+00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:15,470
+happens for Othello, more colorful. Ethelmore, the
+
+72
+00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:18,450
+black character in The Jew of Malta, is also in a
+
+73
+00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:21,470
+way, in so many ways, is pure evil because he
+
+74
+00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:26,460
+helps. It's more to kill as many people as
+
+75
+00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:29,920
+possible. So this is a tragedy. There's blood,
+
+76
+00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:30,800
+there's revenge.
+
+77
+00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,760
+What else did we say about Marlow? More? Marlow?
+
+78
+00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:45,920
+Yeah? Marlow. You like the masks. Tell us about
+
+79
+00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:53,160
+the masks. Yeah, okay. Okay, the masks. The plays
+
+80
+00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:54,980
+that are presented in the mosque, they are
+
+81
+00:05:54,980 --> 00:05:58,200
+presented for kings and queens and royal families.
+
+82
+00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,220
+Also they are presented for one time, only once.
+
+83
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:10,220
+It's been acted. Not professional actors, but
+
+84
+00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:13,640
+members of the royal and noble families. What do
+
+85
+00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,560
+we learn from the mosques? What does it indicate
+
+86
+00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:21,640
+about how the king, because the mosques became
+
+87
+00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,660
+famous during the reign of King James I, who
+
+88
+00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:29,800
+succeeded Queen Elizabeth. What does it tell us
+
+89
+00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,120
+about literature and literal production of that
+
+90
+00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,940
+time? The mosque. Kings appreciate literature and
+
+91
+00:06:36,940 --> 00:06:40,160
+doctrine. Remember King Alfred in the Middle Ages?
+
+92
+00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:46,330
+Yes. Now, in the old English literature, we saw
+
+93
+00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,170
+the church taking care of a lot of writing down
+
+94
+00:06:49,170 --> 00:06:52,310
+many of the poems. And now the kings, the royal
+
+95
+00:06:52,310 --> 00:06:54,550
+family, the monarchy in general started paying
+
+96
+00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:57,130
+more attention to literature because literature is
+
+97
+00:06:57,130 --> 00:06:59,430
+powerful, it's important. Because literature can
+
+98
+00:06:59,430 --> 00:07:02,710
+change the way we think, the way we behave, the
+
+99
+00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:05,850
+way we react. So they realized that they have to
+
+100
+00:07:05,850 --> 00:07:09,050
+bring many poets and playwrights closer to them
+
+101
+00:07:09,050 --> 00:07:11,750
+and they became their patrons. They would give
+
+102
+00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:14,270
+them money and provide them with protection in
+
+103
+00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:17,530
+exchange for praise, for good poetry. So King
+
+104
+00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:21,530
+James brought the whole theater inside instead of
+
+105
+00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:24,790
+going to the Globe, you know Shakespeare. he
+
+106
+00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:28,330
+brought it inside and many playwrights wrote
+
+107
+00:07:28,330 --> 00:07:32,010
+several masks and a mask is a short play with
+
+108
+00:07:32,010 --> 00:07:35,910
+noble themes themes special for the king and the
+
+109
+00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:39,390
+royal family it would be performed on certain
+
+110
+00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,430
+occasions only once etc etc and a famous
+
+111
+00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:46,430
+playwright who wrote Ben Johnson
+
+112
+00:07:50,370 --> 00:07:55,350
+and the queen, the mask of queens or something.
+
+113
+00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:58,350
+And it's funny how, remember when we first
+
+114
+00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,610
+mentioned Ben Jonson, we said he was arrested more
+
+115
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,330
+than once, probably for being critical of
+
+116
+00:08:03,330 --> 00:08:09,010
+somebody, but now he is buddies with the king. And
+
+117
+00:08:09,010 --> 00:08:11,930
+he's a famous man. We're going to get back to Ben
+
+118
+00:08:11,930 --> 00:08:16,010
+Johnson as a critic. So today we continue. We
+
+119
+00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:19,850
+speak about certain issues again related to drama,
+
+120
+00:08:20,030 --> 00:08:23,730
+mainly during King James I drama that is described
+
+121
+00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:28,370
+as the Jacobian. Again, Elizabethan and Jacobian.
+
+122
+00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:31,050
+Although Shakespeare is both, he's generally
+
+123
+00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:35,280
+described as Elizabethan. So King James was one of
+
+124
+00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,540
+the kings who, we'll see this probably later on,
+
+125
+00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,780
+he loved literature and writing and artistic
+
+126
+00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:44,240
+expressions. It was during his reign that the
+
+127
+00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,300
+Bible for the first time was officially translated
+
+128
+00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:51,540
+into English. Can you imagine this? England is a
+
+129
+00:08:51,540 --> 00:08:57,740
+Christian country for 1,000, almost 1,000 years.
+
+130
+00:08:58,340 --> 00:09:03,240
+And the religious book, the Bible was in Latin.
+
+131
+00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:09,560
+And this is the first official translation here, 1
+
+132
+00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:13,240
+,000 years later. But again, it shows how the king
+
+133
+00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:18,200
+played a major role in helping poets and
+
+134
+00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,100
+playwrights and literary figures. And remember,
+
+135
+00:09:22,220 --> 00:09:26,300
+this always comes at a price. because if you are
+
+136
+00:09:26,300 --> 00:09:28,980
+friends with the king probably you're not going to
+
+137
+00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:31,400
+be critical of him in your writing so this is some
+
+138
+00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,600
+kind of censorship self-censorship like I don't
+
+139
+00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:36,200
+want to write this because probably the king is
+
+140
+00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:41,330
+going to be to you know get angry or something So
+
+141
+00:09:41,330 --> 00:09:45,590
+because of King James, we have the masks, mainly
+
+142
+00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:50,290
+the masks. And Ben Johnson wrote a famous one
+
+143
+00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:53,290
+called The Mask of Queens. What are masks? Again,
+
+144
+00:09:53,390 --> 00:09:54,750
+they are short plays
+
+145
+00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,140
+Acted generally only once. For Shakespeare, for
+
+146
+00:10:02,140 --> 00:10:04,520
+The Globe, the play would be performed more than
+
+147
+00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:06,980
+once, sometimes 20, 30 times, because it would be
+
+148
+00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:09,660
+famous and people from all around, not only
+
+149
+00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:11,480
+London, but other cities would be coming and pay
+
+150
+00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,860
+money to watch. And you pay some pennies, you
+
+151
+00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:17,920
+stand and watch close to the stage. If you are
+
+152
+00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,380
+rich, you have more money, you stand on the row,
+
+153
+00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:25,410
+you sit on the rows up. But here, this is a play
+
+154
+00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,250
+performed inside the palace, the court of the
+
+155
+00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:30,930
+king. The actors are not professional actors, but
+
+156
+00:10:30,930 --> 00:10:35,230
+mainly members of the royal and noble families.
+
+157
+00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:38,630
+The themes are generally themes about the noble
+
+158
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,270
+life, the lives of the rich people inside.
+
+159
+00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:47,060
+You want them to appreciate you writing your play.
+
+160
+00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:50,620
+You don't bring the poor people again on stage to
+
+161
+00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,260
+them. You write something. And this is how,
+
+162
+00:10:53,680 --> 00:10:56,040
+remember probably once I mentioned this, how
+
+163
+00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,140
+sometimes the audience, the readers, can control
+
+164
+00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:01,900
+what you read. Because eventually when you write
+
+165
+00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:04,690
+something, You want people to read and appreciate.
+
+166
+00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:07,670
+So you carefully understand and study your
+
+167
+00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:10,450
+audience. And you tailor your message, your text,
+
+168
+00:11:11,010 --> 00:11:14,970
+in a way accordingly. Many people believe in this.
+
+169
+00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:17,490
+Many say, no, I want to write because writing is
+
+170
+00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:20,250
+an important self-expression. Whether people like
+
+171
+00:11:20,250 --> 00:11:24,570
+it or not, this is for me. I write for myself. But
+
+172
+00:11:24,570 --> 00:11:27,830
+here, people wrote for others generally.
+
+173
+00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:36,420
+So we move. Here to another important figure,
+
+174
+00:11:39,340 --> 00:11:45,260
+Thomas Kidd with The Spanish Tragedy. The Spanish
+
+175
+00:11:45,260 --> 00:11:47,920
+Tragedy is said to be very important here because
+
+176
+00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:53,080
+it was again a play that inspired many other
+
+177
+00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,540
+plays. It's generally described, as you can see
+
+178
+00:11:56,540 --> 00:12:02,630
+here, as tragedy of blood. Tragedy of blood. In so
+
+179
+00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:04,690
+many ways, people believe that during the
+
+180
+00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,970
+Elizabethan Age, you know, because of the heroism
+
+181
+00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:11,630
+and the knights and the battles and the wars, they
+
+182
+00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:14,130
+brought this on stage. So there is always
+
+183
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:17,330
+something, somebody wanting to take revenge.
+
+184
+00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:21,270
+Remember that even the sparrow wanted vengeance
+
+185
+00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:26,550
+from the cat's wild and tame. So The Thomas Kid
+
+186
+00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:30,650
+with the Spanish Tragedy is a play that is said to
+
+187
+00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:35,710
+have inspired Shakespeare's Hamlet and many other
+
+188
+00:12:35,710 --> 00:12:38,670
+such plays where there is a lot of death, blood,
+
+189
+00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:41,840
+and destruction on the stage because I don't know,
+
+190
+00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:44,960
+again, the audience, the people of that time loved
+
+191
+00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:49,620
+violence, loved battles, loved to see this. I
+
+192
+00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:52,560
+don't know how we can explain this, but generally
+
+193
+00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:57,040
+this in a way reflects something inside, the
+
+194
+00:12:57,040 --> 00:13:00,880
+psychology, or it helps us release. Because
+
+195
+00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:03,260
+sometimes if you release the anger, the violence,
+
+196
+00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,800
+you don't do it yourself. If others, if you watch
+
+197
+00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:11,370
+others do this, And some people say, no, this is
+
+198
+00:13:11,370 --> 00:13:14,450
+how people learn to be violent. It's not the other
+
+199
+00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,890
+way around. So there's an argument here. Like
+
+200
+00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:20,010
+Hollywood movies, if you watch too much violent
+
+201
+00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,230
+movies, you're going to turn up to grow up
+
+202
+00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:26,430
+violent. But people say, no, this is to help them
+
+203
+00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:30,130
+release the anger and the violence inside in a
+
+204
+00:13:30,130 --> 00:13:32,130
+creative way. Because at the end of the day, when
+
+205
+00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:35,470
+you watch the movie, the good are rewarded and the
+
+206
+00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,890
+bad are punished. But still, it teaches us that
+
+207
+00:13:38,890 --> 00:13:42,450
+the bad can be punished violently without even
+
+208
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:46,650
+court and everything. So however, in the Spanish
+
+209
+00:13:46,650 --> 00:13:49,990
+tragedy, it's exactly the opposite of Hamlet. In
+
+210
+00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:53,290
+Hamlet, we have a son trying to take revenge for
+
+211
+00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:56,790
+the death of his father. Here, it's vice versa. In
+
+212
+00:13:56,790 --> 00:14:00,150
+the Spanish tragedy, as the name suggests, it's a
+
+213
+00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:04,010
+tragedy. But here, we have a father who wants to
+
+214
+00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:07,900
+take revenge for the death of his son. And this is
+
+215
+00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,820
+generally called, again, blood tragedy. Why? As
+
+216
+00:14:12,820 --> 00:14:15,520
+the name suggests, there's a lot of blood, death,
+
+217
+00:14:15,940 --> 00:14:21,540
+destruction, violence, and loss on the stage. On
+
+218
+00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:23,680
+the stage. OK?
+
+219
+00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,940
+And like we said here, during the reign of King
+
+220
+00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:33,500
+James I,
+
+221
+00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:41,100
+Players grew more and more violent. That's a tough
+
+222
+00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:49,000
+question. Why? Why? Generally literature mirrors
+
+223
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,160
+life. When you write, people who wrote a hundred
+
+224
+00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:57,540
+years ago didn't mention mobile phones and the
+
+225
+00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:01,860
+internet and Twitter and Facebook because they
+
+226
+00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:03,860
+didn't exist. And this is a very simplistic
+
+227
+00:15:03,860 --> 00:15:08,060
+answer. But usually, you reflect something you
+
+228
+00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:12,100
+feel, something around you, either because there's
+
+229
+00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,500
+too much of it around you, so you reflect it, or
+
+230
+00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:20,880
+because you want this. So in your book, you could,
+
+231
+00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,420
+for example, write a story about how women
+
+232
+00:15:23,420 --> 00:15:25,800
+struggle for their rights for equality in Gaza,
+
+233
+00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:29,220
+because you think that women don't have equal
+
+234
+00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:34,020
+rights. So they struggle for this. Or you write
+
+235
+00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:37,780
+because? You want a world, you depict a world, an
+
+236
+00:15:37,780 --> 00:15:43,460
+ideal world where women have equal rights. So it
+
+237
+00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:47,200
+depends on why you basically write. But too much
+
+238
+00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:52,080
+violence in literature reflects at least, if not
+
+239
+00:15:52,080 --> 00:15:55,740
+violence in real life, at least a desire for the
+
+240
+00:15:55,740 --> 00:16:00,400
+audience, for the readers to read, to see, to
+
+241
+00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:05,100
+watch violence. And we'll see how this thing
+
+242
+00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:09,080
+backfires. When you watch, please, I posted
+
+243
+00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,420
+probably something from Hamlet on the Facebook
+
+244
+00:16:11,420 --> 00:16:16,160
+group. If you Google or go to YouTube and search
+
+245
+00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:19,400
+for Hamlet, the BBC production, please watch some
+
+246
+00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:24,860
+of the plays. Hamlet is a good way to start. I'm
+
+247
+00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:26,900
+not sure how you're going to feel. But in the
+
+248
+00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:32,690
+past, they say tragedies help us to heal, to
+
+249
+00:16:32,690 --> 00:16:37,930
+release the anger from inside of us. That could be
+
+250
+00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:42,130
+one reason. People, the writers, the authors
+
+251
+00:16:42,130 --> 00:16:45,370
+wanted to fix the society, to show them that too
+
+252
+00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:48,650
+much violence, see, it doesn't end well. It ends
+
+253
+00:16:48,650 --> 00:16:51,010
+with blood, with death, with destruction.
+
+254
+00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:52,110
+Everybody dies.
+
+255
+00:16:55,010 --> 00:17:00,330
+Maybe to show them the results. Yeah, maybe. So
+
+256
+00:17:00,330 --> 00:17:05,150
+next, we move to our final dramatist figure here,
+
+257
+00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:08,870
+John Webster. Listen to me. Yes, there was
+
+258
+00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:12,910
+violence and blood and destruction. But many also
+
+259
+00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:16,050
+playwrights wanted to bring new themes. And we
+
+260
+00:17:16,050 --> 00:17:19,770
+have a wonderful man here, John Webster. He
+
+261
+00:17:19,770 --> 00:17:22,950
+composed several plays, two important plays he
+
+262
+00:17:22,950 --> 00:17:27,630
+composed. are The White Devil and The Duchess of
+
+263
+00:17:27,630 --> 00:17:33,270
+Malfi. Again, The White Devil and The Duchess of
+
+264
+00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:36,670
+Malfi by John Webster. If you look at the name,
+
+265
+00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:41,330
+Duchess is the female of Duke. In Shakespeare,
+
+266
+00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:44,070
+generally, it's a man that is in the title of the
+
+267
+00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:46,350
+play. Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear.
+
+268
+00:17:46,690 --> 00:17:49,610
+Although King Lear is largely about his daughters,
+
+269
+00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:53,710
+but King Lear dominates. Or like even when there
+
+270
+00:17:53,710 --> 00:17:56,270
+is a woman in the title, a man is there, Romeo and
+
+271
+00:17:56,270 --> 00:17:59,150
+Juliet. So a woman can't be there even in the
+
+272
+00:17:59,150 --> 00:18:02,610
+title. And even when the woman is alone in the
+
+273
+00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:05,790
+title, it's like taming the shrew. You know,
+
+274
+00:18:05,890 --> 00:18:08,890
+Talweed Al Sharissa by Shakespeare. So even if the
+
+275
+00:18:08,890 --> 00:18:13,030
+woman is in the title, she's not good. Someone, a
+
+276
+00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:17,920
+man is taming her in a way. But here we have an
+
+277
+00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:21,640
+author who brings women and puts them in the title
+
+278
+00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:25,280
+of the plays and makes them the major characters
+
+279
+00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,300
+of the whole play.
+
+280
+00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:32,460
+The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi are two
+
+281
+00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:36,200
+important plays because they bring women as the
+
+282
+00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,880
+main characters and they show women as victims to
+
+283
+00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:46,680
+male violence. Male violence. We've seen, for
+
+284
+00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,160
+example, Lady Macbeth. We spoke about Lady
+
+285
+00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:54,140
+Macbeth. But generally, she pushes Macbeth to do
+
+286
+00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:58,920
+evil. And she commits suicide. We've seen Ophelia.
+
+287
+00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:03,660
+But Ophelia is too weak, too submissive that she
+
+288
+00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:08,200
+dies. Maybe an accident, maybe suicide. But here
+
+289
+00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,720
+we have women presented as victims, not
+
+290
+00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,310
+victimizers. Victims of male violence. And this is
+
+291
+00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:22,130
+why Joan Webster is important. So more social
+
+292
+00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:26,510
+issues, more themes, more characters started to
+
+293
+00:19:26,510 --> 00:19:29,430
+appear on the stage by time. But don't forget,
+
+294
+00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:33,430
+women were not allowed to be on stage so far. So a
+
+295
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:38,470
+man would be playing soft voice and no beardless
+
+296
+00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:41,590
+soft voice young man would be playing a role of
+
+297
+00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:46,400
+the woman. Was it a bad idea for John to present
+
+298
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,300
+women as victims? Did it affect him? I'm not sure,
+
+299
+00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,120
+but we can read more about this. How popular was
+
+300
+00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:59,760
+he? How many times were these plays performed on
+
+301
+00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:01,800
+stage? We can read more about this. So we can
+
+302
+00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,380
+compare him. He can't be compared to Shakespeare.
+
+303
+00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:09,290
+No one can. But we can have an impression. We can
+
+304
+00:20:09,290 --> 00:20:12,930
+see, for example, how many times Romeo and Juliet
+
+305
+00:20:12,930 --> 00:20:16,130
+performed and see how many times these were
+
+306
+00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:19,750
+performed. I mean, did it affect him by presenting
+
+307
+00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:24,490
+women as victims? Like people hated him? He gave
+
+308
+00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:29,090
+women the power to stand up and struggle and speak
+
+309
+00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:33,370
+up. He was empowering women in a way. That's a
+
+310
+00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,470
+very good question. We need to read more about how
+
+311
+00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:38,050
+he was received. Very interesting question. Thank
+
+312
+00:20:38,050 --> 00:20:44,610
+you. Maybe you can look this up. Okay? Okay, so
+
+313
+00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:47,650
+finally for today, before I... There's a quiz, by
+
+314
+00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:51,810
+the way. But don't panic. It's not four months.
+
+315
+00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,030
+Now, this is the golden age of drama. This is
+
+316
+00:20:57,030 --> 00:21:02,940
+Shakespeare, Marlow, Johnson, Thomas Kidd. and
+
+317
+00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:07,700
+John Webster. We have play being the major genre
+
+318
+00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:13,060
+there. However, the drama attracted more violence.
+
+319
+00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,240
+Drama was in so many ways more violent than ever
+
+320
+00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:23,300
+before. And for many people, this was not good.
+
+321
+00:21:23,420 --> 00:21:26,540
+Remember, every time, everywhere, there will be
+
+322
+00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:31,530
+people who hate literature. poetry, drama, stage,
+
+323
+00:21:31,890 --> 00:21:35,230
+theater, or every kind of artistic expression,
+
+324
+00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:40,610
+even sculptures. So when we see how evil ISIS is
+
+325
+00:21:40,610 --> 00:21:45,830
+destroying some heritage, some legacies, this
+
+326
+00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:48,610
+didn't start here. It started a long time ago. We
+
+327
+00:21:48,610 --> 00:21:51,290
+spoke about King Henry VIII, remember, who
+
+328
+00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:54,570
+destroyed and burned down the monasteries and the
+
+329
+00:21:54,570 --> 00:21:57,730
+churches because he had a dispute with the Pope.
+
+330
+00:22:00,180 --> 00:22:02,280
+And we've seen how throughout time and place,
+
+331
+00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:05,740
+sometimes books were burnt. Sometimes authors were
+
+332
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,820
+killed, executed, because they wrote something. So
+
+333
+00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:12,640
+we have the Puritans here. Puritans, it comes from
+
+334
+00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:17,980
+the word pure. You know, pure, purify, taqi, naqi,
+
+335
+00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,260
+tahir, something like this. Puritans, al
+
+336
+00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:22,680
+-mutahhirun, al-taqiya, al-mutahhirun, whatever
+
+337
+00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:27,840
+the name can translate into Arabic. This is a
+
+338
+00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,770
+religious group. but became very famous in the
+
+339
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:34,830
+17th century. And they hated the theater very
+
+340
+00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:36,950
+much. They didn't look at the theater as an
+
+341
+00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:42,010
+artistic expression, as a literary form, as a very
+
+342
+00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:44,410
+important cultural expression, expression of
+
+343
+00:22:44,410 --> 00:22:49,230
+identity, expression of a whole culture. They
+
+344
+00:22:49,230 --> 00:22:53,790
+looked at the theater as a source a source of
+
+345
+00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:59,330
+corruption, a source of violence, a source of sins
+
+346
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:04,990
+and vices. So they attacked the theater and the
+
+347
+00:23:04,990 --> 00:23:08,450
+playwrights. They criticized this harshly. They
+
+348
+00:23:08,450 --> 00:23:12,090
+didn't see that plays, even the violent plays, as
+
+349
+00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:17,830
+a possible way of changing and cleansing people
+
+350
+00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:22,530
+and purifying people even. You should know this.
+
+351
+00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,610
+Literature makes us better people. Because we are
+
+352
+00:23:25,610 --> 00:23:28,990
+exposed to different peoples, different cultures.
+
+353
+00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:32,770
+And we identify with them. We've seen how, again,
+
+354
+00:23:33,030 --> 00:23:35,830
+as Palestinians, we feel sorry for Shailaq. We
+
+355
+00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:39,730
+break the barriers of being different race or
+
+356
+00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:42,410
+different religion. And we feel sorry for him. We
+
+357
+00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:46,010
+don't care whether he is a Zionist or a Jew or
+
+358
+00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:48,510
+Christian or whatever. And that's the beauty of
+
+359
+00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:52,020
+literature. It brings us all together. But this
+
+360
+00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:57,260
+religious, extreme religious sect group said, no.
+
+361
+00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,480
+Theater is corrupting. You know corrupting? What
+
+362
+00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:03,920
+corrupting is? It's destroying the minds,
+
+363
+00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:06,480
+destroying of the people, destroying the future of
+
+364
+00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:11,880
+other society. People learn violence from watching
+
+365
+00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:19,170
+these plays, and eventually, sadly, In 1642, very
+
+366
+00:24:19,170 --> 00:24:26,250
+important date, 1642, they closed the theater. So
+
+367
+00:24:26,250 --> 00:24:33,210
+what happened in 1642? The closure of theater by
+
+368
+00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:37,230
+the Puritans. Why? They believed it was a source
+
+369
+00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:40,010
+of corruption, violence, sins.
+
+370
+00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:46,810
+And it's so sad, heartbreaking how the golden age
+
+371
+00:24:46,810 --> 00:24:50,670
+of Shakespeare and Marlowe and Ben Jonson and
+
+372
+00:24:50,670 --> 00:24:56,450
+Thomas Kidd ended in criticism,
+
+373
+00:24:58,250 --> 00:25:02,670
+censorship, remember? Censorship. Play this, don't
+
+374
+00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:09,260
+play this. Delete this. And decline. The golden
+
+375
+00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:13,240
+age of drama that lasted about 50 years comes to
+
+376
+00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:18,900
+an abrupt, violent, sudden ending because of the
+
+377
+00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,220
+Puritans, who hated drama and viewed it as a
+
+378
+00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,000
+source of corruption rather than an artistic
+
+379
+00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,460
+expression, an expression of culture.
+
+380
+00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:37,180
+And this is so sad. And I mean it. It's
+
+381
+00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:40,320
+heartbreaking. Because we could have more people
+
+382
+00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,080
+like Shakespeare, like Marlowe. However, listen.
+
+383
+00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,140
+People's creativity never stops. I usually
+
+384
+00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,920
+describe literature and creativity as whatever,
+
+385
+00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:57,340
+like water. When there is water, if you close one
+
+386
+00:25:57,340 --> 00:26:02,480
+particular route or path, it eventually goes From
+
+387
+00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,900
+another way. Down, up, next, right, left. And
+
+388
+00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,700
+literature is part of who we are as human beings.
+
+389
+00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,100
+Cats can't say literature. They mew, but their
+
+390
+00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,300
+mewing isn't poetry. It could be musical, but not
+
+391
+00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,980
+poetry. Dogs bark, and sometimes their barking is
+
+392
+00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:26,910
+Musical, there is rhythm there, but there could be
+
+393
+00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:30,590
+a meaning. But humans, only humans are able to
+
+394
+00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,250
+produce literature and poetry and drama. So no
+
+395
+00:26:34,250 --> 00:26:38,650
+matter how much censorship there is, human beings
+
+396
+00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:44,370
+will express themselves in a beautiful way, in a
+
+397
+00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,790
+way or another. They will write literature in a
+
+398
+00:26:46,790 --> 00:26:51,400
+way or another. So the closure of The theater
+
+399
+00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,960
+didn't mean the end of literature. It didn't mean
+
+400
+00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,600
+that people, okay, we're not going to write
+
+401
+00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,040
+anymore, we're going to go home. It meant that
+
+402
+00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:02,440
+people tried to find other genres, other methods
+
+403
+00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,060
+to express themselves artistically. And that's why
+
+404
+00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:09,840
+after this, people like poets and even playwrights
+
+405
+00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,600
+wrote more poetry. And probably some time after
+
+406
+00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,620
+this, about 50 years later, or 20 years later, or
+
+407
+00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:22,860
+60 years later, a new very important genre started
+
+408
+00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:27,440
+to rise, the novel. So OK, you don't want us to
+
+409
+00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,420
+write stuff to be performed on the stage? OK, I
+
+410
+00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:33,260
+write poetry. And poetry is more personal. No one
+
+411
+00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:35,880
+can tell you don't write poetry, because you write
+
+412
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,180
+it for yourself, and you write it for A group of
+
+413
+00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:44,140
+close friends. So again, the Elizabethan golden
+
+414
+00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:47,480
+age, the golden age of drama, the age of Queen
+
+415
+00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,840
+Elizabeth, King James I ended due to the Puritans
+
+416
+00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:58,480
+by criticism, censorship, and decline. Was it
+
+417
+00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,380
+never opened again? Yeah, but later on. And at
+
+418
+00:28:02,380 --> 00:28:05,060
+this time, people just moved on. You don't just
+
+419
+00:28:05,060 --> 00:28:09,220
+wait at the globe expecting And when it opened, it
+
+420
+00:28:09,220 --> 00:28:13,000
+was totally different. People no longer wrote
+
+421
+00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,240
+plays, no longer used poetry to write plays. It
+
+422
+00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,980
+became prose later on. We'll come probably back to
+
+423
+00:28:21,980 --> 00:28:26,240
+this after 200 years. We'll see the drama comes
+
+424
+00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:31,440
+back again to life. So I'll stop here. Please, if
+
+425
+00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:32,960
+you have a question, do ask.
+
+426
+00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,120
+If anyone has a suggestion, has an idea, anyone
+
+427
+00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:52,740
+read something, wants to share, please.
+
+428
+00:28:56,620 --> 00:29:01,140
+No, less than that. But the theater, the drama was
+
+429
+00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,040
+never the same again. It never recovered. It came
+
+430
+00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,940
+back to life, but it wasn't as powerful because
+
+431
+00:29:07,940 --> 00:29:11,220
+now people can read. There's the newspaper. You
+
+432
+00:29:11,220 --> 00:29:14,340
+don't have to go out and watch and pay money. You
+
+433
+00:29:14,340 --> 00:29:17,300
+buy the newspaper, you buy the book, and you just
+
+434
+00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:24,360
+read it. Yes. Someone. Good question.
+
+435
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:33,820
+Okay, do you want me to ask you questions? Okay,
+
+436
+00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,780
+we'll have a quiz now. I ask you to compare and
+
+437
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:44,240
+contrast Shylock and Barabbas. Okay, and now I
+
+438
+00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,760
+want to ask you this
+
+439
+00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,260
+about these two Jewish characters in English
+
+440
+00:29:52,260 --> 00:29:52,960
+literature.
+
+441
+00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,830
+I chose, I think I have nine quotes from are the
+
+442
+00:30:00,830 --> 00:30:05,150
+Merchant of Venice and the Jew of Malta and I want
+
+443
+00:30:05,150 --> 00:30:10,950
+you to recognize the speaker Shylock or Barabas
+
+444
+00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:18,790
+and tell me why so number one other than the fact
+
+445
+00:30:18,790 --> 00:30:22,030
+you know this already. So even if you know the
+
+446
+00:30:22,030 --> 00:30:26,450
+quote already, the extract, tell me how this
+
+447
+00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:30,350
+extract reflects either Barabbas or Shylock.
+
+448
+00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:31,290
+Number one.
+
+449
+00:30:34,130 --> 00:30:37,910
+Please, Sabah. Shylock. Read. Can you read? The
+
+450
+00:30:37,910 --> 00:30:41,570
+felony you teach me, I will excuse, and it shall
+
+451
+00:30:41,570 --> 00:30:44,470
+go hard, but I will bitter the instruction. I will
+
+452
+00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:45,750
+bitter the instruction.
+
+453
+00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,800
+Because we read this already, we know this by
+
+454
+00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,700
+heart maybe. But how does it reflect Shylock?
+
+455
+00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:02,380
+When Antonio
+
+456
+00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:07,680
+wanted
+
+457
+00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:11,700
+to borrow money And he couldn't pay the money
+
+458
+00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:16,700
+back. People came to Shylock, begging him to just
+
+459
+00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,440
+wet more what you want to do with a pound of
+
+460
+00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,920
+flesh. And he was like? To bait fish with oil.
+
+461
+00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,020
+Yeah, to bait fish with oil. If it feed nothing.
+
+462
+00:31:29,020 --> 00:31:31,760
+If I get fish, feed my revenge. Feed my revenge.
+
+463
+00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,680
+But revenge is also a theme in the Jew of Malta.
+
+464
+00:31:38,250 --> 00:31:45,010
+So this could also be Barabbas, right? Maybe. The
+
+465
+00:31:45,010 --> 00:31:48,150
+villain in Barabbas already exists. Here he says,
+
+466
+00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:52,150
+the villain you teach me. So shall we teach how to
+
+467
+00:31:52,150 --> 00:31:56,010
+be good? So you think Barabbas is born a villain?
+
+468
+00:31:56,490 --> 00:32:00,950
+Yes, maybe. Because something happened to him that
+
+469
+00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:04,230
+made him go crazy. Not to justify his evil,
+
+470
+00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:09,750
+villainy. Because remember why he decided to take
+
+471
+00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650
+revenge? Because his money was taken out from him.
+
+472
+00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:19,410
+His money was taken away by the Christians. So
+
+473
+00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:24,310
+there's revenge there. There's revenge here. So if
+
+474
+00:32:24,310 --> 00:32:27,530
+we don't know this, probably we can say it could
+
+475
+00:32:27,530 --> 00:32:30,950
+be by either. But yeah, this is Shylock.
+
+476
+00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:40,170
+Maybe Shylock is smarter, more sane, because that
+
+477
+00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:44,830
+man is bloody hell. Barabbas is really
+
+478
+00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:49,030
+bloodthirsty. He doesn't think. He just wants to
+
+479
+00:32:49,030 --> 00:32:51,130
+kill. If he thinks, he wouldn't poison his own
+
+480
+00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:54,650
+daughter, for God's sake. But this is a man who
+
+481
+00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:59,090
+plans, a man who will better the instructions. You
+
+482
+00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:03,500
+teach me villainy, I will do the same to you. I'm
+
+483
+00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,000
+smarter than you. Next,
+
+484
+00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:11,100
+please.
+
+485
+00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:23,000
+This is also Shilog because we know it, right? But
+
+486
+00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,440
+does it reflect anything about Shilog? Please.
+
+487
+00:33:30,780 --> 00:33:36,000
+Was weak? weak yes he asked if he he said that
+
+488
+00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,240
+they are the same people there unlike perverse who
+
+489
+00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,560
+doesn't care he just wanted to kill him yes he
+
+490
+00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:44,460
+just wanted to kill him excellent Shakespeare
+
+491
+00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:50,360
+focuses on the theme of shared humanities what's
+
+492
+00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,160
+the difference between Shylock and Antonio nothing
+
+493
+00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:59,950
+so he's calling for equality He wanted to be, he's
+
+494
+00:33:59,950 --> 00:34:04,630
+calling for justice here. But in the Jew of Malta,
+
+495
+00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:08,810
+we don't have this. It's just revenge, death, and
+
+496
+00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:16,190
+killing. Next. Someone read? Please.
+
+497
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,850
+Oh yes,
+
+498
+00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:34,390
+interesting.
+
+499
+00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,600
+Probably, yeah, he doesn't. Shylock generally
+
+500
+00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,600
+embraces his Jewish identity. He mentions this
+
+501
+00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,720
+more than once. When he's invited to eat with
+
+502
+00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:52,980
+Antonio, he says, sorry, I don't eat pork. And
+
+503
+00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:56,460
+then later on he says, have not a Jew wine. He
+
+504
+00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,240
+embraces his, he's not a Shin, he's a proud Jewish
+
+505
+00:34:59,240 --> 00:35:04,140
+man, which is in a way good. But Barabbas uses
+
+506
+00:35:04,140 --> 00:35:06,620
+religion. And this is something that reflects his
+
+507
+00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:10,580
+attitude. I count religion but a childish toy.
+
+508
+00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:15,900
+Childish. It's a toy. It's a tool. For?
+
+509
+00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:24,000
+Raise your hand. Read. You know what the serpent
+
+510
+00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,640
+is? Serpent is a snake. I gave you the meaning.
+
+511
+00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:35,420
+Yes. Barabas or Shylock?
+
+512
+00:35:44,860 --> 00:35:57,980
+How does this reflect? Please, read. We have
+
+513
+00:35:57,980 --> 00:36:00,480
+the serpent, you know, and the dove. You know
+
+514
+00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:04,890
+dove? So I'll show, I'll pretend to be the dove,
+
+515
+00:36:05,590 --> 00:36:11,570
+but in reality I am a snake. Shylock or Barabas?
+
+516
+00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:16,290
+Barabas. Are you sure? Yes. Are you sure? Who says
+
+517
+00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:21,190
+it's Shylock? Shylock, why? Because he pretended
+
+518
+00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:25,650
+to be nice with Antonio by giving him all his
+
+519
+00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:28,550
+money. Are you sure? He didn't pretend, he just
+
+520
+00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:32,520
+gave it. He lied when he said, the pond is for
+
+521
+00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,940
+merry sport, just for fun, just sign, a pound of
+
+522
+00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:38,540
+flesh, come on, you already have the money. But
+
+523
+00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:41,320
+other than this, Shylock was clear, he wanted
+
+524
+00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,420
+revenge. When he was asked, he said, I want
+
+525
+00:36:44,420 --> 00:36:49,060
+revenge. And he just said it, I will execute the
+
+526
+00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:52,540
+villainy, but I am better. But there's another man
+
+527
+00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:57,960
+who was hiding behind a mask. Someone pretended to
+
+528
+00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,200
+be. nice and good but in reality he kills people
+
+529
+00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:09,820
+he poisons people and this man is Barabbas so yeah
+
+530
+00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:12,560
+thank you most of you said it is Barabbas he
+
+531
+00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:16,620
+pretends to be good because at one moment he
+
+532
+00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:18,460
+pretends to be christian he says oh i'm a
+
+533
+00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,760
+christian i converted to christianity and he kills
+
+534
+00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:25,440
+everyone around him So now I'll show myself to
+
+535
+00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,540
+have more of a serpent than than the dove because
+
+536
+00:37:29,540 --> 00:37:33,100
+in the past he was the opposite. But he's
+
+537
+00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,400
+revealing his true identity. Yeah, there is shared
+
+538
+00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,500
+stuff here between him and number six.
+
+539
+00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:43,960
+Yeah, yeah, please.
+
+540
+00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:55,000
+Because you know this? Why? He wants justice. I
+
+541
+00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,520
+think revenge comes in the sense of justice, more
+
+542
+00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:03,120
+than being some villain, blood. If he took his own
+
+543
+00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,720
+flesh, Antonio could have died. So there is that,
+
+544
+00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:12,860
+death, blood, revenge. But there is one person who
+
+545
+00:38:12,860 --> 00:38:17,760
+doesn't have enough revenge. He kills scores of
+
+546
+00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:23,460
+people, tens of people. Many people are killed. So
+
+547
+00:38:23,460 --> 00:38:26,560
+this man, it will feed my revenge. But someone
+
+548
+00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,420
+else, Barabbas, nothing feeds his revenge, not
+
+549
+00:38:29,420 --> 00:38:31,060
+even killing his own daughter.
+
+550
+00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:39,380
+Seven, please. As for myself, I work abroad a lot
+
+551
+00:38:39,380 --> 00:38:43,180
+and keep seeing people crawling, running under
+
+552
+00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:46,820
+walls. Sometimes I go about and poison girls.
+
+553
+00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:53,680
+OK. I like how you use the word obviously, because
+
+554
+00:38:53,680 --> 00:39:01,820
+you're confident. When you
+
+555
+00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:05,260
+go home, please Google this. It's really horrible.
+
+556
+00:39:05,380 --> 00:39:07,500
+One of the most horrible things you will ever
+
+557
+00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:11,100
+read. Someone in a way bragging about just walking
+
+558
+00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:14,320
+nonchalantly at night and killing the sick
+
+559
+00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:18,240
+homeless people and poisoning wells. But this is
+
+560
+00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:21,300
+also a stereotype, a bad, wrong stereotype about
+
+561
+00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,940
+Jews. What is Manu doing here? What is Barabbas
+
+562
+00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:28,380
+doing here? So it's easy to tell that Shiloh
+
+563
+00:39:28,380 --> 00:39:31,020
+didn't want to poison anybody. He just wants
+
+564
+00:39:31,020 --> 00:39:33,760
+interests, more money, and justice, and revenge.
+
+565
+00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:40,100
+So as for myself, I walk abroad at night and kill
+
+566
+00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,600
+sick people groaning under walls. Sometimes I go
+
+567
+00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,080
+about and poison wells. You know wells? What's a
+
+568
+00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:51,660
+well? Yeah, water well, water. Underground water,
+
+569
+00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,720
+you get it through wells. Eight.
+
+570
+00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:07,580
+Yeah, someone? Someone else?
+
+571
+00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:12,400
+Shiloh had a daughter also. Don't forget this.
+
+572
+00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:12,820
+Yeah?
+
+573
+00:40:16,140 --> 00:40:20,100
+Be silent daughter, suffer his greedies. I guess
+
+574
+00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:25,080
+Tarabas said that because he forced his daughter
+
+575
+00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,120
+to do bad stuff and she didn't want to. Maybe he
+
+576
+00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:33,140
+was convincing her. Controlling her, be silent,
+
+577
+00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:40,220
+ordering her to... If you forgive sufferance, if
+
+578
+00:40:40,220 --> 00:40:45,640
+you tolerate, if you forgive, This breeds ease. In
+
+579
+00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:50,040
+a sense, it means if you let people wrong you and
+
+580
+00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:52,460
+you don't take revenge, people will get used to
+
+581
+00:40:52,460 --> 00:40:55,420
+wronging you all the time. So if someone slaps
+
+582
+00:40:55,420 --> 00:40:57,840
+you, don't give the other cheek. You just punch
+
+583
+00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,720
+them and probably kill them. That's his strategy.
+
+584
+00:41:01,740 --> 00:41:03,320
+So he's telling his daughter, don't forgive.
+
+585
+00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:07,530
+Forgiving is not good. Forgiving doesn't make
+
+586
+00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:10,510
+people rethink their crimes or their mistreatment.
+
+587
+00:41:11,130 --> 00:41:14,390
+Forgiving makes people want to wrong you even
+
+588
+00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:23,110
+more, to hurt you even more. And finally, finally,
+
+589
+00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:31,090
+finally, finally, someone read first. Please.
+
+590
+00:41:42,190 --> 00:41:45,830
+Christian Exclamations. I hate him for he is
+
+591
+00:41:45,830 --> 00:41:51,150
+Christian. I hate him for he is a Christian.
+
+592
+00:41:56,770 --> 00:42:00,790
+Who was more religious than the other? Probably
+
+593
+00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:03,750
+Shylock. We said he was a proud Jewish person who
+
+594
+00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:07,110
+embraced his heritage and his religion in a way
+
+595
+00:42:07,110 --> 00:42:11,310
+that is probably more obvious
+
+596
+00:42:11,310 --> 00:42:15,410
+than Barabbas. Barabbas's religion for him is a
+
+597
+00:42:15,410 --> 00:42:20,590
+childish toy. I hate him but he says this when he
+
+598
+00:42:20,590 --> 00:42:24,250
+says I hate him for he is a Christian but he later
+
+599
+00:42:24,250 --> 00:42:27,870
+on he says I also hate him because he called me a
+
+600
+00:42:27,870 --> 00:42:31,850
+dog and this is also a beautiful speech from
+
+601
+00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,990
+Shiloh one of the beautiful speeches there where
+
+602
+00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:37,430
+he said okay you call me a dog have a dog money
+
+603
+00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:40,230
+because now you want to take to borrow my money
+
+604
+00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:43,550
+have a dog money you spit in my face and now you
+
+605
+00:42:43,550 --> 00:42:47,960
+want money you want my money So there is this
+
+606
+00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:53,880
+religion thing. But more, it's the mistreatment. I
+
+607
+00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,120
+will not ask you questions like these in the exam.
+
+608
+00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:59,020
+This is just for fun. But it's good to try to
+
+609
+00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:02,600
+learn to see whether a particular line can reflect
+
+610
+00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,400
+the author, the features of the age. Think of
+
+611
+00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,320
+this. Because later on, you will be doing this
+
+612
+00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:14,340
+when you grow up and become
+
+613
+00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:19,220
+senior students. I'll stop here unless someone has
+
+614
+00:43:19,220 --> 00:43:23,820
+a question. Questions, please. Any question?
+
+615
+00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:28,100
+Okay, thank you very much.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2460 @@
+1
+00:00:20,650 --> 00:00:25,970
+Hello everyone and welcome back to our journey
+
+2
+00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:30,170
+into the history of English literature and
+
+3
+00:00:30,170 --> 00:00:32,230
+introductory course to students of the Islamic
+
+4
+00:00:32,230 --> 00:00:39,170
+University of English department in Gaza. So when
+
+5
+00:00:39,170 --> 00:00:41,970
+we studied Shakespeare as a dramatist and as a
+
+6
+00:00:41,970 --> 00:00:45,230
+poet, we moved on to speak about more dramatists
+
+7
+00:00:45,230 --> 00:00:49,650
+in the golden age of drama, the age of Queen
+
+8
+00:00:49,650 --> 00:00:55,630
+Elizabeth and King James I, the heyday of the
+
+9
+00:00:55,630 --> 00:00:59,170
+golden age of drama. Shakespeare was one of
+
+10
+00:00:59,170 --> 00:01:01,530
+several dramatists and playwrights of that time.
+
+11
+00:01:02,130 --> 00:01:05,230
+Last time we discussed two important names. Can
+
+12
+00:01:05,230 --> 00:01:09,270
+you remind me? Christopher Marlowe and Ben
+
+13
+00:01:09,270 --> 00:01:12,550
+Johnson. And Ben Johnson. What's the major
+
+14
+00:01:12,550 --> 00:01:15,690
+difference between Marlowe and Shakespeare?
+
+15
+00:01:16,210 --> 00:01:19,830
+Please. Marlowe shared the university. Okay.
+
+16
+00:01:23,990 --> 00:01:27,770
+So number one Christopher Marlowe was a university
+
+17
+00:01:27,770 --> 00:01:31,450
+wit and a university graduate and this term
+
+18
+00:01:31,450 --> 00:01:36,170
+university wits describes people writers authors
+
+19
+00:01:36,170 --> 00:01:40,590
+who studied at either oxford or cambridge no
+
+20
+00:01:40,590 --> 00:01:43,750
+harvard yes the second major difference please
+
+21
+00:01:43,750 --> 00:01:46,710
+Marlowe gives every character a highly poetic
+
+22
+00:01:46,710 --> 00:01:49,670
+language okay very good and that's influenced by
+
+23
+00:01:49,670 --> 00:01:53,640
+his Education. Interesting. I like how you link
+
+24
+00:01:53,640 --> 00:01:55,880
+between his studies and the fact that he insists
+
+25
+00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,400
+on a particular style. Not sure if you heard this
+
+26
+00:01:59,400 --> 00:02:02,920
+story about Abu Tamam, the famous Arab poet. Many
+
+27
+00:02:02,920 --> 00:02:06,400
+told him, Abu Tamam, why do you keep writing
+
+28
+00:02:06,400 --> 00:02:11,520
+highly sophisticated, elite poetry that not many
+
+29
+00:02:11,520 --> 00:02:14,970
+people can understand? Why don't you write
+
+30
+00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,770
+ordinary poetry so people can understand? All
+
+31
+00:02:17,770 --> 00:02:20,670
+people. He said, why don't people understand my
+
+32
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:24,450
+highly sophisticated poetry? So there are trends
+
+33
+00:02:24,450 --> 00:02:27,910
+and attitude. Some people want to write everything
+
+34
+00:02:27,910 --> 00:02:30,610
+poetic, but some people want to write for
+
+35
+00:02:30,610 --> 00:02:35,570
+different audiences. OK, we have two major works
+
+36
+00:02:35,570 --> 00:02:38,690
+for Marlow. Remember, Marlow preceded Shakespeare.
+
+37
+00:02:39,860 --> 00:02:43,360
+For so many, Shakespeare learned from and was
+
+38
+00:02:43,360 --> 00:02:47,300
+inspired by Marlow, especially his play,
+
+39
+00:02:48,520 --> 00:02:52,980
+The Jew of Malta. The Jew of Malta, where
+
+40
+00:02:52,980 --> 00:02:56,360
+Barabbas, remember? A Jewish character is the main
+
+41
+00:02:56,360 --> 00:02:59,960
+character, and we compared Barabbas to Shylock in
+
+42
+00:02:59,960 --> 00:03:03,520
+a way. Can someone give me more insight about
+
+43
+00:03:03,520 --> 00:03:06,180
+this, the differences between Barabbas and,
+
+44
+00:03:06,220 --> 00:03:13,350
+please. Part of us were very deep evil, but
+
+45
+00:03:13,350 --> 00:03:19,490
+Shylock in some situations you can feel sorry
+
+46
+00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:23,730
+about him and something like that, but part of us
+
+47
+00:03:23,730 --> 00:03:29,730
+was even used his daughter in his revenge. How
+
+48
+00:03:29,730 --> 00:03:35,030
+evil is that? So in a way Shakespeare humanizes
+
+49
+00:03:35,030 --> 00:03:40,090
+the outsider, intruder, the Jewish man in the
+
+50
+00:03:40,090 --> 00:03:43,930
+Christian community. He humanizes him. Sometimes
+
+51
+00:03:43,930 --> 00:03:47,830
+we feel sorry for him, for what happens to him.
+
+52
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:55,190
+But Barabbas is almost complete evil. Someone who
+
+53
+00:03:55,190 --> 00:03:59,030
+uses his own daughter as a sex object.
+
+54
+00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:04,480
+to seduce someone so people can kill themselves.
+
+55
+00:04:05,480 --> 00:04:08,740
+And when she refuses, like later on, when she
+
+56
+00:04:08,740 --> 00:04:12,480
+realizes how evil her father was, what does he do
+
+57
+00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:18,900
+to her? He poisons her. He kills her. Causes the
+
+58
+00:04:18,900 --> 00:04:21,800
+death of many people. What else can you say about
+
+59
+00:04:21,800 --> 00:04:27,360
+Barabas and Shylock, please? No, no, Barabas and
+
+60
+00:04:27,360 --> 00:04:30,100
+Shylock.
+
+61
+00:04:33,310 --> 00:04:38,570
+which is more, in a way, more artistic. Because in
+
+62
+00:04:38,570 --> 00:04:40,370
+literature, listen, there's no, there shouldn't be
+
+63
+00:04:40,370 --> 00:04:43,910
+absolute evil in literature. If characters are too
+
+64
+00:04:43,910 --> 00:04:45,450
+good or too bad,
+
+65
+00:04:48,370 --> 00:04:51,370
+but if it is a bad character who does good things
+
+66
+00:04:51,370 --> 00:04:56,090
+or a good character who does bad things, we kind
+
+67
+00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:59,230
+of, in a way, relate sometimes. It's similar to
+
+68
+00:04:59,230 --> 00:05:01,690
+us. Because if they are too good, too bad, it's
+
+69
+00:05:01,690 --> 00:05:08,050
+like angels and demons or the devil. So
+
+70
+00:05:08,050 --> 00:05:11,630
+Shakespeare is more colorful. And the same thing
+
+71
+00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:15,470
+happens for Othello, more colorful. Ethelmore, the
+
+72
+00:05:15,470 --> 00:05:18,450
+black character in The Jew of Malta, is also in a
+
+73
+00:05:18,450 --> 00:05:21,470
+way, in so many ways, is pure evil because he
+
+74
+00:05:21,470 --> 00:05:26,460
+helps. It's more to kill as many people as
+
+75
+00:05:26,460 --> 00:05:29,920
+possible. So this is a tragedy. There's blood,
+
+76
+00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:30,800
+there's revenge.
+
+77
+00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,760
+What else did we say about Marlow? More? Marlow?
+
+78
+00:05:41,000 --> 00:05:45,920
+Yeah? Marlow. You like the masks. Tell us about
+
+79
+00:05:45,920 --> 00:05:53,160
+the masks. Yeah, okay. Okay, the masks. The plays
+
+80
+00:05:53,160 --> 00:05:54,980
+that are presented in the mosque, they are
+
+81
+00:05:54,980 --> 00:05:58,200
+presented for kings and queens and royal families.
+
+82
+00:05:58,580 --> 00:06:02,220
+Also they are presented for one time, only once.
+
+83
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:10,220
+It's been acted. Not professional actors, but
+
+84
+00:06:10,220 --> 00:06:13,640
+members of the royal and noble families. What do
+
+85
+00:06:13,640 --> 00:06:16,560
+we learn from the mosques? What does it indicate
+
+86
+00:06:16,560 --> 00:06:21,640
+about how the king, because the mosques became
+
+87
+00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:25,660
+famous during the reign of King James I, who
+
+88
+00:06:25,660 --> 00:06:29,800
+succeeded Queen Elizabeth. What does it tell us
+
+89
+00:06:29,800 --> 00:06:32,120
+about literature and literal production of that
+
+90
+00:06:32,120 --> 00:06:36,940
+time? The mosque. Kings appreciate literature and
+
+91
+00:06:36,940 --> 00:06:40,160
+doctrine. Remember King Alfred in the Middle Ages?
+
+92
+00:06:40,440 --> 00:06:46,330
+Yes. Now, in the old English literature, we saw
+
+93
+00:06:46,330 --> 00:06:49,170
+the church taking care of a lot of writing down
+
+94
+00:06:49,170 --> 00:06:52,310
+many of the poems. And now the kings, the royal
+
+95
+00:06:52,310 --> 00:06:54,550
+family, the monarchy in general started paying
+
+96
+00:06:54,550 --> 00:06:57,130
+more attention to literature because literature is
+
+97
+00:06:57,130 --> 00:06:59,430
+powerful, it's important. Because literature can
+
+98
+00:06:59,430 --> 00:07:02,710
+change the way we think, the way we behave, the
+
+99
+00:07:02,710 --> 00:07:05,850
+way we react. So they realized that they have to
+
+100
+00:07:05,850 --> 00:07:09,050
+bring many poets and playwrights closer to them
+
+101
+00:07:09,050 --> 00:07:11,750
+and they became their patrons. They would give
+
+102
+00:07:11,750 --> 00:07:14,270
+them money and provide them with protection in
+
+103
+00:07:14,270 --> 00:07:17,530
+exchange for praise, for good poetry. So King
+
+104
+00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:21,530
+James brought the whole theater inside instead of
+
+105
+00:07:21,530 --> 00:07:24,790
+going to the Globe, you know Shakespeare. he
+
+106
+00:07:24,790 --> 00:07:28,330
+brought it inside and many playwrights wrote
+
+107
+00:07:28,330 --> 00:07:32,010
+several masks and a mask is a short play with
+
+108
+00:07:32,010 --> 00:07:35,910
+noble themes themes special for the king and the
+
+109
+00:07:35,910 --> 00:07:39,390
+royal family it would be performed on certain
+
+110
+00:07:39,390 --> 00:07:43,430
+occasions only once etc etc and a famous
+
+111
+00:07:43,430 --> 00:07:46,430
+playwright who wrote Ben Johnson
+
+112
+00:07:50,370 --> 00:07:55,350
+and the queen, the mask of queens or something.
+
+113
+00:07:56,510 --> 00:07:58,350
+And it's funny how, remember when we first
+
+114
+00:07:58,350 --> 00:08:00,610
+mentioned Ben Jonson, we said he was arrested more
+
+115
+00:08:00,610 --> 00:08:03,330
+than once, probably for being critical of
+
+116
+00:08:03,330 --> 00:08:09,010
+somebody, but now he is buddies with the king. And
+
+117
+00:08:09,010 --> 00:08:11,930
+he's a famous man. We're going to get back to Ben
+
+118
+00:08:11,930 --> 00:08:16,010
+Johnson as a critic. So today we continue. We
+
+119
+00:08:16,010 --> 00:08:19,850
+speak about certain issues again related to drama,
+
+120
+00:08:20,030 --> 00:08:23,730
+mainly during King James I drama that is described
+
+121
+00:08:23,730 --> 00:08:28,370
+as the Jacobian. Again, Elizabethan and Jacobian.
+
+122
+00:08:28,690 --> 00:08:31,050
+Although Shakespeare is both, he's generally
+
+123
+00:08:31,050 --> 00:08:35,280
+described as Elizabethan. So King James was one of
+
+124
+00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:38,540
+the kings who, we'll see this probably later on,
+
+125
+00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:41,780
+he loved literature and writing and artistic
+
+126
+00:08:41,780 --> 00:08:44,240
+expressions. It was during his reign that the
+
+127
+00:08:44,240 --> 00:08:47,300
+Bible for the first time was officially translated
+
+128
+00:08:47,300 --> 00:08:51,540
+into English. Can you imagine this? England is a
+
+129
+00:08:51,540 --> 00:08:57,740
+Christian country for 1,000, almost 1,000 years.
+
+130
+00:08:58,340 --> 00:09:03,240
+And the religious book, the Bible was in Latin.
+
+131
+00:09:04,880 --> 00:09:09,560
+And this is the first official translation here, 1
+
+132
+00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:13,240
+,000 years later. But again, it shows how the king
+
+133
+00:09:13,240 --> 00:09:18,200
+played a major role in helping poets and
+
+134
+00:09:18,200 --> 00:09:22,100
+playwrights and literary figures. And remember,
+
+135
+00:09:22,220 --> 00:09:26,300
+this always comes at a price. because if you are
+
+136
+00:09:26,300 --> 00:09:28,980
+friends with the king probably you're not going to
+
+137
+00:09:28,980 --> 00:09:31,400
+be critical of him in your writing so this is some
+
+138
+00:09:31,400 --> 00:09:34,600
+kind of censorship self-censorship like I don't
+
+139
+00:09:34,600 --> 00:09:36,200
+want to write this because probably the king is
+
+140
+00:09:36,200 --> 00:09:41,330
+going to be to you know get angry or something So
+
+141
+00:09:41,330 --> 00:09:45,590
+because of King James, we have the masks, mainly
+
+142
+00:09:45,590 --> 00:09:50,290
+the masks. And Ben Johnson wrote a famous one
+
+143
+00:09:50,290 --> 00:09:53,290
+called The Mask of Queens. What are masks? Again,
+
+144
+00:09:53,390 --> 00:09:54,750
+they are short plays
+
+145
+00:09:58,120 --> 00:10:02,140
+Acted generally only once. For Shakespeare, for
+
+146
+00:10:02,140 --> 00:10:04,520
+The Globe, the play would be performed more than
+
+147
+00:10:04,520 --> 00:10:06,980
+once, sometimes 20, 30 times, because it would be
+
+148
+00:10:06,980 --> 00:10:09,660
+famous and people from all around, not only
+
+149
+00:10:09,660 --> 00:10:11,480
+London, but other cities would be coming and pay
+
+150
+00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,860
+money to watch. And you pay some pennies, you
+
+151
+00:10:14,860 --> 00:10:17,920
+stand and watch close to the stage. If you are
+
+152
+00:10:17,920 --> 00:10:20,380
+rich, you have more money, you stand on the row,
+
+153
+00:10:20,440 --> 00:10:25,410
+you sit on the rows up. But here, this is a play
+
+154
+00:10:25,410 --> 00:10:28,250
+performed inside the palace, the court of the
+
+155
+00:10:28,250 --> 00:10:30,930
+king. The actors are not professional actors, but
+
+156
+00:10:30,930 --> 00:10:35,230
+mainly members of the royal and noble families.
+
+157
+00:10:35,430 --> 00:10:38,630
+The themes are generally themes about the noble
+
+158
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,270
+life, the lives of the rich people inside.
+
+159
+00:10:43,880 --> 00:10:47,060
+You want them to appreciate you writing your play.
+
+160
+00:10:47,080 --> 00:10:50,620
+You don't bring the poor people again on stage to
+
+161
+00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,260
+them. You write something. And this is how,
+
+162
+00:10:53,680 --> 00:10:56,040
+remember probably once I mentioned this, how
+
+163
+00:10:56,040 --> 00:10:59,140
+sometimes the audience, the readers, can control
+
+164
+00:10:59,140 --> 00:11:01,900
+what you read. Because eventually when you write
+
+165
+00:11:01,900 --> 00:11:04,690
+something, You want people to read and appreciate.
+
+166
+00:11:04,910 --> 00:11:07,670
+So you carefully understand and study your
+
+167
+00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:10,450
+audience. And you tailor your message, your text,
+
+168
+00:11:11,010 --> 00:11:14,970
+in a way accordingly. Many people believe in this.
+
+169
+00:11:15,150 --> 00:11:17,490
+Many say, no, I want to write because writing is
+
+170
+00:11:17,490 --> 00:11:20,250
+an important self-expression. Whether people like
+
+171
+00:11:20,250 --> 00:11:24,570
+it or not, this is for me. I write for myself. But
+
+172
+00:11:24,570 --> 00:11:27,830
+here, people wrote for others generally.
+
+173
+00:11:30,490 --> 00:11:36,420
+So we move. Here to another important figure,
+
+174
+00:11:39,340 --> 00:11:45,260
+Thomas Kidd with The Spanish Tragedy. The Spanish
+
+175
+00:11:45,260 --> 00:11:47,920
+Tragedy is said to be very important here because
+
+176
+00:11:47,920 --> 00:11:53,080
+it was again a play that inspired many other
+
+177
+00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:56,540
+plays. It's generally described, as you can see
+
+178
+00:11:56,540 --> 00:12:02,630
+here, as tragedy of blood. Tragedy of blood. In so
+
+179
+00:12:02,630 --> 00:12:04,690
+many ways, people believe that during the
+
+180
+00:12:04,690 --> 00:12:06,970
+Elizabethan Age, you know, because of the heroism
+
+181
+00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:11,630
+and the knights and the battles and the wars, they
+
+182
+00:12:11,630 --> 00:12:14,130
+brought this on stage. So there is always
+
+183
+00:12:14,130 --> 00:12:17,330
+something, somebody wanting to take revenge.
+
+184
+00:12:18,110 --> 00:12:21,270
+Remember that even the sparrow wanted vengeance
+
+185
+00:12:21,270 --> 00:12:26,550
+from the cat's wild and tame. So The Thomas Kid
+
+186
+00:12:26,550 --> 00:12:30,650
+with the Spanish Tragedy is a play that is said to
+
+187
+00:12:30,650 --> 00:12:35,710
+have inspired Shakespeare's Hamlet and many other
+
+188
+00:12:35,710 --> 00:12:38,670
+such plays where there is a lot of death, blood,
+
+189
+00:12:38,990 --> 00:12:41,840
+and destruction on the stage because I don't know,
+
+190
+00:12:41,920 --> 00:12:44,960
+again, the audience, the people of that time loved
+
+191
+00:12:44,960 --> 00:12:49,620
+violence, loved battles, loved to see this. I
+
+192
+00:12:49,620 --> 00:12:52,560
+don't know how we can explain this, but generally
+
+193
+00:12:52,560 --> 00:12:57,040
+this in a way reflects something inside, the
+
+194
+00:12:57,040 --> 00:13:00,880
+psychology, or it helps us release. Because
+
+195
+00:13:00,880 --> 00:13:03,260
+sometimes if you release the anger, the violence,
+
+196
+00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,800
+you don't do it yourself. If others, if you watch
+
+197
+00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:11,370
+others do this, And some people say, no, this is
+
+198
+00:13:11,370 --> 00:13:14,450
+how people learn to be violent. It's not the other
+
+199
+00:13:14,450 --> 00:13:16,890
+way around. So there's an argument here. Like
+
+200
+00:13:16,890 --> 00:13:20,010
+Hollywood movies, if you watch too much violent
+
+201
+00:13:20,010 --> 00:13:23,230
+movies, you're going to turn up to grow up
+
+202
+00:13:23,230 --> 00:13:26,430
+violent. But people say, no, this is to help them
+
+203
+00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:30,130
+release the anger and the violence inside in a
+
+204
+00:13:30,130 --> 00:13:32,130
+creative way. Because at the end of the day, when
+
+205
+00:13:32,130 --> 00:13:35,470
+you watch the movie, the good are rewarded and the
+
+206
+00:13:35,470 --> 00:13:38,890
+bad are punished. But still, it teaches us that
+
+207
+00:13:38,890 --> 00:13:42,450
+the bad can be punished violently without even
+
+208
+00:13:42,450 --> 00:13:46,650
+court and everything. So however, in the Spanish
+
+209
+00:13:46,650 --> 00:13:49,990
+tragedy, it's exactly the opposite of Hamlet. In
+
+210
+00:13:49,990 --> 00:13:53,290
+Hamlet, we have a son trying to take revenge for
+
+211
+00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:56,790
+the death of his father. Here, it's vice versa. In
+
+212
+00:13:56,790 --> 00:14:00,150
+the Spanish tragedy, as the name suggests, it's a
+
+213
+00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:04,010
+tragedy. But here, we have a father who wants to
+
+214
+00:14:04,010 --> 00:14:07,900
+take revenge for the death of his son. And this is
+
+215
+00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:12,820
+generally called, again, blood tragedy. Why? As
+
+216
+00:14:12,820 --> 00:14:15,520
+the name suggests, there's a lot of blood, death,
+
+217
+00:14:15,940 --> 00:14:21,540
+destruction, violence, and loss on the stage. On
+
+218
+00:14:21,540 --> 00:14:23,680
+the stage. OK?
+
+219
+00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:32,940
+And like we said here, during the reign of King
+
+220
+00:14:32,940 --> 00:14:33,500
+James I,
+
+221
+00:14:36,280 --> 00:14:41,100
+Players grew more and more violent. That's a tough
+
+222
+00:14:41,100 --> 00:14:49,000
+question. Why? Why? Generally literature mirrors
+
+223
+00:14:49,000 --> 00:14:54,160
+life. When you write, people who wrote a hundred
+
+224
+00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:57,540
+years ago didn't mention mobile phones and the
+
+225
+00:14:57,540 --> 00:15:01,860
+internet and Twitter and Facebook because they
+
+226
+00:15:01,860 --> 00:15:03,860
+didn't exist. And this is a very simplistic
+
+227
+00:15:03,860 --> 00:15:08,060
+answer. But usually, you reflect something you
+
+228
+00:15:08,060 --> 00:15:12,100
+feel, something around you, either because there's
+
+229
+00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,500
+too much of it around you, so you reflect it, or
+
+230
+00:15:15,500 --> 00:15:20,880
+because you want this. So in your book, you could,
+
+231
+00:15:20,960 --> 00:15:23,420
+for example, write a story about how women
+
+232
+00:15:23,420 --> 00:15:25,800
+struggle for their rights for equality in Gaza,
+
+233
+00:15:26,420 --> 00:15:29,220
+because you think that women don't have equal
+
+234
+00:15:29,220 --> 00:15:34,020
+rights. So they struggle for this. Or you write
+
+235
+00:15:34,020 --> 00:15:37,780
+because? You want a world, you depict a world, an
+
+236
+00:15:37,780 --> 00:15:43,460
+ideal world where women have equal rights. So it
+
+237
+00:15:43,460 --> 00:15:47,200
+depends on why you basically write. But too much
+
+238
+00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:52,080
+violence in literature reflects at least, if not
+
+239
+00:15:52,080 --> 00:15:55,740
+violence in real life, at least a desire for the
+
+240
+00:15:55,740 --> 00:16:00,400
+audience, for the readers to read, to see, to
+
+241
+00:16:00,400 --> 00:16:05,100
+watch violence. And we'll see how this thing
+
+242
+00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:09,080
+backfires. When you watch, please, I posted
+
+243
+00:16:09,080 --> 00:16:11,420
+probably something from Hamlet on the Facebook
+
+244
+00:16:11,420 --> 00:16:16,160
+group. If you Google or go to YouTube and search
+
+245
+00:16:16,160 --> 00:16:19,400
+for Hamlet, the BBC production, please watch some
+
+246
+00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:24,860
+of the plays. Hamlet is a good way to start. I'm
+
+247
+00:16:24,860 --> 00:16:26,900
+not sure how you're going to feel. But in the
+
+248
+00:16:26,900 --> 00:16:32,690
+past, they say tragedies help us to heal, to
+
+249
+00:16:32,690 --> 00:16:37,930
+release the anger from inside of us. That could be
+
+250
+00:16:37,930 --> 00:16:42,130
+one reason. People, the writers, the authors
+
+251
+00:16:42,130 --> 00:16:45,370
+wanted to fix the society, to show them that too
+
+252
+00:16:45,370 --> 00:16:48,650
+much violence, see, it doesn't end well. It ends
+
+253
+00:16:48,650 --> 00:16:51,010
+with blood, with death, with destruction.
+
+254
+00:16:51,270 --> 00:16:52,110
+Everybody dies.
+
+255
+00:16:55,010 --> 00:17:00,330
+Maybe to show them the results. Yeah, maybe. So
+
+256
+00:17:00,330 --> 00:17:05,150
+next, we move to our final dramatist figure here,
+
+257
+00:17:06,230 --> 00:17:08,870
+John Webster. Listen to me. Yes, there was
+
+258
+00:17:08,870 --> 00:17:12,910
+violence and blood and destruction. But many also
+
+259
+00:17:12,910 --> 00:17:16,050
+playwrights wanted to bring new themes. And we
+
+260
+00:17:16,050 --> 00:17:19,770
+have a wonderful man here, John Webster. He
+
+261
+00:17:19,770 --> 00:17:22,950
+composed several plays, two important plays he
+
+262
+00:17:22,950 --> 00:17:27,630
+composed. are The White Devil and The Duchess of
+
+263
+00:17:27,630 --> 00:17:33,270
+Malfi. Again, The White Devil and The Duchess of
+
+264
+00:17:33,270 --> 00:17:36,670
+Malfi by John Webster. If you look at the name,
+
+265
+00:17:36,790 --> 00:17:41,330
+Duchess is the female of Duke. In Shakespeare,
+
+266
+00:17:41,690 --> 00:17:44,070
+generally, it's a man that is in the title of the
+
+267
+00:17:44,070 --> 00:17:46,350
+play. Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello, King Lear.
+
+268
+00:17:46,690 --> 00:17:49,610
+Although King Lear is largely about his daughters,
+
+269
+00:17:50,110 --> 00:17:53,710
+but King Lear dominates. Or like even when there
+
+270
+00:17:53,710 --> 00:17:56,270
+is a woman in the title, a man is there, Romeo and
+
+271
+00:17:56,270 --> 00:17:59,150
+Juliet. So a woman can't be there even in the
+
+272
+00:17:59,150 --> 00:18:02,610
+title. And even when the woman is alone in the
+
+273
+00:18:02,610 --> 00:18:05,790
+title, it's like taming the shrew. You know,
+
+274
+00:18:05,890 --> 00:18:08,890
+Talweed Al Sharissa by Shakespeare. So even if the
+
+275
+00:18:08,890 --> 00:18:13,030
+woman is in the title, she's not good. Someone, a
+
+276
+00:18:13,030 --> 00:18:17,920
+man is taming her in a way. But here we have an
+
+277
+00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:21,640
+author who brings women and puts them in the title
+
+278
+00:18:21,640 --> 00:18:25,280
+of the plays and makes them the major characters
+
+279
+00:18:25,280 --> 00:18:26,300
+of the whole play.
+
+280
+00:18:29,040 --> 00:18:32,460
+The White Devil and The Duchess of Malfi are two
+
+281
+00:18:32,460 --> 00:18:36,200
+important plays because they bring women as the
+
+282
+00:18:36,200 --> 00:18:40,880
+main characters and they show women as victims to
+
+283
+00:18:40,880 --> 00:18:46,680
+male violence. Male violence. We've seen, for
+
+284
+00:18:46,680 --> 00:18:49,160
+example, Lady Macbeth. We spoke about Lady
+
+285
+00:18:49,160 --> 00:18:54,140
+Macbeth. But generally, she pushes Macbeth to do
+
+286
+00:18:54,140 --> 00:18:58,920
+evil. And she commits suicide. We've seen Ophelia.
+
+287
+00:18:59,620 --> 00:19:03,660
+But Ophelia is too weak, too submissive that she
+
+288
+00:19:03,660 --> 00:19:08,200
+dies. Maybe an accident, maybe suicide. But here
+
+289
+00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,720
+we have women presented as victims, not
+
+290
+00:19:12,720 --> 00:19:17,310
+victimizers. Victims of male violence. And this is
+
+291
+00:19:17,310 --> 00:19:22,130
+why Joan Webster is important. So more social
+
+292
+00:19:22,130 --> 00:19:26,510
+issues, more themes, more characters started to
+
+293
+00:19:26,510 --> 00:19:29,430
+appear on the stage by time. But don't forget,
+
+294
+00:19:29,930 --> 00:19:33,430
+women were not allowed to be on stage so far. So a
+
+295
+00:19:33,430 --> 00:19:38,470
+man would be playing soft voice and no beardless
+
+296
+00:19:38,470 --> 00:19:41,590
+soft voice young man would be playing a role of
+
+297
+00:19:41,590 --> 00:19:46,400
+the woman. Was it a bad idea for John to present
+
+298
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:50,300
+women as victims? Did it affect him? I'm not sure,
+
+299
+00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:54,120
+but we can read more about this. How popular was
+
+300
+00:19:54,120 --> 00:19:59,760
+he? How many times were these plays performed on
+
+301
+00:19:59,760 --> 00:20:01,800
+stage? We can read more about this. So we can
+
+302
+00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:05,380
+compare him. He can't be compared to Shakespeare.
+
+303
+00:20:05,640 --> 00:20:09,290
+No one can. But we can have an impression. We can
+
+304
+00:20:09,290 --> 00:20:12,930
+see, for example, how many times Romeo and Juliet
+
+305
+00:20:12,930 --> 00:20:16,130
+performed and see how many times these were
+
+306
+00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:19,750
+performed. I mean, did it affect him by presenting
+
+307
+00:20:19,750 --> 00:20:24,490
+women as victims? Like people hated him? He gave
+
+308
+00:20:24,490 --> 00:20:29,090
+women the power to stand up and struggle and speak
+
+309
+00:20:29,090 --> 00:20:33,370
+up. He was empowering women in a way. That's a
+
+310
+00:20:33,370 --> 00:20:35,470
+very good question. We need to read more about how
+
+311
+00:20:35,470 --> 00:20:38,050
+he was received. Very interesting question. Thank
+
+312
+00:20:38,050 --> 00:20:44,610
+you. Maybe you can look this up. Okay? Okay, so
+
+313
+00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:47,650
+finally for today, before I... There's a quiz, by
+
+314
+00:20:47,650 --> 00:20:51,810
+the way. But don't panic. It's not four months.
+
+315
+00:20:52,530 --> 00:20:57,030
+Now, this is the golden age of drama. This is
+
+316
+00:20:57,030 --> 00:21:02,940
+Shakespeare, Marlow, Johnson, Thomas Kidd. and
+
+317
+00:21:02,940 --> 00:21:07,700
+John Webster. We have play being the major genre
+
+318
+00:21:07,700 --> 00:21:13,060
+there. However, the drama attracted more violence.
+
+319
+00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,240
+Drama was in so many ways more violent than ever
+
+320
+00:21:18,240 --> 00:21:23,300
+before. And for many people, this was not good.
+
+321
+00:21:23,420 --> 00:21:26,540
+Remember, every time, everywhere, there will be
+
+322
+00:21:26,540 --> 00:21:31,530
+people who hate literature. poetry, drama, stage,
+
+323
+00:21:31,890 --> 00:21:35,230
+theater, or every kind of artistic expression,
+
+324
+00:21:35,350 --> 00:21:40,610
+even sculptures. So when we see how evil ISIS is
+
+325
+00:21:40,610 --> 00:21:45,830
+destroying some heritage, some legacies, this
+
+326
+00:21:45,830 --> 00:21:48,610
+didn't start here. It started a long time ago. We
+
+327
+00:21:48,610 --> 00:21:51,290
+spoke about King Henry VIII, remember, who
+
+328
+00:21:51,290 --> 00:21:54,570
+destroyed and burned down the monasteries and the
+
+329
+00:21:54,570 --> 00:21:57,730
+churches because he had a dispute with the Pope.
+
+330
+00:22:00,180 --> 00:22:02,280
+And we've seen how throughout time and place,
+
+331
+00:22:02,440 --> 00:22:05,740
+sometimes books were burnt. Sometimes authors were
+
+332
+00:22:05,740 --> 00:22:09,820
+killed, executed, because they wrote something. So
+
+333
+00:22:09,820 --> 00:22:12,640
+we have the Puritans here. Puritans, it comes from
+
+334
+00:22:12,640 --> 00:22:17,980
+the word pure. You know, pure, purify, taqi, naqi,
+
+335
+00:22:18,120 --> 00:22:20,260
+tahir, something like this. Puritans, al
+
+336
+00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:22,680
+-mutahhirun, al-taqiya, al-mutahhirun, whatever
+
+337
+00:22:22,680 --> 00:22:27,840
+the name can translate into Arabic. This is a
+
+338
+00:22:27,840 --> 00:22:31,770
+religious group. but became very famous in the
+
+339
+00:22:31,770 --> 00:22:34,830
+17th century. And they hated the theater very
+
+340
+00:22:34,830 --> 00:22:36,950
+much. They didn't look at the theater as an
+
+341
+00:22:36,950 --> 00:22:42,010
+artistic expression, as a literary form, as a very
+
+342
+00:22:42,010 --> 00:22:44,410
+important cultural expression, expression of
+
+343
+00:22:44,410 --> 00:22:49,230
+identity, expression of a whole culture. They
+
+344
+00:22:49,230 --> 00:22:53,790
+looked at the theater as a source a source of
+
+345
+00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:59,330
+corruption, a source of violence, a source of sins
+
+346
+00:22:59,330 --> 00:23:04,990
+and vices. So they attacked the theater and the
+
+347
+00:23:04,990 --> 00:23:08,450
+playwrights. They criticized this harshly. They
+
+348
+00:23:08,450 --> 00:23:12,090
+didn't see that plays, even the violent plays, as
+
+349
+00:23:12,090 --> 00:23:17,830
+a possible way of changing and cleansing people
+
+350
+00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:22,530
+and purifying people even. You should know this.
+
+351
+00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,610
+Literature makes us better people. Because we are
+
+352
+00:23:25,610 --> 00:23:28,990
+exposed to different peoples, different cultures.
+
+353
+00:23:29,550 --> 00:23:32,770
+And we identify with them. We've seen how, again,
+
+354
+00:23:33,030 --> 00:23:35,830
+as Palestinians, we feel sorry for Shailaq. We
+
+355
+00:23:35,830 --> 00:23:39,730
+break the barriers of being different race or
+
+356
+00:23:39,730 --> 00:23:42,410
+different religion. And we feel sorry for him. We
+
+357
+00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:46,010
+don't care whether he is a Zionist or a Jew or
+
+358
+00:23:46,010 --> 00:23:48,510
+Christian or whatever. And that's the beauty of
+
+359
+00:23:48,510 --> 00:23:52,020
+literature. It brings us all together. But this
+
+360
+00:23:52,020 --> 00:23:57,260
+religious, extreme religious sect group said, no.
+
+361
+00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,480
+Theater is corrupting. You know corrupting? What
+
+362
+00:24:01,480 --> 00:24:03,920
+corrupting is? It's destroying the minds,
+
+363
+00:24:04,220 --> 00:24:06,480
+destroying of the people, destroying the future of
+
+364
+00:24:06,480 --> 00:24:11,880
+other society. People learn violence from watching
+
+365
+00:24:11,880 --> 00:24:19,170
+these plays, and eventually, sadly, In 1642, very
+
+366
+00:24:19,170 --> 00:24:26,250
+important date, 1642, they closed the theater. So
+
+367
+00:24:26,250 --> 00:24:33,210
+what happened in 1642? The closure of theater by
+
+368
+00:24:33,210 --> 00:24:37,230
+the Puritans. Why? They believed it was a source
+
+369
+00:24:37,230 --> 00:24:40,010
+of corruption, violence, sins.
+
+370
+00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:46,810
+And it's so sad, heartbreaking how the golden age
+
+371
+00:24:46,810 --> 00:24:50,670
+of Shakespeare and Marlowe and Ben Jonson and
+
+372
+00:24:50,670 --> 00:24:56,450
+Thomas Kidd ended in criticism,
+
+373
+00:24:58,250 --> 00:25:02,670
+censorship, remember? Censorship. Play this, don't
+
+374
+00:25:02,670 --> 00:25:09,260
+play this. Delete this. And decline. The golden
+
+375
+00:25:09,260 --> 00:25:13,240
+age of drama that lasted about 50 years comes to
+
+376
+00:25:13,240 --> 00:25:18,900
+an abrupt, violent, sudden ending because of the
+
+377
+00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,220
+Puritans, who hated drama and viewed it as a
+
+378
+00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,000
+source of corruption rather than an artistic
+
+379
+00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,460
+expression, an expression of culture.
+
+380
+00:25:31,980 --> 00:25:37,180
+And this is so sad. And I mean it. It's
+
+381
+00:25:37,180 --> 00:25:40,320
+heartbreaking. Because we could have more people
+
+382
+00:25:40,320 --> 00:25:44,080
+like Shakespeare, like Marlowe. However, listen.
+
+383
+00:25:45,960 --> 00:25:49,140
+People's creativity never stops. I usually
+
+384
+00:25:49,140 --> 00:25:53,920
+describe literature and creativity as whatever,
+
+385
+00:25:54,220 --> 00:25:57,340
+like water. When there is water, if you close one
+
+386
+00:25:57,340 --> 00:26:02,480
+particular route or path, it eventually goes From
+
+387
+00:26:02,480 --> 00:26:06,900
+another way. Down, up, next, right, left. And
+
+388
+00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:10,700
+literature is part of who we are as human beings.
+
+389
+00:26:11,040 --> 00:26:14,100
+Cats can't say literature. They mew, but their
+
+390
+00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:17,300
+mewing isn't poetry. It could be musical, but not
+
+391
+00:26:17,300 --> 00:26:20,980
+poetry. Dogs bark, and sometimes their barking is
+
+392
+00:26:21,610 --> 00:26:26,910
+Musical, there is rhythm there, but there could be
+
+393
+00:26:26,910 --> 00:26:30,590
+a meaning. But humans, only humans are able to
+
+394
+00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,250
+produce literature and poetry and drama. So no
+
+395
+00:26:34,250 --> 00:26:38,650
+matter how much censorship there is, human beings
+
+396
+00:26:38,650 --> 00:26:44,370
+will express themselves in a beautiful way, in a
+
+397
+00:26:44,370 --> 00:26:46,790
+way or another. They will write literature in a
+
+398
+00:26:46,790 --> 00:26:51,400
+way or another. So the closure of The theater
+
+399
+00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,960
+didn't mean the end of literature. It didn't mean
+
+400
+00:26:53,960 --> 00:26:55,600
+that people, okay, we're not going to write
+
+401
+00:26:55,600 --> 00:26:59,040
+anymore, we're going to go home. It meant that
+
+402
+00:26:59,040 --> 00:27:02,440
+people tried to find other genres, other methods
+
+403
+00:27:02,440 --> 00:27:06,060
+to express themselves artistically. And that's why
+
+404
+00:27:06,060 --> 00:27:09,840
+after this, people like poets and even playwrights
+
+405
+00:27:09,840 --> 00:27:14,600
+wrote more poetry. And probably some time after
+
+406
+00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:18,620
+this, about 50 years later, or 20 years later, or
+
+407
+00:27:18,620 --> 00:27:22,860
+60 years later, a new very important genre started
+
+408
+00:27:22,860 --> 00:27:27,440
+to rise, the novel. So OK, you don't want us to
+
+409
+00:27:27,440 --> 00:27:30,420
+write stuff to be performed on the stage? OK, I
+
+410
+00:27:30,420 --> 00:27:33,260
+write poetry. And poetry is more personal. No one
+
+411
+00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:35,880
+can tell you don't write poetry, because you write
+
+412
+00:27:35,880 --> 00:27:40,180
+it for yourself, and you write it for A group of
+
+413
+00:27:40,180 --> 00:27:44,140
+close friends. So again, the Elizabethan golden
+
+414
+00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:47,480
+age, the golden age of drama, the age of Queen
+
+415
+00:27:47,480 --> 00:27:53,840
+Elizabeth, King James I ended due to the Puritans
+
+416
+00:27:53,840 --> 00:27:58,480
+by criticism, censorship, and decline. Was it
+
+417
+00:27:58,480 --> 00:28:02,380
+never opened again? Yeah, but later on. And at
+
+418
+00:28:02,380 --> 00:28:05,060
+this time, people just moved on. You don't just
+
+419
+00:28:05,060 --> 00:28:09,220
+wait at the globe expecting And when it opened, it
+
+420
+00:28:09,220 --> 00:28:13,000
+was totally different. People no longer wrote
+
+421
+00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:18,240
+plays, no longer used poetry to write plays. It
+
+422
+00:28:18,240 --> 00:28:21,980
+became prose later on. We'll come probably back to
+
+423
+00:28:21,980 --> 00:28:26,240
+this after 200 years. We'll see the drama comes
+
+424
+00:28:26,240 --> 00:28:31,440
+back again to life. So I'll stop here. Please, if
+
+425
+00:28:31,440 --> 00:28:32,960
+you have a question, do ask.
+
+426
+00:28:47,640 --> 00:28:51,120
+If anyone has a suggestion, has an idea, anyone
+
+427
+00:28:51,120 --> 00:28:52,740
+read something, wants to share, please.
+
+428
+00:28:56,620 --> 00:29:01,140
+No, less than that. But the theater, the drama was
+
+429
+00:29:01,140 --> 00:29:05,040
+never the same again. It never recovered. It came
+
+430
+00:29:05,040 --> 00:29:07,940
+back to life, but it wasn't as powerful because
+
+431
+00:29:07,940 --> 00:29:11,220
+now people can read. There's the newspaper. You
+
+432
+00:29:11,220 --> 00:29:14,340
+don't have to go out and watch and pay money. You
+
+433
+00:29:14,340 --> 00:29:17,300
+buy the newspaper, you buy the book, and you just
+
+434
+00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:24,360
+read it. Yes. Someone. Good question.
+
+435
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:33,820
+Okay, do you want me to ask you questions? Okay,
+
+436
+00:29:34,120 --> 00:29:38,780
+we'll have a quiz now. I ask you to compare and
+
+437
+00:29:38,780 --> 00:29:44,240
+contrast Shylock and Barabbas. Okay, and now I
+
+438
+00:29:44,240 --> 00:29:48,760
+want to ask you this
+
+439
+00:29:48,760 --> 00:29:52,260
+about these two Jewish characters in English
+
+440
+00:29:52,260 --> 00:29:52,960
+literature.
+
+441
+00:29:55,320 --> 00:30:00,830
+I chose, I think I have nine quotes from are the
+
+442
+00:30:00,830 --> 00:30:05,150
+Merchant of Venice and the Jew of Malta and I want
+
+443
+00:30:05,150 --> 00:30:10,950
+you to recognize the speaker Shylock or Barabas
+
+444
+00:30:10,950 --> 00:30:18,790
+and tell me why so number one other than the fact
+
+445
+00:30:18,790 --> 00:30:22,030
+you know this already. So even if you know the
+
+446
+00:30:22,030 --> 00:30:26,450
+quote already, the extract, tell me how this
+
+447
+00:30:26,450 --> 00:30:30,350
+extract reflects either Barabbas or Shylock.
+
+448
+00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:31,290
+Number one.
+
+449
+00:30:34,130 --> 00:30:37,910
+Please, Sabah. Shylock. Read. Can you read? The
+
+450
+00:30:37,910 --> 00:30:41,570
+felony you teach me, I will excuse, and it shall
+
+451
+00:30:41,570 --> 00:30:44,470
+go hard, but I will bitter the instruction. I will
+
+452
+00:30:44,470 --> 00:30:45,750
+bitter the instruction.
+
+453
+00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,800
+Because we read this already, we know this by
+
+454
+00:30:51,800 --> 00:30:54,700
+heart maybe. But how does it reflect Shylock?
+
+455
+00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:02,380
+When Antonio
+
+456
+00:31:02,380 --> 00:31:07,680
+wanted
+
+457
+00:31:07,680 --> 00:31:11,700
+to borrow money And he couldn't pay the money
+
+458
+00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:16,700
+back. People came to Shylock, begging him to just
+
+459
+00:31:16,700 --> 00:31:21,440
+wet more what you want to do with a pound of
+
+460
+00:31:21,440 --> 00:31:24,920
+flesh. And he was like? To bait fish with oil.
+
+461
+00:31:25,000 --> 00:31:29,020
+Yeah, to bait fish with oil. If it feed nothing.
+
+462
+00:31:29,020 --> 00:31:31,760
+If I get fish, feed my revenge. Feed my revenge.
+
+463
+00:31:32,960 --> 00:31:35,680
+But revenge is also a theme in the Jew of Malta.
+
+464
+00:31:38,250 --> 00:31:45,010
+So this could also be Barabbas, right? Maybe. The
+
+465
+00:31:45,010 --> 00:31:48,150
+villain in Barabbas already exists. Here he says,
+
+466
+00:31:48,270 --> 00:31:52,150
+the villain you teach me. So shall we teach how to
+
+467
+00:31:52,150 --> 00:31:56,010
+be good? So you think Barabbas is born a villain?
+
+468
+00:31:56,490 --> 00:32:00,950
+Yes, maybe. Because something happened to him that
+
+469
+00:32:00,950 --> 00:32:04,230
+made him go crazy. Not to justify his evil,
+
+470
+00:32:04,390 --> 00:32:09,750
+villainy. Because remember why he decided to take
+
+471
+00:32:09,750 --> 00:32:13,650
+revenge? Because his money was taken out from him.
+
+472
+00:32:14,410 --> 00:32:19,410
+His money was taken away by the Christians. So
+
+473
+00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:24,310
+there's revenge there. There's revenge here. So if
+
+474
+00:32:24,310 --> 00:32:27,530
+we don't know this, probably we can say it could
+
+475
+00:32:27,530 --> 00:32:30,950
+be by either. But yeah, this is Shylock.
+
+476
+00:32:34,270 --> 00:32:40,170
+Maybe Shylock is smarter, more sane, because that
+
+477
+00:32:40,170 --> 00:32:44,830
+man is bloody hell. Barabbas is really
+
+478
+00:32:44,830 --> 00:32:49,030
+bloodthirsty. He doesn't think. He just wants to
+
+479
+00:32:49,030 --> 00:32:51,130
+kill. If he thinks, he wouldn't poison his own
+
+480
+00:32:51,130 --> 00:32:54,650
+daughter, for God's sake. But this is a man who
+
+481
+00:32:54,650 --> 00:32:59,090
+plans, a man who will better the instructions. You
+
+482
+00:32:59,090 --> 00:33:03,500
+teach me villainy, I will do the same to you. I'm
+
+483
+00:33:03,500 --> 00:33:07,000
+smarter than you. Next,
+
+484
+00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:11,100
+please.
+
+485
+00:33:15,180 --> 00:33:23,000
+This is also Shilog because we know it, right? But
+
+486
+00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:27,440
+does it reflect anything about Shilog? Please.
+
+487
+00:33:30,780 --> 00:33:36,000
+Was weak? weak yes he asked if he he said that
+
+488
+00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:40,240
+they are the same people there unlike perverse who
+
+489
+00:33:40,240 --> 00:33:42,560
+doesn't care he just wanted to kill him yes he
+
+490
+00:33:42,560 --> 00:33:44,460
+just wanted to kill him excellent Shakespeare
+
+491
+00:33:44,460 --> 00:33:50,360
+focuses on the theme of shared humanities what's
+
+492
+00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:53,160
+the difference between Shylock and Antonio nothing
+
+493
+00:33:53,160 --> 00:33:59,950
+so he's calling for equality He wanted to be, he's
+
+494
+00:33:59,950 --> 00:34:04,630
+calling for justice here. But in the Jew of Malta,
+
+495
+00:34:04,690 --> 00:34:08,810
+we don't have this. It's just revenge, death, and
+
+496
+00:34:08,810 --> 00:34:16,190
+killing. Next. Someone read? Please.
+
+497
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,850
+Oh yes,
+
+498
+00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:34,390
+interesting.
+
+499
+00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,600
+Probably, yeah, he doesn't. Shylock generally
+
+500
+00:34:41,600 --> 00:34:44,600
+embraces his Jewish identity. He mentions this
+
+501
+00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:47,720
+more than once. When he's invited to eat with
+
+502
+00:34:47,720 --> 00:34:52,980
+Antonio, he says, sorry, I don't eat pork. And
+
+503
+00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:56,460
+then later on he says, have not a Jew wine. He
+
+504
+00:34:56,460 --> 00:34:59,240
+embraces his, he's not a Shin, he's a proud Jewish
+
+505
+00:34:59,240 --> 00:35:04,140
+man, which is in a way good. But Barabbas uses
+
+506
+00:35:04,140 --> 00:35:06,620
+religion. And this is something that reflects his
+
+507
+00:35:06,620 --> 00:35:10,580
+attitude. I count religion but a childish toy.
+
+508
+00:35:12,280 --> 00:35:15,900
+Childish. It's a toy. It's a tool. For?
+
+509
+00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:24,000
+Raise your hand. Read. You know what the serpent
+
+510
+00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,640
+is? Serpent is a snake. I gave you the meaning.
+
+511
+00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:35,420
+Yes. Barabas or Shylock?
+
+512
+00:35:44,860 --> 00:35:57,980
+How does this reflect? Please, read. We have
+
+513
+00:35:57,980 --> 00:36:00,480
+the serpent, you know, and the dove. You know
+
+514
+00:36:00,480 --> 00:36:04,890
+dove? So I'll show, I'll pretend to be the dove,
+
+515
+00:36:05,590 --> 00:36:11,570
+but in reality I am a snake. Shylock or Barabas?
+
+516
+00:36:12,050 --> 00:36:16,290
+Barabas. Are you sure? Yes. Are you sure? Who says
+
+517
+00:36:16,290 --> 00:36:21,190
+it's Shylock? Shylock, why? Because he pretended
+
+518
+00:36:21,190 --> 00:36:25,650
+to be nice with Antonio by giving him all his
+
+519
+00:36:25,650 --> 00:36:28,550
+money. Are you sure? He didn't pretend, he just
+
+520
+00:36:28,550 --> 00:36:32,520
+gave it. He lied when he said, the pond is for
+
+521
+00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,940
+merry sport, just for fun, just sign, a pound of
+
+522
+00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:38,540
+flesh, come on, you already have the money. But
+
+523
+00:36:38,540 --> 00:36:41,320
+other than this, Shylock was clear, he wanted
+
+524
+00:36:41,320 --> 00:36:44,420
+revenge. When he was asked, he said, I want
+
+525
+00:36:44,420 --> 00:36:49,060
+revenge. And he just said it, I will execute the
+
+526
+00:36:49,060 --> 00:36:52,540
+villainy, but I am better. But there's another man
+
+527
+00:36:52,540 --> 00:36:57,960
+who was hiding behind a mask. Someone pretended to
+
+528
+00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,200
+be. nice and good but in reality he kills people
+
+529
+00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:09,820
+he poisons people and this man is Barabbas so yeah
+
+530
+00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:12,560
+thank you most of you said it is Barabbas he
+
+531
+00:37:12,560 --> 00:37:16,620
+pretends to be good because at one moment he
+
+532
+00:37:16,620 --> 00:37:18,460
+pretends to be christian he says oh i'm a
+
+533
+00:37:18,460 --> 00:37:20,760
+christian i converted to christianity and he kills
+
+534
+00:37:20,760 --> 00:37:25,440
+everyone around him So now I'll show myself to
+
+535
+00:37:25,440 --> 00:37:29,540
+have more of a serpent than than the dove because
+
+536
+00:37:29,540 --> 00:37:33,100
+in the past he was the opposite. But he's
+
+537
+00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:36,400
+revealing his true identity. Yeah, there is shared
+
+538
+00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,500
+stuff here between him and number six.
+
+539
+00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:43,960
+Yeah, yeah, please.
+
+540
+00:37:47,720 --> 00:37:55,000
+Because you know this? Why? He wants justice. I
+
+541
+00:37:55,000 --> 00:37:57,520
+think revenge comes in the sense of justice, more
+
+542
+00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:03,120
+than being some villain, blood. If he took his own
+
+543
+00:38:03,120 --> 00:38:06,720
+flesh, Antonio could have died. So there is that,
+
+544
+00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:12,860
+death, blood, revenge. But there is one person who
+
+545
+00:38:12,860 --> 00:38:17,760
+doesn't have enough revenge. He kills scores of
+
+546
+00:38:17,760 --> 00:38:23,460
+people, tens of people. Many people are killed. So
+
+547
+00:38:23,460 --> 00:38:26,560
+this man, it will feed my revenge. But someone
+
+548
+00:38:26,560 --> 00:38:29,420
+else, Barabbas, nothing feeds his revenge, not
+
+549
+00:38:29,420 --> 00:38:31,060
+even killing his own daughter.
+
+550
+00:38:34,060 --> 00:38:39,380
+Seven, please. As for myself, I work abroad a lot
+
+551
+00:38:39,380 --> 00:38:43,180
+and keep seeing people crawling, running under
+
+552
+00:38:43,180 --> 00:38:46,820
+walls. Sometimes I go about and poison girls.
+
+553
+00:38:49,460 --> 00:38:53,680
+OK. I like how you use the word obviously, because
+
+554
+00:38:53,680 --> 00:39:01,820
+you're confident. When you
+
+555
+00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:05,260
+go home, please Google this. It's really horrible.
+
+556
+00:39:05,380 --> 00:39:07,500
+One of the most horrible things you will ever
+
+557
+00:39:07,500 --> 00:39:11,100
+read. Someone in a way bragging about just walking
+
+558
+00:39:11,100 --> 00:39:14,320
+nonchalantly at night and killing the sick
+
+559
+00:39:14,320 --> 00:39:18,240
+homeless people and poisoning wells. But this is
+
+560
+00:39:18,240 --> 00:39:21,300
+also a stereotype, a bad, wrong stereotype about
+
+561
+00:39:21,300 --> 00:39:24,940
+Jews. What is Manu doing here? What is Barabbas
+
+562
+00:39:24,940 --> 00:39:28,380
+doing here? So it's easy to tell that Shiloh
+
+563
+00:39:28,380 --> 00:39:31,020
+didn't want to poison anybody. He just wants
+
+564
+00:39:31,020 --> 00:39:33,760
+interests, more money, and justice, and revenge.
+
+565
+00:39:34,820 --> 00:39:40,100
+So as for myself, I walk abroad at night and kill
+
+566
+00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,600
+sick people groaning under walls. Sometimes I go
+
+567
+00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,080
+about and poison wells. You know wells? What's a
+
+568
+00:39:46,080 --> 00:39:51,660
+well? Yeah, water well, water. Underground water,
+
+569
+00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:54,720
+you get it through wells. Eight.
+
+570
+00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:07,580
+Yeah, someone? Someone else?
+
+571
+00:40:10,260 --> 00:40:12,400
+Shiloh had a daughter also. Don't forget this.
+
+572
+00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:12,820
+Yeah?
+
+573
+00:40:16,140 --> 00:40:20,100
+Be silent daughter, suffer his greedies. I guess
+
+574
+00:40:20,100 --> 00:40:25,080
+Tarabas said that because he forced his daughter
+
+575
+00:40:25,080 --> 00:40:29,120
+to do bad stuff and she didn't want to. Maybe he
+
+576
+00:40:29,120 --> 00:40:33,140
+was convincing her. Controlling her, be silent,
+
+577
+00:40:33,320 --> 00:40:40,220
+ordering her to... If you forgive sufferance, if
+
+578
+00:40:40,220 --> 00:40:45,640
+you tolerate, if you forgive, This breeds ease. In
+
+579
+00:40:45,640 --> 00:40:50,040
+a sense, it means if you let people wrong you and
+
+580
+00:40:50,040 --> 00:40:52,460
+you don't take revenge, people will get used to
+
+581
+00:40:52,460 --> 00:40:55,420
+wronging you all the time. So if someone slaps
+
+582
+00:40:55,420 --> 00:40:57,840
+you, don't give the other cheek. You just punch
+
+583
+00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:00,720
+them and probably kill them. That's his strategy.
+
+584
+00:41:01,740 --> 00:41:03,320
+So he's telling his daughter, don't forgive.
+
+585
+00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:07,530
+Forgiving is not good. Forgiving doesn't make
+
+586
+00:41:07,530 --> 00:41:10,510
+people rethink their crimes or their mistreatment.
+
+587
+00:41:11,130 --> 00:41:14,390
+Forgiving makes people want to wrong you even
+
+588
+00:41:14,390 --> 00:41:23,110
+more, to hurt you even more. And finally, finally,
+
+589
+00:41:23,330 --> 00:41:31,090
+finally, finally, someone read first. Please.
+
+590
+00:41:42,190 --> 00:41:45,830
+Christian Exclamations. I hate him for he is
+
+591
+00:41:45,830 --> 00:41:51,150
+Christian. I hate him for he is a Christian.
+
+592
+00:41:56,770 --> 00:42:00,790
+Who was more religious than the other? Probably
+
+593
+00:42:00,790 --> 00:42:03,750
+Shylock. We said he was a proud Jewish person who
+
+594
+00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:07,110
+embraced his heritage and his religion in a way
+
+595
+00:42:07,110 --> 00:42:11,310
+that is probably more obvious
+
+596
+00:42:11,310 --> 00:42:15,410
+than Barabbas. Barabbas's religion for him is a
+
+597
+00:42:15,410 --> 00:42:20,590
+childish toy. I hate him but he says this when he
+
+598
+00:42:20,590 --> 00:42:24,250
+says I hate him for he is a Christian but he later
+
+599
+00:42:24,250 --> 00:42:27,870
+on he says I also hate him because he called me a
+
+600
+00:42:27,870 --> 00:42:31,850
+dog and this is also a beautiful speech from
+
+601
+00:42:31,850 --> 00:42:34,990
+Shiloh one of the beautiful speeches there where
+
+602
+00:42:34,990 --> 00:42:37,430
+he said okay you call me a dog have a dog money
+
+603
+00:42:37,430 --> 00:42:40,230
+because now you want to take to borrow my money
+
+604
+00:42:40,230 --> 00:42:43,550
+have a dog money you spit in my face and now you
+
+605
+00:42:43,550 --> 00:42:47,960
+want money you want my money So there is this
+
+606
+00:42:47,960 --> 00:42:53,880
+religion thing. But more, it's the mistreatment. I
+
+607
+00:42:53,880 --> 00:42:56,120
+will not ask you questions like these in the exam.
+
+608
+00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:59,020
+This is just for fun. But it's good to try to
+
+609
+00:42:59,020 --> 00:43:02,600
+learn to see whether a particular line can reflect
+
+610
+00:43:02,600 --> 00:43:06,400
+the author, the features of the age. Think of
+
+611
+00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,320
+this. Because later on, you will be doing this
+
+612
+00:43:09,320 --> 00:43:14,340
+when you grow up and become
+
+613
+00:43:14,340 --> 00:43:19,220
+senior students. I'll stop here unless someone has
+
+614
+00:43:19,220 --> 00:43:23,820
+a question. Questions, please. Any question?
+
+615
+00:43:26,760 --> 00:43:28,100
+Okay, thank you very much.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2556 @@
+1
+00:00:21,130 --> 00:00:25,430
+Hello, everyone, and welcome back to our English
+
+2
+00:00:25,430 --> 00:00:28,770
+literature course. We are approaching the end of
+
+3
+00:00:28,770 --> 00:00:32,070
+the semester, so probably three, four more classes
+
+4
+00:00:32,070 --> 00:00:37,290
+to go. We're speaking about the Victorian Age, and
+
+5
+00:00:37,290 --> 00:00:41,030
+last time we finished with two important names in
+
+6
+00:00:41,030 --> 00:00:44,390
+the literature of the Victorian Age, Charles
+
+7
+00:00:44,390 --> 00:00:49,030
+Dickens and Thomas Hardy. Now, when we speak about
+
+8
+00:00:49,030 --> 00:00:51,950
+the Victorian novelists, we always also speak
+
+9
+00:00:51,950 --> 00:00:55,070
+about female novelists, women who were also
+
+10
+00:00:55,070 --> 00:00:59,030
+writing novels at that time. And it's again very
+
+11
+00:00:59,030 --> 00:01:01,170
+interesting if you follow the development of
+
+12
+00:01:01,170 --> 00:01:03,530
+English literature, how in Old English we had
+
+13
+00:01:03,530 --> 00:01:06,550
+basically no women, not even generally as
+
+14
+00:01:06,550 --> 00:01:10,670
+characters in in the texts, in the poems, they
+
+15
+00:01:10,670 --> 00:01:13,730
+were playing minimal roles. And then in the Middle
+
+16
+00:01:13,730 --> 00:01:17,170
+English, we had more and more women, but generally
+
+17
+00:01:17,170 --> 00:01:21,850
+as objects of desire, remember? And then women
+
+18
+00:01:21,850 --> 00:01:24,790
+started to appear more, despite the fact that in
+
+19
+00:01:24,790 --> 00:01:28,090
+real life, women, in a way, it's wrong to say they
+
+20
+00:01:28,090 --> 00:01:30,690
+didn't write or they couldn't write. They were not
+
+21
+00:01:30,690 --> 00:01:33,780
+allowed to write. They were in a society that was
+
+22
+00:01:33,780 --> 00:01:36,400
+training them to be at home, to stay at home, to
+
+23
+00:01:36,400 --> 00:01:38,780
+take care of the kitchen, to make sandwiches, to
+
+24
+00:01:38,780 --> 00:01:41,980
+be barefoot, pregnant, and all the time at home.
+
+25
+00:01:42,020 --> 00:01:45,360
+They were not allowed to go out more or less. For
+
+26
+00:01:45,360 --> 00:01:47,640
+example, during the time of Shakespeare, women
+
+27
+00:01:47,640 --> 00:01:51,440
+were not allowed to perform on stage. And men
+
+28
+00:01:51,440 --> 00:01:55,980
+would be stealing the jobs. OK? So basically,
+
+29
+00:01:57,280 --> 00:02:01,480
+Aphra Behn is the first major real female writer.
+
+30
+00:02:02,040 --> 00:02:05,680
+And that's why Virginia Woolf praises her a lot
+
+31
+00:02:05,680 --> 00:02:08,180
+and says all the women around the world should put
+
+32
+00:02:08,180 --> 00:02:10,660
+roses around her grave, because what she did is
+
+33
+00:02:10,660 --> 00:02:13,740
+significant for women in England and around the
+
+34
+00:02:13,740 --> 00:02:16,160
+world. So she was speaking for women. She was
+
+35
+00:02:16,160 --> 00:02:19,260
+empowering women. She was showing women, in a way,
+
+36
+00:02:19,300 --> 00:02:21,560
+how to do that. They can do it. They can write,
+
+37
+00:02:21,640 --> 00:02:24,240
+and they can write better than than men. And then
+
+38
+00:02:24,240 --> 00:02:28,540
+we moved to see Mary Vance, Mary Manley, and those
+
+39
+00:02:28,540 --> 00:02:32,780
+fantastic female women. And now we have women who
+
+40
+00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:37,800
+can be published, and people were looking forward
+
+41
+00:02:37,800 --> 00:02:41,350
+to reading their stuff. But as a matter of fact, I
+
+42
+00:02:41,350 --> 00:02:45,530
+always like to show the role of women in fiction.
+
+43
+00:02:45,750 --> 00:02:48,250
+So these are real women, real human beings with
+
+44
+00:02:48,250 --> 00:02:51,010
+feelings and emotions and everything in life. But
+
+45
+00:02:51,010 --> 00:02:55,530
+in fact, fiction played a major role in the
+
+46
+00:02:55,530 --> 00:02:59,110
+development and empowerment of women. And it still
+
+47
+00:02:59,110 --> 00:03:01,590
+plays this significant role. And here, for us, for
+
+48
+00:03:01,590 --> 00:03:05,490
+example, like the Palestinians as occupied, as
+
+49
+00:03:05,490 --> 00:03:08,570
+colonized, as oppressed society, we can always use
+
+50
+00:03:08,570 --> 00:03:11,530
+fiction as a tool of resistance, as a tool of
+
+51
+00:03:11,530 --> 00:03:14,410
+empowerment, to speak out, to reach out to others,
+
+52
+00:03:14,510 --> 00:03:19,490
+to speak. truth to power, as they say. So fiction
+
+53
+00:03:19,490 --> 00:03:21,850
+played an amazing role, fiction which is
+
+54
+00:03:21,850 --> 00:03:25,270
+imaginative writing, in empowering, changing the
+
+55
+00:03:25,270 --> 00:03:30,150
+reality of men. And I can go as far as The Nun and
+
+56
+00:03:30,150 --> 00:03:33,890
+The Wife of Bath in Geoffrey Chaucer. Chaucer, the
+
+57
+00:03:33,890 --> 00:03:36,570
+woman in Chaucer was powerful, was different. She
+
+58
+00:03:36,570 --> 00:03:39,050
+was untraditional. She wasn't, you know, the woman
+
+59
+00:03:39,050 --> 00:03:41,350
+who was following the rules of the community. She
+
+60
+00:03:41,350 --> 00:03:45,030
+wanted to challenge these rules. And even Portia,
+
+61
+00:03:46,070 --> 00:03:49,190
+like centuries later in Shakespeare, can be a
+
+62
+00:03:49,190 --> 00:03:52,910
+fantastic example for women. But what Portia did
+
+63
+00:03:52,910 --> 00:03:58,530
+is is in so many ways like what women do now in
+
+64
+00:03:58,530 --> 00:04:00,470
+the 20th century. Because at that time, women were
+
+65
+00:04:00,470 --> 00:04:04,030
+not allowed to be on stage, let alone to go to
+
+66
+00:04:04,030 --> 00:04:07,730
+university and be lawyers. So what Portia did is
+
+67
+00:04:07,730 --> 00:04:10,610
+just she disguised as a man, changed her outfit,
+
+68
+00:04:11,230 --> 00:04:14,570
+put a fake mustache, a fake beard, probably a fake
+
+69
+00:04:14,570 --> 00:04:17,850
+wig. And now, whoops, all of a sudden, she's a
+
+70
+00:04:17,850 --> 00:04:20,210
+lawyer. And she's defeating the most cunning
+
+71
+00:04:20,210 --> 00:04:24,410
+character, Shylock. She's defeating him, tricking
+
+72
+00:04:24,410 --> 00:04:28,090
+everyone in the court, showing us that all these
+
+73
+00:04:28,090 --> 00:04:31,830
+man-made rules of the society that say women can't
+
+74
+00:04:31,830 --> 00:04:33,490
+do this and can't do that and should be doing
+
+75
+00:04:33,490 --> 00:04:36,090
+that, they're fake. They're fabricated. They can
+
+76
+00:04:36,090 --> 00:04:39,310
+be challenged, and they can be broken. So we move
+
+77
+00:04:39,310 --> 00:04:41,690
+to the Victorian Age here, and we see how women
+
+78
+00:04:41,690 --> 00:04:46,950
+were pushing the barriers, like, even further and
+
+79
+00:04:46,950 --> 00:04:49,290
+further. It doesn't mean women don't have
+
+80
+00:04:49,290 --> 00:04:53,320
+challenges. And people were not, in a way or
+
+81
+00:04:53,320 --> 00:04:55,640
+another, hindering women's progress in writing.
+
+82
+00:04:55,740 --> 00:04:58,380
+Even today, and I mentioned this before, when we
+
+83
+00:04:58,380 --> 00:05:01,920
+spoke about J.K. Rowling, we said she used her
+
+84
+00:05:01,920 --> 00:05:05,960
+first initials, J.K. Rowling. Her name is Jwan.
+
+85
+00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:09,960
+And I usually say Jwan Khamis Rowling, you know,
+
+86
+00:05:10,200 --> 00:05:13,060
+my joke. Thank you for laughing. One mark for you.
+
+87
+00:05:13,740 --> 00:05:19,840
+So J.K. Rowling wanted to be published. wanted to
+
+88
+00:05:19,840 --> 00:05:23,100
+be published. She was looking for a publisher and
+
+89
+00:05:23,100 --> 00:05:27,120
+then they came up to the agreement that, wait a
+
+90
+00:05:27,120 --> 00:05:30,760
+minute, Maybe, maybe if we publish under your real
+
+91
+00:05:30,760 --> 00:05:34,280
+name, Juan, many people will not be willing to buy
+
+92
+00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:36,540
+a book for a woman to read. Although some of the
+
+93
+00:05:36,540 --> 00:05:39,120
+most famous poets and novelists in the 20th
+
+94
+00:05:39,120 --> 00:05:41,900
+century, 21st century are women. But again, the
+
+95
+00:05:41,900 --> 00:05:44,560
+times are changing. So they agreed to go for JK
+
+96
+00:05:44,560 --> 00:05:47,620
+Rowling. And we'll see this happening here. Women
+
+97
+00:05:47,620 --> 00:05:51,100
+who couldn't
+
+98
+00:05:51,100 --> 00:05:53,780
+find the chance to be published would change their
+
+99
+00:05:53,780 --> 00:05:56,080
+name. And women who wanted to reach to greater
+
+100
+00:05:56,080 --> 00:05:59,220
+audiences to break the prejudice We're also using
+
+101
+00:05:59,220 --> 00:06:03,420
+pen names and fake names, as we are going to see.
+
+102
+00:06:03,700 --> 00:06:08,100
+So we speak about the three Bronte sisters, the
+
+103
+00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,720
+Brontes, the three sisters. And we speak about
+
+104
+00:06:11,720 --> 00:06:16,760
+George Eliot. Again, I say women writers, George
+
+105
+00:06:16,760 --> 00:06:24,780
+Eliot. Because George Eliot is a woman. She used a
+
+106
+00:06:24,780 --> 00:06:29,340
+pen name of a man, George Eliot. for several
+
+107
+00:06:29,340 --> 00:06:33,080
+reasons related to how women were treated. So the
+
+108
+00:06:33,080 --> 00:06:35,920
+three Bronte sisters will take one text from each.
+
+109
+00:06:36,900 --> 00:06:41,300
+Number one, Charlotte. Her most successful book is
+
+110
+00:06:41,300 --> 00:06:43,820
+Jane Eyre. Don't confuse Jane Eyre with the real
+
+111
+00:06:43,820 --> 00:06:47,540
+Jane Austen. Austen is a romantic Victorian
+
+112
+00:06:47,540 --> 00:06:51,450
+figure. Pride and Prejudice, Incensibility, and
+
+113
+00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:57,270
+Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte's most famous novel.
+
+114
+00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,870
+In this novel, again, we'll see how These women
+
+115
+00:07:01,870 --> 00:07:04,810
+generally write about women to empower women. And
+
+116
+00:07:04,810 --> 00:07:08,870
+they are different. In the past, I think in Henry
+
+117
+00:07:08,870 --> 00:07:10,810
+Fielding and Richardson, they were writing how
+
+118
+00:07:10,810 --> 00:07:15,670
+women are always the victims of female violence.
+
+119
+00:07:15,830 --> 00:07:18,670
+Women always die. Women always get raped. Women
+
+120
+00:07:18,670 --> 00:07:22,290
+always, you know. But here, women have their own
+
+121
+00:07:22,290 --> 00:07:24,670
+voice. They can speak up. They can challenge
+
+122
+00:07:24,670 --> 00:07:27,890
+authority. And they can end up victorious and
+
+123
+00:07:27,890 --> 00:07:32,610
+triumphant and happy. So this is one of the most
+
+124
+00:07:32,610 --> 00:07:35,690
+famous novels about a woman, Jane Eyre. Again, try
+
+125
+00:07:35,690 --> 00:07:38,190
+to read some of these in the summer break. If you
+
+126
+00:07:38,190 --> 00:07:42,130
+can't, please watch the movie. Now Jane starts as
+
+127
+00:07:42,130 --> 00:07:48,000
+parentless. She's a poor child like Oliver. But
+
+128
+00:07:48,000 --> 00:07:52,860
+she doesn't end up in a way like Oliver, because
+
+129
+00:07:52,860 --> 00:07:57,060
+Bronte treats her as a woman, as independent, as
+
+130
+00:07:57,060 --> 00:08:00,480
+strong. Because in the book, Oliver is always a
+
+131
+00:08:00,480 --> 00:08:03,160
+tool of fate. He's like a feather being blown here
+
+132
+00:08:03,160 --> 00:08:06,440
+and there by the wind. But this woman, she creates
+
+133
+00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:09,360
+her own destiny, her own life, and her own future,
+
+134
+00:08:09,760 --> 00:08:13,320
+bringing about a happy ending. So despite all the
+
+135
+00:08:13,320 --> 00:08:18,610
+sufferings, She ends up triumphant, independent,
+
+136
+00:08:18,930 --> 00:08:21,870
+and a strong woman. So when she meets Mr.
+
+137
+00:08:21,950 --> 00:08:26,350
+Rochester, who has locked up his wife in the
+
+138
+00:08:26,350 --> 00:08:29,950
+attic. And it's interesting, when a man doesn't
+
+139
+00:08:29,950 --> 00:08:34,190
+like his wife, he just says she's crazy. So this
+
+140
+00:08:34,190 --> 00:08:38,430
+is something here. This man locks his wife in the
+
+141
+00:08:38,430 --> 00:08:43,400
+attic somewhere. up in the house and claims that
+
+142
+00:08:43,400 --> 00:08:46,160
+she is mad. Maybe she's mad, but that's not my
+
+143
+00:08:46,160 --> 00:08:51,980
+issue here. Maybe you read that and see how is the
+
+144
+00:08:51,980 --> 00:08:58,720
+truth being told about her. Is he mad? If she's
+
+145
+00:08:58,720 --> 00:09:01,140
+mad, why is she mad? What is madness, right? What
+
+146
+00:09:01,140 --> 00:09:05,460
+is madness? Is madness what you don't like? If I
+
+147
+00:09:05,460 --> 00:09:08,440
+do something that you don't like about me, you're
+
+148
+00:09:08,440 --> 00:09:11,240
+going to say, that's insane, that's mad. So the
+
+149
+00:09:11,240 --> 00:09:14,780
+novel examines the many circumstances, many issues
+
+150
+00:09:14,780 --> 00:09:18,240
+surrounding the life of women at that time. At the
+
+151
+00:09:18,240 --> 00:09:21,560
+end of the novel, like I said, Jane herself, the
+
+152
+00:09:21,560 --> 00:09:25,580
+woman, is in control, is in command. Remember when
+
+153
+00:09:25,580 --> 00:09:27,880
+I said women writers usually use techniques to
+
+154
+00:09:27,880 --> 00:09:30,540
+engage the readers, to make them part of this?
+
+155
+00:09:30,980 --> 00:09:33,600
+Here, she sticks her head out of the text, the
+
+156
+00:09:33,600 --> 00:09:36,100
+book, and she talks to us, the readers, directly.
+
+157
+00:09:36,420 --> 00:09:40,400
+She says, reader, I married him. It's not the,
+
+158
+00:09:40,640 --> 00:09:44,500
+like, generally, men would be chasing women,
+
+159
+00:09:45,080 --> 00:09:47,780
+right? Coming after, running after them, et
+
+160
+00:09:47,780 --> 00:09:50,840
+cetera. But here, the woman is in command. So, and
+
+161
+00:09:50,840 --> 00:09:54,180
+this shows, again, a new move towards freedom and
+
+162
+00:09:54,180 --> 00:09:57,420
+equality, that women are equal to men and they can
+
+163
+00:09:57,420 --> 00:10:01,040
+be in a position to chase and be independent and
+
+164
+00:10:01,040 --> 00:10:04,240
+control their own destinies and lives. General,
+
+165
+00:10:04,540 --> 00:10:08,440
+really interesting read. More about Jane Anne. So,
+
+166
+00:10:09,000 --> 00:10:12,060
+like I said, Jane controls her own life despite
+
+167
+00:10:12,060 --> 00:10:15,360
+the difficulties, despite the suffering, despite
+
+168
+00:10:15,360 --> 00:10:18,790
+the problems. At the end of the text, we see her
+
+169
+00:10:18,790 --> 00:10:20,850
+as a strong, independent woman. Strong,
+
+170
+00:10:20,990 --> 00:10:24,470
+independent woman. Strong, independent woman. And
+
+171
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:27,990
+always compare this with how women are generally
+
+172
+00:10:27,990 --> 00:10:32,790
+depicted by men, especially by 17th, 18th century
+
+173
+00:10:32,790 --> 00:10:36,110
+authors like Richardson. Remember Pamela? Remember
+
+174
+00:10:36,110 --> 00:10:39,470
+Clarissa? Raped and dead. Raped and dead. Always
+
+175
+00:10:39,470 --> 00:10:44,210
+victims. But this is totally different. The woman
+
+176
+00:10:44,210 --> 00:10:49,520
+is simply independent of man. Not dependent on or
+
+177
+00:10:49,520 --> 00:10:54,200
+upon man, independent of man. That's basically
+
+178
+00:10:54,200 --> 00:11:01,180
+JNR. Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. I'm not
+
+179
+00:11:01,180 --> 00:11:03,380
+sure if you're familiar with Wuthering Heights. I
+
+180
+00:11:03,380 --> 00:11:05,700
+think it was turned into a cartoon, but you will
+
+181
+00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:10,650
+always find these on YouTube as movies. So Emily
+
+182
+00:11:10,650 --> 00:11:12,770
+is a little bit different because she's more into
+
+183
+00:11:12,770 --> 00:11:15,490
+the psychology, psychological novel. In a way, she
+
+184
+00:11:15,490 --> 00:11:17,470
+was one of the leaders of the psychological novel,
+
+185
+00:11:17,770 --> 00:11:20,610
+where she gets inside the mind. That's very
+
+186
+00:11:20,610 --> 00:11:23,970
+beautiful and profound, because if people believe
+
+187
+00:11:23,970 --> 00:11:26,910
+that women can't write social novels, no, they
+
+188
+00:11:26,910 --> 00:11:29,790
+can, and they can even write more advanced, more
+
+189
+00:11:29,790 --> 00:11:32,950
+profound, more complex novels, novels that get
+
+190
+00:11:32,950 --> 00:11:36,520
+inside the mind and the brain of of the character.
+
+191
+00:11:36,900 --> 00:11:40,380
+It's a novel of passion considered to be an early
+
+192
+00:11:40,380 --> 00:11:45,700
+psychological example of the novel here. The
+
+193
+00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:48,560
+central character, Kathy, or characters Kathy and
+
+194
+00:11:48,560 --> 00:11:51,360
+Heathcliff, they live out there, they are in love.
+
+195
+00:11:54,140 --> 00:11:56,860
+The withering heights here are used in a way
+
+196
+00:11:56,860 --> 00:12:00,920
+symbolically. Some people think that this is in a
+
+197
+00:12:00,920 --> 00:12:03,560
+way partly a Gothic novel because it takes place
+
+198
+00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:07,360
+among the heights, the withering heights and the
+
+199
+00:12:07,360 --> 00:12:10,720
+mountains and the hills and the valleys there. But
+
+200
+00:12:10,720 --> 00:12:14,120
+the wild atmosphere, the geography reflects the
+
+201
+00:12:14,530 --> 00:12:16,790
+passionate relationship between these two people.
+
+202
+00:12:17,110 --> 00:12:20,630
+So in a way, it is mirrored. The landscape is as
+
+203
+00:12:20,630 --> 00:12:23,930
+wild as the relationship. Of course, the novel is
+
+204
+00:12:23,930 --> 00:12:26,210
+very original. It's very different in the way it's
+
+205
+00:12:26,210 --> 00:12:29,330
+written, the fact that it is a psychological novel
+
+206
+00:12:29,330 --> 00:12:33,110
+about more what's going on here than anything
+
+207
+00:12:33,110 --> 00:12:36,050
+else. For example, in the narrative, it moves
+
+208
+00:12:36,050 --> 00:12:40,970
+backward. and forward like flashback flash forward
+
+209
+00:12:40,970 --> 00:12:44,030
+keeps going on like this we mentioned a little bit
+
+210
+00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:48,010
+about this in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein women
+
+211
+00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,830
+always wanted to create new techniques because
+
+212
+00:12:51,830 --> 00:12:54,770
+sometimes like men monopolize something you know
+
+213
+00:12:54,770 --> 00:12:58,840
+monopolize Like, they think this is my way. This
+
+214
+00:12:58,840 --> 00:13:02,900
+is what men do. This is how men write. And the
+
+215
+00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:05,460
+women were like, OK, thank you. We can find a
+
+216
+00:13:05,460 --> 00:13:08,420
+different technique to mix and vary, to create, to
+
+217
+00:13:08,420 --> 00:13:11,080
+experiment on the narrative technique. So the
+
+218
+00:13:11,080 --> 00:13:14,080
+novel, in events, moves backward and forward in
+
+219
+00:13:14,080 --> 00:13:17,600
+time, and in and out of the minds of the
+
+220
+00:13:17,600 --> 00:13:21,480
+characters as a psychological novel. Let's see
+
+221
+00:13:21,480 --> 00:13:26,740
+this extract here. So, again, a new world, a new
+
+222
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:28,600
+view of women and their emotions. They are
+
+223
+00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,760
+independent, and they can express themselves
+
+224
+00:13:30,760 --> 00:13:34,820
+clearly and passionately as they like. Let's see
+
+225
+00:13:34,820 --> 00:13:39,100
+Cathy talking to Nelly, her housemaid, about two
+
+226
+00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:43,040
+people. Now, we know she's married to Linton. And
+
+227
+00:13:43,040 --> 00:13:45,280
+she loves him. But she loves someone else. In the
+
+228
+00:13:45,280 --> 00:13:47,760
+past, it was a taboo. Like, hold on. Don't talk
+
+229
+00:13:47,760 --> 00:13:50,180
+about this. You shouldn't. If you get married to
+
+230
+00:13:50,180 --> 00:13:54,060
+someone, you just... Just shut your heart and
+
+231
+00:13:54,060 --> 00:13:58,040
+stick to this person. Look at this beautiful quote
+
+232
+00:13:58,040 --> 00:14:01,260
+extract that changes everything about women in the
+
+233
+00:14:01,260 --> 00:14:04,200
+English novel here. See, she says, someone read
+
+234
+00:14:04,200 --> 00:14:09,900
+please. Okay, Reem. My love for Linton is like the
+
+235
+00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:12,700
+foliage. Foliage. It's like paper. Foliage is
+
+236
+00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:17,310
+paper. Time will change it. I'm well aware, as
+
+237
+00:14:17,310 --> 00:14:21,050
+winter changes the trees. My love for Heathcliff's
+
+238
+00:14:21,050 --> 00:14:24,710
+resembles the eternal rocks beneath, a course of
+
+239
+00:14:24,710 --> 00:14:27,790
+vivid delight, but necessarily Nelly. I'm
+
+240
+00:14:27,790 --> 00:14:31,610
+Heathcliff. I'm Heathcliff. This should be. So
+
+241
+00:14:31,610 --> 00:14:36,350
+Nelly, I am Heathcliff. Yeah? He's always, always
+
+242
+00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:39,970
+in my mind as my own being. OK. So here, we
+
+243
+00:14:39,970 --> 00:14:44,880
+compare between the paper, the foliage, and? And
+
+244
+00:14:44,880 --> 00:14:47,960
+the rocks, the binary opposites. Like she's
+
+245
+00:14:47,960 --> 00:14:50,180
+comparing these two people to these two things.
+
+246
+00:14:50,260 --> 00:14:52,500
+These are similes, remember? As and resembles,
+
+247
+00:14:53,360 --> 00:14:57,640
+simile. This love is fake or doesn't last. It can
+
+248
+00:14:57,640 --> 00:15:00,360
+easily be destroyed by some wind and rain. But
+
+249
+00:15:00,360 --> 00:15:03,580
+this is strong, as strong as the rocks themselves.
+
+250
+00:15:04,460 --> 00:15:06,480
+If I ask you this question, what is the most
+
+251
+00:15:06,480 --> 00:15:08,760
+important word in this extract? What's the key
+
+252
+00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:10,160
+word? My love?
+
+253
+00:15:13,100 --> 00:15:22,620
+Where's mine? There's my, and my, my love, my, and
+
+254
+00:15:22,620 --> 00:15:29,200
+my. What are these? They are first person and
+
+255
+00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:36,020
+these are feelings, self. The self? Generally
+
+256
+00:15:36,020 --> 00:15:39,500
+owning something. Possession here. They indicate
+
+257
+00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:43,040
+possession. My, my, my, my. So women in the past
+
+258
+00:15:43,040 --> 00:15:45,760
+were properties. They were owned by men.
+
+259
+00:15:46,620 --> 00:15:49,000
+Controlled by men. Their destiny, their
+
+260
+00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,660
+everything. But this is a woman in command. In my
+
+261
+00:15:51,660 --> 00:15:53,900
+opinion, the most important word is the word own.
+
+262
+00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:58,960
+My own being. I own him. He's mine. I can claim
+
+263
+00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:04,710
+him like people claim their, you know, property or
+
+264
+00:16:04,710 --> 00:16:08,190
+something. So there is emphasis on my, my, my, my,
+
+265
+00:16:08,230 --> 00:16:11,990
+my. This is a strong independent woman who can be
+
+266
+00:16:11,990 --> 00:16:17,250
+in command, who can own men, unlike a century or
+
+267
+00:16:17,250 --> 00:16:20,730
+two centuries ago when women were owned. So this
+
+268
+00:16:20,730 --> 00:16:22,790
+is, again, interesting how women are writing, how
+
+269
+00:16:22,790 --> 00:16:25,550
+these branches were writing about this. The
+
+270
+00:16:25,550 --> 00:16:30,460
+sister, Anne, Anne Bronte, their youngest sister.
+
+271
+00:16:31,100 --> 00:16:35,800
+She also wrote about women issues. So for the
+
+272
+00:16:35,800 --> 00:16:40,620
+exam, just with taking Emily and Bronte, but it's
+
+273
+00:16:40,620 --> 00:16:44,140
+good to know that Anne was also writing stuff
+
+274
+00:16:44,140 --> 00:16:46,520
+about the complex relationships between men and
+
+275
+00:16:46,520 --> 00:16:52,440
+women. So to summarize, everyone, to summarize
+
+276
+00:16:52,440 --> 00:16:57,510
+here, The three sisters faced these problems. Some
+
+277
+00:16:57,510 --> 00:16:59,710
+people say they were reflecting their own lives
+
+278
+00:16:59,710 --> 00:17:02,630
+because they had this difficulty, the difficult
+
+279
+00:17:02,630 --> 00:17:07,890
+life, and they wanted to write about them, to
+
+280
+00:17:07,890 --> 00:17:10,850
+expose them, to empower women. But some might say
+
+281
+00:17:10,850 --> 00:17:13,070
+that women always write fiction, prefer fiction,
+
+282
+00:17:13,090 --> 00:17:15,890
+because they create their own world where you can
+
+283
+00:17:15,890 --> 00:17:17,890
+live as a strong. So if the society is not
+
+284
+00:17:17,890 --> 00:17:20,670
+treating you well, you can create your own world.
+
+285
+00:17:20,690 --> 00:17:23,310
+And this own world will become the reality if not
+
+286
+00:17:23,340 --> 00:17:25,640
+your reality, it will become the reality of other
+
+287
+00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:28,540
+women. And this is how empowering works sometimes.
+
+288
+00:17:28,660 --> 00:17:31,460
+They face these difficulties with courage and
+
+289
+00:17:31,460 --> 00:17:34,740
+directness. Together they changed the way the
+
+290
+00:17:34,740 --> 00:17:37,520
+novel could present women characters. That's the
+
+291
+00:17:37,520 --> 00:17:40,470
+most significant thing here. From now on, people
+
+292
+00:17:40,470 --> 00:17:43,650
+in a way, of course, we will find novels that
+
+293
+00:17:43,650 --> 00:17:49,390
+treat women as the case in the past, but generally
+
+294
+00:17:49,390 --> 00:17:52,090
+people were pushing forward, especially women.
+
+295
+00:17:52,210 --> 00:17:54,450
+After the Brontes, female characters were more
+
+296
+00:17:54,450 --> 00:17:58,570
+realistic. and less idealized. So the woman is no
+
+297
+00:17:58,570 --> 00:18:01,950
+longer an object of desire, although we'll find
+
+298
+00:18:01,950 --> 00:18:04,270
+this all the time. But generally, we will
+
+299
+00:18:04,270 --> 00:18:07,170
+frequently find a strong, powerful, independent
+
+300
+00:18:07,170 --> 00:18:11,050
+woman. Realistic woman, like not a superwoman, a
+
+301
+00:18:11,050 --> 00:18:15,330
+superhero, and not an object in the kitchen. If we
+
+302
+00:18:15,330 --> 00:18:17,630
+have this, it's usually criticized in a way,
+
+303
+00:18:17,930 --> 00:18:21,530
+exposed in a way or another. This is significant.
+
+304
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:24,880
+It's no longer treated like, oh, come live with me
+
+305
+00:18:24,880 --> 00:18:26,520
+and be my love, and we will all the pleasures
+
+306
+00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:28,440
+prove. Well, the woman is absent and silent, and
+
+307
+00:18:28,440 --> 00:18:32,240
+she's tricked by things. So less idealized. She's
+
+308
+00:18:32,240 --> 00:18:35,980
+a woman. She has her own faults. But she can be
+
+309
+00:18:35,980 --> 00:18:39,540
+independent. She can survive all these
+
+310
+00:18:39,540 --> 00:18:42,020
+difficulties and suffering. And their struggles
+
+311
+00:18:42,020 --> 00:18:45,640
+became the subject of a great many novels. So the
+
+312
+00:18:45,640 --> 00:18:48,740
+women are no longer minor characters or marginal
+
+313
+00:18:48,740 --> 00:18:53,790
+characters. The book is about the woman. It
+
+314
+00:18:53,790 --> 00:18:56,030
+doesn't mean because these are women, they didn't
+
+315
+00:18:56,030 --> 00:18:59,570
+write about other themes. They did. Okay, but
+
+316
+00:18:59,570 --> 00:19:03,190
+mainly they were aiming to empower. And let's see
+
+317
+00:19:03,190 --> 00:19:10,210
+George Eliot or Mary again. I think we have 20
+
+318
+00:19:10,210 --> 00:19:15,050
+Jones and like 10 Marys, right? Mary and Evans.
+
+319
+00:19:16,350 --> 00:19:22,040
+Mary Evans or George Eliot. George Eliot. She's
+
+320
+00:19:22,040 --> 00:19:27,100
+generally known as George Eliot. AKA Mary Anne
+
+321
+00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:31,540
+Evans. Sorry? Her real name. Yeah, not as much as
+
+322
+00:19:31,540 --> 00:19:35,420
+George Eliot. And again, this is a woman, I think,
+
+323
+00:19:35,520 --> 00:19:39,480
+listen, the Brontes sometime in their life, the
+
+324
+00:19:39,480 --> 00:19:42,820
+Brontes also used fake names sometime in their
+
+325
+00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:46,400
+life. So it's not only George Eliot. The Brontes
+
+326
+00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,500
+also used fake names or pen names or initials, so
+
+327
+00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:51,700
+they didn't want to reveal that they are. Now,
+
+328
+00:19:51,760 --> 00:19:54,540
+with George Eliot, one of the most significant,
+
+329
+00:19:54,700 --> 00:19:56,580
+some people consider her the most significant
+
+330
+00:19:56,580 --> 00:19:59,400
+female writer of all time. Even her book, her
+
+331
+00:19:59,400 --> 00:20:03,140
+novel, we'll see in a bit, Middlemarch, is
+
+332
+00:20:03,140 --> 00:20:05,720
+considered by many to be the greatest novel in the
+
+333
+00:20:05,720 --> 00:20:09,900
+English language. Now, imagine this. You read a
+
+334
+00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:13,210
+book. You look at the cover and it says it's
+
+335
+00:20:13,210 --> 00:20:18,730
+written by George Eliot, and you love it, thinking
+
+336
+00:20:18,730 --> 00:20:26,650
+that the author is a man. If the cover says, Mary
+
+337
+00:20:26,650 --> 00:20:29,490
+Anne Evans, you're going to go, I don't like
+
+338
+00:20:29,490 --> 00:20:34,270
+reading for women. I think women can't capture the
+
+339
+00:20:34,270 --> 00:20:35,950
+essence of feelings and emotions and their
+
+340
+00:20:35,950 --> 00:20:39,530
+experiences. Many people say this. Women are not
+
+341
+00:20:39,530 --> 00:20:41,890
+deep compared to men. Women can't reflect the
+
+342
+00:20:41,890 --> 00:20:44,270
+psychology, you know, the relationship, the depth,
+
+343
+00:20:44,410 --> 00:20:47,230
+the passion, the fears, the concerns. Many people
+
+344
+00:20:47,230 --> 00:20:50,310
+say this, which is wrong, of course. Imagine
+
+345
+00:20:50,310 --> 00:20:54,290
+yourself believing in this. and promoting this and
+
+346
+00:20:54,290 --> 00:20:56,990
+saying, women shouldn't be allowed to publish. All
+
+347
+00:20:56,990 --> 00:21:04,370
+poetry and fiction by women are mediocre, you
+
+348
+00:21:04,370 --> 00:21:07,790
+know, mediocre, like average. And imagine yourself
+
+349
+00:21:07,790 --> 00:21:09,890
+believing in this and holding a book that says
+
+350
+00:21:09,890 --> 00:21:12,750
+George Orwell, reading the text, reading the
+
+351
+00:21:12,750 --> 00:21:16,430
+novel, enjoying it, loving it very much, thinking
+
+352
+00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,930
+that the author is a man. And then someone tells
+
+353
+00:21:19,930 --> 00:21:23,440
+you, Excuse me. Hey, George Eliot is a woman.
+
+354
+00:21:24,280 --> 00:21:31,940
+What? Really? I don't believe it. I can't. I can't
+
+355
+00:21:31,940 --> 00:21:35,660
+believe it. Like really? Because I don't know. I
+
+356
+00:21:35,660 --> 00:21:39,040
+loved it. You might say this and reconsider your
+
+357
+00:21:39,040 --> 00:21:42,020
+position. Like I've been fooled all this time by
+
+358
+00:21:42,020 --> 00:21:44,180
+the rules, by the critics who are generally men.
+
+359
+00:21:45,260 --> 00:21:48,240
+Or you might say, nah, I didn't really, really,
+
+360
+00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:51,300
+really love it. I always felt somewhere in my
+
+361
+00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:55,840
+stomach or head or belly that this is not really
+
+362
+00:21:55,840 --> 00:21:59,680
+excellent fine writing. But in a way, this is
+
+363
+00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,260
+like, I usually like to say this, this is a slap
+
+364
+00:22:02,260 --> 00:22:06,620
+on the face of those anti-feminists who look down
+
+365
+00:22:06,620 --> 00:22:10,380
+upon women and women's achievements and women's
+
+366
+00:22:10,380 --> 00:22:17,300
+writings and fiction. The thing, I love her works,
+
+367
+00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:20,040
+really, but I love this very much about her, the
+
+368
+00:22:20,040 --> 00:22:22,300
+fact that she used a pen name, a pseudonym of a
+
+369
+00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:25,520
+man, and then everyone is like, see, now this is
+
+370
+00:22:25,520 --> 00:22:27,440
+the writing we should be reading. This is the
+
+371
+00:22:27,440 --> 00:22:29,900
+writing that all the people should be imitating
+
+372
+00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:33,060
+this man. And then all of a sudden, surprise,
+
+373
+00:22:33,160 --> 00:22:38,020
+surprise, I am a woman. Breaking news. Breaking
+
+374
+00:22:38,020 --> 00:22:41,660
+news, yeah. It turns the whole world upside down
+
+375
+00:22:41,660 --> 00:22:46,340
+and inside out. It shakes the foundations of what?
+
+376
+00:22:47,020 --> 00:22:49,880
+Of the English canon. It tells us that there's
+
+377
+00:22:49,880 --> 00:22:51,400
+something wrong with the English canon. The
+
+378
+00:22:51,400 --> 00:22:53,800
+English canon is biased, is prejudiced against
+
+379
+00:22:53,800 --> 00:22:57,700
+people of color, non-white, non-Europeans,
+
+380
+00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:00,900
+outsiders in general, and women in particular.
+
+381
+00:23:01,320 --> 00:23:04,790
+Women were kicked out not because they were not
+
+382
+00:23:04,790 --> 00:23:08,210
+writing good stuff, but because they were women.
+
+383
+00:23:08,550 --> 00:23:11,670
+So she's perhaps the greatest woman novelist, and
+
+384
+00:23:11,670 --> 00:23:15,570
+she used the name George Eliot to help her with
+
+385
+00:23:15,570 --> 00:23:20,710
+the publications and stuff. Okay? She worked as a
+
+386
+00:23:20,710 --> 00:23:22,610
+translator, then as a fictionist. Now, in the
+
+387
+00:23:22,610 --> 00:23:25,490
+book, remember I told you this about Mary
+
+388
+00:23:25,490 --> 00:23:29,410
+Wolfstone something? What's her name? Mary
+
+389
+00:23:29,410 --> 00:23:34,050
+Shelley? Mary what? No, Mary Shelley. Mary Wolf
+
+390
+00:23:34,050 --> 00:23:39,310
+Stone something. Wolf Stone Craft. Her middle
+
+391
+00:23:39,310 --> 00:23:44,870
+name? No, her real name. Now anyway, generally, if
+
+392
+00:23:44,870 --> 00:23:51,870
+a woman is successful, in Arabic we say, but here
+
+393
+00:23:51,870 --> 00:23:58,930
+the book is telling us There is a great man behind
+
+394
+00:23:58,930 --> 00:23:59,930
+every great woman.
+
+395
+00:24:02,990 --> 00:24:08,390
+Yeah, herself. A picture of herself. So what I'm
+
+396
+00:24:08,390 --> 00:24:13,950
+saying is that the book here sometimes attributes
+
+397
+00:24:13,950 --> 00:24:19,370
+the success of so many women to men. I don't like
+
+398
+00:24:19,370 --> 00:24:21,950
+this. It could play some particular role. For
+
+399
+00:24:21,950 --> 00:24:24,710
+example, with Mary Shelley, her father, her
+
+400
+00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,370
+mother, they are taken out. They play a greater
+
+401
+00:24:27,370 --> 00:24:31,930
+role in her thinking and intellectuality than her
+
+402
+00:24:31,930 --> 00:24:35,240
+husband. but she's attributed to her husband. The
+
+403
+00:24:35,240 --> 00:24:37,260
+same here. The book says, and I took it out, but I
+
+404
+00:24:37,260 --> 00:24:39,960
+have to show you how this book is also prejudiced
+
+405
+00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:41,700
+in a way. I love this book. It's one of the best.
+
+406
+00:24:42,560 --> 00:24:47,000
+But we need to be careful when we read it. So it
+
+407
+00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:51,340
+says there was a man who encouraged her to write,
+
+408
+00:24:51,420 --> 00:24:53,980
+as if if he didn't do so, she wouldn't be writing
+
+409
+00:24:53,980 --> 00:24:58,470
+stuff. So she was, I took it out. I censored it. I
+
+410
+00:24:58,470 --> 00:25:01,310
+censored the censorship. So she worked as a
+
+411
+00:25:01,310 --> 00:25:05,290
+translator and then as a fiction writer. And
+
+412
+00:25:05,290 --> 00:25:07,970
+though you're studying English, it's fun that you
+
+413
+00:25:07,970 --> 00:25:10,330
+can be these things. And if you think of yourself
+
+414
+00:25:10,330 --> 00:25:14,570
+as a translator, a writer, fiction. Her first
+
+415
+00:25:14,570 --> 00:25:19,050
+novel is Adam Beat. But she wrote more important
+
+416
+00:25:19,050 --> 00:25:22,890
+works here. And her themes are generally, of
+
+417
+00:25:22,890 --> 00:25:25,790
+course, she's a woman, so would usually be
+
+418
+00:25:25,790 --> 00:25:28,870
+considered controversial. Women themes such as
+
+419
+00:25:28,870 --> 00:25:31,370
+having a drunk husband. What's wrong with having a
+
+420
+00:25:31,370 --> 00:25:35,170
+drunk husband? In The Mail of Castlebridge.
+
+421
+00:25:35,190 --> 00:25:37,070
+Remember The Mail of Castlebridge? What did the
+
+422
+00:25:37,070 --> 00:25:40,590
+man do? He sold his wife and daughter. He was
+
+423
+00:25:40,590 --> 00:25:43,450
+drunk. And the book didn't say that this is a
+
+424
+00:25:43,450 --> 00:25:45,590
+controversial book.
+
+425
+00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,480
+Because the writers and the critics here are men.
+
+426
+00:25:50,020 --> 00:25:52,060
+But when a woman does this, it's controversial,
+
+427
+00:25:52,320 --> 00:25:55,620
+it's objectionable, scandalous. Come on, for God's
+
+428
+00:25:55,620 --> 00:26:01,980
+sake. So I should add some sort of inverted commas
+
+429
+00:26:01,980 --> 00:26:05,360
+here, like controversial. Who considers them
+
+430
+00:26:05,360 --> 00:26:10,950
+controversial? Okay, so having drunk husband and
+
+431
+00:26:10,950 --> 00:26:14,310
+being an unmarried mother, a single mother, okay?
+
+432
+00:26:14,890 --> 00:26:17,050
+In her later novels, she writes about, of course,
+
+433
+00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,110
+the society as a whole, for example, Middlemarch.
+
+434
+00:26:22,110 --> 00:26:25,190
+Middlemarch. And Middlemarch is a fictional city.
+
+435
+00:26:25,530 --> 00:26:28,490
+In literature, people generally, for example, you
+
+436
+00:26:28,490 --> 00:26:32,700
+could write a story about Gaza and you just The
+
+437
+00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:36,800
+events take place in Gaza or Jerusalem, the
+
+438
+00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:42,160
+eternal capital of Palestine, right? Or Cairo or
+
+439
+00:26:42,160 --> 00:26:46,580
+London or New York. But some people make up names
+
+440
+00:26:46,580 --> 00:26:50,340
+of cities for one reason or another. So they just
+
+441
+00:26:50,340 --> 00:26:56,510
+say, these events were taking place in... I don't
+
+442
+00:26:56,510 --> 00:26:59,610
+know, I can't make up a name of a country. Pizza,
+
+443
+00:26:59,950 --> 00:27:02,710
+for example. This place is called Pizza, where
+
+444
+00:27:02,710 --> 00:27:05,070
+there are two million people living there.
+
+445
+00:27:05,950 --> 00:27:08,350
+Ironically, no one loves pizza, and you just keep
+
+446
+00:27:08,350 --> 00:27:11,270
+going on and on and on. Because Gaza looks like a
+
+447
+00:27:11,270 --> 00:27:16,170
+slice of pizza in a way. So Middlemarch is a
+
+448
+00:27:16,170 --> 00:27:20,390
+fictional character, okay? Sorry, a fictional
+
+449
+00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:24,560
+place. The events take place in the center
+
+450
+00:27:24,560 --> 00:27:27,200
+somewhere in the middle of Great Britain in
+
+451
+00:27:27,200 --> 00:27:31,860
+England. Considered by some to be the greatest
+
+452
+00:27:31,860 --> 00:27:34,880
+novel in English language. I'm sure some of these
+
+453
+00:27:34,880 --> 00:27:37,380
+some or many of these some are women.
+
+454
+00:27:40,770 --> 00:27:47,150
+The novel is set somewhere in 1832 in a fictional
+
+455
+00:27:47,150 --> 00:27:49,250
+town in England. The themes, of course, are
+
+456
+00:27:49,250 --> 00:27:52,050
+immense, like they go from the changes in the
+
+457
+00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:57,210
+voting system. Women could not write until 1928
+
+458
+00:27:57,210 --> 00:28:00,380
+-something in England. But this woman was writing
+
+459
+00:28:00,380 --> 00:28:03,620
+about this 100 years before, well ahead of her
+
+460
+00:28:03,620 --> 00:28:07,420
+time, talking about medicine, about the rail
+
+461
+00:28:07,420 --> 00:28:10,540
+transport, and the roles of women in the society.
+
+462
+00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:14,420
+I generally give you an idea because this is the
+
+463
+00:28:14,420 --> 00:28:16,740
+nature of the course. But sometimes I don't want
+
+464
+00:28:16,740 --> 00:28:19,400
+to spoil the novel, you know, to tell you what
+
+465
+00:28:19,400 --> 00:28:21,600
+happens at the end because I want you to go and
+
+466
+00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:25,520
+see how things happen for yourselves. So this
+
+467
+00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:29,260
+considers the importance of the dead hand of the
+
+468
+00:28:29,260 --> 00:28:32,040
+past because the past should not We should learn
+
+469
+00:28:32,040 --> 00:28:34,000
+from the past, but it shouldn't be imposing its
+
+470
+00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:36,520
+own rules and regulations because we are advancing
+
+471
+00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:41,360
+in time in a way or another. The heroine, of
+
+472
+00:28:41,360 --> 00:28:43,300
+course, heroine, you know, not cocaine, heroine.
+
+473
+00:28:43,620 --> 00:28:48,000
+The female hero is untraditional generally. Her
+
+474
+00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:53,720
+name is Dorothea, and she finds, of course, her
+
+475
+00:28:53,720 --> 00:28:59,520
+own happiness and independence. like most women by
+
+476
+00:28:59,520 --> 00:29:02,800
+women, women writers. Eliot's philosophy now
+
+477
+00:29:02,800 --> 00:29:08,040
+because basically Eliot believes in the, in in
+
+478
+00:29:08,040 --> 00:29:10,860
+something called like, or her practice, her
+
+479
+00:29:10,860 --> 00:29:13,000
+philosophy is called positivism. You know
+
+480
+00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,060
+positive? Like you're optimistic, like the good is
+
+481
+00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:18,640
+yet to come. Many people believe in this. Like the
+
+482
+00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:22,300
+good, they generally focus and look at the half
+
+483
+00:29:22,300 --> 00:29:27,120
+full of the cup rather than the half empty. Okay,
+
+484
+00:29:27,220 --> 00:29:29,640
+the bright side of things. And many people are
+
+485
+00:29:29,640 --> 00:29:35,380
+dark and negative, pessimistic. They say, if this
+
+486
+00:29:35,380 --> 00:29:40,210
+is bad, What's come is worse. There's this scene
+
+487
+00:29:40,210 --> 00:29:44,470
+with Homer Simpson and Bart, and Bart saying, this
+
+488
+00:29:44,470 --> 00:29:47,230
+is the worst day of my life. And Homer Simpson
+
+489
+00:29:47,230 --> 00:29:52,130
+telling him, yet. Or so far. Like, the worst is
+
+490
+00:29:52,130 --> 00:29:56,190
+yet to come. But she believes in this. I think she
+
+491
+00:29:56,190 --> 00:30:00,150
+being a woman plays a major role here. Because men
+
+492
+00:30:00,150 --> 00:30:02,450
+are always playing the role of the victim. Like,
+
+493
+00:30:02,490 --> 00:30:06,780
+it's dark. It's sad. We are suffering. And they
+
+494
+00:30:06,780 --> 00:30:09,140
+are, in a way or another, victimizing women. So
+
+495
+00:30:09,140 --> 00:30:11,100
+this woman says, no, don't believe these women.
+
+496
+00:30:11,260 --> 00:30:13,940
+Men, don't believe Hardy. It's going to be good,
+
+497
+00:30:14,420 --> 00:30:16,260
+especially the roles of women. And women are
+
+498
+00:30:16,260 --> 00:30:19,000
+advancing in an amazing way that they can claim
+
+499
+00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,340
+their role. So Eliot's philosophy is called
+
+500
+00:30:22,340 --> 00:30:25,640
+positivism, meaning basically that humanity
+
+501
+00:30:25,640 --> 00:30:28,480
+continues to move forward, to improve, to advance,
+
+502
+00:30:28,580 --> 00:30:31,920
+to progress. Sometimes the progress is hindered.
+
+503
+00:30:32,620 --> 00:30:35,980
+Sometimes the progress is slow. But eventually,
+
+504
+00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,540
+There's a progress. There's progress. And humanity
+
+505
+00:30:39,540 --> 00:30:44,080
+will progress. And the good is yet to come. And
+
+506
+00:30:44,080 --> 00:30:46,860
+bitter stuff, bitter things will come eventually.
+
+507
+00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:55,740
+OK, so these are four female novelists of the
+
+508
+00:30:55,740 --> 00:31:00,900
+Victorian age, the three Bronte sisters. George
+
+509
+00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:05,920
+Eliot. And George Eliot. Do you have any question?
+
+510
+00:31:09,800 --> 00:31:12,800
+Any comment? Please do ask or if you want to say
+
+511
+00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:19,880
+something. Have you ever read some poetry by
+
+512
+00:31:19,880 --> 00:31:24,340
+women? Novels or stuff in English or in Arabic?
+
+513
+00:31:24,600 --> 00:31:30,380
+And how did you feel that women write differently?
+
+514
+00:31:32,740 --> 00:31:35,760
+Do you like to know who the author is of a
+
+515
+00:31:35,760 --> 00:31:37,800
+particular text before reading it or what?
+
+516
+00:31:42,250 --> 00:31:46,430
+What do you care more about, the text or the
+
+517
+00:31:46,430 --> 00:31:49,390
+author? Which is more significant? The text. The
+
+518
+00:31:49,390 --> 00:31:53,210
+text. So if someone tells you, hey, this is an
+
+519
+00:31:53,210 --> 00:31:56,470
+amazing short story or poem, you should read it.
+
+520
+00:31:57,770 --> 00:31:59,810
+Do you say, okay, send it to me? Or do you ask
+
+521
+00:31:59,810 --> 00:32:01,410
+first and foremost about the author?
+
+522
+00:32:04,430 --> 00:32:06,550
+Because by knowing the author, we will know the
+
+523
+00:32:06,550 --> 00:32:10,850
+style. Okay, interesting. But also by knowing the
+
+524
+00:32:10,850 --> 00:32:12,810
+author, you're going to limit your imagination.
+
+525
+00:32:13,750 --> 00:32:16,070
+You limit your interpretation, because we've seen
+
+526
+00:32:16,070 --> 00:32:18,930
+with The Sick Rose, the poem could be about so
+
+527
+00:32:18,930 --> 00:32:22,110
+many things. One of you on the other group said,
+
+528
+00:32:23,250 --> 00:32:26,530
+The Sick Rose could be about guys on Facebook
+
+529
+00:32:26,530 --> 00:32:29,530
+tricking women, girls like you, telling them, I
+
+530
+00:32:29,530 --> 00:32:32,010
+love you, I like you, or something, and then...
+
+531
+00:32:32,990 --> 00:32:35,070
+They cheat them, like they destroy their lives.
+
+532
+00:32:35,230 --> 00:32:38,010
+Because this is the worm, the invisible worm
+
+533
+00:32:38,010 --> 00:32:42,710
+destroys thy life, right? And this, of course,
+
+534
+00:32:43,350 --> 00:32:47,770
+William Blake did not mean this. He didn't predict
+
+535
+00:32:47,770 --> 00:32:53,010
+Facebook. But we can relate. But if you just only
+
+536
+00:32:53,010 --> 00:32:57,710
+focus on the name of the author, his life, How he
+
+537
+00:32:57,710 --> 00:33:00,290
+lived? Was he happily married? Did he have kids?
+
+538
+00:33:01,030 --> 00:33:03,790
+Whether his mother-in-law was horrible, whether
+
+539
+00:33:03,790 --> 00:33:06,690
+his father-in-law was horrible, whether he had a
+
+540
+00:33:06,690 --> 00:33:09,870
+job, unemployed, whether he was... Generally, what
+
+541
+00:33:09,870 --> 00:33:15,160
+I like to do here in my classes is that while... I
+
+542
+00:33:15,160 --> 00:33:19,240
+don't do this. I rarely say, he lived, he was
+
+543
+00:33:19,240 --> 00:33:21,300
+married, he had kids, because I don't care about
+
+544
+00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:23,860
+this. The life of the author could be interesting.
+
+545
+00:33:24,160 --> 00:33:26,820
+There are theories that focus mainly on the life
+
+546
+00:33:26,820 --> 00:33:29,000
+and the circumstances and the social, political
+
+547
+00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:32,540
+circumstances and the philosophical ideas and
+
+548
+00:33:32,540 --> 00:33:35,040
+beliefs and ideology of the author in order to
+
+549
+00:33:35,040 --> 00:33:38,440
+understand the text. But many other theories say
+
+550
+00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,020
+no. This could be interesting. It could be fun to
+
+551
+00:33:41,020 --> 00:33:42,960
+know something about Shakespeare and his wife and
+
+552
+00:33:42,960 --> 00:33:45,920
+his kids and everything. But the most significant
+
+553
+00:33:45,920 --> 00:33:48,880
+thing is the text itself. There's a theory called
+
+554
+00:33:48,880 --> 00:33:52,760
+the death of the author. Like not, let's kill all
+
+555
+00:33:52,760 --> 00:33:56,100
+the authors. It's like when the author publishes a
+
+556
+00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,440
+book, once the book is published, he or she dies.
+
+557
+00:33:59,920 --> 00:34:02,880
+They become, they're no longer authors and
+
+558
+00:34:02,880 --> 00:34:06,780
+writers. They become readers. Because now the text
+
+559
+00:34:06,780 --> 00:34:09,740
+belongs to us. And because this is not only
+
+560
+00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240
+theirs. These ideas come from so many books and
+
+561
+00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:16,780
+stories they read and heard from here, from
+
+562
+00:34:16,780 --> 00:34:21,920
+experiences. And this is interesting because
+
+563
+00:34:21,920 --> 00:34:24,200
+sometimes people for a long time would think that
+
+564
+00:34:24,200 --> 00:34:27,780
+this play was written by Shakespeare. And it turns
+
+565
+00:34:27,780 --> 00:34:29,940
+out that, no, it wasn't written by Shakespeare. It
+
+566
+00:34:29,940 --> 00:34:32,490
+was written by someone else. And also, what about
+
+567
+00:34:32,490 --> 00:34:34,930
+texts that are anonymous? Many people think we
+
+568
+00:34:34,930 --> 00:34:37,010
+can't understand a text unless we know the author.
+
+569
+00:34:37,110 --> 00:34:40,050
+What about anonymous texts? What about anonymous
+
+570
+00:34:40,050 --> 00:34:43,490
+texts? Can we understand them? Can we appreciate
+
+571
+00:34:43,490 --> 00:34:48,170
+them? Of course, yes. And I usually do this in my
+
+572
+00:34:48,170 --> 00:34:50,530
+classes. In one of my classes, this was one of the
+
+573
+00:34:50,530 --> 00:34:53,250
+best experiments I did. I was teaching a pottery
+
+574
+00:34:53,250 --> 00:34:58,150
+class. And I brought an Israeli poem by an Israeli
+
+575
+00:34:58,150 --> 00:35:03,910
+Jewish poet, Yehuda Mikhai, on Jerusalem. So I
+
+576
+00:35:03,910 --> 00:35:07,590
+had, like, 40 students, and I got them 40 copies.
+
+577
+00:35:07,810 --> 00:35:12,910
+Half of them, I told the first half that I wrote
+
+578
+00:35:12,910 --> 00:35:15,770
+down that this is by the Israeli poet, Yehuda
+
+579
+00:35:15,770 --> 00:35:17,630
+Mikhai. And it says, on our roof in Jerusalem, one
+
+580
+00:35:17,630 --> 00:35:19,410
+of the best poems you will ever read. Really
+
+581
+00:35:19,410 --> 00:35:23,190
+beautiful. And the other group, I didn't tell them
+
+582
+00:35:23,190 --> 00:35:25,330
+anything. Just, this is a poem. This is a text.
+
+583
+00:35:25,870 --> 00:35:28,710
+Read it. What do you think? So the first group,
+
+584
+00:35:28,830 --> 00:35:31,190
+because they already know this, and because Israel
+
+585
+00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:33,490
+is destroying our lives and occupying us and
+
+586
+00:35:33,490 --> 00:35:35,970
+turning our lives into hell, many people didn't
+
+587
+00:35:35,970 --> 00:35:38,530
+appreciate the text as a text, as a beautiful
+
+588
+00:35:38,530 --> 00:35:40,830
+artistic creation, artistic expression. And they
+
+589
+00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:43,390
+were like, ah, not well. He doesn't capture the
+
+590
+00:35:43,390 --> 00:35:45,670
+essence, the depth of Jerusalem. And it's not this
+
+591
+00:35:45,670 --> 00:35:49,170
+Palestinian poet because it's ours and everything.
+
+592
+00:35:50,780 --> 00:35:53,500
+Interesting stuff. Very, very interesting. But the
+
+593
+00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,340
+other group were more into the text itself and its
+
+594
+00:35:56,340 --> 00:36:00,140
+beauty and its artistic value as, again, a
+
+595
+00:36:00,140 --> 00:36:02,860
+literary creation, an artistic creation. And even,
+
+596
+00:36:03,360 --> 00:36:05,740
+funny, some of them thought that this is written
+
+597
+00:36:05,740 --> 00:36:08,520
+by Mahmoud Darwish, Samih Al-Qasim, or even Tamim
+
+598
+00:36:08,520 --> 00:36:11,860
+Al-Baraghouti because it's a beautiful text. It
+
+599
+00:36:11,860 --> 00:36:14,300
+describes Jerusalem in this beautiful way. So
+
+600
+00:36:14,300 --> 00:36:16,900
+sometimes we have this prejudice. So generally, I
+
+601
+00:36:16,900 --> 00:36:19,120
+don't like... It's good to know the author, who
+
+602
+00:36:19,120 --> 00:36:22,860
+the author is, of course, but if you only want to
+
+603
+00:36:22,860 --> 00:36:25,620
+understand the text by understanding the life of
+
+604
+00:36:25,620 --> 00:36:30,280
+the author, not good. I'll post this on the
+
+605
+00:36:30,280 --> 00:36:32,720
+Facebook group tonight. There was one author, I
+
+606
+00:36:32,720 --> 00:36:36,300
+can't remember who he is, who said that I read the
+
+607
+00:36:36,300 --> 00:36:38,660
+first paragraph, only the first paragraph of the
+
+608
+00:36:38,660 --> 00:36:41,540
+first of the novel, and then I can't tell whether
+
+609
+00:36:41,540 --> 00:36:42,880
+this is written by a man or a woman.
+
+610
+00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:50,300
+in a condescending way, saying that, implying that
+
+611
+00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:54,280
+it's very easy to tell the style of women. They
+
+612
+00:36:54,280 --> 00:36:55,940
+have a particular way. Yeah, there are
+
+613
+00:36:55,940 --> 00:36:57,800
+differences. Of course, there are differences. For
+
+614
+00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:02,040
+example, I know only four colors. I don't know
+
+615
+00:37:02,040 --> 00:37:05,280
+many colors. But women know more. They know fushi,
+
+616
+00:37:05,480 --> 00:37:07,900
+and mushi, and nili, and batikhi, and jamali, and
+
+617
+00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:12,220
+shammami, and fagusi. So many crazy colors. Okay?
+
+618
+00:37:13,140 --> 00:37:15,500
+And about many other things. It's not about
+
+619
+00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,640
+colors. Like, we're different. There's, you know,
+
+620
+00:37:18,720 --> 00:37:20,600
+there are differences, but not in a bad way. Not
+
+621
+00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:24,620
+that man is better or women are. Everyone is good
+
+622
+00:37:24,620 --> 00:37:29,500
+in his or her own way. I think The Guardian posted
+
+623
+00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:34,180
+tin openings from 10 random novels that I haven't
+
+624
+00:37:34,180 --> 00:37:37,160
+read before. And there was a quiz, can you tell if
+
+625
+00:37:37,160 --> 00:37:39,020
+this is a man or a woman? I did the quiz and I got
+
+626
+00:37:39,020 --> 00:37:42,360
+seven out of 10. So I'll post the quiz and you try
+
+627
+00:37:42,360 --> 00:37:45,800
+to see if you can tell whether the author is a man
+
+628
+00:37:45,800 --> 00:37:48,580
+and a woman. And I want you to just don't do it
+
+629
+00:37:48,580 --> 00:37:51,840
+hit or miss. Try to really read the extracts, the
+
+630
+00:37:51,840 --> 00:37:54,620
+first just very short paragraphs and see if you
+
+631
+00:37:54,620 --> 00:37:58,070
+can tell if the author is a man or a woman. There
+
+632
+00:37:58,070 --> 00:38:00,490
+are differences, but the differences are not in
+
+633
+00:38:00,490 --> 00:38:02,410
+the sense that this is better. Yeah, there are
+
+634
+00:38:02,410 --> 00:38:05,210
+writers who are better than others, but it doesn't
+
+635
+00:38:05,210 --> 00:38:08,690
+mean basically all men writers are better than all
+
+636
+00:38:08,690 --> 00:38:11,710
+women writers. Thank you very much. We stop here.
+
+637
+00:38:11,810 --> 00:38:15,030
+Next class we're going to do to finish the
+
+638
+00:38:15,030 --> 00:38:18,470
+Victorian Age with Victorian poetry. Thank you
+
+639
+00:38:18,470 --> 00:38:18,830
+very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_MZcRIdX5JA_raw.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b96e76a3f6648f42542a92e42d042343e8a071b
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@@ -0,0 +1,2220 @@
+1
+00:00:20,870 --> 00:00:22,430
+Assalamu alaikum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh.
+
+2
+00:00:23,850 --> 00:00:27,710
+Welcome everyone and good day. This is our last
+
+3
+00:00:27,710 --> 00:00:31,030
+class in our introduction to English literature
+
+4
+00:00:31,030 --> 00:00:35,870
+course at the Islamic University of Gaza. Life in
+
+5
+00:00:35,870 --> 00:00:39,540
+Gaza has been tough, generally, you know. with the
+
+6
+00:00:39,540 --> 00:00:42,300
+siege, with the Israeli occupation. But we tried
+
+7
+00:00:42,300 --> 00:00:46,640
+to do something with literature so we can probably
+
+8
+00:00:46,640 --> 00:00:50,360
+make sense out of life, try to empower ourselves,
+
+9
+00:00:50,620 --> 00:00:54,160
+to raise our voices, to learn skills how to defend
+
+10
+00:00:54,160 --> 00:00:57,500
+ourselves using nonviolent creative means,
+
+11
+00:00:57,620 --> 00:01:03,490
+hopefully. like the women writers, like the
+
+12
+00:01:03,490 --> 00:01:07,530
+outsiders of the likes of Joan Dunn, Tristram
+
+13
+00:01:07,530 --> 00:01:10,910
+Shandy, and Swift, and those people who resisted
+
+14
+00:01:10,910 --> 00:01:13,390
+oppression, all sorts of oppression in their
+
+15
+00:01:13,390 --> 00:01:16,370
+society. Hopefully, you will be like them. You
+
+16
+00:01:16,370 --> 00:01:19,410
+will learn from their techniques because, as I
+
+17
+00:01:19,410 --> 00:01:23,410
+usually say, keep saying to you that literature is
+
+18
+00:01:23,410 --> 00:01:27,920
+a means of a tool of empowerment, a tool of... of
+
+19
+00:01:27,920 --> 00:01:32,580
+criticism. As Palestinians, as young people,
+
+20
+00:01:33,220 --> 00:01:36,900
+English is not only our major, but it's our
+
+21
+00:01:36,900 --> 00:01:42,120
+career, and it can change our lives as probably
+
+22
+00:01:42,120 --> 00:01:45,560
+young people struggling in this difficult
+
+23
+00:01:45,560 --> 00:01:50,540
+situation, and also as Palestinians having to
+
+24
+00:01:50,540 --> 00:01:53,300
+resist the oppression and injustices of the
+
+25
+00:01:53,300 --> 00:01:56,470
+Israeli occupation. Literature, yeah, this is
+
+26
+00:01:56,470 --> 00:01:58,310
+English literature. But remember, always
+
+27
+00:01:58,310 --> 00:02:01,050
+literature breaks all these barriers of time and
+
+28
+00:02:01,050 --> 00:02:05,230
+place and ideology and geography.
+
+29
+00:02:05,770 --> 00:02:09,270
+So whether you're reading a Japanese story,
+
+30
+00:02:09,750 --> 00:02:14,070
+Mexican novel, Malaysian short story, a Russian
+
+31
+00:02:14,070 --> 00:02:18,290
+play, whatever, you will learn, you will benefit.
+
+32
+00:02:18,390 --> 00:02:21,250
+It will empower you in a way. It will reach, touch
+
+33
+00:02:21,250 --> 00:02:25,010
+your heart and mind in a way. or another. So
+
+34
+00:02:25,010 --> 00:02:30,010
+hopefully, you will be able to adopt some of these
+
+35
+00:02:30,010 --> 00:02:32,970
+techniques, some of these, learn some of the
+
+36
+00:02:32,970 --> 00:02:36,290
+skills to enable you to write. And that is one
+
+37
+00:02:36,290 --> 00:02:40,570
+reason why I suggested some Palestinian readings,
+
+38
+00:02:40,950 --> 00:02:44,610
+like Ghassan Kanafan is Men in the Sun and Gaza
+
+39
+00:02:44,610 --> 00:02:47,010
+Writes Back, which is a collection of short
+
+40
+00:02:47,010 --> 00:02:49,920
+stories by our students here at the English
+
+41
+00:02:49,920 --> 00:02:53,080
+department. So students like you who attended
+
+42
+00:02:53,080 --> 00:02:55,840
+these courses, who took these courses, who
+
+43
+00:02:55,840 --> 00:03:00,000
+probably were sitting somewhere here. So probably
+
+44
+00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:05,390
+their ghosts are with us now. This course is not
+
+45
+00:03:05,390 --> 00:03:07,670
+only about studying and memorizing and getting
+
+46
+00:03:07,670 --> 00:03:11,290
+marks, although this is okay, good, but it's about
+
+47
+00:03:11,290 --> 00:03:14,590
+changing our lives to the better. Today I will do
+
+48
+00:03:14,590 --> 00:03:19,330
+some review to help you wrap up certain things and
+
+49
+00:03:19,330 --> 00:03:23,450
+at the same time get you ready for the final exam.
+
+50
+00:03:23,550 --> 00:03:25,490
+The final exam will contain three questions.
+
+51
+00:03:26,310 --> 00:03:28,650
+Number one, there will be a choose the right
+
+52
+00:03:28,650 --> 00:03:32,570
+answer question. And when you choose the right
+
+53
+00:03:32,570 --> 00:03:37,880
+answer, please, You follow a strategy of your own,
+
+54
+00:03:37,980 --> 00:03:41,600
+whatever strategy you like. But my advice is try
+
+55
+00:03:41,600 --> 00:03:44,640
+to cover the answers, the choices given to you. So
+
+56
+00:03:44,640 --> 00:03:54,390
+the question that says this blank sonnet has a
+
+57
+00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:58,390
+fixed rhyme scheme, A, B, B, A, A, B, B, A, C, D,
+
+58
+00:03:58,510 --> 00:04:02,490
+C, D, C, D. So is it Italian? Is it Shakespearean?
+
+59
+00:04:02,850 --> 00:04:08,710
+Is it Dunyan? Is it romantic? So before looking at
+
+60
+00:04:08,710 --> 00:04:12,110
+the choices, try to say, OK, how many sonnets did
+
+61
+00:04:12,110 --> 00:04:14,770
+I study? Like, two major sonnets, but then we
+
+62
+00:04:14,770 --> 00:04:19,810
+discussed probably John Donne. So three. Now, both
+
+63
+00:04:19,810 --> 00:04:23,250
+Shakespeare and Dunne have couplets. You know what
+
+64
+00:04:23,250 --> 00:04:27,110
+is the Kabbalet? It doesn't have to be GG, but
+
+65
+00:04:27,110 --> 00:04:34,250
+it's two rhyming lines of verse. Rhyming, same
+
+66
+00:04:34,250 --> 00:04:37,570
+rhyme scheme. Look at the ending here. It says C
+
+67
+00:04:37,570 --> 00:04:42,250
+-D, C-D, C-D. So it doesn't say C-C or D-D or E-E.
+
+68
+00:04:42,670 --> 00:04:44,450
+So this is definitely not Shakespeare and
+
+69
+00:04:44,450 --> 00:04:51,410
+definitely not John Donne. So if you don't know,
+
+70
+00:04:51,510 --> 00:04:54,350
+you just look at the choices given to you. If you
+
+71
+00:04:54,350 --> 00:04:56,970
+still don't know, you need to minimize, like to
+
+72
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,110
+eliminate one or two of them. I'll give you
+
+73
+00:04:59,110 --> 00:05:02,910
+examples. in a bit. Now the second question will
+
+74
+00:05:02,910 --> 00:05:05,650
+ask you to complete. And these questions are
+
+75
+00:05:05,650 --> 00:05:08,550
+objective questions. You have to write just
+
+76
+00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:11,610
+specific pieces of information or to take specific
+
+77
+00:05:11,610 --> 00:05:16,010
+pieces of information. Now the fact that this is
+
+78
+00:05:16,010 --> 00:05:19,790
+objective doesn't mean it's all dependent on how
+
+79
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:24,010
+much you memorize. You need to use this answering
+
+80
+00:05:24,010 --> 00:05:28,700
+the questions. For example, Yeah, there will be.
+
+81
+00:05:28,960 --> 00:05:32,360
+We will check your memorization of certain
+
+82
+00:05:32,360 --> 00:05:35,140
+information. It's important, right? Who wrote
+
+83
+00:05:35,140 --> 00:05:40,100
+what? The theme of a particular literary work? The
+
+84
+00:05:40,100 --> 00:05:44,880
+major literary work for a particular author? A
+
+85
+00:05:44,880 --> 00:05:48,880
+major feature of a particular movement or school?
+
+86
+00:05:48,960 --> 00:05:52,640
+But you need to depend on your understanding. And
+
+87
+00:05:52,640 --> 00:05:54,580
+that means, for example, you go for the Romantic
+
+88
+00:05:54,580 --> 00:05:54,900
+Age.
+
+89
+00:05:57,860 --> 00:06:01,920
+Write down the major features of the age, what it
+
+90
+00:06:01,920 --> 00:06:03,760
+means to be romantic poetry. Remember
+
+91
+00:06:03,760 --> 00:06:09,100
+individualism, nature, simplicity, imagination,
+
+92
+00:06:10,100 --> 00:06:14,120
+sometimes memory, and then start to outline the
+
+93
+00:06:14,120 --> 00:06:17,140
+major writers, like Blake and Wordsworth and
+
+94
+00:06:17,140 --> 00:06:20,000
+Coleridge and Keats and Byron and Shelley, and try
+
+95
+00:06:20,000 --> 00:06:23,980
+to, again, highlight the major features of every
+
+96
+00:06:23,980 --> 00:06:26,500
+one of them and see where they agree and where
+
+97
+00:06:26,500 --> 00:06:29,040
+they disagree. Okay? So, for example, we spoke
+
+98
+00:06:29,040 --> 00:06:31,740
+about Coleridge and Wordsworth. We said Coleridge
+
+99
+00:06:31,740 --> 00:06:35,660
+is more into nature, the natural element of life.
+
+100
+00:06:35,960 --> 00:06:38,980
+He's, you know... And even if you don't know, like
+
+101
+00:06:38,980 --> 00:06:42,080
+you don't memorize these tiny little things, it's
+
+102
+00:06:42,080 --> 00:06:45,480
+always... Good to think. I know some students who
+
+103
+00:06:45,480 --> 00:06:47,820
+just a question they're not familiar with, they
+
+104
+00:06:47,820 --> 00:06:50,440
+don't know, they just give up. Never leave a
+
+105
+00:06:50,440 --> 00:06:56,440
+question unanswered. Please don't do that. So try
+
+106
+00:06:56,440 --> 00:07:00,800
+to think to narrow down your answers. So if I tell
+
+107
+00:07:00,800 --> 00:07:08,940
+you this is a romantic poet who was mainly
+
+108
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:15,880
+focusing on the mythical, irrational, supernatural
+
+109
+00:07:15,880 --> 00:07:20,860
+element. OK? So there's irrational. Maybe I don't
+
+110
+00:07:20,860 --> 00:07:22,920
+know this word. Or mythical. Maybe I don't know
+
+111
+00:07:22,920 --> 00:07:26,980
+this word. Supernatural. We know the nature. And
+
+112
+00:07:26,980 --> 00:07:31,840
+then supernatural. OK? So what do you want to do
+
+113
+00:07:31,840 --> 00:07:36,980
+here? Just go back in time. Try to revise in your
+
+114
+00:07:36,980 --> 00:07:43,020
+mind. OK. When we discussed Blake, Blake was What
+
+115
+00:07:43,020 --> 00:07:49,080
+else? London, maybe. What else? Tiger, tiger, the
+
+116
+00:07:49,080 --> 00:07:51,640
+land. So this is nature in a way. William
+
+117
+00:07:51,640 --> 00:07:57,180
+Wordsworth, The Daffodils, Lucy Gray, Coleridge,
+
+118
+00:07:58,300 --> 00:08:00,860
+The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, and the
+
+119
+00:08:00,860 --> 00:08:04,800
+Albatross, and how the Albatross was killed. And
+
+120
+00:08:04,800 --> 00:08:08,000
+then because the Albatross was killed, The sea
+
+121
+00:08:08,000 --> 00:08:11,880
+stops, the waves stop, the wind stops. Does this
+
+122
+00:08:11,880 --> 00:08:14,220
+happen in real life? Is this natural? Is this
+
+123
+00:08:14,220 --> 00:08:20,020
+normal? Or is this supernatural? So you can always
+
+124
+00:08:20,020 --> 00:08:22,800
+guess. Yeah, there are natural elements, but this
+
+125
+00:08:22,800 --> 00:08:26,000
+is mainly about the supernatural aspect. It's
+
+126
+00:08:26,000 --> 00:08:30,520
+about the power of imagination. The questions are
+
+127
+00:08:30,520 --> 00:08:34,940
+going to be direct. If there are questions like
+
+128
+00:08:34,940 --> 00:08:37,420
+maybe there would be one maximum two questions
+
+129
+00:08:37,420 --> 00:08:39,400
+where you need to really think hard, but generally
+
+130
+00:08:39,400 --> 00:08:42,400
+more than 95 percent of the questions are
+
+131
+00:08:42,400 --> 00:08:46,600
+straightforward. Finally, the contextualization
+
+132
+00:08:46,600 --> 00:08:49,280
+questions where you need to comment critically on
+
+133
+00:08:49,280 --> 00:08:52,320
+a given extract. I'll show you examples and then
+
+134
+00:08:52,320 --> 00:08:56,240
+give you the chance to ask questions. So remember
+
+135
+00:08:56,240 --> 00:08:57,720
+this extract?
+
+136
+00:09:01,080 --> 00:09:03,420
+I can't remember where the caesura is. Can you
+
+137
+00:09:03,420 --> 00:09:08,380
+check the book and tell me? The caesura, was it
+
+138
+00:09:08,380 --> 00:09:09,660
+after off and power?
+
+139
+00:09:13,100 --> 00:09:15,820
+After praise. Okay.
+
+140
+00:09:18,780 --> 00:09:25,930
+Control Z. What else? After power, okay. So in the
+
+141
+00:09:25,930 --> 00:09:29,490
+midterm exam, you have to comment critically or to
+
+142
+00:09:29,490 --> 00:09:33,070
+contextualize some given extract. In the final
+
+143
+00:09:33,070 --> 00:09:38,190
+exam, you will have four extracts, four extracts,
+
+144
+00:09:38,190 --> 00:09:40,750
+and you need to do three of them.
+
+145
+00:09:43,990 --> 00:09:47,270
+Three of them, okay? And I'll tell you three
+
+146
+00:09:47,270 --> 00:09:50,710
+contextualized, three of the following. If you do
+
+147
+00:09:50,710 --> 00:09:54,530
+four, I'll only grade the first three. Because I
+
+148
+00:09:54,530 --> 00:09:57,010
+have like 250 students, we don't have much time
+
+149
+00:09:57,010 --> 00:10:00,650
+to... So, what do you do with a text like this?
+
+150
+00:10:00,670 --> 00:10:07,010
+Look at this. Number one. It's poetry. How can you
+
+151
+00:10:07,010 --> 00:10:10,510
+tell? Generally, not always, poetry begins with a
+
+152
+00:10:10,510 --> 00:10:13,410
+capital letter. If we have a hundred lines, even
+
+153
+00:10:13,410 --> 00:10:15,750
+if it's not the beginning of a sentence, it begins
+
+154
+00:10:15,750 --> 00:10:19,150
+with a capital letter. That's the first thing I
+
+155
+00:10:19,150 --> 00:10:22,910
+can see. And then the second thing, There is space
+
+156
+00:10:22,910 --> 00:10:25,690
+in the middle. We see this all the time with
+
+157
+00:10:25,690 --> 00:10:29,050
+Arabic poetry, but not English. We've seen
+
+158
+00:10:29,050 --> 00:10:31,090
+Shakespeare. We've seen John Donne. We've seen all
+
+159
+00:10:31,090 --> 00:10:35,090
+those. We don't have this physical gap in the
+
+160
+00:10:35,090 --> 00:10:39,310
+middle of the lines of poetry. So when did this
+
+161
+00:10:39,310 --> 00:10:41,630
+happen? OK, you trigger your memory, like, oh,
+
+162
+00:10:41,730 --> 00:10:45,850
+that's old English. It happened in the past. Why
+
+163
+00:10:45,850 --> 00:10:49,750
+did it happen? OK. Now, a student should always
+
+164
+00:10:49,750 --> 00:10:53,980
+have these, mental maps where you map all the
+
+165
+00:10:53,980 --> 00:10:58,040
+course. If you do them physically at home studying
+
+166
+00:10:58,040 --> 00:11:00,640
+for this course, that would be great. But do it
+
+167
+00:11:00,640 --> 00:11:03,820
+also in your mind. Like, OK, Old English, you
+
+168
+00:11:03,820 --> 00:11:06,860
+create a circle, a spidergram, and then you start
+
+169
+00:11:06,860 --> 00:11:10,480
+taking out things and branching out of this
+
+170
+00:11:10,480 --> 00:11:13,420
+spidergram. So we spoke about the features of Old
+
+171
+00:11:13,420 --> 00:11:16,320
+English. We said it wasn't written. It was oral.
+
+172
+00:11:16,700 --> 00:11:20,740
+And because it was oral, there were several things
+
+173
+00:11:20,740 --> 00:11:26,060
+to make it Easy to remember. To make it musical.
+
+174
+00:11:26,800 --> 00:11:29,760
+Narrative. We spoke about the narrative aspect. We
+
+175
+00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,280
+spoke of the musical aspect. So to make it easy
+
+176
+00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:36,220
+because people couldn't read and write. And you
+
+177
+00:11:36,220 --> 00:11:39,600
+want it to be easy to remember. Like all Arabic
+
+178
+00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:43,490
+poetry in the past was almost the same. It
+
+179
+00:11:43,490 --> 00:11:47,730
+depended heavily on music, on certain themes, so
+
+180
+00:11:47,730 --> 00:11:49,950
+that people could memorize. There were people who
+
+181
+00:11:49,950 --> 00:11:54,190
+would memorize like 10,000 poems.
+
+182
+00:11:56,310 --> 00:12:00,650
+OK? So okay, that's the first thing I also, the
+
+183
+00:12:00,650 --> 00:12:04,290
+second thing I noticed. This is by only looking.
+
+184
+00:12:05,070 --> 00:12:08,530
+This gap is called a caesura. It's, it comes from
+
+185
+00:12:08,530 --> 00:12:12,030
+Caesar and Caesarian section. You know, when
+
+186
+00:12:12,030 --> 00:12:16,150
+someone has a birth, you know, gives birth to a
+
+187
+00:12:16,150 --> 00:12:18,790
+baby by a Caesarian going on undergoing a
+
+188
+00:12:18,790 --> 00:12:22,670
+Caesarian section, that's because they cut on the
+
+189
+00:12:22,670 --> 00:12:30,670
+belly. So a caesura is the gap in the middle of...
+
+190
+00:12:30,670 --> 00:12:33,390
+By the way, in Old English, we have a physical
+
+191
+00:12:33,390 --> 00:12:36,350
+gap. The caesura is still there. Sometimes we
+
+192
+00:12:36,350 --> 00:12:38,650
+don't see it because they depend on the
+
+193
+00:12:38,650 --> 00:12:46,290
+punctuation marks. Okay. What does it do here?
+
+194
+00:12:47,470 --> 00:12:51,330
+Next, what does the cesura do? Makes it musical.
+
+195
+00:12:51,850 --> 00:12:55,610
+Now we must praise. This is not the old English.
+
+196
+00:12:55,910 --> 00:12:59,250
+This is a modernized text. It makes it musical.
+
+197
+00:12:59,710 --> 00:13:03,990
+It's musical, so it's easy to memorize and
+
+198
+00:13:03,990 --> 00:13:08,610
+remember. Now read the line and see what happens
+
+199
+00:13:08,610 --> 00:13:14,470
+here. Now, not tomorrow, every word counts. We,
+
+200
+00:13:14,730 --> 00:13:18,710
+everyone, not me, not you, must, not should, not
+
+201
+00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:25,450
+may, praise of heaven's kingdom. Heaven. Heaven's
+
+202
+00:13:25,450 --> 00:13:30,150
+kingdom. The keeper. Ah, it's about God. And there
+
+203
+00:13:30,150 --> 00:13:34,750
+is heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the Lord, the
+
+204
+00:13:34,750 --> 00:13:40,160
+power and his wisdom. totally, purely religious
+
+205
+00:13:40,160 --> 00:13:44,020
+poem, a religious text. Now, the rhyme scheme,
+
+206
+00:13:44,120 --> 00:13:46,340
+look at this. The rhyme scheme, some of you in the
+
+207
+00:13:46,340 --> 00:13:53,880
+midterm went for A, B, C, D. No, no, no, no,
+
+208
+00:13:53,880 --> 00:13:55,700
+that's not the rhyme scheme. That's not how you do
+
+209
+00:13:55,700 --> 00:13:58,300
+the rhyme scheme. What is the rhyme scheme? How do
+
+210
+00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:02,300
+you define the rhyme scheme? It's the last sound.
+
+211
+00:14:04,090 --> 00:14:07,650
+The ending sound or sounds of a line of verse. The
+
+212
+00:14:07,650 --> 00:14:11,630
+last sound or sounds at the end of a line of
+
+213
+00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:14,990
+verse. Where's the end? Here. So keeper and
+
+214
+00:14:14,990 --> 00:14:19,050
+wisdom. Just tell me A, B. Now, can I judge that
+
+215
+00:14:19,050 --> 00:14:24,170
+this is regular or irregular? I can't. Why? We
+
+216
+00:14:24,170 --> 00:14:27,130
+don't have the whole poem. Like with Shakespeare,
+
+217
+00:14:27,290 --> 00:14:30,190
+shall I compare thee to a summer's day, A. Thou
+
+218
+00:14:30,190 --> 00:14:33,010
+art more lovely and more temperate, B. Can I say
+
+219
+00:14:33,010 --> 00:14:37,240
+it's irregular? It can't, unless you know the
+
+220
+00:14:37,240 --> 00:14:40,280
+whole poem and see. So if it says A, B, A, B,
+
+221
+00:14:40,520 --> 00:14:46,400
+regular. A, B, it could be A, B, C, C. Regular if
+
+222
+00:14:46,400 --> 00:14:52,040
+we have regular stanzas later on. So the other
+
+223
+00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:54,600
+thing we notice is the religious language of this
+
+224
+00:14:54,600 --> 00:15:00,240
+extract. The language is religious. It means it's
+
+225
+00:15:00,240 --> 00:15:03,790
+about God. It's about praising God. And we notice
+
+226
+00:15:03,790 --> 00:15:05,610
+something else in the original text, there is an
+
+227
+00:15:05,610 --> 00:15:07,750
+alliteration. The alliteration is the repetition
+
+228
+00:15:07,750 --> 00:15:12,930
+of a particular sound or the beginning of some
+
+229
+00:15:12,930 --> 00:15:15,190
+words in a line of verse. Could be in poetry and
+
+230
+00:15:15,190 --> 00:15:17,950
+could be in praise. Like here, for example,
+
+231
+00:15:18,150 --> 00:15:24,040
+kingdom and Kiba. Yeah. Oh, yeah. Could be a
+
+232
+00:15:24,040 --> 00:15:27,360
+keeper, power. Praise, keeper, power. Could be
+
+233
+00:15:27,360 --> 00:15:30,520
+something like this. Pah, pah, sound. So who's the
+
+234
+00:15:30,520 --> 00:15:36,000
+author here? Remember we said all English texts
+
+235
+00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,700
+were anonymous except one. So you have to have
+
+236
+00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:40,820
+these plans yourself. Many of you said this is
+
+237
+00:15:40,820 --> 00:15:46,580
+anonymous. It's not. It's Kedman's hymn. The
+
+238
+00:15:46,580 --> 00:15:50,750
+author is not Kedman's hymn. This is a hymn. You
+
+239
+00:15:50,750 --> 00:15:53,250
+know, a hymn is a religious song. The author is
+
+240
+00:15:53,250 --> 00:15:55,930
+Kaedeman. Who's Kaedeman? It is said that he was a
+
+241
+00:15:55,930 --> 00:16:00,410
+shepherd who claimed to have heard the voice of
+
+242
+00:16:00,410 --> 00:16:04,530
+God. And the church people, the monks, knew his
+
+243
+00:16:04,530 --> 00:16:07,790
+story, heard about him, and said, hey, come join
+
+244
+00:16:07,790 --> 00:16:11,870
+us. We can write the stories. Your poetry can be
+
+245
+00:16:11,870 --> 00:16:16,460
+written down. Now, when you contextualize, it
+
+246
+00:16:16,460 --> 00:16:19,900
+means you identify the author, the text, the
+
+247
+00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:22,940
+context, and you comment on the features. You
+
+248
+00:16:22,940 --> 00:16:25,160
+don't have to speak about things not in the text.
+
+249
+00:16:25,280 --> 00:16:28,160
+One student was writing with all due respect, of
+
+250
+00:16:28,160 --> 00:16:32,540
+course. He almost wrote everything in the all
+
+251
+00:16:32,540 --> 00:16:38,480
+features in Old English. Like heroism, mythology,
+
+252
+00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,070
+battles, narrative. Good, but not here. When I
+
+253
+00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:46,690
+bring you another text where you comment
+
+254
+00:16:46,690 --> 00:16:49,550
+critically on a particular thing, a particular
+
+255
+00:16:49,550 --> 00:16:51,950
+thing with narrative features or heroism, it's
+
+256
+00:16:51,950 --> 00:16:55,590
+okay. It's up to you. We see that in... What's his
+
+257
+00:16:55,590 --> 00:17:02,450
+name? Beowulf. So, in brief, this extract, stanza,
+
+258
+00:17:02,670 --> 00:17:06,710
+couplet, whatever you like, these lines are taken
+
+259
+00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:12,150
+from Cadiman's Hymn by Cadiman. This is an old
+
+260
+00:17:12,150 --> 00:17:17,520
+English text. It's about praising God. The theme
+
+261
+00:17:17,520 --> 00:17:20,300
+is religion. It's a religious text. The language
+
+262
+00:17:20,300 --> 00:17:24,140
+was always take something from the text and show
+
+263
+00:17:24,140 --> 00:17:27,600
+me that you understand, you analyze the text. The
+
+264
+00:17:27,600 --> 00:17:31,770
+repetition of several religious words like heaven,
+
+265
+00:17:31,930 --> 00:17:35,570
+kingdom keeper shows. And the fact that it says we
+
+266
+00:17:35,570 --> 00:17:41,310
+must now, we must also, now urgent, we collective
+
+267
+00:17:41,310 --> 00:17:43,630
+everyone, you don't have a choice, must, you have
+
+268
+00:17:43,630 --> 00:17:46,930
+no choice shows how religion was powerful and
+
+269
+00:17:46,930 --> 00:17:51,090
+strong at that time. The two main features we
+
+270
+00:17:51,090 --> 00:17:54,310
+have, caesura. When you say the caesura is the
+
+271
+00:17:54,310 --> 00:17:58,550
+gap, the physical gap between in the middle of the
+
+272
+00:17:58,550 --> 00:18:02,270
+line of verse to create music, to make it easy to
+
+273
+00:18:02,270 --> 00:18:04,610
+remember because people at that time could not
+
+274
+00:18:04,610 --> 00:18:07,810
+read or write. Same thing with the alliteration.
+
+275
+00:18:09,530 --> 00:18:13,810
+So this is another extract. By the look here, just
+
+276
+00:18:13,810 --> 00:18:19,430
+look at it. I want to take off this thing. Oh
+
+277
+00:18:19,430 --> 00:18:24,150
+yeah, it's not poetry. Look at it. Listen, now
+
+278
+00:18:24,150 --> 00:18:28,830
+modern poetry, free verse could have this. But in
+
+279
+00:18:28,830 --> 00:18:32,170
+the past, everything, I think everything we
+
+280
+00:18:32,170 --> 00:18:37,050
+studied in our course is either poetry or prose.
+
+281
+00:18:37,830 --> 00:18:40,290
+Okay, you can tell by looking at the page. So is
+
+282
+00:18:40,290 --> 00:18:43,410
+this poetry? Look at it. I don't want you to do
+
+283
+00:18:43,410 --> 00:18:48,810
+rhyme scheme organs A same B same B by D. No, this
+
+284
+00:18:48,810 --> 00:18:52,170
+is this is a paragraph. It doesn't begin with a
+
+285
+00:18:52,170 --> 00:18:58,170
+capital letter. Okay. I am a Jew. So I'm not
+
+286
+00:18:58,170 --> 00:19:00,930
+familiar with this. You don't have to memorize the
+
+287
+00:19:00,930 --> 00:19:03,710
+extracts I told you. But you should be able to
+
+288
+00:19:03,710 --> 00:19:08,490
+recognize one when you see it. I am a Jew. Has not
+
+289
+00:19:08,490 --> 00:19:13,550
+a Jew eyes. Aha, OK. We have had three texts with
+
+290
+00:19:13,550 --> 00:19:18,230
+Jewish characters in the whole course. Fagin in
+
+291
+00:19:18,230 --> 00:19:22,730
+Oliver Twist by Dickens. Barabas in The Jew of
+
+292
+00:19:22,730 --> 00:19:29,240
+Malta by Marlow and Shylock. in the mansion of
+
+293
+00:19:29,240 --> 00:19:35,490
+Venice. Shakespeare and Marlowe are dramatists,
+
+294
+00:19:35,970 --> 00:19:39,950
+plays, but remember plays were basically written
+
+295
+00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:43,930
+in poetry, in verse. But not all roles, not
+
+296
+00:19:43,930 --> 00:19:46,810
+everybody spoke poetry. Sometimes lowly
+
+297
+00:19:46,810 --> 00:19:49,710
+characters, messengers, unimportant people,
+
+298
+00:19:49,870 --> 00:19:52,810
+ignorant people, gravediggers, they would speak
+
+299
+00:19:52,810 --> 00:19:56,750
+prose. People who sometimes Shakespeare doesn't
+
+300
+00:19:56,750 --> 00:19:59,810
+want to like. So there's something. Some people
+
+301
+00:19:59,810 --> 00:20:02,570
+say Shakespeare is antisemitic. One reason they
+
+302
+00:20:02,570 --> 00:20:06,330
+would be giving, say, he gave Shylock a prose
+
+303
+00:20:06,330 --> 00:20:09,830
+role. Some people say, but listen, he was not a
+
+304
+00:20:09,830 --> 00:20:12,790
+native European. This is not his first language.
+
+305
+00:20:12,890 --> 00:20:16,590
+So Shakespeare was being realistic. Shakespeare is
+
+306
+00:20:16,590 --> 00:20:18,550
+interesting because he always gives you several
+
+307
+00:20:18,550 --> 00:20:21,270
+opinions. And that's the beauty of Shakespeare.
+
+308
+00:20:21,850 --> 00:20:25,430
+Unlike Marlow. Sometimes Marlow is very extreme in
+
+309
+00:20:25,430 --> 00:20:32,460
+The Barabas. So this is? This is Shylock from The
+
+310
+00:20:32,460 --> 00:20:35,740
+Merchant of Venice by Shakespeare. This is a
+
+311
+00:20:35,740 --> 00:20:40,520
+comedy or a tragedy or a tragic comedy or problem
+
+312
+00:20:40,520 --> 00:20:43,520
+play. I said in the book, it says this is
+
+313
+00:20:43,520 --> 00:20:46,400
+basically a comedy. But that was in the past. When
+
+314
+00:20:46,400 --> 00:20:48,440
+people started rereading the canon, they said,
+
+315
+00:20:48,520 --> 00:20:53,680
+wait a minute. It's true that nobody dies. But
+
+316
+00:20:53,680 --> 00:20:56,580
+look at Shylock, poor Shylock. He loses his money.
+
+317
+00:20:56,700 --> 00:21:00,700
+He loses his daughter. He loses his dignity, his
+
+318
+00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:05,020
+religion. He loses his chance to revenge, to prove
+
+319
+00:21:05,020 --> 00:21:07,260
+that he's a human being. He deserves to be heard,
+
+320
+00:21:07,520 --> 00:21:12,020
+to speak up, to resist. Poor Shylock. This is
+
+321
+00:21:12,020 --> 00:21:17,220
+tragic for him. So tragic comedy, serious comedy,
+
+322
+00:21:17,680 --> 00:21:21,100
+problem comedy, whatever you call it, for a
+
+323
+00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,180
+reason. So here you want the theme here for
+
+324
+00:21:24,180 --> 00:21:27,920
+Shakespeare is what? Shared humanity. He's saying,
+
+325
+00:21:28,080 --> 00:21:31,000
+basically, I am like you, as he says, as a
+
+326
+00:21:31,000 --> 00:21:35,830
+Christian is. I bleed like you. If you break us,
+
+327
+00:21:36,270 --> 00:21:38,730
+do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not
+
+328
+00:21:38,730 --> 00:21:42,950
+laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you
+
+329
+00:21:42,950 --> 00:21:46,450
+wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like you
+
+330
+00:21:46,450 --> 00:21:51,190
+in the rest, we will resemble you in that. If a
+
+331
+00:21:51,190 --> 00:21:53,930
+Jew wronged a Christian, it should be wrongs,
+
+332
+00:21:53,950 --> 00:21:58,110
+right? But he doesn't speak perfect English. What
+
+333
+00:21:58,110 --> 00:22:01,250
+is his humility? Revenge. If a Christian wronged a
+
+334
+00:22:01,250 --> 00:22:04,090
+Jew, what should his sufferance be by a Christian
+
+335
+00:22:04,090 --> 00:22:09,110
+example? Why? Revenge. The villainy you teach me,
+
+336
+00:22:09,610 --> 00:22:13,670
+I will execute and it shall go hard, but I will
+
+337
+00:22:13,670 --> 00:22:18,370
+beta the instruction. Powerful, powerful message
+
+338
+00:22:18,370 --> 00:22:24,090
+here. So unlike you, I have the right to resist,
+
+339
+00:22:24,250 --> 00:22:27,710
+to fight back. That's why some of you agreed that
+
+340
+00:22:27,710 --> 00:22:33,250
+nowadays Shiloh is closer to the Palestinians than
+
+341
+00:22:33,250 --> 00:22:35,450
+to the Israelis because Shiloh is a victim.
+
+342
+00:22:36,310 --> 00:22:39,810
+Palestinians are being victimized by Israel. So
+
+343
+00:22:39,810 --> 00:22:42,450
+even though Israel claims to be a Jewish state,
+
+344
+00:22:43,030 --> 00:22:45,470
+they are the victimizers, they are the oppressors,
+
+345
+00:22:45,550 --> 00:22:50,180
+they are the colonizers, okay? So you speak about
+
+346
+00:22:50,180 --> 00:22:53,160
+this shadow humanity. And you need to pay
+
+347
+00:22:53,160 --> 00:22:56,260
+attention to certain things. Like there is a clear
+
+348
+00:22:56,260 --> 00:23:00,960
+glaring irony in this. And you can't tell because
+
+349
+00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:02,800
+you have to read the whole play, but I highlighted
+
+350
+00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:07,020
+it. Earlier in the play, Anthony was like, hey,
+
+351
+00:23:07,160 --> 00:23:11,370
+Shiloh. Let's grab something. Let's grab a bite.
+
+352
+00:23:11,550 --> 00:23:14,590
+Let's go have some pizza or cheesecake here or
+
+353
+00:23:14,590 --> 00:23:17,770
+there. I know a place. And Shirey was like, no,
+
+354
+00:23:17,950 --> 00:23:21,670
+sorry. You eat pork. I'm a Jew. I don't eat your
+
+355
+00:23:21,670 --> 00:23:25,390
+food. I don't drink your drinks. I don't. I'm not
+
+356
+00:23:25,390 --> 00:23:29,690
+like you. I'm a Jew. And then later on, he's
+
+357
+00:23:29,690 --> 00:23:33,700
+saying, fed. with the same, fed with the same
+
+358
+00:23:33,700 --> 00:23:36,900
+food? Oh, wait a minute, Chinook. You just said,
+
+359
+00:23:37,140 --> 00:23:40,220
+no, I don't eat your food. So that's ironic. Could
+
+360
+00:23:40,220 --> 00:23:45,320
+be described as dramatic irony because this is
+
+361
+00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:49,340
+drama in a way where the audience knows more than
+
+362
+00:23:49,340 --> 00:23:50,440
+some other characters.
+
+363
+00:23:53,040 --> 00:23:55,640
+Okay, so this is Shylock from The Merchant of
+
+364
+00:23:55,640 --> 00:23:59,380
+Venice. This is a play by Shakespeare, generally
+
+365
+00:23:59,380 --> 00:24:02,220
+described as a comedy, but as a matter of fact,
+
+366
+00:24:02,280 --> 00:24:06,440
+it's a serious comedy because it's true the white
+
+367
+00:24:06,440 --> 00:24:09,840
+Christian people live happily ever after, but the
+
+368
+00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:14,800
+outsider, the Jewish character here, the person of
+
+369
+00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:19,340
+color, suffers, pays a heavy price for being
+
+370
+00:24:19,340 --> 00:24:21,680
+different, for racism. You need to speak about
+
+371
+00:24:21,680 --> 00:24:27,340
+anti-Semitism and racism in this regard. Now
+
+372
+00:24:27,340 --> 00:24:32,860
+another example. I need to capitalize the I. And
+
+373
+00:24:32,860 --> 00:24:35,780
+there you go. So how would you comment on this?
+
+374
+00:24:37,000 --> 00:24:38,880
+Let's say this is in your final exam.
+
+375
+00:24:43,870 --> 00:24:47,690
+Thank you very much, Hanin. That is a first-person
+
+376
+00:24:47,690 --> 00:24:55,210
+narrator. How do you know? I. What text? Who's the
+
+377
+00:24:55,210 --> 00:25:01,250
+author? Who's the speaker? I married him. So there
+
+378
+00:25:01,250 --> 00:25:07,930
+is marriage. So probably, listen, it's bad if you
+
+379
+00:25:07,930 --> 00:25:09,950
+just say, because this is marriage, the author
+
+380
+00:25:09,950 --> 00:25:14,320
+must be a woman. This is anti-feminist. Okay, but
+
+381
+00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:18,380
+again, yeah, when we studied the female novelists,
+
+382
+00:25:18,460 --> 00:25:20,520
+we focused on particular themes, women being
+
+383
+00:25:20,520 --> 00:25:22,800
+independent and strong and powerful and resisting
+
+384
+00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:25,800
+and fighting and trying to be different, trying to
+
+385
+00:25:25,800 --> 00:25:29,900
+make their dreams come true. So probably the
+
+386
+00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:33,060
+author is a woman. How many women authors did we
+
+387
+00:25:33,060 --> 00:25:35,240
+study? Not many. Reader.
+
+388
+00:25:42,370 --> 00:25:49,070
+For Jane Austen. Jane Austen?
+
+389
+00:25:49,650 --> 00:25:54,710
+Nope. I used to think that this is from Jane
+
+390
+00:25:54,710 --> 00:25:56,790
+Austen, Sense and Sensibility, but it's not.
+
+391
+00:26:00,430 --> 00:26:05,330
+This is? You need to revise. Mary Mallie is a
+
+392
+00:26:05,330 --> 00:26:12,970
+poet? Not a poet, yeah? But did we? Did we take
+
+393
+00:26:12,970 --> 00:26:16,790
+extracts? Mary Manley is a poet. She wrote poetry.
+
+394
+00:26:16,870 --> 00:26:20,150
+We studied poetry from Mary Manley. Or not? No,
+
+395
+00:26:20,310 --> 00:26:25,110
+Mary Manley is a novelist. Novelist? A critic. She
+
+396
+00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:27,290
+was a scholar. Was she?
+
+397
+00:26:30,590 --> 00:26:34,590
+So who said this? What is the text? What is the...
+
+398
+00:26:34,590 --> 00:26:38,750
+Okay. So you need, again, go home. When you study
+
+399
+00:26:38,750 --> 00:26:41,210
+this course, you still have plenty of time. Try to
+
+400
+00:26:41,210 --> 00:26:43,990
+do drawings and shapes and graphs and spider
+
+401
+00:26:43,990 --> 00:26:47,150
+crams. So we spoke about the Bronte sisters,
+
+402
+00:26:48,290 --> 00:26:52,210
+Charlotte, Emily, and in passing, we mentioned
+
+403
+00:26:52,210 --> 00:26:59,370
+Anne. Now, Charlotte Bronte in her novel Jane Eyre
+
+404
+00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:03,550
+She speaks about this unique relationship between
+
+405
+00:27:03,550 --> 00:27:08,870
+a poor woman, Jane, and Rochester, the rich old
+
+406
+00:27:08,870 --> 00:27:15,250
+man who was already married. So this is from Jane
+
+407
+00:27:15,250 --> 00:27:18,910
+Eyre by Charlotte Bronte. Because we have three
+
+408
+00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:22,660
+Brontes, You need to say Charlotte Bronte. If
+
+409
+00:27:22,660 --> 00:27:24,720
+you're saying Bronte alone, it's not enough. Like
+
+410
+00:27:24,720 --> 00:27:28,280
+saying Chile. We have Mary Chile. We have the
+
+411
+00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:33,240
+husband Percy Chile. So again, what would you
+
+412
+00:27:33,240 --> 00:27:35,420
+comment on? Number one, that this is a first
+
+413
+00:27:35,420 --> 00:27:40,360
+person narrator. What else? Thank you. We don't
+
+414
+00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:43,440
+have this often. But nowadays, we usually don't
+
+415
+00:27:43,440 --> 00:27:46,080
+have this. But in that time, especially women
+
+416
+00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:50,700
+wanted to create new techniques and devices to
+
+417
+00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,800
+reach out to engage the readers, to make the
+
+418
+00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:56,000
+reader feel that, oh my God, she's making me
+
+419
+00:27:56,000 --> 00:27:58,740
+special, she's talking to me directly. So reader,
+
+420
+00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:02,960
+I married him. This is, the tone is what?
+
+421
+00:28:03,120 --> 00:28:08,360
+Victorious, right? Hopeful, like, yeah, finally, I
+
+422
+00:28:08,360 --> 00:28:16,770
+did it. So who married whom? The speaker is the
+
+423
+00:28:16,770 --> 00:28:21,800
+girl or the boy, the man or the woman. A woman. So
+
+424
+00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:25,960
+the woman being the speaker is also a feature of
+
+425
+00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:28,500
+female writing. And here, for the first, I
+
+426
+00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:31,400
+remember what we saw in Richardson and Fielding,
+
+427
+00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:34,000
+where women always get raped, get killed, they
+
+428
+00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:38,660
+die. They just fail miserably because of male
+
+429
+00:28:38,660 --> 00:28:41,920
+violence. But for female writers, they always
+
+430
+00:28:41,920 --> 00:28:44,680
+showed the positive aspect outcome of a struggle.
+
+431
+00:28:44,780 --> 00:28:48,280
+You struggle. You fight. You resist. You will win.
+
+432
+00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:52,040
+You will end up independent, victorious. Your
+
+433
+00:28:52,040 --> 00:28:57,140
+dreams will come true. So how are you going to
+
+434
+00:28:57,140 --> 00:29:01,280
+comment on this? You're going to say that this is
+
+435
+00:29:01,280 --> 00:29:07,440
+Jane Eyre, a novel by Charlotte Bronte. The novel
+
+436
+00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:11,200
+is about a relationship between a man and a woman,
+
+437
+00:29:11,400 --> 00:29:15,840
+a poor young woman and an old rich man who is
+
+438
+00:29:15,840 --> 00:29:18,700
+originally married to another woman. You don't
+
+439
+00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:21,060
+have to tell me the story in detail. Just focus on
+
+440
+00:29:21,060 --> 00:29:22,360
+this. In this extract,
+
+441
+00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,960
+Jane is directly talking to us as readers,
+
+442
+00:29:29,620 --> 00:29:32,560
+declaring her victory, declaring that she achieved
+
+443
+00:29:32,560 --> 00:29:37,700
+her objective. She is no longer, the woman is
+
+444
+00:29:37,700 --> 00:29:39,900
+independent and powerful. She is no longer at all
+
+445
+00:29:39,900 --> 00:29:44,400
+an object where the man is chasing her. Another
+
+446
+00:29:44,400 --> 00:29:45,040
+example.
+
+447
+00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:53,200
+Okay, just wait a minute a little bit. Facts teach
+
+448
+00:29:53,200 --> 00:29:55,640
+these boys and girls nothing but facts.
+
+449
+00:30:02,340 --> 00:30:07,580
+Teacher. Yeah, there is a teacher here. So
+
+450
+00:30:07,580 --> 00:30:12,700
+generally, this is an extract taken from, I don't
+
+451
+00:30:12,700 --> 00:30:15,740
+know, maybe. But let's narrow it down. This is
+
+452
+00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,000
+about school and learning and education. So the
+
+453
+00:30:19,000 --> 00:30:22,740
+theme is teaching, school, education system. And
+
+454
+00:30:22,740 --> 00:30:25,920
+the speaker is saying facts. Teach these boys and
+
+455
+00:30:25,920 --> 00:30:30,120
+girls nothing but facts. So he doesn't want.
+
+456
+00:30:31,190 --> 00:30:35,310
+Imagination, fancy, creativity. He just wants
+
+457
+00:30:35,310 --> 00:30:39,330
+facts. Facts and nothing else. So yeah, you can
+
+458
+00:30:39,330 --> 00:30:42,310
+narrow it to the Victorian age where the novel
+
+459
+00:30:42,310 --> 00:30:47,430
+became a social tool of criticism. When we spoke
+
+460
+00:30:47,430 --> 00:30:51,090
+about women writers, we said that they were mainly
+
+461
+00:30:51,090 --> 00:30:54,250
+focusing on female issues and themes and female
+
+462
+00:30:54,250 --> 00:30:57,730
+struggle. But the male writers were focusing on
+
+463
+00:30:57,730 --> 00:30:59,410
+these themes. This is how you think, how you
+
+464
+00:30:59,410 --> 00:31:03,520
+narrow down. So we have studied only two figures,
+
+465
+00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:09,360
+novelists in the Victorian age. Dickens and Thomas
+
+466
+00:31:09,360 --> 00:31:14,220
+Hardy. Charles Dickens and Thomas Hardy. You know
+
+467
+00:31:14,220 --> 00:31:18,840
+Hardy was bleak and dark, pessimistic, with all
+
+468
+00:31:18,840 --> 00:31:22,060
+the horrible unhappy endings with people dying
+
+469
+00:31:22,060 --> 00:31:23,460
+like Shakespeare but in prose.
+
+470
+00:31:26,540 --> 00:31:29,360
+And Dickens was more of a social critic.
+
+471
+00:31:30,520 --> 00:31:33,080
+Philosophical, social, critical, political,
+
+472
+00:31:33,220 --> 00:31:39,540
+critical also. So this is, this is Dickens novel,
+
+473
+00:31:39,960 --> 00:31:46,640
+Hard Times. A speaker is Mr. Gradgrind. Even if
+
+474
+00:31:46,640 --> 00:31:49,700
+you forget the name, it's fine as long as you get
+
+475
+00:31:49,700 --> 00:31:53,340
+the context. So if you say the speaker here is
+
+476
+00:31:53,340 --> 00:31:56,060
+talking to a teacher where he is directing him how
+
+477
+00:31:56,060 --> 00:31:58,440
+to deal with the kids, with the students in the
+
+478
+00:31:58,440 --> 00:32:01,500
+class. He wants no imagination. He wants no
+
+479
+00:32:01,500 --> 00:32:04,940
+creativity, no fancy, nothing. He wants only
+
+480
+00:32:04,940 --> 00:32:09,080
+facts. Dickens here is clearly criticizing the
+
+481
+00:32:09,080 --> 00:32:13,820
+society and its failing education system, where
+
+482
+00:32:13,820 --> 00:32:18,940
+kids are not trained to be creative, imaginative
+
+483
+00:32:18,940 --> 00:32:22,960
+and fanciful, but are just exposed to facts and
+
+484
+00:32:22,960 --> 00:32:26,160
+the ending is not going to be good for them. In
+
+485
+00:32:26,160 --> 00:32:28,560
+Hard Times, we spoke about two themes, criticizing
+
+486
+00:32:28,560 --> 00:32:33,140
+the education system and criticizing the working
+
+487
+00:32:33,140 --> 00:32:38,040
+conditions of the laborers, the industrial
+
+488
+00:32:38,040 --> 00:32:39,620
+revolution and its impact.
+
+489
+00:32:42,860 --> 00:32:45,880
+Hard Times, Charles Dickens, Mr. Grady Grind,
+
+490
+00:32:46,160 --> 00:32:49,140
+Social Criticism, Criticizing the Education
+
+491
+00:32:49,140 --> 00:32:51,680
+System. Look, for example, if you want to say
+
+492
+00:32:51,680 --> 00:32:55,120
+something about the text, how he's very assertive,
+
+493
+00:32:55,240 --> 00:32:59,240
+very emphatic by repeating the word facts. And by
+
+494
+00:32:59,240 --> 00:33:02,080
+say using this negative structure, not but,
+
+495
+00:33:02,220 --> 00:33:07,700
+nothing but. I want nothing but pizza. Like you're
+
+496
+00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:12,150
+not, you're emphatic here. Okay, I'll give you
+
+497
+00:33:12,150 --> 00:33:14,830
+something from a previous exam.
+
+498
+00:33:24,150 --> 00:33:27,310
+Very quickly, we'll go through these and then we
+
+499
+00:33:27,310 --> 00:33:27,890
+stop there.
+
+500
+00:33:35,050 --> 00:33:40,680
+So when you study for the course, try to usually
+
+501
+00:33:40,680 --> 00:33:43,500
+highlight two important things about each writer
+
+502
+00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:44,800
+and about each text.
+
+503
+00:33:49,700 --> 00:33:53,760
+Now, the first sentence, for example, let's see
+
+504
+00:33:53,760 --> 00:33:57,720
+how you narrow it down. The first question says, a
+
+505
+00:33:57,720 --> 00:33:59,860
+tragedy by Shakespeare. So it's a tragedy, not a
+
+506
+00:33:59,860 --> 00:34:03,720
+comedy. So you, comedy, excuse me, come here. It's
+
+507
+00:34:03,720 --> 00:34:06,500
+history, come here, Roman, by Shakespeare that
+
+508
+00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:10,500
+deals with the father children. Okay, father
+
+509
+00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,480
+children. No father children in Macbeth. No father
+
+510
+00:34:14,480 --> 00:34:16,080
+children in Othello. This is how you narrow down.
+
+511
+00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:18,840
+Relationship theme, it is considered to be the
+
+512
+00:34:18,840 --> 00:34:23,500
+most pessimistic, where there's no hope, dark. Of
+
+513
+00:34:23,500 --> 00:34:28,380
+his tragedies? Ganglia. A group of poets who lived
+
+514
+00:34:28,380 --> 00:34:33,870
+in the 17th century They were named so by Dr.
+
+515
+00:34:33,990 --> 00:34:36,950
+Johnson, and they later were admired by T.S.
+
+516
+00:34:37,090 --> 00:34:40,870
+Eliot. Metaphysical poets, 17th century, so not
+
+517
+00:34:40,870 --> 00:34:45,190
+the romantics, not the Victorian. The Battle of
+
+518
+00:34:45,190 --> 00:34:49,090
+Malden is a long medieval poem about battles and
+
+519
+00:34:49,090 --> 00:34:51,990
+heroes, but it is much more factual than the main
+
+520
+00:34:51,990 --> 00:34:56,040
+heroic text of the time, which is And that's the
+
+521
+00:34:56,040 --> 00:34:58,060
+trick here. The question is not about Beowulf.
+
+522
+00:34:58,180 --> 00:35:00,600
+It's there to compare it with the other text,
+
+523
+00:35:01,020 --> 00:35:06,160
+Beowulf. Sweet thymes run swiftly till I end my
+
+524
+00:35:06,160 --> 00:35:10,880
+song is a line from Prothalamian that is written
+
+525
+00:35:10,880 --> 00:35:15,620
+by Edmund Spencer, the prince of poets. And
+
+526
+00:35:15,620 --> 00:35:19,220
+finally, I mean, notice here sometimes you are
+
+527
+00:35:19,220 --> 00:35:22,600
+asked about the text, the theme, the topic, the
+
+528
+00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,840
+poet, the writer, the theme. Look at this as
+
+529
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,300
+question number five focusing on the literary
+
+530
+00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:38,780
+device used. A medieval poet whose satire in Piers
+
+531
+00:35:38,780 --> 00:35:41,120
+Plowman is considered bitter.
+
+532
+00:35:43,580 --> 00:35:47,900
+Wait a minute here. The question says, a medieval
+
+533
+00:35:47,900 --> 00:35:52,680
+poet, and gives you the blank to complete.
+
+534
+00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:57,160
+The name of the text is given to you. You should
+
+535
+00:35:57,160 --> 00:35:59,520
+be able to identify that this is medieval text.
+
+536
+00:36:00,640 --> 00:36:03,640
+And the word satire is given to you also, where he
+
+537
+00:36:03,640 --> 00:36:08,120
+uses bitter satire and irony sometimes. So all you
+
+538
+00:36:08,120 --> 00:36:12,690
+need to do here is identify. The? The author. The
+
+539
+00:36:12,690 --> 00:36:16,070
+author is William Langland. The whole question
+
+540
+00:36:16,070 --> 00:36:19,110
+could be reworded in other words where you need
+
+541
+00:36:19,110 --> 00:36:23,190
+to. A medieval poet, or for example, William
+
+542
+00:36:23,190 --> 00:36:29,790
+Langland is a medieval poet whose, or he uses as a
+
+543
+00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:33,490
+literary device to bitterly criticize his life and
+
+544
+00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:35,910
+his society. Satire.
+
+545
+00:36:39,790 --> 00:36:42,910
+Satire, as a literary device. The dream vision is
+
+546
+00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,150
+not a literary device, basically, more or less. So
+
+547
+00:36:46,150 --> 00:36:49,010
+these are examples. You go through the text and
+
+548
+00:36:49,010 --> 00:36:51,410
+revise again. This is from the first half of the
+
+549
+00:36:51,410 --> 00:36:56,450
+course. And I'm sure you will be fine. Start
+
+550
+00:36:56,450 --> 00:37:00,250
+today, plan your revision, and I wish you all the
+
+551
+00:37:00,250 --> 00:37:04,310
+best. If you have questions, please ask. If we
+
+552
+00:37:04,310 --> 00:37:07,330
+don't have time now, we can ask questions online.
+
+553
+00:37:08,630 --> 00:37:12,090
+Okay, good luck. Thank you. It's been my pleasure
+
+554
+00:37:12,090 --> 00:37:15,130
+to teach you this course and I wish you all the
+
+555
+00:37:15,130 --> 00:37:15,910
+luck in the world.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..75c52e0aa61b884deb25b6197f77f9b7c182babb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/_glLZw0qOag_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2680 @@
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:22,230
+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh.
+
+2
+00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:25,810
+Welcome back to the introduction to English
+
+3
+00:00:25,810 --> 00:00:28,270
+literature class at the Islamic University of Gaza
+
+4
+00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:33,570
+English department. So far we have spoken about
+
+5
+00:00:33,570 --> 00:00:37,820
+several romantic poets, romantic figures. And I
+
+6
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:42,220
+said before that the romantics were poets, and at
+
+7
+00:00:42,220 --> 00:00:45,440
+the same time, they were critics. So they were not
+
+8
+00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,480
+only writing poetry, but they were also writing
+
+9
+00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:53,540
+criticism, justifying their methods, their school,
+
+10
+00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:57,040
+their movement, in a way that John Donne and his
+
+11
+00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,220
+followers did not do. John Donne was writing
+
+12
+00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:02,420
+different poetry, like the romantics in a way or
+
+13
+00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:05,880
+another, but he was not writing criticism, prose,
+
+14
+00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:09,760
+or verse in order to teach people about their
+
+15
+00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,440
+thought and methodology and features and
+
+16
+00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,400
+characteristics. We're done with colorage and
+
+17
+00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,120
+words worth, and they are described as the first
+
+18
+00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,470
+generation. the people who were more into the
+
+19
+00:01:23,470 --> 00:01:28,230
+natural and supernatural aspect of life. Then we
+
+20
+00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:31,650
+move to speak about kids, all those romantic
+
+21
+00:01:31,650 --> 00:01:33,830
+poets. So they will speak about Chalet, and we
+
+22
+00:01:33,830 --> 00:01:37,830
+will end with Byron. These are all romantic poets.
+
+23
+00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:41,310
+They share the majority of common features. But
+
+24
+00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:44,890
+each poet is different in his own a particular
+
+25
+00:01:44,890 --> 00:01:47,730
+way. We've seen how Keats, for example, was
+
+26
+00:01:47,730 --> 00:01:50,870
+obsessed with time, was obsessed with beauty, was
+
+27
+00:01:50,870 --> 00:01:54,930
+obsessed with finding truth. And the conclusion
+
+28
+00:01:54,930 --> 00:01:58,790
+was that beauty is truth, truth beauty. For him,
+
+29
+00:01:59,250 --> 00:02:02,710
+literature is not poetry, and art, artistic
+
+30
+00:02:02,710 --> 00:02:07,230
+creation and expression is not a means to express.
+
+31
+00:02:07,250 --> 00:02:09,550
+Remember the Augustans, they were like, poetry has
+
+32
+00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:13,760
+to teach and delight. But it could be more. It
+
+33
+00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:17,100
+could be particularly self-expression, something
+
+34
+00:02:17,100 --> 00:02:22,190
+that you need to do. for yourself, for the
+
+35
+00:02:22,190 --> 00:02:25,470
+individual, the human being, and you reaching out
+
+36
+00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:29,130
+for others or for even nature. So for him,
+
+37
+00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:32,550
+literature is the end itself, in a way, not just
+
+38
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:36,210
+purely art for art's sake. There's a school called
+
+39
+00:02:36,210 --> 00:02:39,090
+Art for Art's Sake. Just write literature just to
+
+40
+00:02:39,090 --> 00:02:43,390
+write literature, or produce art just for art. In
+
+41
+00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:45,990
+part, it's true, but still, it's a lot more than
+
+42
+00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:51,070
+this. So we'll see how Shelley and Byron also are
+
+43
+00:02:51,070 --> 00:02:54,670
+different in some ways, but similar in other ways.
+
+44
+00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:59,150
+Those two people also share common features, which
+
+45
+00:02:59,150 --> 00:03:05,750
+are, again, clear criticism of the institutions of
+
+46
+00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:09,870
+religion, politics, and society. They always have
+
+47
+00:03:09,870 --> 00:03:13,420
+this aspect. They're calling the people to rebel
+
+48
+00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:16,380
+against the society, to challenge the authorities.
+
+49
+00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:22,040
+Both of them were critical of the politics, the
+
+50
+00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,100
+morals, the social conventions of their time. And
+
+51
+00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:29,780
+both of them were openly calling for a rebellion.
+
+52
+00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,340
+This is different from Wordsworth, for example,
+
+53
+00:03:33,420 --> 00:03:36,480
+who would just leave all the trouble behind and go
+
+54
+00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,620
+to... nature to the countryside, to Lake District,
+
+55
+00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,540
+and melt with nature, fills his heart with
+
+56
+00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:47,460
+pleasure, and then makes it dance with the
+
+57
+00:03:47,460 --> 00:03:50,600
+daffodils in the way we studied before. So Shelley
+
+58
+00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:56,760
+was a very close friend of Keats. And by the way,
+
+59
+00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:01,240
+Keats, Shelley, and Byron, the three of them, they
+
+60
+00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:06,780
+died very young. Keats at 25, Shelley at almost
+
+61
+00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,220
+30, and Byron around 35. And this is the second
+
+62
+00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,460
+generation. And I said this before, that this adds
+
+63
+00:04:13,460 --> 00:04:18,460
+some kind of aura, some kind of this perfection
+
+64
+00:04:18,460 --> 00:04:21,020
+around them that you look at them as perfect
+
+65
+00:04:21,020 --> 00:04:25,730
+people, as perfect people in a fictional world. It
+
+66
+00:04:25,730 --> 00:04:28,350
+adds to them. It gives them more symbolic, more
+
+67
+00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:31,530
+meanings, and more depth in a way or another. So
+
+68
+00:04:31,530 --> 00:04:34,630
+he was really deeply touched by the death of his
+
+69
+00:04:34,630 --> 00:04:38,770
+best friend, Keith, who died of a disease. But
+
+70
+00:04:38,770 --> 00:04:40,950
+Shelley drowned. He was swimming somewhere in
+
+71
+00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:45,550
+Italy, and he just drowned sadly. And he wrote the
+
+72
+00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,240
+famous poem, Adonais. Adonais. About the death,
+
+73
+00:04:49,500 --> 00:04:53,220
+it's elegy. That's what elegy is. When you praise
+
+74
+00:04:53,220 --> 00:04:57,480
+a dead person, and he opens it with this really
+
+75
+00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,960
+moving couplet. This is half of the line. He says,
+
+76
+00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:06,440
+I weep for Adonis. He's dead. Oh, weep for Adonis.
+
+77
+00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,140
+It's like everyone should be weeping for kids.
+
+78
+00:05:10,420 --> 00:05:12,380
+Everyone. And look at the choice of words here.
+
+79
+00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:14,780
+The simple, direct, you don't have to go to
+
+80
+00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:21,600
+philosophize. I weep for Adonais. He is dead. And
+
+81
+00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:24,800
+that's it. And I love how this comes. Why would
+
+82
+00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,820
+you weep for somebody? He lost a scholarship. He
+
+83
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:33,040
+failed a course. His wife left him. He lost his
+
+84
+00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,600
+dinner. But all of a sudden, it comes up, he's
+
+85
+00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:41,040
+dead, suddenly. Abruptly, exactly like how he died
+
+86
+00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,600
+suddenly. It wasn't a sudden death, but in his
+
+87
+00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:49,820
+prime, yeah, untimely and prematurely. Shelly's
+
+88
+00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,560
+poetry is like Keith's poetry in some way.
+
+89
+00:05:53,900 --> 00:05:57,080
+Basically, both wanted to capture the depth of
+
+90
+00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,680
+personal experiences, especially in their search
+
+91
+00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:05,780
+for truth and beauty and meaning for life. But
+
+92
+00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:08,740
+also Schiele's writing is more like Blake's in the
+
+93
+00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,820
+way that it is basically political poetry. He uses
+
+94
+00:06:13,820 --> 00:06:17,060
+nature, or nature is there. We'll see some of his
+
+95
+00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:21,400
+poetry in a bit. But basically, he wants change.
+
+96
+00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,260
+He wants more freedom. He wants to change the
+
+97
+00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:28,300
+political and the social system. That's why I like
+
+98
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:31,970
+to describe Chile as the rebel. The revolutionary.
+
+99
+00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:37,110
+And those people remind me of young poets, like
+
+100
+00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:39,090
+Tamim el Barghouti, for example. You know Tamim.
+
+101
+00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:42,990
+Tamim is a Palestinian poet. He's Palestinian.
+
+102
+00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:47,050
+He's Egyptian. He's like many things, right? At
+
+103
+00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:50,650
+the beginning of the Arab Spring, the very
+
+104
+00:06:50,650 --> 00:06:53,090
+beginning, many people, when there is radical
+
+105
+00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:56,210
+change, they keep calm and silent. They just wait
+
+106
+00:06:56,210 --> 00:06:58,450
+to see where things are going, and then they start
+
+107
+00:06:58,450 --> 00:07:02,000
+speaking up. Right? These people are opportunists.
+
+108
+00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:05,020
+They just want their own benefits.
+
+109
+00:07:06,660 --> 00:07:08,940
+Now, for Tamim, the first day the Arab Spring
+
+110
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,980
+started, he wrote one of the most interesting,
+
+111
+00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:17,040
+beautiful poems in the Egyptian dialect, called,
+
+112
+00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,900
+Ya Masri Hanit Wa Banit. Please, go to YouTube and
+
+113
+00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,340
+listen to this poem. And one of my friends called
+
+114
+00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:27,550
+me and he said, Your friend Tamim, he's not my
+
+115
+00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:29,470
+friend, but I like Tamim. You should like Tamim,
+
+116
+00:07:29,610 --> 00:07:34,670
+too. Your friend Tamim will be sent behind the
+
+117
+00:07:34,670 --> 00:07:36,730
+sun, or something like we say in Arabic
+
+118
+00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:40,330
+expression, because he dared to speak openly to
+
+119
+00:07:40,330 --> 00:07:48,810
+call people for revolution. And he
+
+120
+00:07:48,810 --> 00:07:53,630
+says something like, if you don't go out, if you
+
+121
+00:07:53,630 --> 00:07:58,210
+don't participate in the revolution, you are
+
+122
+00:07:58,210 --> 00:08:01,950
+betraying your friends, your country. Because if
+
+123
+00:08:01,950 --> 00:08:03,790
+there are a thousand people out in the streets,
+
+124
+00:08:03,930 --> 00:08:06,210
+the police can control them. But if there are a
+
+125
+00:08:06,210 --> 00:08:10,210
+million people, they can't. So I told him, yeah,
+
+126
+00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:14,030
+ordinary poets do what you say, but great poets
+
+127
+00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:16,410
+like Tamim and like those people, they are always
+
+128
+00:08:16,410 --> 00:08:20,850
+not only part of the change, they are leading that
+
+129
+00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:23,610
+change, as we're going to see in a bit. So in his
+
+130
+00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:26,750
+poem, Queen Mab, he attacks religion, he attacks
+
+131
+00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:29,390
+the morals, he attacks the society, everything. In
+
+132
+00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:32,910
+a way, this is similar in part to the Augustan
+
+133
+00:08:32,910 --> 00:08:35,190
+poetry, remember, when it was all criticizing
+
+134
+00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:42,640
+society and attacking it. Sometime around 1819,
+
+135
+00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:44,800
+there was a massacre in Manchester. You know
+
+136
+00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:47,480
+Manchester? Manchester United. Manchester is blue.
+
+137
+00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:51,700
+Manchester is red. Is it red or blue? Are you
+
+138
+00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:53,920
+Manchester City or Manchester United fans? City.
+
+139
+00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:59,060
+City? Maybe what you like. Ah, you like what you
+
+140
+00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:02,120
+like. Cool. Okay, so this year Manchester is blue,
+
+141
+00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:07,280
+if you are football fans anyway. So in Manchester,
+
+142
+00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,260
+some of the workers wanted, you know, they were
+
+143
+00:09:10,260 --> 00:09:13,160
+demanding for more basic human rights, for better
+
+144
+00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:15,800
+salaries, for better work conditions, for
+
+145
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,080
+security, for safety. And the police killed around
+
+146
+00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:25,220
+20 of them and injured many others. And Shelly, I
+
+147
+00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:28,040
+guess he was in Italy by that time, and he wrote
+
+148
+00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,820
+one of his really most beautiful, powerful poems
+
+149
+00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:33,920
+of all time. It's called the Mask of Anarchy.
+
+150
+00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:37,980
+Anarchy is like chaos, like, you know, anarchy.
+
+151
+00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:40,800
+Like when you want to destroy what's going on,
+
+152
+00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,280
+what you have, and it builds something in you,
+
+153
+00:09:43,340 --> 00:09:46,980
+like a mess. In a way, but he doesn't go, he
+
+154
+00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:49,810
+wants, doesn't, you know, chaos has come again. So
+
+155
+00:09:49,810 --> 00:09:52,150
+chaos is necessary. Destruction is necessary.
+
+156
+00:09:52,590 --> 00:09:55,270
+Because when you destroy, you build. So he's
+
+157
+00:09:55,270 --> 00:09:58,030
+saying that basically we need to destroy the
+
+158
+00:09:58,030 --> 00:10:01,150
+current system because it's corrupt, it's
+
+159
+00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:04,570
+horrible, and the poor are getting poorer by time,
+
+160
+00:10:04,650 --> 00:10:08,230
+and the rich are getting richer by time. So he
+
+161
+00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:11,480
+calls for what? for social change, for political
+
+162
+00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,260
+change, for political reforms, and for more
+
+163
+00:10:14,260 --> 00:10:17,460
+freedoms for especially the downtrodden working
+
+164
+00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:22,020
+class. Let's see this extract from this beautiful
+
+165
+00:10:22,020 --> 00:10:25,960
+book. I think this is the last stanza. The Mask of
+
+166
+00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,840
+Anarki. Can someone read? Please. Yeah, Anna.
+
+167
+00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:33,780
+Right, like lions are slumbered and unveiled
+
+168
+00:10:35,980 --> 00:10:36,940
+Vanquishable number.
+
+169
+00:10:40,020 --> 00:10:40,020
+Okay,
+
+170
+00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,280
+so you said do, do is American English. It should
+
+171
+00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,780
+rhyme with you, so you go for British English to
+
+172
+00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:57,270
+make the perfect rhyme. What is slumber? Do you
+
+173
+00:10:57,270 --> 00:10:58,970
+know slumber party? When you were kids, you would
+
+174
+00:10:58,970 --> 00:11:02,930
+go to sleep at your friends or cousins. This is
+
+175
+00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:06,690
+sleep. Slumber, yeah. Slumber means sleep. It's a
+
+176
+00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:09,190
+poetic word for sleep, slumber. And we pronounce
+
+177
+00:11:09,190 --> 00:11:13,010
+the B, by the way, because of the stress. So rise
+
+178
+00:11:13,010 --> 00:11:18,390
+like lions after slumber. An unvanquishable
+
+179
+00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:24,670
+number. Shake your chains. to earth like dew. You
+
+180
+00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,150
+know dew? When you wake up early in the morning,
+
+181
+00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,790
+you find little tiny drops of water. This is dew.
+
+182
+00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:35,690
+Shake your chains to earth like dew, which in
+
+183
+00:11:35,690 --> 00:11:41,010
+sleep had fallen on you. Ye are money. They are
+
+184
+00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:44,570
+few. The police, right? How many policemen do we
+
+185
+00:11:44,570 --> 00:11:47,070
+have here in the country? Like what, 10,000? We
+
+186
+00:11:47,070 --> 00:11:50,230
+have two million people. We can easily overcome
+
+187
+00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:54,290
+and overpower. This is openly calling for
+
+188
+00:11:54,290 --> 00:11:57,990
+revolution. He's saying rise, rebel, fight. You
+
+189
+00:11:57,990 --> 00:12:00,690
+can beat them. They can't control you as long as
+
+190
+00:12:00,690 --> 00:12:04,710
+you all in unvanquishable numbers go out to the
+
+191
+00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:09,120
+streets and demand your rights. That's a romantic
+
+192
+00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,900
+poet here again. Totally different from
+
+193
+00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,780
+Wordsworth, and even Coleridge, in a sense. See,
+
+194
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:21,240
+is this difficult to understand? He's talking to
+
+195
+00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,660
+us, everyone. You don't have to be a university
+
+196
+00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:26,220
+-educated person to love this poet and to
+
+197
+00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,860
+appreciate it. The message is clear. Rise. You are
+
+198
+00:12:29,860 --> 00:12:33,700
+many. They are the few. In his other poem, other
+
+199
+00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:39,110
+famous poem also, Ode to the West Wind. It
+
+200
+00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:42,390
+consists of, I think, four or five sonnets.
+
+201
+00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:49,990
+If you look at the title here, The West Wind, it's
+
+202
+00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:53,170
+nature, right? And in the poem, he uses nature to
+
+203
+00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:58,410
+symbolize power and change, basically. So as a
+
+204
+00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:01,690
+natural element, the wind is able to change and at
+
+205
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:05,410
+the same time is able to spread the ideas and the
+
+206
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:09,000
+seeds of revolution. When you have, you know, when
+
+207
+00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,880
+the wind blows, it moves things. It changes
+
+208
+00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:17,440
+things. And he invites this natural element to be
+
+209
+00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:22,460
+part of the change-making process. So the wind
+
+210
+00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:26,740
+symbolizes power and change. Please. Did he use
+
+211
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:32,020
+the nature to start evolution indirectly? Okay,
+
+212
+00:13:32,180 --> 00:13:35,280
+that's a good question. Did he call for revolution
+
+213
+00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,800
+for a revolution directly or indirectly?
+
+214
+00:13:38,460 --> 00:13:41,940
+Implicitly or explicitly? I think he did it like
+
+215
+00:13:41,940 --> 00:13:45,900
+both ways. In the other one, this was openly
+
+216
+00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,780
+calling like, let's fight those, you know,
+
+217
+00:13:48,860 --> 00:13:52,750
+policemen. But here, when you read this, because
+
+218
+00:13:52,750 --> 00:13:55,330
+you know this is Chile, you can understand easily.
+
+219
+00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:58,550
+You don't have if he is arrested for incitement,
+
+220
+00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:01,770
+and he says, no, no, no. The wind only symbolizes
+
+221
+00:14:01,770 --> 00:14:04,130
+nature. I like nature. I love nature. Come on,
+
+222
+00:14:04,190 --> 00:14:07,190
+Chile. We'll see and extract in a bit here and see
+
+223
+00:14:07,190 --> 00:14:10,930
+how he is also in a way wants things to be
+
+224
+00:14:10,930 --> 00:14:14,190
+destroyed and other new things to be built and
+
+225
+00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:19,800
+rebuilt. What does the wind do? It blows old life,
+
+226
+00:14:20,020 --> 00:14:23,620
+corruption. The political, social, religious
+
+227
+00:14:23,620 --> 00:14:27,660
+system they have, and it can help create new life
+
+228
+00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,420
+with greater freedoms. Sometimes when we read
+
+229
+00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:35,720
+Chile, he touches our hearts. He talks to us
+
+230
+00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,640
+directly, especially people who struggle. That's
+
+231
+00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,160
+why for colonized, occupied people like us
+
+232
+00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,420
+Palestinians, we usually love Chile more than
+
+233
+00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:48,680
+others. My students usually appreciate Chile more
+
+234
+00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:52,200
+than others. They think that here nature has been
+
+235
+00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,220
+destroyed by Israel, right? Our lands have been
+
+236
+00:14:55,220 --> 00:15:00,040
+occupied. We don't have the basic human rights We
+
+237
+00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,080
+don't have electricity for 24 hours, so we don't
+
+238
+00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:05,700
+have time to appreciate a flower or a bird, right?
+
+239
+00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:09,520
+Or a rose or a tree because of the occupation. So,
+
+240
+00:15:10,180 --> 00:15:13,760
+come on, Wordsworth. Go home. You're drunk. But
+
+241
+00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,500
+when it comes to Chile, we're like, yes, this is
+
+242
+00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,420
+the canapé tree because it sparks some sort of
+
+243
+00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:24,310
+struggle in us. It promotes this idea of the
+
+244
+00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:28,110
+necessity of resisting injustice and oppression.
+
+245
+00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:31,790
+But again, he touches us all the time. Like, look
+
+246
+00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:35,270
+at this beautiful, beautiful line. And at the same
+
+247
+00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:36,630
+time, look at the language. Not difficult
+
+248
+00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:41,130
+language. This is a new book. He says, I fall upon
+
+249
+00:15:41,130 --> 00:15:45,770
+the thorns of life. I bleed. He's a master of the
+
+250
+00:15:45,770 --> 00:15:48,350
+short, sharp sentences. I call them the punch
+
+251
+00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:50,890
+sentences, just like they come all of a sudden,
+
+252
+00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:54,870
+like, he's dead. He's dead, just like that. He's
+
+253
+00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:58,270
+dead. He's gone. He's no longer among us. So you
+
+254
+00:15:58,270 --> 00:16:01,470
+know the thorns of life? You know thorns? When you
+
+255
+00:16:01,470 --> 00:16:04,950
+say something is a thorn in somebody's throat,
+
+256
+00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,630
+he's causing a lot of trouble and problems. for
+
+257
+00:16:08,630 --> 00:16:11,550
+this person. A thorn in a plant, in some kind of
+
+258
+00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:14,270
+flowers, in the rose, there are thorns. When you
+
+259
+00:16:14,270 --> 00:16:17,610
+saw this problem is thorny, it means it's a very
+
+260
+00:16:17,610 --> 00:16:20,950
+difficult problem to solve. A thorn. When you eat
+
+261
+00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:23,170
+fish, they have also these kind of things that can
+
+262
+00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,250
+stick in your throat or tongue, so you should be
+
+263
+00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:32,490
+careful. So, I fall upon the thorns of life. I
+
+264
+00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:32,930
+bleed.
+
+265
+00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,340
+Is he saying I'm ready, I'm willing to sacrifice
+
+266
+00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:42,140
+myself to die, to bleed for the people, for
+
+267
+00:16:42,140 --> 00:16:47,240
+change? Maybe he is. I'm calling for a revolution,
+
+268
+00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,420
+for a rebellion, for change, even if I die, even
+
+269
+00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:54,300
+if I bleed. I don't care, as long as we bring
+
+270
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,400
+about change. And that is the different kind of
+
+271
+00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,820
+romantic poetry. Remember, we said many people
+
+272
+00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:02,040
+accused Wadsworth of being an escapist. Where are
+
+273
+00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,640
+you going? He's saying, oh, it's corrupt here in
+
+274
+00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:06,940
+the city. I'm going to the countryside. It's not
+
+275
+00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:09,680
+my business. I can't change. And many people said,
+
+276
+00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:12,500
+the very idea of changing language is significant
+
+277
+00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,080
+because by time you change people's mentalities.
+
+278
+00:17:15,510 --> 00:17:18,110
+You change people's behavior. You change people's
+
+279
+00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:22,170
+ways of life, styles. And it's happening now. A
+
+280
+00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:25,150
+generation later, people are using poetry to call
+
+281
+00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:31,890
+for political, religious, and social change. In
+
+282
+00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:34,950
+the Ode to the West Wind, the last part of the
+
+283
+00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:39,750
+last sonnet... I'll read this unless someone likes
+
+284
+00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:42,350
+to read. Okay?
+
+285
+00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,060
+Encantation of this verse. You know this verse?
+
+286
+00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:03,350
+What's this verse? Verse. This verse. This son is
+
+287
+00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,470
+this poetry. He knows he's clearly conscious that
+
+288
+00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:10,730
+his poetry can be the change you want to see in
+
+289
+00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:13,970
+the world. So drive the dead thoughts over the
+
+290
+00:18:13,970 --> 00:18:18,550
+universe, like withered leaves to quicken. So get
+
+291
+00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:22,510
+rid, get away from the dead thoughts, the
+
+292
+00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:25,450
+corruption and everything. We can get easily rid
+
+293
+00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:28,810
+of this. Just we need some wind. We need some
+
+294
+00:18:28,810 --> 00:18:32,820
+people to do Action, like what's his name? Brother
+
+295
+00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:38,000
+Malcolm X always says, if you want something,
+
+296
+00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:40,560
+you'd better make some noise. So let's make some
+
+297
+00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,620
+noise. Let's make something about this. So to
+
+298
+00:18:43,620 --> 00:18:46,460
+quicken a new birth, and that's the paradox
+
+299
+00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:49,460
+between the opposites. The binary between dead and
+
+300
+00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:53,440
+birth. How can you bring new birth, new things? By
+
+301
+00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,530
+action. sweeping away the dead things. What is
+
+302
+00:18:58,530 --> 00:19:01,690
+going to do this? His verse. His verse is like the
+
+303
+00:19:01,690 --> 00:19:03,890
+west wind, it can't change. Go on.
+
+304
+00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:12,210
+Unextinguished earth, ashes.
+
+305
+00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:20,120
+So the words here, the poetry, the verse can be
+
+306
+00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:24,140
+scattered like seeds. You know the seeds? It can
+
+307
+00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,880
+be scattered by the wind. So my words here are
+
+308
+00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,740
+like the seeds, the seeds of change, the seeds of
+
+309
+00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:33,780
+revolution. Oh, scatter them around the people.
+
+310
+00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:38,680
+And indeed, here in Gaza, I don't know how many
+
+311
+00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,920
+hundreds of miles away from where he wrote this
+
+312
+00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,380
+poetry. This is his seeds. This is his words
+
+313
+00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:48,880
+scattered to us here. We are inspired in a way or
+
+314
+00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:50,520
+another. Many people around the world have been
+
+315
+00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:52,040
+inspired by this. Yes?
+
+316
+00:19:58,010 --> 00:19:58,850
+Oh,
+
+317
+00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:06,890
+what a beautiful line here again. If winter comes,
+
+318
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:11,850
+if winter here symbolizes what? Cold, inaction,
+
+319
+00:20:13,410 --> 00:20:17,130
+death, darkness, right? Corruption? Could be,
+
+320
+00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:22,330
+right? Can spring be far behind? This is called a
+
+321
+00:20:22,330 --> 00:20:27,110
+rhetorical question. A question that answers
+
+322
+00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:31,730
+itself. In a way, he's saying spring cannot be far
+
+323
+00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:35,470
+behind. Like, no matter how long the night is,
+
+324
+00:20:35,890 --> 00:20:40,030
+dawn is going, the new day is going to break soon
+
+325
+00:20:40,030 --> 00:20:43,890
+after. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
+
+326
+00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:48,610
+No, as long as we scatter the seeds of change, as
+
+327
+00:20:48,610 --> 00:20:51,990
+long as we start that change ourselves, like
+
+328
+00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:55,290
+Mahatma Gandhi says, be the change you want to see
+
+329
+00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:59,070
+in the world. Start that change. And this is
+
+330
+00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070
+Shelley. Beautiful poet, beautiful poetry.
+
+331
+00:21:03,590 --> 00:21:07,650
+Inspiring, rebellious, and revolutionary. Now,
+
+332
+00:21:08,190 --> 00:21:12,710
+Shelley was also a critic. He was a literary
+
+333
+00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,490
+critic. He wrote a famous article named The
+
+334
+00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:23,070
+Defense of Poetry. He would defend pottery as if
+
+335
+00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,930
+it were a person, a friend. The book describes him
+
+336
+00:21:27,930 --> 00:21:32,050
+as an optimist and as a pessimist. Optimist is
+
+337
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:35,290
+somebody who hopes, who sees good things coming.
+
+338
+00:21:36,130 --> 00:21:40,050
+Someone who looks at the half full of the cup. and
+
+339
+00:21:40,050 --> 00:21:43,490
+a pessimist who sees, you know, no hope, no way
+
+340
+00:21:43,490 --> 00:21:46,310
+out of this. He was a pessimist because he
+
+341
+00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:49,590
+understood the situation was bleak, was dark, was
+
+342
+00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:52,350
+tough, corrupt, but he was optimist that change
+
+343
+00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:56,910
+sooner or later will come. There is a novel by the
+
+344
+00:21:56,910 --> 00:22:00,190
+Palestinian novelist Emile Habibi called Al
+
+345
+00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:03,270
+Mutasha'il, which is part optimist, part
+
+346
+00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:07,290
+pessimist, and it could be the peso optimist. So
+
+347
+00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:11,930
+please so optimist you both you متشائل Okay? In
+
+348
+00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:14,890
+his essay, I'm quoting two things here. Really
+
+349
+00:22:14,890 --> 00:22:18,090
+interesting, beautiful quotes from his essay, In
+
+350
+00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,330
+Defense of Poetry. But again, poetry can reform
+
+351
+00:22:21,330 --> 00:22:25,530
+the world. This is his ideology. Poetry can...
+
+352
+00:22:25,530 --> 00:22:28,070
+Remember, Keats was saying, poetry is beauty,
+
+353
+00:22:28,430 --> 00:22:32,910
+poetry is truth. Poetry immortalizes, gives life,
+
+354
+00:22:33,170 --> 00:22:37,750
+gives eternity to us. Here, poetry can change. And
+
+355
+00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:39,270
+I know many people, especially those who study
+
+356
+00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:42,840
+science, Maybe you dislike pottery because you're
+
+357
+00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,780
+studying it, you have to do it for the exam, but
+
+358
+00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:47,820
+please try to get rid of this negativity and try
+
+359
+00:22:47,820 --> 00:22:50,020
+to see how beautiful pottery is, how it inspires
+
+360
+00:22:50,020 --> 00:22:55,100
+us and changes us in a way or another. He believes
+
+361
+00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,600
+strongly that pottery can be the change, can
+
+362
+00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,980
+change and reform the world. Two extracts here,
+
+363
+00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,640
+two sentences from the article, really interesting
+
+364
+00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,540
+to know. The rich, he's describing the political
+
+365
+00:23:09,540 --> 00:23:12,520
+and the social divide, the class division in
+
+366
+00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:16,400
+London, in the UK, in Europe probably in general,
+
+367
+00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:19,210
+but this is not class division where you have a
+
+368
+00:23:19,210 --> 00:23:21,990
+middle class. This is a situation where you don't
+
+369
+00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:24,330
+have a middle class. Like probably the situation
+
+370
+00:23:24,330 --> 00:23:26,590
+now in Gaza, we don't have a middle class. It's
+
+371
+00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:28,690
+disappearing and that's very dangerous because
+
+372
+00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,970
+people are either very rich, extremely rich, or
+
+373
+00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:35,150
+extremely poor. Like here, many people are not
+
+374
+00:23:35,150 --> 00:23:37,330
+getting their salaries. You could be a middle
+
+375
+00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,750
+class person, you get, I don't know, a thousand
+
+376
+00:23:40,750 --> 00:23:42,770
+dollars, but all of a sudden you don't get your
+
+377
+00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:45,850
+salary and you are poor. because you don't have
+
+378
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:50,610
+other sources of income. So the situation here, he
+
+379
+00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:55,390
+describes it as the rich have become... the rich
+
+380
+00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:00,630
+get richer and the poor get poorer. And this is
+
+381
+00:24:00,630 --> 00:24:03,150
+the worst of all situations. Any society that gets
+
+382
+00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:06,030
+to this point is self-destructive.
+
+383
+00:24:08,890 --> 00:24:13,650
+Where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
+
+384
+00:24:15,330 --> 00:24:17,650
+No matter how much poverty we have, there will
+
+385
+00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:20,850
+always be people who benefit from this. So let's
+
+386
+00:24:20,850 --> 00:24:24,210
+change it. Let's do something to it. And finally,
+
+387
+00:24:24,290 --> 00:24:26,870
+he says again about poets being the leaders of
+
+388
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,950
+change, the people who begin that change, the
+
+389
+00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:34,230
+people who reform. Poets are the unacknowledged
+
+390
+00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:40,330
+legislators of the world. Is it world? Yes. We
+
+391
+00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:43,070
+have the Palestinian Legislative Council, you
+
+392
+00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,850
+know? The people we elect long time ago to
+
+393
+00:24:47,850 --> 00:24:52,170
+represent us in the parliament. So people in the
+
+394
+00:24:52,170 --> 00:24:54,690
+parliament here in Gaza, Palestine, it's called
+
+395
+00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,430
+Palestinian Legislative Council. Legislative,
+
+396
+00:24:58,510 --> 00:25:02,230
+legislator, a lawmaker, somebody who makes laws.
+
+397
+00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:06,990
+So according to Tusheli, poets are the first
+
+398
+00:25:06,990 --> 00:25:10,850
+people who make laws. who talk about necessary
+
+399
+00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:13,210
+things in the society, who talk about important
+
+400
+00:25:13,210 --> 00:25:15,930
+issues in the society, but they are
+
+401
+00:25:15,930 --> 00:25:18,210
+unacknowledged. It could be unacknowledged means
+
+402
+00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:20,290
+that many people don't think that poets are
+
+403
+00:25:20,290 --> 00:25:24,470
+important and serious, or maybe he means here it
+
+404
+00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:27,770
+means unofficial. What does it mean here? It means
+
+405
+00:25:27,770 --> 00:25:31,540
+that, yeah? It means that they are legislators,
+
+406
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,280
+but they are not assigned from the government.
+
+407
+00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,260
+They don't have an official position or job, but
+
+408
+00:25:39,260 --> 00:25:41,880
+they always begin that change. And it's true.
+
+409
+00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:45,060
+Remember the rhyme of the ancient mariner? I think
+
+410
+00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,400
+it's about, in a way or another, about climate
+
+411
+00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,070
+change. It's about global warming, in a way. And
+
+412
+00:25:51,070 --> 00:25:54,690
+this is a poet who wrote about this 200 or 150
+
+413
+00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:57,270
+years before people started complaining about
+
+414
+00:25:57,270 --> 00:26:00,250
+killing animals, particular animals and particular
+
+415
+00:26:00,250 --> 00:26:04,350
+species. So poets all the time begin to speak
+
+416
+00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:06,770
+about things that ordinary people don't pay
+
+417
+00:26:06,770 --> 00:26:09,750
+attention to, even politicians, even lawmakers,
+
+418
+00:26:10,170 --> 00:26:14,730
+even legislators. So the poets are the unofficial
+
+419
+00:26:14,730 --> 00:26:17,210
+legislators,
+
+420
+00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:23,520
+lawmakers, Leaders of change, leaders of reform in
+
+421
+00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,880
+the world. Unofficial because they don't have a
+
+422
+00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,640
+job, they get salary, they get money for that. So
+
+423
+00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:34,420
+this is his, in very brief, the essence of his
+
+424
+00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:37,800
+defense of pottery. Pottery can reform and change.
+
+425
+00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:45,840
+Now Lord Byron, and he's concerned about Chile,
+
+426
+00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:53,080
+Again, I invite you to go to YouTube, just look
+
+427
+00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,580
+for Sherry's poetry, see what more poetry you can
+
+428
+00:26:57,580 --> 00:27:01,680
+like about this guy. Maybe you want to start from
+
+429
+00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:05,180
+the ode to the west wind. He has another sonnet,
+
+430
+00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:07,740
+it's called Ozymandias.
+
+431
+00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,260
+Ozymandias, one of the most beautiful sonnets
+
+432
+00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:14,660
+ever.
+
+433
+00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:17,750
+But we're not going to study it, because we're
+
+434
+00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:21,530
+only just taking the basics here. Byron.
+
+435
+00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:29,230
+The other day I was talking to my colleague. And I
+
+436
+00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,770
+told her, you know what? I really like Byron. I
+
+437
+00:27:31,770 --> 00:27:35,090
+started to appreciate him. And she said, but if
+
+438
+00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:39,890
+Byron has said nothing except this stanza, it's
+
+439
+00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:43,360
+enough. He's amazing. And I started reading more
+
+440
+00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:45,160
+and more about Byron, and he's really an
+
+441
+00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:48,040
+interesting person, interesting poet at the same
+
+442
+00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:50,820
+time. So I'll start with the extract he sent me,
+
+443
+00:27:51,340 --> 00:27:55,860
+this one. He says, if he hasn't written anything
+
+444
+00:27:55,860 --> 00:28:00,880
+but this stanza, it's enough. Why? Let's see.
+
+445
+00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,980
+There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. You
+
+446
+00:28:04,980 --> 00:28:07,280
+know, when you go to the woods, we don't have
+
+447
+00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,660
+woods here, jungles. But usually when people go
+
+448
+00:28:10,660 --> 00:28:14,920
+through particular areas of nature, you create a
+
+449
+00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:16,920
+path because you keep walking and people keep
+
+450
+00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,020
+walking in the same area. It happens in gardens,
+
+451
+00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:25,120
+in public gardens. But the pure, innocent, wild,
+
+452
+00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,070
+areas of nature where nobody goes there, where it
+
+453
+00:28:29,070 --> 00:28:33,390
+is untouched by human beings. We don't have paths.
+
+454
+00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:36,930
+So pathless wood, like you go to a place where no
+
+455
+00:28:36,930 --> 00:28:41,210
+one or very few people have been there. There is a
+
+456
+00:28:41,210 --> 00:28:46,070
+rapture, excitement and joy on the lonely shore
+
+457
+00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:49,820
+when you are alone in nature. with nature. There
+
+458
+00:28:49,820 --> 00:28:53,740
+is society where none intrudes because you are the
+
+459
+00:28:53,740 --> 00:28:56,080
+society, you create the society, you as an
+
+460
+00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:00,420
+individual. There is a society where no one is
+
+461
+00:29:00,420 --> 00:29:03,980
+there, no one intrudes, no one interrupts. by the
+
+462
+00:29:03,980 --> 00:29:08,440
+deep sea and music in its roar, the music of the
+
+463
+00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,000
+sea, despite the fact that he uses the word roar,
+
+464
+00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,500
+and roar is not musical in a way, but still he
+
+465
+00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,760
+sees the beauty in nature, in the sound of the
+
+466
+00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:21,260
+waves and probably the birds. I love not manless,
+
+467
+00:29:22,060 --> 00:29:26,220
+but nature more. This is a romantic feature. It
+
+468
+00:29:26,220 --> 00:29:30,180
+doesn't mean I hate communities, I hate society, I
+
+469
+00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:32,940
+hate being with others, but I love nature more.
+
+470
+00:29:33,850 --> 00:29:36,810
+We've seen this in Wordsworth, where he kicked out
+
+471
+00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:41,330
+his sister Dorothy from the Daffodils. They were
+
+472
+00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:43,750
+together. They saw the scene together, and she
+
+473
+00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:45,790
+wrote about it in her diaries. I was walking with
+
+474
+00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:48,790
+my brother Willie, and we saw this. But in the
+
+475
+00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,710
+text, where is she? He kicks her out. Is he anti
+
+476
+00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:55,050
+-feminist? Maybe, but they were best friends also.
+
+477
+00:29:55,790 --> 00:29:58,370
+But it's the individuality, the solitude he's
+
+478
+00:29:58,370 --> 00:30:03,810
+seeking here. I love not manless, but nature. So
+
+479
+00:30:03,810 --> 00:30:07,550
+Lord Byron, again, like Shelley, he was a
+
+480
+00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:09,490
+revolutionary. He was a rebellious person. He
+
+481
+00:30:09,490 --> 00:30:11,470
+wanted to change. He wanted political. He wanted
+
+482
+00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:13,190
+social. He wanted religious. He wanted moral
+
+483
+00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:17,490
+change and moral reform throughout all England.
+
+484
+00:30:18,250 --> 00:30:22,250
+The characters in his poems are usually
+
+485
+00:30:22,250 --> 00:30:25,860
+rebellious. They rebel against the societies, and
+
+486
+00:30:25,860 --> 00:30:28,920
+at the same time, they challenge the conventions.
+
+487
+00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700
+They usually go against the conventions to break
+
+488
+00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:37,460
+the rules and the chains. We'll see a lot of
+
+489
+00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:41,420
+passion and feelings with heroes who rebel against
+
+490
+00:30:41,420 --> 00:30:43,960
+the society. You know, rebel from rebellion to
+
+491
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:50,000
+challenge something. And his poem, Dawn, In
+
+492
+00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,720
+Spanish, this is Don Juan. Some English people
+
+493
+00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:57,080
+pronounce it Juan. And some dialects, Juan. Do you
+
+494
+00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:01,060
+know Spanish, anyone? Don Juan? I think it's
+
+495
+00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:03,280
+something like this. Anyway, this is a famous
+
+496
+00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:08,760
+poem, Don Juan, because it's Spanish. Juan. Like,
+
+497
+00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,740
+you know Juan Mata, the Manchester United player?
+
+498
+00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:17,960
+Some people say Juan. Juan. Juan Mata. Something
+
+499
+00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:23,460
+like this. Anyway, in this poem, it goes to, by
+
+500
+00:31:23,460 --> 00:31:28,240
+the way, I was listening to this the other day on
+
+501
+00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:31,120
+YouTube. You know, there are always all sorts of
+
+502
+00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,980
+horrible and racist comments in the comments
+
+503
+00:31:34,980 --> 00:31:38,060
+sections on YouTube. But I loved the discussion.
+
+504
+00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,740
+There was a discussion whether it should be Don
+
+505
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:43,760
+Juan or Don Juan or Don Juan, and people were
+
+506
+00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:49,910
+saying stuff. Interesting. uses satire, comedy,
+
+507
+00:31:50,150 --> 00:31:53,150
+and irony. Remember, we left satire behind with
+
+508
+00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,970
+the Augustans. When we say bye-bye Alexander Poe,
+
+509
+00:31:57,050 --> 00:32:00,610
+bye-bye Dryden, take your satire and go away. We
+
+510
+00:32:00,610 --> 00:32:03,330
+have a new era, a new sensibility. And it's a
+
+511
+00:32:03,330 --> 00:32:06,630
+vicious circle. People here go back to keep
+
+512
+00:32:06,630 --> 00:32:09,410
+recycling things and recycling things. But his
+
+513
+00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,410
+comedy is so beautiful, so funny, and so
+
+514
+00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:16,150
+interesting. So what does he do? He involves the
+
+515
+00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,410
+readers. He makes them part of his poetry in a way
+
+516
+00:32:18,410 --> 00:32:21,470
+where they question their own values and the
+
+517
+00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:25,820
+values of of the societies and, you know, the
+
+518
+00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:30,740
+surroundings. In this poem... This is an extract
+
+519
+00:32:30,740 --> 00:32:37,140
+from the poem here. It's in your book. Let's see
+
+520
+00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:42,580
+what he does here. From Don Juan. Yes, please. He
+
+521
+00:32:42,580 --> 00:32:46,280
+poured upon the leaves and the flowers And hewed
+
+522
+00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:50,120
+the bars in all the winds And then he saw the
+
+523
+00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:55,620
+fruit snakes and immortal powers. And how the gods
+
+524
+00:32:55,620 --> 00:33:00,220
+came down
+
+525
+00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:05,040
+to man. He missed the best way. He forgot the
+
+526
+00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,440
+hours. And when he looked upon his watch again, he
+
+527
+00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,280
+found how much all time had been a winner. He also
+
+528
+00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,980
+found that he had lost his dinner. So he went to
+
+529
+00:33:16,980 --> 00:33:24,070
+bed hungry? Yeah. Empty stomach? Look how the poem
+
+530
+00:33:24,070 --> 00:33:29,110
+begins. It's so typical Wordsworth. He poured
+
+531
+00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:32,310
+upon, like when you spend a lot of time examining
+
+532
+00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:34,690
+something, studying something, because you have
+
+533
+00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:37,290
+passion, you are obsessed about it. We do, we do
+
+534
+00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:39,650
+this all the time. You would like hold your pen
+
+535
+00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,050
+and you keep just scribbling and scribbling or
+
+536
+00:33:42,050 --> 00:33:44,970
+gazing at things, you know, I gazed and gazed, but
+
+537
+00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:47,490
+little thought, you're fascinated by a particular
+
+538
+00:33:47,490 --> 00:33:50,810
+thing by, I don't know, a piece of pizza or
+
+539
+00:33:50,810 --> 00:33:54,550
+cheesecake, you just wow, right? Fascinated by
+
+540
+00:33:54,550 --> 00:33:59,360
+what you see. But he's, he's not saying I, He's
+
+541
+00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:02,160
+distancing himself from this practice. So he
+
+542
+00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:06,020
+poured upon the leaves, nature, right? And the
+
+543
+00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,540
+flowers. I think he's having a dig at Wordsworth
+
+544
+00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:13,140
+here. I think he's saying Wordsworth spends too
+
+545
+00:34:13,140 --> 00:34:18,810
+much time gazing and wandering and studying the
+
+546
+00:34:18,810 --> 00:34:21,650
+leaves and the flowers, and heard a voice.
+
+547
+00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:26,350
+Remember, we didn't study Lucy Gray here. The poet
+
+548
+00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,470
+was what says, I heard a voice. Many of his poems,
+
+549
+00:34:28,590 --> 00:34:31,530
+he says, I heard a voice, the solitary reaper, et
+
+550
+00:34:31,530 --> 00:34:35,870
+cetera. So he usually He used natural voices and
+
+551
+00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:39,690
+voices in nature and had a voice in all the winds.
+
+552
+00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:42,990
+And then he thought of wood nymphs. You know the
+
+553
+00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:46,930
+nymph? It's the magical creature. Yeah, it's a
+
+554
+00:34:46,930 --> 00:34:50,310
+magical creature only in fairy tales. It's a
+
+555
+00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:53,210
+supernatural creature. Female. Yeah, female
+
+556
+00:34:53,210 --> 00:34:57,370
+supernatural creature. I think also there could be
+
+557
+00:34:57,370 --> 00:35:00,050
+something about coleridge, because coleridge was
+
+558
+00:35:00,050 --> 00:35:03,130
+interested in the supernatural. So in my
+
+559
+00:35:03,130 --> 00:35:06,130
+understanding, this is metafictional. OK, this is
+
+560
+00:35:06,130 --> 00:35:08,750
+not working. Metafictional. You know metafiction
+
+561
+00:35:08,750 --> 00:35:12,210
+again? A fiction talks about another story.
+
+562
+00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:16,930
+Fiction about fiction. What does it mean? What
+
+563
+00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:20,470
+does it mean, fiction about fiction? A story or a
+
+564
+00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:26,030
+poem talks about another story. Okay, so why? Why
+
+565
+00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,790
+would you talk about another text in your text? To
+
+566
+00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:32,790
+illustrate, to criticize, to mock, to challenge,
+
+567
+00:35:32,890 --> 00:35:37,210
+to underestimate, to explain, to make use of, many
+
+568
+00:35:37,210 --> 00:35:42,110
+things. So the fact that in my reading, he is
+
+569
+00:35:42,110 --> 00:35:44,370
+alluding to Wordsworth and Coleridge, in a way
+
+570
+00:35:44,370 --> 00:35:48,050
+making fun of what they do, spending too much time
+
+571
+00:35:48,050 --> 00:35:51,190
+with nature, with leaves, with flowers, hearing
+
+572
+00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,730
+imaginary voices, talking about imaginary
+
+573
+00:35:53,730 --> 00:35:58,240
+creatures. Probably there is something about those
+
+574
+00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:02,600
+people and how the goddesses came down to men.
+
+575
+00:36:03,220 --> 00:36:04,320
+That's the first standard.
+
+576
+00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:13,120
+He's basically talking about how nature
+
+577
+00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,680
+influences, you know, the spiritual aspect. Can
+
+578
+00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:17,420
+you turn that off?
+
+579
+00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,140
+No, turn it off. Turn it off.
+
+580
+00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:32,760
+Okay, so the first stanza speaks about the
+
+581
+00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:35,940
+spirituality of nature, how you would lose your
+
+582
+00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,080
+everything, yourself, just gazing and enjoying
+
+583
+00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:42,240
+nature. Let's see what happens in the second
+
+584
+00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:47,850
+stanza. Someone read the second stanza. Okay,
+
+585
+00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:53,930
+please. So while you're doing this, while you're
+
+586
+00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:58,250
+fascinated by nature and the supernatural, what
+
+587
+00:36:58,250 --> 00:37:02,450
+happens in real life? Does anything wait for you?
+
+588
+00:37:04,650 --> 00:37:08,610
+Does life wait for you until you finish? Nothing
+
+589
+00:37:08,610 --> 00:37:11,490
+waits. So what happens number one?
+
+590
+00:37:14,530 --> 00:37:18,190
+he missed the pathway pathway he forgot the hours
+
+591
+00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:22,010
+also and when he locked upon his watch again he
+
+592
+00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:26,410
+found how much Oh yeah, time does not wait.
+
+593
+00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:29,250
+Listen, if you want change, you create the change.
+
+594
+00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:33,130
+You be the change. You don't just go to nature, to
+
+595
+00:37:33,130 --> 00:37:36,330
+the trees and flowers, spend your time like gazing
+
+596
+00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:39,730
+at them and thinking that the problems, the
+
+597
+00:37:39,730 --> 00:37:44,070
+corruption, it will solve itself. It will just go
+
+598
+00:37:44,070 --> 00:37:48,410
+away. No. And? He also found that he had lost his
+
+599
+00:37:48,410 --> 00:37:51,720
+interaction. He also found? That's very comic,
+
+600
+00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:56,700
+very funny. He lost his dinner while you were
+
+601
+00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:59,600
+busy. It's like when you are at home, you have so
+
+602
+00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,100
+many brothers and sisters. And you are the
+
+603
+00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,420
+romantic person. You are the one who gazes. So you
+
+604
+00:38:04,420 --> 00:38:06,900
+look to gaze at the super moon. And you're like,
+
+605
+00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:11,560
+wow. The child's like, oh, right? Just wow. I'm
+
+606
+00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,540
+like, where's the food? Where's the pizza? Where's
+
+607
+00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:17,640
+my piece of pizza? Oh, we just had it. We just ate
+
+608
+00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,410
+it. You are too busy, too obsessed with nature
+
+609
+00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:25,430
+that you lose touch of real life. And this is, in
+
+610
+00:38:25,430 --> 00:38:29,250
+my opinion, he's having a dig at the first
+
+611
+00:38:29,250 --> 00:38:31,910
+generation romantic poets who would... Wordsworth
+
+612
+00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,770
+and Daffodils, and there's another poem, short
+
+613
+00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:39,010
+poem, he says, my heart leaps up when I see a
+
+614
+00:38:39,010 --> 00:38:41,150
+rainbow. When I see a rainbow, it's just like a
+
+615
+00:38:41,150 --> 00:38:43,610
+kid where he says the child is the father of man.
+
+616
+00:38:43,710 --> 00:38:46,420
+Just a rainbow inspires him. I'm not saying that
+
+617
+00:38:46,420 --> 00:38:48,340
+it's bad or horrible. But see, some of the
+
+618
+00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:51,340
+romantics were not OK with what you're doing. And
+
+619
+00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:55,020
+he goes back to Satya. So while you're doing these
+
+620
+00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:58,180
+things, life can't wait. Time keeps going on. And
+
+621
+00:38:58,180 --> 00:39:01,260
+most importantly for many of us, probably, you
+
+622
+00:39:01,260 --> 00:39:05,010
+will lose your dinner. Where's the food? You just
+
+623
+00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:09,210
+ate it. You were just busy enjoying the scene and
+
+624
+00:39:09,210 --> 00:39:11,770
+we ate it. You were just busy feeding your
+
+625
+00:39:11,770 --> 00:39:16,190
+spirituality and we just filled the stomach,
+
+626
+00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:21,830
+filled the bellies with food. And this is an
+
+627
+00:39:21,830 --> 00:39:25,290
+interesting thing, how he uses again satire and
+
+628
+00:39:25,290 --> 00:39:29,490
+comedy to criticize something. This is what I'm
+
+629
+00:39:29,490 --> 00:39:35,930
+seeing in this extract. Okay? So finally, this is
+
+630
+00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:40,410
+Byron Reeve. He was a revolutionary. He called for
+
+631
+00:39:40,410 --> 00:39:46,250
+political social change, and he wanted to
+
+632
+00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:50,470
+challenge the society and the conventions. And
+
+633
+00:39:50,470 --> 00:39:56,710
+like I'm saying here, he's also challenging in a
+
+634
+00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:59,190
+way or criticizing the first generation of
+
+635
+00:39:59,190 --> 00:40:02,330
+romantic poets, especially Wordsworth.
+
+636
+00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,800
+He wanted to add, like Shelley and Keats, the
+
+637
+00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,680
+second generation were more involved in real life.
+
+638
+00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:17,580
+In a way, I think he's saying that poetry that
+
+639
+00:40:17,580 --> 00:40:21,160
+doesn't change, poetry that doesn't cause change,
+
+640
+00:40:21,340 --> 00:40:24,300
+poetry that doesn't improve our lives, literature
+
+641
+00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,360
+that doesn't make us bitter people and doesn't
+
+642
+00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,620
+improve our lives in a way or another, is not good
+
+643
+00:40:30,620 --> 00:40:34,930
+poetry. It's not good literature. Some people
+
+644
+00:40:34,930 --> 00:40:36,650
+would disagree, because they would say, no, I'm
+
+645
+00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:41,650
+doing it just for the sake of doing it, like art
+
+646
+00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:42,570
+for art's sake.
+
+647
+00:40:46,270 --> 00:40:50,610
+We'll stop here. And next class, we'll move to
+
+648
+00:40:50,610 --> 00:40:55,090
+speak about two romantic figures, two female
+
+649
+00:40:55,090 --> 00:40:58,730
+romantic writers. The first one is Mary Shelley.
+
+650
+00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,670
+Mary Shelley, she's Percy, yeah, Percy, Percy
+
+651
+00:41:04,670 --> 00:41:05,450
+Shelley's wife.
+
+652
+00:41:08,250 --> 00:41:11,370
+I'm not sure if they have kids. We would be
+
+653
+00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:14,950
+studying them also. So Mary Shelley is a novelist
+
+654
+00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:17,410
+will study something about Frankenstein and then
+
+655
+00:41:17,410 --> 00:41:22,680
+and then Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and then We
+
+656
+00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:28,040
+will study Jane Austen. And some of you might, if
+
+657
+00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,800
+you're familiar with Jane Austen, might say, what?
+
+658
+00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,120
+But Jane Austen is a Victorian figure. We'll say
+
+659
+00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,620
+something about this. She's pre-Victorian, late
+
+660
+00:41:37,620 --> 00:41:41,280
+Romantic. She's the link between both generations.
+
+661
+00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:44,500
+If you have any question, any comment, anything to
+
+662
+00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:50,460
+add, please do. Races. Say again. Some races were
+
+663
+00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:50,800
+not
+
+664
+00:41:54,580 --> 00:41:59,280
+Okay, that's a good question. You should just know
+
+665
+00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,640
+them. We focus on the extracts in the book,
+
+666
+00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,660
+basically, unless I tell you you need to study
+
+667
+00:42:04,660 --> 00:42:04,980
+this.
+
+668
+00:42:09,580 --> 00:42:13,860
+Any question? Okay, good luck, ladies, and please
+
+669
+00:42:13,860 --> 00:42:17,060
+have an enjoyable weekend, and don't forget your
+
+670
+00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:18,560
+dinner while you're doing that.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2680 @@
+1
+00:00:20,690 --> 00:00:22,230
+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh.
+
+2
+00:00:22,910 --> 00:00:25,810
+Welcome back to the introduction to English
+
+3
+00:00:25,810 --> 00:00:28,270
+literature class at the Islamic University of Gaza
+
+4
+00:00:28,270 --> 00:00:33,570
+English department. So far we have spoken about
+
+5
+00:00:33,570 --> 00:00:37,820
+several romantic poets, romantic figures. And I
+
+6
+00:00:37,820 --> 00:00:42,220
+said before that the romantics were poets, and at
+
+7
+00:00:42,220 --> 00:00:45,440
+the same time, they were critics. So they were not
+
+8
+00:00:45,440 --> 00:00:49,480
+only writing poetry, but they were also writing
+
+9
+00:00:49,480 --> 00:00:53,540
+criticism, justifying their methods, their school,
+
+10
+00:00:53,680 --> 00:00:57,040
+their movement, in a way that John Donne and his
+
+11
+00:00:57,040 --> 00:00:59,220
+followers did not do. John Donne was writing
+
+12
+00:00:59,220 --> 00:01:02,420
+different poetry, like the romantics in a way or
+
+13
+00:01:02,420 --> 00:01:05,880
+another, but he was not writing criticism, prose,
+
+14
+00:01:06,180 --> 00:01:09,760
+or verse in order to teach people about their
+
+15
+00:01:09,760 --> 00:01:13,440
+thought and methodology and features and
+
+16
+00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:17,400
+characteristics. We're done with colorage and
+
+17
+00:01:17,400 --> 00:01:20,120
+words worth, and they are described as the first
+
+18
+00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:23,470
+generation. the people who were more into the
+
+19
+00:01:23,470 --> 00:01:28,230
+natural and supernatural aspect of life. Then we
+
+20
+00:01:28,230 --> 00:01:31,650
+move to speak about kids, all those romantic
+
+21
+00:01:31,650 --> 00:01:33,830
+poets. So they will speak about Chalet, and we
+
+22
+00:01:33,830 --> 00:01:37,830
+will end with Byron. These are all romantic poets.
+
+23
+00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:41,310
+They share the majority of common features. But
+
+24
+00:01:41,310 --> 00:01:44,890
+each poet is different in his own a particular
+
+25
+00:01:44,890 --> 00:01:47,730
+way. We've seen how Keats, for example, was
+
+26
+00:01:47,730 --> 00:01:50,870
+obsessed with time, was obsessed with beauty, was
+
+27
+00:01:50,870 --> 00:01:54,930
+obsessed with finding truth. And the conclusion
+
+28
+00:01:54,930 --> 00:01:58,790
+was that beauty is truth, truth beauty. For him,
+
+29
+00:01:59,250 --> 00:02:02,710
+literature is not poetry, and art, artistic
+
+30
+00:02:02,710 --> 00:02:07,230
+creation and expression is not a means to express.
+
+31
+00:02:07,250 --> 00:02:09,550
+Remember the Augustans, they were like, poetry has
+
+32
+00:02:09,550 --> 00:02:13,760
+to teach and delight. But it could be more. It
+
+33
+00:02:13,760 --> 00:02:17,100
+could be particularly self-expression, something
+
+34
+00:02:17,100 --> 00:02:22,190
+that you need to do. for yourself, for the
+
+35
+00:02:22,190 --> 00:02:25,470
+individual, the human being, and you reaching out
+
+36
+00:02:25,470 --> 00:02:29,130
+for others or for even nature. So for him,
+
+37
+00:02:29,530 --> 00:02:32,550
+literature is the end itself, in a way, not just
+
+38
+00:02:32,550 --> 00:02:36,210
+purely art for art's sake. There's a school called
+
+39
+00:02:36,210 --> 00:02:39,090
+Art for Art's Sake. Just write literature just to
+
+40
+00:02:39,090 --> 00:02:43,390
+write literature, or produce art just for art. In
+
+41
+00:02:43,390 --> 00:02:45,990
+part, it's true, but still, it's a lot more than
+
+42
+00:02:45,990 --> 00:02:51,070
+this. So we'll see how Shelley and Byron also are
+
+43
+00:02:51,070 --> 00:02:54,670
+different in some ways, but similar in other ways.
+
+44
+00:02:55,310 --> 00:02:59,150
+Those two people also share common features, which
+
+45
+00:02:59,150 --> 00:03:05,750
+are, again, clear criticism of the institutions of
+
+46
+00:03:05,750 --> 00:03:09,870
+religion, politics, and society. They always have
+
+47
+00:03:09,870 --> 00:03:13,420
+this aspect. They're calling the people to rebel
+
+48
+00:03:13,420 --> 00:03:16,380
+against the society, to challenge the authorities.
+
+49
+00:03:17,440 --> 00:03:22,040
+Both of them were critical of the politics, the
+
+50
+00:03:22,040 --> 00:03:26,100
+morals, the social conventions of their time. And
+
+51
+00:03:26,100 --> 00:03:29,780
+both of them were openly calling for a rebellion.
+
+52
+00:03:30,160 --> 00:03:33,340
+This is different from Wordsworth, for example,
+
+53
+00:03:33,420 --> 00:03:36,480
+who would just leave all the trouble behind and go
+
+54
+00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:40,620
+to... nature to the countryside, to Lake District,
+
+55
+00:03:41,120 --> 00:03:44,540
+and melt with nature, fills his heart with
+
+56
+00:03:44,540 --> 00:03:47,460
+pleasure, and then makes it dance with the
+
+57
+00:03:47,460 --> 00:03:50,600
+daffodils in the way we studied before. So Shelley
+
+58
+00:03:50,600 --> 00:03:56,760
+was a very close friend of Keats. And by the way,
+
+59
+00:03:57,040 --> 00:04:01,240
+Keats, Shelley, and Byron, the three of them, they
+
+60
+00:04:01,240 --> 00:04:06,780
+died very young. Keats at 25, Shelley at almost
+
+61
+00:04:06,780 --> 00:04:10,220
+30, and Byron around 35. And this is the second
+
+62
+00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,460
+generation. And I said this before, that this adds
+
+63
+00:04:13,460 --> 00:04:18,460
+some kind of aura, some kind of this perfection
+
+64
+00:04:18,460 --> 00:04:21,020
+around them that you look at them as perfect
+
+65
+00:04:21,020 --> 00:04:25,730
+people, as perfect people in a fictional world. It
+
+66
+00:04:25,730 --> 00:04:28,350
+adds to them. It gives them more symbolic, more
+
+67
+00:04:28,350 --> 00:04:31,530
+meanings, and more depth in a way or another. So
+
+68
+00:04:31,530 --> 00:04:34,630
+he was really deeply touched by the death of his
+
+69
+00:04:34,630 --> 00:04:38,770
+best friend, Keith, who died of a disease. But
+
+70
+00:04:38,770 --> 00:04:40,950
+Shelley drowned. He was swimming somewhere in
+
+71
+00:04:40,950 --> 00:04:45,550
+Italy, and he just drowned sadly. And he wrote the
+
+72
+00:04:45,550 --> 00:04:49,240
+famous poem, Adonais. Adonais. About the death,
+
+73
+00:04:49,500 --> 00:04:53,220
+it's elegy. That's what elegy is. When you praise
+
+74
+00:04:53,220 --> 00:04:57,480
+a dead person, and he opens it with this really
+
+75
+00:04:57,480 --> 00:05:00,960
+moving couplet. This is half of the line. He says,
+
+76
+00:05:01,120 --> 00:05:06,440
+I weep for Adonis. He's dead. Oh, weep for Adonis.
+
+77
+00:05:06,640 --> 00:05:09,140
+It's like everyone should be weeping for kids.
+
+78
+00:05:10,420 --> 00:05:12,380
+Everyone. And look at the choice of words here.
+
+79
+00:05:12,480 --> 00:05:14,780
+The simple, direct, you don't have to go to
+
+80
+00:05:14,780 --> 00:05:21,600
+philosophize. I weep for Adonais. He is dead. And
+
+81
+00:05:21,600 --> 00:05:24,800
+that's it. And I love how this comes. Why would
+
+82
+00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:27,820
+you weep for somebody? He lost a scholarship. He
+
+83
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:33,040
+failed a course. His wife left him. He lost his
+
+84
+00:05:33,040 --> 00:05:36,600
+dinner. But all of a sudden, it comes up, he's
+
+85
+00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:41,040
+dead, suddenly. Abruptly, exactly like how he died
+
+86
+00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:44,600
+suddenly. It wasn't a sudden death, but in his
+
+87
+00:05:44,600 --> 00:05:49,820
+prime, yeah, untimely and prematurely. Shelly's
+
+88
+00:05:49,820 --> 00:05:53,560
+poetry is like Keith's poetry in some way.
+
+89
+00:05:53,900 --> 00:05:57,080
+Basically, both wanted to capture the depth of
+
+90
+00:05:57,080 --> 00:06:00,680
+personal experiences, especially in their search
+
+91
+00:06:00,680 --> 00:06:05,780
+for truth and beauty and meaning for life. But
+
+92
+00:06:05,780 --> 00:06:08,740
+also Schiele's writing is more like Blake's in the
+
+93
+00:06:08,740 --> 00:06:13,820
+way that it is basically political poetry. He uses
+
+94
+00:06:13,820 --> 00:06:17,060
+nature, or nature is there. We'll see some of his
+
+95
+00:06:17,060 --> 00:06:21,400
+poetry in a bit. But basically, he wants change.
+
+96
+00:06:21,960 --> 00:06:24,260
+He wants more freedom. He wants to change the
+
+97
+00:06:24,260 --> 00:06:28,300
+political and the social system. That's why I like
+
+98
+00:06:28,300 --> 00:06:31,970
+to describe Chile as the rebel. The revolutionary.
+
+99
+00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:37,110
+And those people remind me of young poets, like
+
+100
+00:06:37,110 --> 00:06:39,090
+Tamim el Barghouti, for example. You know Tamim.
+
+101
+00:06:40,510 --> 00:06:42,990
+Tamim is a Palestinian poet. He's Palestinian.
+
+102
+00:06:43,150 --> 00:06:47,050
+He's Egyptian. He's like many things, right? At
+
+103
+00:06:47,050 --> 00:06:50,650
+the beginning of the Arab Spring, the very
+
+104
+00:06:50,650 --> 00:06:53,090
+beginning, many people, when there is radical
+
+105
+00:06:53,090 --> 00:06:56,210
+change, they keep calm and silent. They just wait
+
+106
+00:06:56,210 --> 00:06:58,450
+to see where things are going, and then they start
+
+107
+00:06:58,450 --> 00:07:02,000
+speaking up. Right? These people are opportunists.
+
+108
+00:07:02,300 --> 00:07:05,020
+They just want their own benefits.
+
+109
+00:07:06,660 --> 00:07:08,940
+Now, for Tamim, the first day the Arab Spring
+
+110
+00:07:08,940 --> 00:07:11,980
+started, he wrote one of the most interesting,
+
+111
+00:07:12,200 --> 00:07:17,040
+beautiful poems in the Egyptian dialect, called,
+
+112
+00:07:17,200 --> 00:07:20,900
+Ya Masri Hanit Wa Banit. Please, go to YouTube and
+
+113
+00:07:20,900 --> 00:07:24,340
+listen to this poem. And one of my friends called
+
+114
+00:07:24,340 --> 00:07:27,550
+me and he said, Your friend Tamim, he's not my
+
+115
+00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:29,470
+friend, but I like Tamim. You should like Tamim,
+
+116
+00:07:29,610 --> 00:07:34,670
+too. Your friend Tamim will be sent behind the
+
+117
+00:07:34,670 --> 00:07:36,730
+sun, or something like we say in Arabic
+
+118
+00:07:36,730 --> 00:07:40,330
+expression, because he dared to speak openly to
+
+119
+00:07:40,330 --> 00:07:48,810
+call people for revolution. And he
+
+120
+00:07:48,810 --> 00:07:53,630
+says something like, if you don't go out, if you
+
+121
+00:07:53,630 --> 00:07:58,210
+don't participate in the revolution, you are
+
+122
+00:07:58,210 --> 00:08:01,950
+betraying your friends, your country. Because if
+
+123
+00:08:01,950 --> 00:08:03,790
+there are a thousand people out in the streets,
+
+124
+00:08:03,930 --> 00:08:06,210
+the police can control them. But if there are a
+
+125
+00:08:06,210 --> 00:08:10,210
+million people, they can't. So I told him, yeah,
+
+126
+00:08:10,910 --> 00:08:14,030
+ordinary poets do what you say, but great poets
+
+127
+00:08:14,030 --> 00:08:16,410
+like Tamim and like those people, they are always
+
+128
+00:08:16,410 --> 00:08:20,850
+not only part of the change, they are leading that
+
+129
+00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:23,610
+change, as we're going to see in a bit. So in his
+
+130
+00:08:23,610 --> 00:08:26,750
+poem, Queen Mab, he attacks religion, he attacks
+
+131
+00:08:26,750 --> 00:08:29,390
+the morals, he attacks the society, everything. In
+
+132
+00:08:29,390 --> 00:08:32,910
+a way, this is similar in part to the Augustan
+
+133
+00:08:32,910 --> 00:08:35,190
+poetry, remember, when it was all criticizing
+
+134
+00:08:35,190 --> 00:08:42,640
+society and attacking it. Sometime around 1819,
+
+135
+00:08:42,940 --> 00:08:44,800
+there was a massacre in Manchester. You know
+
+136
+00:08:44,800 --> 00:08:47,480
+Manchester? Manchester United. Manchester is blue.
+
+137
+00:08:47,620 --> 00:08:51,700
+Manchester is red. Is it red or blue? Are you
+
+138
+00:08:51,700 --> 00:08:53,920
+Manchester City or Manchester United fans? City.
+
+139
+00:08:54,380 --> 00:08:59,060
+City? Maybe what you like. Ah, you like what you
+
+140
+00:08:59,060 --> 00:09:02,120
+like. Cool. Okay, so this year Manchester is blue,
+
+141
+00:09:02,240 --> 00:09:07,280
+if you are football fans anyway. So in Manchester,
+
+142
+00:09:07,620 --> 00:09:10,260
+some of the workers wanted, you know, they were
+
+143
+00:09:10,260 --> 00:09:13,160
+demanding for more basic human rights, for better
+
+144
+00:09:13,160 --> 00:09:15,800
+salaries, for better work conditions, for
+
+145
+00:09:15,800 --> 00:09:20,080
+security, for safety. And the police killed around
+
+146
+00:09:20,080 --> 00:09:25,220
+20 of them and injured many others. And Shelly, I
+
+147
+00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:28,040
+guess he was in Italy by that time, and he wrote
+
+148
+00:09:28,040 --> 00:09:30,820
+one of his really most beautiful, powerful poems
+
+149
+00:09:30,820 --> 00:09:33,920
+of all time. It's called the Mask of Anarchy.
+
+150
+00:09:34,020 --> 00:09:37,980
+Anarchy is like chaos, like, you know, anarchy.
+
+151
+00:09:38,400 --> 00:09:40,800
+Like when you want to destroy what's going on,
+
+152
+00:09:40,800 --> 00:09:43,280
+what you have, and it builds something in you,
+
+153
+00:09:43,340 --> 00:09:46,980
+like a mess. In a way, but he doesn't go, he
+
+154
+00:09:46,980 --> 00:09:49,810
+wants, doesn't, you know, chaos has come again. So
+
+155
+00:09:49,810 --> 00:09:52,150
+chaos is necessary. Destruction is necessary.
+
+156
+00:09:52,590 --> 00:09:55,270
+Because when you destroy, you build. So he's
+
+157
+00:09:55,270 --> 00:09:58,030
+saying that basically we need to destroy the
+
+158
+00:09:58,030 --> 00:10:01,150
+current system because it's corrupt, it's
+
+159
+00:10:01,150 --> 00:10:04,570
+horrible, and the poor are getting poorer by time,
+
+160
+00:10:04,650 --> 00:10:08,230
+and the rich are getting richer by time. So he
+
+161
+00:10:08,230 --> 00:10:11,480
+calls for what? for social change, for political
+
+162
+00:10:11,480 --> 00:10:14,260
+change, for political reforms, and for more
+
+163
+00:10:14,260 --> 00:10:17,460
+freedoms for especially the downtrodden working
+
+164
+00:10:17,460 --> 00:10:22,020
+class. Let's see this extract from this beautiful
+
+165
+00:10:22,020 --> 00:10:25,960
+book. I think this is the last stanza. The Mask of
+
+166
+00:10:25,960 --> 00:10:30,840
+Anarki. Can someone read? Please. Yeah, Anna.
+
+167
+00:10:30,920 --> 00:10:33,780
+Right, like lions are slumbered and unveiled
+
+168
+00:10:35,980 --> 00:10:36,940
+Vanquishable number.
+
+169
+00:10:40,020 --> 00:10:40,020
+Okay,
+
+170
+00:10:45,640 --> 00:10:48,280
+so you said do, do is American English. It should
+
+171
+00:10:48,280 --> 00:10:51,780
+rhyme with you, so you go for British English to
+
+172
+00:10:51,780 --> 00:10:57,270
+make the perfect rhyme. What is slumber? Do you
+
+173
+00:10:57,270 --> 00:10:58,970
+know slumber party? When you were kids, you would
+
+174
+00:10:58,970 --> 00:11:02,930
+go to sleep at your friends or cousins. This is
+
+175
+00:11:02,930 --> 00:11:06,690
+sleep. Slumber, yeah. Slumber means sleep. It's a
+
+176
+00:11:06,690 --> 00:11:09,190
+poetic word for sleep, slumber. And we pronounce
+
+177
+00:11:09,190 --> 00:11:13,010
+the B, by the way, because of the stress. So rise
+
+178
+00:11:13,010 --> 00:11:18,390
+like lions after slumber. An unvanquishable
+
+179
+00:11:18,390 --> 00:11:24,670
+number. Shake your chains. to earth like dew. You
+
+180
+00:11:24,670 --> 00:11:27,150
+know dew? When you wake up early in the morning,
+
+181
+00:11:27,250 --> 00:11:30,790
+you find little tiny drops of water. This is dew.
+
+182
+00:11:31,990 --> 00:11:35,690
+Shake your chains to earth like dew, which in
+
+183
+00:11:35,690 --> 00:11:41,010
+sleep had fallen on you. Ye are money. They are
+
+184
+00:11:41,010 --> 00:11:44,570
+few. The police, right? How many policemen do we
+
+185
+00:11:44,570 --> 00:11:47,070
+have here in the country? Like what, 10,000? We
+
+186
+00:11:47,070 --> 00:11:50,230
+have two million people. We can easily overcome
+
+187
+00:11:50,230 --> 00:11:54,290
+and overpower. This is openly calling for
+
+188
+00:11:54,290 --> 00:11:57,990
+revolution. He's saying rise, rebel, fight. You
+
+189
+00:11:57,990 --> 00:12:00,690
+can beat them. They can't control you as long as
+
+190
+00:12:00,690 --> 00:12:04,710
+you all in unvanquishable numbers go out to the
+
+191
+00:12:04,710 --> 00:12:09,120
+streets and demand your rights. That's a romantic
+
+192
+00:12:09,120 --> 00:12:12,900
+poet here again. Totally different from
+
+193
+00:12:12,900 --> 00:12:17,780
+Wordsworth, and even Coleridge, in a sense. See,
+
+194
+00:12:18,040 --> 00:12:21,240
+is this difficult to understand? He's talking to
+
+195
+00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:23,660
+us, everyone. You don't have to be a university
+
+196
+00:12:23,660 --> 00:12:26,220
+-educated person to love this poet and to
+
+197
+00:12:26,220 --> 00:12:29,860
+appreciate it. The message is clear. Rise. You are
+
+198
+00:12:29,860 --> 00:12:33,700
+many. They are the few. In his other poem, other
+
+199
+00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:39,110
+famous poem also, Ode to the West Wind. It
+
+200
+00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:42,390
+consists of, I think, four or five sonnets.
+
+201
+00:12:44,330 --> 00:12:49,990
+If you look at the title here, The West Wind, it's
+
+202
+00:12:49,990 --> 00:12:53,170
+nature, right? And in the poem, he uses nature to
+
+203
+00:12:53,170 --> 00:12:58,410
+symbolize power and change, basically. So as a
+
+204
+00:12:58,410 --> 00:13:01,690
+natural element, the wind is able to change and at
+
+205
+00:13:01,690 --> 00:13:05,410
+the same time is able to spread the ideas and the
+
+206
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:09,000
+seeds of revolution. When you have, you know, when
+
+207
+00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,880
+the wind blows, it moves things. It changes
+
+208
+00:13:11,880 --> 00:13:17,440
+things. And he invites this natural element to be
+
+209
+00:13:17,440 --> 00:13:22,460
+part of the change-making process. So the wind
+
+210
+00:13:22,460 --> 00:13:26,740
+symbolizes power and change. Please. Did he use
+
+211
+00:13:26,740 --> 00:13:32,020
+the nature to start evolution indirectly? Okay,
+
+212
+00:13:32,180 --> 00:13:35,280
+that's a good question. Did he call for revolution
+
+213
+00:13:35,280 --> 00:13:37,800
+for a revolution directly or indirectly?
+
+214
+00:13:38,460 --> 00:13:41,940
+Implicitly or explicitly? I think he did it like
+
+215
+00:13:41,940 --> 00:13:45,900
+both ways. In the other one, this was openly
+
+216
+00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,780
+calling like, let's fight those, you know,
+
+217
+00:13:48,860 --> 00:13:52,750
+policemen. But here, when you read this, because
+
+218
+00:13:52,750 --> 00:13:55,330
+you know this is Chile, you can understand easily.
+
+219
+00:13:55,450 --> 00:13:58,550
+You don't have if he is arrested for incitement,
+
+220
+00:13:59,270 --> 00:14:01,770
+and he says, no, no, no. The wind only symbolizes
+
+221
+00:14:01,770 --> 00:14:04,130
+nature. I like nature. I love nature. Come on,
+
+222
+00:14:04,190 --> 00:14:07,190
+Chile. We'll see and extract in a bit here and see
+
+223
+00:14:07,190 --> 00:14:10,930
+how he is also in a way wants things to be
+
+224
+00:14:10,930 --> 00:14:14,190
+destroyed and other new things to be built and
+
+225
+00:14:14,190 --> 00:14:19,800
+rebuilt. What does the wind do? It blows old life,
+
+226
+00:14:20,020 --> 00:14:23,620
+corruption. The political, social, religious
+
+227
+00:14:23,620 --> 00:14:27,660
+system they have, and it can help create new life
+
+228
+00:14:27,660 --> 00:14:31,420
+with greater freedoms. Sometimes when we read
+
+229
+00:14:32,080 --> 00:14:35,720
+Chile, he touches our hearts. He talks to us
+
+230
+00:14:35,720 --> 00:14:38,640
+directly, especially people who struggle. That's
+
+231
+00:14:38,640 --> 00:14:42,160
+why for colonized, occupied people like us
+
+232
+00:14:42,160 --> 00:14:45,420
+Palestinians, we usually love Chile more than
+
+233
+00:14:45,420 --> 00:14:48,680
+others. My students usually appreciate Chile more
+
+234
+00:14:48,680 --> 00:14:52,200
+than others. They think that here nature has been
+
+235
+00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:55,220
+destroyed by Israel, right? Our lands have been
+
+236
+00:14:55,220 --> 00:15:00,040
+occupied. We don't have the basic human rights We
+
+237
+00:15:00,040 --> 00:15:03,080
+don't have electricity for 24 hours, so we don't
+
+238
+00:15:03,080 --> 00:15:05,700
+have time to appreciate a flower or a bird, right?
+
+239
+00:15:06,320 --> 00:15:09,520
+Or a rose or a tree because of the occupation. So,
+
+240
+00:15:10,180 --> 00:15:13,760
+come on, Wordsworth. Go home. You're drunk. But
+
+241
+00:15:13,760 --> 00:15:16,500
+when it comes to Chile, we're like, yes, this is
+
+242
+00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,420
+the canapé tree because it sparks some sort of
+
+243
+00:15:20,420 --> 00:15:24,310
+struggle in us. It promotes this idea of the
+
+244
+00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:28,110
+necessity of resisting injustice and oppression.
+
+245
+00:15:28,670 --> 00:15:31,790
+But again, he touches us all the time. Like, look
+
+246
+00:15:31,790 --> 00:15:35,270
+at this beautiful, beautiful line. And at the same
+
+247
+00:15:35,270 --> 00:15:36,630
+time, look at the language. Not difficult
+
+248
+00:15:36,630 --> 00:15:41,130
+language. This is a new book. He says, I fall upon
+
+249
+00:15:41,130 --> 00:15:45,770
+the thorns of life. I bleed. He's a master of the
+
+250
+00:15:45,770 --> 00:15:48,350
+short, sharp sentences. I call them the punch
+
+251
+00:15:48,350 --> 00:15:50,890
+sentences, just like they come all of a sudden,
+
+252
+00:15:51,010 --> 00:15:54,870
+like, he's dead. He's dead, just like that. He's
+
+253
+00:15:54,870 --> 00:15:58,270
+dead. He's gone. He's no longer among us. So you
+
+254
+00:15:58,270 --> 00:16:01,470
+know the thorns of life? You know thorns? When you
+
+255
+00:16:01,470 --> 00:16:04,950
+say something is a thorn in somebody's throat,
+
+256
+00:16:05,130 --> 00:16:08,630
+he's causing a lot of trouble and problems. for
+
+257
+00:16:08,630 --> 00:16:11,550
+this person. A thorn in a plant, in some kind of
+
+258
+00:16:11,550 --> 00:16:14,270
+flowers, in the rose, there are thorns. When you
+
+259
+00:16:14,270 --> 00:16:17,610
+saw this problem is thorny, it means it's a very
+
+260
+00:16:17,610 --> 00:16:20,950
+difficult problem to solve. A thorn. When you eat
+
+261
+00:16:20,950 --> 00:16:23,170
+fish, they have also these kind of things that can
+
+262
+00:16:23,170 --> 00:16:26,250
+stick in your throat or tongue, so you should be
+
+263
+00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:32,490
+careful. So, I fall upon the thorns of life. I
+
+264
+00:16:32,490 --> 00:16:32,930
+bleed.
+
+265
+00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:39,340
+Is he saying I'm ready, I'm willing to sacrifice
+
+266
+00:16:39,340 --> 00:16:42,140
+myself to die, to bleed for the people, for
+
+267
+00:16:42,140 --> 00:16:47,240
+change? Maybe he is. I'm calling for a revolution,
+
+268
+00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,420
+for a rebellion, for change, even if I die, even
+
+269
+00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:54,300
+if I bleed. I don't care, as long as we bring
+
+270
+00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:57,400
+about change. And that is the different kind of
+
+271
+00:16:57,400 --> 00:16:59,820
+romantic poetry. Remember, we said many people
+
+272
+00:16:59,820 --> 00:17:02,040
+accused Wadsworth of being an escapist. Where are
+
+273
+00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:04,640
+you going? He's saying, oh, it's corrupt here in
+
+274
+00:17:04,640 --> 00:17:06,940
+the city. I'm going to the countryside. It's not
+
+275
+00:17:06,940 --> 00:17:09,680
+my business. I can't change. And many people said,
+
+276
+00:17:09,920 --> 00:17:12,500
+the very idea of changing language is significant
+
+277
+00:17:12,500 --> 00:17:15,080
+because by time you change people's mentalities.
+
+278
+00:17:15,510 --> 00:17:18,110
+You change people's behavior. You change people's
+
+279
+00:17:18,110 --> 00:17:22,170
+ways of life, styles. And it's happening now. A
+
+280
+00:17:22,170 --> 00:17:25,150
+generation later, people are using poetry to call
+
+281
+00:17:25,150 --> 00:17:31,890
+for political, religious, and social change. In
+
+282
+00:17:31,890 --> 00:17:34,950
+the Ode to the West Wind, the last part of the
+
+283
+00:17:34,950 --> 00:17:39,750
+last sonnet... I'll read this unless someone likes
+
+284
+00:17:39,750 --> 00:17:42,350
+to read. Okay?
+
+285
+00:17:54,240 --> 00:17:57,060
+Encantation of this verse. You know this verse?
+
+286
+00:17:58,460 --> 00:18:03,350
+What's this verse? Verse. This verse. This son is
+
+287
+00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,470
+this poetry. He knows he's clearly conscious that
+
+288
+00:18:07,470 --> 00:18:10,730
+his poetry can be the change you want to see in
+
+289
+00:18:10,730 --> 00:18:13,970
+the world. So drive the dead thoughts over the
+
+290
+00:18:13,970 --> 00:18:18,550
+universe, like withered leaves to quicken. So get
+
+291
+00:18:18,550 --> 00:18:22,510
+rid, get away from the dead thoughts, the
+
+292
+00:18:22,510 --> 00:18:25,450
+corruption and everything. We can get easily rid
+
+293
+00:18:25,450 --> 00:18:28,810
+of this. Just we need some wind. We need some
+
+294
+00:18:28,810 --> 00:18:32,820
+people to do Action, like what's his name? Brother
+
+295
+00:18:32,820 --> 00:18:38,000
+Malcolm X always says, if you want something,
+
+296
+00:18:38,180 --> 00:18:40,560
+you'd better make some noise. So let's make some
+
+297
+00:18:40,560 --> 00:18:43,620
+noise. Let's make something about this. So to
+
+298
+00:18:43,620 --> 00:18:46,460
+quicken a new birth, and that's the paradox
+
+299
+00:18:46,460 --> 00:18:49,460
+between the opposites. The binary between dead and
+
+300
+00:18:49,460 --> 00:18:53,440
+birth. How can you bring new birth, new things? By
+
+301
+00:18:53,440 --> 00:18:58,530
+action. sweeping away the dead things. What is
+
+302
+00:18:58,530 --> 00:19:01,690
+going to do this? His verse. His verse is like the
+
+303
+00:19:01,690 --> 00:19:03,890
+west wind, it can't change. Go on.
+
+304
+00:19:09,950 --> 00:19:12,210
+Unextinguished earth, ashes.
+
+305
+00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:20,120
+So the words here, the poetry, the verse can be
+
+306
+00:19:20,120 --> 00:19:24,140
+scattered like seeds. You know the seeds? It can
+
+307
+00:19:24,140 --> 00:19:27,880
+be scattered by the wind. So my words here are
+
+308
+00:19:27,880 --> 00:19:30,740
+like the seeds, the seeds of change, the seeds of
+
+309
+00:19:30,740 --> 00:19:33,780
+revolution. Oh, scatter them around the people.
+
+310
+00:19:34,740 --> 00:19:38,680
+And indeed, here in Gaza, I don't know how many
+
+311
+00:19:38,680 --> 00:19:41,920
+hundreds of miles away from where he wrote this
+
+312
+00:19:41,920 --> 00:19:45,380
+poetry. This is his seeds. This is his words
+
+313
+00:19:45,380 --> 00:19:48,880
+scattered to us here. We are inspired in a way or
+
+314
+00:19:48,880 --> 00:19:50,520
+another. Many people around the world have been
+
+315
+00:19:50,520 --> 00:19:52,040
+inspired by this. Yes?
+
+316
+00:19:58,010 --> 00:19:58,850
+Oh,
+
+317
+00:20:02,790 --> 00:20:06,890
+what a beautiful line here again. If winter comes,
+
+318
+00:20:07,790 --> 00:20:11,850
+if winter here symbolizes what? Cold, inaction,
+
+319
+00:20:13,410 --> 00:20:17,130
+death, darkness, right? Corruption? Could be,
+
+320
+00:20:17,190 --> 00:20:22,330
+right? Can spring be far behind? This is called a
+
+321
+00:20:22,330 --> 00:20:27,110
+rhetorical question. A question that answers
+
+322
+00:20:27,110 --> 00:20:31,730
+itself. In a way, he's saying spring cannot be far
+
+323
+00:20:31,730 --> 00:20:35,470
+behind. Like, no matter how long the night is,
+
+324
+00:20:35,890 --> 00:20:40,030
+dawn is going, the new day is going to break soon
+
+325
+00:20:40,030 --> 00:20:43,890
+after. If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
+
+326
+00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:48,610
+No, as long as we scatter the seeds of change, as
+
+327
+00:20:48,610 --> 00:20:51,990
+long as we start that change ourselves, like
+
+328
+00:20:51,990 --> 00:20:55,290
+Mahatma Gandhi says, be the change you want to see
+
+329
+00:20:55,290 --> 00:20:59,070
+in the world. Start that change. And this is
+
+330
+00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:03,070
+Shelley. Beautiful poet, beautiful poetry.
+
+331
+00:21:03,590 --> 00:21:07,650
+Inspiring, rebellious, and revolutionary. Now,
+
+332
+00:21:08,190 --> 00:21:12,710
+Shelley was also a critic. He was a literary
+
+333
+00:21:12,710 --> 00:21:17,490
+critic. He wrote a famous article named The
+
+334
+00:21:17,490 --> 00:21:23,070
+Defense of Poetry. He would defend pottery as if
+
+335
+00:21:23,070 --> 00:21:27,930
+it were a person, a friend. The book describes him
+
+336
+00:21:27,930 --> 00:21:32,050
+as an optimist and as a pessimist. Optimist is
+
+337
+00:21:32,050 --> 00:21:35,290
+somebody who hopes, who sees good things coming.
+
+338
+00:21:36,130 --> 00:21:40,050
+Someone who looks at the half full of the cup. and
+
+339
+00:21:40,050 --> 00:21:43,490
+a pessimist who sees, you know, no hope, no way
+
+340
+00:21:43,490 --> 00:21:46,310
+out of this. He was a pessimist because he
+
+341
+00:21:46,310 --> 00:21:49,590
+understood the situation was bleak, was dark, was
+
+342
+00:21:49,590 --> 00:21:52,350
+tough, corrupt, but he was optimist that change
+
+343
+00:21:52,350 --> 00:21:56,910
+sooner or later will come. There is a novel by the
+
+344
+00:21:56,910 --> 00:22:00,190
+Palestinian novelist Emile Habibi called Al
+
+345
+00:22:00,190 --> 00:22:03,270
+Mutasha'il, which is part optimist, part
+
+346
+00:22:03,270 --> 00:22:07,290
+pessimist, and it could be the peso optimist. So
+
+347
+00:22:07,290 --> 00:22:11,930
+please so optimist you both you متشائل Okay? In
+
+348
+00:22:11,930 --> 00:22:14,890
+his essay, I'm quoting two things here. Really
+
+349
+00:22:14,890 --> 00:22:18,090
+interesting, beautiful quotes from his essay, In
+
+350
+00:22:18,090 --> 00:22:21,330
+Defense of Poetry. But again, poetry can reform
+
+351
+00:22:21,330 --> 00:22:25,530
+the world. This is his ideology. Poetry can...
+
+352
+00:22:25,530 --> 00:22:28,070
+Remember, Keats was saying, poetry is beauty,
+
+353
+00:22:28,430 --> 00:22:32,910
+poetry is truth. Poetry immortalizes, gives life,
+
+354
+00:22:33,170 --> 00:22:37,750
+gives eternity to us. Here, poetry can change. And
+
+355
+00:22:37,750 --> 00:22:39,270
+I know many people, especially those who study
+
+356
+00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:42,840
+science, Maybe you dislike pottery because you're
+
+357
+00:22:42,840 --> 00:22:44,780
+studying it, you have to do it for the exam, but
+
+358
+00:22:44,780 --> 00:22:47,820
+please try to get rid of this negativity and try
+
+359
+00:22:47,820 --> 00:22:50,020
+to see how beautiful pottery is, how it inspires
+
+360
+00:22:50,020 --> 00:22:55,100
+us and changes us in a way or another. He believes
+
+361
+00:22:55,100 --> 00:22:58,600
+strongly that pottery can be the change, can
+
+362
+00:22:58,600 --> 00:23:02,980
+change and reform the world. Two extracts here,
+
+363
+00:23:03,160 --> 00:23:06,640
+two sentences from the article, really interesting
+
+364
+00:23:06,640 --> 00:23:09,540
+to know. The rich, he's describing the political
+
+365
+00:23:09,540 --> 00:23:12,520
+and the social divide, the class division in
+
+366
+00:23:12,520 --> 00:23:16,400
+London, in the UK, in Europe probably in general,
+
+367
+00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:19,210
+but this is not class division where you have a
+
+368
+00:23:19,210 --> 00:23:21,990
+middle class. This is a situation where you don't
+
+369
+00:23:21,990 --> 00:23:24,330
+have a middle class. Like probably the situation
+
+370
+00:23:24,330 --> 00:23:26,590
+now in Gaza, we don't have a middle class. It's
+
+371
+00:23:26,590 --> 00:23:28,690
+disappearing and that's very dangerous because
+
+372
+00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,970
+people are either very rich, extremely rich, or
+
+373
+00:23:31,970 --> 00:23:35,150
+extremely poor. Like here, many people are not
+
+374
+00:23:35,150 --> 00:23:37,330
+getting their salaries. You could be a middle
+
+375
+00:23:37,330 --> 00:23:40,750
+class person, you get, I don't know, a thousand
+
+376
+00:23:40,750 --> 00:23:42,770
+dollars, but all of a sudden you don't get your
+
+377
+00:23:42,770 --> 00:23:45,850
+salary and you are poor. because you don't have
+
+378
+00:23:45,850 --> 00:23:50,610
+other sources of income. So the situation here, he
+
+379
+00:23:50,610 --> 00:23:55,390
+describes it as the rich have become... the rich
+
+380
+00:23:55,390 --> 00:24:00,630
+get richer and the poor get poorer. And this is
+
+381
+00:24:00,630 --> 00:24:03,150
+the worst of all situations. Any society that gets
+
+382
+00:24:03,150 --> 00:24:06,030
+to this point is self-destructive.
+
+383
+00:24:08,890 --> 00:24:13,650
+Where the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
+
+384
+00:24:15,330 --> 00:24:17,650
+No matter how much poverty we have, there will
+
+385
+00:24:17,650 --> 00:24:20,850
+always be people who benefit from this. So let's
+
+386
+00:24:20,850 --> 00:24:24,210
+change it. Let's do something to it. And finally,
+
+387
+00:24:24,290 --> 00:24:26,870
+he says again about poets being the leaders of
+
+388
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,950
+change, the people who begin that change, the
+
+389
+00:24:30,950 --> 00:24:34,230
+people who reform. Poets are the unacknowledged
+
+390
+00:24:34,230 --> 00:24:40,330
+legislators of the world. Is it world? Yes. We
+
+391
+00:24:40,330 --> 00:24:43,070
+have the Palestinian Legislative Council, you
+
+392
+00:24:43,070 --> 00:24:47,850
+know? The people we elect long time ago to
+
+393
+00:24:47,850 --> 00:24:52,170
+represent us in the parliament. So people in the
+
+394
+00:24:52,170 --> 00:24:54,690
+parliament here in Gaza, Palestine, it's called
+
+395
+00:24:54,690 --> 00:24:58,430
+Palestinian Legislative Council. Legislative,
+
+396
+00:24:58,510 --> 00:25:02,230
+legislator, a lawmaker, somebody who makes laws.
+
+397
+00:25:02,970 --> 00:25:06,990
+So according to Tusheli, poets are the first
+
+398
+00:25:06,990 --> 00:25:10,850
+people who make laws. who talk about necessary
+
+399
+00:25:10,850 --> 00:25:13,210
+things in the society, who talk about important
+
+400
+00:25:13,210 --> 00:25:15,930
+issues in the society, but they are
+
+401
+00:25:15,930 --> 00:25:18,210
+unacknowledged. It could be unacknowledged means
+
+402
+00:25:18,210 --> 00:25:20,290
+that many people don't think that poets are
+
+403
+00:25:20,290 --> 00:25:24,470
+important and serious, or maybe he means here it
+
+404
+00:25:24,470 --> 00:25:27,770
+means unofficial. What does it mean here? It means
+
+405
+00:25:27,770 --> 00:25:31,540
+that, yeah? It means that they are legislators,
+
+406
+00:25:33,240 --> 00:25:36,280
+but they are not assigned from the government.
+
+407
+00:25:36,360 --> 00:25:39,260
+They don't have an official position or job, but
+
+408
+00:25:39,260 --> 00:25:41,880
+they always begin that change. And it's true.
+
+409
+00:25:42,460 --> 00:25:45,060
+Remember the rhyme of the ancient mariner? I think
+
+410
+00:25:45,060 --> 00:25:47,400
+it's about, in a way or another, about climate
+
+411
+00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:51,070
+change. It's about global warming, in a way. And
+
+412
+00:25:51,070 --> 00:25:54,690
+this is a poet who wrote about this 200 or 150
+
+413
+00:25:54,690 --> 00:25:57,270
+years before people started complaining about
+
+414
+00:25:57,270 --> 00:26:00,250
+killing animals, particular animals and particular
+
+415
+00:26:00,250 --> 00:26:04,350
+species. So poets all the time begin to speak
+
+416
+00:26:04,350 --> 00:26:06,770
+about things that ordinary people don't pay
+
+417
+00:26:06,770 --> 00:26:09,750
+attention to, even politicians, even lawmakers,
+
+418
+00:26:10,170 --> 00:26:14,730
+even legislators. So the poets are the unofficial
+
+419
+00:26:14,730 --> 00:26:17,210
+legislators,
+
+420
+00:26:18,330 --> 00:26:23,520
+lawmakers, Leaders of change, leaders of reform in
+
+421
+00:26:23,520 --> 00:26:25,880
+the world. Unofficial because they don't have a
+
+422
+00:26:25,880 --> 00:26:29,640
+job, they get salary, they get money for that. So
+
+423
+00:26:29,640 --> 00:26:34,420
+this is his, in very brief, the essence of his
+
+424
+00:26:34,420 --> 00:26:37,800
+defense of pottery. Pottery can reform and change.
+
+425
+00:26:39,480 --> 00:26:45,840
+Now Lord Byron, and he's concerned about Chile,
+
+426
+00:26:49,060 --> 00:26:53,080
+Again, I invite you to go to YouTube, just look
+
+427
+00:26:53,080 --> 00:26:57,580
+for Sherry's poetry, see what more poetry you can
+
+428
+00:26:57,580 --> 00:27:01,680
+like about this guy. Maybe you want to start from
+
+429
+00:27:01,680 --> 00:27:05,180
+the ode to the west wind. He has another sonnet,
+
+430
+00:27:05,340 --> 00:27:07,740
+it's called Ozymandias.
+
+431
+00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:12,260
+Ozymandias, one of the most beautiful sonnets
+
+432
+00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:14,660
+ever.
+
+433
+00:27:15,710 --> 00:27:17,750
+But we're not going to study it, because we're
+
+434
+00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:21,530
+only just taking the basics here. Byron.
+
+435
+00:27:24,210 --> 00:27:29,230
+The other day I was talking to my colleague. And I
+
+436
+00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,770
+told her, you know what? I really like Byron. I
+
+437
+00:27:31,770 --> 00:27:35,090
+started to appreciate him. And she said, but if
+
+438
+00:27:35,090 --> 00:27:39,890
+Byron has said nothing except this stanza, it's
+
+439
+00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:43,360
+enough. He's amazing. And I started reading more
+
+440
+00:27:43,360 --> 00:27:45,160
+and more about Byron, and he's really an
+
+441
+00:27:45,160 --> 00:27:48,040
+interesting person, interesting poet at the same
+
+442
+00:27:48,040 --> 00:27:50,820
+time. So I'll start with the extract he sent me,
+
+443
+00:27:51,340 --> 00:27:55,860
+this one. He says, if he hasn't written anything
+
+444
+00:27:55,860 --> 00:28:00,880
+but this stanza, it's enough. Why? Let's see.
+
+445
+00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:04,980
+There is a pleasure in the pathless woods. You
+
+446
+00:28:04,980 --> 00:28:07,280
+know, when you go to the woods, we don't have
+
+447
+00:28:07,280 --> 00:28:10,660
+woods here, jungles. But usually when people go
+
+448
+00:28:10,660 --> 00:28:14,920
+through particular areas of nature, you create a
+
+449
+00:28:14,920 --> 00:28:16,920
+path because you keep walking and people keep
+
+450
+00:28:16,920 --> 00:28:19,020
+walking in the same area. It happens in gardens,
+
+451
+00:28:19,200 --> 00:28:25,120
+in public gardens. But the pure, innocent, wild,
+
+452
+00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:29,070
+areas of nature where nobody goes there, where it
+
+453
+00:28:29,070 --> 00:28:33,390
+is untouched by human beings. We don't have paths.
+
+454
+00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:36,930
+So pathless wood, like you go to a place where no
+
+455
+00:28:36,930 --> 00:28:41,210
+one or very few people have been there. There is a
+
+456
+00:28:41,210 --> 00:28:46,070
+rapture, excitement and joy on the lonely shore
+
+457
+00:28:46,070 --> 00:28:49,820
+when you are alone in nature. with nature. There
+
+458
+00:28:49,820 --> 00:28:53,740
+is society where none intrudes because you are the
+
+459
+00:28:53,740 --> 00:28:56,080
+society, you create the society, you as an
+
+460
+00:28:56,080 --> 00:29:00,420
+individual. There is a society where no one is
+
+461
+00:29:00,420 --> 00:29:03,980
+there, no one intrudes, no one interrupts. by the
+
+462
+00:29:03,980 --> 00:29:08,440
+deep sea and music in its roar, the music of the
+
+463
+00:29:08,440 --> 00:29:11,000
+sea, despite the fact that he uses the word roar,
+
+464
+00:29:11,100 --> 00:29:13,500
+and roar is not musical in a way, but still he
+
+465
+00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,760
+sees the beauty in nature, in the sound of the
+
+466
+00:29:16,760 --> 00:29:21,260
+waves and probably the birds. I love not manless,
+
+467
+00:29:22,060 --> 00:29:26,220
+but nature more. This is a romantic feature. It
+
+468
+00:29:26,220 --> 00:29:30,180
+doesn't mean I hate communities, I hate society, I
+
+469
+00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:32,940
+hate being with others, but I love nature more.
+
+470
+00:29:33,850 --> 00:29:36,810
+We've seen this in Wordsworth, where he kicked out
+
+471
+00:29:36,810 --> 00:29:41,330
+his sister Dorothy from the Daffodils. They were
+
+472
+00:29:41,330 --> 00:29:43,750
+together. They saw the scene together, and she
+
+473
+00:29:43,750 --> 00:29:45,790
+wrote about it in her diaries. I was walking with
+
+474
+00:29:45,790 --> 00:29:48,790
+my brother Willie, and we saw this. But in the
+
+475
+00:29:48,790 --> 00:29:52,710
+text, where is she? He kicks her out. Is he anti
+
+476
+00:29:52,710 --> 00:29:55,050
+-feminist? Maybe, but they were best friends also.
+
+477
+00:29:55,790 --> 00:29:58,370
+But it's the individuality, the solitude he's
+
+478
+00:29:58,370 --> 00:30:03,810
+seeking here. I love not manless, but nature. So
+
+479
+00:30:03,810 --> 00:30:07,550
+Lord Byron, again, like Shelley, he was a
+
+480
+00:30:07,550 --> 00:30:09,490
+revolutionary. He was a rebellious person. He
+
+481
+00:30:09,490 --> 00:30:11,470
+wanted to change. He wanted political. He wanted
+
+482
+00:30:11,470 --> 00:30:13,190
+social. He wanted religious. He wanted moral
+
+483
+00:30:13,190 --> 00:30:17,490
+change and moral reform throughout all England.
+
+484
+00:30:18,250 --> 00:30:22,250
+The characters in his poems are usually
+
+485
+00:30:22,250 --> 00:30:25,860
+rebellious. They rebel against the societies, and
+
+486
+00:30:25,860 --> 00:30:28,920
+at the same time, they challenge the conventions.
+
+487
+00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:31,700
+They usually go against the conventions to break
+
+488
+00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:37,460
+the rules and the chains. We'll see a lot of
+
+489
+00:30:37,460 --> 00:30:41,420
+passion and feelings with heroes who rebel against
+
+490
+00:30:41,420 --> 00:30:43,960
+the society. You know, rebel from rebellion to
+
+491
+00:30:43,960 --> 00:30:50,000
+challenge something. And his poem, Dawn, In
+
+492
+00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,720
+Spanish, this is Don Juan. Some English people
+
+493
+00:30:53,720 --> 00:30:57,080
+pronounce it Juan. And some dialects, Juan. Do you
+
+494
+00:30:57,080 --> 00:31:01,060
+know Spanish, anyone? Don Juan? I think it's
+
+495
+00:31:01,060 --> 00:31:03,280
+something like this. Anyway, this is a famous
+
+496
+00:31:03,280 --> 00:31:08,760
+poem, Don Juan, because it's Spanish. Juan. Like,
+
+497
+00:31:09,080 --> 00:31:12,740
+you know Juan Mata, the Manchester United player?
+
+498
+00:31:12,920 --> 00:31:17,960
+Some people say Juan. Juan. Juan Mata. Something
+
+499
+00:31:17,960 --> 00:31:23,460
+like this. Anyway, in this poem, it goes to, by
+
+500
+00:31:23,460 --> 00:31:28,240
+the way, I was listening to this the other day on
+
+501
+00:31:28,240 --> 00:31:31,120
+YouTube. You know, there are always all sorts of
+
+502
+00:31:31,120 --> 00:31:34,980
+horrible and racist comments in the comments
+
+503
+00:31:34,980 --> 00:31:38,060
+sections on YouTube. But I loved the discussion.
+
+504
+00:31:38,160 --> 00:31:39,740
+There was a discussion whether it should be Don
+
+505
+00:31:39,740 --> 00:31:43,760
+Juan or Don Juan or Don Juan, and people were
+
+506
+00:31:43,760 --> 00:31:49,910
+saying stuff. Interesting. uses satire, comedy,
+
+507
+00:31:50,150 --> 00:31:53,150
+and irony. Remember, we left satire behind with
+
+508
+00:31:53,150 --> 00:31:56,970
+the Augustans. When we say bye-bye Alexander Poe,
+
+509
+00:31:57,050 --> 00:32:00,610
+bye-bye Dryden, take your satire and go away. We
+
+510
+00:32:00,610 --> 00:32:03,330
+have a new era, a new sensibility. And it's a
+
+511
+00:32:03,330 --> 00:32:06,630
+vicious circle. People here go back to keep
+
+512
+00:32:06,630 --> 00:32:09,410
+recycling things and recycling things. But his
+
+513
+00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:12,410
+comedy is so beautiful, so funny, and so
+
+514
+00:32:12,410 --> 00:32:16,150
+interesting. So what does he do? He involves the
+
+515
+00:32:16,150 --> 00:32:18,410
+readers. He makes them part of his poetry in a way
+
+516
+00:32:18,410 --> 00:32:21,470
+where they question their own values and the
+
+517
+00:32:21,470 --> 00:32:25,820
+values of of the societies and, you know, the
+
+518
+00:32:25,820 --> 00:32:30,740
+surroundings. In this poem... This is an extract
+
+519
+00:32:30,740 --> 00:32:37,140
+from the poem here. It's in your book. Let's see
+
+520
+00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:42,580
+what he does here. From Don Juan. Yes, please. He
+
+521
+00:32:42,580 --> 00:32:46,280
+poured upon the leaves and the flowers And hewed
+
+522
+00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:50,120
+the bars in all the winds And then he saw the
+
+523
+00:32:50,120 --> 00:32:55,620
+fruit snakes and immortal powers. And how the gods
+
+524
+00:32:55,620 --> 00:33:00,220
+came down
+
+525
+00:33:00,220 --> 00:33:05,040
+to man. He missed the best way. He forgot the
+
+526
+00:33:05,040 --> 00:33:09,440
+hours. And when he looked upon his watch again, he
+
+527
+00:33:09,440 --> 00:33:13,280
+found how much all time had been a winner. He also
+
+528
+00:33:13,280 --> 00:33:16,980
+found that he had lost his dinner. So he went to
+
+529
+00:33:16,980 --> 00:33:24,070
+bed hungry? Yeah. Empty stomach? Look how the poem
+
+530
+00:33:24,070 --> 00:33:29,110
+begins. It's so typical Wordsworth. He poured
+
+531
+00:33:29,110 --> 00:33:32,310
+upon, like when you spend a lot of time examining
+
+532
+00:33:32,310 --> 00:33:34,690
+something, studying something, because you have
+
+533
+00:33:34,690 --> 00:33:37,290
+passion, you are obsessed about it. We do, we do
+
+534
+00:33:37,290 --> 00:33:39,650
+this all the time. You would like hold your pen
+
+535
+00:33:39,650 --> 00:33:42,050
+and you keep just scribbling and scribbling or
+
+536
+00:33:42,050 --> 00:33:44,970
+gazing at things, you know, I gazed and gazed, but
+
+537
+00:33:44,970 --> 00:33:47,490
+little thought, you're fascinated by a particular
+
+538
+00:33:47,490 --> 00:33:50,810
+thing by, I don't know, a piece of pizza or
+
+539
+00:33:50,810 --> 00:33:54,550
+cheesecake, you just wow, right? Fascinated by
+
+540
+00:33:54,550 --> 00:33:59,360
+what you see. But he's, he's not saying I, He's
+
+541
+00:33:59,360 --> 00:34:02,160
+distancing himself from this practice. So he
+
+542
+00:34:02,160 --> 00:34:06,020
+poured upon the leaves, nature, right? And the
+
+543
+00:34:06,020 --> 00:34:09,540
+flowers. I think he's having a dig at Wordsworth
+
+544
+00:34:09,540 --> 00:34:13,140
+here. I think he's saying Wordsworth spends too
+
+545
+00:34:13,140 --> 00:34:18,810
+much time gazing and wandering and studying the
+
+546
+00:34:18,810 --> 00:34:21,650
+leaves and the flowers, and heard a voice.
+
+547
+00:34:21,890 --> 00:34:26,350
+Remember, we didn't study Lucy Gray here. The poet
+
+548
+00:34:26,350 --> 00:34:28,470
+was what says, I heard a voice. Many of his poems,
+
+549
+00:34:28,590 --> 00:34:31,530
+he says, I heard a voice, the solitary reaper, et
+
+550
+00:34:31,530 --> 00:34:35,870
+cetera. So he usually He used natural voices and
+
+551
+00:34:35,870 --> 00:34:39,690
+voices in nature and had a voice in all the winds.
+
+552
+00:34:39,870 --> 00:34:42,990
+And then he thought of wood nymphs. You know the
+
+553
+00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:46,930
+nymph? It's the magical creature. Yeah, it's a
+
+554
+00:34:46,930 --> 00:34:50,310
+magical creature only in fairy tales. It's a
+
+555
+00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:53,210
+supernatural creature. Female. Yeah, female
+
+556
+00:34:53,210 --> 00:34:57,370
+supernatural creature. I think also there could be
+
+557
+00:34:57,370 --> 00:35:00,050
+something about coleridge, because coleridge was
+
+558
+00:35:00,050 --> 00:35:03,130
+interested in the supernatural. So in my
+
+559
+00:35:03,130 --> 00:35:06,130
+understanding, this is metafictional. OK, this is
+
+560
+00:35:06,130 --> 00:35:08,750
+not working. Metafictional. You know metafiction
+
+561
+00:35:08,750 --> 00:35:12,210
+again? A fiction talks about another story.
+
+562
+00:35:12,230 --> 00:35:16,930
+Fiction about fiction. What does it mean? What
+
+563
+00:35:16,930 --> 00:35:20,470
+does it mean, fiction about fiction? A story or a
+
+564
+00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:26,030
+poem talks about another story. Okay, so why? Why
+
+565
+00:35:26,030 --> 00:35:28,790
+would you talk about another text in your text? To
+
+566
+00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:32,790
+illustrate, to criticize, to mock, to challenge,
+
+567
+00:35:32,890 --> 00:35:37,210
+to underestimate, to explain, to make use of, many
+
+568
+00:35:37,210 --> 00:35:42,110
+things. So the fact that in my reading, he is
+
+569
+00:35:42,110 --> 00:35:44,370
+alluding to Wordsworth and Coleridge, in a way
+
+570
+00:35:44,370 --> 00:35:48,050
+making fun of what they do, spending too much time
+
+571
+00:35:48,050 --> 00:35:51,190
+with nature, with leaves, with flowers, hearing
+
+572
+00:35:51,190 --> 00:35:53,730
+imaginary voices, talking about imaginary
+
+573
+00:35:53,730 --> 00:35:58,240
+creatures. Probably there is something about those
+
+574
+00:35:58,240 --> 00:36:02,600
+people and how the goddesses came down to men.
+
+575
+00:36:03,220 --> 00:36:04,320
+That's the first standard.
+
+576
+00:36:07,100 --> 00:36:13,120
+He's basically talking about how nature
+
+577
+00:36:13,120 --> 00:36:16,680
+influences, you know, the spiritual aspect. Can
+
+578
+00:36:16,680 --> 00:36:17,420
+you turn that off?
+
+579
+00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:23,140
+No, turn it off. Turn it off.
+
+580
+00:36:30,120 --> 00:36:32,760
+Okay, so the first stanza speaks about the
+
+581
+00:36:32,760 --> 00:36:35,940
+spirituality of nature, how you would lose your
+
+582
+00:36:35,940 --> 00:36:39,080
+everything, yourself, just gazing and enjoying
+
+583
+00:36:39,080 --> 00:36:42,240
+nature. Let's see what happens in the second
+
+584
+00:36:42,240 --> 00:36:47,850
+stanza. Someone read the second stanza. Okay,
+
+585
+00:36:47,990 --> 00:36:53,930
+please. So while you're doing this, while you're
+
+586
+00:36:53,930 --> 00:36:58,250
+fascinated by nature and the supernatural, what
+
+587
+00:36:58,250 --> 00:37:02,450
+happens in real life? Does anything wait for you?
+
+588
+00:37:04,650 --> 00:37:08,610
+Does life wait for you until you finish? Nothing
+
+589
+00:37:08,610 --> 00:37:11,490
+waits. So what happens number one?
+
+590
+00:37:14,530 --> 00:37:18,190
+he missed the pathway pathway he forgot the hours
+
+591
+00:37:18,190 --> 00:37:22,010
+also and when he locked upon his watch again he
+
+592
+00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:26,410
+found how much Oh yeah, time does not wait.
+
+593
+00:37:26,550 --> 00:37:29,250
+Listen, if you want change, you create the change.
+
+594
+00:37:29,330 --> 00:37:33,130
+You be the change. You don't just go to nature, to
+
+595
+00:37:33,130 --> 00:37:36,330
+the trees and flowers, spend your time like gazing
+
+596
+00:37:36,330 --> 00:37:39,730
+at them and thinking that the problems, the
+
+597
+00:37:39,730 --> 00:37:44,070
+corruption, it will solve itself. It will just go
+
+598
+00:37:44,070 --> 00:37:48,410
+away. No. And? He also found that he had lost his
+
+599
+00:37:48,410 --> 00:37:51,720
+interaction. He also found? That's very comic,
+
+600
+00:37:51,960 --> 00:37:56,700
+very funny. He lost his dinner while you were
+
+601
+00:37:56,700 --> 00:37:59,600
+busy. It's like when you are at home, you have so
+
+602
+00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,100
+many brothers and sisters. And you are the
+
+603
+00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,420
+romantic person. You are the one who gazes. So you
+
+604
+00:38:04,420 --> 00:38:06,900
+look to gaze at the super moon. And you're like,
+
+605
+00:38:07,240 --> 00:38:11,560
+wow. The child's like, oh, right? Just wow. I'm
+
+606
+00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:13,540
+like, where's the food? Where's the pizza? Where's
+
+607
+00:38:13,540 --> 00:38:17,640
+my piece of pizza? Oh, we just had it. We just ate
+
+608
+00:38:17,640 --> 00:38:21,410
+it. You are too busy, too obsessed with nature
+
+609
+00:38:21,410 --> 00:38:25,430
+that you lose touch of real life. And this is, in
+
+610
+00:38:25,430 --> 00:38:29,250
+my opinion, he's having a dig at the first
+
+611
+00:38:29,250 --> 00:38:31,910
+generation romantic poets who would... Wordsworth
+
+612
+00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,770
+and Daffodils, and there's another poem, short
+
+613
+00:38:35,770 --> 00:38:39,010
+poem, he says, my heart leaps up when I see a
+
+614
+00:38:39,010 --> 00:38:41,150
+rainbow. When I see a rainbow, it's just like a
+
+615
+00:38:41,150 --> 00:38:43,610
+kid where he says the child is the father of man.
+
+616
+00:38:43,710 --> 00:38:46,420
+Just a rainbow inspires him. I'm not saying that
+
+617
+00:38:46,420 --> 00:38:48,340
+it's bad or horrible. But see, some of the
+
+618
+00:38:48,340 --> 00:38:51,340
+romantics were not OK with what you're doing. And
+
+619
+00:38:51,340 --> 00:38:55,020
+he goes back to Satya. So while you're doing these
+
+620
+00:38:55,020 --> 00:38:58,180
+things, life can't wait. Time keeps going on. And
+
+621
+00:38:58,180 --> 00:39:01,260
+most importantly for many of us, probably, you
+
+622
+00:39:01,260 --> 00:39:05,010
+will lose your dinner. Where's the food? You just
+
+623
+00:39:05,010 --> 00:39:09,210
+ate it. You were just busy enjoying the scene and
+
+624
+00:39:09,210 --> 00:39:11,770
+we ate it. You were just busy feeding your
+
+625
+00:39:11,770 --> 00:39:16,190
+spirituality and we just filled the stomach,
+
+626
+00:39:16,710 --> 00:39:21,830
+filled the bellies with food. And this is an
+
+627
+00:39:21,830 --> 00:39:25,290
+interesting thing, how he uses again satire and
+
+628
+00:39:25,290 --> 00:39:29,490
+comedy to criticize something. This is what I'm
+
+629
+00:39:29,490 --> 00:39:35,930
+seeing in this extract. Okay? So finally, this is
+
+630
+00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:40,410
+Byron Reeve. He was a revolutionary. He called for
+
+631
+00:39:40,410 --> 00:39:46,250
+political social change, and he wanted to
+
+632
+00:39:46,250 --> 00:39:50,470
+challenge the society and the conventions. And
+
+633
+00:39:50,470 --> 00:39:56,710
+like I'm saying here, he's also challenging in a
+
+634
+00:39:56,710 --> 00:39:59,190
+way or criticizing the first generation of
+
+635
+00:39:59,190 --> 00:40:02,330
+romantic poets, especially Wordsworth.
+
+636
+00:40:06,440 --> 00:40:10,800
+He wanted to add, like Shelley and Keats, the
+
+637
+00:40:10,800 --> 00:40:13,680
+second generation were more involved in real life.
+
+638
+00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:17,580
+In a way, I think he's saying that poetry that
+
+639
+00:40:17,580 --> 00:40:21,160
+doesn't change, poetry that doesn't cause change,
+
+640
+00:40:21,340 --> 00:40:24,300
+poetry that doesn't improve our lives, literature
+
+641
+00:40:24,300 --> 00:40:27,360
+that doesn't make us bitter people and doesn't
+
+642
+00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:30,620
+improve our lives in a way or another, is not good
+
+643
+00:40:30,620 --> 00:40:34,930
+poetry. It's not good literature. Some people
+
+644
+00:40:34,930 --> 00:40:36,650
+would disagree, because they would say, no, I'm
+
+645
+00:40:36,650 --> 00:40:41,650
+doing it just for the sake of doing it, like art
+
+646
+00:40:41,650 --> 00:40:42,570
+for art's sake.
+
+647
+00:40:46,270 --> 00:40:50,610
+We'll stop here. And next class, we'll move to
+
+648
+00:40:50,610 --> 00:40:55,090
+speak about two romantic figures, two female
+
+649
+00:40:55,090 --> 00:40:58,730
+romantic writers. The first one is Mary Shelley.
+
+650
+00:40:59,930 --> 00:41:04,670
+Mary Shelley, she's Percy, yeah, Percy, Percy
+
+651
+00:41:04,670 --> 00:41:05,450
+Shelley's wife.
+
+652
+00:41:08,250 --> 00:41:11,370
+I'm not sure if they have kids. We would be
+
+653
+00:41:11,370 --> 00:41:14,950
+studying them also. So Mary Shelley is a novelist
+
+654
+00:41:14,950 --> 00:41:17,410
+will study something about Frankenstein and then
+
+655
+00:41:17,410 --> 00:41:22,680
+and then Mary Shelley, Frankenstein and then We
+
+656
+00:41:22,680 --> 00:41:28,040
+will study Jane Austen. And some of you might, if
+
+657
+00:41:28,040 --> 00:41:29,800
+you're familiar with Jane Austen, might say, what?
+
+658
+00:41:30,220 --> 00:41:33,120
+But Jane Austen is a Victorian figure. We'll say
+
+659
+00:41:33,120 --> 00:41:37,620
+something about this. She's pre-Victorian, late
+
+660
+00:41:37,620 --> 00:41:41,280
+Romantic. She's the link between both generations.
+
+661
+00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:44,500
+If you have any question, any comment, anything to
+
+662
+00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:50,460
+add, please do. Races. Say again. Some races were
+
+663
+00:41:50,460 --> 00:41:50,800
+not
+
+664
+00:41:54,580 --> 00:41:59,280
+Okay, that's a good question. You should just know
+
+665
+00:41:59,280 --> 00:42:01,640
+them. We focus on the extracts in the book,
+
+666
+00:42:01,920 --> 00:42:04,660
+basically, unless I tell you you need to study
+
+667
+00:42:04,660 --> 00:42:04,980
+this.
+
+668
+00:42:09,580 --> 00:42:13,860
+Any question? Okay, good luck, ladies, and please
+
+669
+00:42:13,860 --> 00:42:17,060
+have an enjoyable weekend, and don't forget your
+
+670
+00:42:17,060 --> 00:42:18,560
+dinner while you're doing that.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b4dbf83b663fbd52d436f256e2efa89923331c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+1
+00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:24,220
+Assalamualaikum, everyone. Welcome back again. So
+
+2
+00:00:24,220 --> 00:00:26,500
+we're almost done with Shakespeare. We're never
+
+3
+00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:30,460
+done with Shakespeare. But I hope that the classes
+
+4
+00:00:30,460 --> 00:00:35,920
+we did on Shakespeare helped you, in a sense, in a
+
+5
+00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,760
+way, to like something, at least something about
+
+6
+00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:40,600
+Shakespeare, his characters, his women, his
+
+7
+00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,960
+queens, his kings, his poetry, his sonnets. We can
+
+8
+00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:46,440
+never do justice to Shakespeare even if we take
+
+9
+00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,160
+hundreds of classes. But again, this is an
+
+10
+00:00:49,160 --> 00:00:51,080
+introduction to English literature course which
+
+11
+00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:55,300
+gives you bits and pieces about important literary
+
+12
+00:00:55,300 --> 00:01:00,400
+texts and important figures in the English history
+
+13
+00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,220
+and English literature. Today we have a fun day.
+
+14
+00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:08,160
+We have a talent day just to try to see what
+
+15
+00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,690
+talents you have. your ability to perform, to
+
+16
+00:01:11,690 --> 00:01:17,650
+read, to write. This is your chance to take the
+
+17
+00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:20,590
+floor here, be on the stage, and be yourself, and
+
+18
+00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:25,210
+communicate whatever you can express
+
+19
+00:01:25,210 --> 00:01:30,740
+in writing or in performance. Some of these, like
+
+20
+00:01:30,740 --> 00:01:34,180
+I told you before, you could write stuff. I know
+
+21
+00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,000
+some of you can write. Or at least you can perform
+
+22
+00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,500
+things or recite or read things from texts we
+
+23
+00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:43,840
+already studied or texts we haven't studied but
+
+24
+00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:48,440
+probably mentioned in passing. Okay? So we start
+
+25
+00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:53,500
+with Riwa Zamli. Tell us what you want to do in
+
+26
+00:01:53,500 --> 00:02:00,930
+brief and go on. Hi, everyone. I want to recite a
+
+27
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,810
+nice poem for Rafifi Ziada. It's named Shades of
+
+28
+00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:08,610
+Anger. At first, I will say the introduction that
+
+29
+00:02:08,610 --> 00:02:13,330
+she said. I read this poem when we were doing a
+
+30
+00:02:13,330 --> 00:02:15,350
+direct action at my university, and there were
+
+31
+00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,410
+Palestinian citizens and Israeli soldiers. And I'm
+
+32
+00:02:18,410 --> 00:02:20,690
+very bitter about this, so I said, I will only be
+
+33
+00:02:20,690 --> 00:02:22,350
+Palestinian. I refuse to be a settler or a
+
+34
+00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:24,870
+soldier. So I was lying on the ground, and this
+
+35
+00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:26,790
+guy came and kicked me in the guts. And he said,
+
+36
+00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:28,950
+you deserve to be raped, for you had your first
+
+37
+00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:31,330
+children. At that time, I said nothing. But then I
+
+38
+00:02:31,330 --> 00:02:32,770
+read this poem for this young gentleman.
+
+39
+00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,680
+Allow me to speak my Arabic tongue before they
+
+40
+00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,860
+occupy my language as well. Allow me to speak my
+
+41
+00:02:44,860 --> 00:02:47,940
+mother tongue before they colonize her memory as
+
+42
+00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:52,120
+well I am. I am an abominable current becoming all
+
+43
+00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:55,100
+shades of anger. All my grandfather even wanted to
+
+44
+00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,040
+do was work a baton and watch my grandmother kneel
+
+45
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:00,520
+on the brain of a village hidden between Jaffa and
+
+46
+00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,900
+Haifa. My mother, my mother was born under an
+
+47
+00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:06,620
+overcrowded soil and this is no longer mine. But I
+
+48
+00:03:06,620 --> 00:03:08,800
+will occur their birth, their choke point, their
+
+49
+00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,320
+down number, third wall, and return to my
+
+50
+00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,800
+homeland. I am, I am, and I'm a woman of kind. We
+
+51
+00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,320
+come in all shades of anger. And did you hear my
+
+52
+00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,920
+sister screaming yesterday as she gave birth to a
+
+53
+00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:21,940
+chick born in Israel and sold her leg between her
+
+54
+00:03:21,940 --> 00:03:24,780
+legs for their next demographic threats? Called
+
+55
+00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:27,420
+her baby girl Janine. And did you hear Anna Moore
+
+56
+00:03:27,420 --> 00:03:29,840
+screaming behind her prison as they took out her
+
+57
+00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:34,560
+cell? We are returning to Palestine. I am, I am,
+
+58
+00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,680
+and I'm a woman of kind. We come in all shades of
+
+59
+00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,320
+anger. But you tell me, this woman's side of me
+
+60
+00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,810
+will only bring you your next tourist. bird
+
+61
+00:03:41,810 --> 00:03:45,470
+wearing, gun waving, sound nigger, towel hit, you
+
+62
+00:03:45,470 --> 00:03:48,350
+tell me I send my children out to die, but those
+
+63
+00:03:48,350 --> 00:03:52,030
+are you captors, you're obscene in our skies. At
+
+64
+00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:53,610
+least talk about these stories and for a second,
+
+65
+00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:55,950
+wasn't it the CIA that killed the Indian woman
+
+66
+00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:58,730
+back? And who turned Osama in the first place? My
+
+67
+00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:01,250
+grandparents didn't run around like clowns with
+
+68
+00:04:01,250 --> 00:04:03,210
+white caps and white hoods and their heads
+
+69
+00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:07,000
+lynching black people. I am I am an Arab woman of
+
+70
+00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:10,220
+current becoming old. She is a very good. So, what
+
+71
+00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,820
+are the problems? Give me a demonstration. Sorry,
+
+72
+00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,760
+did I not scream? I forget every line tells the
+
+73
+00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,940
+dream. Shana in a bottle, belly dancer, softly
+
+74
+00:04:19,940 --> 00:04:23,720
+spoken. Arab woman? Yes, master. No, master. Thank
+
+75
+00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:25,360
+you for the peanut butter sandwich Shana downed
+
+76
+00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,360
+last premiere of Steam, master. Yes, my liberties
+
+77
+00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:30,140
+are here to calm my children. I call them
+
+78
+00:04:30,140 --> 00:04:33,850
+collateral damage. I am, I am an abomination of
+
+79
+00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,710
+God. So let me just tell you, so let me just tell
+
+80
+00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:40,310
+you this woman inside of me will only please you
+
+81
+00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:42,190
+in the next rebel. She will have a rock in one
+
+82
+00:04:42,190 --> 00:04:44,850
+hand and a Palestinian flag in the other. I am an
+
+83
+00:04:44,850 --> 00:04:49,270
+abomination of God. Beware, beware my anger. Thank
+
+84
+00:04:49,270 --> 00:04:49,370
+you.
+
+85
+00:04:55,260 --> 00:04:59,900
+This is really beautiful. You should all YouTube
+
+86
+00:04:59,900 --> 00:05:03,340
+or Google Rafeef Ziada. This is a really nice
+
+87
+00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:06,220
+reading of one of her poems. But probably, I'm
+
+88
+00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,280
+sure you were under the pressure of time.
+
+89
+00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:12,440
+Hopefully, when you slow down, words can be
+
+90
+00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,940
+uttered clearer. But really interesting. I love
+
+91
+00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:21,320
+how you revealed the passions and the emotions of
+
+92
+00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:22,520
+Rafeef herself. Next.
+
+93
+00:05:29,170 --> 00:05:33,150
+I want to read Shakespeare's poem, All the World's
+
+94
+00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:37,250
+Staged. All the world's staged, and all the men
+
+95
+00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,150
+and women merely players. They have their exits
+
+96
+00:05:40,150 --> 00:05:43,870
+and their entrances, and one man in his time plays
+
+97
+00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:47,770
+many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first,
+
+98
+00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,380
+the infant. mewling and puking in the nurse's arm
+
+99
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:55,100
+and then the whining school boy with his scatchel
+
+100
+00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,400
+and shining morning face creeping like a snail
+
+101
+00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,700
+unwillingly to school creeping like a snail
+
+102
+00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:06,020
+unwillingly to school and then the lover shining
+
+103
+00:06:06,020 --> 00:06:08,580
+like furnace with a waffle palette made to his
+
+104
+00:06:08,580 --> 00:06:12,420
+mistress's eyebrows. Then, the soldier, full of
+
+105
+00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:14,980
+strange oath and bearded like the bird, jealous
+
+106
+00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:18,940
+and honored, saddened and quickened, quarreled,
+
+107
+00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,520
+seeking the Babel reputation even in the cannon's
+
+108
+00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,470
+mouth. And then, the justice. in fair round filly
+
+109
+00:06:26,470 --> 00:06:29,790
+with capon line, with eyes severe and pretty
+
+110
+00:06:29,790 --> 00:06:33,010
+formal cut, full of wise sows and modern
+
+111
+00:06:33,010 --> 00:06:37,250
+instances, and so he plays his part. The sixth age
+
+112
+00:06:37,250 --> 00:06:42,100
+shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloons. with
+
+113
+00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:45,540
+spectacled nose and porcelain side. His youthful
+
+114
+00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:48,720
+host will save a world too wide for his chunk
+
+115
+00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,900
+-chunk and his big manly voice, turning again
+
+116
+00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:55,020
+toward Charles' triple, piped and whistled in his
+
+117
+00:06:55,020 --> 00:06:58,200
+sound. Last thing of all that ends this strange
+
+118
+00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,080
+eventful history is second childish and mere
+
+119
+00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:06,360
+epiphany of Libyan. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans
+
+120
+00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,820
+taste, sans everything.
+
+121
+00:07:16,450 --> 00:07:21,350
+Dream and Gang if you want. Tell us what you want
+
+122
+00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:30,230
+to do. We're going to act Shakespearean poem about
+
+123
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:31,710
+Shylock and Antonio.
+
+124
+00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:37,030
+Make sure to look at the camera.
+
+125
+00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,600
+I am sure if I prefer that will not take my flesh.
+
+126
+00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,020
+What's that good for? To pet fish with all. If it
+
+127
+00:07:48,020 --> 00:07:50,360
+will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge.
+
+128
+00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:54,440
+You had disgusted me and hated me. Half a million
+
+129
+00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,020
+laughed at my loses, scored my nation, Cold my
+
+130
+00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:01,700
+friends, heated my enemies. What's your reason?
+
+131
+00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,380
+I'm a Jew. Have not a Jew eyes? Have not a Jew
+
+132
+00:08:05,380 --> 00:08:09,040
+hands? Organs, dimensions, senses of fictions,
+
+133
+00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:12,540
+passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the
+
+134
+00:08:12,540 --> 00:08:15,620
+same diseases, hurt with the same weapons, subject
+
+135
+00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:18,300
+to the same diseases, and healed by the same
+
+136
+00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,020
+means. Cold and warm by the same winter and
+
+137
+00:08:22,020 --> 00:08:26,880
+summer, as a Christian is. If you prick us, do we
+
+138
+00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,510
+not plead? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And
+
+139
+00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:33,750
+if you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong
+
+140
+00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:37,070
+us, shall we not revenge? If a Jew wrong a
+
+141
+00:08:37,070 --> 00:08:40,510
+Christian, what is humanity? Revenge. But if a
+
+142
+00:08:40,510 --> 00:08:43,510
+Christian wrong a Jew, what should his offenses be
+
+143
+00:08:43,510 --> 00:08:47,230
+by a Christian example? Revenge. The villainy you
+
+144
+00:08:47,230 --> 00:08:49,810
+teach me, I will execute in the shadow of his
+
+145
+00:08:49,810 --> 00:08:50,050
+heart.
+
+146
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,840
+Shylock, how do you want a pound of Antonio's
+
+147
+00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:03,080
+flesh? I will not only lose the forefeature, but
+
+148
+00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,560
+touch human gentleness and love, so please forgive
+
+149
+00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:10,020
+Antonio. No, sir. This is our agreement. His flesh
+
+150
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,500
+is mine, and I will have it. Okay, take the bound
+
+151
+00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:18,520
+of flesh, button the cutting, just one drop on
+
+152
+00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,960
+Christian blood, thy lands and gods are by the
+
+153
+00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,480
+state. Okay, give my money and let me go. No, one
+
+154
+00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:27,620
+half, one half goes for Antonio, the other half
+
+155
+00:09:27,620 --> 00:09:30,040
+for the state. What mercy can you render him,
+
+156
+00:09:30,140 --> 00:09:33,260
+Antonio? I just want him to become a Christian. So
+
+157
+00:09:33,260 --> 00:09:37,060
+you should do this. I lost everything, my
+
+158
+00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:40,580
+daughter, my wealth, and the most important thing,
+
+159
+00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:41,460
+my religion.
+
+160
+00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:53,410
+Yeah, that's interesting. Thank you for memorizing
+
+161
+00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:56,150
+this really good course. It's not difficult to
+
+162
+00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,850
+memorize. I think it's really fun. Just all you
+
+163
+00:09:58,850 --> 00:10:01,750
+need to do is just a little bit of passion to love
+
+164
+00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:05,750
+the text you're doing this. And to listen to it
+
+165
+00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:08,550
+carefully. Very good. Excellent, really. Thank
+
+166
+00:10:08,550 --> 00:10:13,250
+you. Next. Come here. What's your name? Hind?
+
+167
+00:10:14,290 --> 00:10:15,990
+Let's see what Hind has for us.
+
+168
+00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:25,170
+Hello, everyone. I want to read a poem about the
+
+169
+00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:29,410
+greatest pain in life. The greatest pain in life
+
+170
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:34,630
+is not to die, but to be ignored. To lose the
+
+171
+00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:37,850
+person you love so much to another who does not
+
+172
+00:10:37,850 --> 00:10:41,390
+care at all. The greatest pain in life is not to
+
+173
+00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:45,390
+die, but to be forgotten. To never get a call from
+
+174
+00:10:45,390 --> 00:10:49,160
+a friend just saying hi. When you show someone
+
+175
+00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:51,980
+your enormous thoughts and their laughs in your
+
+176
+00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:56,300
+face, for a prince to always be too busy to
+
+177
+00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:01,040
+console you, when you need someone to lift your
+
+178
+00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,480
+spirits, when it seems like the only person who
+
+179
+00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:10,290
+cares about you is you, life is full of Life is
+
+180
+00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:16,110
+full of pain, but does it ever get better? Each of
+
+181
+00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,210
+us has a part to play in this great play we call
+
+182
+00:11:20,210 --> 00:11:25,410
+life. Each of us has a duty to mankind, to tell
+
+183
+00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:28,750
+our friends we love them. If you don't care about
+
+184
+00:11:28,750 --> 00:11:34,470
+your friends, you will not to be punished. You
+
+185
+00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:38,380
+will simply be ignored, forgotten, as you have
+
+186
+00:11:38,380 --> 00:11:43,260
+done to others. And finally, I want to say to all
+
+187
+00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:52,320
+of you one something. If someone seriously
+
+188
+00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,540
+wants to be a part... Go on, continue. A part of
+
+189
+00:11:57,540 --> 00:12:02,560
+you... Bismillah, go on. I want to read to...
+
+190
+00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:11,180
+I'm retiring. I praise Him. I praise Him in the
+
+191
+00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,920
+name of God. And I fear none but Him. And I know,
+
+192
+00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,040
+and I know that I have the power to save Him. I
+
+193
+00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,820
+will save Him. And I learned in elementary school
+
+194
+00:12:22,820 --> 00:12:26,860
+that my diploma is my honor, my legacy, and my
+
+195
+00:12:26,860 --> 00:12:30,280
+title. And we were, and we were in our schools,
+
+196
+00:12:30,420 --> 00:12:32,680
+repeating some poems, singing among ourselves, for
+
+197
+00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:35,540
+example, the birth of my love for my country. My
+
+198
+00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:37,700
+country is my homeland, and all Arabs are my
+
+199
+00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,800
+brothers. And we used to paint the Arabian
+
+200
+00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,760
+mountains with her, praising her. Her chest is
+
+201
+00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,540
+filled with the smell of the desert, engulfed in
+
+202
+00:12:48,540 --> 00:12:50,780
+the fog of religion. And we used to have children,
+
+203
+00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,000
+and we used to be happy. And we used to laugh at
+
+204
+00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,280
+the stories told by our messengers. And that our
+
+205
+00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,900
+countries extend from Aqsa to Aqsa. And that our
+
+206
+00:12:57,900 --> 00:12:59,900
+wars were in the mountains that extend to Aqsa.
+
+207
+00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,840
+And that our enemy is Zionist. Satan is his enemy.
+
+208
+00:13:04,690 --> 00:13:07,470
+And I hope that our nation will really have what
+
+209
+00:13:07,470 --> 00:13:12,230
+it asked for. I will sail when I grow up. I will
+
+210
+00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:14,670
+sail when I grow up. I will cross the sea of
+
+211
+00:13:14,670 --> 00:13:17,390
+Bahrain in Libya, and drink fruit from Baghdad in
+
+212
+00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:20,230
+Syria. And I will travel from Mauritania to Sudan,
+
+213
+00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,650
+and I will travel through Makdash to Lebanon. And
+
+214
+00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:27,970
+I will hide the poems in my chest and my chest. My
+
+215
+00:13:27,970 --> 00:13:30,470
+homeland is my homeland, and my brothers are my
+
+216
+00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:35,190
+brothers. And when I grow up, And when I grew up,
+
+217
+00:13:35,650 --> 00:13:40,250
+I didn't get a sea permit. I didn't sail. And I
+
+218
+00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:43,530
+got an unauthorized passport on the window. I
+
+219
+00:13:43,530 --> 00:13:47,150
+didn't pass. And when I grew up, I didn't sail. I
+
+220
+00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:52,250
+didn't pass. I grew up. I grew up. And this child
+
+221
+00:13:52,250 --> 00:13:56,570
+didn't grow up. Our childhood is fighting. And his
+
+222
+00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:00,150
+ideas. And the ideas we learned, their principles
+
+223
+00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:03,230
+are in their hands. Where are the rulers of our
+
+224
+00:14:03,230 --> 00:14:06,090
+nation? Isn't it so? Isn't it so that we grew up
+
+225
+00:14:06,090 --> 00:14:09,470
+in your schools and learned your customs? Isn't it
+
+226
+00:14:09,470 --> 00:14:12,090
+so that we learned by your hands that the lion of
+
+227
+00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:15,910
+the cave is waiting to eat the lamb of truth if he
+
+228
+00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:18,030
+does not leave his nest? Isn't it so that we
+
+229
+00:14:18,030 --> 00:14:20,730
+learned by your hands that the wolf is proud of
+
+230
+00:14:20,730 --> 00:14:25,870
+his service, weak when he is alone? Why? Why does
+
+231
+00:14:25,870 --> 00:14:29,050
+the group of lions rule here? Isn't it so that we
+
+232
+00:14:29,050 --> 00:14:31,590
+learned by your hands to hold on to the rope of
+
+233
+00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:36,350
+God and unite? لماذا تحجبون الشمس بالإعلان؟
+
+234
+00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:41,670
+تقاسمتم عروبتنا، تقاسمتم عروبتنا، ودخلا بينكم زبنا
+
+235
+00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:47,310
+كما الأنعام، فليبقى طفله في صدري يعاديكم، يقاضيكم،
+
+236
+00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,470
+تشتغن على يديكم، فتثبت كل أيديكم، I'm Arabic, I'm
+
+237
+00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:54,650
+not ashamed. I was born in green Tunisia,
+
+238
+00:14:54,850 --> 00:14:56,730
+originally from Oman, and my age is more than a
+
+239
+00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,530
+thousand years. I'm Egyptian, I have palm trees in
+
+240
+00:14:59,530 --> 00:15:03,590
+Baghdad and in Sudan. I'm Egyptian from Rotterdam,
+
+241
+00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:06,930
+Djibouti, and Amman. I'm Christian, Sunni, Shiite,
+
+242
+00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:09,960
+Kurdish, Druze, and Alawite. I don't remember the
+
+243
+00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,420
+names and rulers who left us. We got fed up. We
+
+244
+00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:15,680
+got fed up of our confusion and all the people
+
+245
+00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,340
+getting bored. You filled, you filled our mind
+
+246
+00:15:19,340 --> 00:15:22,560
+with falsification and distortion. May God's luck
+
+247
+00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,860
+guide us and keep us away from FIFA's hands. We
+
+248
+00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,380
+left our religion on purpose. We left our religion
+
+249
+00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:30,560
+on purpose, so that the bear and the deer would
+
+250
+00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,180
+turn against us. And I don't wait for the forest
+
+251
+00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:36,360
+to come out. The child will stay in my chest, it's
+
+252
+00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:41,690
+normal. and declare our Arab people united. For
+
+253
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,570
+neither Sudan is divided, nor Golan is occupied,
+
+254
+00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:48,790
+nor Lebanon is encircled. A unique wound is
+
+255
+00:15:48,790 --> 00:15:51,830
+healing. The Arabian Gulf will gather the stars in
+
+256
+00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:53,590
+Sudan and distribute them, and they will spread
+
+257
+00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:56,730
+them in the Arabian Maghreb. They will squeeze the
+
+258
+00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:59,470
+people like oil in their fathers' breasts. They
+
+259
+00:15:59,470 --> 00:16:03,270
+will come out of the abyss that God has created
+
+260
+00:16:03,270 --> 00:16:07,500
+for the people. It will make our Algeria feelings
+
+261
+00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:10,940
+that have no limits. If you reject us, then our
+
+262
+00:16:10,940 --> 00:16:13,300
+whole country is Yemen. It will leave your
+
+263
+00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,120
+slavery, which God has taken care of for the
+
+264
+00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,140
+oppressed people. It is the people, not you. It is
+
+265
+00:16:19,140 --> 00:16:22,320
+the rulers, not you. I do not fear anyone of you.
+
+266
+00:16:22,620 --> 00:16:27,360
+It is Islam, not you. So stop it. So stop your
+
+267
+00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,920
+trade, or else it will turn upside down. And fear.
+
+268
+00:16:31,340 --> 00:16:35,460
+And fear that this people is greedy.وإن نقى
+
+269
+00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:39,720
+instrument فلن تجدوا لها لبنى ولن تجدوا لها ولدى
+
+270
+00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:46,200
+أنا باقى أنا باقى وسرعيتى هوا باقى سقينا سقينا
+
+271
+00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:52,120
+الذل أوعية سقينا الجهل أدرية مللنا I'm bored of
+
+272
+00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,280
+copying documents. I'll stay, even though there's
+
+273
+00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,380
+no internet, because this is my people, my
+
+274
+00:16:57,380 --> 00:17:00,320
+relatives, my friends. And if they're weak, I
+
+275
+00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,500
+swear to God, I'll stay. I'll grow up, I'll grow
+
+276
+00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,880
+up like a child with brushes and colors, and I'll
+
+277
+00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:07,380
+grow up to draw the Arabic language I'm so
+
+278
+00:17:07,380 --> 00:17:09,320
+obsessed with, and I'll grow up to have the voice
+
+279
+00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:11,440
+of the whole country, the four states and all of
+
+280
+00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:11,660
+Arabia.
+
+281
+00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,320
+Again, this is a beautiful recitation of one of
+
+282
+00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,020
+the most famous poems of today. The Shaman's Jack.
+
+283
+00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,400
+Really interesting. I also invite you to listen to
+
+284
+00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
+other poets, like Tamim El Barghouti, a wonderful
+
+285
+00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,480
+Palestinian poet. When you asked me whether you
+
+286
+00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:38,160
+can do things in Arabic, I said yes, because if
+
+287
+00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,920
+you love literature in one language, you love
+
+288
+00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:43,960
+literature in all languages. And this is a fact.
+
+289
+00:17:44,420 --> 00:17:47,930
+If your Arabic is good, you will be good at
+
+290
+00:17:47,930 --> 00:17:51,570
+English if you want to improve your English you
+
+291
+00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:53,910
+need to improve your Arabic because hopefully you
+
+292
+00:17:53,910 --> 00:17:57,130
+will be a translator or a writer in the future
+
+293
+00:17:57,130 --> 00:17:59,170
+really interesting next
+
+294
+00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,540
+Hello everyone,
+
+295
+00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:14,960
+I want to say some lines from my father's
+
+296
+00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,120
+autobiography called Arabic Language in Al Quds.
+
+297
+00:18:20,750 --> 00:18:27,490
+مررنا على دار الحبيب فردنا عن الدار قانون الأعادي
+
+298
+00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:34,410
+وسورها فقلت لنفسي ربما هي نعمة فماذا ترى في القدس
+
+299
+00:18:34,410 --> 00:18:40,730
+حين تزورها ترى كل ما لا تستطيع احتماله إذا ما بدت
+
+300
+00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:47,330
+من جانب الدرب دورها وما كل نفس حين تلقى حبيبها تسر
+
+301
+00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:53,410
+ولا كل الغياب يضيرها فإن سرها قبل الفراق لقاءه
+
+302
+00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:59,530
+فليست بمأمون عليها سرورها متى تبصر القدسة العتيقة
+
+303
+00:18:59,530 --> 00:19:04,740
+مرة فسوف تراها العين حين تديرها In Jerusalem, a
+
+304
+00:19:04,740 --> 00:19:07,260
+green merchant from Georgia, Barrymon, with his
+
+305
+00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,120
+wife, thinks about a vacation or a home tour. In
+
+306
+00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,360
+Jerusalem, a bull and a bull came from our high
+
+307
+00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:18,080
+mountains, blowing up the balloon in his rules. In
+
+308
+00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:20,740
+Jerusalem, a policeman from the suburbs closes a
+
+309
+00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:23,780
+street in the market, a gun on a resident who is
+
+310
+00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:26,840
+not twenty years old, a hat waving the map of
+
+311
+00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:30,180
+Mecca, and a tourist from the Eiffel Tower, They
+
+312
+00:19:30,180 --> 00:19:32,480
+don't see Jerusalem at all. You see them taking
+
+313
+00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,240
+pictures of each other with a woman selling dates
+
+314
+00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,480
+in the squares all day long. In Jerusalem, there
+
+315
+00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,140
+is a herd of soldiers marching above the clouds.
+
+316
+00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:42,820
+In Jerusalem, we prayed on the asphalt. In
+
+317
+00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:44,740
+Jerusalem, there is no one in Jerusalem but you.
+
+318
+00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:50,660
+وتلفت التاريخ لي متبسما أظن أنت حقا أن عينك سوف
+
+319
+00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:55,360
+تخطؤهم و تبصر غيرهم هوم أمامك لما تمنص أنت حاشية
+
+320
+00:19:55,360 --> 00:20:00,620
+عليهم و هامش أحسبت أن زياء زيارة ستزيح عن وجه
+
+321
+00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:05,610
+المدينة يا بني حجاب واقع والسميرلكي ترى فيها هواك
+
+322
+00:20:05,610 --> 00:20:10,410
+في القدس كل فتن سواك و هي الغزالة في المدى حكم
+
+323
+00:20:10,410 --> 00:20:15,950
+الزمان ب بينها مازلت تركض خلفها مدودعتك بعينها
+
+324
+00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:20,670
+فارفق بنفسك ساعتا اني أراك و هانت في القدس من في
+
+325
+00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:21,930
+القدس إلا أنت
+
+326
+00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:32,040
+Oh, Tamim, Tamim, Tamim. I'm not sure if you know
+
+327
+00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,680
+this, but his poetry collection was translated
+
+328
+00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:38,220
+into English. So you could also read the English
+
+329
+00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,400
+translation of what's one of the best poems of
+
+330
+00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:46,180
+modern or contemporary Palestinian literature.
+
+331
+00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:50,200
+Moa? Saba. Saba? Okay.
+
+332
+00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:54,760
+Annyeonghaseyo.
+
+333
+00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:11,790
+Hello everyone, my name is Seba. How are you? I
+
+334
+00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:14,530
+can't speak a little Korean language and I
+
+335
+00:21:14,530 --> 00:21:18,890
+improved my language. And I want to write your
+
+336
+00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:20,930
+name. And your name has two options to write in
+
+337
+00:21:20,930 --> 00:21:21,790
+the Korean language.
+
+338
+00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:41,540
+Only my first name, right? Yes. Okay. What's the
+
+339
+00:21:41,540 --> 00:21:42,060
+other option?
+
+340
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,000
+They are totally different. Can you explain why
+
+341
+00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,700
+they are different? Yes. In Korean language, the
+
+342
+00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:03,740
+capital has two... the letters have two options.
+
+343
+00:22:04,060 --> 00:22:10,600
+Okay. Yeah, so... This is R, and they can use it
+
+344
+00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,480
+to write something in L. So when I write to write,
+
+345
+00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:20,960
+when I want to write something in... Go on.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/hkB2svD43rc_raw.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b4dbf83b663fbd52d436f256e2efa89923331c3
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@@ -0,0 +1,1380 @@
+1
+00:00:20,900 --> 00:00:24,220
+Assalamualaikum, everyone. Welcome back again. So
+
+2
+00:00:24,220 --> 00:00:26,500
+we're almost done with Shakespeare. We're never
+
+3
+00:00:26,500 --> 00:00:30,460
+done with Shakespeare. But I hope that the classes
+
+4
+00:00:30,460 --> 00:00:35,920
+we did on Shakespeare helped you, in a sense, in a
+
+5
+00:00:35,920 --> 00:00:37,760
+way, to like something, at least something about
+
+6
+00:00:37,760 --> 00:00:40,600
+Shakespeare, his characters, his women, his
+
+7
+00:00:40,600 --> 00:00:43,960
+queens, his kings, his poetry, his sonnets. We can
+
+8
+00:00:43,960 --> 00:00:46,440
+never do justice to Shakespeare even if we take
+
+9
+00:00:46,440 --> 00:00:49,160
+hundreds of classes. But again, this is an
+
+10
+00:00:49,160 --> 00:00:51,080
+introduction to English literature course which
+
+11
+00:00:51,080 --> 00:00:55,300
+gives you bits and pieces about important literary
+
+12
+00:00:55,300 --> 00:01:00,400
+texts and important figures in the English history
+
+13
+00:01:00,400 --> 00:01:03,220
+and English literature. Today we have a fun day.
+
+14
+00:01:03,340 --> 00:01:08,160
+We have a talent day just to try to see what
+
+15
+00:01:08,160 --> 00:01:11,690
+talents you have. your ability to perform, to
+
+16
+00:01:11,690 --> 00:01:17,650
+read, to write. This is your chance to take the
+
+17
+00:01:17,650 --> 00:01:20,590
+floor here, be on the stage, and be yourself, and
+
+18
+00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:25,210
+communicate whatever you can express
+
+19
+00:01:25,210 --> 00:01:30,740
+in writing or in performance. Some of these, like
+
+20
+00:01:30,740 --> 00:01:34,180
+I told you before, you could write stuff. I know
+
+21
+00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,000
+some of you can write. Or at least you can perform
+
+22
+00:01:37,000 --> 00:01:40,500
+things or recite or read things from texts we
+
+23
+00:01:40,500 --> 00:01:43,840
+already studied or texts we haven't studied but
+
+24
+00:01:43,840 --> 00:01:48,440
+probably mentioned in passing. Okay? So we start
+
+25
+00:01:48,440 --> 00:01:53,500
+with Riwa Zamli. Tell us what you want to do in
+
+26
+00:01:53,500 --> 00:02:00,930
+brief and go on. Hi, everyone. I want to recite a
+
+27
+00:02:00,930 --> 00:02:03,810
+nice poem for Rafifi Ziada. It's named Shades of
+
+28
+00:02:03,810 --> 00:02:08,610
+Anger. At first, I will say the introduction that
+
+29
+00:02:08,610 --> 00:02:13,330
+she said. I read this poem when we were doing a
+
+30
+00:02:13,330 --> 00:02:15,350
+direct action at my university, and there were
+
+31
+00:02:15,350 --> 00:02:18,410
+Palestinian citizens and Israeli soldiers. And I'm
+
+32
+00:02:18,410 --> 00:02:20,690
+very bitter about this, so I said, I will only be
+
+33
+00:02:20,690 --> 00:02:22,350
+Palestinian. I refuse to be a settler or a
+
+34
+00:02:22,350 --> 00:02:24,870
+soldier. So I was lying on the ground, and this
+
+35
+00:02:24,870 --> 00:02:26,790
+guy came and kicked me in the guts. And he said,
+
+36
+00:02:27,110 --> 00:02:28,950
+you deserve to be raped, for you had your first
+
+37
+00:02:28,950 --> 00:02:31,330
+children. At that time, I said nothing. But then I
+
+38
+00:02:31,330 --> 00:02:32,770
+read this poem for this young gentleman.
+
+39
+00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:41,680
+Allow me to speak my Arabic tongue before they
+
+40
+00:02:41,680 --> 00:02:44,860
+occupy my language as well. Allow me to speak my
+
+41
+00:02:44,860 --> 00:02:47,940
+mother tongue before they colonize her memory as
+
+42
+00:02:47,940 --> 00:02:52,120
+well I am. I am an abominable current becoming all
+
+43
+00:02:52,120 --> 00:02:55,100
+shades of anger. All my grandfather even wanted to
+
+44
+00:02:55,100 --> 00:02:58,040
+do was work a baton and watch my grandmother kneel
+
+45
+00:02:58,040 --> 00:03:00,520
+on the brain of a village hidden between Jaffa and
+
+46
+00:03:00,520 --> 00:03:03,900
+Haifa. My mother, my mother was born under an
+
+47
+00:03:03,900 --> 00:03:06,620
+overcrowded soil and this is no longer mine. But I
+
+48
+00:03:06,620 --> 00:03:08,800
+will occur their birth, their choke point, their
+
+49
+00:03:08,800 --> 00:03:11,320
+down number, third wall, and return to my
+
+50
+00:03:11,320 --> 00:03:14,800
+homeland. I am, I am, and I'm a woman of kind. We
+
+51
+00:03:14,800 --> 00:03:17,320
+come in all shades of anger. And did you hear my
+
+52
+00:03:17,320 --> 00:03:19,920
+sister screaming yesterday as she gave birth to a
+
+53
+00:03:19,920 --> 00:03:21,940
+chick born in Israel and sold her leg between her
+
+54
+00:03:21,940 --> 00:03:24,780
+legs for their next demographic threats? Called
+
+55
+00:03:24,780 --> 00:03:27,420
+her baby girl Janine. And did you hear Anna Moore
+
+56
+00:03:27,420 --> 00:03:29,840
+screaming behind her prison as they took out her
+
+57
+00:03:29,840 --> 00:03:34,560
+cell? We are returning to Palestine. I am, I am,
+
+58
+00:03:34,600 --> 00:03:36,680
+and I'm a woman of kind. We come in all shades of
+
+59
+00:03:36,680 --> 00:03:39,320
+anger. But you tell me, this woman's side of me
+
+60
+00:03:39,320 --> 00:03:41,810
+will only bring you your next tourist. bird
+
+61
+00:03:41,810 --> 00:03:45,470
+wearing, gun waving, sound nigger, towel hit, you
+
+62
+00:03:45,470 --> 00:03:48,350
+tell me I send my children out to die, but those
+
+63
+00:03:48,350 --> 00:03:52,030
+are you captors, you're obscene in our skies. At
+
+64
+00:03:52,030 --> 00:03:53,610
+least talk about these stories and for a second,
+
+65
+00:03:53,950 --> 00:03:55,950
+wasn't it the CIA that killed the Indian woman
+
+66
+00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:58,730
+back? And who turned Osama in the first place? My
+
+67
+00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:01,250
+grandparents didn't run around like clowns with
+
+68
+00:04:01,250 --> 00:04:03,210
+white caps and white hoods and their heads
+
+69
+00:04:03,210 --> 00:04:07,000
+lynching black people. I am I am an Arab woman of
+
+70
+00:04:07,000 --> 00:04:10,220
+current becoming old. She is a very good. So, what
+
+71
+00:04:10,220 --> 00:04:13,820
+are the problems? Give me a demonstration. Sorry,
+
+72
+00:04:14,040 --> 00:04:16,760
+did I not scream? I forget every line tells the
+
+73
+00:04:16,760 --> 00:04:19,940
+dream. Shana in a bottle, belly dancer, softly
+
+74
+00:04:19,940 --> 00:04:23,720
+spoken. Arab woman? Yes, master. No, master. Thank
+
+75
+00:04:23,720 --> 00:04:25,360
+you for the peanut butter sandwich Shana downed
+
+76
+00:04:25,360 --> 00:04:28,360
+last premiere of Steam, master. Yes, my liberties
+
+77
+00:04:28,360 --> 00:04:30,140
+are here to calm my children. I call them
+
+78
+00:04:30,140 --> 00:04:33,850
+collateral damage. I am, I am an abomination of
+
+79
+00:04:33,850 --> 00:04:37,710
+God. So let me just tell you, so let me just tell
+
+80
+00:04:37,710 --> 00:04:40,310
+you this woman inside of me will only please you
+
+81
+00:04:40,310 --> 00:04:42,190
+in the next rebel. She will have a rock in one
+
+82
+00:04:42,190 --> 00:04:44,850
+hand and a Palestinian flag in the other. I am an
+
+83
+00:04:44,850 --> 00:04:49,270
+abomination of God. Beware, beware my anger. Thank
+
+84
+00:04:49,270 --> 00:04:49,370
+you.
+
+85
+00:04:55,260 --> 00:04:59,900
+This is really beautiful. You should all YouTube
+
+86
+00:04:59,900 --> 00:05:03,340
+or Google Rafeef Ziada. This is a really nice
+
+87
+00:05:03,340 --> 00:05:06,220
+reading of one of her poems. But probably, I'm
+
+88
+00:05:06,220 --> 00:05:08,280
+sure you were under the pressure of time.
+
+89
+00:05:08,640 --> 00:05:12,440
+Hopefully, when you slow down, words can be
+
+90
+00:05:12,440 --> 00:05:16,940
+uttered clearer. But really interesting. I love
+
+91
+00:05:16,940 --> 00:05:21,320
+how you revealed the passions and the emotions of
+
+92
+00:05:21,320 --> 00:05:22,520
+Rafeef herself. Next.
+
+93
+00:05:29,170 --> 00:05:33,150
+I want to read Shakespeare's poem, All the World's
+
+94
+00:05:33,150 --> 00:05:37,250
+Staged. All the world's staged, and all the men
+
+95
+00:05:37,250 --> 00:05:40,150
+and women merely players. They have their exits
+
+96
+00:05:40,150 --> 00:05:43,870
+and their entrances, and one man in his time plays
+
+97
+00:05:43,870 --> 00:05:47,770
+many parts, his acts being seven ages. At first,
+
+98
+00:05:47,950 --> 00:05:51,380
+the infant. mewling and puking in the nurse's arm
+
+99
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:55,100
+and then the whining school boy with his scatchel
+
+100
+00:05:55,100 --> 00:05:58,400
+and shining morning face creeping like a snail
+
+101
+00:05:58,400 --> 00:06:01,700
+unwillingly to school creeping like a snail
+
+102
+00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:06,020
+unwillingly to school and then the lover shining
+
+103
+00:06:06,020 --> 00:06:08,580
+like furnace with a waffle palette made to his
+
+104
+00:06:08,580 --> 00:06:12,420
+mistress's eyebrows. Then, the soldier, full of
+
+105
+00:06:12,420 --> 00:06:14,980
+strange oath and bearded like the bird, jealous
+
+106
+00:06:14,980 --> 00:06:18,940
+and honored, saddened and quickened, quarreled,
+
+107
+00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:22,520
+seeking the Babel reputation even in the cannon's
+
+108
+00:06:22,520 --> 00:06:26,470
+mouth. And then, the justice. in fair round filly
+
+109
+00:06:26,470 --> 00:06:29,790
+with capon line, with eyes severe and pretty
+
+110
+00:06:29,790 --> 00:06:33,010
+formal cut, full of wise sows and modern
+
+111
+00:06:33,010 --> 00:06:37,250
+instances, and so he plays his part. The sixth age
+
+112
+00:06:37,250 --> 00:06:42,100
+shifts into the lean and slippery pantaloons. with
+
+113
+00:06:42,100 --> 00:06:45,540
+spectacled nose and porcelain side. His youthful
+
+114
+00:06:45,540 --> 00:06:48,720
+host will save a world too wide for his chunk
+
+115
+00:06:48,720 --> 00:06:51,900
+-chunk and his big manly voice, turning again
+
+116
+00:06:51,900 --> 00:06:55,020
+toward Charles' triple, piped and whistled in his
+
+117
+00:06:55,020 --> 00:06:58,200
+sound. Last thing of all that ends this strange
+
+118
+00:06:58,200 --> 00:07:02,080
+eventful history is second childish and mere
+
+119
+00:07:02,080 --> 00:07:06,360
+epiphany of Libyan. Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans
+
+120
+00:07:06,360 --> 00:07:07,820
+taste, sans everything.
+
+121
+00:07:16,450 --> 00:07:21,350
+Dream and Gang if you want. Tell us what you want
+
+122
+00:07:21,350 --> 00:07:30,230
+to do. We're going to act Shakespearean poem about
+
+123
+00:07:30,230 --> 00:07:31,710
+Shylock and Antonio.
+
+124
+00:07:35,050 --> 00:07:37,030
+Make sure to look at the camera.
+
+125
+00:07:40,400 --> 00:07:44,600
+I am sure if I prefer that will not take my flesh.
+
+126
+00:07:45,120 --> 00:07:48,020
+What's that good for? To pet fish with all. If it
+
+127
+00:07:48,020 --> 00:07:50,360
+will feed nothing else, it will feed my revenge.
+
+128
+00:07:50,920 --> 00:07:54,440
+You had disgusted me and hated me. Half a million
+
+129
+00:07:54,440 --> 00:07:59,020
+laughed at my loses, scored my nation, Cold my
+
+130
+00:07:59,020 --> 00:08:01,700
+friends, heated my enemies. What's your reason?
+
+131
+00:08:02,120 --> 00:08:05,380
+I'm a Jew. Have not a Jew eyes? Have not a Jew
+
+132
+00:08:05,380 --> 00:08:09,040
+hands? Organs, dimensions, senses of fictions,
+
+133
+00:08:09,260 --> 00:08:12,540
+passions, fed with the same food, hurt with the
+
+134
+00:08:12,540 --> 00:08:15,620
+same diseases, hurt with the same weapons, subject
+
+135
+00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:18,300
+to the same diseases, and healed by the same
+
+136
+00:08:18,300 --> 00:08:22,020
+means. Cold and warm by the same winter and
+
+137
+00:08:22,020 --> 00:08:26,880
+summer, as a Christian is. If you prick us, do we
+
+138
+00:08:26,880 --> 00:08:30,510
+not plead? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And
+
+139
+00:08:30,510 --> 00:08:33,750
+if you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong
+
+140
+00:08:33,750 --> 00:08:37,070
+us, shall we not revenge? If a Jew wrong a
+
+141
+00:08:37,070 --> 00:08:40,510
+Christian, what is humanity? Revenge. But if a
+
+142
+00:08:40,510 --> 00:08:43,510
+Christian wrong a Jew, what should his offenses be
+
+143
+00:08:43,510 --> 00:08:47,230
+by a Christian example? Revenge. The villainy you
+
+144
+00:08:47,230 --> 00:08:49,810
+teach me, I will execute in the shadow of his
+
+145
+00:08:49,810 --> 00:08:50,050
+heart.
+
+146
+00:08:55,880 --> 00:08:58,840
+Shylock, how do you want a pound of Antonio's
+
+147
+00:08:58,840 --> 00:09:03,080
+flesh? I will not only lose the forefeature, but
+
+148
+00:09:03,080 --> 00:09:06,560
+touch human gentleness and love, so please forgive
+
+149
+00:09:06,560 --> 00:09:10,020
+Antonio. No, sir. This is our agreement. His flesh
+
+150
+00:09:10,020 --> 00:09:13,500
+is mine, and I will have it. Okay, take the bound
+
+151
+00:09:13,500 --> 00:09:18,520
+of flesh, button the cutting, just one drop on
+
+152
+00:09:18,520 --> 00:09:21,960
+Christian blood, thy lands and gods are by the
+
+153
+00:09:21,960 --> 00:09:25,480
+state. Okay, give my money and let me go. No, one
+
+154
+00:09:25,480 --> 00:09:27,620
+half, one half goes for Antonio, the other half
+
+155
+00:09:27,620 --> 00:09:30,040
+for the state. What mercy can you render him,
+
+156
+00:09:30,140 --> 00:09:33,260
+Antonio? I just want him to become a Christian. So
+
+157
+00:09:33,260 --> 00:09:37,060
+you should do this. I lost everything, my
+
+158
+00:09:37,060 --> 00:09:40,580
+daughter, my wealth, and the most important thing,
+
+159
+00:09:40,880 --> 00:09:41,460
+my religion.
+
+160
+00:09:50,990 --> 00:09:53,410
+Yeah, that's interesting. Thank you for memorizing
+
+161
+00:09:53,410 --> 00:09:56,150
+this really good course. It's not difficult to
+
+162
+00:09:56,150 --> 00:09:58,850
+memorize. I think it's really fun. Just all you
+
+163
+00:09:58,850 --> 00:10:01,750
+need to do is just a little bit of passion to love
+
+164
+00:10:01,750 --> 00:10:05,750
+the text you're doing this. And to listen to it
+
+165
+00:10:05,750 --> 00:10:08,550
+carefully. Very good. Excellent, really. Thank
+
+166
+00:10:08,550 --> 00:10:13,250
+you. Next. Come here. What's your name? Hind?
+
+167
+00:10:14,290 --> 00:10:15,990
+Let's see what Hind has for us.
+
+168
+00:10:21,250 --> 00:10:25,170
+Hello, everyone. I want to read a poem about the
+
+169
+00:10:25,170 --> 00:10:29,410
+greatest pain in life. The greatest pain in life
+
+170
+00:10:29,410 --> 00:10:34,630
+is not to die, but to be ignored. To lose the
+
+171
+00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:37,850
+person you love so much to another who does not
+
+172
+00:10:37,850 --> 00:10:41,390
+care at all. The greatest pain in life is not to
+
+173
+00:10:41,390 --> 00:10:45,390
+die, but to be forgotten. To never get a call from
+
+174
+00:10:45,390 --> 00:10:49,160
+a friend just saying hi. When you show someone
+
+175
+00:10:49,160 --> 00:10:51,980
+your enormous thoughts and their laughs in your
+
+176
+00:10:51,980 --> 00:10:56,300
+face, for a prince to always be too busy to
+
+177
+00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:01,040
+console you, when you need someone to lift your
+
+178
+00:11:01,040 --> 00:11:05,480
+spirits, when it seems like the only person who
+
+179
+00:11:05,480 --> 00:11:10,290
+cares about you is you, life is full of Life is
+
+180
+00:11:10,290 --> 00:11:16,110
+full of pain, but does it ever get better? Each of
+
+181
+00:11:16,110 --> 00:11:20,210
+us has a part to play in this great play we call
+
+182
+00:11:20,210 --> 00:11:25,410
+life. Each of us has a duty to mankind, to tell
+
+183
+00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:28,750
+our friends we love them. If you don't care about
+
+184
+00:11:28,750 --> 00:11:34,470
+your friends, you will not to be punished. You
+
+185
+00:11:34,470 --> 00:11:38,380
+will simply be ignored, forgotten, as you have
+
+186
+00:11:38,380 --> 00:11:43,260
+done to others. And finally, I want to say to all
+
+187
+00:11:43,260 --> 00:11:52,320
+of you one something. If someone seriously
+
+188
+00:11:52,320 --> 00:11:57,540
+wants to be a part... Go on, continue. A part of
+
+189
+00:11:57,540 --> 00:12:02,560
+you... Bismillah, go on. I want to read to...
+
+190
+00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:11,180
+I'm retiring. I praise Him. I praise Him in the
+
+191
+00:12:11,180 --> 00:12:15,920
+name of God. And I fear none but Him. And I know,
+
+192
+00:12:16,320 --> 00:12:20,040
+and I know that I have the power to save Him. I
+
+193
+00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:22,820
+will save Him. And I learned in elementary school
+
+194
+00:12:22,820 --> 00:12:26,860
+that my diploma is my honor, my legacy, and my
+
+195
+00:12:26,860 --> 00:12:30,280
+title. And we were, and we were in our schools,
+
+196
+00:12:30,420 --> 00:12:32,680
+repeating some poems, singing among ourselves, for
+
+197
+00:12:32,680 --> 00:12:35,540
+example, the birth of my love for my country. My
+
+198
+00:12:35,540 --> 00:12:37,700
+country is my homeland, and all Arabs are my
+
+199
+00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:41,800
+brothers. And we used to paint the Arabian
+
+200
+00:12:41,800 --> 00:12:45,760
+mountains with her, praising her. Her chest is
+
+201
+00:12:45,760 --> 00:12:48,540
+filled with the smell of the desert, engulfed in
+
+202
+00:12:48,540 --> 00:12:50,780
+the fog of religion. And we used to have children,
+
+203
+00:12:51,040 --> 00:12:53,000
+and we used to be happy. And we used to laugh at
+
+204
+00:12:53,000 --> 00:12:55,280
+the stories told by our messengers. And that our
+
+205
+00:12:55,280 --> 00:12:57,900
+countries extend from Aqsa to Aqsa. And that our
+
+206
+00:12:57,900 --> 00:12:59,900
+wars were in the mountains that extend to Aqsa.
+
+207
+00:13:00,480 --> 00:13:03,840
+And that our enemy is Zionist. Satan is his enemy.
+
+208
+00:13:04,690 --> 00:13:07,470
+And I hope that our nation will really have what
+
+209
+00:13:07,470 --> 00:13:12,230
+it asked for. I will sail when I grow up. I will
+
+210
+00:13:12,230 --> 00:13:14,670
+sail when I grow up. I will cross the sea of
+
+211
+00:13:14,670 --> 00:13:17,390
+Bahrain in Libya, and drink fruit from Baghdad in
+
+212
+00:13:17,390 --> 00:13:20,230
+Syria. And I will travel from Mauritania to Sudan,
+
+213
+00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,650
+and I will travel through Makdash to Lebanon. And
+
+214
+00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:27,970
+I will hide the poems in my chest and my chest. My
+
+215
+00:13:27,970 --> 00:13:30,470
+homeland is my homeland, and my brothers are my
+
+216
+00:13:30,470 --> 00:13:35,190
+brothers. And when I grow up, And when I grew up,
+
+217
+00:13:35,650 --> 00:13:40,250
+I didn't get a sea permit. I didn't sail. And I
+
+218
+00:13:40,250 --> 00:13:43,530
+got an unauthorized passport on the window. I
+
+219
+00:13:43,530 --> 00:13:47,150
+didn't pass. And when I grew up, I didn't sail. I
+
+220
+00:13:47,150 --> 00:13:52,250
+didn't pass. I grew up. I grew up. And this child
+
+221
+00:13:52,250 --> 00:13:56,570
+didn't grow up. Our childhood is fighting. And his
+
+222
+00:13:56,570 --> 00:14:00,150
+ideas. And the ideas we learned, their principles
+
+223
+00:14:00,150 --> 00:14:03,230
+are in their hands. Where are the rulers of our
+
+224
+00:14:03,230 --> 00:14:06,090
+nation? Isn't it so? Isn't it so that we grew up
+
+225
+00:14:06,090 --> 00:14:09,470
+in your schools and learned your customs? Isn't it
+
+226
+00:14:09,470 --> 00:14:12,090
+so that we learned by your hands that the lion of
+
+227
+00:14:12,090 --> 00:14:15,910
+the cave is waiting to eat the lamb of truth if he
+
+228
+00:14:15,910 --> 00:14:18,030
+does not leave his nest? Isn't it so that we
+
+229
+00:14:18,030 --> 00:14:20,730
+learned by your hands that the wolf is proud of
+
+230
+00:14:20,730 --> 00:14:25,870
+his service, weak when he is alone? Why? Why does
+
+231
+00:14:25,870 --> 00:14:29,050
+the group of lions rule here? Isn't it so that we
+
+232
+00:14:29,050 --> 00:14:31,590
+learned by your hands to hold on to the rope of
+
+233
+00:14:31,590 --> 00:14:36,350
+God and unite? لماذا تحجبون الشمس بالإعلان؟
+
+234
+00:14:36,350 --> 00:14:41,670
+تقاسمتم عروبتنا، تقاسمتم عروبتنا، ودخلا بينكم زبنا
+
+235
+00:14:41,670 --> 00:14:47,310
+كما الأنعام، فليبقى طفله في صدري يعاديكم، يقاضيكم،
+
+236
+00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,470
+تشتغن على يديكم، فتثبت كل أيديكم، I'm Arabic, I'm
+
+237
+00:14:52,470 --> 00:14:54,650
+not ashamed. I was born in green Tunisia,
+
+238
+00:14:54,850 --> 00:14:56,730
+originally from Oman, and my age is more than a
+
+239
+00:14:56,730 --> 00:14:59,530
+thousand years. I'm Egyptian, I have palm trees in
+
+240
+00:14:59,530 --> 00:15:03,590
+Baghdad and in Sudan. I'm Egyptian from Rotterdam,
+
+241
+00:15:03,730 --> 00:15:06,930
+Djibouti, and Amman. I'm Christian, Sunni, Shiite,
+
+242
+00:15:07,150 --> 00:15:09,960
+Kurdish, Druze, and Alawite. I don't remember the
+
+243
+00:15:09,960 --> 00:15:13,420
+names and rulers who left us. We got fed up. We
+
+244
+00:15:13,420 --> 00:15:15,680
+got fed up of our confusion and all the people
+
+245
+00:15:15,680 --> 00:15:19,340
+getting bored. You filled, you filled our mind
+
+246
+00:15:19,340 --> 00:15:22,560
+with falsification and distortion. May God's luck
+
+247
+00:15:22,560 --> 00:15:25,860
+guide us and keep us away from FIFA's hands. We
+
+248
+00:15:25,860 --> 00:15:28,380
+left our religion on purpose. We left our religion
+
+249
+00:15:28,380 --> 00:15:30,560
+on purpose, so that the bear and the deer would
+
+250
+00:15:30,560 --> 00:15:33,180
+turn against us. And I don't wait for the forest
+
+251
+00:15:33,180 --> 00:15:36,360
+to come out. The child will stay in my chest, it's
+
+252
+00:15:36,360 --> 00:15:41,690
+normal. and declare our Arab people united. For
+
+253
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:44,570
+neither Sudan is divided, nor Golan is occupied,
+
+254
+00:15:45,270 --> 00:15:48,790
+nor Lebanon is encircled. A unique wound is
+
+255
+00:15:48,790 --> 00:15:51,830
+healing. The Arabian Gulf will gather the stars in
+
+256
+00:15:51,830 --> 00:15:53,590
+Sudan and distribute them, and they will spread
+
+257
+00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:56,730
+them in the Arabian Maghreb. They will squeeze the
+
+258
+00:15:56,730 --> 00:15:59,470
+people like oil in their fathers' breasts. They
+
+259
+00:15:59,470 --> 00:16:03,270
+will come out of the abyss that God has created
+
+260
+00:16:03,270 --> 00:16:07,500
+for the people. It will make our Algeria feelings
+
+261
+00:16:07,500 --> 00:16:10,940
+that have no limits. If you reject us, then our
+
+262
+00:16:10,940 --> 00:16:13,300
+whole country is Yemen. It will leave your
+
+263
+00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:16,120
+slavery, which God has taken care of for the
+
+264
+00:16:16,120 --> 00:16:19,140
+oppressed people. It is the people, not you. It is
+
+265
+00:16:19,140 --> 00:16:22,320
+the rulers, not you. I do not fear anyone of you.
+
+266
+00:16:22,620 --> 00:16:27,360
+It is Islam, not you. So stop it. So stop your
+
+267
+00:16:27,360 --> 00:16:30,920
+trade, or else it will turn upside down. And fear.
+
+268
+00:16:31,340 --> 00:16:35,460
+And fear that this people is greedy.وإن نقى
+
+269
+00:16:35,460 --> 00:16:39,720
+instrument فلن تجدوا لها لبنى ولن تجدوا لها ولدى
+
+270
+00:16:39,720 --> 00:16:46,200
+أنا باقى أنا باقى وسرعيتى هوا باقى سقينا سقينا
+
+271
+00:16:46,200 --> 00:16:52,120
+الذل أوعية سقينا الجهل أدرية مللنا I'm bored of
+
+272
+00:16:52,120 --> 00:16:55,280
+copying documents. I'll stay, even though there's
+
+273
+00:16:55,280 --> 00:16:57,380
+no internet, because this is my people, my
+
+274
+00:16:57,380 --> 00:17:00,320
+relatives, my friends. And if they're weak, I
+
+275
+00:17:00,320 --> 00:17:03,500
+swear to God, I'll stay. I'll grow up, I'll grow
+
+276
+00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:05,880
+up like a child with brushes and colors, and I'll
+
+277
+00:17:05,880 --> 00:17:07,380
+grow up to draw the Arabic language I'm so
+
+278
+00:17:07,380 --> 00:17:09,320
+obsessed with, and I'll grow up to have the voice
+
+279
+00:17:09,320 --> 00:17:11,440
+of the whole country, the four states and all of
+
+280
+00:17:11,440 --> 00:17:11,660
+Arabia.
+
+281
+00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,320
+Again, this is a beautiful recitation of one of
+
+282
+00:17:20,320 --> 00:17:24,020
+the most famous poems of today. The Shaman's Jack.
+
+283
+00:17:24,060 --> 00:17:27,400
+Really interesting. I also invite you to listen to
+
+284
+00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
+other poets, like Tamim El Barghouti, a wonderful
+
+285
+00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,480
+Palestinian poet. When you asked me whether you
+
+286
+00:17:34,480 --> 00:17:38,160
+can do things in Arabic, I said yes, because if
+
+287
+00:17:38,160 --> 00:17:40,920
+you love literature in one language, you love
+
+288
+00:17:40,920 --> 00:17:43,960
+literature in all languages. And this is a fact.
+
+289
+00:17:44,420 --> 00:17:47,930
+If your Arabic is good, you will be good at
+
+290
+00:17:47,930 --> 00:17:51,570
+English if you want to improve your English you
+
+291
+00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:53,910
+need to improve your Arabic because hopefully you
+
+292
+00:17:53,910 --> 00:17:57,130
+will be a translator or a writer in the future
+
+293
+00:17:57,130 --> 00:17:59,170
+really interesting next
+
+294
+00:18:07,700 --> 00:18:09,540
+Hello everyone,
+
+295
+00:18:11,980 --> 00:18:14,960
+I want to say some lines from my father's
+
+296
+00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:19,120
+autobiography called Arabic Language in Al Quds.
+
+297
+00:18:20,750 --> 00:18:27,490
+مررنا على دار الحبيب فردنا عن الدار قانون الأعادي
+
+298
+00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:34,410
+وسورها فقلت لنفسي ربما هي نعمة فماذا ترى في القدس
+
+299
+00:18:34,410 --> 00:18:40,730
+حين تزورها ترى كل ما لا تستطيع احتماله إذا ما بدت
+
+300
+00:18:40,730 --> 00:18:47,330
+من جانب الدرب دورها وما كل نفس حين تلقى حبيبها تسر
+
+301
+00:18:47,330 --> 00:18:53,410
+ولا كل الغياب يضيرها فإن سرها قبل الفراق لقاءه
+
+302
+00:18:53,410 --> 00:18:59,530
+فليست بمأمون عليها سرورها متى تبصر القدسة العتيقة
+
+303
+00:18:59,530 --> 00:19:04,740
+مرة فسوف تراها العين حين تديرها In Jerusalem, a
+
+304
+00:19:04,740 --> 00:19:07,260
+green merchant from Georgia, Barrymon, with his
+
+305
+00:19:07,260 --> 00:19:11,120
+wife, thinks about a vacation or a home tour. In
+
+306
+00:19:11,120 --> 00:19:14,360
+Jerusalem, a bull and a bull came from our high
+
+307
+00:19:14,360 --> 00:19:18,080
+mountains, blowing up the balloon in his rules. In
+
+308
+00:19:18,080 --> 00:19:20,740
+Jerusalem, a policeman from the suburbs closes a
+
+309
+00:19:20,740 --> 00:19:23,780
+street in the market, a gun on a resident who is
+
+310
+00:19:23,780 --> 00:19:26,840
+not twenty years old, a hat waving the map of
+
+311
+00:19:26,840 --> 00:19:30,180
+Mecca, and a tourist from the Eiffel Tower, They
+
+312
+00:19:30,180 --> 00:19:32,480
+don't see Jerusalem at all. You see them taking
+
+313
+00:19:32,480 --> 00:19:35,240
+pictures of each other with a woman selling dates
+
+314
+00:19:35,240 --> 00:19:37,480
+in the squares all day long. In Jerusalem, there
+
+315
+00:19:37,480 --> 00:19:40,140
+is a herd of soldiers marching above the clouds.
+
+316
+00:19:40,460 --> 00:19:42,820
+In Jerusalem, we prayed on the asphalt. In
+
+317
+00:19:42,820 --> 00:19:44,740
+Jerusalem, there is no one in Jerusalem but you.
+
+318
+00:19:44,940 --> 00:19:50,660
+وتلفت التاريخ لي متبسما أظن أنت حقا أن عينك سوف
+
+319
+00:19:50,660 --> 00:19:55,360
+تخطؤهم و تبصر غيرهم هوم أمامك لما تمنص أنت حاشية
+
+320
+00:19:55,360 --> 00:20:00,620
+عليهم و هامش أحسبت أن زياء زيارة ستزيح عن وجه
+
+321
+00:20:00,620 --> 00:20:05,610
+المدينة يا بني حجاب واقع والسميرلكي ترى فيها هواك
+
+322
+00:20:05,610 --> 00:20:10,410
+في القدس كل فتن سواك و هي الغزالة في المدى حكم
+
+323
+00:20:10,410 --> 00:20:15,950
+الزمان ب بينها مازلت تركض خلفها مدودعتك بعينها
+
+324
+00:20:15,950 --> 00:20:20,670
+فارفق بنفسك ساعتا اني أراك و هانت في القدس من في
+
+325
+00:20:20,670 --> 00:20:21,930
+القدس إلا أنت
+
+326
+00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:32,040
+Oh, Tamim, Tamim, Tamim. I'm not sure if you know
+
+327
+00:20:32,040 --> 00:20:35,680
+this, but his poetry collection was translated
+
+328
+00:20:35,680 --> 00:20:38,220
+into English. So you could also read the English
+
+329
+00:20:38,220 --> 00:20:41,400
+translation of what's one of the best poems of
+
+330
+00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:46,180
+modern or contemporary Palestinian literature.
+
+331
+00:20:46,780 --> 00:20:50,200
+Moa? Saba. Saba? Okay.
+
+332
+00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:54,760
+Annyeonghaseyo.
+
+333
+00:21:06,450 --> 00:21:11,790
+Hello everyone, my name is Seba. How are you? I
+
+334
+00:21:11,790 --> 00:21:14,530
+can't speak a little Korean language and I
+
+335
+00:21:14,530 --> 00:21:18,890
+improved my language. And I want to write your
+
+336
+00:21:18,890 --> 00:21:20,930
+name. And your name has two options to write in
+
+337
+00:21:20,930 --> 00:21:21,790
+the Korean language.
+
+338
+00:21:38,660 --> 00:21:41,540
+Only my first name, right? Yes. Okay. What's the
+
+339
+00:21:41,540 --> 00:21:42,060
+other option?
+
+340
+00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,000
+They are totally different. Can you explain why
+
+341
+00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:59,700
+they are different? Yes. In Korean language, the
+
+342
+00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:03,740
+capital has two... the letters have two options.
+
+343
+00:22:04,060 --> 00:22:10,600
+Okay. Yeah, so... This is R, and they can use it
+
+344
+00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:13,480
+to write something in L. So when I write to write,
+
+345
+00:22:13,640 --> 00:22:20,960
+when I want to write something in... Go on.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccbf7ad417efd95134000d1b2571f6ada40c6131
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@
+1
+00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:24,770
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back again after the
+
+2
+00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:28,950
+exam week. And after the great return march,
+
+3
+00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:33,430
+hopefully everyone is doing well, you and your
+
+4
+00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:37,610
+families. Let's go back to the journey, our
+
+5
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,830
+journey into English literature. And before I
+
+6
+00:00:40,830 --> 00:00:45,690
+begin with Bunyan, Dryden, and Satya today, I need
+
+7
+00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:49,090
+to remind you about what we did last time.
+
+8
+00:00:49,330 --> 00:00:51,810
+Remember last, the week before the exam, we were
+
+9
+00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:55,080
+speaking about the commonwealth. the restoration,
+
+10
+00:00:56,140 --> 00:01:00,780
+and we came to John Milton, Paradise Lost,
+
+11
+00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,720
+Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonists. The events
+
+12
+00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:12,000
+for Samson Agonists took place in Gaza, around
+
+13
+00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,160
+here, near here, which makes it really fantastic
+
+14
+00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,430
+if anyone of you is interested in doing more
+
+15
+00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,590
+reading, more research, or a presentation on
+
+16
+00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:25,730
+Samsung. I spoke about the Philistines, and the
+
+17
+00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:28,930
+Leila, and the representation, the portrayal of
+
+18
+00:01:28,930 --> 00:01:32,470
+the Palestinians living there, and how that could
+
+19
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:34,690
+be helpful in a way or another. Today, we'll move
+
+20
+00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:40,250
+to another author, similar in a way to Bunyan, to
+
+21
+00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:42,650
+Milton, but a little bit different. His name is
+
+22
+00:01:42,650 --> 00:01:48,760
+John Bunyan. Listen. When we start any age, We try
+
+23
+00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,160
+to speak about the features of the H. We say this
+
+24
+00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:56,960
+particular H has these particular features. But it
+
+25
+00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:00,060
+doesn't mean mechanically every author, every
+
+26
+00:02:00,060 --> 00:02:03,260
+poet, every novelist, every playwright in this age
+
+27
+00:02:03,260 --> 00:02:06,460
+applies the same, very same features and
+
+28
+00:02:06,460 --> 00:02:09,340
+characteristics or follows the same rules. For
+
+29
+00:02:09,340 --> 00:02:11,640
+example, we've seen how John Donne breaks the
+
+30
+00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,960
+rules of decorum and rebels against them in a way
+
+31
+00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,340
+or another. In this age, we speak about, for
+
+32
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,920
+example, how English literature was growing and
+
+33
+00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,800
+was being modernized, new genres and everything.
+
+34
+00:02:25,610 --> 00:02:28,770
+But when we speak about John Bunyan and his famous
+
+35
+00:02:28,770 --> 00:02:35,110
+text, The Pilgrim's Progress, we go back to the
+
+36
+00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:39,730
+medieval times of English literature. And even the
+
+37
+00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:42,170
+name, look at the name, The Pilgrim's Progress.
+
+38
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:46,630
+It's similar. It sounds like the Canterbury Tales,
+
+39
+00:02:46,770 --> 00:02:50,520
+right? It sounds like other texts we studied in
+
+40
+00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,540
+Old English, maybe The Dream of Darude. We'll
+
+41
+00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:57,140
+probably mention this in a bit. So this is a text
+
+42
+00:02:57,140 --> 00:03:01,460
+that is in a way purely religious. It doesn't
+
+43
+00:03:01,460 --> 00:03:03,800
+follow the political themes we spoke about in
+
+44
+00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,820
+Marvel, even in Milton sometimes. Completely
+
+45
+00:03:07,820 --> 00:03:11,460
+religious topic, religious theme, religious
+
+46
+00:03:11,460 --> 00:03:14,820
+subject matter. This is a significant text in
+
+47
+00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,920
+England. In particular, many people consider the
+
+48
+00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:21,760
+pilgrims' progress to be second only to the Bible
+
+49
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,840
+itself. It's so close to the Bible that even now,
+
+50
+00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:28,640
+in churches in England, they take extracts,
+
+51
+00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,380
+stanzas, poetry, and they sing regularly, you
+
+52
+00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:35,780
+know, psalms or hymns in the church from this
+
+53
+00:03:35,780 --> 00:03:40,040
+book. Many people think it is even a religious
+
+54
+00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,340
+book written by one saint or something. But it's
+
+55
+00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:45,520
+actually a literature book. The pilgrims, you know
+
+56
+00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,000
+what a pilgrim is? Someone who goes into a
+
+57
+00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:53,260
+religious journey. Right? So the pilgrim's
+
+58
+00:03:53,260 --> 00:03:56,900
+progress is an allegory. And when we speak about
+
+59
+00:03:56,900 --> 00:04:01,280
+allegories, we go also back to the medieval drama.
+
+60
+00:04:02,340 --> 00:04:05,320
+We said medieval drama was basically religious,
+
+61
+00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:08,580
+basically stories from the Bible, basically
+
+62
+00:04:08,580 --> 00:04:13,300
+allegorical stories, where the main characters are
+
+63
+00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:17,240
+biblical religious characters. So sometimes it
+
+64
+00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,540
+could be funny now, but this is what happened. And
+
+65
+00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:22,900
+the same thing is being repeated by John Bunyan in
+
+66
+00:04:22,900 --> 00:04:29,330
+around 1678 and later on. In the past, in the
+
+67
+00:04:29,330 --> 00:04:32,250
+medieval drama, the main characters would be named
+
+68
+00:04:32,250 --> 00:04:34,830
+after the virtues or the vices. So someone would
+
+69
+00:04:34,830 --> 00:04:37,910
+be named Charity. And someone would be named
+
+70
+00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,150
+Jealousy. Someone would be named Greed. And then
+
+71
+00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,830
+at the end of the play, Jealousy is beaten, or
+
+72
+00:04:46,830 --> 00:04:51,050
+Greed is punched in the face, and charity wins,
+
+73
+00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,370
+teaching you religious and moral lessons that
+
+74
+00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:58,010
+charity, not in this simplistic way, but more,
+
+75
+00:04:58,130 --> 00:05:00,290
+more or less. The main character in The Pilgrim's
+
+76
+00:05:00,290 --> 00:05:03,290
+Progress is named? Christian.
+
+77
+00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:11,050
+Christian, because he is a religious person. He's
+
+78
+00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:15,770
+a Christian. He is a Christian. And he goes into
+
+79
+00:05:15,770 --> 00:05:19,790
+all sorts of difficult journeys, facing, for
+
+80
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:21,710
+example, the giant despair. If you look at the
+
+81
+00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:24,990
+book, for example, page 61, there is this giant
+
+82
+00:05:24,990 --> 00:05:29,150
+despair. Despair is an idea, an abstract concept,
+
+83
+00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:32,510
+right? Despair, when you give up hope. But here,
+
+84
+00:05:32,790 --> 00:05:36,370
+it is characterized. It is presented to us as a
+
+85
+00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:39,770
+human, as a person, in order to create this kind
+
+86
+00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:43,670
+of allegory, the allegory of a Christian person
+
+87
+00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:46,750
+who faces all sorts of difficulties. And because
+
+88
+00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:49,350
+he's good, because he follows the teachings of
+
+89
+00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:53,320
+Christ, of God, he wins then. And that's it. So
+
+90
+00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,520
+simply speaking, the text is about the religious
+
+91
+00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,760
+values, about seeking stability, about following,
+
+92
+00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,860
+about criticizing. Of course, when you are calling
+
+93
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:07,780
+for religious values and emphasizing the Christian
+
+94
+00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:13,360
+faith in God, what you should be, okay, in a way,
+
+95
+00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:16,740
+you're also criticizing the society. So this, in a
+
+96
+00:06:16,740 --> 00:06:18,880
+sense, the text is political in this regard
+
+97
+00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,180
+because It is suggesting that the society we're
+
+98
+00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:24,880
+living in is corrupt, purely corrupt, because of
+
+99
+00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,880
+the politics, because of the division. And the
+
+100
+00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:30,540
+only way out of this is to go back to the
+
+101
+00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:34,580
+Christian values. So this is a pilgrim's progress
+
+102
+00:06:34,580 --> 00:06:36,460
+moral. We're not going to take extracts, but
+
+103
+00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:38,520
+again, every time you are interested in knowing
+
+104
+00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,640
+more, you just Google the text or go to YouTube
+
+105
+00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,720
+and you can read more extracts and listen to
+
+106
+00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,340
+people recite them. Really interesting stuff. So
+
+107
+00:06:49,340 --> 00:06:53,680
+what else does it use to resemble medieval
+
+108
+00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:56,560
+literature? Number one, the allegory. Allegory.
+
+109
+00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,410
+Again, allegory doesn't mean necessarily old or
+
+110
+00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,430
+ancient literature. But in the past, many writers
+
+111
+00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:08,050
+and authors would use allegory to make an idea
+
+112
+00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,690
+clear and simplify something. Even now, we use
+
+113
+00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,150
+this. But generally, we use it to talk to kids, to
+
+114
+00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:18,690
+write stuff for children. But it doesn't mean this
+
+115
+00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:21,550
+is simplistic. It could be very profound. So the
+
+116
+00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:24,170
+allegory. The other technique is the dream vision,
+
+117
+00:07:24,710 --> 00:07:28,670
+like the dream of the root itself. It's typical
+
+118
+00:07:28,670 --> 00:07:32,990
+dream of Darwin. It also takes from the medieval
+
+119
+00:07:32,990 --> 00:07:37,910
+features of naming the characters after the thing
+
+120
+00:07:37,910 --> 00:07:41,870
+they abide by or something. So there's Christian,
+
+121
+00:07:42,350 --> 00:07:44,550
+and there's the giant despair, there is vanity
+
+122
+00:07:44,550 --> 00:07:48,410
+fear also that he has to overcome. What is the
+
+123
+00:07:48,410 --> 00:07:53,170
+theme? It's generally about emphasizing Christian
+
+124
+00:07:53,170 --> 00:07:57,550
+faith. While doing this, the text is criticizing
+
+125
+00:07:57,550 --> 00:08:01,870
+and questioning the values of modern life. What is
+
+126
+00:08:01,870 --> 00:08:04,190
+the book suggesting? Suggesting the only way out
+
+127
+00:08:04,190 --> 00:08:06,430
+of this corruption and political division and
+
+128
+00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,610
+restlessness is going back to the Christian
+
+129
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:16,470
+values, original Christian values. And in the
+
+130
+00:08:16,470 --> 00:08:18,470
+book, there is an extract. Could you please go to
+
+131
+00:08:18,470 --> 00:08:24,060
+62, yeah. There is an extract. Can someone read?
+
+132
+00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:27,580
+And listen, it says here, some of Banyan words are
+
+133
+00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,900
+still sung today in British churches. So it's not
+
+134
+00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:36,060
+only the Bible, but religious texts, poetry is
+
+135
+00:08:36,060 --> 00:08:39,000
+sung there. Someone read, there is no
+
+136
+00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,860
+discouragement. Okay, Ruaq. It's not discouraging,
+
+137
+00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:49,200
+but making one willing his first born child to be
+
+138
+00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,170
+a believer. He wants to be a pilgrim. He wants to
+
+139
+00:08:52,170 --> 00:08:57,770
+go to God to achieve the Christian values.
+
+140
+00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:04,010
+No obstacle, no barrier can prevent him because he
+
+141
+00:09:04,010 --> 00:09:07,930
+already has the intention. He has the intent, the
+
+142
+00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:12,570
+avowed intent to be a pilgrim, to be a pilgrim. So
+
+143
+00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:15,310
+this is basically what we need to know for this
+
+144
+00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:20,370
+course about Banyan. The other thing is, going
+
+145
+00:09:20,370 --> 00:09:23,010
+again back here, satire.
+
+146
+00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:30,070
+What is satire? Let's talk about this before in
+
+147
+00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:31,990
+brief. What is it? How would you define it?
+
+148
+00:09:32,870 --> 00:09:37,150
+Satire. It's one of the few literary devices we
+
+149
+00:09:37,150 --> 00:09:41,630
+saw. We had Cesura, remember? Alliteration, irony,
+
+150
+00:09:42,810 --> 00:09:47,330
+satire, Piers Plowman, William Langland, remember?
+
+151
+00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:51,910
+What is satire? How would you define it? What does
+
+152
+00:09:51,910 --> 00:09:54,370
+it mean? You don't have to give me a perfect
+
+153
+00:09:54,370 --> 00:09:54,930
+definition.
+
+154
+00:09:57,460 --> 00:10:01,060
+Is it new to you? Is the theory new to you? Have
+
+155
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:04,980
+you heard of it before? No. I heard of it, but I
+
+156
+00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:07,420
+don't know exactly. It doesn't have to be exact.
+
+157
+00:10:07,500 --> 00:10:10,520
+What do you think it means? In what context? I
+
+158
+00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,520
+think it means when you say something, I don't
+
+159
+00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,720
+know. That's irony. If you say something and you
+
+160
+00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:19,900
+mean the opposite, you expect something and the
+
+161
+00:10:19,900 --> 00:10:23,930
+opposite happens. Generally, this is irony. Irony.
+
+162
+00:10:24,310 --> 00:10:27,330
+Like, oh, poor philosopher, he only has a little
+
+163
+00:10:27,330 --> 00:10:31,390
+gold in his coffer. But a little gold means a lot
+
+164
+00:10:31,390 --> 00:10:36,630
+of money, so this is ironic. Satire, basically, in
+
+165
+00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:40,030
+Arabic, it's hijab. And I have to give you the
+
+166
+00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,070
+Arabic meaning, because we know this. In Arabic
+
+167
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,930
+literature, in Arabic poetry, we have a lot of
+
+168
+00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:49,330
+hijab, a lot of satire. So a satirical text,
+
+169
+00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:55,460
+satire is It could be a genre, a type of poetry or
+
+170
+00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,680
+literature, or it could be a literary device,
+
+171
+00:10:57,780 --> 00:10:59,620
+could be part of a text, or the whole text could
+
+172
+00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:03,140
+be satire, where the author criticizes, attacks
+
+173
+00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:09,060
+either people or things, values, behavior, events,
+
+174
+00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,860
+the society itself. So that is satire. In Arabic
+
+175
+00:11:13,860 --> 00:11:16,760
+literature, we study this all the time because
+
+176
+00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,720
+there's this a lot of praise. The Arab poets loved
+
+177
+00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,520
+always to praise their tribes and to brag about
+
+178
+00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,580
+their achievements and how heroic they are. And
+
+179
+00:11:28,580 --> 00:11:32,320
+they sometimes would attack their opponents,
+
+180
+00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:40,560
+satirize them, criticize them, defame them. And
+
+181
+00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:44,610
+this is satire. It was there in the Arabic poetry
+
+182
+00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:49,030
+centuries ago. It is still there now. And it
+
+183
+00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:51,390
+started to appear more and more here in England,
+
+184
+00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:55,070
+in London mainly, because of the political
+
+185
+00:11:55,070 --> 00:11:59,030
+division. Remember, in the past, we had one enemy,
+
+186
+00:11:59,150 --> 00:12:01,970
+an external enemy threatening the peace and the
+
+187
+00:12:01,970 --> 00:12:05,090
+stability of the whole country. So poetry would be
+
+188
+00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:09,230
+mostly heroic. Against him? Against the invaders.
+
+189
+00:12:10,530 --> 00:12:13,570
+The epic poems, like Beowulf, for example. Who's
+
+190
+00:12:13,570 --> 00:12:20,730
+the enemy? An external, someone from outside. An
+
+191
+00:12:20,730 --> 00:12:24,030
+outsider who threatens the stability. But now
+
+192
+00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:28,960
+there is stability, and the king was executed. And
+
+193
+00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,800
+the commonwealth, Cromwell, and then his son was
+
+194
+00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,220
+removed, and the king was restored, and another
+
+195
+00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:38,200
+king was removed peacefully. So there was a lot of
+
+196
+00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,820
+political division. The king started to lose
+
+197
+00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:45,600
+power, and the government, the parliament became
+
+198
+00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,880
+more powerful. And if there is, again, politics,
+
+199
+00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:54,560
+election, right? There's always competition,
+
+200
+00:12:54,920 --> 00:13:00,520
+conflict. And of course, literature will react or
+
+201
+00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,060
+would be part of this. So people would be
+
+202
+00:13:03,060 --> 00:13:06,500
+attacking each other, like we saw this in the
+
+203
+00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,660
+Arabic culture, like in our Arabic heritage and
+
+204
+00:13:10,660 --> 00:13:13,360
+culture. Generally, if the enemy is an outsider,
+
+205
+00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:15,820
+everyone would be uniting against them. But when
+
+206
+00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:20,130
+there is no threat from outside, They would fight
+
+207
+00:13:20,130 --> 00:13:24,350
+inside. Exactly. And it happens. I had one
+
+208
+00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:27,790
+professor when I was doing my MA in London. who
+
+209
+00:13:27,790 --> 00:13:31,250
+said, generally, this is not a conspiracy theory.
+
+210
+00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:33,650
+It happens in a way or another. The Western
+
+211
+00:13:33,650 --> 00:13:36,970
+countries, always the imperialist countries, they
+
+212
+00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:39,910
+always seek an external enemy in order to create
+
+213
+00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:42,070
+stability inside, to unite the people on
+
+214
+00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,130
+something. It's happening in Israel, for example.
+
+215
+00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:48,190
+If they don't have us, the Palestinian, the native
+
+216
+00:13:48,190 --> 00:13:51,450
+Palestinian, as the enemy of everyone, they would
+
+217
+00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:54,770
+be fighting among themselves. So to create some
+
+218
+00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,890
+kind of unity, Someone has to come and fight.
+
+219
+00:13:57,890 --> 00:14:01,290
+Someone has to be the enemy and we are the enemy.
+
+220
+00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:07,550
+They use us to spook as the monster. So let's
+
+221
+00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:11,510
+unite against this. It happens everywhere.
+
+222
+00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:16,390
+So satire, like in Arabic again, became a thing
+
+223
+00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,550
+here. And when we speak about satire in Arabic, we
+
+224
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:22,770
+speak about sometimes the caliph himself, the
+
+225
+00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,670
+ruler, would take care of these poets who would
+
+226
+00:14:26,670 --> 00:14:29,890
+spend a lot of time attacking each other. Some
+
+227
+00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:32,250
+critics believe that in Arabic culture, the rulers
+
+228
+00:14:32,250 --> 00:14:35,570
+wanted this. Because number one, it's going to
+
+229
+00:14:35,570 --> 00:14:38,570
+distract people. You know distract? Instead of
+
+230
+00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:41,780
+paying attention to corruption in politics, You
+
+231
+00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:46,260
+are busy insulting each other. To the extent that
+
+232
+00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:49,240
+they were competitions. I'm sure you studied
+
+233
+00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,420
+Jarir, or Farazdakh, or Akhtal. There were always
+
+234
+00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:58,200
+these poetic battles between these. And in one
+
+235
+00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,440
+competition, I'm sure you heard of it before. They
+
+236
+00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,600
+wanted to hear the strongest line of poetry in
+
+237
+00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,160
+terms of satire and praise.
+
+238
+00:15:12,430 --> 00:15:15,910
+And it was, I think, Al-Akhtar started saying
+
+239
+00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:19,290
+that, bragging, you know, about himself and his
+
+240
+00:15:19,290 --> 00:15:22,730
+ability. He was saying, ana al-qutran wa al-shu
+
+241
+00:15:22,730 --> 00:15:26,390
+'ara'u jarba, wa fil-qutrani lil-jarba shifa. You
+
+242
+00:15:26,390 --> 00:15:30,050
+know, qutran, tar. In the past, when a camel would
+
+243
+00:15:30,050 --> 00:15:34,650
+have this disease, they would put tar, qutran, so
+
+244
+00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:37,190
+it doesn't infect other animals.
+
+245
+00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:50,440
+So he's saying, I heal you. I'm more powerful than
+
+246
+00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:52,780
+you. Oh, strong. And then Al-Farazdaq was like,
+
+247
+00:15:58,940 --> 00:16:02,460
+If your disease can be healed by tar or by
+
+248
+00:16:02,460 --> 00:16:06,860
+anything, I am the plague, the black death or
+
+249
+00:16:06,860 --> 00:16:13,020
+plague. It was Jarir who had to say something
+
+250
+00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:16,820
+last, and we know Jarir always wins. And he was
+
+251
+00:16:16,820 --> 00:16:20,640
+like, ana almoutu allathee ati alaykum, falaysa
+
+252
+00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:25,000
+liharibin minhu najam. This is, in part, you're
+
+253
+00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,280
+praising yourself, but you're also attacking,
+
+254
+00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,100
+criticizing, satirizing your opponent. We've seen
+
+255
+00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:34,700
+this everywhere. We've seen Antara do this all,
+
+256
+00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:37,140
+all the time. There are two types, generally two
+
+257
+00:16:37,140 --> 00:16:40,120
+types of satire. Number one, general, where you
+
+258
+00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,440
+criticize things in general. Like, OK, I hate the
+
+259
+00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,420
+society. The society is not good. It's bad that
+
+260
+00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:51,240
+people are spending much time online, or people
+
+261
+00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,820
+are hypocrites. They think they tell you they like
+
+262
+00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:56,420
+you, but they stab you in the back. This is
+
+263
+00:16:56,420 --> 00:16:58,820
+generally without naming names, without naming
+
+264
+00:16:58,820 --> 00:17:04,200
+events or specific situations. And there is open,
+
+265
+00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,000
+personal, and direct. Like where in the text you
+
+266
+00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:12,700
+have someone named. someone's name or an event,
+
+267
+00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:16,020
+like a particular situation, a particular person,
+
+268
+00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:18,200
+a particular political party, you name them, this
+
+269
+00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,860
+is direct and personal. In both types, we have
+
+270
+00:17:21,860 --> 00:17:26,440
+implicit or explicit. Like you read the line and
+
+271
+00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,280
+you say, yeah, why is he attacking this? But
+
+272
+00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,720
+sometimes you read the line and there is what we
+
+273
+00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:38,100
+call subtle. You know subtle? Subtle, with a
+
+274
+00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,960
+silent T. Subtle means implied, not everyone can
+
+275
+00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:49,540
+see or understand. Hidden. Hidden. Do you
+
+276
+00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:52,760
+know Al-Hutayqa? He's an Arab poet. He's probably
+
+277
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,180
+the most famous satirist in the Arabic literature.
+
+278
+00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,480
+He satirized everything. He attacked everybody. He
+
+279
+00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,800
+criticized everybody, even his wife. Everyone he
+
+280
+00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:03,940
+sees, he just attack him.
+
+281
+00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,850
+So his wife left him, naturally. And there was no
+
+282
+00:18:10,850 --> 00:18:13,310
+one at home. And it is said that he had a mirror.
+
+283
+00:18:13,410 --> 00:18:15,170
+And then he looked in the mirror. And when he saw
+
+284
+00:18:15,170 --> 00:18:20,490
+himself, he criticized himself. It is said that
+
+285
+00:18:20,490 --> 00:18:22,810
+some people doubt the story. They say it's not a
+
+286
+00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:28,510
+true story, that one person of the prophet's
+
+287
+00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:31,510
+companion He came to Omar Al-Khattab and said,
+
+288
+00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:34,370
+this man satirized me, he attacked me, he's
+
+289
+00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:37,230
+insulting me. He said, because Omar wants to hear
+
+290
+00:18:37,230 --> 00:18:39,610
+the other side of the story. What did he say? He
+
+291
+00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:44,590
+said, no,
+
+292
+00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:49,870
+it's not a true story because Omar Al-Khattab
+
+293
+00:18:49,870 --> 00:18:53,700
+should understand this because he knows. But it's
+
+294
+00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,900
+not a big deal here. The story is significant. So
+
+295
+00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:07,560
+Omar Khattab says, he said, someone else
+
+296
+00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:10,100
+was sitting there, a poet probably, and he said,
+
+297
+00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:17,560
+he almost killed him. I mean, unskinned him or you
+
+298
+00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,750
+know, deboned him like in a way that brutal. Why?
+
+299
+00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:26,490
+Because it's not clear. It's subtle, subtle. The
+
+300
+00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:30,490
+poet used, Ta3am kasi, bimana mat3oum maksi,
+
+301
+00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:35,350
+bimana inna untha kol wa shrab wa naam. Your job
+
+302
+00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:39,710
+is just to eat and to sleep. Don't go after great
+
+303
+00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:42,270
+things. You don't deserve them. You can't have
+
+304
+00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:46,070
+them. Just stay at home, eat, and drink, and
+
+305
+00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:49,770
+sleep. Fa innaka anta ta3am kasi. Sometimes it's
+
+306
+00:19:49,770 --> 00:19:52,880
+subtle poetry like this that It makes satire
+
+307
+00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,660
+really powerful. So again, whether personal or
+
+308
+00:19:56,660 --> 00:19:59,680
+impersonal. Again, personal or impersonal.
+
+309
+00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,840
+General, public, or specific individual. Or
+
+310
+00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:06,380
+subtle, meaning implied. You know implied? Not
+
+311
+00:20:06,380 --> 00:20:11,840
+anyone can understand it. Or explicit. Satire was
+
+312
+00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,460
+an important genre, became an important genre in
+
+313
+00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:18,140
+the 17th and 18th century. The most important
+
+314
+00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:20,920
+satirist is John Dryden. But we're going to study
+
+315
+00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,080
+another poet before him. His name is John Wilmot.
+
+316
+00:20:25,620 --> 00:20:29,780
+So many Johns, right? Focus on the second name
+
+317
+00:20:29,780 --> 00:20:32,960
+always. If you can't remember in the exam the
+
+318
+00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,440
+first name, it's not a problem. Just go for the
+
+319
+00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:42,250
+second. So his text is, A Satire Against Mankind.
+
+320
+00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,930
+Without reading the text, the title of the poem
+
+321
+00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,970
+suggests that this is impersonal general where he
+
+322
+00:20:51,970 --> 00:20:54,570
+is attacking not one person in particular, he's
+
+323
+00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:57,950
+attacking the whole society. And indeed, he was
+
+324
+00:20:57,950 --> 00:21:02,210
+against, he was attacking, criticizing the
+
+325
+00:21:02,210 --> 00:21:04,670
+academia, the politics, the church, religion,
+
+326
+00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:10,090
+people, everything. The whole society. And this is
+
+327
+00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,170
+an extract, a really interesting extract. But
+
+328
+00:21:13,170 --> 00:21:17,490
+notice in the book, it says, I'd be a god. Yeah,
+
+329
+00:21:17,650 --> 00:21:20,430
+but here, the original text, I think it says a
+
+330
+00:21:20,430 --> 00:21:24,110
+dog, because it fits more. Because dog, monkey,
+
+331
+00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:28,090
+and bear. Someone read. Please. I'd be a dog, a
+
+332
+00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:33,670
+monkey, or a bear, or anything but that
+
+333
+00:21:33,670 --> 00:21:36,850
+vain animal who is so proud of being rational.
+
+334
+00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,760
+Very good. Yeah. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a
+
+335
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,240
+bear. Bear. Or anything but that vain animal who
+
+336
+00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,280
+is so proud of being rational. Of being rational.
+
+337
+00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,460
+Yeah, please. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a bear.
+
+338
+00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:58,260
+Bear. Bear. What does bear mean? Bear. Who is so
+
+339
+00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:02,400
+proud of being rational. Who? Okay, so who's he
+
+340
+00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:07,900
+criticizing? Who's the vain animal? He keeps
+
+341
+00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,480
+saying, oh, mankind. Mankind. The title suggests
+
+342
+00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,880
+this. But in the poem here, he says, I'd rather be
+
+343
+00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:20,080
+an animal. You know, an animal that doesn't talk,
+
+344
+00:22:20,180 --> 00:22:21,780
+communicate, understands, doesn't have an
+
+345
+00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:25,440
+intellectual. It's not rational. But not this vain
+
+346
+00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:31,440
+animal. Vain means too proud. Maghrur. Like a man
+
+347
+00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,270
+who's like too proud of himself. A show off. who's
+
+348
+00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:39,490
+proud, who's so proud of being rational because
+
+349
+00:22:39,490 --> 00:22:45,850
+man is worse in his opinion than an animal, than a
+
+350
+00:22:45,850 --> 00:22:49,950
+dog or a monkey or a bear. This is satire, but
+
+351
+00:22:49,950 --> 00:22:53,850
+satire not against you or you or me, it's against
+
+352
+00:22:53,850 --> 00:22:57,270
+mankind in general. This is called impersonal
+
+353
+00:22:57,270 --> 00:23:05,170
+satire. Okay? What is the rhyme scheme? A, B, B.
+
+354
+00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:09,810
+A, B, B. True. So how would you comment on this?
+
+355
+00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:15,690
+Say this extract is by John Wilbert from the text,
+
+356
+00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:23,250
+Assetire Against Mankind. In this text, the poet
+
+357
+00:23:23,250 --> 00:23:27,510
+is criticizing mankind, humanity in general, human
+
+358
+00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:33,350
+beings in general. In his opinion, he prefers to
+
+359
+00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:40,620
+be It's better to be an animal, a dog, a monkey,
+
+360
+00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,620
+or a bear, rather than a human being, because
+
+361
+00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:48,080
+humans are corrupt, vain, and too proud of
+
+362
+00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:52,820
+themselves. That simple. Does it reflect the age?
+
+363
+00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:59,600
+Yes, because a society with political division and
+
+364
+00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,010
+infighting creates satire, creates bad behavior
+
+365
+00:24:05,010 --> 00:24:08,070
+and bad reaction. The most important person we
+
+366
+00:24:08,070 --> 00:24:11,150
+have here is John Dryden. I think I mentioned John
+
+367
+00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:15,100
+Dryden before. Yeah, and we will go back probably
+
+368
+00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,340
+later on to him. John Dryden is one of the four
+
+369
+00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:22,040
+people who satirized John Donne, who attacked John
+
+370
+00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:24,040
+Donne, who didn't consider John Donne a poet,
+
+371
+00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,180
+because this man follows the rules of decorum,
+
+372
+00:24:27,380 --> 00:24:30,040
+neoclassicism, classical rules of decorum, and
+
+373
+00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,900
+John Donne did it. So John Dryden, who by the way
+
+374
+00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:39,960
+lived during the Commonwealth, and was considered
+
+375
+00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,820
+the poet laureate. You know poet laureate?
+
+376
+00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,000
+Poet laureate, like some kind of prince of poet.
+
+377
+00:24:50,740 --> 00:24:54,920
+Prince of poets. Yeah, but if when someone dies,
+
+378
+00:24:55,060 --> 00:24:57,700
+someone follows. That's the story. So we don't
+
+379
+00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,280
+only have one prince of poets or poet laureate.
+
+380
+00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,680
+When someone dies. So during the Commonwealth, he
+
+381
+00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:09,350
+wrote poetry praising Oliver Cromwell. When Oliver
+
+382
+00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:12,770
+Cromwell died, his son was removed. The king was
+
+383
+00:25:12,770 --> 00:25:16,090
+restored. He also wrote poetry praising the king.
+
+384
+00:25:16,170 --> 00:25:18,170
+And it's funny, this is what poets do sometimes.
+
+385
+00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:20,710
+It doesn't mean their poetry is not important,
+
+386
+00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:23,750
+significant if they do this. But sometimes they
+
+387
+00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:27,470
+want someone to support them financially and to
+
+388
+00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:30,550
+provide them with protection. You studied al
+
+389
+00:25:30,550 --> 00:25:32,810
+-Mutanabbi, the greatest Arab poet. He wrote the
+
+390
+00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:36,070
+best poetry praising Kafur al-Khashidi when he
+
+391
+00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:41,830
+left Aleppo, safe at Dawla, and he went to Egypt
+
+392
+00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:47,130
+expecting to be given some place to rule. When he
+
+393
+00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:50,230
+wasn't given that, he wrote also one of his best
+
+394
+00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:53,050
+poems ever, satirizing and attacking Kafur al
+
+395
+00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:55,730
+-Khshiri. It's the same poem. The famous poem,
+
+396
+00:25:56,050 --> 00:25:59,230
+It's
+
+397
+00:25:59,230 --> 00:26:01,810
+a satire poem in a way or another. Because he
+
+398
+00:26:01,810 --> 00:26:06,450
+attacks the Egyptians of that time, Kafur al
+
+399
+00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:09,790
+-Khshiri and his people. So poets sometimes want
+
+400
+00:26:10,350 --> 00:26:14,290
+to go with the current. Not all of them, but some
+
+401
+00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:17,110
+of them. It doesn't make the poetry less important
+
+402
+00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,570
+or less significant. So he lost his position as
+
+403
+00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,510
+the poet laureate because when the king was
+
+404
+00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:27,210
+restored, things were different. He wrote several
+
+405
+00:26:27,210 --> 00:26:31,110
+texts. One of them is Absalom and Astrophel. Don't
+
+406
+00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:37,530
+confuse this with Astrophel and Stella. Okay, by
+
+407
+00:26:37,530 --> 00:26:42,570
+Spencer or Spencer, right? Not Spencer.
+
+408
+00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:51,410
+Sir Philip Sidney. Okay, read this. Someone else,
+
+409
+00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:54,810
+please. Oh, someone else. Sorry. I want to make
+
+410
+00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:58,110
+you all participants. Yes. But true or false are
+
+411
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:01,230
+necessary things to raise up commonwealth and to
+
+412
+00:27:01,230 --> 00:27:04,910
+ruin kings. To ruin kings. Someone else, please.
+
+413
+00:27:05,370 --> 00:27:09,710
+But true or false are necessary things to raise up
+
+414
+00:27:09,710 --> 00:27:11,070
+commonwealth and to ruin kings. To raise. To raise
+
+415
+00:27:11,070 --> 00:27:13,790
+up commonwealth and to ruin kings. To ruin kings.
+
+416
+00:27:14,650 --> 00:27:17,530
+Before we comment on this, look at the perfect
+
+417
+00:27:17,530 --> 00:27:22,010
+rhyme scheme. Perfect rhyme scheme. A-A. It's a
+
+418
+00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:26,720
+couplet. Is it a couplet? Let's check. How many
+
+419
+00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:31,740
+syllables? Syllables are not the same? 1, 2, 3, 4,
+
+420
+00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:39,840
+5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
+
+421
+00:27:39,940 --> 00:27:45,600
+10. It's not ruined. Ruined two syllables. Ruined.
+
+422
+00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:50,030
+And it's about one idea. So this is a perfect
+
+423
+00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:52,990
+couple. But again, this is Dryden. He sticks to
+
+424
+00:27:52,990 --> 00:27:57,030
+the number of syllables. What are plots? I think
+
+425
+00:27:57,030 --> 00:28:01,730
+we mentioned the word plot before. Plot means in a
+
+426
+00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:09,470
+literary work. But in a paragraph. In a story. The
+
+427
+00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:13,690
+plot is the way the events are arranged in a
+
+428
+00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:16,730
+particular story. So first he wakes up, then he
+
+429
+00:28:16,730 --> 00:28:19,930
+goes back, and then he dreams about something, and
+
+430
+00:28:19,930 --> 00:28:22,270
+then he remembers something, and then he goes, and
+
+431
+00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:24,730
+then he meets somebody, and then they get married,
+
+432
+00:28:24,830 --> 00:28:27,070
+and they have kids, and they live happily ever
+
+433
+00:28:27,070 --> 00:28:31,270
+after. This is the plot. The arrangement of the
+
+434
+00:28:31,270 --> 00:28:33,790
+events in a story. But plots here is totally
+
+435
+00:28:33,790 --> 00:28:40,900
+different. He's not talking about literature. If I
+
+436
+00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,280
+plot against you, I want to do something, a
+
+437
+00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:50,370
+devilish plan. You fail, or so I become more
+
+438
+00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,550
+important than you. So people think you are to
+
+439
+00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,510
+plot against someone, to scheme, to plan, to plan
+
+440
+00:28:57,510 --> 00:29:01,010
+something negative, generally like a muamara, like
+
+441
+00:29:01,010 --> 00:29:04,790
+to conspire against someone. So plots here are
+
+442
+00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:09,870
+like muamara. What are you plotting? Your camera
+
+443
+00:29:09,870 --> 00:29:12,110
+and your friends are whispering. What are you
+
+444
+00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:15,250
+plotting? What are you planning to do without me?
+
+445
+00:29:16,810 --> 00:29:21,750
+Plots, true or false, are like politics. True or
+
+446
+00:29:21,750 --> 00:29:26,980
+false are necessary things that mean The end
+
+447
+00:29:26,980 --> 00:29:30,640
+justifies the means here. The means justified by
+
+448
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,300
+the end. Why? To raise up commonwealth. The very
+
+449
+00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:38,460
+term commonwealth is there. Political satire. To
+
+450
+00:29:38,460 --> 00:29:43,740
+raise up commonwealth and ruin kings. Is he being
+
+451
+00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:46,680
+sarcastic? I can't tell here. We don't have enough
+
+452
+00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,020
+context. But this is some kind of satire. An
+
+453
+00:29:50,020 --> 00:29:52,900
+attack against the political situation. Political
+
+454
+00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,430
+plotting. It's not clear to me in this couplet.
+
+455
+00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:01,470
+Maybe he's attacking the commonwealth. Or both.
+
+456
+00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:05,510
+But there's clear attack satire against the
+
+457
+00:30:05,510 --> 00:30:08,970
+political situation of his time. A situation that,
+
+458
+00:30:09,210 --> 00:30:13,210
+instead of improving the society, we have plotting
+
+459
+00:30:13,210 --> 00:30:18,730
+against each other. In a way, this is more
+
+460
+00:30:18,730 --> 00:30:24,060
+specific than Wilmot, Wilmot, Mankind. And this
+
+461
+00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:28,660
+one he chooses politics and politicians. Next,
+
+462
+00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:33,800
+another text by someone read and tell me what you
+
+463
+00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,140
+think. I don't want to comment first.
+
+464
+00:30:38,180 --> 00:30:43,300
+Yeah, someone read first, please. Someone find
+
+465
+00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:47,280
+meaning, make better, but not well delivered.
+
+466
+00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:54,010
+Deviates into? Very good. More? Yes, please. Okay,
+
+467
+00:31:00,870 --> 00:31:03,930
+very good. What do you think? What kind of satire
+
+468
+00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,090
+is this? What is he saying?
+
+469
+00:31:08,770 --> 00:31:12,530
+between him and another poet. Okay, so there is a
+
+470
+00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:15,950
+name of a person. Shadwell. Shadwell. Is this
+
+471
+00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:18,510
+personal or impersonal? Personal. Specific or
+
+472
+00:31:18,510 --> 00:31:21,990
+general? Direct. Direct, specific. He mentions the
+
+473
+00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:26,470
+name of his rival. Shadwell is said to be a
+
+474
+00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:31,630
+literary rival of Dryden. And remember, Dryden
+
+475
+00:31:31,630 --> 00:31:35,270
+came after John Donne. But for him, John Donne and
+
+476
+00:31:35,270 --> 00:31:39,270
+his school was some kind of a rival. So he
+
+477
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,910
+attacked him. He trashed him. What is he saying?
+
+478
+00:31:42,730 --> 00:31:45,550
+Yeah. He's saying, I think, he's saying that his
+
+479
+00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:51,070
+word doesn't make sense. Whose work? Okay, the
+
+480
+00:31:51,070 --> 00:31:53,990
+rest to some faint meaning faint also here means
+
+481
+00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:57,350
+some kind of subtle implied like you could make
+
+482
+00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,810
+sense sometimes even if it is faint but Chad will
+
+483
+00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:08,390
+never it could be by the way never make sense
+
+484
+00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:15,450
+Shahab will never make sense. All his poetry is
+
+485
+00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:20,950
+nonsensical, trash, bad. But he doesn't say it
+
+486
+00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:27,290
+this way. He's more critical,
+
+487
+00:32:27,830 --> 00:32:32,590
+satirical. The satire is very sharp. OK. I think
+
+488
+00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:36,990
+it's more subtle because he doesn't say things
+
+489
+00:32:36,990 --> 00:32:39,570
+directly. OK. So the rest, maybe the rest of
+
+490
+00:32:39,570 --> 00:32:43,740
+poets. Like, there are bad poets. Maybe some of
+
+491
+00:32:43,740 --> 00:32:46,660
+them sometimes, sometimes, even a bad poet
+
+492
+00:32:46,660 --> 00:32:49,480
+sometimes can say good things, right? We're not
+
+493
+00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,300
+poets. Yeah, maybe some of you are. But we're not
+
+494
+00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:56,020
+poets. If we write 100 poems, maybe one or two or
+
+495
+00:32:56,020 --> 00:32:59,160
+three poems or three lines would be good. Because
+
+496
+00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:01,700
+when you write more, you will eventually say
+
+497
+00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,660
+something good. So some might give faint meaning,
+
+498
+00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:12,200
+make sense sometimes. But Chadwell never ever
+
+499
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:18,720
+makes sense, not even by mistake. Okay, see what I
+
+500
+00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,680
+mean here? So it's not that he never makes sense.
+
+501
+00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:26,400
+He never makes sense, not even by mistake. He
+
+502
+00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:33,250
+never deviates. His poetry is always bad. But
+
+503
+00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,990
+doesn't he sometimes, by mistake, writes good
+
+504
+00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:39,170
+poetry? Even that, no. And this is very sharp.
+
+505
+00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:42,910
+Very sharp, like you would never do a thing.
+
+506
+00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:46,030
+Because if you write poetry, I said this, if you
+
+507
+00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,830
+write poetry, a lot of poetry, even if you are a
+
+508
+00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:52,930
+bad poet, maybe you'll say something good. But
+
+509
+00:33:52,930 --> 00:33:57,010
+Chad will. He will never. Even by mistake, he
+
+510
+00:33:57,010 --> 00:34:00,070
+never
+
+511
+00:34:00,070 --> 00:34:04,880
+deviates. into common sense. Is this personal or
+
+512
+00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,940
+not? Yes. The name is there. The text is
+
+513
+00:34:07,940 --> 00:34:11,180
+McFlacknoe. Very strange name. Did Chadwin reply?
+
+514
+00:34:11,460 --> 00:34:14,180
+Sorry? Did Chadwin reply? I'll have to check. It's
+
+515
+00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:15,580
+interesting. I think if someone told me these
+
+516
+00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:19,180
+words I would never write again. Yeah, or you
+
+517
+00:34:19,180 --> 00:34:21,480
+would write more. Yeah. Because this kind of,
+
+518
+00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,120
+okay, you're attacking me, you're accusing me of
+
+519
+00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,720
+this. I'll show that I write better. That's
+
+520
+00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:30,120
+heartbreaking. It is. Yeah, some people when
+
+521
+00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:32,820
+attacked, oh, you write trash, this is bad
+
+522
+00:34:32,820 --> 00:34:35,240
+writing, you would give up. But some people would
+
+523
+00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:38,420
+take this as a challenge. So how can Shadwell
+
+524
+00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:43,080
+prove that he writes better? By writing more and
+
+525
+00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:45,440
+responding to him. And that's why we have more
+
+526
+00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:47,480
+literature. Remember again, always remember
+
+527
+00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:52,780
+Farazdaq and Tariq. Maybe he could write poems to
+
+528
+00:34:52,780 --> 00:34:55,940
+a king or a queen to impress them and to be
+
+529
+00:34:55,940 --> 00:35:00,700
+famous. Did you count the syllables? Is this a
+
+530
+00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:05,860
+couplet? It's in perfect tense. Perfect rhyme.
+
+531
+00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:11,260
+It's not about the letter. It's about a sound. And
+
+532
+00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:14,080
+don't be tricked by how long and how short this
+
+533
+00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,620
+is. Count the syllables. Ten, ten. Again, right
+
+534
+00:35:17,620 --> 00:35:20,980
+in. Perfect. We will not find this generally in
+
+535
+00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:22,880
+Dan. Because Dan doesn't care about the number of
+
+536
+00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:25,840
+syllables. He just cares more about the idea. And
+
+537
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,270
+finally, Another text by, listen, Dryden was
+
+538
+00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:33,770
+again, he was a famous poet, a famous dramatist,
+
+539
+00:35:33,850 --> 00:35:37,610
+and also a famous critic. Hopefully you study him
+
+540
+00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:40,830
+next year as a critic, a literary critic. You know
+
+541
+00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:45,090
+a literary critic? Naqed Adabi. Literary
+
+542
+00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:50,830
+criticism. In one of his final poems, it's called
+
+543
+00:35:50,830 --> 00:35:58,790
+The Secular Mask. Mask reminds us of The mask of
+
+544
+00:35:58,790 --> 00:36:04,630
+queens by? And it's mask, not mosque. It's not
+
+545
+00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:10,510
+mosque or mosquito. Mask because mask. Okay?
+
+546
+00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:17,130
+Secular, the opposite of religious probably. The
+
+547
+00:36:17,130 --> 00:36:21,830
+poem was written interestingly the last year of
+
+548
+00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:23,630
+the 18th,
+
+549
+00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,090
+what is it? Can you check? Can you double check?
+
+550
+00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:36,510
+The last year, yeah, it's 1700, the last year of
+
+551
+00:36:36,510 --> 00:36:41,030
+the 17th century. It ends the whole century. It
+
+552
+00:36:41,030 --> 00:36:44,290
+wraps things up. It's like people like, okay, two
+
+553
+00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,010
+minutes and the whole century will be up, and he
+
+554
+00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:50,450
+says, wait a minute, I have a poem. And he writes
+
+555
+00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:55,370
+a poem in a way or another to wrap up the whole
+
+556
+00:36:55,370 --> 00:36:59,270
+age. He's addressing who generally? Wars, lovers.
+
+557
+00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:08,400
+Thy wars. Thy meaning? Your. Thy? Your. Your wars.
+
+558
+00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,980
+Whose wars? The whole century. The whole 17th
+
+559
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:17,660
+century, the whole age. Thy wars brought nothing
+
+560
+00:37:17,660 --> 00:37:25,360
+about. Thy lovers were all untrue, fake. Tis, it
+
+561
+00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:31,130
+is, right? Tis well an old age is out. and time to
+
+562
+00:37:31,130 --> 00:37:38,790
+begin anew. Enough of this age. Enough of this. We
+
+563
+00:37:38,790 --> 00:37:43,730
+have had too much. And I think we should begin a
+
+564
+00:37:43,730 --> 00:37:47,650
+new life and turn, not a new leaf, a new page, but
+
+565
+00:37:47,650 --> 00:37:53,410
+a new book. A new way of life. The way wars
+
+566
+00:37:53,410 --> 00:37:58,930
+brought nothing about. It brought death and
+
+567
+00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:02,370
+destruction and corruption, right? But nothing
+
+568
+00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:06,730
+about this. We didn't benefit. And even my lovers,
+
+569
+00:38:06,990 --> 00:38:09,890
+the poets, the writers, the authors, they were all
+
+570
+00:38:09,890 --> 00:38:14,750
+fake. No one is genuine. It is well an old age is
+
+571
+00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:18,730
+out. It's an age that is dying. We have had enough
+
+572
+00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:23,830
+of this. So the best thing to do is to begin a new
+
+573
+00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:26,810
+one. And time to begin anew.
+
+574
+00:38:29,150 --> 00:38:31,070
+Interesting and easy. Is it difficult to
+
+575
+00:38:31,070 --> 00:38:36,090
+understand? So, can you check the rhyme scheme?
+
+576
+00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:45,030
+Did you count the syllables? All seven. How? One,
+
+577
+00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:49,750
+two, three, four, five, six, seven. And one, two,
+
+578
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:52,610
+three, four, five, six, seven. One, two, three,
+
+579
+00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:58,570
+four, five, six, seven. Here should be it is Oh,
+
+580
+00:38:58,630 --> 00:39:03,070
+yeah. Yeah, one. Tez. One, two, three, four, five,
+
+581
+00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:07,610
+six, seven. And again, remember Dryden always
+
+582
+00:39:07,610 --> 00:39:12,850
+sticks to the rules. So generally speaking, this
+
+583
+00:39:12,850 --> 00:39:16,450
+is the end of the Restoration.
+
+584
+00:39:19,210 --> 00:39:21,450
+A very interesting age in many ways.
+
+585
+00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,160
+Does anyone have any questions, please? Do you
+
+586
+00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:31,600
+have questions?
+
+587
+00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:45,740
+Yes? Okay, we'll stop here. And for the next
+
+588
+00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:49,560
+class, listen. We're taking this, this is off.
+
+589
+00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:51,420
+Restoration drama is off.
+
+590
+00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,340
+The rise of the novel. Yeah, we're going to begin
+
+591
+00:39:58,340 --> 00:40:02,000
+with the Augustan Age, the rise of the novel. So
+
+592
+00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,380
+we're jumping to page 77. And thank you very much.
+
+593
+00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:08,540
+If you have questions, please stay.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/iEOPhcpuuc0_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccbf7ad417efd95134000d1b2571f6ada40c6131
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2372 @@
+1
+00:00:20,730 --> 00:00:24,770
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back again after the
+
+2
+00:00:24,770 --> 00:00:28,950
+exam week. And after the great return march,
+
+3
+00:00:29,090 --> 00:00:33,430
+hopefully everyone is doing well, you and your
+
+4
+00:00:33,430 --> 00:00:37,610
+families. Let's go back to the journey, our
+
+5
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,830
+journey into English literature. And before I
+
+6
+00:00:40,830 --> 00:00:45,690
+begin with Bunyan, Dryden, and Satya today, I need
+
+7
+00:00:45,690 --> 00:00:49,090
+to remind you about what we did last time.
+
+8
+00:00:49,330 --> 00:00:51,810
+Remember last, the week before the exam, we were
+
+9
+00:00:51,810 --> 00:00:55,080
+speaking about the commonwealth. the restoration,
+
+10
+00:00:56,140 --> 00:01:00,780
+and we came to John Milton, Paradise Lost,
+
+11
+00:01:01,140 --> 00:01:06,720
+Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonists. The events
+
+12
+00:01:06,720 --> 00:01:12,000
+for Samson Agonists took place in Gaza, around
+
+13
+00:01:12,000 --> 00:01:15,160
+here, near here, which makes it really fantastic
+
+14
+00:01:15,160 --> 00:01:18,430
+if anyone of you is interested in doing more
+
+15
+00:01:18,430 --> 00:01:21,590
+reading, more research, or a presentation on
+
+16
+00:01:21,590 --> 00:01:25,730
+Samsung. I spoke about the Philistines, and the
+
+17
+00:01:25,730 --> 00:01:28,930
+Leila, and the representation, the portrayal of
+
+18
+00:01:28,930 --> 00:01:32,470
+the Palestinians living there, and how that could
+
+19
+00:01:32,470 --> 00:01:34,690
+be helpful in a way or another. Today, we'll move
+
+20
+00:01:34,690 --> 00:01:40,250
+to another author, similar in a way to Bunyan, to
+
+21
+00:01:40,250 --> 00:01:42,650
+Milton, but a little bit different. His name is
+
+22
+00:01:42,650 --> 00:01:48,760
+John Bunyan. Listen. When we start any age, We try
+
+23
+00:01:48,760 --> 00:01:52,160
+to speak about the features of the H. We say this
+
+24
+00:01:52,160 --> 00:01:56,960
+particular H has these particular features. But it
+
+25
+00:01:56,960 --> 00:02:00,060
+doesn't mean mechanically every author, every
+
+26
+00:02:00,060 --> 00:02:03,260
+poet, every novelist, every playwright in this age
+
+27
+00:02:03,260 --> 00:02:06,460
+applies the same, very same features and
+
+28
+00:02:06,460 --> 00:02:09,340
+characteristics or follows the same rules. For
+
+29
+00:02:09,340 --> 00:02:11,640
+example, we've seen how John Donne breaks the
+
+30
+00:02:11,640 --> 00:02:14,960
+rules of decorum and rebels against them in a way
+
+31
+00:02:14,960 --> 00:02:18,340
+or another. In this age, we speak about, for
+
+32
+00:02:18,340 --> 00:02:21,920
+example, how English literature was growing and
+
+33
+00:02:21,920 --> 00:02:24,800
+was being modernized, new genres and everything.
+
+34
+00:02:25,610 --> 00:02:28,770
+But when we speak about John Bunyan and his famous
+
+35
+00:02:28,770 --> 00:02:35,110
+text, The Pilgrim's Progress, we go back to the
+
+36
+00:02:35,110 --> 00:02:39,730
+medieval times of English literature. And even the
+
+37
+00:02:39,730 --> 00:02:42,170
+name, look at the name, The Pilgrim's Progress.
+
+38
+00:02:43,330 --> 00:02:46,630
+It's similar. It sounds like the Canterbury Tales,
+
+39
+00:02:46,770 --> 00:02:50,520
+right? It sounds like other texts we studied in
+
+40
+00:02:50,520 --> 00:02:53,540
+Old English, maybe The Dream of Darude. We'll
+
+41
+00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:57,140
+probably mention this in a bit. So this is a text
+
+42
+00:02:57,140 --> 00:03:01,460
+that is in a way purely religious. It doesn't
+
+43
+00:03:01,460 --> 00:03:03,800
+follow the political themes we spoke about in
+
+44
+00:03:03,800 --> 00:03:07,820
+Marvel, even in Milton sometimes. Completely
+
+45
+00:03:07,820 --> 00:03:11,460
+religious topic, religious theme, religious
+
+46
+00:03:11,460 --> 00:03:14,820
+subject matter. This is a significant text in
+
+47
+00:03:14,820 --> 00:03:17,920
+England. In particular, many people consider the
+
+48
+00:03:17,920 --> 00:03:21,760
+pilgrims' progress to be second only to the Bible
+
+49
+00:03:21,760 --> 00:03:24,840
+itself. It's so close to the Bible that even now,
+
+50
+00:03:26,040 --> 00:03:28,640
+in churches in England, they take extracts,
+
+51
+00:03:28,720 --> 00:03:33,380
+stanzas, poetry, and they sing regularly, you
+
+52
+00:03:33,380 --> 00:03:35,780
+know, psalms or hymns in the church from this
+
+53
+00:03:35,780 --> 00:03:40,040
+book. Many people think it is even a religious
+
+54
+00:03:40,040 --> 00:03:42,340
+book written by one saint or something. But it's
+
+55
+00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:45,520
+actually a literature book. The pilgrims, you know
+
+56
+00:03:45,520 --> 00:03:49,000
+what a pilgrim is? Someone who goes into a
+
+57
+00:03:49,000 --> 00:03:53,260
+religious journey. Right? So the pilgrim's
+
+58
+00:03:53,260 --> 00:03:56,900
+progress is an allegory. And when we speak about
+
+59
+00:03:56,900 --> 00:04:01,280
+allegories, we go also back to the medieval drama.
+
+60
+00:04:02,340 --> 00:04:05,320
+We said medieval drama was basically religious,
+
+61
+00:04:05,880 --> 00:04:08,580
+basically stories from the Bible, basically
+
+62
+00:04:08,580 --> 00:04:13,300
+allegorical stories, where the main characters are
+
+63
+00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:17,240
+biblical religious characters. So sometimes it
+
+64
+00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:19,540
+could be funny now, but this is what happened. And
+
+65
+00:04:19,540 --> 00:04:22,900
+the same thing is being repeated by John Bunyan in
+
+66
+00:04:22,900 --> 00:04:29,330
+around 1678 and later on. In the past, in the
+
+67
+00:04:29,330 --> 00:04:32,250
+medieval drama, the main characters would be named
+
+68
+00:04:32,250 --> 00:04:34,830
+after the virtues or the vices. So someone would
+
+69
+00:04:34,830 --> 00:04:37,910
+be named Charity. And someone would be named
+
+70
+00:04:37,910 --> 00:04:43,150
+Jealousy. Someone would be named Greed. And then
+
+71
+00:04:43,150 --> 00:04:46,830
+at the end of the play, Jealousy is beaten, or
+
+72
+00:04:46,830 --> 00:04:51,050
+Greed is punched in the face, and charity wins,
+
+73
+00:04:51,550 --> 00:04:54,370
+teaching you religious and moral lessons that
+
+74
+00:04:54,370 --> 00:04:58,010
+charity, not in this simplistic way, but more,
+
+75
+00:04:58,130 --> 00:05:00,290
+more or less. The main character in The Pilgrim's
+
+76
+00:05:00,290 --> 00:05:03,290
+Progress is named? Christian.
+
+77
+00:05:06,790 --> 00:05:11,050
+Christian, because he is a religious person. He's
+
+78
+00:05:11,050 --> 00:05:15,770
+a Christian. He is a Christian. And he goes into
+
+79
+00:05:15,770 --> 00:05:19,790
+all sorts of difficult journeys, facing, for
+
+80
+00:05:19,790 --> 00:05:21,710
+example, the giant despair. If you look at the
+
+81
+00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:24,990
+book, for example, page 61, there is this giant
+
+82
+00:05:24,990 --> 00:05:29,150
+despair. Despair is an idea, an abstract concept,
+
+83
+00:05:29,270 --> 00:05:32,510
+right? Despair, when you give up hope. But here,
+
+84
+00:05:32,790 --> 00:05:36,370
+it is characterized. It is presented to us as a
+
+85
+00:05:36,370 --> 00:05:39,770
+human, as a person, in order to create this kind
+
+86
+00:05:39,770 --> 00:05:43,670
+of allegory, the allegory of a Christian person
+
+87
+00:05:43,670 --> 00:05:46,750
+who faces all sorts of difficulties. And because
+
+88
+00:05:46,750 --> 00:05:49,350
+he's good, because he follows the teachings of
+
+89
+00:05:49,350 --> 00:05:53,320
+Christ, of God, he wins then. And that's it. So
+
+90
+00:05:53,320 --> 00:05:55,520
+simply speaking, the text is about the religious
+
+91
+00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:59,760
+values, about seeking stability, about following,
+
+92
+00:06:00,360 --> 00:06:02,860
+about criticizing. Of course, when you are calling
+
+93
+00:06:02,860 --> 00:06:07,780
+for religious values and emphasizing the Christian
+
+94
+00:06:07,780 --> 00:06:13,360
+faith in God, what you should be, okay, in a way,
+
+95
+00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:16,740
+you're also criticizing the society. So this, in a
+
+96
+00:06:16,740 --> 00:06:18,880
+sense, the text is political in this regard
+
+97
+00:06:18,880 --> 00:06:22,180
+because It is suggesting that the society we're
+
+98
+00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:24,880
+living in is corrupt, purely corrupt, because of
+
+99
+00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,880
+the politics, because of the division. And the
+
+100
+00:06:27,880 --> 00:06:30,540
+only way out of this is to go back to the
+
+101
+00:06:30,540 --> 00:06:34,580
+Christian values. So this is a pilgrim's progress
+
+102
+00:06:34,580 --> 00:06:36,460
+moral. We're not going to take extracts, but
+
+103
+00:06:36,460 --> 00:06:38,520
+again, every time you are interested in knowing
+
+104
+00:06:38,520 --> 00:06:41,640
+more, you just Google the text or go to YouTube
+
+105
+00:06:41,640 --> 00:06:45,720
+and you can read more extracts and listen to
+
+106
+00:06:45,720 --> 00:06:49,340
+people recite them. Really interesting stuff. So
+
+107
+00:06:49,340 --> 00:06:53,680
+what else does it use to resemble medieval
+
+108
+00:06:53,680 --> 00:06:56,560
+literature? Number one, the allegory. Allegory.
+
+109
+00:06:57,870 --> 00:07:01,410
+Again, allegory doesn't mean necessarily old or
+
+110
+00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,430
+ancient literature. But in the past, many writers
+
+111
+00:07:05,430 --> 00:07:08,050
+and authors would use allegory to make an idea
+
+112
+00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,690
+clear and simplify something. Even now, we use
+
+113
+00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,150
+this. But generally, we use it to talk to kids, to
+
+114
+00:07:15,150 --> 00:07:18,690
+write stuff for children. But it doesn't mean this
+
+115
+00:07:18,690 --> 00:07:21,550
+is simplistic. It could be very profound. So the
+
+116
+00:07:21,550 --> 00:07:24,170
+allegory. The other technique is the dream vision,
+
+117
+00:07:24,710 --> 00:07:28,670
+like the dream of the root itself. It's typical
+
+118
+00:07:28,670 --> 00:07:32,990
+dream of Darwin. It also takes from the medieval
+
+119
+00:07:32,990 --> 00:07:37,910
+features of naming the characters after the thing
+
+120
+00:07:37,910 --> 00:07:41,870
+they abide by or something. So there's Christian,
+
+121
+00:07:42,350 --> 00:07:44,550
+and there's the giant despair, there is vanity
+
+122
+00:07:44,550 --> 00:07:48,410
+fear also that he has to overcome. What is the
+
+123
+00:07:48,410 --> 00:07:53,170
+theme? It's generally about emphasizing Christian
+
+124
+00:07:53,170 --> 00:07:57,550
+faith. While doing this, the text is criticizing
+
+125
+00:07:57,550 --> 00:08:01,870
+and questioning the values of modern life. What is
+
+126
+00:08:01,870 --> 00:08:04,190
+the book suggesting? Suggesting the only way out
+
+127
+00:08:04,190 --> 00:08:06,430
+of this corruption and political division and
+
+128
+00:08:06,430 --> 00:08:11,610
+restlessness is going back to the Christian
+
+129
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:16,470
+values, original Christian values. And in the
+
+130
+00:08:16,470 --> 00:08:18,470
+book, there is an extract. Could you please go to
+
+131
+00:08:18,470 --> 00:08:24,060
+62, yeah. There is an extract. Can someone read?
+
+132
+00:08:24,560 --> 00:08:27,580
+And listen, it says here, some of Banyan words are
+
+133
+00:08:27,580 --> 00:08:31,900
+still sung today in British churches. So it's not
+
+134
+00:08:31,900 --> 00:08:36,060
+only the Bible, but religious texts, poetry is
+
+135
+00:08:36,060 --> 00:08:39,000
+sung there. Someone read, there is no
+
+136
+00:08:39,000 --> 00:08:43,860
+discouragement. Okay, Ruaq. It's not discouraging,
+
+137
+00:08:44,320 --> 00:08:49,200
+but making one willing his first born child to be
+
+138
+00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,170
+a believer. He wants to be a pilgrim. He wants to
+
+139
+00:08:52,170 --> 00:08:57,770
+go to God to achieve the Christian values.
+
+140
+00:09:00,490 --> 00:09:04,010
+No obstacle, no barrier can prevent him because he
+
+141
+00:09:04,010 --> 00:09:07,930
+already has the intention. He has the intent, the
+
+142
+00:09:07,930 --> 00:09:12,570
+avowed intent to be a pilgrim, to be a pilgrim. So
+
+143
+00:09:12,570 --> 00:09:15,310
+this is basically what we need to know for this
+
+144
+00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:20,370
+course about Banyan. The other thing is, going
+
+145
+00:09:20,370 --> 00:09:23,010
+again back here, satire.
+
+146
+00:09:26,730 --> 00:09:30,070
+What is satire? Let's talk about this before in
+
+147
+00:09:30,070 --> 00:09:31,990
+brief. What is it? How would you define it?
+
+148
+00:09:32,870 --> 00:09:37,150
+Satire. It's one of the few literary devices we
+
+149
+00:09:37,150 --> 00:09:41,630
+saw. We had Cesura, remember? Alliteration, irony,
+
+150
+00:09:42,810 --> 00:09:47,330
+satire, Piers Plowman, William Langland, remember?
+
+151
+00:09:48,350 --> 00:09:51,910
+What is satire? How would you define it? What does
+
+152
+00:09:51,910 --> 00:09:54,370
+it mean? You don't have to give me a perfect
+
+153
+00:09:54,370 --> 00:09:54,930
+definition.
+
+154
+00:09:57,460 --> 00:10:01,060
+Is it new to you? Is the theory new to you? Have
+
+155
+00:10:01,060 --> 00:10:04,980
+you heard of it before? No. I heard of it, but I
+
+156
+00:10:04,980 --> 00:10:07,420
+don't know exactly. It doesn't have to be exact.
+
+157
+00:10:07,500 --> 00:10:10,520
+What do you think it means? In what context? I
+
+158
+00:10:10,520 --> 00:10:13,520
+think it means when you say something, I don't
+
+159
+00:10:13,520 --> 00:10:17,720
+know. That's irony. If you say something and you
+
+160
+00:10:17,720 --> 00:10:19,900
+mean the opposite, you expect something and the
+
+161
+00:10:19,900 --> 00:10:23,930
+opposite happens. Generally, this is irony. Irony.
+
+162
+00:10:24,310 --> 00:10:27,330
+Like, oh, poor philosopher, he only has a little
+
+163
+00:10:27,330 --> 00:10:31,390
+gold in his coffer. But a little gold means a lot
+
+164
+00:10:31,390 --> 00:10:36,630
+of money, so this is ironic. Satire, basically, in
+
+165
+00:10:36,630 --> 00:10:40,030
+Arabic, it's hijab. And I have to give you the
+
+166
+00:10:40,030 --> 00:10:43,070
+Arabic meaning, because we know this. In Arabic
+
+167
+00:10:43,070 --> 00:10:45,930
+literature, in Arabic poetry, we have a lot of
+
+168
+00:10:45,930 --> 00:10:49,330
+hijab, a lot of satire. So a satirical text,
+
+169
+00:10:50,070 --> 00:10:55,460
+satire is It could be a genre, a type of poetry or
+
+170
+00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,680
+literature, or it could be a literary device,
+
+171
+00:10:57,780 --> 00:10:59,620
+could be part of a text, or the whole text could
+
+172
+00:10:59,620 --> 00:11:03,140
+be satire, where the author criticizes, attacks
+
+173
+00:11:03,140 --> 00:11:09,060
+either people or things, values, behavior, events,
+
+174
+00:11:09,180 --> 00:11:13,860
+the society itself. So that is satire. In Arabic
+
+175
+00:11:13,860 --> 00:11:16,760
+literature, we study this all the time because
+
+176
+00:11:16,760 --> 00:11:19,720
+there's this a lot of praise. The Arab poets loved
+
+177
+00:11:19,720 --> 00:11:24,520
+always to praise their tribes and to brag about
+
+178
+00:11:24,520 --> 00:11:28,580
+their achievements and how heroic they are. And
+
+179
+00:11:28,580 --> 00:11:32,320
+they sometimes would attack their opponents,
+
+180
+00:11:33,640 --> 00:11:40,560
+satirize them, criticize them, defame them. And
+
+181
+00:11:40,560 --> 00:11:44,610
+this is satire. It was there in the Arabic poetry
+
+182
+00:11:44,610 --> 00:11:49,030
+centuries ago. It is still there now. And it
+
+183
+00:11:49,030 --> 00:11:51,390
+started to appear more and more here in England,
+
+184
+00:11:52,490 --> 00:11:55,070
+in London mainly, because of the political
+
+185
+00:11:55,070 --> 00:11:59,030
+division. Remember, in the past, we had one enemy,
+
+186
+00:11:59,150 --> 00:12:01,970
+an external enemy threatening the peace and the
+
+187
+00:12:01,970 --> 00:12:05,090
+stability of the whole country. So poetry would be
+
+188
+00:12:05,090 --> 00:12:09,230
+mostly heroic. Against him? Against the invaders.
+
+189
+00:12:10,530 --> 00:12:13,570
+The epic poems, like Beowulf, for example. Who's
+
+190
+00:12:13,570 --> 00:12:20,730
+the enemy? An external, someone from outside. An
+
+191
+00:12:20,730 --> 00:12:24,030
+outsider who threatens the stability. But now
+
+192
+00:12:24,030 --> 00:12:28,960
+there is stability, and the king was executed. And
+
+193
+00:12:28,960 --> 00:12:31,800
+the commonwealth, Cromwell, and then his son was
+
+194
+00:12:31,800 --> 00:12:34,220
+removed, and the king was restored, and another
+
+195
+00:12:34,220 --> 00:12:38,200
+king was removed peacefully. So there was a lot of
+
+196
+00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,820
+political division. The king started to lose
+
+197
+00:12:40,820 --> 00:12:45,600
+power, and the government, the parliament became
+
+198
+00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:48,880
+more powerful. And if there is, again, politics,
+
+199
+00:12:49,680 --> 00:12:54,560
+election, right? There's always competition,
+
+200
+00:12:54,920 --> 00:13:00,520
+conflict. And of course, literature will react or
+
+201
+00:13:00,520 --> 00:13:03,060
+would be part of this. So people would be
+
+202
+00:13:03,060 --> 00:13:06,500
+attacking each other, like we saw this in the
+
+203
+00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:10,660
+Arabic culture, like in our Arabic heritage and
+
+204
+00:13:10,660 --> 00:13:13,360
+culture. Generally, if the enemy is an outsider,
+
+205
+00:13:13,520 --> 00:13:15,820
+everyone would be uniting against them. But when
+
+206
+00:13:15,820 --> 00:13:20,130
+there is no threat from outside, They would fight
+
+207
+00:13:20,130 --> 00:13:24,350
+inside. Exactly. And it happens. I had one
+
+208
+00:13:24,350 --> 00:13:27,790
+professor when I was doing my MA in London. who
+
+209
+00:13:27,790 --> 00:13:31,250
+said, generally, this is not a conspiracy theory.
+
+210
+00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:33,650
+It happens in a way or another. The Western
+
+211
+00:13:33,650 --> 00:13:36,970
+countries, always the imperialist countries, they
+
+212
+00:13:36,970 --> 00:13:39,910
+always seek an external enemy in order to create
+
+213
+00:13:39,910 --> 00:13:42,070
+stability inside, to unite the people on
+
+214
+00:13:42,070 --> 00:13:44,130
+something. It's happening in Israel, for example.
+
+215
+00:13:44,990 --> 00:13:48,190
+If they don't have us, the Palestinian, the native
+
+216
+00:13:48,190 --> 00:13:51,450
+Palestinian, as the enemy of everyone, they would
+
+217
+00:13:51,450 --> 00:13:54,770
+be fighting among themselves. So to create some
+
+218
+00:13:54,770 --> 00:13:57,890
+kind of unity, Someone has to come and fight.
+
+219
+00:13:57,890 --> 00:14:01,290
+Someone has to be the enemy and we are the enemy.
+
+220
+00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:07,550
+They use us to spook as the monster. So let's
+
+221
+00:14:07,550 --> 00:14:11,510
+unite against this. It happens everywhere.
+
+222
+00:14:12,710 --> 00:14:16,390
+So satire, like in Arabic again, became a thing
+
+223
+00:14:16,390 --> 00:14:19,550
+here. And when we speak about satire in Arabic, we
+
+224
+00:14:19,550 --> 00:14:22,770
+speak about sometimes the caliph himself, the
+
+225
+00:14:22,770 --> 00:14:26,670
+ruler, would take care of these poets who would
+
+226
+00:14:26,670 --> 00:14:29,890
+spend a lot of time attacking each other. Some
+
+227
+00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:32,250
+critics believe that in Arabic culture, the rulers
+
+228
+00:14:32,250 --> 00:14:35,570
+wanted this. Because number one, it's going to
+
+229
+00:14:35,570 --> 00:14:38,570
+distract people. You know distract? Instead of
+
+230
+00:14:38,570 --> 00:14:41,780
+paying attention to corruption in politics, You
+
+231
+00:14:41,780 --> 00:14:46,260
+are busy insulting each other. To the extent that
+
+232
+00:14:46,260 --> 00:14:49,240
+they were competitions. I'm sure you studied
+
+233
+00:14:49,240 --> 00:14:52,420
+Jarir, or Farazdakh, or Akhtal. There were always
+
+234
+00:14:52,420 --> 00:14:58,200
+these poetic battles between these. And in one
+
+235
+00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:02,440
+competition, I'm sure you heard of it before. They
+
+236
+00:15:02,440 --> 00:15:07,600
+wanted to hear the strongest line of poetry in
+
+237
+00:15:07,600 --> 00:15:09,160
+terms of satire and praise.
+
+238
+00:15:12,430 --> 00:15:15,910
+And it was, I think, Al-Akhtar started saying
+
+239
+00:15:15,910 --> 00:15:19,290
+that, bragging, you know, about himself and his
+
+240
+00:15:19,290 --> 00:15:22,730
+ability. He was saying, ana al-qutran wa al-shu
+
+241
+00:15:22,730 --> 00:15:26,390
+'ara'u jarba, wa fil-qutrani lil-jarba shifa. You
+
+242
+00:15:26,390 --> 00:15:30,050
+know, qutran, tar. In the past, when a camel would
+
+243
+00:15:30,050 --> 00:15:34,650
+have this disease, they would put tar, qutran, so
+
+244
+00:15:34,650 --> 00:15:37,190
+it doesn't infect other animals.
+
+245
+00:15:40,340 --> 00:15:50,440
+So he's saying, I heal you. I'm more powerful than
+
+246
+00:15:50,440 --> 00:15:52,780
+you. Oh, strong. And then Al-Farazdaq was like,
+
+247
+00:15:58,940 --> 00:16:02,460
+If your disease can be healed by tar or by
+
+248
+00:16:02,460 --> 00:16:06,860
+anything, I am the plague, the black death or
+
+249
+00:16:06,860 --> 00:16:13,020
+plague. It was Jarir who had to say something
+
+250
+00:16:13,020 --> 00:16:16,820
+last, and we know Jarir always wins. And he was
+
+251
+00:16:16,820 --> 00:16:20,640
+like, ana almoutu allathee ati alaykum, falaysa
+
+252
+00:16:20,640 --> 00:16:25,000
+liharibin minhu najam. This is, in part, you're
+
+253
+00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:28,280
+praising yourself, but you're also attacking,
+
+254
+00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,100
+criticizing, satirizing your opponent. We've seen
+
+255
+00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:34,700
+this everywhere. We've seen Antara do this all,
+
+256
+00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:37,140
+all the time. There are two types, generally two
+
+257
+00:16:37,140 --> 00:16:40,120
+types of satire. Number one, general, where you
+
+258
+00:16:40,120 --> 00:16:44,440
+criticize things in general. Like, OK, I hate the
+
+259
+00:16:44,440 --> 00:16:47,420
+society. The society is not good. It's bad that
+
+260
+00:16:47,420 --> 00:16:51,240
+people are spending much time online, or people
+
+261
+00:16:51,240 --> 00:16:53,820
+are hypocrites. They think they tell you they like
+
+262
+00:16:53,820 --> 00:16:56,420
+you, but they stab you in the back. This is
+
+263
+00:16:56,420 --> 00:16:58,820
+generally without naming names, without naming
+
+264
+00:16:58,820 --> 00:17:04,200
+events or specific situations. And there is open,
+
+265
+00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:08,000
+personal, and direct. Like where in the text you
+
+266
+00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:12,700
+have someone named. someone's name or an event,
+
+267
+00:17:13,220 --> 00:17:16,020
+like a particular situation, a particular person,
+
+268
+00:17:16,140 --> 00:17:18,200
+a particular political party, you name them, this
+
+269
+00:17:18,200 --> 00:17:21,860
+is direct and personal. In both types, we have
+
+270
+00:17:21,860 --> 00:17:26,440
+implicit or explicit. Like you read the line and
+
+271
+00:17:26,440 --> 00:17:29,280
+you say, yeah, why is he attacking this? But
+
+272
+00:17:29,280 --> 00:17:31,720
+sometimes you read the line and there is what we
+
+273
+00:17:31,720 --> 00:17:38,100
+call subtle. You know subtle? Subtle, with a
+
+274
+00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,960
+silent T. Subtle means implied, not everyone can
+
+275
+00:17:41,960 --> 00:17:49,540
+see or understand. Hidden. Hidden. Do you
+
+276
+00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:52,760
+know Al-Hutayqa? He's an Arab poet. He's probably
+
+277
+00:17:52,760 --> 00:17:55,180
+the most famous satirist in the Arabic literature.
+
+278
+00:17:56,040 --> 00:17:58,480
+He satirized everything. He attacked everybody. He
+
+279
+00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:02,800
+criticized everybody, even his wife. Everyone he
+
+280
+00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:03,940
+sees, he just attack him.
+
+281
+00:18:06,930 --> 00:18:10,850
+So his wife left him, naturally. And there was no
+
+282
+00:18:10,850 --> 00:18:13,310
+one at home. And it is said that he had a mirror.
+
+283
+00:18:13,410 --> 00:18:15,170
+And then he looked in the mirror. And when he saw
+
+284
+00:18:15,170 --> 00:18:20,490
+himself, he criticized himself. It is said that
+
+285
+00:18:20,490 --> 00:18:22,810
+some people doubt the story. They say it's not a
+
+286
+00:18:22,810 --> 00:18:28,510
+true story, that one person of the prophet's
+
+287
+00:18:28,510 --> 00:18:31,510
+companion He came to Omar Al-Khattab and said,
+
+288
+00:18:31,850 --> 00:18:34,370
+this man satirized me, he attacked me, he's
+
+289
+00:18:34,370 --> 00:18:37,230
+insulting me. He said, because Omar wants to hear
+
+290
+00:18:37,230 --> 00:18:39,610
+the other side of the story. What did he say? He
+
+291
+00:18:39,610 --> 00:18:44,590
+said, no,
+
+292
+00:18:48,330 --> 00:18:49,870
+it's not a true story because Omar Al-Khattab
+
+293
+00:18:49,870 --> 00:18:53,700
+should understand this because he knows. But it's
+
+294
+00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,900
+not a big deal here. The story is significant. So
+
+295
+00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:07,560
+Omar Khattab says, he said, someone else
+
+296
+00:19:07,560 --> 00:19:10,100
+was sitting there, a poet probably, and he said,
+
+297
+00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:17,560
+he almost killed him. I mean, unskinned him or you
+
+298
+00:19:17,560 --> 00:19:22,750
+know, deboned him like in a way that brutal. Why?
+
+299
+00:19:23,110 --> 00:19:26,490
+Because it's not clear. It's subtle, subtle. The
+
+300
+00:19:26,490 --> 00:19:30,490
+poet used, Ta3am kasi, bimana mat3oum maksi,
+
+301
+00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:35,350
+bimana inna untha kol wa shrab wa naam. Your job
+
+302
+00:19:35,350 --> 00:19:39,710
+is just to eat and to sleep. Don't go after great
+
+303
+00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:42,270
+things. You don't deserve them. You can't have
+
+304
+00:19:42,270 --> 00:19:46,070
+them. Just stay at home, eat, and drink, and
+
+305
+00:19:46,070 --> 00:19:49,770
+sleep. Fa innaka anta ta3am kasi. Sometimes it's
+
+306
+00:19:49,770 --> 00:19:52,880
+subtle poetry like this that It makes satire
+
+307
+00:19:52,880 --> 00:19:56,660
+really powerful. So again, whether personal or
+
+308
+00:19:56,660 --> 00:19:59,680
+impersonal. Again, personal or impersonal.
+
+309
+00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:02,840
+General, public, or specific individual. Or
+
+310
+00:20:02,840 --> 00:20:06,380
+subtle, meaning implied. You know implied? Not
+
+311
+00:20:06,380 --> 00:20:11,840
+anyone can understand it. Or explicit. Satire was
+
+312
+00:20:11,840 --> 00:20:14,460
+an important genre, became an important genre in
+
+313
+00:20:14,460 --> 00:20:18,140
+the 17th and 18th century. The most important
+
+314
+00:20:18,140 --> 00:20:20,920
+satirist is John Dryden. But we're going to study
+
+315
+00:20:20,920 --> 00:20:25,080
+another poet before him. His name is John Wilmot.
+
+316
+00:20:25,620 --> 00:20:29,780
+So many Johns, right? Focus on the second name
+
+317
+00:20:29,780 --> 00:20:32,960
+always. If you can't remember in the exam the
+
+318
+00:20:32,960 --> 00:20:35,440
+first name, it's not a problem. Just go for the
+
+319
+00:20:35,440 --> 00:20:42,250
+second. So his text is, A Satire Against Mankind.
+
+320
+00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:47,930
+Without reading the text, the title of the poem
+
+321
+00:20:47,930 --> 00:20:51,970
+suggests that this is impersonal general where he
+
+322
+00:20:51,970 --> 00:20:54,570
+is attacking not one person in particular, he's
+
+323
+00:20:54,570 --> 00:20:57,950
+attacking the whole society. And indeed, he was
+
+324
+00:20:57,950 --> 00:21:02,210
+against, he was attacking, criticizing the
+
+325
+00:21:02,210 --> 00:21:04,670
+academia, the politics, the church, religion,
+
+326
+00:21:05,110 --> 00:21:10,090
+people, everything. The whole society. And this is
+
+327
+00:21:10,090 --> 00:21:13,170
+an extract, a really interesting extract. But
+
+328
+00:21:13,170 --> 00:21:17,490
+notice in the book, it says, I'd be a god. Yeah,
+
+329
+00:21:17,650 --> 00:21:20,430
+but here, the original text, I think it says a
+
+330
+00:21:20,430 --> 00:21:24,110
+dog, because it fits more. Because dog, monkey,
+
+331
+00:21:24,270 --> 00:21:28,090
+and bear. Someone read. Please. I'd be a dog, a
+
+332
+00:21:28,090 --> 00:21:33,670
+monkey, or a bear, or anything but that
+
+333
+00:21:33,670 --> 00:21:36,850
+vain animal who is so proud of being rational.
+
+334
+00:21:37,110 --> 00:21:40,760
+Very good. Yeah. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a
+
+335
+00:21:40,760 --> 00:21:45,240
+bear. Bear. Or anything but that vain animal who
+
+336
+00:21:45,240 --> 00:21:48,280
+is so proud of being rational. Of being rational.
+
+337
+00:21:48,560 --> 00:21:52,460
+Yeah, please. I'd be a dog, a monkey, or a bear.
+
+338
+00:21:52,660 --> 00:21:58,260
+Bear. Bear. What does bear mean? Bear. Who is so
+
+339
+00:21:58,260 --> 00:22:02,400
+proud of being rational. Who? Okay, so who's he
+
+340
+00:22:02,400 --> 00:22:07,900
+criticizing? Who's the vain animal? He keeps
+
+341
+00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:11,480
+saying, oh, mankind. Mankind. The title suggests
+
+342
+00:22:11,480 --> 00:22:14,880
+this. But in the poem here, he says, I'd rather be
+
+343
+00:22:14,880 --> 00:22:20,080
+an animal. You know, an animal that doesn't talk,
+
+344
+00:22:20,180 --> 00:22:21,780
+communicate, understands, doesn't have an
+
+345
+00:22:21,780 --> 00:22:25,440
+intellectual. It's not rational. But not this vain
+
+346
+00:22:25,440 --> 00:22:31,440
+animal. Vain means too proud. Maghrur. Like a man
+
+347
+00:22:31,440 --> 00:22:36,270
+who's like too proud of himself. A show off. who's
+
+348
+00:22:36,270 --> 00:22:39,490
+proud, who's so proud of being rational because
+
+349
+00:22:39,490 --> 00:22:45,850
+man is worse in his opinion than an animal, than a
+
+350
+00:22:45,850 --> 00:22:49,950
+dog or a monkey or a bear. This is satire, but
+
+351
+00:22:49,950 --> 00:22:53,850
+satire not against you or you or me, it's against
+
+352
+00:22:53,850 --> 00:22:57,270
+mankind in general. This is called impersonal
+
+353
+00:22:57,270 --> 00:23:05,170
+satire. Okay? What is the rhyme scheme? A, B, B.
+
+354
+00:23:05,750 --> 00:23:09,810
+A, B, B. True. So how would you comment on this?
+
+355
+00:23:09,990 --> 00:23:15,690
+Say this extract is by John Wilbert from the text,
+
+356
+00:23:16,230 --> 00:23:23,250
+Assetire Against Mankind. In this text, the poet
+
+357
+00:23:23,250 --> 00:23:27,510
+is criticizing mankind, humanity in general, human
+
+358
+00:23:27,510 --> 00:23:33,350
+beings in general. In his opinion, he prefers to
+
+359
+00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:40,620
+be It's better to be an animal, a dog, a monkey,
+
+360
+00:23:40,720 --> 00:23:43,620
+or a bear, rather than a human being, because
+
+361
+00:23:43,620 --> 00:23:48,080
+humans are corrupt, vain, and too proud of
+
+362
+00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:52,820
+themselves. That simple. Does it reflect the age?
+
+363
+00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:59,600
+Yes, because a society with political division and
+
+364
+00:23:59,600 --> 00:24:05,010
+infighting creates satire, creates bad behavior
+
+365
+00:24:05,010 --> 00:24:08,070
+and bad reaction. The most important person we
+
+366
+00:24:08,070 --> 00:24:11,150
+have here is John Dryden. I think I mentioned John
+
+367
+00:24:11,150 --> 00:24:15,100
+Dryden before. Yeah, and we will go back probably
+
+368
+00:24:15,100 --> 00:24:18,340
+later on to him. John Dryden is one of the four
+
+369
+00:24:18,340 --> 00:24:22,040
+people who satirized John Donne, who attacked John
+
+370
+00:24:22,040 --> 00:24:24,040
+Donne, who didn't consider John Donne a poet,
+
+371
+00:24:24,160 --> 00:24:27,180
+because this man follows the rules of decorum,
+
+372
+00:24:27,380 --> 00:24:30,040
+neoclassicism, classical rules of decorum, and
+
+373
+00:24:30,040 --> 00:24:34,900
+John Donne did it. So John Dryden, who by the way
+
+374
+00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:39,960
+lived during the Commonwealth, and was considered
+
+375
+00:24:39,960 --> 00:24:42,820
+the poet laureate. You know poet laureate?
+
+376
+00:24:47,240 --> 00:24:50,000
+Poet laureate, like some kind of prince of poet.
+
+377
+00:24:50,740 --> 00:24:54,920
+Prince of poets. Yeah, but if when someone dies,
+
+378
+00:24:55,060 --> 00:24:57,700
+someone follows. That's the story. So we don't
+
+379
+00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:00,280
+only have one prince of poets or poet laureate.
+
+380
+00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:04,680
+When someone dies. So during the Commonwealth, he
+
+381
+00:25:04,680 --> 00:25:09,350
+wrote poetry praising Oliver Cromwell. When Oliver
+
+382
+00:25:09,350 --> 00:25:12,770
+Cromwell died, his son was removed. The king was
+
+383
+00:25:12,770 --> 00:25:16,090
+restored. He also wrote poetry praising the king.
+
+384
+00:25:16,170 --> 00:25:18,170
+And it's funny, this is what poets do sometimes.
+
+385
+00:25:18,610 --> 00:25:20,710
+It doesn't mean their poetry is not important,
+
+386
+00:25:20,850 --> 00:25:23,750
+significant if they do this. But sometimes they
+
+387
+00:25:23,750 --> 00:25:27,470
+want someone to support them financially and to
+
+388
+00:25:27,470 --> 00:25:30,550
+provide them with protection. You studied al
+
+389
+00:25:30,550 --> 00:25:32,810
+-Mutanabbi, the greatest Arab poet. He wrote the
+
+390
+00:25:32,810 --> 00:25:36,070
+best poetry praising Kafur al-Khashidi when he
+
+391
+00:25:36,070 --> 00:25:41,830
+left Aleppo, safe at Dawla, and he went to Egypt
+
+392
+00:25:41,830 --> 00:25:47,130
+expecting to be given some place to rule. When he
+
+393
+00:25:47,130 --> 00:25:50,230
+wasn't given that, he wrote also one of his best
+
+394
+00:25:50,230 --> 00:25:53,050
+poems ever, satirizing and attacking Kafur al
+
+395
+00:25:53,050 --> 00:25:55,730
+-Khshiri. It's the same poem. The famous poem,
+
+396
+00:25:56,050 --> 00:25:59,230
+It's
+
+397
+00:25:59,230 --> 00:26:01,810
+a satire poem in a way or another. Because he
+
+398
+00:26:01,810 --> 00:26:06,450
+attacks the Egyptians of that time, Kafur al
+
+399
+00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:09,790
+-Khshiri and his people. So poets sometimes want
+
+400
+00:26:10,350 --> 00:26:14,290
+to go with the current. Not all of them, but some
+
+401
+00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:17,110
+of them. It doesn't make the poetry less important
+
+402
+00:26:17,110 --> 00:26:20,570
+or less significant. So he lost his position as
+
+403
+00:26:20,570 --> 00:26:23,510
+the poet laureate because when the king was
+
+404
+00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:27,210
+restored, things were different. He wrote several
+
+405
+00:26:27,210 --> 00:26:31,110
+texts. One of them is Absalom and Astrophel. Don't
+
+406
+00:26:31,110 --> 00:26:37,530
+confuse this with Astrophel and Stella. Okay, by
+
+407
+00:26:37,530 --> 00:26:42,570
+Spencer or Spencer, right? Not Spencer.
+
+408
+00:26:45,270 --> 00:26:51,410
+Sir Philip Sidney. Okay, read this. Someone else,
+
+409
+00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:54,810
+please. Oh, someone else. Sorry. I want to make
+
+410
+00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:58,110
+you all participants. Yes. But true or false are
+
+411
+00:26:58,110 --> 00:27:01,230
+necessary things to raise up commonwealth and to
+
+412
+00:27:01,230 --> 00:27:04,910
+ruin kings. To ruin kings. Someone else, please.
+
+413
+00:27:05,370 --> 00:27:09,710
+But true or false are necessary things to raise up
+
+414
+00:27:09,710 --> 00:27:11,070
+commonwealth and to ruin kings. To raise. To raise
+
+415
+00:27:11,070 --> 00:27:13,790
+up commonwealth and to ruin kings. To ruin kings.
+
+416
+00:27:14,650 --> 00:27:17,530
+Before we comment on this, look at the perfect
+
+417
+00:27:17,530 --> 00:27:22,010
+rhyme scheme. Perfect rhyme scheme. A-A. It's a
+
+418
+00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:26,720
+couplet. Is it a couplet? Let's check. How many
+
+419
+00:27:26,720 --> 00:27:31,740
+syllables? Syllables are not the same? 1, 2, 3, 4,
+
+420
+00:27:31,900 --> 00:27:39,840
+5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
+
+421
+00:27:39,940 --> 00:27:45,600
+10. It's not ruined. Ruined two syllables. Ruined.
+
+422
+00:27:47,670 --> 00:27:50,030
+And it's about one idea. So this is a perfect
+
+423
+00:27:50,030 --> 00:27:52,990
+couple. But again, this is Dryden. He sticks to
+
+424
+00:27:52,990 --> 00:27:57,030
+the number of syllables. What are plots? I think
+
+425
+00:27:57,030 --> 00:28:01,730
+we mentioned the word plot before. Plot means in a
+
+426
+00:28:01,730 --> 00:28:09,470
+literary work. But in a paragraph. In a story. The
+
+427
+00:28:09,470 --> 00:28:13,690
+plot is the way the events are arranged in a
+
+428
+00:28:13,690 --> 00:28:16,730
+particular story. So first he wakes up, then he
+
+429
+00:28:16,730 --> 00:28:19,930
+goes back, and then he dreams about something, and
+
+430
+00:28:19,930 --> 00:28:22,270
+then he remembers something, and then he goes, and
+
+431
+00:28:22,270 --> 00:28:24,730
+then he meets somebody, and then they get married,
+
+432
+00:28:24,830 --> 00:28:27,070
+and they have kids, and they live happily ever
+
+433
+00:28:27,070 --> 00:28:31,270
+after. This is the plot. The arrangement of the
+
+434
+00:28:31,270 --> 00:28:33,790
+events in a story. But plots here is totally
+
+435
+00:28:33,790 --> 00:28:40,900
+different. He's not talking about literature. If I
+
+436
+00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,280
+plot against you, I want to do something, a
+
+437
+00:28:44,280 --> 00:28:50,370
+devilish plan. You fail, or so I become more
+
+438
+00:28:50,370 --> 00:28:53,550
+important than you. So people think you are to
+
+439
+00:28:53,550 --> 00:28:57,510
+plot against someone, to scheme, to plan, to plan
+
+440
+00:28:57,510 --> 00:29:01,010
+something negative, generally like a muamara, like
+
+441
+00:29:01,010 --> 00:29:04,790
+to conspire against someone. So plots here are
+
+442
+00:29:04,790 --> 00:29:09,870
+like muamara. What are you plotting? Your camera
+
+443
+00:29:09,870 --> 00:29:12,110
+and your friends are whispering. What are you
+
+444
+00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:15,250
+plotting? What are you planning to do without me?
+
+445
+00:29:16,810 --> 00:29:21,750
+Plots, true or false, are like politics. True or
+
+446
+00:29:21,750 --> 00:29:26,980
+false are necessary things that mean The end
+
+447
+00:29:26,980 --> 00:29:30,640
+justifies the means here. The means justified by
+
+448
+00:29:30,640 --> 00:29:34,300
+the end. Why? To raise up commonwealth. The very
+
+449
+00:29:34,300 --> 00:29:38,460
+term commonwealth is there. Political satire. To
+
+450
+00:29:38,460 --> 00:29:43,740
+raise up commonwealth and ruin kings. Is he being
+
+451
+00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:46,680
+sarcastic? I can't tell here. We don't have enough
+
+452
+00:29:46,680 --> 00:29:50,020
+context. But this is some kind of satire. An
+
+453
+00:29:50,020 --> 00:29:52,900
+attack against the political situation. Political
+
+454
+00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:56,430
+plotting. It's not clear to me in this couplet.
+
+455
+00:29:57,910 --> 00:30:01,470
+Maybe he's attacking the commonwealth. Or both.
+
+456
+00:30:02,170 --> 00:30:05,510
+But there's clear attack satire against the
+
+457
+00:30:05,510 --> 00:30:08,970
+political situation of his time. A situation that,
+
+458
+00:30:09,210 --> 00:30:13,210
+instead of improving the society, we have plotting
+
+459
+00:30:13,210 --> 00:30:18,730
+against each other. In a way, this is more
+
+460
+00:30:18,730 --> 00:30:24,060
+specific than Wilmot, Wilmot, Mankind. And this
+
+461
+00:30:24,060 --> 00:30:28,660
+one he chooses politics and politicians. Next,
+
+462
+00:30:29,740 --> 00:30:33,800
+another text by someone read and tell me what you
+
+463
+00:30:33,800 --> 00:30:35,140
+think. I don't want to comment first.
+
+464
+00:30:38,180 --> 00:30:43,300
+Yeah, someone read first, please. Someone find
+
+465
+00:30:43,300 --> 00:30:47,280
+meaning, make better, but not well delivered.
+
+466
+00:30:48,460 --> 00:30:54,010
+Deviates into? Very good. More? Yes, please. Okay,
+
+467
+00:31:00,870 --> 00:31:03,930
+very good. What do you think? What kind of satire
+
+468
+00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:06,090
+is this? What is he saying?
+
+469
+00:31:08,770 --> 00:31:12,530
+between him and another poet. Okay, so there is a
+
+470
+00:31:12,530 --> 00:31:15,950
+name of a person. Shadwell. Shadwell. Is this
+
+471
+00:31:15,950 --> 00:31:18,510
+personal or impersonal? Personal. Specific or
+
+472
+00:31:18,510 --> 00:31:21,990
+general? Direct. Direct, specific. He mentions the
+
+473
+00:31:21,990 --> 00:31:26,470
+name of his rival. Shadwell is said to be a
+
+474
+00:31:26,470 --> 00:31:31,630
+literary rival of Dryden. And remember, Dryden
+
+475
+00:31:31,630 --> 00:31:35,270
+came after John Donne. But for him, John Donne and
+
+476
+00:31:35,270 --> 00:31:39,270
+his school was some kind of a rival. So he
+
+477
+00:31:39,270 --> 00:31:41,910
+attacked him. He trashed him. What is he saying?
+
+478
+00:31:42,730 --> 00:31:45,550
+Yeah. He's saying, I think, he's saying that his
+
+479
+00:31:45,550 --> 00:31:51,070
+word doesn't make sense. Whose work? Okay, the
+
+480
+00:31:51,070 --> 00:31:53,990
+rest to some faint meaning faint also here means
+
+481
+00:31:53,990 --> 00:31:57,350
+some kind of subtle implied like you could make
+
+482
+00:31:57,350 --> 00:32:01,810
+sense sometimes even if it is faint but Chad will
+
+483
+00:32:01,810 --> 00:32:08,390
+never it could be by the way never make sense
+
+484
+00:32:11,330 --> 00:32:15,450
+Shahab will never make sense. All his poetry is
+
+485
+00:32:15,450 --> 00:32:20,950
+nonsensical, trash, bad. But he doesn't say it
+
+486
+00:32:20,950 --> 00:32:27,290
+this way. He's more critical,
+
+487
+00:32:27,830 --> 00:32:32,590
+satirical. The satire is very sharp. OK. I think
+
+488
+00:32:32,590 --> 00:32:36,990
+it's more subtle because he doesn't say things
+
+489
+00:32:36,990 --> 00:32:39,570
+directly. OK. So the rest, maybe the rest of
+
+490
+00:32:39,570 --> 00:32:43,740
+poets. Like, there are bad poets. Maybe some of
+
+491
+00:32:43,740 --> 00:32:46,660
+them sometimes, sometimes, even a bad poet
+
+492
+00:32:46,660 --> 00:32:49,480
+sometimes can say good things, right? We're not
+
+493
+00:32:49,480 --> 00:32:51,300
+poets. Yeah, maybe some of you are. But we're not
+
+494
+00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:56,020
+poets. If we write 100 poems, maybe one or two or
+
+495
+00:32:56,020 --> 00:32:59,160
+three poems or three lines would be good. Because
+
+496
+00:32:59,160 --> 00:33:01,700
+when you write more, you will eventually say
+
+497
+00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,660
+something good. So some might give faint meaning,
+
+498
+00:33:06,300 --> 00:33:12,200
+make sense sometimes. But Chadwell never ever
+
+499
+00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:18,720
+makes sense, not even by mistake. Okay, see what I
+
+500
+00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:21,680
+mean here? So it's not that he never makes sense.
+
+501
+00:33:22,760 --> 00:33:26,400
+He never makes sense, not even by mistake. He
+
+502
+00:33:26,400 --> 00:33:33,250
+never deviates. His poetry is always bad. But
+
+503
+00:33:33,250 --> 00:33:35,990
+doesn't he sometimes, by mistake, writes good
+
+504
+00:33:35,990 --> 00:33:39,170
+poetry? Even that, no. And this is very sharp.
+
+505
+00:33:39,830 --> 00:33:42,910
+Very sharp, like you would never do a thing.
+
+506
+00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:46,030
+Because if you write poetry, I said this, if you
+
+507
+00:33:46,030 --> 00:33:48,830
+write poetry, a lot of poetry, even if you are a
+
+508
+00:33:48,830 --> 00:33:52,930
+bad poet, maybe you'll say something good. But
+
+509
+00:33:52,930 --> 00:33:57,010
+Chad will. He will never. Even by mistake, he
+
+510
+00:33:57,010 --> 00:34:00,070
+never
+
+511
+00:34:00,070 --> 00:34:04,880
+deviates. into common sense. Is this personal or
+
+512
+00:34:04,880 --> 00:34:07,940
+not? Yes. The name is there. The text is
+
+513
+00:34:07,940 --> 00:34:11,180
+McFlacknoe. Very strange name. Did Chadwin reply?
+
+514
+00:34:11,460 --> 00:34:14,180
+Sorry? Did Chadwin reply? I'll have to check. It's
+
+515
+00:34:14,180 --> 00:34:15,580
+interesting. I think if someone told me these
+
+516
+00:34:15,580 --> 00:34:19,180
+words I would never write again. Yeah, or you
+
+517
+00:34:19,180 --> 00:34:21,480
+would write more. Yeah. Because this kind of,
+
+518
+00:34:21,480 --> 00:34:24,120
+okay, you're attacking me, you're accusing me of
+
+519
+00:34:24,120 --> 00:34:26,720
+this. I'll show that I write better. That's
+
+520
+00:34:26,720 --> 00:34:30,120
+heartbreaking. It is. Yeah, some people when
+
+521
+00:34:30,120 --> 00:34:32,820
+attacked, oh, you write trash, this is bad
+
+522
+00:34:32,820 --> 00:34:35,240
+writing, you would give up. But some people would
+
+523
+00:34:35,240 --> 00:34:38,420
+take this as a challenge. So how can Shadwell
+
+524
+00:34:38,420 --> 00:34:43,080
+prove that he writes better? By writing more and
+
+525
+00:34:43,080 --> 00:34:45,440
+responding to him. And that's why we have more
+
+526
+00:34:45,440 --> 00:34:47,480
+literature. Remember again, always remember
+
+527
+00:34:47,480 --> 00:34:52,780
+Farazdaq and Tariq. Maybe he could write poems to
+
+528
+00:34:52,780 --> 00:34:55,940
+a king or a queen to impress them and to be
+
+529
+00:34:55,940 --> 00:35:00,700
+famous. Did you count the syllables? Is this a
+
+530
+00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:05,860
+couplet? It's in perfect tense. Perfect rhyme.
+
+531
+00:35:06,420 --> 00:35:11,260
+It's not about the letter. It's about a sound. And
+
+532
+00:35:11,260 --> 00:35:14,080
+don't be tricked by how long and how short this
+
+533
+00:35:14,080 --> 00:35:17,620
+is. Count the syllables. Ten, ten. Again, right
+
+534
+00:35:17,620 --> 00:35:20,980
+in. Perfect. We will not find this generally in
+
+535
+00:35:20,980 --> 00:35:22,880
+Dan. Because Dan doesn't care about the number of
+
+536
+00:35:22,880 --> 00:35:25,840
+syllables. He just cares more about the idea. And
+
+537
+00:35:25,840 --> 00:35:31,270
+finally, Another text by, listen, Dryden was
+
+538
+00:35:31,270 --> 00:35:33,770
+again, he was a famous poet, a famous dramatist,
+
+539
+00:35:33,850 --> 00:35:37,610
+and also a famous critic. Hopefully you study him
+
+540
+00:35:37,610 --> 00:35:40,830
+next year as a critic, a literary critic. You know
+
+541
+00:35:40,830 --> 00:35:45,090
+a literary critic? Naqed Adabi. Literary
+
+542
+00:35:45,090 --> 00:35:50,830
+criticism. In one of his final poems, it's called
+
+543
+00:35:50,830 --> 00:35:58,790
+The Secular Mask. Mask reminds us of The mask of
+
+544
+00:35:58,790 --> 00:36:04,630
+queens by? And it's mask, not mosque. It's not
+
+545
+00:36:04,630 --> 00:36:10,510
+mosque or mosquito. Mask because mask. Okay?
+
+546
+00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:17,130
+Secular, the opposite of religious probably. The
+
+547
+00:36:17,130 --> 00:36:21,830
+poem was written interestingly the last year of
+
+548
+00:36:21,830 --> 00:36:23,630
+the 18th,
+
+549
+00:36:25,190 --> 00:36:27,090
+what is it? Can you check? Can you double check?
+
+550
+00:36:32,310 --> 00:36:36,510
+The last year, yeah, it's 1700, the last year of
+
+551
+00:36:36,510 --> 00:36:41,030
+the 17th century. It ends the whole century. It
+
+552
+00:36:41,030 --> 00:36:44,290
+wraps things up. It's like people like, okay, two
+
+553
+00:36:44,290 --> 00:36:47,010
+minutes and the whole century will be up, and he
+
+554
+00:36:47,010 --> 00:36:50,450
+says, wait a minute, I have a poem. And he writes
+
+555
+00:36:50,450 --> 00:36:55,370
+a poem in a way or another to wrap up the whole
+
+556
+00:36:55,370 --> 00:36:59,270
+age. He's addressing who generally? Wars, lovers.
+
+557
+00:36:59,530 --> 00:37:08,400
+Thy wars. Thy meaning? Your. Thy? Your. Your wars.
+
+558
+00:37:08,640 --> 00:37:12,980
+Whose wars? The whole century. The whole 17th
+
+559
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:17,660
+century, the whole age. Thy wars brought nothing
+
+560
+00:37:17,660 --> 00:37:25,360
+about. Thy lovers were all untrue, fake. Tis, it
+
+561
+00:37:25,360 --> 00:37:31,130
+is, right? Tis well an old age is out. and time to
+
+562
+00:37:31,130 --> 00:37:38,790
+begin anew. Enough of this age. Enough of this. We
+
+563
+00:37:38,790 --> 00:37:43,730
+have had too much. And I think we should begin a
+
+564
+00:37:43,730 --> 00:37:47,650
+new life and turn, not a new leaf, a new page, but
+
+565
+00:37:47,650 --> 00:37:53,410
+a new book. A new way of life. The way wars
+
+566
+00:37:53,410 --> 00:37:58,930
+brought nothing about. It brought death and
+
+567
+00:37:58,930 --> 00:38:02,370
+destruction and corruption, right? But nothing
+
+568
+00:38:02,370 --> 00:38:06,730
+about this. We didn't benefit. And even my lovers,
+
+569
+00:38:06,990 --> 00:38:09,890
+the poets, the writers, the authors, they were all
+
+570
+00:38:09,890 --> 00:38:14,750
+fake. No one is genuine. It is well an old age is
+
+571
+00:38:14,750 --> 00:38:18,730
+out. It's an age that is dying. We have had enough
+
+572
+00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:23,830
+of this. So the best thing to do is to begin a new
+
+573
+00:38:23,830 --> 00:38:26,810
+one. And time to begin anew.
+
+574
+00:38:29,150 --> 00:38:31,070
+Interesting and easy. Is it difficult to
+
+575
+00:38:31,070 --> 00:38:36,090
+understand? So, can you check the rhyme scheme?
+
+576
+00:38:37,390 --> 00:38:45,030
+Did you count the syllables? All seven. How? One,
+
+577
+00:38:45,150 --> 00:38:49,750
+two, three, four, five, six, seven. And one, two,
+
+578
+00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:52,610
+three, four, five, six, seven. One, two, three,
+
+579
+00:38:52,770 --> 00:38:58,570
+four, five, six, seven. Here should be it is Oh,
+
+580
+00:38:58,630 --> 00:39:03,070
+yeah. Yeah, one. Tez. One, two, three, four, five,
+
+581
+00:39:03,150 --> 00:39:07,610
+six, seven. And again, remember Dryden always
+
+582
+00:39:07,610 --> 00:39:12,850
+sticks to the rules. So generally speaking, this
+
+583
+00:39:12,850 --> 00:39:16,450
+is the end of the Restoration.
+
+584
+00:39:19,210 --> 00:39:21,450
+A very interesting age in many ways.
+
+585
+00:39:27,400 --> 00:39:31,160
+Does anyone have any questions, please? Do you
+
+586
+00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:31,600
+have questions?
+
+587
+00:39:38,920 --> 00:39:45,740
+Yes? Okay, we'll stop here. And for the next
+
+588
+00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:49,560
+class, listen. We're taking this, this is off.
+
+589
+00:39:49,720 --> 00:39:51,420
+Restoration drama is off.
+
+590
+00:39:55,880 --> 00:39:58,340
+The rise of the novel. Yeah, we're going to begin
+
+591
+00:39:58,340 --> 00:40:02,000
+with the Augustan Age, the rise of the novel. So
+
+592
+00:40:02,000 --> 00:40:06,380
+we're jumping to page 77. And thank you very much.
+
+593
+00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:08,540
+If you have questions, please stay.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0209df0b5a7503d619951d8238cf101bf5249f33
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@@ -0,0 +1,1884 @@
+1
+00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:26,000
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we try to
+
+2
+00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:30,640
+wrap up our discussion on the Renaissance, the
+
+3
+00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,840
+Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages. So far we've
+
+4
+00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:38,400
+spoken about drama. We consider this the golden
+
+5
+00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:42,370
+age of drama. And then we spoke about poetry. But
+
+6
+00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:46,090
+don't forget that drama was mainly written in
+
+7
+00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:52,170
+poetry, in verse, not in prose. Okay? John Donne
+
+8
+00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,090
+was a poet. Shakespeare was a dramatist and a
+
+9
+00:00:55,090 --> 00:00:59,090
+poet. Marlowe was a dramatist and a poet. Major
+
+10
+00:00:59,090 --> 00:01:02,470
+dramatists were also poets because drama was
+
+11
+00:01:02,470 --> 00:01:07,390
+written in poetry. So today we move to speak about
+
+12
+00:01:07,390 --> 00:01:13,620
+prose. So far prose was not significant in many
+
+13
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,560
+ways because when it comes to literature, we only
+
+14
+00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:20,840
+have poetry so far. Poetry and drama. Poetry and
+
+15
+00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:22,920
+drama. And drama is poetry. Don't forget this.
+
+16
+00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:28,810
+Because we still don't have many people who can
+
+17
+00:01:28,810 --> 00:01:32,250
+read, and the printing press wasn't still, you
+
+18
+00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:38,990
+know, it's 200 years old in England, but still
+
+19
+00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:43,610
+printing books was not cheap. You had to have a
+
+20
+00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:45,830
+lot of money, and we didn't have a lot of people
+
+21
+00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:48,070
+who could read and write at that time. But
+
+22
+00:01:48,070 --> 00:01:51,070
+gradually, many people started to learn to read
+
+23
+00:01:51,070 --> 00:01:55,960
+and write. And this helped the rise of the middle
+
+24
+00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,980
+class. And the newspaper and journalism did an
+
+25
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,120
+amazing job in this regard. Today, we'll speak
+
+26
+00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:07,320
+about eight types of prose writing in the
+
+27
+00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:10,560
+Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages, or in the
+
+28
+00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:13,580
+Renaissance. We'll focus on three or four of them
+
+29
+00:02:13,580 --> 00:02:16,720
+because they are more significant than the other
+
+30
+00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,740
+part. So number one, remember English language
+
+31
+00:02:20,740 --> 00:02:25,240
+wasn't regulated in many ways. We had many ways of
+
+32
+00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,300
+spelling something. And remember, even Shakespeare
+
+33
+00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:31,750
+had his name. He spelled his name in 17 different
+
+34
+00:02:31,750 --> 00:02:35,150
+ways. That's a lot of ways. But gradually,
+
+35
+00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:40,250
+everything was being standardized here in a way
+
+36
+00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,110
+that people started to write dictionaries to
+
+37
+00:02:43,110 --> 00:02:45,850
+determine the right spelling of particular words.
+
+38
+00:02:46,330 --> 00:02:52,430
+But the most major, the most important and major
+
+39
+00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:56,210
+literary works or prose works that helped the
+
+40
+00:02:56,210 --> 00:02:59,800
+English language Number one, we have Shakespeare.
+
+41
+00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:05,100
+So Shakespearean texts, the drama itself, it
+
+42
+00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,180
+wasn't written to be read. Remember this. It was
+
+43
+00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:12,480
+written to be performed, acted on stage. And
+
+44
+00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,060
+that's crucial. That's why the dramatization is
+
+45
+00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:19,020
+important here. But Shakespeare helped shape the
+
+46
+00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:22,140
+English language. Because Shakespeare used the
+
+47
+00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,460
+language of, not the language of the Middle
+
+48
+00:03:24,460 --> 00:03:28,180
+English or Old English, but the language of of the
+
+49
+00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000
+Renaissance, the language of the people of that
+
+50
+00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,660
+time. So many people would be watching
+
+51
+00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:35,380
+Shakespeare, and they would totally understand his
+
+52
+00:03:35,380 --> 00:03:38,540
+stuff. And in addition to Shakespeare and other
+
+53
+00:03:38,540 --> 00:03:42,100
+literary texts, we have the prose writings. They
+
+54
+00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:45,460
+also help, number one, form the English language,
+
+55
+00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,600
+meaning give the English language the shape we
+
+56
+00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,240
+have now. Of course, it developed still a lot more
+
+57
+00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:56,480
+after that. But English had particular rules to be
+
+58
+00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,660
+followed easily. The other important reason mainly
+
+59
+00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:03,700
+for prose, so again, this is prose and Shakespeare
+
+60
+00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:06,120
+and other writers, but mainly Shakespeare, helped
+
+61
+00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,860
+give the English language the shape it has now.
+
+62
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:13,760
+The other important thing is that early prose, the
+
+63
+00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:19,080
+Renaissance prose, gave us again an idea about the
+
+64
+00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,960
+early prose writing, such as travel writing and
+
+65
+00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:24,880
+the novel itself. The novel wasn't, by the way,
+
+66
+00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:26,680
+the word novel means, do you know what it means?
+
+67
+00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:31,620
+Novel. It is, yeah, this is the definition. It's a
+
+68
+00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:33,560
+long story in prose. But what does it mean, the
+
+69
+00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:39,880
+word itself? Novel. In English. In English, the
+
+70
+00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,820
+word novel means new. New, yeah, you could say,
+
+71
+00:04:42,880 --> 00:04:46,610
+oh, this is a novel idea. And we have the word
+
+72
+00:04:46,610 --> 00:04:50,210
+novice. And I think in Arabic, we say novi, like
+
+73
+00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:55,650
+new. Because compared to poetry and drama, the
+
+74
+00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:01,010
+novel is new in many ways. So early Renaissance
+
+75
+00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:06,630
+prose writing helped give us examples of the many
+
+76
+00:05:06,630 --> 00:05:11,630
+forms of writings we had in later ages. So number
+
+77
+00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:17,980
+one. The major prose work is the Bible itself. The
+
+78
+00:05:17,980 --> 00:05:21,980
+Bible. Why are we speaking about the Bible here?
+
+79
+00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:23,880
+Yes.
+
+80
+00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,820
+Thank you very much. For over a thousand years and
+
+81
+00:05:29,820 --> 00:05:33,320
+this is in a way crazy. England is now a Christian
+
+82
+00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:37,840
+country. But the major book of Christianity was
+
+83
+00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,500
+not in English. There were some translations, but
+
+84
+00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:42,940
+they were not authorized. They were not good. It
+
+85
+00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:46,900
+was in Latin. And now King James. Remember King
+
+86
+00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:49,320
+James, the lover of literature, of drama? He
+
+87
+00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,180
+brought the mosques and everything. He also
+
+88
+00:05:52,180 --> 00:05:57,050
+helped, supported the translation of The Bible.
+
+89
+00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:00,310
+It's called the Authorized Version of the Bible.
+
+90
+00:06:00,830 --> 00:06:02,950
+There are a lot of similarities between the
+
+91
+00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,470
+language of the Bible and the language of
+
+92
+00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:08,270
+Shakespeare. There's something here, but it's not
+
+93
+00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:11,750
+something we are interested in. But because they
+
+94
+00:06:11,750 --> 00:06:15,610
+wrote it in a very poetic way. Some of it could be
+
+95
+00:06:15,610 --> 00:06:19,830
+poetic, but it's generally a prose book. And it's
+
+96
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:25,440
+King James I. And the Bible became the stories of
+
+97
+00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:29,120
+the Bible. The language of the Bible became part
+
+98
+00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:33,880
+of the lives of every English person living during
+
+99
+00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:40,660
+that time. So that's number one, the Bible. The
+
+100
+00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:42,640
+second type, you don't have to write this because
+
+101
+00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,840
+I already posted this on the Facebook group we
+
+102
+00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:51,450
+have. Just pay attention. So again, the authorized
+
+103
+00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:54,210
+version of the book. Authorized because it was
+
+104
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:00,110
+translated into English. He didn't do it himself.
+
+105
+00:07:00,430 --> 00:07:03,110
+Physically, he ordered, he supported, he paid
+
+106
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:07,150
+money for people to translate it. OK? The second
+
+107
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,030
+point, something called pamphlets. You know
+
+108
+00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:12,550
+pamphlets, like when you write two, three, like an
+
+109
+00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:15,950
+article, like three, five, 10 pages, and it can be
+
+110
+00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:19,750
+sold or given to particular people. Pamphlets.
+
+111
+00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:22,410
+They meld them. Like you have some of you here
+
+112
+00:07:22,410 --> 00:07:26,950
+have pamphlets of all particular topics. The
+
+113
+00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:30,710
+pamphlets were early examples of news articles.
+
+114
+00:07:31,830 --> 00:07:36,010
+But many of them focused on very comic issues,
+
+115
+00:07:36,690 --> 00:07:41,170
+comedy. Comedy. And again, remember we said at
+
+116
+00:07:41,170 --> 00:07:43,230
+that time, people considered tragedy more
+
+117
+00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:46,150
+important than comedy. It doesn't mean comedy is
+
+118
+00:07:46,150 --> 00:07:49,170
+not important. Because you still can criticize the
+
+119
+00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:53,030
+society in a funny way where sometimes you can
+
+120
+00:07:53,030 --> 00:07:56,070
+make fun of somebody. You can have a crazy person
+
+121
+00:07:56,070 --> 00:07:58,710
+make a joke about the king that in serious
+
+122
+00:07:58,710 --> 00:08:02,010
+situation cannot be accepted. But this is a crazy
+
+123
+00:08:02,010 --> 00:08:03,870
+person. This is comedy. This is for fun. Ha ha.
+
+124
+00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:09,370
+But in reality, even jokes and comedy can shake
+
+125
+00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:13,910
+the authority, can attack and criticize in their
+
+126
+00:08:13,910 --> 00:08:16,430
+own way. So what is the important thing about the
+
+127
+00:08:16,430 --> 00:08:20,810
+pamphlets? The fact that it used comedy to discuss
+
+128
+00:08:20,810 --> 00:08:26,650
+issues in the society, like thieves and cheats and
+
+129
+00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:31,250
+very funny stories. Again, comedy will start to be
+
+130
+00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,270
+more common. And this is taken in a way from
+
+131
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:40,270
+drama, from Shakespeare. In my opinion, travel
+
+132
+00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,150
+writings are the most important issue we'll have
+
+133
+00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:47,250
+to talk about today. Listen. Don't look here. Look
+
+134
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:53,090
+at me. What is travel writing? What do you think?
+
+135
+00:08:53,130 --> 00:08:56,090
+What is travel writing? Yeah. Writing about the
+
+136
+00:08:56,090 --> 00:08:58,690
+new discoveries. Okay. Remember we spoke about
+
+137
+00:08:58,690 --> 00:09:01,150
+the... The Renaissance. The Renaissance. Yes.
+
+138
+00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:03,550
+Geographical discoveries. Yes. What else? So
+
+139
+00:09:03,550 --> 00:09:05,510
+writing about the new discoveries. What else?
+
+140
+00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:07,880
+What?
+
+141
+00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:16,160
+Yeah. Stories about people who travel to the new
+
+142
+00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:23,180
+world or stories about imaginary countries. The
+
+143
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,460
+Tempest in Shakespeare is imaginary in many ways,
+
+144
+00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:28,320
+but there could be stories about other places
+
+145
+00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,320
+around the world. And travel writing was very
+
+146
+00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,460
+crucial for three main reasons, like I say here.
+
+147
+00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:41,400
+Number one, when you write about other places,
+
+148
+00:09:41,540 --> 00:09:44,280
+when people at that time wrote about other places,
+
+149
+00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:47,860
+sometimes they would describe the perfect society.
+
+150
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:54,930
+It's called the utopia. What's the utopia? Utopia
+
+151
+00:09:54,930 --> 00:09:58,510
+means the perfect country, the perfect place.
+
+152
+00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:04,250
+Madina al-fadila in Arabic. The utopia. And
+
+153
+00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:07,890
+actually, it doesn't exist in real life. But when
+
+154
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,430
+you imagine it, when you write extensively about
+
+155
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:14,930
+this, it's because of two things here. Number one,
+
+156
+00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:21,770
+you want to change. your own society to improve
+
+157
+00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,050
+it, to tell people, see, this is what should
+
+158
+00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:28,170
+happen. Or because you want to attack and
+
+159
+00:10:28,170 --> 00:10:28,630
+criticize.
+
+160
+00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:35,690
+You want to attack particular vices in your
+
+161
+00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:38,630
+society. If this is a perfect, if you write, for
+
+162
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:42,790
+example, a story about Gaza where there are no
+
+163
+00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:46,530
+problems, everything is fine, there is, you know,
+
+164
+00:10:46,630 --> 00:10:50,110
+there are no taxes here, the borders are not
+
+165
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,110
+closed all the time, you can easily travel
+
+166
+00:10:52,110 --> 00:10:54,770
+wherever you want, you can buy whatever you want,
+
+167
+00:10:54,970 --> 00:10:58,670
+don't have trouble with transportation. This could
+
+168
+00:10:58,670 --> 00:11:02,800
+be an attack on the fact that this society is It's
+
+169
+00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:06,820
+horrible. Or a dream. You're dreaming of a better
+
+170
+00:11:06,820 --> 00:11:09,700
+future. You're saying that there should be a
+
+171
+00:11:09,700 --> 00:11:14,340
+better life here. And this is something that was
+
+172
+00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:17,760
+this text actually. The Utopia was a book written
+
+173
+00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,860
+by, we'll see in the next slide here, by someone
+
+174
+00:11:20,860 --> 00:11:25,580
+called Thomas Moore. The Utopia. The Utopia is
+
+175
+00:11:25,580 --> 00:11:30,570
+actually a travel writing by Thomas Moore. Not
+
+176
+00:11:30,570 --> 00:11:33,770
+Thomas Less, Thomas Moore. Even his name once
+
+177
+00:11:33,770 --> 00:11:38,890
+more. Like Oliver Twist, if you know. Please, sir.
+
+178
+00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:47,870
+Okay? So why does Thomas Moore discuss this utopia
+
+179
+00:11:47,870 --> 00:11:51,430
+in his book, this perfect world? Possibly because
+
+180
+00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:54,350
+he's encouraging people to change their own
+
+181
+00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:58,750
+society. He's giving them a model for the perfect
+
+182
+00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:02,070
+society, a society without corruption and sins and
+
+183
+00:12:02,070 --> 00:12:05,770
+everything. Or he's attacking the society because
+
+184
+00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:08,990
+he can't show the right model and we're very far
+
+185
+00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:14,030
+away from this. Now, the other significant point
+
+186
+00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:19,070
+for our course is colonialism. I'll write it here,
+
+187
+00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:20,010
+colonialism.
+
+188
+00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:26,370
+How many times did we mention colonialism? Three,
+
+189
+00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:30,910
+not four. Remember colonialism and imperialism?
+
+190
+00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:35,450
+Now, this book is good, really. The textbook we
+
+191
+00:12:35,450 --> 00:12:39,030
+have here is really good. But in many ways, it
+
+192
+00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:43,050
+misrepresents something. It hides some truth, some
+
+193
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:48,010
+facts. And it presents the British Empire and the
+
+194
+00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,650
+English history as pure, without evil, without
+
+195
+00:12:51,650 --> 00:12:52,970
+wrongdoing sometimes.
+
+196
+00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,640
+When the book speaks about colonialism and
+
+197
+00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:01,960
+occupying other places in Africa, in America, in
+
+198
+00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:07,200
+Asia, they speak about the colonial glory, the
+
+199
+00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,500
+great geographical discoveries. And beneath that,
+
+200
+00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:13,020
+because if you're smart, you should always look,
+
+201
+00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:18,320
+read between the lines and beneath this. Ah, OK,
+
+202
+00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:21,200
+geographical discoveries, great. But these
+
+203
+00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,780
+geographical discoveries meant the occupation of
+
+204
+00:13:25,780 --> 00:13:28,060
+other nations, the destruction of other nations.
+
+205
+00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,900
+As Palestinians, we're suffering from this, the
+
+206
+00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:37,080
+British Empire, even 100 years later. So the book,
+
+207
+00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:39,480
+in a way, sometimes whitewashes. You know
+
+208
+00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,820
+whitewashes? Whitewashes the British Empire and
+
+209
+00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:46,800
+its crimes and its imperialism. Whitewashes means
+
+210
+00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:51,030
+it represents... The good aspect, the good things,
+
+211
+00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:54,250
+and hides the bad things about the British
+
+212
+00:13:54,250 --> 00:13:58,450
+imperialism and colonialism. So travel writing, in
+
+213
+00:13:58,450 --> 00:14:01,070
+a way, remember The Tempest? In The Tempest for
+
+214
+00:14:01,070 --> 00:14:06,070
+Shakespeare, we said The Tempest could
+
+215
+00:14:06,070 --> 00:14:11,390
+be an allegory of
+
+216
+00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:12,730
+imperialism.
+
+217
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,650
+An allegory. Allegory means a story, a symbolic
+
+218
+00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:23,750
+story, an allegory of imperialism, of colonialism,
+
+219
+00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:28,810
+which means what happens in the Tempest. Remember?
+
+220
+00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:33,710
+A king was removed by his brother, and now he
+
+221
+00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:37,250
+isn't a king. He is nothing. But he's exiled to an
+
+222
+00:14:37,250 --> 00:14:41,430
+island, an island that has its people in a way or
+
+223
+00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:45,760
+another. But when this white European man goes to
+
+224
+00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,560
+this island, he says, my island. He controls it.
+
+225
+00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,360
+In a way, this prepares the British, the English,
+
+226
+00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,760
+the European mind that wherever you go, you can be
+
+227
+00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:58,960
+the master. You still can be a king, even if
+
+228
+00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:00,300
+you're not a king here, even if you're not
+
+229
+00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,800
+educated, even if you're not smart. You go there
+
+230
+00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,800
+to Africa, to Asia, to America, to the Caribbean,
+
+231
+00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:07,340
+and you can be the master of the people there.
+
+232
+00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,780
+This is what it is meant by Allegory of
+
+233
+00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:13,880
+imperialism. It teaches, again, colonialism.
+
+234
+00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:21,740
+Travel writing teaches the English people here and
+
+235
+00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:25,740
+prepares their minds that they are the masters of
+
+236
+00:15:25,740 --> 00:15:29,360
+the world. When you read a story, for example,
+
+237
+00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:36,000
+there is another story here about a place called
+
+238
+00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:43,620
+El Dorado. El Dorado. And Eldorado is a city of
+
+239
+00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:46,940
+gold. It means, literally, a city of gold. And by
+
+240
+00:15:46,940 --> 00:15:49,860
+the way, this is still there in English movies and
+
+241
+00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:51,780
+English cartoons. Sometimes we watch a particular
+
+242
+00:15:51,780 --> 00:15:56,860
+cartoon movie, and somebody goes to a faraway
+
+243
+00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:00,540
+place, exotic place, and then there are treasures,
+
+244
+00:16:01,420 --> 00:16:07,100
+and there's gold, and diamonds, and all sorts of
+
+245
+00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,560
+treasures, and gems, and everything. So in a way,
+
+246
+00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:13,500
+you're telling the people like, hey, you should go
+
+247
+00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,460
+out there. It tells you that there is a lot of
+
+248
+00:16:17,460 --> 00:16:19,460
+money out there. What the hell are you doing here
+
+249
+00:16:19,460 --> 00:16:23,400
+in London, in England? Go out. Take the next ship
+
+250
+00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,180
+next week and just travel, and you will be rich
+
+251
+00:16:26,180 --> 00:16:31,800
+overnight. And this is, again, in a way to prepare
+
+252
+00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,080
+the minds that they can control the whole world.
+
+253
+00:16:36,820 --> 00:16:41,490
+Funny thing about it. Eldorado here. It's fiction,
+
+254
+00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:47,950
+right? There is no place consisting of gold. You
+
+255
+00:16:47,950 --> 00:16:50,830
+can't go to a particular place and find Ali Baba's
+
+256
+00:16:50,830 --> 00:16:53,490
+cave where there is a lot of gold, where you just
+
+257
+00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:57,450
+swim in gold and coins and money and treasures and
+
+258
+00:16:57,450 --> 00:17:05,290
+everything. But this city was talked about in A
+
+259
+00:17:05,290 --> 00:17:08,110
+real book of travel. A real book, not fictional
+
+260
+00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:11,030
+book. So when people read this, you're reading,
+
+261
+00:17:11,170 --> 00:17:13,950
+for example, about Africa, about Morocco, about
+
+262
+00:17:13,950 --> 00:17:17,130
+America, about the Caribbean, about Asia, about
+
+263
+00:17:17,130 --> 00:17:19,790
+India. And all of a sudden, somewhere you read
+
+264
+00:17:19,790 --> 00:17:25,350
+about El Dorado. In a way, when it comes to travel
+
+265
+00:17:25,350 --> 00:17:30,290
+writing, fact was fiction and fiction was fact. Or
+
+266
+00:17:30,290 --> 00:17:35,540
+fiction was treated as fact. What? It's exactly
+
+267
+00:17:35,540 --> 00:17:38,200
+like when someone keeps teaching you. If I keep
+
+268
+00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,060
+teaching you here for months and months about a
+
+269
+00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,120
+particular place that has a particular university
+
+270
+00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:48,280
+where you don't have to do exams, and everyone
+
+271
+00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:51,280
+gets full marks, and teachers are nice, all of
+
+272
+00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,600
+them, and you don't have to study, and you get
+
+273
+00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,680
+your certificate just overnight. You want to go
+
+274
+00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,430
+there, in a way, I think. Because it makes your
+
+275
+00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,490
+life easier, a lot easier than it is now. So
+
+276
+00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:04,970
+number two, travel writing. Travel writing
+
+277
+00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:08,450
+generally tries to depict other countries, other
+
+278
+00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:11,170
+places. Sometimes we have fiction, like the
+
+279
+00:18:11,170 --> 00:18:15,930
+Utopia, to criticize and to try to promote change.
+
+280
+00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:20,150
+But sometimes travel writing encourages
+
+281
+00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:24,570
+colonialism and imperialism. And there is a lot of
+
+282
+00:18:24,570 --> 00:18:27,490
+racism here. Because usually the native people
+
+283
+00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:33,610
+are, one, Not represented. Again, exactly what
+
+284
+00:18:33,610 --> 00:18:36,750
+Israel, what the Zionist movement did. When they
+
+285
+00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:39,450
+talked about Palestine a hundred years ago and
+
+286
+00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,050
+before, they were talking about Palestine as a
+
+287
+00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:45,750
+land that is empty, a land without a people. Okay,
+
+288
+00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:47,910
+we are a people, but we don't have a land, so
+
+289
+00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:51,330
+let's go there. So, the Zionist movement, the
+
+290
+00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:54,410
+Zionists used literature to try to convince a lot
+
+291
+00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:57,630
+of Jews around the world to go to Palestine. What
+
+292
+00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:00,370
+did they do? When they spoke about Palestine, in
+
+293
+00:19:00,370 --> 00:19:02,250
+their literature, I did a research paper on this,
+
+294
+00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:03,870
+in their literature, in their poetry, you read a
+
+295
+00:19:03,870 --> 00:19:06,930
+hundred poems by Jewish people in Russia, in
+
+296
+00:19:06,930 --> 00:19:09,770
+Europe, and somewhere else. When you read their
+
+297
+00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:11,790
+poetry, and they speak about Palestine, about
+
+298
+00:19:11,790 --> 00:19:14,710
+Jerusalem, you don't find Palestinian or Arab
+
+299
+00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:18,820
+people in the poetry. So, we don't exist. in their
+
+300
+00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:22,400
+literature. So they try to convince their people,
+
+301
+00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:24,740
+let's go there. When people, when the natives
+
+302
+00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:27,240
+exist in the literature, they are negatively
+
+303
+00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,800
+framed. They are backward. They are stupid. They
+
+304
+00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:37,160
+are savages. They need to be civilized. And who
+
+305
+00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:43,140
+can civilize these savages? The white people, the
+
+306
+00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:46,980
+Christians, the Europeans. They have a moral
+
+307
+00:19:46,980 --> 00:19:50,840
+obligation to civilize the world. Travel writing,
+
+308
+00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:56,640
+very important. Okay? Next, the romance.
+
+309
+00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:04,920
+Now romance, the romance here was more famous,
+
+310
+00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:07,760
+common in Europe than in the rest of Europe than
+
+311
+00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:13,860
+in England. Like Ser Gawain and The Green Knight,
+
+312
+00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:17,960
+but that one was written in verse. This one was
+
+313
+00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,780
+written in prose, but similar themes, similar
+
+314
+00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:24,800
+issues about heroes, about knights who achieve,
+
+315
+00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:28,840
+who fight the monsters in order to try to get the
+
+316
+00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:33,240
+woman they love. The romance is significant
+
+317
+00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:39,100
+because it is considered the origin of a novel. 50
+
+318
+00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,920
+years later, we'll have a new genre called a
+
+319
+00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,960
+novel. It started from the epic, but the epic was
+
+320
+00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,080
+poetry. And then it moved to the romance, because
+
+321
+00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,160
+it was loose in form, but was written in prose.
+
+322
+00:20:52,460 --> 00:20:58,310
+And later on? We had the probably 50 years later
+
+323
+00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:03,950
+in around 1719, we have the first official novel.
+
+324
+00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:07,170
+And even that we'll speak about. Because in
+
+325
+00:21:07,170 --> 00:21:09,150
+English books, even this book tells us that the
+
+326
+00:21:09,150 --> 00:21:12,770
+first novel was written by a man, Daniel Defoe. In
+
+327
+00:21:12,770 --> 00:21:16,490
+reality, yeah, there was a woman who wrote prose.
+
+328
+00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:19,470
+But because of the canon, what happened to the
+
+329
+00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:25,280
+woman? She was kicked out. She was ignored. OK, so
+
+330
+00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,880
+the Bible, the authorized version of the Bible,
+
+331
+00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,700
+the pamphlets, and we were comic, travel writing,
+
+332
+00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:35,420
+colonialism, don't forget this, and the romance.
+
+333
+00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:39,400
+And there were, again, because people were
+
+334
+00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,800
+printing stuff, there were many essays. You know
+
+335
+00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,220
+an essay like a long paragraph, like a piece of
+
+336
+00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,860
+writing consisting of several paragraphs about a
+
+337
+00:21:47,860 --> 00:21:52,840
+particular issue? And next, we have religious
+
+338
+00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:53,940
+writing.
+
+339
+00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,820
+The most famous religious writer, he wasn't a
+
+340
+00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:05,200
+writer, actually. He was a speaker, a monk, a
+
+341
+00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,860
+priest, John Donne. Remember John Donne, yeah?
+
+342
+00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:14,620
+He's a religious man. A religious man. He wrote
+
+343
+00:22:14,620 --> 00:22:19,720
+several religious texts, but mainly they were kind
+
+344
+00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,600
+of public speeches, sermons. You know public
+
+345
+00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:27,170
+speeches? That's John Donne. And then there were
+
+346
+00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,370
+also illustrated books. And it's interesting how
+
+347
+00:22:32,370 --> 00:22:35,970
+books were varying in structure, in form, in
+
+348
+00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:39,230
+theme, in issues. So if you want to read religious
+
+349
+00:22:39,230 --> 00:22:41,930
+stuff, you'll find something to read. Travel,
+
+350
+00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,850
+you'll find something to read. Literature, you'll
+
+351
+00:22:44,850 --> 00:22:47,270
+find something to read. And the illustrated books
+
+352
+00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:50,970
+were interesting because they used both verse and
+
+353
+00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:53,510
+sometimes verse and pictures in addition to the
+
+354
+00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:57,460
+prose describing things. Like now, we love looking
+
+355
+00:22:57,460 --> 00:23:00,600
+at pictures in books here. We like sometimes you
+
+356
+00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,700
+have a big book, a thousand pages, you read it and
+
+357
+00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:06,680
+you find some interesting books, pictures in the
+
+358
+00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:08,800
+book about somebody. The first thing you start
+
+359
+00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:10,840
+with, you look at the pictures. People love
+
+360
+00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,890
+pictures. So illustrated books, but Clearly, this
+
+361
+00:23:14,890 --> 00:23:18,110
+could be very expensive, more expensive than
+
+362
+00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:22,230
+because you need someone to make the drawings. And
+
+363
+00:23:22,230 --> 00:23:25,190
+I think we'll have to stop here with the seventh
+
+364
+00:23:25,190 --> 00:23:30,750
+type of writing, illustrated books.
+
+365
+00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:40,330
+Now, what happens? This is basically Of course, we
+
+366
+00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:42,610
+could spend years speaking about the Renaissance
+
+367
+00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:47,830
+Age, but these lectures are only meant to give you
+
+368
+00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:51,490
+just introductions about the main events, the main
+
+369
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,870
+people, and the main writers. Now, the Renaissance
+
+370
+00:23:55,870 --> 00:24:00,510
+ended, remember, not only drama. The whole age
+
+371
+00:24:00,510 --> 00:24:03,250
+ended in some kind of political fighting,
+
+372
+00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:07,950
+political fighting and turmoil. The theater was
+
+373
+00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:10,170
+closed by the Puritans, and the Puritans became
+
+374
+00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:17,070
+more and more powerful, and they even executed the
+
+375
+00:24:17,070 --> 00:24:23,150
+king. The king of England, remember, the spokesman
+
+376
+00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:27,310
+of God, God's spokesperson, the most important
+
+377
+00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:30,830
+person on Earth, he was... The king was killed in
+
+378
+00:24:30,830 --> 00:24:34,690
+Shakespeare, another place. In place. And for the
+
+379
+00:24:34,690 --> 00:24:38,210
+first time here, the English king was executed,
+
+380
+00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:43,370
+was killed. And they kicked the monarchy away. And
+
+381
+00:24:43,370 --> 00:24:46,610
+Krom will speak about this next week, where we
+
+382
+00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:49,590
+have a new era called the Commonwealth and the
+
+383
+00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:53,110
+Restoration. We'll see what happens. England has
+
+384
+00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:55,770
+always, almost always been governed by a king or a
+
+385
+00:24:55,770 --> 00:25:00,560
+queen. for over 1,000 years. And overnight, you
+
+386
+00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:02,700
+don't have a king. There was a revolution. There
+
+387
+00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:06,700
+was the civil war and the fighting. What do you do
+
+388
+00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,900
+now? You've been used to having a king because the
+
+389
+00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,120
+king has become part of your life, part of your
+
+390
+00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:13,400
+culture, part of your language, of your
+
+391
+00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,500
+literature, of your mentality, of your identity.
+
+392
+00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:23,540
+What do you do? We'll see next class when we speak
+
+393
+00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:27,970
+about the commonwealth Oliver Cromwell and The
+
+394
+00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:33,410
+Restoration. Do you have any question? Any
+
+395
+00:25:33,410 --> 00:25:37,670
+question? Prose? The Renaissance Age?
+
+396
+00:25:43,390 --> 00:25:50,290
+OK. Someone tell me why travel writing is
+
+397
+00:25:50,290 --> 00:25:55,120
+significant to colonialism. I just said this. I
+
+398
+00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,780
+want someone to repeat
+
+399
+00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:01,760
+in a way or another, or tell me what you think of
+
+400
+00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,500
+travel writings as a colonial tool, an
+
+401
+00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:16,040
+imperialistic tool here. Yes, please. Okay. Travel
+
+402
+00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:21,170
+writing? Okay. describes the incubation of the new
+
+403
+00:26:21,170 --> 00:26:25,490
+lands and killing the native people as a new
+
+404
+00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:30,850
+invention and as a new thing and something they
+
+405
+00:26:30,850 --> 00:26:33,410
+should be proud of. And they show the positive
+
+406
+00:26:33,410 --> 00:26:37,330
+side of it and hide the bad side, like they own
+
+407
+00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:41,050
+this land originally. OK. What else? Thank you.
+
+408
+00:26:41,370 --> 00:26:42,350
+Very good. Please.
+
+409
+00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:55,710
+Okay. Okay. Okay.
+
+410
+00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:06,490
+Okay, so when we speak about the society itself of
+
+411
+00:27:06,490 --> 00:27:10,410
+that time, it helps the society because it reveals
+
+412
+00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:13,310
+in a way the corruption, the vices by speaking
+
+413
+00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:15,530
+about the perfect society like we have in the
+
+414
+00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:19,670
+Utopia by Thomas More. But when it comes to other
+
+415
+00:27:19,670 --> 00:27:23,670
+societies, remember England was expanding. The
+
+416
+00:27:23,670 --> 00:27:26,810
+British Empire was expanding all across the globe,
+
+417
+00:27:28,550 --> 00:27:33,560
+occupying New lands every year. Geographical. Here
+
+418
+00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,440
+in the book described as geographical discoveries.
+
+419
+00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,120
+And it's funny because discovery means like nobody
+
+420
+00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:44,320
+is there. Nobody has been there, has seen it or
+
+421
+00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,020
+used it before, right? But what? You discover
+
+422
+00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:52,050
+what? You discover Australia, there are people
+
+423
+00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:54,590
+there. You discover New Zealand, there are people
+
+424
+00:27:54,590 --> 00:27:56,590
+there. You discover India, I don't know. There are
+
+425
+00:27:56,590 --> 00:27:58,730
+people. You discover America, there are people
+
+426
+00:27:58,730 --> 00:28:00,790
+there. But what happens to the natives, to the
+
+427
+00:28:00,790 --> 00:28:05,010
+original people? Yeah, like in America, millions
+
+428
+00:28:05,010 --> 00:28:07,390
+and millions and millions of native Americans were
+
+429
+00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:11,170
+murdered, massacred, brutally massacred. America
+
+430
+00:28:11,170 --> 00:28:15,450
+was built on genocide and blood and destruction.
+
+431
+00:28:16,230 --> 00:28:21,320
+And it happens in Africa. Africa probably took the
+
+432
+00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,740
+heaviest blow out because of colonialism. Not only
+
+433
+00:28:24,740 --> 00:28:28,680
+British, but also other countries, French and
+
+434
+00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,140
+Dutch, like European colonialism. Africa is still
+
+435
+00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:37,620
+suffering the consequences of imperialism. So how
+
+436
+00:28:37,620 --> 00:28:40,740
+are the native people represented in the box, in
+
+437
+00:28:40,740 --> 00:28:44,800
+the travel box generally? Number one, before the
+
+438
+00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:50,410
+negative framing. They are not there. These
+
+439
+00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:54,210
+countries are empty. Sometimes it's not easy to
+
+440
+00:28:54,210 --> 00:28:57,390
+convince someone to go to another place where
+
+441
+00:28:57,390 --> 00:29:02,330
+there are people. So first of all, there are no
+
+442
+00:29:02,330 --> 00:29:06,810
+people there. So it's waiting for you. And same,
+
+443
+00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:08,690
+remember the Zionist movement again? I have to say
+
+444
+00:29:08,690 --> 00:29:10,670
+this again. They described Palestine as the land
+
+445
+00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:14,270
+that flows with milk and honey. But there are no
+
+446
+00:29:14,270 --> 00:29:19,240
+people there. And they contradict themselves,
+
+447
+00:29:19,380 --> 00:29:21,980
+because sometimes they describe Palestine as the
+
+448
+00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:24,740
+desert. The desert where there are no people
+
+449
+00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,240
+there. But sometimes they describe it as the place
+
+450
+00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:33,080
+where we have honey. Not only honey, milk and
+
+451
+00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,580
+honey. It flows with milk. So you go to Palestine
+
+452
+00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:38,980
+and you swim in rivers of paradise. It's heaven on
+
+453
+00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:43,740
+earth. Maybe we can speak about this at the end of
+
+454
+00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:47,220
+this course, how the Zionist movement, and this is
+
+455
+00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:50,220
+very important, very serious, used literature to
+
+456
+00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:52,860
+occupy Palestine metaphorically first, in
+
+457
+00:29:52,860 --> 00:29:55,620
+metaphor, in poetry. Palestine was occupied in
+
+458
+00:29:55,620 --> 00:29:59,980
+books, in poems, well before it was occupied
+
+459
+00:29:59,980 --> 00:30:05,080
+physically, militarily. And that's the serious
+
+460
+00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:10,600
+impact of literature. That's why you should...
+
+461
+00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:15,520
+Consider yourself. Consider a career in writing
+
+462
+00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,600
+for yourself in the future. You could be a poet, a
+
+463
+00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,800
+story writer, a journalist. Studying English as a
+
+464
+00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:27,940
+tool helps to facilitate your career. paths in the
+
+465
+00:30:27,940 --> 00:30:31,240
+future, but it could be also a tool of speaking up
+
+466
+00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,180
+of empowerment. You empower yourself. You reach
+
+467
+00:30:34,180 --> 00:30:37,720
+out to people, and you resist by exposing the
+
+468
+00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:43,080
+crimes and the colonialist, the Israeli
+
+469
+00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,920
+colonialist enterprise in Palestine. Okay, I'll
+
+470
+00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:52,060
+stop here. Thank you very much. If you have more
+
+471
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:54,860
+questions, we can do later on. Thank you.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0209df0b5a7503d619951d8238cf101bf5249f33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/km_NEx24cQM_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,1884 @@
+1
+00:00:20,940 --> 00:00:26,000
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back. Today we try to
+
+2
+00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:30,640
+wrap up our discussion on the Renaissance, the
+
+3
+00:00:30,640 --> 00:00:34,840
+Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages. So far we've
+
+4
+00:00:34,840 --> 00:00:38,400
+spoken about drama. We consider this the golden
+
+5
+00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:42,370
+age of drama. And then we spoke about poetry. But
+
+6
+00:00:42,370 --> 00:00:46,090
+don't forget that drama was mainly written in
+
+7
+00:00:46,090 --> 00:00:52,170
+poetry, in verse, not in prose. Okay? John Donne
+
+8
+00:00:52,170 --> 00:00:55,090
+was a poet. Shakespeare was a dramatist and a
+
+9
+00:00:55,090 --> 00:00:59,090
+poet. Marlowe was a dramatist and a poet. Major
+
+10
+00:00:59,090 --> 00:01:02,470
+dramatists were also poets because drama was
+
+11
+00:01:02,470 --> 00:01:07,390
+written in poetry. So today we move to speak about
+
+12
+00:01:07,390 --> 00:01:13,620
+prose. So far prose was not significant in many
+
+13
+00:01:13,620 --> 00:01:17,560
+ways because when it comes to literature, we only
+
+14
+00:01:17,560 --> 00:01:20,840
+have poetry so far. Poetry and drama. Poetry and
+
+15
+00:01:20,840 --> 00:01:22,920
+drama. And drama is poetry. Don't forget this.
+
+16
+00:01:25,710 --> 00:01:28,810
+Because we still don't have many people who can
+
+17
+00:01:28,810 --> 00:01:32,250
+read, and the printing press wasn't still, you
+
+18
+00:01:32,250 --> 00:01:38,990
+know, it's 200 years old in England, but still
+
+19
+00:01:38,990 --> 00:01:43,610
+printing books was not cheap. You had to have a
+
+20
+00:01:43,610 --> 00:01:45,830
+lot of money, and we didn't have a lot of people
+
+21
+00:01:45,830 --> 00:01:48,070
+who could read and write at that time. But
+
+22
+00:01:48,070 --> 00:01:51,070
+gradually, many people started to learn to read
+
+23
+00:01:51,070 --> 00:01:55,960
+and write. And this helped the rise of the middle
+
+24
+00:01:55,960 --> 00:01:58,980
+class. And the newspaper and journalism did an
+
+25
+00:01:58,980 --> 00:02:02,120
+amazing job in this regard. Today, we'll speak
+
+26
+00:02:02,120 --> 00:02:07,320
+about eight types of prose writing in the
+
+27
+00:02:07,320 --> 00:02:10,560
+Elizabethan and the Jacobian ages, or in the
+
+28
+00:02:10,560 --> 00:02:13,580
+Renaissance. We'll focus on three or four of them
+
+29
+00:02:13,580 --> 00:02:16,720
+because they are more significant than the other
+
+30
+00:02:16,720 --> 00:02:20,740
+part. So number one, remember English language
+
+31
+00:02:20,740 --> 00:02:25,240
+wasn't regulated in many ways. We had many ways of
+
+32
+00:02:25,240 --> 00:02:27,300
+spelling something. And remember, even Shakespeare
+
+33
+00:02:27,300 --> 00:02:31,750
+had his name. He spelled his name in 17 different
+
+34
+00:02:31,750 --> 00:02:35,150
+ways. That's a lot of ways. But gradually,
+
+35
+00:02:35,670 --> 00:02:40,250
+everything was being standardized here in a way
+
+36
+00:02:40,250 --> 00:02:43,110
+that people started to write dictionaries to
+
+37
+00:02:43,110 --> 00:02:45,850
+determine the right spelling of particular words.
+
+38
+00:02:46,330 --> 00:02:52,430
+But the most major, the most important and major
+
+39
+00:02:52,430 --> 00:02:56,210
+literary works or prose works that helped the
+
+40
+00:02:56,210 --> 00:02:59,800
+English language Number one, we have Shakespeare.
+
+41
+00:03:01,080 --> 00:03:05,100
+So Shakespearean texts, the drama itself, it
+
+42
+00:03:05,100 --> 00:03:09,180
+wasn't written to be read. Remember this. It was
+
+43
+00:03:09,180 --> 00:03:12,480
+written to be performed, acted on stage. And
+
+44
+00:03:12,480 --> 00:03:15,060
+that's crucial. That's why the dramatization is
+
+45
+00:03:15,060 --> 00:03:19,020
+important here. But Shakespeare helped shape the
+
+46
+00:03:19,020 --> 00:03:22,140
+English language. Because Shakespeare used the
+
+47
+00:03:22,140 --> 00:03:24,460
+language of, not the language of the Middle
+
+48
+00:03:24,460 --> 00:03:28,180
+English or Old English, but the language of of the
+
+49
+00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:31,000
+Renaissance, the language of the people of that
+
+50
+00:03:31,000 --> 00:03:32,660
+time. So many people would be watching
+
+51
+00:03:32,660 --> 00:03:35,380
+Shakespeare, and they would totally understand his
+
+52
+00:03:35,380 --> 00:03:38,540
+stuff. And in addition to Shakespeare and other
+
+53
+00:03:38,540 --> 00:03:42,100
+literary texts, we have the prose writings. They
+
+54
+00:03:42,100 --> 00:03:45,460
+also help, number one, form the English language,
+
+55
+00:03:45,640 --> 00:03:48,600
+meaning give the English language the shape we
+
+56
+00:03:48,600 --> 00:03:52,240
+have now. Of course, it developed still a lot more
+
+57
+00:03:52,240 --> 00:03:56,480
+after that. But English had particular rules to be
+
+58
+00:03:56,480 --> 00:04:00,660
+followed easily. The other important reason mainly
+
+59
+00:04:00,660 --> 00:04:03,700
+for prose, so again, this is prose and Shakespeare
+
+60
+00:04:03,700 --> 00:04:06,120
+and other writers, but mainly Shakespeare, helped
+
+61
+00:04:06,120 --> 00:04:09,860
+give the English language the shape it has now.
+
+62
+00:04:10,780 --> 00:04:13,760
+The other important thing is that early prose, the
+
+63
+00:04:13,760 --> 00:04:19,080
+Renaissance prose, gave us again an idea about the
+
+64
+00:04:19,080 --> 00:04:22,960
+early prose writing, such as travel writing and
+
+65
+00:04:22,960 --> 00:04:24,880
+the novel itself. The novel wasn't, by the way,
+
+66
+00:04:24,940 --> 00:04:26,680
+the word novel means, do you know what it means?
+
+67
+00:04:27,720 --> 00:04:31,620
+Novel. It is, yeah, this is the definition. It's a
+
+68
+00:04:31,620 --> 00:04:33,560
+long story in prose. But what does it mean, the
+
+69
+00:04:33,560 --> 00:04:39,880
+word itself? Novel. In English. In English, the
+
+70
+00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:42,820
+word novel means new. New, yeah, you could say,
+
+71
+00:04:42,880 --> 00:04:46,610
+oh, this is a novel idea. And we have the word
+
+72
+00:04:46,610 --> 00:04:50,210
+novice. And I think in Arabic, we say novi, like
+
+73
+00:04:50,210 --> 00:04:55,650
+new. Because compared to poetry and drama, the
+
+74
+00:04:55,650 --> 00:05:01,010
+novel is new in many ways. So early Renaissance
+
+75
+00:05:01,010 --> 00:05:06,630
+prose writing helped give us examples of the many
+
+76
+00:05:06,630 --> 00:05:11,630
+forms of writings we had in later ages. So number
+
+77
+00:05:11,630 --> 00:05:17,980
+one. The major prose work is the Bible itself. The
+
+78
+00:05:17,980 --> 00:05:21,980
+Bible. Why are we speaking about the Bible here?
+
+79
+00:05:23,360 --> 00:05:23,880
+Yes.
+
+80
+00:05:26,680 --> 00:05:29,820
+Thank you very much. For over a thousand years and
+
+81
+00:05:29,820 --> 00:05:33,320
+this is in a way crazy. England is now a Christian
+
+82
+00:05:33,320 --> 00:05:37,840
+country. But the major book of Christianity was
+
+83
+00:05:37,840 --> 00:05:40,500
+not in English. There were some translations, but
+
+84
+00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:42,940
+they were not authorized. They were not good. It
+
+85
+00:05:42,940 --> 00:05:46,900
+was in Latin. And now King James. Remember King
+
+86
+00:05:46,900 --> 00:05:49,320
+James, the lover of literature, of drama? He
+
+87
+00:05:49,320 --> 00:05:52,180
+brought the mosques and everything. He also
+
+88
+00:05:52,180 --> 00:05:57,050
+helped, supported the translation of The Bible.
+
+89
+00:05:57,270 --> 00:06:00,310
+It's called the Authorized Version of the Bible.
+
+90
+00:06:00,830 --> 00:06:02,950
+There are a lot of similarities between the
+
+91
+00:06:02,950 --> 00:06:04,470
+language of the Bible and the language of
+
+92
+00:06:04,470 --> 00:06:08,270
+Shakespeare. There's something here, but it's not
+
+93
+00:06:08,270 --> 00:06:11,750
+something we are interested in. But because they
+
+94
+00:06:11,750 --> 00:06:15,610
+wrote it in a very poetic way. Some of it could be
+
+95
+00:06:15,610 --> 00:06:19,830
+poetic, but it's generally a prose book. And it's
+
+96
+00:06:19,830 --> 00:06:25,440
+King James I. And the Bible became the stories of
+
+97
+00:06:25,440 --> 00:06:29,120
+the Bible. The language of the Bible became part
+
+98
+00:06:29,120 --> 00:06:33,880
+of the lives of every English person living during
+
+99
+00:06:33,880 --> 00:06:40,660
+that time. So that's number one, the Bible. The
+
+100
+00:06:40,660 --> 00:06:42,640
+second type, you don't have to write this because
+
+101
+00:06:42,640 --> 00:06:46,840
+I already posted this on the Facebook group we
+
+102
+00:06:46,840 --> 00:06:51,450
+have. Just pay attention. So again, the authorized
+
+103
+00:06:51,450 --> 00:06:54,210
+version of the book. Authorized because it was
+
+104
+00:06:54,210 --> 00:07:00,110
+translated into English. He didn't do it himself.
+
+105
+00:07:00,430 --> 00:07:03,110
+Physically, he ordered, he supported, he paid
+
+106
+00:07:03,110 --> 00:07:07,150
+money for people to translate it. OK? The second
+
+107
+00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,030
+point, something called pamphlets. You know
+
+108
+00:07:10,030 --> 00:07:12,550
+pamphlets, like when you write two, three, like an
+
+109
+00:07:12,550 --> 00:07:15,950
+article, like three, five, 10 pages, and it can be
+
+110
+00:07:15,950 --> 00:07:19,750
+sold or given to particular people. Pamphlets.
+
+111
+00:07:19,850 --> 00:07:22,410
+They meld them. Like you have some of you here
+
+112
+00:07:22,410 --> 00:07:26,950
+have pamphlets of all particular topics. The
+
+113
+00:07:26,950 --> 00:07:30,710
+pamphlets were early examples of news articles.
+
+114
+00:07:31,830 --> 00:07:36,010
+But many of them focused on very comic issues,
+
+115
+00:07:36,690 --> 00:07:41,170
+comedy. Comedy. And again, remember we said at
+
+116
+00:07:41,170 --> 00:07:43,230
+that time, people considered tragedy more
+
+117
+00:07:43,230 --> 00:07:46,150
+important than comedy. It doesn't mean comedy is
+
+118
+00:07:46,150 --> 00:07:49,170
+not important. Because you still can criticize the
+
+119
+00:07:49,170 --> 00:07:53,030
+society in a funny way where sometimes you can
+
+120
+00:07:53,030 --> 00:07:56,070
+make fun of somebody. You can have a crazy person
+
+121
+00:07:56,070 --> 00:07:58,710
+make a joke about the king that in serious
+
+122
+00:07:58,710 --> 00:08:02,010
+situation cannot be accepted. But this is a crazy
+
+123
+00:08:02,010 --> 00:08:03,870
+person. This is comedy. This is for fun. Ha ha.
+
+124
+00:08:04,390 --> 00:08:09,370
+But in reality, even jokes and comedy can shake
+
+125
+00:08:09,370 --> 00:08:13,910
+the authority, can attack and criticize in their
+
+126
+00:08:13,910 --> 00:08:16,430
+own way. So what is the important thing about the
+
+127
+00:08:16,430 --> 00:08:20,810
+pamphlets? The fact that it used comedy to discuss
+
+128
+00:08:20,810 --> 00:08:26,650
+issues in the society, like thieves and cheats and
+
+129
+00:08:26,650 --> 00:08:31,250
+very funny stories. Again, comedy will start to be
+
+130
+00:08:31,250 --> 00:08:34,270
+more common. And this is taken in a way from
+
+131
+00:08:34,270 --> 00:08:40,270
+drama, from Shakespeare. In my opinion, travel
+
+132
+00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:44,150
+writings are the most important issue we'll have
+
+133
+00:08:44,150 --> 00:08:47,250
+to talk about today. Listen. Don't look here. Look
+
+134
+00:08:47,250 --> 00:08:53,090
+at me. What is travel writing? What do you think?
+
+135
+00:08:53,130 --> 00:08:56,090
+What is travel writing? Yeah. Writing about the
+
+136
+00:08:56,090 --> 00:08:58,690
+new discoveries. Okay. Remember we spoke about
+
+137
+00:08:58,690 --> 00:09:01,150
+the... The Renaissance. The Renaissance. Yes.
+
+138
+00:09:01,350 --> 00:09:03,550
+Geographical discoveries. Yes. What else? So
+
+139
+00:09:03,550 --> 00:09:05,510
+writing about the new discoveries. What else?
+
+140
+00:09:07,200 --> 00:09:07,880
+What?
+
+141
+00:09:10,280 --> 00:09:16,160
+Yeah. Stories about people who travel to the new
+
+142
+00:09:16,160 --> 00:09:23,180
+world or stories about imaginary countries. The
+
+143
+00:09:23,180 --> 00:09:25,460
+Tempest in Shakespeare is imaginary in many ways,
+
+144
+00:09:26,100 --> 00:09:28,320
+but there could be stories about other places
+
+145
+00:09:28,320 --> 00:09:32,320
+around the world. And travel writing was very
+
+146
+00:09:32,320 --> 00:09:36,460
+crucial for three main reasons, like I say here.
+
+147
+00:09:36,880 --> 00:09:41,400
+Number one, when you write about other places,
+
+148
+00:09:41,540 --> 00:09:44,280
+when people at that time wrote about other places,
+
+149
+00:09:45,220 --> 00:09:47,860
+sometimes they would describe the perfect society.
+
+150
+00:09:48,400 --> 00:09:54,930
+It's called the utopia. What's the utopia? Utopia
+
+151
+00:09:54,930 --> 00:09:58,510
+means the perfect country, the perfect place.
+
+152
+00:09:58,950 --> 00:10:04,250
+Madina al-fadila in Arabic. The utopia. And
+
+153
+00:10:04,250 --> 00:10:07,890
+actually, it doesn't exist in real life. But when
+
+154
+00:10:07,890 --> 00:10:10,430
+you imagine it, when you write extensively about
+
+155
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:14,930
+this, it's because of two things here. Number one,
+
+156
+00:10:16,730 --> 00:10:21,770
+you want to change. your own society to improve
+
+157
+00:10:21,770 --> 00:10:25,050
+it, to tell people, see, this is what should
+
+158
+00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:28,170
+happen. Or because you want to attack and
+
+159
+00:10:28,170 --> 00:10:28,630
+criticize.
+
+160
+00:10:33,050 --> 00:10:35,690
+You want to attack particular vices in your
+
+161
+00:10:35,690 --> 00:10:38,630
+society. If this is a perfect, if you write, for
+
+162
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:42,790
+example, a story about Gaza where there are no
+
+163
+00:10:42,790 --> 00:10:46,530
+problems, everything is fine, there is, you know,
+
+164
+00:10:46,630 --> 00:10:50,110
+there are no taxes here, the borders are not
+
+165
+00:10:50,110 --> 00:10:52,110
+closed all the time, you can easily travel
+
+166
+00:10:52,110 --> 00:10:54,770
+wherever you want, you can buy whatever you want,
+
+167
+00:10:54,970 --> 00:10:58,670
+don't have trouble with transportation. This could
+
+168
+00:10:58,670 --> 00:11:02,800
+be an attack on the fact that this society is It's
+
+169
+00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:06,820
+horrible. Or a dream. You're dreaming of a better
+
+170
+00:11:06,820 --> 00:11:09,700
+future. You're saying that there should be a
+
+171
+00:11:09,700 --> 00:11:14,340
+better life here. And this is something that was
+
+172
+00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:17,760
+this text actually. The Utopia was a book written
+
+173
+00:11:17,760 --> 00:11:20,860
+by, we'll see in the next slide here, by someone
+
+174
+00:11:20,860 --> 00:11:25,580
+called Thomas Moore. The Utopia. The Utopia is
+
+175
+00:11:25,580 --> 00:11:30,570
+actually a travel writing by Thomas Moore. Not
+
+176
+00:11:30,570 --> 00:11:33,770
+Thomas Less, Thomas Moore. Even his name once
+
+177
+00:11:33,770 --> 00:11:38,890
+more. Like Oliver Twist, if you know. Please, sir.
+
+178
+00:11:39,910 --> 00:11:47,870
+Okay? So why does Thomas Moore discuss this utopia
+
+179
+00:11:47,870 --> 00:11:51,430
+in his book, this perfect world? Possibly because
+
+180
+00:11:51,430 --> 00:11:54,350
+he's encouraging people to change their own
+
+181
+00:11:54,350 --> 00:11:58,750
+society. He's giving them a model for the perfect
+
+182
+00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:02,070
+society, a society without corruption and sins and
+
+183
+00:12:02,070 --> 00:12:05,770
+everything. Or he's attacking the society because
+
+184
+00:12:05,770 --> 00:12:08,990
+he can't show the right model and we're very far
+
+185
+00:12:08,990 --> 00:12:14,030
+away from this. Now, the other significant point
+
+186
+00:12:14,030 --> 00:12:19,070
+for our course is colonialism. I'll write it here,
+
+187
+00:12:19,410 --> 00:12:20,010
+colonialism.
+
+188
+00:12:22,430 --> 00:12:26,370
+How many times did we mention colonialism? Three,
+
+189
+00:12:26,630 --> 00:12:30,910
+not four. Remember colonialism and imperialism?
+
+190
+00:12:31,110 --> 00:12:35,450
+Now, this book is good, really. The textbook we
+
+191
+00:12:35,450 --> 00:12:39,030
+have here is really good. But in many ways, it
+
+192
+00:12:39,030 --> 00:12:43,050
+misrepresents something. It hides some truth, some
+
+193
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:48,010
+facts. And it presents the British Empire and the
+
+194
+00:12:48,010 --> 00:12:51,650
+English history as pure, without evil, without
+
+195
+00:12:51,650 --> 00:12:52,970
+wrongdoing sometimes.
+
+196
+00:12:55,320 --> 00:12:58,640
+When the book speaks about colonialism and
+
+197
+00:12:58,640 --> 00:13:01,960
+occupying other places in Africa, in America, in
+
+198
+00:13:01,960 --> 00:13:07,200
+Asia, they speak about the colonial glory, the
+
+199
+00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:10,500
+great geographical discoveries. And beneath that,
+
+200
+00:13:10,560 --> 00:13:13,020
+because if you're smart, you should always look,
+
+201
+00:13:13,460 --> 00:13:18,320
+read between the lines and beneath this. Ah, OK,
+
+202
+00:13:18,560 --> 00:13:21,200
+geographical discoveries, great. But these
+
+203
+00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:25,780
+geographical discoveries meant the occupation of
+
+204
+00:13:25,780 --> 00:13:28,060
+other nations, the destruction of other nations.
+
+205
+00:13:28,120 --> 00:13:31,900
+As Palestinians, we're suffering from this, the
+
+206
+00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:37,080
+British Empire, even 100 years later. So the book,
+
+207
+00:13:37,180 --> 00:13:39,480
+in a way, sometimes whitewashes. You know
+
+208
+00:13:39,480 --> 00:13:42,820
+whitewashes? Whitewashes the British Empire and
+
+209
+00:13:42,820 --> 00:13:46,800
+its crimes and its imperialism. Whitewashes means
+
+210
+00:13:46,800 --> 00:13:51,030
+it represents... The good aspect, the good things,
+
+211
+00:13:51,250 --> 00:13:54,250
+and hides the bad things about the British
+
+212
+00:13:54,250 --> 00:13:58,450
+imperialism and colonialism. So travel writing, in
+
+213
+00:13:58,450 --> 00:14:01,070
+a way, remember The Tempest? In The Tempest for
+
+214
+00:14:01,070 --> 00:14:06,070
+Shakespeare, we said The Tempest could
+
+215
+00:14:06,070 --> 00:14:11,390
+be an allegory of
+
+216
+00:14:11,390 --> 00:14:12,730
+imperialism.
+
+217
+00:14:15,850 --> 00:14:19,650
+An allegory. Allegory means a story, a symbolic
+
+218
+00:14:19,650 --> 00:14:23,750
+story, an allegory of imperialism, of colonialism,
+
+219
+00:14:24,450 --> 00:14:28,810
+which means what happens in the Tempest. Remember?
+
+220
+00:14:29,950 --> 00:14:33,710
+A king was removed by his brother, and now he
+
+221
+00:14:33,710 --> 00:14:37,250
+isn't a king. He is nothing. But he's exiled to an
+
+222
+00:14:37,250 --> 00:14:41,430
+island, an island that has its people in a way or
+
+223
+00:14:41,430 --> 00:14:45,760
+another. But when this white European man goes to
+
+224
+00:14:45,760 --> 00:14:49,560
+this island, he says, my island. He controls it.
+
+225
+00:14:50,240 --> 00:14:53,360
+In a way, this prepares the British, the English,
+
+226
+00:14:53,480 --> 00:14:55,760
+the European mind that wherever you go, you can be
+
+227
+00:14:55,760 --> 00:14:58,960
+the master. You still can be a king, even if
+
+228
+00:14:58,960 --> 00:15:00,300
+you're not a king here, even if you're not
+
+229
+00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:02,800
+educated, even if you're not smart. You go there
+
+230
+00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:04,800
+to Africa, to Asia, to America, to the Caribbean,
+
+231
+00:15:05,060 --> 00:15:07,340
+and you can be the master of the people there.
+
+232
+00:15:07,700 --> 00:15:10,780
+This is what it is meant by Allegory of
+
+233
+00:15:10,780 --> 00:15:13,880
+imperialism. It teaches, again, colonialism.
+
+234
+00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:21,740
+Travel writing teaches the English people here and
+
+235
+00:15:21,740 --> 00:15:25,740
+prepares their minds that they are the masters of
+
+236
+00:15:25,740 --> 00:15:29,360
+the world. When you read a story, for example,
+
+237
+00:15:31,580 --> 00:15:36,000
+there is another story here about a place called
+
+238
+00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:43,620
+El Dorado. El Dorado. And Eldorado is a city of
+
+239
+00:15:43,620 --> 00:15:46,940
+gold. It means, literally, a city of gold. And by
+
+240
+00:15:46,940 --> 00:15:49,860
+the way, this is still there in English movies and
+
+241
+00:15:49,860 --> 00:15:51,780
+English cartoons. Sometimes we watch a particular
+
+242
+00:15:51,780 --> 00:15:56,860
+cartoon movie, and somebody goes to a faraway
+
+243
+00:15:56,860 --> 00:16:00,540
+place, exotic place, and then there are treasures,
+
+244
+00:16:01,420 --> 00:16:07,100
+and there's gold, and diamonds, and all sorts of
+
+245
+00:16:07,100 --> 00:16:10,560
+treasures, and gems, and everything. So in a way,
+
+246
+00:16:10,620 --> 00:16:13,500
+you're telling the people like, hey, you should go
+
+247
+00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:17,460
+out there. It tells you that there is a lot of
+
+248
+00:16:17,460 --> 00:16:19,460
+money out there. What the hell are you doing here
+
+249
+00:16:19,460 --> 00:16:23,400
+in London, in England? Go out. Take the next ship
+
+250
+00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,180
+next week and just travel, and you will be rich
+
+251
+00:16:26,180 --> 00:16:31,800
+overnight. And this is, again, in a way to prepare
+
+252
+00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:36,080
+the minds that they can control the whole world.
+
+253
+00:16:36,820 --> 00:16:41,490
+Funny thing about it. Eldorado here. It's fiction,
+
+254
+00:16:41,570 --> 00:16:47,950
+right? There is no place consisting of gold. You
+
+255
+00:16:47,950 --> 00:16:50,830
+can't go to a particular place and find Ali Baba's
+
+256
+00:16:50,830 --> 00:16:53,490
+cave where there is a lot of gold, where you just
+
+257
+00:16:53,490 --> 00:16:57,450
+swim in gold and coins and money and treasures and
+
+258
+00:16:57,450 --> 00:17:05,290
+everything. But this city was talked about in A
+
+259
+00:17:05,290 --> 00:17:08,110
+real book of travel. A real book, not fictional
+
+260
+00:17:08,110 --> 00:17:11,030
+book. So when people read this, you're reading,
+
+261
+00:17:11,170 --> 00:17:13,950
+for example, about Africa, about Morocco, about
+
+262
+00:17:13,950 --> 00:17:17,130
+America, about the Caribbean, about Asia, about
+
+263
+00:17:17,130 --> 00:17:19,790
+India. And all of a sudden, somewhere you read
+
+264
+00:17:19,790 --> 00:17:25,350
+about El Dorado. In a way, when it comes to travel
+
+265
+00:17:25,350 --> 00:17:30,290
+writing, fact was fiction and fiction was fact. Or
+
+266
+00:17:30,290 --> 00:17:35,540
+fiction was treated as fact. What? It's exactly
+
+267
+00:17:35,540 --> 00:17:38,200
+like when someone keeps teaching you. If I keep
+
+268
+00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,060
+teaching you here for months and months about a
+
+269
+00:17:41,060 --> 00:17:45,120
+particular place that has a particular university
+
+270
+00:17:45,120 --> 00:17:48,280
+where you don't have to do exams, and everyone
+
+271
+00:17:48,280 --> 00:17:51,280
+gets full marks, and teachers are nice, all of
+
+272
+00:17:51,280 --> 00:17:53,600
+them, and you don't have to study, and you get
+
+273
+00:17:53,600 --> 00:17:56,680
+your certificate just overnight. You want to go
+
+274
+00:17:56,680 --> 00:17:59,430
+there, in a way, I think. Because it makes your
+
+275
+00:17:59,430 --> 00:18:02,490
+life easier, a lot easier than it is now. So
+
+276
+00:18:02,490 --> 00:18:04,970
+number two, travel writing. Travel writing
+
+277
+00:18:04,970 --> 00:18:08,450
+generally tries to depict other countries, other
+
+278
+00:18:08,450 --> 00:18:11,170
+places. Sometimes we have fiction, like the
+
+279
+00:18:11,170 --> 00:18:15,930
+Utopia, to criticize and to try to promote change.
+
+280
+00:18:16,330 --> 00:18:20,150
+But sometimes travel writing encourages
+
+281
+00:18:20,150 --> 00:18:24,570
+colonialism and imperialism. And there is a lot of
+
+282
+00:18:24,570 --> 00:18:27,490
+racism here. Because usually the native people
+
+283
+00:18:27,490 --> 00:18:33,610
+are, one, Not represented. Again, exactly what
+
+284
+00:18:33,610 --> 00:18:36,750
+Israel, what the Zionist movement did. When they
+
+285
+00:18:36,750 --> 00:18:39,450
+talked about Palestine a hundred years ago and
+
+286
+00:18:39,450 --> 00:18:42,050
+before, they were talking about Palestine as a
+
+287
+00:18:42,050 --> 00:18:45,750
+land that is empty, a land without a people. Okay,
+
+288
+00:18:45,890 --> 00:18:47,910
+we are a people, but we don't have a land, so
+
+289
+00:18:47,910 --> 00:18:51,330
+let's go there. So, the Zionist movement, the
+
+290
+00:18:51,330 --> 00:18:54,410
+Zionists used literature to try to convince a lot
+
+291
+00:18:54,410 --> 00:18:57,630
+of Jews around the world to go to Palestine. What
+
+292
+00:18:57,630 --> 00:19:00,370
+did they do? When they spoke about Palestine, in
+
+293
+00:19:00,370 --> 00:19:02,250
+their literature, I did a research paper on this,
+
+294
+00:19:02,310 --> 00:19:03,870
+in their literature, in their poetry, you read a
+
+295
+00:19:03,870 --> 00:19:06,930
+hundred poems by Jewish people in Russia, in
+
+296
+00:19:06,930 --> 00:19:09,770
+Europe, and somewhere else. When you read their
+
+297
+00:19:09,770 --> 00:19:11,790
+poetry, and they speak about Palestine, about
+
+298
+00:19:11,790 --> 00:19:14,710
+Jerusalem, you don't find Palestinian or Arab
+
+299
+00:19:14,710 --> 00:19:18,820
+people in the poetry. So, we don't exist. in their
+
+300
+00:19:18,820 --> 00:19:22,400
+literature. So they try to convince their people,
+
+301
+00:19:22,560 --> 00:19:24,740
+let's go there. When people, when the natives
+
+302
+00:19:24,740 --> 00:19:27,240
+exist in the literature, they are negatively
+
+303
+00:19:27,240 --> 00:19:31,800
+framed. They are backward. They are stupid. They
+
+304
+00:19:31,800 --> 00:19:37,160
+are savages. They need to be civilized. And who
+
+305
+00:19:37,160 --> 00:19:43,140
+can civilize these savages? The white people, the
+
+306
+00:19:43,140 --> 00:19:46,980
+Christians, the Europeans. They have a moral
+
+307
+00:19:46,980 --> 00:19:50,840
+obligation to civilize the world. Travel writing,
+
+308
+00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:56,640
+very important. Okay? Next, the romance.
+
+309
+00:19:59,420 --> 00:20:04,920
+Now romance, the romance here was more famous,
+
+310
+00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:07,760
+common in Europe than in the rest of Europe than
+
+311
+00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:13,860
+in England. Like Ser Gawain and The Green Knight,
+
+312
+00:20:14,380 --> 00:20:17,960
+but that one was written in verse. This one was
+
+313
+00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,780
+written in prose, but similar themes, similar
+
+314
+00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:24,800
+issues about heroes, about knights who achieve,
+
+315
+00:20:25,060 --> 00:20:28,840
+who fight the monsters in order to try to get the
+
+316
+00:20:28,840 --> 00:20:33,240
+woman they love. The romance is significant
+
+317
+00:20:33,240 --> 00:20:39,100
+because it is considered the origin of a novel. 50
+
+318
+00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,920
+years later, we'll have a new genre called a
+
+319
+00:20:42,920 --> 00:20:45,960
+novel. It started from the epic, but the epic was
+
+320
+00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:49,080
+poetry. And then it moved to the romance, because
+
+321
+00:20:49,080 --> 00:20:52,160
+it was loose in form, but was written in prose.
+
+322
+00:20:52,460 --> 00:20:58,310
+And later on? We had the probably 50 years later
+
+323
+00:20:58,310 --> 00:21:03,950
+in around 1719, we have the first official novel.
+
+324
+00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:07,170
+And even that we'll speak about. Because in
+
+325
+00:21:07,170 --> 00:21:09,150
+English books, even this book tells us that the
+
+326
+00:21:09,150 --> 00:21:12,770
+first novel was written by a man, Daniel Defoe. In
+
+327
+00:21:12,770 --> 00:21:16,490
+reality, yeah, there was a woman who wrote prose.
+
+328
+00:21:17,030 --> 00:21:19,470
+But because of the canon, what happened to the
+
+329
+00:21:19,470 --> 00:21:25,280
+woman? She was kicked out. She was ignored. OK, so
+
+330
+00:21:25,280 --> 00:21:27,880
+the Bible, the authorized version of the Bible,
+
+331
+00:21:28,440 --> 00:21:31,700
+the pamphlets, and we were comic, travel writing,
+
+332
+00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:35,420
+colonialism, don't forget this, and the romance.
+
+333
+00:21:37,120 --> 00:21:39,400
+And there were, again, because people were
+
+334
+00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:41,800
+printing stuff, there were many essays. You know
+
+335
+00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:45,220
+an essay like a long paragraph, like a piece of
+
+336
+00:21:45,220 --> 00:21:47,860
+writing consisting of several paragraphs about a
+
+337
+00:21:47,860 --> 00:21:52,840
+particular issue? And next, we have religious
+
+338
+00:21:52,840 --> 00:21:53,940
+writing.
+
+339
+00:21:56,080 --> 00:21:58,820
+The most famous religious writer, he wasn't a
+
+340
+00:21:58,820 --> 00:22:05,200
+writer, actually. He was a speaker, a monk, a
+
+341
+00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:08,860
+priest, John Donne. Remember John Donne, yeah?
+
+342
+00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:14,620
+He's a religious man. A religious man. He wrote
+
+343
+00:22:14,620 --> 00:22:19,720
+several religious texts, but mainly they were kind
+
+344
+00:22:19,720 --> 00:22:22,600
+of public speeches, sermons. You know public
+
+345
+00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:27,170
+speeches? That's John Donne. And then there were
+
+346
+00:22:27,170 --> 00:22:32,370
+also illustrated books. And it's interesting how
+
+347
+00:22:32,370 --> 00:22:35,970
+books were varying in structure, in form, in
+
+348
+00:22:35,970 --> 00:22:39,230
+theme, in issues. So if you want to read religious
+
+349
+00:22:39,230 --> 00:22:41,930
+stuff, you'll find something to read. Travel,
+
+350
+00:22:42,070 --> 00:22:44,850
+you'll find something to read. Literature, you'll
+
+351
+00:22:44,850 --> 00:22:47,270
+find something to read. And the illustrated books
+
+352
+00:22:47,270 --> 00:22:50,970
+were interesting because they used both verse and
+
+353
+00:22:50,970 --> 00:22:53,510
+sometimes verse and pictures in addition to the
+
+354
+00:22:53,510 --> 00:22:57,460
+prose describing things. Like now, we love looking
+
+355
+00:22:57,460 --> 00:23:00,600
+at pictures in books here. We like sometimes you
+
+356
+00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,700
+have a big book, a thousand pages, you read it and
+
+357
+00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:06,680
+you find some interesting books, pictures in the
+
+358
+00:23:06,680 --> 00:23:08,800
+book about somebody. The first thing you start
+
+359
+00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:10,840
+with, you look at the pictures. People love
+
+360
+00:23:10,840 --> 00:23:14,890
+pictures. So illustrated books, but Clearly, this
+
+361
+00:23:14,890 --> 00:23:18,110
+could be very expensive, more expensive than
+
+362
+00:23:18,110 --> 00:23:22,230
+because you need someone to make the drawings. And
+
+363
+00:23:22,230 --> 00:23:25,190
+I think we'll have to stop here with the seventh
+
+364
+00:23:25,190 --> 00:23:30,750
+type of writing, illustrated books.
+
+365
+00:23:33,150 --> 00:23:40,330
+Now, what happens? This is basically Of course, we
+
+366
+00:23:40,330 --> 00:23:42,610
+could spend years speaking about the Renaissance
+
+367
+00:23:42,610 --> 00:23:47,830
+Age, but these lectures are only meant to give you
+
+368
+00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:51,490
+just introductions about the main events, the main
+
+369
+00:23:51,490 --> 00:23:55,870
+people, and the main writers. Now, the Renaissance
+
+370
+00:23:55,870 --> 00:24:00,510
+ended, remember, not only drama. The whole age
+
+371
+00:24:00,510 --> 00:24:03,250
+ended in some kind of political fighting,
+
+372
+00:24:03,350 --> 00:24:07,950
+political fighting and turmoil. The theater was
+
+373
+00:24:07,950 --> 00:24:10,170
+closed by the Puritans, and the Puritans became
+
+374
+00:24:10,170 --> 00:24:17,070
+more and more powerful, and they even executed the
+
+375
+00:24:17,070 --> 00:24:23,150
+king. The king of England, remember, the spokesman
+
+376
+00:24:23,150 --> 00:24:27,310
+of God, God's spokesperson, the most important
+
+377
+00:24:27,310 --> 00:24:30,830
+person on Earth, he was... The king was killed in
+
+378
+00:24:30,830 --> 00:24:34,690
+Shakespeare, another place. In place. And for the
+
+379
+00:24:34,690 --> 00:24:38,210
+first time here, the English king was executed,
+
+380
+00:24:38,390 --> 00:24:43,370
+was killed. And they kicked the monarchy away. And
+
+381
+00:24:43,370 --> 00:24:46,610
+Krom will speak about this next week, where we
+
+382
+00:24:46,610 --> 00:24:49,590
+have a new era called the Commonwealth and the
+
+383
+00:24:49,590 --> 00:24:53,110
+Restoration. We'll see what happens. England has
+
+384
+00:24:53,110 --> 00:24:55,770
+always, almost always been governed by a king or a
+
+385
+00:24:55,770 --> 00:25:00,560
+queen. for over 1,000 years. And overnight, you
+
+386
+00:25:00,560 --> 00:25:02,700
+don't have a king. There was a revolution. There
+
+387
+00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:06,700
+was the civil war and the fighting. What do you do
+
+388
+00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:08,900
+now? You've been used to having a king because the
+
+389
+00:25:08,900 --> 00:25:11,120
+king has become part of your life, part of your
+
+390
+00:25:11,120 --> 00:25:13,400
+culture, part of your language, of your
+
+391
+00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,500
+literature, of your mentality, of your identity.
+
+392
+00:25:16,560 --> 00:25:23,540
+What do you do? We'll see next class when we speak
+
+393
+00:25:23,540 --> 00:25:27,970
+about the commonwealth Oliver Cromwell and The
+
+394
+00:25:27,970 --> 00:25:33,410
+Restoration. Do you have any question? Any
+
+395
+00:25:33,410 --> 00:25:37,670
+question? Prose? The Renaissance Age?
+
+396
+00:25:43,390 --> 00:25:50,290
+OK. Someone tell me why travel writing is
+
+397
+00:25:50,290 --> 00:25:55,120
+significant to colonialism. I just said this. I
+
+398
+00:25:55,120 --> 00:25:58,780
+want someone to repeat
+
+399
+00:25:58,780 --> 00:26:01,760
+in a way or another, or tell me what you think of
+
+400
+00:26:01,760 --> 00:26:06,500
+travel writings as a colonial tool, an
+
+401
+00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:16,040
+imperialistic tool here. Yes, please. Okay. Travel
+
+402
+00:26:16,040 --> 00:26:21,170
+writing? Okay. describes the incubation of the new
+
+403
+00:26:21,170 --> 00:26:25,490
+lands and killing the native people as a new
+
+404
+00:26:25,490 --> 00:26:30,850
+invention and as a new thing and something they
+
+405
+00:26:30,850 --> 00:26:33,410
+should be proud of. And they show the positive
+
+406
+00:26:33,410 --> 00:26:37,330
+side of it and hide the bad side, like they own
+
+407
+00:26:37,330 --> 00:26:41,050
+this land originally. OK. What else? Thank you.
+
+408
+00:26:41,370 --> 00:26:42,350
+Very good. Please.
+
+409
+00:26:51,930 --> 00:26:55,710
+Okay. Okay. Okay.
+
+410
+00:27:02,970 --> 00:27:06,490
+Okay, so when we speak about the society itself of
+
+411
+00:27:06,490 --> 00:27:10,410
+that time, it helps the society because it reveals
+
+412
+00:27:10,410 --> 00:27:13,310
+in a way the corruption, the vices by speaking
+
+413
+00:27:13,310 --> 00:27:15,530
+about the perfect society like we have in the
+
+414
+00:27:15,530 --> 00:27:19,670
+Utopia by Thomas More. But when it comes to other
+
+415
+00:27:19,670 --> 00:27:23,670
+societies, remember England was expanding. The
+
+416
+00:27:23,670 --> 00:27:26,810
+British Empire was expanding all across the globe,
+
+417
+00:27:28,550 --> 00:27:33,560
+occupying New lands every year. Geographical. Here
+
+418
+00:27:33,560 --> 00:27:36,440
+in the book described as geographical discoveries.
+
+419
+00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:40,120
+And it's funny because discovery means like nobody
+
+420
+00:27:40,120 --> 00:27:44,320
+is there. Nobody has been there, has seen it or
+
+421
+00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:48,020
+used it before, right? But what? You discover
+
+422
+00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:52,050
+what? You discover Australia, there are people
+
+423
+00:27:52,050 --> 00:27:54,590
+there. You discover New Zealand, there are people
+
+424
+00:27:54,590 --> 00:27:56,590
+there. You discover India, I don't know. There are
+
+425
+00:27:56,590 --> 00:27:58,730
+people. You discover America, there are people
+
+426
+00:27:58,730 --> 00:28:00,790
+there. But what happens to the natives, to the
+
+427
+00:28:00,790 --> 00:28:05,010
+original people? Yeah, like in America, millions
+
+428
+00:28:05,010 --> 00:28:07,390
+and millions and millions of native Americans were
+
+429
+00:28:07,390 --> 00:28:11,170
+murdered, massacred, brutally massacred. America
+
+430
+00:28:11,170 --> 00:28:15,450
+was built on genocide and blood and destruction.
+
+431
+00:28:16,230 --> 00:28:21,320
+And it happens in Africa. Africa probably took the
+
+432
+00:28:21,320 --> 00:28:24,740
+heaviest blow out because of colonialism. Not only
+
+433
+00:28:24,740 --> 00:28:28,680
+British, but also other countries, French and
+
+434
+00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:32,140
+Dutch, like European colonialism. Africa is still
+
+435
+00:28:32,140 --> 00:28:37,620
+suffering the consequences of imperialism. So how
+
+436
+00:28:37,620 --> 00:28:40,740
+are the native people represented in the box, in
+
+437
+00:28:40,740 --> 00:28:44,800
+the travel box generally? Number one, before the
+
+438
+00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:50,410
+negative framing. They are not there. These
+
+439
+00:28:50,410 --> 00:28:54,210
+countries are empty. Sometimes it's not easy to
+
+440
+00:28:54,210 --> 00:28:57,390
+convince someone to go to another place where
+
+441
+00:28:57,390 --> 00:29:02,330
+there are people. So first of all, there are no
+
+442
+00:29:02,330 --> 00:29:06,810
+people there. So it's waiting for you. And same,
+
+443
+00:29:06,870 --> 00:29:08,690
+remember the Zionist movement again? I have to say
+
+444
+00:29:08,690 --> 00:29:10,670
+this again. They described Palestine as the land
+
+445
+00:29:10,670 --> 00:29:14,270
+that flows with milk and honey. But there are no
+
+446
+00:29:14,270 --> 00:29:19,240
+people there. And they contradict themselves,
+
+447
+00:29:19,380 --> 00:29:21,980
+because sometimes they describe Palestine as the
+
+448
+00:29:21,980 --> 00:29:24,740
+desert. The desert where there are no people
+
+449
+00:29:24,740 --> 00:29:28,240
+there. But sometimes they describe it as the place
+
+450
+00:29:28,240 --> 00:29:33,080
+where we have honey. Not only honey, milk and
+
+451
+00:29:33,080 --> 00:29:35,580
+honey. It flows with milk. So you go to Palestine
+
+452
+00:29:35,580 --> 00:29:38,980
+and you swim in rivers of paradise. It's heaven on
+
+453
+00:29:38,980 --> 00:29:43,740
+earth. Maybe we can speak about this at the end of
+
+454
+00:29:43,740 --> 00:29:47,220
+this course, how the Zionist movement, and this is
+
+455
+00:29:47,220 --> 00:29:50,220
+very important, very serious, used literature to
+
+456
+00:29:50,220 --> 00:29:52,860
+occupy Palestine metaphorically first, in
+
+457
+00:29:52,860 --> 00:29:55,620
+metaphor, in poetry. Palestine was occupied in
+
+458
+00:29:55,620 --> 00:29:59,980
+books, in poems, well before it was occupied
+
+459
+00:29:59,980 --> 00:30:05,080
+physically, militarily. And that's the serious
+
+460
+00:30:05,080 --> 00:30:10,600
+impact of literature. That's why you should...
+
+461
+00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:15,520
+Consider yourself. Consider a career in writing
+
+462
+00:30:15,520 --> 00:30:18,600
+for yourself in the future. You could be a poet, a
+
+463
+00:30:18,600 --> 00:30:22,800
+story writer, a journalist. Studying English as a
+
+464
+00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:27,940
+tool helps to facilitate your career. paths in the
+
+465
+00:30:27,940 --> 00:30:31,240
+future, but it could be also a tool of speaking up
+
+466
+00:30:31,240 --> 00:30:34,180
+of empowerment. You empower yourself. You reach
+
+467
+00:30:34,180 --> 00:30:37,720
+out to people, and you resist by exposing the
+
+468
+00:30:37,720 --> 00:30:43,080
+crimes and the colonialist, the Israeli
+
+469
+00:30:43,080 --> 00:30:47,920
+colonialist enterprise in Palestine. Okay, I'll
+
+470
+00:30:47,920 --> 00:30:52,060
+stop here. Thank you very much. If you have more
+
+471
+00:30:52,060 --> 00:30:54,860
+questions, we can do later on. Thank you.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fe38d5a655ba77956aade969cedb600730226956
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2203 @@
+
+1
+00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910
+Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750
+have you back to continue our journey into the
+
+3
+00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430
+history of English literature. Last time we spoke
+
+4
+00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680
+about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four
+
+5
+00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300
+major things in the Renaissance. Number one,
+
+6
+00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480
+geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific
+
+7
+00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260
+developments
+
+8
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440
+and advancements. We spoke about new thought, new
+
+9
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230
+thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of
+
+10
+00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530
+humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also
+
+11
+00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210
+spoke about literature and how everything was
+
+12
+00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930
+influencing literature in a way or another. A
+
+13
+00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110
+crucial point we discussed last time is how this
+
+14
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650
+book does not mention two important things. Number
+
+15
+00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110
+one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism.
+
+16
+00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840
+When usually English books speak about the
+
+17
+00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420
+Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about
+
+18
+00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780
+it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how
+
+19
+00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660
+European people, the white Christians of Europe
+
+20
+00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580
+managed to discover new worlds in America, in
+
+21
+00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960
+Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say
+
+22
+00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620
+that there were native people living in America,
+
+23
+00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560
+in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we
+
+24
+00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440
+described in a way or another as whitewashing,
+
+25
+00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540
+because the book is hiding the crimes, the
+
+26
+00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340
+massacres, and presenting the British Empire as
+
+27
+00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270
+all good, pure and good. We spoke about
+
+28
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130
+Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet
+
+29
+00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810
+is the most important play probably in the history
+
+30
+00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990
+of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or
+
+31
+00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390
+not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy.
+
+32
+00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030
+And again, we said a soliloquy is an important
+
+33
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850
+dramatic device in which the actor is 
+
+34
+00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340
+Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the
+
+35
+00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800
+actor is alone on the stage. No one else is there.
+
+36
+00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560
+And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she,
+
+37
+00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800
+communicates with the audience inner thoughts and
+
+38
+00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440
+inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals
+
+39
+00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940
+secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the
+
+40
+00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700
+audience, the people in the audience, are very
+
+41
+00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710
+important to the play itself. Sometimes the
+
+42
+00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590
+audience knows more than the characters because of
+
+43
+00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450
+soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on
+
+44
+00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430
+seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show
+
+45
+00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650
+how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time.
+
+46
+00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470
+Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his
+
+47
+00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150
+plays, and his contribution to English language,
+
+48
+00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830
+English literature, and even English thought.
+
+49
+00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550
+Before I do that, we have someone here to recite
+
+50
+00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450
+or read something from the book here. Can you come
+
+51
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420
+here, please? From King Richard II. For God's
+
+52
+00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380
+sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to
+
+53
+00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920
+follow here, you can look it up here. For God's
+
+54
+00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+55
+00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580
+stories of the death of kings. How some have been
+
+56
+00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500
+deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the
+
+57
+00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100
+ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their
+
+58
+00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160
+wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the
+
+59
+00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380
+hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a
+
+60
+00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200
+king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors,
+
+61
+00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320
+scoffing his estate and grinning at his bond,
+
+62
+00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220
+allowing him a breath a lot of sighs. 
+
+63
+00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520
+Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me
+
+64
+00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070
+corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like
+
+65
+00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790
+you, feel what taste bread, need friends,
+
+66
+00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750
+suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you?
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040
+Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice
+
+68
+00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080
+and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve
+
+69
+00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780
+your pronunciation, and really depict the passion
+
+70
+00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420
+of this. At the end of this course, this class,
+
+71
+00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300
+I'll show you a video of like three or four
+
+72
+00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820
+recitations of this really masterpiece by
+
+73
+00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900
+Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare,
+
+74
+00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860
+we said his plays are generally divided into
+
+75
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470
+tragedies, comedies, and histories. But there are
+
+76
+00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250
+other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like
+
+77
+00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510
+Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the
+
+78
+00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210
+main characters die on the stage. It's
+
+79
+00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310
+complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside
+
+80
+00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310
+down. People die. People kill. People get killed.
+
+81
+00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070
+And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand,
+
+82
+00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490
+is another play by Shakespeare, another type of
+
+83
+00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+plays where there could be trouble. There could be
+
+84
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130
+problems. There could be complications, chaos,
+
+85
+00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770
+disorder. But at the end of the play, everything
+
+86
+00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470
+goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they
+
+87
+00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810
+generally end happily, happily ever after. This is
+
+88
+00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390
+a comedy. Okay, there are complications. But
+
+89
+00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150
+generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a
+
+90
+00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400
+history. Or histories. History plays, as the name
+
+91
+00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880
+suggests, they are about historical events and
+
+92
+00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780
+generally about English kings. We have King
+
+93
+00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040
+Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these
+
+94
+00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020
+histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe,
+
+95
+00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480
+mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called
+
+96
+00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920
+Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a
+
+97
+00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640
+historical event that took place in the Roman
+
+98
+00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260
+Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself.
+
+99
+00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180
+Now, some of the plays were classified generally
+
+100
+00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240
+as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The
+
+101
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160
+Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a
+
+102
+00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460
+way, ends happily. So people for a long time
+
+103
+00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300
+thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because
+
+104
+00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720
+there are new theories and new ways of thinking,
+
+105
+00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720
+people change their opinion about this play.
+
+106
+00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380
+Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio
+
+107
+00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140
+are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But
+
+108
+00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360
+Shylock, the Jewish character, what happens to him?
+
+109
+00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360
+He loses his daughter. He converts to
+
+110
+00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340
+Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he
+
+111
+00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660
+himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and
+
+112
+00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380
+convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a
+
+113
+00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960
+good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's
+
+114
+00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380
+a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So
+
+115
+00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300
+nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of
+
+116
+00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340
+understanding and studying literature, many people
+
+117
+00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500
+started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a
+
+118
+00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440
+serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a
+
+119
+00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820
+problem or serious comedy. So again, the major
+
+120
+00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570
+divisions are comedies, tragedies, and histories.
+
+121
+00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050
+But between these, we can add extra divisions. My
+
+122
+00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010
+question again, why are some plays now considered
+
+123
+00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530
+to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can
+
+124
+00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990
+you say that?
+
+125
+00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890
+Exactly.
+
+126
+00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150
+Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle 
+
+127
+00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170
+changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his
+
+128
+00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790
+plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people
+
+129
+00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570
+changed ever since? Of course. And even his 
+
+130
+00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090
+audience as Christians, white Christians living in
+
+131
+00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630
+London. And if you change the audience, you bring, 
+
+132
+00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390
+for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience,
+
+133
+00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510
+Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the
+
+134
+00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990
+same way? Certainly not, because we have different
+
+135
+00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210
+backgrounds, different ideologies, different 
+
+136
+00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690
+something. So at a time when probably the Jewish
+
+137
+00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850
+people were considered to be bad, maybe people 
+
+138
+00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930
+were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now,
+
+139
+00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110
+because people are more understanding, more than 
+
+140
+00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350
+us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of
+
+141
+00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630
+being terrorists because someone did something 
+
+142
+00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770
+wrong. So from a human perspective, as
+
+143
+00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990
+Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how 
+
+144
+00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870
+we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry
+
+145
+00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370
+for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as
+
+146
+00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670
+we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So
+
+147
+00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050
+history plays, again, in general, are divided into
+
+148
+00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710
+two parts. Plays that discuss kings, mainly from 
+
+149
+00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370
+England. And we can see in the name of the plays
+
+150
+00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490
+Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be 
+
+151
+00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730
+taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called
+
+152
+00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110
+Roman plays.
+
+153
+00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550
+But basically, a history play is a play where 
+
+154
+00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220
+there are historical events. Historical events 
+
+155
+00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160
+being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does 
+
+156
+00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180
+Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of 
+
+157
+00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140
+beings? The great chain of beings? Because the
+
+158
+00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280
+King of England became the head of the Church of
+
+159
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300
+England, the most important man in England, and he 
+
+160
+00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110
+became God's representative. You had to obey the
+
+161
+00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910
+king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen
+
+162
+00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330
+how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether
+
+163
+00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270
+to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the
+
+164
+00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390
+king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to
+
+165
+00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410
+kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like
+
+166
+00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350
+figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens
+
+167
+00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050
+now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings.
+
+168
+00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310
+Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't 
+
+169
+00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650
+see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him
+
+170
+00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270
+because we are ordinary people. So for us, the
+
+171
+00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850
+king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to
+
+172
+00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790
+fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that 
+
+173
+00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910
+terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare
+
+174
+00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050
+brings those kings down to who? To the audience, 
+
+175
+00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030
+to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them
+
+176
+00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730
+more human aspects, more human experiences than we 
+
+177
+00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370
+think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as
+
+178
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850
+gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes
+
+179
+00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790
+bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even,
+
+180
+00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310
+sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes 
+
+181
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500
+as foolish. In a way, Shakespeare was humanizing
+
+182
+00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700
+the kings, presenting them to the people in a way
+
+183
+00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900
+that makes them humans. And it is said here in the
+
+184
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000
+book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was
+
+185
+00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180
+careful not to offend the kings. So when he does 
+
+186
+00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900
+something, he brings kings from the past. When he
+
+187
+00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440
+wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings
+
+188
+00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500
+from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in
+
+189
+00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740
+Denmark, probably Macbeth and other stories. So
+
+190
+00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880
+why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly
+
+191
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900
+criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can 
+
+192
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420
+you tell why?
+
+193
+00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550
+Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad
+
+194
+00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930
+things, negatively portraying the kings. He might 
+
+195
+00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710
+get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at
+
+196
+00:13:18,710 --> 0
+
+223
+00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460
+but he brings kings from outside England. But
+
+224
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660
+doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a 
+
+225
+00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220
+play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat,
+
+226
+00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120
+they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king
+
+227
+00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160
+get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably,
+
+228
+00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960
+we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet 
+
+229
+00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080
+killed the king. And that would have happened. But
+
+230
+00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820
+wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet
+
+231
+00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560
+killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it
+
+232
+00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880
+was justice. But for him, why would the king die?
+
+233
+00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760
+I'm a king. Because the king already killed a 
+
+234
+00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300
+king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed 
+
+235
+00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640
+another king. So it's just all connected in a way 
+
+236
+00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880
+or another. Justice was served. in a way or 
+
+237
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220
+another. 
+
+238
+00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680
+In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about
+
+239
+00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880
+England, he's very respectful. He loves England.
+
+240
+00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360
+It's his nation. There's always this theme.
+
+241
+00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860
+Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he
+
+242
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440
+does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the
+
+243
+00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720
+king wanted to send him to England to be killed
+
+244
+00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250
+there, to die. probably suggesting that people go
+
+245
+00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910
+to England to die. It's where death resides, et
+
+246
+00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010
+cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about
+
+247
+00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530
+England. Look at this example here, how
+
+248
+00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170
+Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love 
+
+249
+00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330
+for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if 
+
+250
+00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590
+you want to follow that, page 25, this royal
+
+251
+00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730
+throne of kings.
+
+252
+00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220
+Talking about? England. This royal throne of
+
+253
+00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920
+kings. This septed island. This island. 
+
+254
+00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320
+Okay? In another example, probably next below.
+
+255
+00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000
+Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a
+
+256
+00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780
+courageous king who fights for his own people and 
+
+257
+00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080
+for England itself, or herself. So the kings are
+
+258
+00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740
+powerful. They're there not for their own
+
+259
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060
+interests, but also to protect the land against 
+
+260
+00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300
+the enemies and to protect the people against the
+
+261
+00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520
+enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again, 
+
+262
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300
+he's encouraging people to be part of the battle,
+
+263
+00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360
+to fight back. Because there was a breach in the
+
+264
+00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540
+wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a 
+
+265
+00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460
+wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks,
+
+266
+00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340
+makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach. 
+
+267
+00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740
+So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once
+
+268
+00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660
+more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back. 
+
+269
+00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080
+Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how
+
+270
+00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650
+he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's
+
+271
+00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470
+humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or 
+
+272
+00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490
+close the wall up with our English dead. If we
+
+273
+00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630
+don't defend England heroically, England is going
+
+274
+00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910
+to die. The personification here is beautiful of 
+
+275
+00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070
+England being a person that could be killed.
+
+276
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660
+However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes. 
+
+277
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460
+And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in
+
+278
+00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120
+a way, not because we love evil, but because they 
+
+279
+00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820
+are more interesting as characters, as literary 
+
+280
+00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080
+figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not 
+
+281
+00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960
+a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II
+
+282
+00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220
+is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest,
+
+283
+00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600
+as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers 
+
+284
+00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820
+from certain issues.
+
+285
+00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760
+Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read
+
+286
+00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460
+first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This 
+
+287
+00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010
+is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember 
+
+288
+00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670
+this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is
+
+289
+00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430
+blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank 
+
+290
+00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810
+verse? Poetry with no rhyme.
+
+291
+00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030
+Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no 
+
+292
+00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950
+rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands
+
+293
+00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780
+of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit
+
+294
+00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300
+upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death 
+
+295
+00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700
+of kings, for you have but mistook me all this 
+
+296
+00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520
+while. I live with bread like you, feel want, 
+
+297
+00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340
+taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can 
+
+298
+00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640
+you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake, 
+
+299
+00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390
+let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories
+
+300
+00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210
+in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me 
+
+301
+00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230
+all this while. I live with a friend like you. You 
+
+302
+00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350
+feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to 
+
+303
+00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610
+dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful 
+
+304
+00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050
+reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen 
+
+305
+00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450
+up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days
+
+306
+00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110
+of kings. For you have but mistook me all this 
+
+307
+00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530
+while.
+
+308
+00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440
+Very good. Someone louder, please.
+
+309
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520
+I love good bread like you. We want taste, read, 
+
+310
+00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190
+meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading.
+
+311
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330
+Because is this poetry like a reflection of a 
+
+312
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310
+strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least 
+
+313
+00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390
+modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For
+
+314
+00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990
+God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging.
+
+315
+00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170
+For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the 
+
+316
+00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000
+ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings
+
+317
+00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660
+for you have but mistook me all this while. I live
+
+318
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580
+with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need
+
+319
+00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810
+friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I 
+
+320
+00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490
+am a king what do you think of this king do you
+
+321
+00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270
+like this king do you like do you want this king
+
+322
+00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130
+to be your king do you think or friend at least or 
+
+323
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130
+do you want to be associated with this king what 
+
+324
+00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670
+do you this text look at the text here He's so
+
+325
+00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650
+humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so 
+
+326
+00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150
+humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're
+
+327
+00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030
+studying literature. The most important thing in
+
+328
+00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990
+literature is to support our opinion by textual
+
+329
+00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330
+evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in
+
+330
+00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370
+the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who
+
+331
+00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170
+is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How
+
+332
+00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970
+humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh, 
+
+333
+00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190
+cool. So he's using the basic common shared things
+
+334
+00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170
+between him as a king and the people. I live with
+
+335
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330
+bread like you. At the time they thought kings
+
+336
+00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890
+were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person
+
+337
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250
+like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like 
+
+338
+00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990
+us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the 
+
+339
+00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450
+text that shows that this is a really cool king?
+
+340
+00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630
+He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like 
+
+341
+00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570
+everybody else. And that is the most important. 
+
+342
+00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270
+He's communicating his feelings and emotions to
+
+343
+00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570
+the people. He's not distancing himself from them. 
+
+344
+00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610
+More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This
+
+345
+00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990
+expresses the difference between a god and a king 
+
+346
+00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630
+and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay,
+
+347
+00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530
+there is here an emphasis on the similarity
+
+348
+00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710
+between the king and other people. They're the
+
+349
+00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730
+same. That is a very interesting reading. But
+
+350
+00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530
+again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like 
+
+351
+00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710
+to use this iceberg metaphor 
+
+352
+00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230
+to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice 
+
+353
+00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970
+in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's
+
+354
+00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710
+the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally,
+
+355
+00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010
+people, texts, especially literature, all these
+
+356
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150
+things can be described as icebergs. 
+
+357
+00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910
+You can't fully understand people from just seeing
+
+358
+00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930
+them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know 
+
+359
+00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350
+somebody for a long time and then say, I don't 
+
+360
+00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970
+understand this person. Because deep, we have more 
+
+361
+00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710
+to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any
+
+362
+00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410
+literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg.
+
+363
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810
+What we see is here. It's fun. But what is
+
+364
+00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710
+beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the 
+
+365
+00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480
+deep, The deeper part of this is usually more 
+
+366
+00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540
+important and can tell us more. So upon the first
+
+367
+00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080
+reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king
+
+368
+00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380
+because he wants, he's begging the people, for
+
+369
+00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240
+God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them 
+
+370
+00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960
+to himself and the ground and the bread. But my
+
+371
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480
+question here, is the king truthful? Is he 
+
+372
+00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160
+genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal 
+
+373
+00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960
+more about the king that we can't see from a first 
+
+374
+00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640
+reading? Can we read between the lines and 
+
+375
+00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320
+probably get a different message, a different 
+
+376
+00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860
+interpretation, a different meaning of the text,
+
+377
+00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200
+something opposite to what we say here? 
+
+378
+00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510
+OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death.
+
+379
+00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950
+Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's 
+
+380
+00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830
+not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's 
+
+381
+00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230
+fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose
+
+382
+00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730
+his power. So now that he's about to lose his 
+
+383
+00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330
+power, now you want to tell us that you want to
+
+384
+00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350
+sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death
+
+385
+00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580
+of kings? Interesting. More. What else?
+
+386
+00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960
+Very good. Interesting. But where can you find
+
+387
+00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420
+this in the text? So she's saying that this is a 
+
+388
+00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560
+king who is escaping his responsibility.
+
+389
+00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680
+So the question, a king is a king. He's 
+
+390
+00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620
+responsible for everybody, for everything, more or
+
+391
+00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560
+less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's 
+
+392
+00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040
+a responsibility saying, how can you say to 
+
+393
+00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320
+Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that 
+
+394
+00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220
+he's escaping from his responsibility. What else
+
+395
+00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360
+can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you 
+
+396
+00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660
+elaborate?
+
+397
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140
+Okay.
+
+398
+00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400
+Can you elaborate more on this? What do you 
+
+399
+00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760
+understand from this line? For you have but
+
+400
+00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820
+mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying
+
+401
+00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680
+this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes?
+
+402
+00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160
+Interesting, but what does this tell us?
+
+403
+00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000
+Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his
+
+404
+00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020
+mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible 
+
+405
+00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220
+decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you
+
+406
+00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750
+misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's 
+
+407
+00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550
+not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In 
+
+408
+00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470
+a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation.
+
+409
+00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630
+He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad, 
+
+410
+00:28:10,890 --> 00:2
+
+445
+00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600
+Here is that Any literary text could have two or
+
+446
+00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320
+three or even more interpretations, could have
+
+447
+00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400
+more meanings. But when you read the text,
+
+448
+00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380
+sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things
+
+449
+00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860
+that you don't. In your interpretation, when you
+
+450
+00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160
+try to analyze the text, Try to use the text
+
+451
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560
+itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the
+
+452
+00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160
+exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this
+
+453
+00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960
+king? An open opinion question. Some of you could
+
+454
+00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670
+say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You
+
+455
+00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730
+tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit
+
+456
+00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190
+up on the ground and he's telling them that he's
+
+457
+00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170
+like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He
+
+458
+00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750
+eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of
+
+459
+00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510
+you might say, I don't like this king. He's not
+
+460
+00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590
+genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language
+
+461
+00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790
+indicates that he's not confessing. He's just
+
+462
+00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550
+pretending. He's accusing the people of making
+
+463
+00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650
+mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns
+
+464
+00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410
+here, he distances himself from them. "For you have
+
+465
+00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910
+mistook me." Here, he could have said, he could have
+
+466
+00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230
+easily said, "We live with bread like you, oh sorry."
+
+467
+00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820
+or, "We live with bread." But in reality, no, it
+
+468
+00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760
+doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats
+
+469
+00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440
+bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of
+
+470
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880
+other kinds of food. So the distance here is
+
+471
+00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300
+crucial. "I live with bread like you. But because
+
+472
+00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460
+we eat different food, there is this distance." So
+
+473
+00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590
+which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As
+
+474
+00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850
+long as you support your opinion from the text
+
+475
+00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930
+with textual evidence. I think he means
+
+476
+00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610
+that "I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm
+
+477
+00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990
+supposed to do, I'm a king, I have to be set from
+
+478
+00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920
+God." Yeah, "mistook?" Okay, who's doing the
+
+479
+00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320
+mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English.
+
+480
+00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680
+It should be, "You have mistook," mistake, mistook,
+
+481
+00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940
+mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You.
+
+482
+00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920
+So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No,
+
+483
+00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920
+kings are clever, 
+
+484
+00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740
+you know, especially in language. But again, this
+
+485
+00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220
+is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language.
+
+486
+00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310
+Okay?
+
+487
+00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990
+Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous
+
+488
+00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410
+king in Shakespeare that is really interesting.
+
+489
+00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630
+He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we
+
+490
+00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130
+give a lot of details and we tell the stories and
+
+491
+00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610
+sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This
+
+492
+00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890
+is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is
+
+493
+00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770
+described as a wicked man. Do you know?
+
+494
+00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940
+Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you
+
+495
+00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860
+ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do
+
+496
+00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380
+you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an
+
+497
+00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980
+Italian writer who wrote the famous book called
+
+498
+00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520
+"The Prince," in which he kind of said something
+
+499
+00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240
+like, "The end justifies the means." How would you
+
+500
+00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490
+translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK,
+
+501
+00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470
+so if you have a good noble goal in probably
+
+502
+00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710
+getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if
+
+503
+00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410
+you cheat.
+
+504
+00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750
+I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So
+
+505
+00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970
+the term Machiavellian means someone who is
+
+506
+00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890
+wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks
+
+507
+00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450
+people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a
+
+508
+00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430
+king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian
+
+509
+00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630
+character. In the play, there is this amazing,
+
+510
+00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770
+wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is,
+
+511
+00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930
+by the way, funny because he's talking about the
+
+512
+00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620
+enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king, fighting
+
+513
+00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360
+with another king who happens to be his brother.
+
+514
+00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320
+He says, "Now is
+
+515
+00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920
+the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this
+
+516
+00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560
+is something that Shakespeare coined. "Winter of
+
+517
+00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950
+discontent" is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the
+
+518
+00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330
+many he came up with. "Now is the winter of our
+
+519
+00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970
+discontent, made glorious summer by this son of
+
+520
+00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470
+York." This son of York is his enemy brother. "Now
+
+521
+00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290
+is the winter of our discontent, made glorious
+
+522
+00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410
+summer by this son of York." What do you notice
+
+523
+00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490
+about this? The language. "Now. Now. Now." Urgent.
+
+524
+00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880
+Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you
+
+525
+00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340
+know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites?
+
+526
+00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480
+We have winter and summer. Generally, winter
+
+527
+00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320
+symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally
+
+528
+00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160
+people's sadness, death, dark. And summer is hot,
+
+529
+00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340
+heat, life, colors, trees, especially in England.
+
+530
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220
+The summer is really, it's not that good, but
+
+531
+00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760
+summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do
+
+532
+00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800
+you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what
+
+533
+00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220
+about it?
+
+534
+00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360
+Okay, I want one of you to come here and write
+
+535
+00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910
+words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you
+
+536
+00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190
+come here, someone? Please. What's your name?
+
+537
+00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530
+Okay.
+
+538
+00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950
+Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this
+
+539
+00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390
+one. Here, write the following words. 
+
+540
+00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690
+Bye.
+
+541
+00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350
+Peace.
+
+542
+00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630
+Are you sure?
+
+543
+00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090
+Wait a minute.
+
+544
+00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210
+Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No,
+
+545
+00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630
+thank you.
+
+546
+00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380
+Do you think these are the right spellings?
+
+547
+00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080
+Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could
+
+548
+00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020
+give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want
+
+549
+00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680
+"by" or "by", I want "peace" and I want "sun".
+
+550
+00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510
+That's why it's interesting when someone asks
+
+551
+00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390
+about a particular word, usually asks for the
+
+552
+00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330
+spelling or the context. What is this? Now in
+
+553
+00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830
+English, there's an important literary term called
+
+554
+00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970
+"pun."
+
+555
+00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810
+"Pun." And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when
+
+556
+00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030
+one word could have two meanings or a word, the
+
+557
+00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670
+way a word sounds resembles another word. These
+
+558
+00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530
+are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or
+
+559
+00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890
+sometimes the word could have two meanings. So
+
+560
+00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410
+what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a
+
+561
+00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230
+literary device, when one word has two meanings.
+
+562
+00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710
+Or two words sound the same. 
+
+563
+00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390
+If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to
+
+564
+00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250
+understand what puns are. A pun is very important
+
+565
+00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930
+because it gives two meanings, double meanings.
+
+566
+00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450
+Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is
+
+567
+00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010
+it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a
+
+568
+00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890
+winter a summer? The sun. 
+
+569
+00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710
+Richard III, he is also talking about his brother, 
+
+570
+00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190
+the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the
+
+571
+00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510
+same time, the king is usually represented as the
+
+572
+00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430
+sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we
+
+573
+00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410
+have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying, "Now
+
+574
+00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090
+is the winter of our discontent. But this winter
+
+575
+00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430
+is turning into the summer because of the sun,
+
+576
+00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010
+because of the king, because the king brings life
+
+577
+00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190
+and brings the summer. This is what this says. 
+
+578
+00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170
+However, when you read the whole play, you'll find
+
+579
+00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550
+that this is ironic because for most of the play, 
+
+580
+00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090
+the son of York does not appear, does not come on
+
+581
+00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350
+stage. That's why the whole play is about death
+
+582
+00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540
+and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun
+
+583
+00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360
+do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare
+
+584
+00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720
+plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon
+
+585
+00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540
+the word. A play on words that have similar sounds
+
+586
+00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500
+or words with different meanings. Okay, finally,
+
+587
+00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670
+I'll just go for a video here to play. "For God's
+
+588
+00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+589
+00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890
+stories of the death of kings." One student in the
+
+590
+00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850
+other group said, the king is not genuine because
+
+591
+00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750
+he only wants to speak about the sad stories of 
+
+592
+00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610
+the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He 
+
+593
+00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330
+wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk.
+
+594
+00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470
+He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He
+
+595
+00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090
+doesn't say, "OK, tell me your sad stories."
+
+596
+00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250
+These are different recordings.
+
+597
+00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880
+from within the hollow crown around the mortal 
+
+598
+00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380
+temple 
+
+599
+00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630
+and with a little pin bores through his castle 
+
+600
+00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690
+wall a farewell 
+
+601
+00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050
+cane cover 
+
+602
+00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830
+your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn
+
+603
+00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830
+reverence throw away respect tradition form and
+
+604
+00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610
+ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all
+
+605
+00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070
+this while 
+
+606
+00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570
+Another one. 
+
+607
+00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010
+Poisoned by their wives. 
+
+608
+00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710
+Some sleeping killer. 
+
+609
+00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700
+We'll stop here and we'll continue with
+
+610
+00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260
+Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies,
+
+611
+00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380
+probably Macbeth and King Lear. 
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbb608244945712587c7bd5e4dc1bd0bebf8501a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@
+1
+00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910
+Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750
+have you back to continue our journey into the
+
+3
+00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430
+history of English literature. Last time we spoke
+
+4
+00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680
+about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four
+
+5
+00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300
+major things in the Renaissance. Number one,
+
+6
+00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480
+geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific
+
+7
+00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260
+developments
+
+8
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440
+and advancement. We spoke about new thought, new
+
+9
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230
+thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of
+
+10
+00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530
+humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also
+
+11
+00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210
+spoke about literature and how everything was
+
+12
+00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930
+influencing literature in a way or another. A
+
+13
+00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110
+crucial point we discussed last time is how this
+
+14
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650
+book does not mention two important things. Number
+
+15
+00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110
+one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism.
+
+16
+00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840
+When usually English books speak about the
+
+17
+00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420
+Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about
+
+18
+00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780
+it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how
+
+19
+00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660
+European people, the white Christians of Europe
+
+20
+00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580
+managed to discover new worlds in America, in
+
+21
+00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960
+Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say
+
+22
+00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620
+that there were native people living in America,
+
+23
+00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560
+in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we
+
+24
+00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440
+described in a way or another as whitewashing,
+
+25
+00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540
+because the book is hiding the crimes, the
+
+26
+00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340
+massacres, and presenting the British Empire as
+
+27
+00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270
+All good, pure and good. We spoke about
+
+28
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130
+Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet
+
+29
+00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810
+is the most important play probably in the history
+
+30
+00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990
+of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or
+
+31
+00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390
+not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy.
+
+32
+00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030
+And again, we said a soliloquy is an important
+
+33
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850
+dramatic device in which the actor is
+
+34
+00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340
+Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the
+
+35
+00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800
+actor is alone on the stage No one else is there.
+
+36
+00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560
+And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she,
+
+37
+00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800
+communicates with the audience inner thoughts and
+
+38
+00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440
+inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals
+
+39
+00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940
+secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the
+
+40
+00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700
+audience, the people in the audience, are very
+
+41
+00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710
+important to the play itself. Sometimes the
+
+42
+00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590
+audience knows more than the characters because of
+
+43
+00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450
+soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on
+
+44
+00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430
+seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show
+
+45
+00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650
+how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time.
+
+46
+00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470
+Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his
+
+47
+00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150
+plays, and his contribution to English language,
+
+48
+00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830
+English literature, and even English thought.
+
+49
+00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550
+Before I do that, we have someone here to recite
+
+50
+00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450
+or read something from the book here. Can you come
+
+51
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420
+here, please? from King Richard II. For God's
+
+52
+00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380
+sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to
+
+53
+00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920
+follow here, you can look it up here. For God's
+
+54
+00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+55
+00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580
+stories of the death of kings. How some have been
+
+56
+00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500
+deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the
+
+57
+00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100
+ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their
+
+58
+00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160
+wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the
+
+59
+00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380
+hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a
+
+60
+00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200
+king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors,
+
+61
+00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320
+scoffing his estate and grinning at this bond,
+
+62
+00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220
+allowing him a breath a lot of sighs.
+
+63
+00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520
+Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me.
+
+64
+00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070
+Corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like
+
+65
+00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790
+you, feel what taste bread, need friends,
+
+66
+00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750
+suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you?
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040
+Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice
+
+68
+00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080
+and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve
+
+69
+00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780
+your pronunciation, and really depict the passion
+
+70
+00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420
+of this. At the end of this course, this class,
+
+71
+00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300
+I'll show you a video of like three or four
+
+72
+00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820
+recitations of this really masterpiece by
+
+73
+00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900
+Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare,
+
+74
+00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860
+we said his plays are generally divided into
+
+75
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470
+tragedies, comedies, and hysteries. But there are
+
+76
+00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250
+other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like
+
+77
+00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510
+Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the
+
+78
+00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210
+main characters die on the stage. It's
+
+79
+00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310
+complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside
+
+80
+00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310
+down. People die. People kill. People get killed.
+
+81
+00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070
+And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand,
+
+82
+00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490
+is another play by Shakespeare, another type of
+
+83
+00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+plays where There could be trouble. There could be
+
+84
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130
+problems. There could be complications, chaos,
+
+85
+00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770
+disorder. But at the end of the play, everything
+
+86
+00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470
+goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they
+
+87
+00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810
+generally end happily, happily ever after. This is
+
+88
+00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390
+a comedy. OK, there are complications. But
+
+89
+00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150
+generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a
+
+90
+00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400
+history. Or histories. History plays, as the name
+
+91
+00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880
+suggests, they are about historical events and
+
+92
+00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780
+generally about English kings. We have King
+
+93
+00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040
+Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these
+
+94
+00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020
+histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe,
+
+95
+00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480
+mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called
+
+96
+00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920
+Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a
+
+97
+00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640
+historical event that took place in the Roman
+
+98
+00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260
+Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself.
+
+99
+00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180
+Now, some of the plays were classified generally
+
+100
+00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240
+as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The
+
+101
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160
+Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a
+
+102
+00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460
+way, ends happily. So people for a long time
+
+103
+00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300
+thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because
+
+104
+00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720
+there are new theories and new ways of thinking,
+
+105
+00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720
+people change their opinion about this play.
+
+106
+00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380
+Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio
+
+107
+00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140
+are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But
+
+108
+00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360
+Shiloh, the Jewish character, what happens to him?
+
+109
+00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360
+He loses his daughter. He converts to
+
+110
+00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340
+Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he
+
+111
+00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660
+himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and
+
+112
+00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380
+convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a
+
+113
+00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960
+good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's
+
+114
+00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380
+a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So
+
+115
+00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300
+nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of
+
+116
+00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340
+understanding and studying literature, many people
+
+117
+00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500
+started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a
+
+118
+00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440
+serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a
+
+119
+00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820
+problem or serious comedy. So again, the major
+
+120
+00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570
+divisions are comedies. tragedies and hysteries.
+
+121
+00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050
+But between these, we can add extra divisions. My
+
+122
+00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010
+question again, why are some plays now considered
+
+123
+00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530
+to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can
+
+124
+00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990
+you say that?
+
+125
+00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890
+Exactly.
+
+126
+00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150
+Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle
+
+127
+00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170
+changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his
+
+128
+00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790
+plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people
+
+129
+00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570
+changed ever since? Of course. And even his
+
+130
+00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090
+audience as Christians, white Christians living in
+
+131
+00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630
+London. And if you change the audience, you bring,
+
+132
+00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390
+for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience,
+
+133
+00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510
+Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the
+
+134
+00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990
+same way? Certainly not, because we have different
+
+135
+00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210
+backgrounds, different ideologies, different
+
+136
+00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690
+something. So at a time when probably the Jewish
+
+137
+00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850
+people were considered to be bad, maybe people
+
+138
+00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930
+were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now,
+
+139
+00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110
+because people are more understanding, more than
+
+140
+00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350
+us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of
+
+141
+00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630
+being terrorists because someone did something
+
+142
+00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770
+wrong. So from a human perspective, as
+
+143
+00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990
+Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how
+
+144
+00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870
+we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry
+
+145
+00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370
+for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as
+
+146
+00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670
+we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So
+
+147
+00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050
+history plays, again, in general, are divided into
+
+148
+00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710
+two parts. Plays that discuss kings. mainly from
+
+149
+00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370
+England. And we can see in the name of the plays
+
+150
+00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490
+Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be
+
+151
+00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730
+taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called
+
+152
+00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110
+Roman plays.
+
+153
+00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550
+But basically, a history play is a play where
+
+154
+00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220
+there are historical events. hysterical events
+
+155
+00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160
+being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does
+
+156
+00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180
+Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of
+
+157
+00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140
+beings? The great chain of beings? Because the
+
+158
+00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280
+King of England became the head of the Church of
+
+159
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300
+England, the most important man in England, and he
+
+160
+00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110
+became God's representative. You had to obey the
+
+161
+00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910
+king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen
+
+162
+00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330
+how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether
+
+163
+00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270
+to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the
+
+164
+00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390
+king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to
+
+165
+00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410
+kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like
+
+166
+00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350
+figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens
+
+167
+00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050
+now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings.
+
+168
+00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310
+Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't
+
+169
+00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650
+see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him
+
+170
+00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270
+because we are ordinary people. So for us, the
+
+171
+00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850
+king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to
+
+172
+00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790
+fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that
+
+173
+00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910
+terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare
+
+174
+00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050
+brings those kings down to who? to the audience,
+
+175
+00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030
+to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them
+
+176
+00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730
+more human aspects, more human experiences than we
+
+177
+00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370
+think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as
+
+178
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850
+gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes
+
+179
+00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790
+bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even,
+
+180
+00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310
+sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes
+
+181
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500
+as foolish, in a way Shakespeare was humanizing
+
+182
+00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700
+the kings, presenting them to the people in a way
+
+183
+00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900
+that makes them humans. And it is said here in the
+
+184
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000
+book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was
+
+185
+00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180
+careful not to offend the kings. So when he does
+
+186
+00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900
+something, he brings kings from the past. When he
+
+187
+00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440
+wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings
+
+188
+00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500
+from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in
+
+189
+00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740
+Denmark. probably Macbeth and other stories. So
+
+190
+00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880
+why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly
+
+191
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900
+criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can
+
+192
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420
+you tell why?
+
+193
+00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550
+Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad
+
+194
+00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930
+things, negatively portraying the kings. He might
+
+195
+00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710
+get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at
+
+196
+00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:21,570
+least imprisoned or censored. You know censorship
+
+197
+00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:25,850
+where okay write this, don't write that. Play
+
+198
+00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:29,430
+this, don't play that. But Shakespeare was smart.
+
+199
+00:13:30,490 --> 00:13:33,010
+He was smarter than anyone could imagine. So
+
+200
+00:13:33,010 --> 00:13:34,250
+sometimes he would do it
+
+201
+00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:42,590
+Of course, because this is self-interest. But
+
+202
+00:13:42,590 --> 00:13:46,190
+Shakespeare does not stop there. Sometimes we have
+
+203
+00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:50,310
+him indirectly, implicitly criticizing the kings.
+
+204
+00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:53,750
+Remember again, the king is supposed to be like,
+
+205
+00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:56,870
+you know, like a statue, distant God-like figure.
+
+206
+00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:01,650
+But when Shakespeare brings them down to people on
+
+207
+00:14:01,650 --> 00:14:04,950
+the stage, when people play the kings, and
+
+208
+00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:07,150
+sometimes, did you study King Lear? Do you know
+
+209
+00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:09,750
+anything about King Lear? In King Lear, the king,
+
+210
+00:14:09,890 --> 00:14:15,330
+in a way, is stupid. He's foolish. So it indicates
+
+211
+00:14:15,330 --> 00:14:19,290
+that the king can be weak. The king can be evil.
+
+212
+00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:23,210
+They're not pure good. When Shakespeare does this,
+
+213
+00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:28,890
+in a way or another, He's shaking the image of the
+
+214
+00:14:28,890 --> 00:14:32,730
+king. He's telling the people kings are human
+
+215
+00:14:32,730 --> 00:14:35,630
+beings too. They can make mistakes. They can be
+
+216
+00:14:35,630 --> 00:14:40,150
+good and they can be evil. We'll see how he does
+
+217
+00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:43,110
+this in some of the examples. This is important.
+
+218
+00:14:43,270 --> 00:14:45,150
+So Shakespeare brings them down to earth,
+
+219
+00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:48,990
+humanizes them. He's careful, but indirectly there
+
+220
+00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:53,720
+is criticism. So if I ask you if Shakespeare never
+
+221
+00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,860
+criticizes the king or the monarchy, it's false.
+
+222
+00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,060
+He does sometimes indirectly, sometimes openly,
+
+223
+00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460
+but he brings kings from outside England. But
+
+224
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660
+doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a
+
+225
+00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220
+play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat,
+
+226
+00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120
+they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king
+
+227
+00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160
+get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably,
+
+228
+00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960
+we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet
+
+229
+00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080
+killed the king. And that would have happened. But
+
+230
+00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820
+wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet
+
+231
+00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560
+killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it
+
+232
+00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880
+was justice. But for him, why would the king die?
+
+233
+00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760
+I'm a king. Because the king already killed a
+
+234
+00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300
+king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed
+
+235
+00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640
+another king. So it's just all connected in a way
+
+236
+00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880
+or another. Justice was served. in a way or
+
+237
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220
+another.
+
+238
+00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680
+In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about
+
+239
+00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880
+England, he's very respectful. He loves England.
+
+240
+00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360
+It's his nation. There's always this theme.
+
+241
+00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860
+Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he
+
+242
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440
+does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the
+
+243
+00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720
+king wanted to send him to England to be killed
+
+244
+00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250
+there, to die. probably suggesting that people go
+
+245
+00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910
+to England to die. It's where death resides, et
+
+246
+00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010
+cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about
+
+247
+00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530
+England. Look at this example here, how
+
+248
+00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170
+Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love
+
+249
+00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330
+for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if
+
+250
+00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590
+you want to follow that, page 25, this royal
+
+251
+00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730
+throne of kings.
+
+252
+00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220
+Talking about? England. This royal throne of
+
+253
+00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920
+kings. This septed island. This island.
+
+254
+00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320
+Okay? In another example, probably next below.
+
+255
+00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000
+Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a
+
+256
+00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780
+courageous king who fights for his own people and
+
+257
+00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080
+for England itself, or herself. So the kings are
+
+258
+00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740
+powerful. They're there not for their own
+
+259
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060
+interests, but also to protect the land against
+
+260
+00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300
+the enemies and to protect the people against the
+
+261
+00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520
+enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again,
+
+262
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300
+he's encouraging people to be part of the battle,
+
+263
+00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360
+to fight back. Because there was a breach in the
+
+264
+00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540
+wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a
+
+265
+00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460
+wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks,
+
+266
+00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340
+makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach.
+
+267
+00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740
+So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once
+
+268
+00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660
+more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back.
+
+269
+00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080
+Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how
+
+270
+00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650
+he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's
+
+271
+00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470
+humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or
+
+272
+00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490
+close the wall up with our English dead. If we
+
+273
+00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630
+don't defend England heroically, England is going
+
+274
+00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910
+to die. The personification here is beautiful of
+
+275
+00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070
+England being a person that could be killed.
+
+276
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660
+However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes.
+
+277
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460
+And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in
+
+278
+00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120
+a way, not because we love evil, but because they
+
+279
+00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820
+are more interesting as characters, as literary
+
+280
+00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080
+figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not
+
+281
+00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960
+a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II
+
+282
+00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220
+is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest,
+
+283
+00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600
+as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers
+
+284
+00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820
+from certain issues.
+
+285
+00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760
+Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read
+
+286
+00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460
+first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This
+
+287
+00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010
+is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember
+
+288
+00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670
+this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is
+
+289
+00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430
+blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank
+
+290
+00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810
+verse? Poetry with no rhyme.
+
+291
+00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030
+Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no
+
+292
+00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950
+rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands
+
+293
+00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780
+of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit
+
+294
+00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300
+upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death
+
+295
+00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700
+of kings, for you have but mistook me all this
+
+296
+00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520
+while. I live with bread like you, feel want,
+
+297
+00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340
+taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can
+
+298
+00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640
+you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake,
+
+299
+00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390
+let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories
+
+300
+00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210
+in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me
+
+301
+00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230
+all this while. I live with a friend like you. You
+
+302
+00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350
+feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to
+
+303
+00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610
+dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful
+
+304
+00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050
+reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen
+
+305
+00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450
+up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days
+
+306
+00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110
+of kings. For you have but mistook me all this
+
+307
+00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530
+while.
+
+308
+00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440
+Very good. Someone louder, please.
+
+309
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520
+I love good bread like you. We want taste, read,
+
+310
+00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190
+meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading.
+
+311
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330
+Because is this poetry like a reflection of a
+
+312
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310
+strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least
+
+313
+00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390
+modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For
+
+314
+00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990
+God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging.
+
+315
+00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170
+For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the
+
+316
+00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000
+ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings
+
+317
+00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660
+for you have but mistook me all this while. I live
+
+318
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580
+with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need
+
+319
+00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810
+friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I
+
+320
+00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490
+am a king what do you think of this king do you
+
+321
+00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270
+like this king do you like do you want this king
+
+322
+00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130
+to be your king do you think or friend at least or
+
+323
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130
+do you want to be associated with this king what
+
+324
+00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670
+do you this text look at the text here He's so
+
+325
+00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650
+humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so
+
+326
+00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150
+humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're
+
+327
+00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030
+studying literature. The most important thing in
+
+328
+00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990
+literature is to support our opinion by textual
+
+329
+00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330
+evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in
+
+330
+00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370
+the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who
+
+331
+00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170
+is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How
+
+332
+00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970
+humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh,
+
+333
+00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190
+cool. So he's using the basic common shared things
+
+334
+00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170
+between him as a king and the people. I live with
+
+335
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330
+bread like you. At the time they thought kings
+
+336
+00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890
+were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person
+
+337
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250
+like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like
+
+338
+00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990
+us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the
+
+339
+00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450
+text that shows that this is a really cool king?
+
+340
+00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630
+He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like
+
+341
+00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570
+everybody else. And that is the most important.
+
+342
+00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270
+He's communicating his feelings and emotions to
+
+343
+00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570
+the people. He's not distancing himself from them.
+
+344
+00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610
+More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This
+
+345
+00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990
+expresses the difference between a god and a king
+
+346
+00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630
+and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay,
+
+347
+00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530
+there is here an emphasis on the similarity
+
+348
+00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710
+between the king and other people. They're the
+
+349
+00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730
+same. That is a very interesting reading. But
+
+350
+00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530
+again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like
+
+351
+00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710
+to use this iceberg metaphor
+
+352
+00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230
+to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice
+
+353
+00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970
+in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's
+
+354
+00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710
+the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally,
+
+355
+00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010
+people, texts, especially literature, all these
+
+356
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150
+things can be described as icebergs.
+
+357
+00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910
+You can't fully understand people from just seeing
+
+358
+00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930
+them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know
+
+359
+00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350
+somebody for a long time and then say, I don't
+
+360
+00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970
+understand this person. Because deep, we have more
+
+361
+00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710
+to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any
+
+362
+00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410
+literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg.
+
+363
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810
+What we see is here. It's fun. But what is
+
+364
+00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710
+beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the
+
+365
+00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480
+deep, The deeper part of this is usually more
+
+366
+00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540
+important and can tell us more. So upon the first
+
+367
+00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080
+reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king
+
+368
+00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380
+because he wants, he's begging the people, for
+
+369
+00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240
+God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them
+
+370
+00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960
+to himself and the ground and the bread. But my
+
+371
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480
+question here, is the king truthful? Is he
+
+372
+00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160
+genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal
+
+373
+00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960
+more about the king that we can't see from a first
+
+374
+00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640
+reading? Can we read between the lines and
+
+375
+00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320
+probably get a different message, a different
+
+376
+00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860
+interpretation, a different meaning of the text,
+
+377
+00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200
+something opposite to what we say here?
+
+378
+00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510
+OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death.
+
+379
+00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950
+Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's
+
+380
+00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830
+not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's
+
+381
+00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230
+fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose
+
+382
+00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730
+his power. So now that he's about to lose his
+
+383
+00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330
+power, now you want to tell us that you want to
+
+384
+00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350
+sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death
+
+385
+00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580
+of kings? Interesting. More. What else?
+
+386
+00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960
+Very good. Interesting. But where can you find
+
+387
+00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420
+this in the text? So she's saying that this is a
+
+388
+00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560
+king who is escaping his responsibility.
+
+389
+00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680
+So the question, a king is a king. He's
+
+390
+00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620
+responsible for everybody, for everything, more or
+
+391
+00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560
+less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's
+
+392
+00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040
+a responsibility saying, how can you say to
+
+393
+00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320
+Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that
+
+394
+00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220
+he's escaping from his responsibility. What else
+
+395
+00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360
+can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you
+
+396
+00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660
+elaborate?
+
+397
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140
+Okay.
+
+398
+00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400
+Can you elaborate more on this? What do you
+
+399
+00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760
+understand from this line? For you have but
+
+400
+00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820
+mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying
+
+401
+00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680
+this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes?
+
+402
+00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160
+Interesting, but what does this tell us?
+
+403
+00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000
+Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his
+
+404
+00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020
+mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible
+
+405
+00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220
+decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you
+
+406
+00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750
+misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's
+
+407
+00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550
+not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In
+
+408
+00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470
+a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation.
+
+409
+00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630
+He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad,
+
+410
+00:28:10,890 --> 00:28:14,830
+it's because you misunderstand me, you mistake me,
+
+411
+00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:19,100
+you wrong me. This is what he's saying in a sense.
+
+412
+00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:22,540
+He's not confessing or saying, oh, sorry. Forgive
+
+413
+00:28:22,540 --> 00:28:25,580
+me. I made mistakes. This is what he should say. A
+
+414
+00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:27,860
+man in charge, in responsibility, with
+
+415
+00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:30,720
+responsibility, if he wants to really be good,
+
+416
+00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:36,200
+first, I'm sorry I made mistakes. Second, you give
+
+417
+00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,780
+people their rights. But here, the king is blaming
+
+418
+00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:48,720
+the people for misunderstanding him. For you have,
+
+419
+00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:51,880
+and this is what we call, he's pointing, pointing
+
+420
+00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,300
+the finger of accusation at the people. It's your
+
+421
+00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:57,880
+problem. If you notice one thing about the
+
+422
+00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,340
+pronouns, what do the pronouns tell you? Listen,
+
+423
+00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:05,540
+when you study a text, literature, Number one,
+
+424
+00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,360
+look at the pronouns. Are they singular? Are they
+
+425
+00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,080
+plural? What does that mean? What does that
+
+426
+00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,480
+indicate? Do we have sometimes plural that turns
+
+427
+00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,200
+into singular or singular that goes into plural?
+
+428
+00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,640
+Look at the tense. Is it past? Is it present? Is
+
+429
+00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:23,540
+it a mixture? Why? Look at the choice of words. If
+
+430
+00:29:23,540 --> 00:29:25,440
+you understand, if you analyze the language in
+
+431
+00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,730
+this way, it gives you more from here, from the
+
+432
+00:29:29,730 --> 00:29:33,110
+deeper part of the text. If you look at the
+
+433
+00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:36,630
+pronouns, number one, he says, let us sit upon the
+
+434
+00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:39,270
+ground. That's good. Because together, we sit upon
+
+435
+00:29:39,270 --> 00:29:41,390
+the ground. But when he talks about the
+
+436
+00:29:41,390 --> 00:29:47,190
+responsibility, there is you and me, and there is
+
+437
+00:29:47,190 --> 00:29:51,650
+also I and you. They're separating. He's isolated.
+
+438
+00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:55,450
+In literature, we say he's distancing himself. You
+
+439
+00:29:55,450 --> 00:30:01,080
+know distance? It can also be used as a verb. What
+
+440
+00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:04,040
+is he doing? He's distancing himself from the
+
+441
+00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:08,500
+people because they are wrong. They mistake. They
+
+442
+00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:12,220
+misunderstand. They make mistakes. They
+
+443
+00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:16,640
+misunderstand. But does he say, I misunderstand? I
+
+444
+00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:21,260
+made mistakes, errors? He doesn't. So what happens
+
+445
+00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600
+here is that Any literary text could have two or
+
+446
+00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320
+three or even more interpretations, could have
+
+447
+00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400
+more meanings. But when you read the text,
+
+448
+00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380
+sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things
+
+449
+00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860
+that you don't. In your interpretation, when you
+
+450
+00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160
+try to analyze the text, Try to use the text
+
+451
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560
+itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the
+
+452
+00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160
+exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this
+
+453
+00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960
+king? An open opinion question. Some of you could
+
+454
+00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670
+say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You
+
+455
+00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730
+tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit
+
+456
+00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190
+up on the ground and he's telling them that he's
+
+457
+00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170
+like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He
+
+458
+00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750
+eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of
+
+459
+00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510
+you might say, I don't like this king. He's not
+
+460
+00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590
+genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language
+
+461
+00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790
+indicates that he's not confessing. he's just
+
+462
+00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550
+pretending he's accusing the people of making
+
+463
+00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650
+mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns
+
+464
+00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410
+here he distances himself from them for you have
+
+465
+00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910
+mistook me here he could have said he could have
+
+466
+00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230
+easily said we live with bread like you oh sorry
+
+467
+00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820
+or we live with bread But in reality, no, it
+
+468
+00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760
+doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats
+
+469
+00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440
+bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of
+
+470
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880
+other kinds of food. So the distance here is
+
+471
+00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300
+crucial. I live with bread like you. But because
+
+472
+00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460
+we eat different food, there is this distance. So
+
+473
+00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590
+which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As
+
+474
+00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850
+long as you support your opinion from the text
+
+475
+00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930
+with textual evidence I think he means
+
+476
+00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610
+that I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm
+
+477
+00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990
+supposed to do I'm a king, I have to be set from
+
+478
+00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920
+God Yeah, mistook? Okay, who's doing the
+
+479
+00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320
+mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English.
+
+480
+00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680
+It should be you have mistook, mistake, mistook,
+
+481
+00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940
+mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You.
+
+482
+00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920
+So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No,
+
+483
+00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920
+kings are clever,
+
+484
+00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740
+you know, especially in language. But again, this
+
+485
+00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220
+is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language.
+
+486
+00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310
+Okay?
+
+487
+00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990
+Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous
+
+488
+00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410
+king in Shakespeare that is really interesting.
+
+489
+00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630
+He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we
+
+490
+00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130
+give a lot of details and we tell the stories and
+
+491
+00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610
+sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This
+
+492
+00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890
+is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is
+
+493
+00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770
+described as a wicked man. Do you know?
+
+494
+00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940
+Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you
+
+495
+00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860
+ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do
+
+496
+00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380
+you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an
+
+497
+00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980
+Italian writer who wrote the famous book called
+
+498
+00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520
+The Prince, in which he kind of said something
+
+499
+00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240
+like, the end justifies the means. How would you
+
+500
+00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490
+translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK,
+
+501
+00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470
+so if you have a good noble goal in probably
+
+502
+00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710
+getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if
+
+503
+00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410
+you cheat.
+
+504
+00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750
+I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So
+
+505
+00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970
+the term Machiavellian means someone who is
+
+506
+00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890
+wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks
+
+507
+00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450
+people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a
+
+508
+00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430
+king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian
+
+509
+00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630
+character. In the play, there is this amazing,
+
+510
+00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770
+wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is,
+
+511
+00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930
+by the way, funny because he's talking about the
+
+512
+00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620
+enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king. fighting
+
+513
+00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360
+with another king who happens to be his brother.
+
+514
+00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320
+He says, now is
+
+515
+00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920
+the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this
+
+516
+00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560
+is something that Shakespeare coined. Winter of
+
+517
+00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950
+discontent is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the
+
+518
+00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330
+many he came up with. Now is the winter of our
+
+519
+00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970
+discontent. Made glorious summer by this son of
+
+520
+00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470
+York. This son of York is his enemy brother. Now
+
+521
+00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290
+is the winter of our discontent. Made glorious
+
+522
+00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410
+summer by this son of York. What do you notice
+
+523
+00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490
+about this? The language. Now. Now. Now. Urgent.
+
+524
+00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880
+Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you
+
+525
+00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340
+know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites?
+
+526
+00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480
+We have winter and summer. Generally winter
+
+527
+00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320
+symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally
+
+528
+00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160
+people's sadness, death, dark. And summer in hot,
+
+529
+00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340
+heat, life. Colors, trees, especially in England.
+
+530
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220
+The summer is really, it's not that good, but
+
+531
+00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760
+summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do
+
+532
+00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800
+you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what
+
+533
+00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220
+about it?
+
+534
+00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360
+Okay, I want one of you to come here and write
+
+535
+00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910
+words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you
+
+536
+00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190
+come here, someone? Please. What's your name?
+
+537
+00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530
+Okay.
+
+538
+00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950
+Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this
+
+539
+00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390
+one. Here, write the following words.
+
+540
+00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690
+Bye.
+
+541
+00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350
+Peace.
+
+542
+00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630
+Are you sure?
+
+543
+00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090
+Wait a minute.
+
+544
+00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210
+Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No,
+
+545
+00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630
+thank you.
+
+546
+00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380
+Do you think these are the right spellings?
+
+547
+00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080
+Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could
+
+548
+00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020
+give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want
+
+549
+00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680
+by or by, I want peace and I want sun.
+
+550
+00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510
+That's why it's interesting when someone asks
+
+551
+00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390
+about a particular word, usually asks for the
+
+552
+00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330
+spelling or the context. What is this? Now in
+
+553
+00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830
+English there's an important literary term called
+
+554
+00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970
+pun.
+
+555
+00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810
+Pun. And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when
+
+556
+00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030
+one word could have two meanings or A word, the
+
+557
+00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670
+way a word sounds resembles another word. These
+
+558
+00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530
+are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or
+
+559
+00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890
+sometimes the word could have two meanings. So
+
+560
+00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410
+what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a
+
+561
+00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230
+literary device, when one word has two meanings.
+
+562
+00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710
+Or two words sound the same.
+
+563
+00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390
+If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to
+
+564
+00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250
+understand what puns are. A pun is very important
+
+565
+00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930
+because it gives two meanings, double meanings.
+
+566
+00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450
+Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is
+
+567
+00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010
+it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a
+
+568
+00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890
+winter a summer? The sun.
+
+569
+00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710
+Richard III, he is also talking about his brother,
+
+570
+00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190
+the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the
+
+571
+00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510
+same time, the king is usually represented as the
+
+572
+00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430
+sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we
+
+573
+00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410
+have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying now
+
+574
+00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090
+is the winter of our discontent. But this winter
+
+575
+00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430
+is turning into The summer because of the sun,
+
+576
+00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010
+because of the king, because the king brings life
+
+577
+00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190
+and brings the summer. This is what this says.
+
+578
+00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170
+However, when you read the whole play, you'll find
+
+579
+00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550
+that this is ironic because for most of the play,
+
+580
+00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090
+the son of York does not appear, does not come on
+
+581
+00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350
+stage. That's why the whole play is about death
+
+582
+00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540
+and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun
+
+583
+00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360
+do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare
+
+584
+00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720
+plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon
+
+585
+00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540
+the word. A play on word that have similar sounds
+
+586
+00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500
+or words with different meanings. Okay, finally,
+
+587
+00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670
+I'll just go for a video here to play For God's
+
+588
+00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+589
+00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890
+stories of the death of kings. One student in the
+
+590
+00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850
+other group said, the king is not genuine because
+
+591
+00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750
+he only wants to speak about the sad stories of
+
+592
+00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610
+the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He
+
+593
+00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330
+wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk.
+
+594
+00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470
+He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He
+
+595
+00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090
+doesn't say, OK, tell me your sad stories.
+
+596
+00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250
+These are different recordings.
+
+597
+00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880
+from within the hollow crown around the mortal
+
+598
+00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380
+temple
+
+599
+00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630
+and with a little pin bores through his castle
+
+600
+00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690
+wall a farewell
+
+601
+00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050
+cane cover
+
+602
+00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830
+your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn
+
+603
+00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830
+reverence throw away respect tradition form and
+
+604
+00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610
+ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all
+
+605
+00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070
+this while
+
+606
+00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570
+Another one.
+
+607
+00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010
+Poisoned by their wives.
+
+608
+00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710
+Some sleeping killer.
+
+609
+00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700
+We'll stop here and we'll continue with
+
+610
+00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260
+Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies,
+
+611
+00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380
+probably Macbeth and King Lear.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dbb608244945712587c7bd5e4dc1bd0bebf8501a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/lKM70u5wiUQ_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2444 @@
+1
+00:00:21,050 --> 00:00:23,910
+Assalamualaikum everyone. Hello again and nice to
+
+2
+00:00:23,910 --> 00:00:27,750
+have you back to continue our journey into the
+
+3
+00:00:27,750 --> 00:00:31,430
+history of English literature. Last time we spoke
+
+4
+00:00:31,430 --> 00:00:36,680
+about the Renaissance. And we spoke about four
+
+5
+00:00:36,680 --> 00:00:39,300
+major things in the Renaissance. Number one,
+
+6
+00:00:39,460 --> 00:00:43,480
+geographical discoveries. Number two, scientific
+
+7
+00:00:43,480 --> 00:00:47,260
+developments
+
+8
+00:00:47,260 --> 00:00:51,440
+and advancement. We spoke about new thought, new
+
+9
+00:00:51,440 --> 00:00:55,230
+thinking in terms of religion. And in terms of
+
+10
+00:00:55,230 --> 00:00:58,530
+humanism, we spoke about that. And then we also
+
+11
+00:00:58,530 --> 00:01:01,210
+spoke about literature and how everything was
+
+12
+00:01:01,210 --> 00:01:04,930
+influencing literature in a way or another. A
+
+13
+00:01:04,930 --> 00:01:09,110
+crucial point we discussed last time is how this
+
+14
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,650
+book does not mention two important things. Number
+
+15
+00:01:13,650 --> 00:01:19,110
+one is colonialism. And number two is imperialism.
+
+16
+00:01:19,800 --> 00:01:22,840
+When usually English books speak about the
+
+17
+00:01:22,840 --> 00:01:26,420
+Renaissance or the Renaissance, they speak about
+
+18
+00:01:26,420 --> 00:01:29,780
+it in terms of new geographical discoveries, how
+
+19
+00:01:29,780 --> 00:01:33,660
+European people, the white Christians of Europe
+
+20
+00:01:33,660 --> 00:01:38,580
+managed to discover new worlds in America, in
+
+21
+00:01:38,580 --> 00:01:41,960
+Africa, and in Asia. And the book here doesn't say
+
+22
+00:01:41,960 --> 00:01:44,620
+that there were native people living in America,
+
+23
+00:01:45,080 --> 00:01:48,560
+in Africa, and in Asia. And this is something we
+
+24
+00:01:48,560 --> 00:01:51,440
+described in a way or another as whitewashing,
+
+25
+00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:54,540
+because the book is hiding the crimes, the
+
+26
+00:01:54,540 --> 00:01:58,340
+massacres, and presenting the British Empire as
+
+27
+00:01:58,850 --> 00:02:03,270
+All good, pure and good. We spoke about
+
+28
+00:02:03,270 --> 00:02:06,130
+Shakespeare. We spoke about Hamlet and how Hamlet
+
+29
+00:02:06,130 --> 00:02:08,810
+is the most important play probably in the history
+
+30
+00:02:08,810 --> 00:02:13,990
+of humanity. And we studied or examined to be or
+
+31
+00:02:13,990 --> 00:02:17,390
+not to be, that is the question, as a soliloquy.
+
+32
+00:02:17,910 --> 00:02:21,030
+And again, we said a soliloquy is an important
+
+33
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:24,850
+dramatic device in which the actor is
+
+34
+00:02:30,260 --> 00:02:36,340
+Okay, so the actor is alone, solo means one, the
+
+35
+00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:40,800
+actor is alone on the stage No one else is there.
+
+36
+00:02:41,660 --> 00:02:44,560
+And he, mainly he, but sometimes could be she,
+
+37
+00:02:45,000 --> 00:02:48,800
+communicates with the audience inner thoughts and
+
+38
+00:02:48,800 --> 00:02:53,440
+inner conflict. In a way, reveals plans, reveals
+
+39
+00:02:53,440 --> 00:02:56,940
+secrets. And this is crucial in drama because the
+
+40
+00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:59,700
+audience, the people in the audience, are very
+
+41
+00:02:59,700 --> 00:03:02,710
+important to the play itself. Sometimes the
+
+42
+00:03:02,710 --> 00:03:06,590
+audience knows more than the characters because of
+
+43
+00:03:06,590 --> 00:03:10,450
+soliloquies. Now Hamlet as a play is based on
+
+44
+00:03:10,450 --> 00:03:14,430
+seven major soliloquies and these soliloquies show
+
+45
+00:03:15,310 --> 00:03:19,650
+how Hamlet develops, how he progresses in time.
+
+46
+00:03:19,950 --> 00:03:23,470
+Today, we'll speak more about Shakespeare, his
+
+47
+00:03:23,470 --> 00:03:28,150
+plays, and his contribution to English language,
+
+48
+00:03:28,310 --> 00:03:30,830
+English literature, and even English thought.
+
+49
+00:03:30,910 --> 00:03:34,550
+Before I do that, we have someone here to recite
+
+50
+00:03:34,550 --> 00:03:40,450
+or read something from the book here. Can you come
+
+51
+00:03:40,450 --> 00:03:45,420
+here, please? from King Richard II. For God's
+
+52
+00:03:45,420 --> 00:03:49,380
+sake, let us sit upon the ground. If you want to
+
+53
+00:03:49,380 --> 00:03:53,920
+follow here, you can look it up here. For God's
+
+54
+00:03:53,920 --> 00:03:56,740
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+55
+00:03:56,740 --> 00:04:00,580
+stories of the death of kings. How some have been
+
+56
+00:04:00,580 --> 00:04:03,500
+deposed, some slain in war, some hunted by the
+
+57
+00:04:03,500 --> 00:04:07,100
+ghosts they had deposed, some bossed by their
+
+58
+00:04:07,100 --> 00:04:11,160
+wives, some sleeping killed. All murder within the
+
+59
+00:04:11,160 --> 00:04:14,380
+hollow crown that rounds the mortal tombs of a
+
+60
+00:04:14,380 --> 00:04:18,200
+king, keeps dead his court and their ancestors,
+
+61
+00:04:19,860 --> 00:04:25,320
+scoffing his estate and grinning at this bond,
+
+62
+00:04:25,600 --> 00:04:28,220
+allowing him a breath a lot of sighs.
+
+63
+00:04:32,400 --> 00:04:38,520
+Go to the end. OK. For you have but bestowed me.
+
+64
+00:04:40,590 --> 00:04:44,070
+Corn. I live with bread. I live with bread like
+
+65
+00:04:44,070 --> 00:04:47,790
+you, feel what taste bread, need friends,
+
+66
+00:04:48,570 --> 00:04:51,750
+suggested thus, how can you say to me I love you?
+
+67
+00:04:52,070 --> 00:04:57,040
+Very good. Very good. I'm sure with more practice
+
+68
+00:04:57,040 --> 00:05:01,080
+and more rehearsal, you can be better, improve
+
+69
+00:05:01,080 --> 00:05:03,780
+your pronunciation, and really depict the passion
+
+70
+00:05:03,780 --> 00:05:06,420
+of this. At the end of this course, this class,
+
+71
+00:05:06,460 --> 00:05:09,300
+I'll show you a video of like three or four
+
+72
+00:05:09,300 --> 00:05:12,820
+recitations of this really masterpiece by
+
+73
+00:05:12,820 --> 00:05:16,900
+Shakespeare. So when we spoke about Shakespeare,
+
+74
+00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,860
+we said his plays are generally divided into
+
+75
+00:05:19,860 --> 00:05:25,470
+tragedies, comedies, and hysteries. But there are
+
+76
+00:05:25,470 --> 00:05:28,250
+other divisions. So a tragedy is a play, like
+
+77
+00:05:28,250 --> 00:05:33,510
+Hamlet, is a play where the main character or the
+
+78
+00:05:33,510 --> 00:05:37,210
+main characters die on the stage. It's
+
+79
+00:05:37,210 --> 00:05:40,310
+complicated. There's chaos. Life is turned upside
+
+80
+00:05:40,310 --> 00:05:43,310
+down. People die. People kill. People get killed.
+
+81
+00:05:43,730 --> 00:05:47,070
+And that's a tragedy. A comedy, on the other hand,
+
+82
+00:05:47,330 --> 00:05:50,490
+is another play by Shakespeare, another type of
+
+83
+00:05:50,490 --> 00:05:53,430
+plays where There could be trouble. There could be
+
+84
+00:05:53,430 --> 00:05:56,130
+problems. There could be complications, chaos,
+
+85
+00:05:56,550 --> 00:06:00,770
+disorder. But at the end of the play, everything
+
+86
+00:06:00,770 --> 00:06:06,470
+goes as everybody wishes in the beginning. So they
+
+87
+00:06:06,470 --> 00:06:10,810
+generally end happily, happily ever after. This is
+
+88
+00:06:10,810 --> 00:06:13,390
+a comedy. OK, there are complications. But
+
+89
+00:06:13,390 --> 00:06:18,150
+generally, nobody dies. There's no blood. Now, a
+
+90
+00:06:18,150 --> 00:06:22,400
+history. Or histories. History plays, as the name
+
+91
+00:06:22,400 --> 00:06:24,880
+suggests, they are about historical events and
+
+92
+00:06:24,880 --> 00:06:27,780
+generally about English kings. We have King
+
+93
+00:06:27,780 --> 00:06:31,040
+Richard II, King Richard III. And some of these
+
+94
+00:06:31,040 --> 00:06:34,020
+histories go to Europe, take stories from Europe,
+
+95
+00:06:34,160 --> 00:06:36,480
+mainly from Rome. And that's why they're called
+
+96
+00:06:36,480 --> 00:06:40,920
+Roman plays. A Roman play is generally, again, a
+
+97
+00:06:40,920 --> 00:06:43,640
+historical event that took place in the Roman
+
+98
+00:06:43,640 --> 00:06:48,260
+Empire, sometimes probably mainly in Italy itself.
+
+99
+00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:54,180
+Now, some of the plays were classified generally
+
+100
+00:06:54,180 --> 00:06:59,240
+as comedies, because again nobody dies, like The
+
+101
+00:06:59,240 --> 00:07:03,160
+Merchant of Venice. The Merchant of Venice, in a
+
+102
+00:07:03,160 --> 00:07:06,460
+way, ends happily. So people for a long time
+
+103
+00:07:06,460 --> 00:07:09,300
+thought it to be a comedy. But nowadays, because
+
+104
+00:07:09,300 --> 00:07:11,720
+there are new theories and new ways of thinking,
+
+105
+00:07:12,540 --> 00:07:14,720
+people change their opinion about this play.
+
+106
+00:07:15,200 --> 00:07:19,380
+Because what happens is, yes, Bassanio and Antonio
+
+107
+00:07:19,380 --> 00:07:25,140
+are not hurt. They get the things they wanted. But
+
+108
+00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:27,360
+Shiloh, the Jewish character, what happens to him?
+
+109
+00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:31,360
+He loses his daughter. He converts to
+
+110
+00:07:31,360 --> 00:07:37,340
+Christianity. He loses most of his money. And he
+
+111
+00:07:37,340 --> 00:07:41,660
+himself has to leave Judaism, his religion, and
+
+112
+00:07:41,660 --> 00:07:46,380
+convert to Christianity. So for Shylock, is this a
+
+113
+00:07:46,380 --> 00:07:48,960
+good ending or a sad ending, a tragic ending? It's
+
+114
+00:07:48,960 --> 00:07:52,380
+a tragedy. It is a tragedy, a tragic ending. So
+
+115
+00:07:52,380 --> 00:07:56,300
+nowadays, because of new perspectives, new ways of
+
+116
+00:07:56,300 --> 00:07:59,340
+understanding and studying literature, many people
+
+117
+00:07:59,340 --> 00:08:02,500
+started to say, no, this is not a comedy. It's a
+
+118
+00:08:02,500 --> 00:08:06,440
+serious comedy. It's a tragic comedy. Or it's a
+
+119
+00:08:06,440 --> 00:08:10,820
+problem or serious comedy. So again, the major
+
+120
+00:08:10,820 --> 00:08:14,570
+divisions are comedies. tragedies and hysteries.
+
+121
+00:08:14,810 --> 00:08:19,050
+But between these, we can add extra divisions. My
+
+122
+00:08:19,050 --> 00:08:23,010
+question again, why are some plays now considered
+
+123
+00:08:23,010 --> 00:08:27,530
+to be serious comedies or problem comedies? Can
+
+124
+00:08:27,530 --> 00:08:27,990
+you say that?
+
+125
+00:08:31,270 --> 00:08:31,890
+Exactly.
+
+126
+00:08:36,710 --> 00:08:40,150
+Again, go on. I think because our lifestyle
+
+127
+00:08:40,150 --> 00:08:45,170
+changed. Very good. Now Shakespeare wrote his
+
+128
+00:08:45,170 --> 00:08:50,790
+plays about more than 400 years ago. Have people
+
+129
+00:08:50,790 --> 00:08:54,570
+changed ever since? Of course. And even his
+
+130
+00:08:54,570 --> 00:08:58,090
+audience as Christians, white Christians living in
+
+131
+00:08:58,090 --> 00:09:04,630
+London. And if you change the audience, you bring,
+
+132
+00:09:04,730 --> 00:09:08,390
+for example, Jewish audience, Muslim audience,
+
+133
+00:09:08,750 --> 00:09:12,510
+Africans, Asians, are they going to react in the
+
+134
+00:09:12,510 --> 00:09:16,990
+same way? Certainly not, because we have different
+
+135
+00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,210
+backgrounds, different ideologies, different
+
+136
+00:09:19,210 --> 00:09:22,690
+something. So at a time when probably the Jewish
+
+137
+00:09:22,690 --> 00:09:25,850
+people were considered to be bad, maybe people
+
+138
+00:09:25,850 --> 00:09:29,930
+were happy that this happened to Shylock. But now,
+
+139
+00:09:30,550 --> 00:09:33,110
+because people are more understanding, more than
+
+140
+00:09:33,110 --> 00:09:36,350
+us Muslims, we don't want anyone to accuse us of
+
+141
+00:09:36,350 --> 00:09:38,630
+being terrorists because someone did something
+
+142
+00:09:38,630 --> 00:09:42,770
+wrong. So from a human perspective, as
+
+143
+00:09:42,770 --> 00:09:44,990
+Palestinians, we'll talk about this later on, how
+
+144
+00:09:44,990 --> 00:09:48,870
+we Palestinians can easily identify and feel sorry
+
+145
+00:09:48,870 --> 00:09:53,370
+for Shylock, because he was a victim, exactly as
+
+146
+00:09:53,370 --> 00:09:58,670
+we are victims now to the Israeli occupation. So
+
+147
+00:09:58,670 --> 00:10:02,050
+history plays, again, in general, are divided into
+
+148
+00:10:02,050 --> 00:10:10,710
+two parts. Plays that discuss kings. mainly from
+
+149
+00:10:10,710 --> 00:10:14,370
+England. And we can see in the name of the plays
+
+150
+00:10:14,370 --> 00:10:18,490
+Richard II, Richard III, et cetera. Or it could be
+
+151
+00:10:18,490 --> 00:10:23,730
+taken from Europe. Some of these plays are called
+
+152
+00:10:23,730 --> 00:10:27,110
+Roman plays.
+
+153
+00:10:27,770 --> 00:10:32,550
+But basically, a history play is a play where
+
+154
+00:10:32,550 --> 00:10:36,220
+there are historical events. hysterical events
+
+155
+00:10:36,220 --> 00:10:41,160
+being dramatized on a stage. Now, what does
+
+156
+00:10:41,160 --> 00:10:45,180
+Shakespeare do to the kings? Remember the chain of
+
+157
+00:10:45,180 --> 00:10:50,140
+beings? The great chain of beings? Because the
+
+158
+00:10:50,140 --> 00:10:53,280
+King of England became the head of the Church of
+
+159
+00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:56,300
+England, the most important man in England, and he
+
+160
+00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:00,110
+became God's representative. You had to obey the
+
+161
+00:11:00,110 --> 00:11:02,910
+king. You can't disobey the king. And we've seen
+
+162
+00:11:02,910 --> 00:11:07,330
+how Hamlet was having difficulty deciding whether
+
+163
+00:11:07,330 --> 00:11:11,270
+to kill the king or not, despite the fact that the
+
+164
+00:11:11,270 --> 00:11:14,390
+king killed his father. Because it wasn't easy to
+
+165
+00:11:14,390 --> 00:11:17,410
+kill the king. The king is, in a way, a god-like
+
+166
+00:11:17,410 --> 00:11:21,350
+figure. He's like God on earth. So what happens
+
+167
+00:11:21,350 --> 00:11:26,050
+now is that Shakespeare humanizes the kings.
+
+168
+00:11:26,930 --> 00:11:29,310
+Because for us, if we have a king now, we don't
+
+169
+00:11:29,310 --> 00:11:31,650
+see him. We can't see him. We can't meet him
+
+170
+00:11:31,650 --> 00:11:34,270
+because we are ordinary people. So for us, the
+
+171
+00:11:34,270 --> 00:11:37,850
+king appears to be a distant figure. Someone to
+
+172
+00:11:37,850 --> 00:11:40,790
+fear, right? Someone intimidating. Someone that
+
+173
+00:11:40,790 --> 00:11:44,910
+terrorizes us just by being there. Now Shakespeare
+
+174
+00:11:44,910 --> 00:11:49,050
+brings those kings down to who? to the audience,
+
+175
+00:11:49,170 --> 00:11:53,030
+to the people. He humanizes them. He gives them
+
+176
+00:11:53,030 --> 00:11:57,730
+more human aspects, more human experiences than we
+
+177
+00:11:57,730 --> 00:12:02,370
+think of. So he depicts them as humans, not as
+
+178
+00:12:02,370 --> 00:12:06,850
+gods. He depicts them as sometimes good, sometimes
+
+179
+00:12:06,850 --> 00:12:09,790
+bad, sometimes good, sometimes evil even,
+
+180
+00:12:10,550 --> 00:12:14,310
+sometimes as smart, sometimes as clever, sometimes
+
+181
+00:12:14,310 --> 00:12:20,500
+as foolish, in a way Shakespeare was humanizing
+
+182
+00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,700
+the kings, presenting them to the people in a way
+
+183
+00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:28,900
+that makes them humans. And it is said here in the
+
+184
+00:12:28,900 --> 00:12:32,000
+book, which is partly true, that Shakespeare was
+
+185
+00:12:32,000 --> 00:12:36,180
+careful not to offend the kings. So when he does
+
+186
+00:12:36,180 --> 00:12:38,900
+something, he brings kings from the past. When he
+
+187
+00:12:38,900 --> 00:12:41,440
+wants to criticize kings more, he brings kings
+
+188
+00:12:41,440 --> 00:12:45,500
+from Europe, like the king of Denmark. It's in
+
+189
+00:12:45,500 --> 00:12:51,740
+Denmark. probably Macbeth and other stories. So
+
+190
+00:12:51,740 --> 00:12:55,880
+why doesn't Shakespeare directly and openly
+
+191
+00:12:55,880 --> 00:12:59,900
+criticize the kings of England or the Queen? Can
+
+192
+00:12:59,900 --> 00:13:00,420
+you tell why?
+
+193
+00:13:05,930 --> 00:13:09,550
+Imagine Shakespeare directly and openly saying bad
+
+194
+00:13:09,550 --> 00:13:13,930
+things, negatively portraying the kings. He might
+
+195
+00:13:13,930 --> 00:13:18,710
+get destroyed. He might get probably killed or at
+
+196
+00:13:18,710 --> 00:13:21,570
+least imprisoned or censored. You know censorship
+
+197
+00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:25,850
+where okay write this, don't write that. Play
+
+198
+00:13:25,850 --> 00:13:29,430
+this, don't play that. But Shakespeare was smart.
+
+199
+00:13:30,490 --> 00:13:33,010
+He was smarter than anyone could imagine. So
+
+200
+00:13:33,010 --> 00:13:34,250
+sometimes he would do it
+
+201
+00:13:39,630 --> 00:13:42,590
+Of course, because this is self-interest. But
+
+202
+00:13:42,590 --> 00:13:46,190
+Shakespeare does not stop there. Sometimes we have
+
+203
+00:13:46,190 --> 00:13:50,310
+him indirectly, implicitly criticizing the kings.
+
+204
+00:13:51,030 --> 00:13:53,750
+Remember again, the king is supposed to be like,
+
+205
+00:13:53,770 --> 00:13:56,870
+you know, like a statue, distant God-like figure.
+
+206
+00:13:58,990 --> 00:14:01,650
+But when Shakespeare brings them down to people on
+
+207
+00:14:01,650 --> 00:14:04,950
+the stage, when people play the kings, and
+
+208
+00:14:04,950 --> 00:14:07,150
+sometimes, did you study King Lear? Do you know
+
+209
+00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:09,750
+anything about King Lear? In King Lear, the king,
+
+210
+00:14:09,890 --> 00:14:15,330
+in a way, is stupid. He's foolish. So it indicates
+
+211
+00:14:15,330 --> 00:14:19,290
+that the king can be weak. The king can be evil.
+
+212
+00:14:19,970 --> 00:14:23,210
+They're not pure good. When Shakespeare does this,
+
+213
+00:14:23,750 --> 00:14:28,890
+in a way or another, He's shaking the image of the
+
+214
+00:14:28,890 --> 00:14:32,730
+king. He's telling the people kings are human
+
+215
+00:14:32,730 --> 00:14:35,630
+beings too. They can make mistakes. They can be
+
+216
+00:14:35,630 --> 00:14:40,150
+good and they can be evil. We'll see how he does
+
+217
+00:14:40,150 --> 00:14:43,110
+this in some of the examples. This is important.
+
+218
+00:14:43,270 --> 00:14:45,150
+So Shakespeare brings them down to earth,
+
+219
+00:14:45,570 --> 00:14:48,990
+humanizes them. He's careful, but indirectly there
+
+220
+00:14:48,990 --> 00:14:53,720
+is criticism. So if I ask you if Shakespeare never
+
+221
+00:14:53,720 --> 00:14:56,860
+criticizes the king or the monarchy, it's false.
+
+222
+00:14:57,320 --> 00:15:01,060
+He does sometimes indirectly, sometimes openly,
+
+223
+00:15:01,220 --> 00:15:03,460
+but he brings kings from outside England. But
+
+224
+00:15:03,460 --> 00:15:06,660
+doesn't he criticize them by killing them in a
+
+225
+00:15:06,660 --> 00:15:09,220
+play? They die, yeah. They're humans, they eat,
+
+226
+00:15:09,860 --> 00:15:14,120
+they're weak, they commit murders. Didn't the king
+
+227
+00:15:14,120 --> 00:15:17,160
+get mad when he saw the play? We'll see. Probably,
+
+228
+00:15:17,240 --> 00:15:19,960
+we can talk about this. Shakespeare was. Hamlet
+
+229
+00:15:19,960 --> 00:15:24,080
+killed the king. And that would have happened. But
+
+230
+00:15:24,080 --> 00:15:25,820
+wasn't that just? How do you feel about Hamlet
+
+231
+00:15:25,820 --> 00:15:29,560
+killing the king? Was it justice or not? No, it
+
+232
+00:15:29,560 --> 00:15:32,880
+was justice. But for him, why would the king die?
+
+233
+00:15:32,980 --> 00:15:35,760
+I'm a king. Because the king already killed a
+
+234
+00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,300
+king. And by the way, Hamlet's father killed
+
+235
+00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:42,640
+another king. So it's just all connected in a way
+
+236
+00:15:42,640 --> 00:15:46,880
+or another. Justice was served. in a way or
+
+237
+00:15:46,880 --> 00:15:47,220
+another.
+
+238
+00:15:50,540 --> 00:15:53,680
+In Shakespeare's plays, when he speaks about
+
+239
+00:15:53,680 --> 00:15:56,880
+England, he's very respectful. He loves England.
+
+240
+00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,360
+It's his nation. There's always this theme.
+
+241
+00:16:00,440 --> 00:16:02,860
+Sometimes he makes fun of England. In Hamlet, he
+
+242
+00:16:02,860 --> 00:16:05,440
+does this because Hamlet was in Denmark, and the
+
+243
+00:16:05,440 --> 00:16:08,720
+king wanted to send him to England to be killed
+
+244
+00:16:08,720 --> 00:16:12,250
+there, to die. probably suggesting that people go
+
+245
+00:16:12,250 --> 00:16:15,910
+to England to die. It's where death resides, et
+
+246
+00:16:15,910 --> 00:16:19,010
+cetera. But generally, there's good stuff about
+
+247
+00:16:19,010 --> 00:16:22,530
+England. Look at this example here, how
+
+248
+00:16:22,530 --> 00:16:25,170
+Shakespeare, again, has much concern, much love
+
+249
+00:16:25,170 --> 00:16:28,330
+for his nation. When he says, it's in the book, if
+
+250
+00:16:28,330 --> 00:16:33,590
+you want to follow that, page 25, this royal
+
+251
+00:16:33,590 --> 00:16:34,730
+throne of kings.
+
+252
+00:16:39,560 --> 00:16:44,220
+Talking about? England. This royal throne of
+
+253
+00:16:44,220 --> 00:16:49,920
+kings. This septed island. This island.
+
+254
+00:16:52,660 --> 00:16:58,320
+Okay? In another example, probably next below.
+
+255
+00:17:00,740 --> 00:17:05,000
+Now here is King Henry. is depicted again as a
+
+256
+00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:09,780
+courageous king who fights for his own people and
+
+257
+00:17:09,780 --> 00:17:14,080
+for England itself, or herself. So the kings are
+
+258
+00:17:14,080 --> 00:17:17,740
+powerful. They're there not for their own
+
+259
+00:17:17,740 --> 00:17:20,060
+interests, but also to protect the land against
+
+260
+00:17:20,060 --> 00:17:23,300
+the enemies and to protect the people against the
+
+261
+00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:27,520
+enemies. I love this couple. Look at this. Again,
+
+262
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:31,300
+he's encouraging people to be part of the battle,
+
+263
+00:17:31,380 --> 00:17:34,360
+to fight back. Because there was a breach in the
+
+264
+00:17:34,360 --> 00:17:36,540
+wall, seemingly. You know a breach when you have a
+
+265
+00:17:36,540 --> 00:17:40,460
+wall surrounding the city? Or when someone breaks,
+
+266
+00:17:40,580 --> 00:17:44,340
+makes a hole? This is called a breach. A breach.
+
+267
+00:17:45,080 --> 00:17:48,740
+So once more onto the breach, dear friends. Once
+
+268
+00:17:48,740 --> 00:17:52,660
+more. Let's go. Let's defend. Let's attack back.
+
+269
+00:17:52,820 --> 00:17:56,080
+Let's fight back. Encouraging them. And notice how
+
+270
+00:17:56,080 --> 00:18:01,650
+he says, our friends, or sorry, dear friends. He's
+
+271
+00:18:01,650 --> 00:18:06,470
+humble. He loves his people and his soldiers. Or
+
+272
+00:18:06,470 --> 00:18:10,490
+close the wall up with our English dead. If we
+
+273
+00:18:10,490 --> 00:18:14,630
+don't defend England heroically, England is going
+
+274
+00:18:14,630 --> 00:18:17,910
+to die. The personification here is beautiful of
+
+275
+00:18:17,910 --> 00:18:21,070
+England being a person that could be killed.
+
+276
+00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:26,660
+However, not all kings in Shakespeare are heroes.
+
+277
+00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,460
+And sometimes we love the ones who are villains in
+
+278
+00:18:30,460 --> 00:18:34,120
+a way, not because we love evil, but because they
+
+279
+00:18:34,120 --> 00:18:37,820
+are more interesting as characters, as literary
+
+280
+00:18:37,820 --> 00:18:44,080
+figures. And this is King Richard II. This is not
+
+281
+00:18:44,080 --> 00:18:50,960
+a strong king, a godlike figure. King. Richard II
+
+282
+00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:56,220
+is depicted by Shakespeare as humble, as modest,
+
+283
+00:18:56,640 --> 00:19:00,600
+as a weak king, as an ordinary man who suffers
+
+284
+00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,820
+from certain issues.
+
+285
+00:19:06,140 --> 00:19:08,760
+Can someone read this? Or do you want me to read
+
+286
+00:19:08,760 --> 00:19:15,460
+first? OK, I'll read first. Listen carefully. This
+
+287
+00:19:15,460 --> 00:19:20,010
+is the king, King Richard II speaking. Remember
+
+288
+00:19:20,010 --> 00:19:22,670
+this poetry? We did it last time. We call this is
+
+289
+00:19:22,670 --> 00:19:27,430
+blank verse. Shakespeare uses blank, what is blank
+
+290
+00:19:27,430 --> 00:19:31,810
+verse? Poetry with no rhyme.
+
+291
+00:19:35,630 --> 00:19:38,030
+Poetry, everything, music and everything, but no
+
+292
+00:19:38,030 --> 00:19:39,950
+rhyme. You know why? Because he writes thousands
+
+293
+00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:44,780
+of lines for the play. For God's sake, Let us sit
+
+294
+00:19:44,780 --> 00:19:48,300
+upon the ground and tell sad stories of the death
+
+295
+00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:51,700
+of kings, for you have but mistook me all this
+
+296
+00:19:51,700 --> 00:19:55,520
+while. I live with bread like you, feel want,
+
+297
+00:19:55,840 --> 00:20:00,340
+taste grief, need friends, subjected thus. How can
+
+298
+00:20:00,340 --> 00:20:07,640
+you say to me I am a king? Go on. For God's sake,
+
+299
+00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:11,390
+let us sit upon the ground. And tell sad stories
+
+300
+00:20:11,390 --> 00:20:15,210
+in the days of kings. For you have but mistook me
+
+301
+00:20:15,210 --> 00:20:19,230
+all this while. I live with a friend like you. You
+
+302
+00:20:19,230 --> 00:20:23,350
+feel warm. It's worth being a friend subject to
+
+303
+00:20:23,350 --> 00:20:26,610
+dust. How can you say to me I'm a king? Beautiful
+
+304
+00:20:26,610 --> 00:20:31,050
+reading. More, please. For you smell great oxygen
+
+305
+00:20:31,050 --> 00:20:34,450
+up on the ground. And tell sad stories of the days
+
+306
+00:20:34,450 --> 00:20:38,110
+of kings. For you have but mistook me all this
+
+307
+00:20:38,110 --> 00:20:38,530
+while.
+
+308
+00:20:46,880 --> 00:20:49,440
+Very good. Someone louder, please.
+
+309
+00:20:58,260 --> 00:21:04,520
+I love good bread like you. We want taste, read,
+
+310
+00:21:04,680 --> 00:21:10,190
+meet friends, subjected thus. I love this reading.
+
+311
+00:21:11,270 --> 00:21:17,330
+Because is this poetry like a reflection of a
+
+312
+00:21:17,330 --> 00:21:22,310
+strong, powerful, arrogant king or weak, at least
+
+313
+00:21:22,310 --> 00:21:27,390
+modest? So how can you say to me I am a king? For
+
+314
+00:21:27,390 --> 00:21:30,990
+God's sake, meaning please, this is a man begging.
+
+315
+00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:36,170
+For God's sake, Inshallah, let us sit upon the
+
+316
+00:21:36,170 --> 00:21:42,000
+ground. Until sad stories of the death of kings
+
+317
+00:21:42,000 --> 00:21:47,660
+for you have but mistook me all this while. I live
+
+318
+00:21:47,660 --> 00:21:52,580
+with bread like you. Feel want, taste grief, need
+
+319
+00:21:52,580 --> 00:21:56,810
+friends, subjected thus. how can you say to me I
+
+320
+00:21:56,810 --> 00:21:58,490
+am a king what do you think of this king do you
+
+321
+00:21:58,490 --> 00:22:00,270
+like this king do you like do you want this king
+
+322
+00:22:00,270 --> 00:22:04,130
+to be your king do you think or friend at least or
+
+323
+00:22:04,130 --> 00:22:07,130
+do you want to be associated with this king what
+
+324
+00:22:07,130 --> 00:22:11,670
+do you this text look at the text here He's so
+
+325
+00:22:11,670 --> 00:22:13,650
+humble. Very good. How can you tell he's so
+
+326
+00:22:13,650 --> 00:22:16,150
+humble? What is in the language? Remember, we're
+
+327
+00:22:16,150 --> 00:22:18,030
+studying literature. The most important thing in
+
+328
+00:22:18,030 --> 00:22:21,990
+literature is to support our opinion by textual
+
+329
+00:22:21,990 --> 00:22:25,330
+evidence. So you say he's humble. Where is this in
+
+330
+00:22:25,330 --> 00:22:28,370
+the text? Exactly. Number one, this is a king who
+
+331
+00:22:28,370 --> 00:22:32,170
+is inviting the people to sit upon the ground. How
+
+332
+00:22:32,170 --> 00:22:35,970
+humble of him? I live with bread like you. Oh,
+
+333
+00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,190
+cool. So he's using the basic common shared things
+
+334
+00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:43,170
+between him as a king and the people. I live with
+
+335
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,330
+bread like you. At the time they thought kings
+
+336
+00:22:47,330 --> 00:22:50,890
+were sent from God, he's saying that I'm a person
+
+337
+00:22:50,890 --> 00:22:54,250
+like you are. I eat bread. He's a human being like
+
+338
+00:22:54,250 --> 00:22:56,990
+us. I eat friends. More. What else is there in the
+
+339
+00:22:56,990 --> 00:22:59,450
+text that shows that this is a really cool king?
+
+340
+00:22:59,670 --> 00:23:04,630
+He's fun to be around. Yeah. He needs friends like
+
+341
+00:23:04,630 --> 00:23:09,570
+everybody else. And that is the most important.
+
+342
+00:23:09,690 --> 00:23:12,270
+He's communicating his feelings and emotions to
+
+343
+00:23:12,270 --> 00:23:14,570
+the people. He's not distancing himself from them.
+
+344
+00:23:14,790 --> 00:23:20,610
+More. Yeah. How can you say to me I'm a king? This
+
+345
+00:23:20,610 --> 00:23:24,990
+expresses the difference between a god and a king
+
+346
+00:23:24,990 --> 00:23:29,630
+and the similarity between a god and a king. Okay,
+
+347
+00:23:29,730 --> 00:23:32,530
+there is here an emphasis on the similarity
+
+348
+00:23:32,530 --> 00:23:35,710
+between the king and other people. They're the
+
+349
+00:23:35,710 --> 00:23:38,730
+same. That is a very interesting reading. But
+
+350
+00:23:38,730 --> 00:23:41,530
+again, remember, in literature, we usually, I like
+
+351
+00:23:41,530 --> 00:23:47,710
+to use this iceberg metaphor
+
+352
+00:23:47,710 --> 00:23:52,230
+to explain this. An iceberg is a mountain of ice
+
+353
+00:23:52,230 --> 00:23:58,970
+in the ocean where we can only see the tip. It's
+
+354
+00:23:58,970 --> 00:24:01,710
+the tip of the iceberg. In an iceberg, generally,
+
+355
+00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:09,010
+people, texts, especially literature, all these
+
+356
+00:24:09,010 --> 00:24:13,150
+things can be described as icebergs.
+
+357
+00:24:13,970 --> 00:24:16,910
+You can't fully understand people from just seeing
+
+358
+00:24:16,910 --> 00:24:18,930
+them or even talking to them. Sometimes you know
+
+359
+00:24:18,930 --> 00:24:21,350
+somebody for a long time and then say, I don't
+
+360
+00:24:21,350 --> 00:24:24,970
+understand this person. Because deep, we have more
+
+361
+00:24:24,970 --> 00:24:28,710
+to hide than what we have here. Now this text, any
+
+362
+00:24:28,710 --> 00:24:32,410
+literary text, should be looked at as an iceberg.
+
+363
+00:24:33,470 --> 00:24:37,810
+What we see is here. It's fun. But what is
+
+364
+00:24:37,810 --> 00:24:41,710
+beneath, what is hidden beneath the implied, the
+
+365
+00:24:41,710 --> 00:24:45,480
+deep, The deeper part of this is usually more
+
+366
+00:24:45,480 --> 00:24:48,540
+important and can tell us more. So upon the first
+
+367
+00:24:48,540 --> 00:24:52,080
+reading, we say that this is a humble, modest king
+
+368
+00:24:52,080 --> 00:24:54,380
+because he wants, he's begging the people, for
+
+369
+00:24:54,380 --> 00:25:00,240
+God's sake, and he's using us, us, connecting them
+
+370
+00:25:00,240 --> 00:25:04,960
+to himself and the ground and the bread. But my
+
+371
+00:25:04,960 --> 00:25:08,480
+question here, is the king truthful? Is he
+
+372
+00:25:08,480 --> 00:25:12,160
+genuine? Is he really modest? Can the text reveal
+
+373
+00:25:12,160 --> 00:25:17,960
+more about the king that we can't see from a first
+
+374
+00:25:17,960 --> 00:25:21,640
+reading? Can we read between the lines and
+
+375
+00:25:21,640 --> 00:25:26,320
+probably get a different message, a different
+
+376
+00:25:26,320 --> 00:25:28,860
+interpretation, a different meaning of the text,
+
+377
+00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:32,200
+something opposite to what we say here?
+
+378
+00:25:35,390 --> 00:25:43,510
+OK. What does it mean? He's afraid from the death.
+
+379
+00:25:43,990 --> 00:25:46,950
+Interesting. So probably he's not truthful. He's
+
+380
+00:25:46,950 --> 00:25:51,830
+not genuine. Because he's probably afraid. There's
+
+381
+00:25:51,830 --> 00:25:55,230
+fear here. He's afraid he might die. He might lose
+
+382
+00:25:55,230 --> 00:25:57,730
+his power. So now that he's about to lose his
+
+383
+00:25:57,730 --> 00:26:00,330
+power, now you want to tell us that you want to
+
+384
+00:26:00,330 --> 00:26:02,350
+sit upon the ground and tell sad stories of death
+
+385
+00:26:02,350 --> 00:26:05,580
+of kings? Interesting. More. What else?
+
+386
+00:26:09,400 --> 00:26:12,960
+Very good. Interesting. But where can you find
+
+387
+00:26:12,960 --> 00:26:16,420
+this in the text? So she's saying that this is a
+
+388
+00:26:16,420 --> 00:26:18,560
+king who is escaping his responsibility.
+
+389
+00:26:23,620 --> 00:26:27,680
+So the question, a king is a king. He's
+
+390
+00:26:27,680 --> 00:26:30,620
+responsible for everybody, for everything, more or
+
+391
+00:26:30,620 --> 00:26:36,560
+less. Now that there is probably trouble. There's
+
+392
+00:26:36,560 --> 00:26:39,040
+a responsibility saying, how can you say to
+
+393
+00:26:39,040 --> 00:26:41,320
+Myanmar King? So the question here indicates that
+
+394
+00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:44,220
+he's escaping from his responsibility. What else
+
+395
+00:26:44,220 --> 00:26:51,360
+can you see? Okay. What is this? Can you
+
+396
+00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:51,660
+elaborate?
+
+397
+00:26:57,600 --> 00:26:58,140
+Okay.
+
+398
+00:27:04,940 --> 00:27:07,400
+Can you elaborate more on this? What do you
+
+399
+00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,760
+understand from this line? For you have but
+
+400
+00:27:09,760 --> 00:27:16,820
+mistook me all this while. Please. Is he saying
+
+401
+00:27:16,820 --> 00:27:18,680
+this? Where is he saying he has done mistakes?
+
+402
+00:27:30,320 --> 00:27:33,160
+Interesting, but what does this tell us?
+
+403
+00:27:41,360 --> 00:27:45,000
+Is he admitting, is he confessing his errors, his
+
+404
+00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:48,020
+mistakes? Is he telling them I made horrible
+
+405
+00:27:48,020 --> 00:27:53,220
+decisions? He doesn't. You, it's your problem, you
+
+406
+00:27:53,220 --> 00:27:59,750
+misunderstood me. Like people, even not that. He's
+
+407
+00:27:59,750 --> 00:28:02,550
+not talking about his own errors, shortcomings. In
+
+408
+00:28:02,550 --> 00:28:05,470
+a way, he's pointing the finger of accusation.
+
+409
+00:28:06,010 --> 00:28:10,630
+He's blaming the people. If you think I'm bad,
+
+410
+00:28:10,890 --> 00:28:14,830
+it's because you misunderstand me, you mistake me,
+
+411
+00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:19,100
+you wrong me. This is what he's saying in a sense.
+
+412
+00:28:19,460 --> 00:28:22,540
+He's not confessing or saying, oh, sorry. Forgive
+
+413
+00:28:22,540 --> 00:28:25,580
+me. I made mistakes. This is what he should say. A
+
+414
+00:28:25,580 --> 00:28:27,860
+man in charge, in responsibility, with
+
+415
+00:28:27,860 --> 00:28:30,720
+responsibility, if he wants to really be good,
+
+416
+00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:36,200
+first, I'm sorry I made mistakes. Second, you give
+
+417
+00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:41,780
+people their rights. But here, the king is blaming
+
+418
+00:28:41,780 --> 00:28:48,720
+the people for misunderstanding him. For you have,
+
+419
+00:28:49,060 --> 00:28:51,880
+and this is what we call, he's pointing, pointing
+
+420
+00:28:51,880 --> 00:28:55,300
+the finger of accusation at the people. It's your
+
+421
+00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:57,880
+problem. If you notice one thing about the
+
+422
+00:28:57,880 --> 00:29:00,340
+pronouns, what do the pronouns tell you? Listen,
+
+423
+00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:05,540
+when you study a text, literature, Number one,
+
+424
+00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,360
+look at the pronouns. Are they singular? Are they
+
+425
+00:29:08,360 --> 00:29:10,080
+plural? What does that mean? What does that
+
+426
+00:29:10,080 --> 00:29:12,480
+indicate? Do we have sometimes plural that turns
+
+427
+00:29:12,480 --> 00:29:15,200
+into singular or singular that goes into plural?
+
+428
+00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:18,640
+Look at the tense. Is it past? Is it present? Is
+
+429
+00:29:18,640 --> 00:29:23,540
+it a mixture? Why? Look at the choice of words. If
+
+430
+00:29:23,540 --> 00:29:25,440
+you understand, if you analyze the language in
+
+431
+00:29:25,440 --> 00:29:29,730
+this way, it gives you more from here, from the
+
+432
+00:29:29,730 --> 00:29:33,110
+deeper part of the text. If you look at the
+
+433
+00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:36,630
+pronouns, number one, he says, let us sit upon the
+
+434
+00:29:36,630 --> 00:29:39,270
+ground. That's good. Because together, we sit upon
+
+435
+00:29:39,270 --> 00:29:41,390
+the ground. But when he talks about the
+
+436
+00:29:41,390 --> 00:29:47,190
+responsibility, there is you and me, and there is
+
+437
+00:29:47,190 --> 00:29:51,650
+also I and you. They're separating. He's isolated.
+
+438
+00:29:52,030 --> 00:29:55,450
+In literature, we say he's distancing himself. You
+
+439
+00:29:55,450 --> 00:30:01,080
+know distance? It can also be used as a verb. What
+
+440
+00:30:01,080 --> 00:30:04,040
+is he doing? He's distancing himself from the
+
+441
+00:30:04,040 --> 00:30:08,500
+people because they are wrong. They mistake. They
+
+442
+00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:12,220
+misunderstand. They make mistakes. They
+
+443
+00:30:12,220 --> 00:30:16,640
+misunderstand. But does he say, I misunderstand? I
+
+444
+00:30:16,640 --> 00:30:21,260
+made mistakes, errors? He doesn't. So what happens
+
+445
+00:30:21,260 --> 00:30:26,600
+here is that Any literary text could have two or
+
+446
+00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:30,320
+three or even more interpretations, could have
+
+447
+00:30:30,320 --> 00:30:35,400
+more meanings. But when you read the text,
+
+448
+00:30:35,520 --> 00:30:38,380
+sometimes you see things I don't, or I see things
+
+449
+00:30:38,380 --> 00:30:41,860
+that you don't. In your interpretation, when you
+
+450
+00:30:41,860 --> 00:30:46,160
+try to analyze the text, Try to use the text
+
+451
+00:30:46,160 --> 00:30:50,560
+itself to help you justify. So if you say, in the
+
+452
+00:30:50,560 --> 00:30:52,160
+exam, if I tell you, what do you think of this
+
+453
+00:30:52,160 --> 00:30:55,960
+king? An open opinion question. Some of you could
+
+454
+00:30:55,960 --> 00:31:01,670
+say, I think he's a humble king. Okay, how? You
+
+455
+00:31:01,670 --> 00:31:04,730
+tell me. He's begging the people around him to sit
+
+456
+00:31:04,730 --> 00:31:07,190
+up on the ground and he's telling them that he's
+
+457
+00:31:07,190 --> 00:31:14,170
+like them. He eats bread and he needs friends. He
+
+458
+00:31:14,170 --> 00:31:18,750
+eats friends and needs bread. Okay? But some of
+
+459
+00:31:18,750 --> 00:31:21,510
+you might say, I don't like this king. He's not
+
+460
+00:31:21,510 --> 00:31:24,590
+genuine. He's not truthful. Because the language
+
+461
+00:31:24,590 --> 00:31:29,790
+indicates that he's not confessing. he's just
+
+462
+00:31:29,790 --> 00:31:34,550
+pretending he's accusing the people of making
+
+463
+00:31:34,550 --> 00:31:37,650
+mistakes and misunderstanding and in the pronouns
+
+464
+00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:43,410
+here he distances himself from them for you have
+
+465
+00:31:43,410 --> 00:31:46,910
+mistook me here he could have said he could have
+
+466
+00:31:46,910 --> 00:31:53,230
+easily said we live with bread like you oh sorry
+
+467
+00:31:53,230 --> 00:31:57,820
+or we live with bread But in reality, no, it
+
+468
+00:31:57,820 --> 00:31:59,760
+doesn't happen this way. The king, yes, eats
+
+469
+00:31:59,760 --> 00:32:03,440
+bread. But next to the bread, there's a lot of
+
+470
+00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:08,880
+other kinds of food. So the distance here is
+
+471
+00:32:08,880 --> 00:32:13,300
+crucial. I live with bread like you. But because
+
+472
+00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,460
+we eat different food, there is this distance. So
+
+473
+00:32:16,460 --> 00:32:22,590
+which opinion is more acceptable here? Both. As
+
+474
+00:32:22,590 --> 00:32:25,850
+long as you support your opinion from the text
+
+475
+00:32:25,850 --> 00:32:33,930
+with textual evidence I think he means
+
+476
+00:32:33,930 --> 00:32:37,610
+that I'm a king, I do mistakes, that's what I'm
+
+477
+00:32:37,610 --> 00:32:41,990
+supposed to do I'm a king, I have to be set from
+
+478
+00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:46,920
+God Yeah, mistook? Okay, who's doing the
+
+479
+00:32:46,920 --> 00:32:49,320
+mistaking? This is by the way, old middle English.
+
+480
+00:32:49,520 --> 00:32:52,680
+It should be you have mistook, mistake, mistook,
+
+481
+00:32:52,760 --> 00:32:57,940
+mistaken, okay? Who's doing this? The people. You.
+
+482
+00:32:59,040 --> 00:33:04,920
+So you are to blame. You are to blame. Please. No,
+
+483
+00:33:04,920 --> 00:33:08,920
+kings are clever,
+
+484
+00:33:09,180 --> 00:33:10,740
+you know, especially in language. But again, this
+
+485
+00:33:10,740 --> 00:33:13,220
+is Shakespeare. He's giving him a royal language.
+
+486
+00:33:14,750 --> 00:33:15,310
+Okay?
+
+487
+00:33:19,050 --> 00:33:22,990
+Now, another king in Shakespeare, another famous
+
+488
+00:33:22,990 --> 00:33:26,410
+king in Shakespeare that is really interesting.
+
+489
+00:33:27,850 --> 00:33:31,630
+He's Richard III. Okay, notice, so sometimes we
+
+490
+00:33:31,630 --> 00:33:34,130
+give a lot of details and we tell the stories and
+
+491
+00:33:34,130 --> 00:33:36,610
+sometimes we just focus on one little thing. This
+
+492
+00:33:36,610 --> 00:33:40,890
+is what we want so far. Now, Richard III is
+
+493
+00:33:40,890 --> 00:33:43,770
+described as a wicked man. Do you know?
+
+494
+00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:46,940
+Machiavelli? Do you know Machiavelli? Have you
+
+495
+00:33:46,940 --> 00:33:50,860
+ever heard of Machiavelli? Machiavelli is, what do
+
+496
+00:33:50,860 --> 00:33:55,380
+you know about him? Okay, Machiavelli is an
+
+497
+00:33:55,380 --> 00:33:57,980
+Italian writer who wrote the famous book called
+
+498
+00:33:57,980 --> 00:34:00,520
+The Prince, in which he kind of said something
+
+499
+00:34:00,520 --> 00:34:06,240
+like, the end justifies the means. How would you
+
+500
+00:34:06,240 --> 00:34:10,490
+translate that into Arabic? The end, please. OK,
+
+501
+00:34:10,790 --> 00:34:14,470
+so if you have a good noble goal in probably
+
+502
+00:34:14,470 --> 00:34:18,710
+getting full mark, in a way, it means it's OK if
+
+503
+00:34:18,710 --> 00:34:19,410
+you cheat.
+
+504
+00:34:22,150 --> 00:34:24,750
+I don't want to talk much about Machiavellian. So
+
+505
+00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:28,970
+the term Machiavellian means someone who is
+
+506
+00:34:28,970 --> 00:34:31,890
+wicked, someone who deceives, someone who tricks
+
+507
+00:34:31,890 --> 00:34:36,450
+people in order to achieve his goals. So we have a
+
+508
+00:34:36,450 --> 00:34:38,430
+king, King Richard, who is a Machiavellian
+
+509
+00:34:38,430 --> 00:34:43,630
+character. In the play, there is this amazing,
+
+510
+00:34:43,830 --> 00:34:48,770
+wonderful couplet or two lines of verse. This is,
+
+511
+00:34:48,870 --> 00:34:50,930
+by the way, funny because he's talking about the
+
+512
+00:34:50,930 --> 00:34:56,620
+enemy. The enemy is his brother, a king. fighting
+
+513
+00:34:56,620 --> 00:34:58,360
+with another king who happens to be his brother.
+
+514
+00:34:58,700 --> 00:35:04,320
+He says, now is
+
+515
+00:35:04,320 --> 00:35:06,920
+the winter of our discontent. And by the way, this
+
+516
+00:35:06,920 --> 00:35:10,560
+is something that Shakespeare coined. Winter of
+
+517
+00:35:10,560 --> 00:35:13,950
+discontent is a Shakespearean phrase. One of the
+
+518
+00:35:13,950 --> 00:35:17,330
+many he came up with. Now is the winter of our
+
+519
+00:35:17,330 --> 00:35:21,970
+discontent. Made glorious summer by this son of
+
+520
+00:35:21,970 --> 00:35:28,470
+York. This son of York is his enemy brother. Now
+
+521
+00:35:28,470 --> 00:35:32,290
+is the winter of our discontent. Made glorious
+
+522
+00:35:32,290 --> 00:35:35,410
+summer by this son of York. What do you notice
+
+523
+00:35:35,410 --> 00:35:40,490
+about this? The language. Now. Now. Now. Urgent.
+
+524
+00:35:40,810 --> 00:35:46,880
+Urgency. Immediate. What else? Do you find, you
+
+525
+00:35:46,880 --> 00:35:50,340
+know, contracts? Remember the binaries, opposites?
+
+526
+00:35:51,960 --> 00:35:56,480
+We have winter and summer. Generally winter
+
+527
+00:35:56,480 --> 00:36:01,320
+symbolizes cold and cold symbolizes generally
+
+528
+00:36:01,320 --> 00:36:09,160
+people's sadness, death, dark. And summer in hot,
+
+529
+00:36:09,320 --> 00:36:15,340
+heat, life. Colors, trees, especially in England.
+
+530
+00:36:15,720 --> 00:36:18,220
+The summer is really, it's not that good, but
+
+531
+00:36:18,220 --> 00:36:21,760
+summer brings life, brings the sun. What else do
+
+532
+00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:26,800
+you notice about the choice of words? Okay, what
+
+533
+00:36:26,800 --> 00:36:27,220
+about it?
+
+534
+00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,360
+Okay, I want one of you to come here and write
+
+535
+00:36:38,360 --> 00:36:42,910
+words I'm going to dictate. Yeah, someone, can you
+
+536
+00:36:42,910 --> 00:36:46,190
+come here, someone? Please. What's your name?
+
+537
+00:36:48,050 --> 00:36:48,530
+Okay.
+
+538
+00:36:51,250 --> 00:36:53,950
+Ihsan, I want to dictate, take this one, take this
+
+539
+00:36:53,950 --> 00:36:57,390
+one. Here, write the following words.
+
+540
+00:37:00,230 --> 00:37:00,690
+Bye.
+
+541
+00:37:03,870 --> 00:37:04,350
+Peace.
+
+542
+00:37:08,730 --> 00:37:09,630
+Are you sure?
+
+543
+00:37:15,650 --> 00:37:18,090
+Wait a minute.
+
+544
+00:37:28,950 --> 00:37:42,210
+Okay, peace. Listen. Okay, son. Thank you. No,
+
+545
+00:37:42,270 --> 00:37:42,630
+thank you.
+
+546
+00:37:48,760 --> 00:37:51,380
+Do you think these are the right spellings?
+
+547
+00:37:56,700 --> 00:38:01,080
+Listen, I could give her 10 out of 10 or I could
+
+548
+00:38:01,080 --> 00:38:05,020
+give her a zero. Because I could say, no, I want
+
+549
+00:38:05,020 --> 00:38:10,680
+by or by, I want peace and I want sun.
+
+550
+00:38:14,510 --> 00:38:16,510
+That's why it's interesting when someone asks
+
+551
+00:38:16,510 --> 00:38:18,390
+about a particular word, usually asks for the
+
+552
+00:38:18,390 --> 00:38:23,330
+spelling or the context. What is this? Now in
+
+553
+00:38:23,330 --> 00:38:26,830
+English there's an important literary term called
+
+554
+00:38:26,830 --> 00:38:27,970
+pun.
+
+555
+00:38:29,870 --> 00:38:35,810
+Pun. And Shakespeare is fond of puns. A pun when
+
+556
+00:38:35,810 --> 00:38:44,030
+one word could have two meanings or A word, the
+
+557
+00:38:44,030 --> 00:38:48,670
+way a word sounds resembles another word. These
+
+558
+00:38:48,670 --> 00:38:53,530
+are puns. We pun on words with similar sounds. Or
+
+559
+00:38:53,530 --> 00:38:56,890
+sometimes the word could have two meanings. So
+
+560
+00:38:56,890 --> 00:39:00,410
+what is a pun? A pun is a device, generally a
+
+561
+00:39:00,410 --> 00:39:05,230
+literary device, when one word has two meanings.
+
+562
+00:39:05,570 --> 00:39:08,710
+Or two words sound the same.
+
+563
+00:39:11,230 --> 00:39:13,390
+If you want to understand Shakespeare, you need to
+
+564
+00:39:13,390 --> 00:39:18,250
+understand what puns are. A pun is very important
+
+565
+00:39:18,250 --> 00:39:22,930
+because it gives two meanings, double meanings.
+
+566
+00:39:23,310 --> 00:39:27,450
+Can we find a pun here? What does it mean? How is
+
+567
+00:39:27,450 --> 00:39:35,010
+it a pun? It could be a sun, the sun. What makes a
+
+568
+00:39:35,010 --> 00:39:37,890
+winter a summer? The sun.
+
+569
+00:39:40,270 --> 00:39:43,710
+Richard III, he is also talking about his brother,
+
+570
+00:39:44,770 --> 00:39:48,190
+the son of York. He is the son of York. And at the
+
+571
+00:39:48,190 --> 00:39:52,510
+same time, the king is usually represented as the
+
+572
+00:39:52,510 --> 00:39:56,430
+sun itself. Exactly. This is what it is in, we
+
+573
+00:39:56,430 --> 00:40:00,410
+have it in Arabic. Now, in a way, he's saying now
+
+574
+00:40:00,410 --> 00:40:04,090
+is the winter of our discontent. But this winter
+
+575
+00:40:04,090 --> 00:40:10,430
+is turning into The summer because of the sun,
+
+576
+00:40:10,830 --> 00:40:15,010
+because of the king, because the king brings life
+
+577
+00:40:15,010 --> 00:40:18,190
+and brings the summer. This is what this says.
+
+578
+00:40:18,530 --> 00:40:21,170
+However, when you read the whole play, you'll find
+
+579
+00:40:21,170 --> 00:40:24,550
+that this is ironic because for most of the play,
+
+580
+00:40:25,230 --> 00:40:29,090
+the son of York does not appear, does not come on
+
+581
+00:40:29,090 --> 00:40:33,350
+stage. That's why the whole play is about death
+
+582
+00:40:33,350 --> 00:40:38,540
+and cold and darkness, because the sun and the sun
+
+583
+00:40:38,540 --> 00:40:42,360
+do not make it to the stage. In brief, Shakespeare
+
+584
+00:40:42,360 --> 00:40:45,720
+plays upon the word. A pun is when you play upon
+
+585
+00:40:45,720 --> 00:40:50,540
+the word. A play on word that have similar sounds
+
+586
+00:40:50,540 --> 00:40:57,500
+or words with different meanings. Okay, finally,
+
+587
+00:40:57,840 --> 00:41:05,670
+I'll just go for a video here to play For God's
+
+588
+00:41:05,670 --> 00:41:09,710
+sake, let us sit upon the ground and tell sad
+
+589
+00:41:09,710 --> 00:41:12,890
+stories of the death of kings. One student in the
+
+590
+00:41:12,890 --> 00:41:15,850
+other group said, the king is not genuine because
+
+591
+00:41:15,850 --> 00:41:18,750
+he only wants to speak about the sad stories of
+
+592
+00:41:18,750 --> 00:41:23,610
+the death of kings. Ignoring the sad stories. He
+
+593
+00:41:23,610 --> 00:41:26,330
+wants to talk. He doesn't want the people to talk.
+
+594
+00:41:27,130 --> 00:41:29,470
+He just speaks. He doesn't listen to them. He
+
+595
+00:41:29,470 --> 00:41:31,090
+doesn't say, OK, tell me your sad stories.
+
+596
+00:41:35,090 --> 00:41:39,250
+These are different recordings.
+
+597
+00:42:08,040 --> 00:42:11,880
+from within the hollow crown around the mortal
+
+598
+00:42:11,880 --> 00:42:12,380
+temple
+
+599
+00:42:45,030 --> 00:42:48,630
+and with a little pin bores through his castle
+
+600
+00:42:48,630 --> 00:42:52,690
+wall a farewell
+
+601
+00:42:52,690 --> 00:42:57,050
+cane cover
+
+602
+00:42:57,050 --> 00:43:01,830
+your heads and muck up flesh and blood with solemn
+
+603
+00:43:01,830 --> 00:43:08,830
+reverence throw away respect tradition form and
+
+604
+00:43:08,830 --> 00:43:13,610
+ceremonious duty for you have but mistook me all
+
+605
+00:43:13,610 --> 00:43:14,070
+this while
+
+606
+00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:23,570
+Another one.
+
+607
+00:44:26,030 --> 00:44:28,010
+Poisoned by their wives.
+
+608
+00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:32,710
+Some sleeping killer.
+
+609
+00:46:07,320 --> 00:46:10,700
+We'll stop here and we'll continue with
+
+610
+00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,260
+Shakespeare. Next time we'll do more tragedies,
+
+611
+00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:17,380
+probably Macbeth and King Lear.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7aed213b455a93cfcd5b7b2162f1c3ae8c7e6a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/mXJvJVJ0Wr4_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,3168 @@
+1
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,570
+Good day everyone and welcome back to our course,
+
+2
+00:00:25,010 --> 00:00:27,070
+Introduction to English Literature at the Islamic
+
+3
+00:00:27,070 --> 00:00:32,970
+University of Gaza. Today we move closer to the
+
+4
+00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:36,830
+20th century to 21st century literature. We
+
+5
+00:00:36,830 --> 00:00:42,750
+finished the Romantic Movement and I said in a way
+
+6
+00:00:42,750 --> 00:00:45,310
+or another that the Romantic Movement is not named
+
+7
+00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:49,430
+after a particular monarch, a king, or a queen,
+
+8
+00:00:49,590 --> 00:00:52,770
+like we have the habit of political movement like
+
+9
+00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:57,010
+the commonwealth or restoration. This is the
+
+10
+00:00:57,010 --> 00:01:00,650
+Victorian era, Victorian literature today. We'll
+
+11
+00:01:00,650 --> 00:01:05,490
+speak about the Victorian novel. So moving from a
+
+12
+00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:09,870
+name after a famous literary movement, the
+
+13
+00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:14,650
+literature of the romantic poets and novelists,
+
+14
+00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,110
+The Victorian Iran. The Victorian literature is
+
+15
+00:01:20,110 --> 00:01:24,650
+named after Queen Victoria, who ruled England for
+
+16
+00:01:24,650 --> 00:01:31,250
+more than 60 years, almost 65 years. ruling
+
+17
+00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:35,070
+England. There's this joke about England, the
+
+18
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:38,250
+queens of England always living more. So we have
+
+19
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:43,850
+Elizabeth, we have Queen Victoria, and now Queen
+
+20
+00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:46,730
+Elizabeth, who doesn't seem to want to die at all.
+
+21
+00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:49,990
+And we have the names after them in a way. So the
+
+22
+00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,530
+Victorian literature In a way or another there was
+
+23
+00:01:53,530 --> 00:01:56,450
+a mixture, a mingling between, there was an
+
+24
+00:01:56,450 --> 00:02:00,790
+overlap between romanticism and the Victorian age,
+
+25
+00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,730
+Victorian literature in terms of sensibility, in
+
+26
+00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:09,710
+terms of features. So some romantics even died
+
+27
+00:02:09,710 --> 00:02:13,230
+somewhere sometime in the Victorian era. But
+
+28
+00:02:13,230 --> 00:02:15,370
+again, their writing and their sensibility, the
+
+29
+00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:18,170
+features of their writing was closer to the
+
+30
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,670
+teachings of Coleridge and William Wordsworth. And
+
+31
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:22,970
+we've seen Jane Austen, for example, who is
+
+32
+00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:26,690
+considered to be either or. Today we speak about
+
+33
+00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:31,170
+the Victorian novel, the first part. But before we
+
+34
+00:02:31,170 --> 00:02:38,280
+do that, let's do some talking about how life was
+
+35
+00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,640
+then during the Victorian Age. Remember we said
+
+36
+00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:45,280
+one reason why the Romantic poetry was composed in
+
+37
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,680
+that particular way is that they were reacting to
+
+38
+00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,300
+the corruption of the city and what was going on.
+
+39
+00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:54,220
+So in the background, while the major names of
+
+40
+00:02:54,220 --> 00:02:57,980
+Romantic literature were in the countryside among
+
+41
+00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,320
+nature, writing about natural and supernatural
+
+42
+00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:07,450
+issues like, again, coleridge and what's what, The
+
+43
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:09,770
+city, the industrial revolution, the
+
+44
+00:03:09,770 --> 00:03:12,350
+industrialization of the society, the factories
+
+45
+00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:15,870
+were killing the people in a way or another. The
+
+46
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:18,490
+high class, the rich people were getting richer,
+
+47
+00:03:18,610 --> 00:03:21,510
+remember, and the poor people were getting poorer
+
+48
+00:03:21,510 --> 00:03:25,430
+and poorer. So poverty was everywhere. Diseases
+
+49
+00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:31,610
+were everywhere. Corruption, sins, vices, whatever
+
+50
+00:03:31,610 --> 00:03:36,430
+you call it. Unemployment. The corruption was in
+
+51
+00:03:36,430 --> 00:03:40,110
+many ways like everywhere in the society, in the
+
+52
+00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:44,410
+church, in the palace, the royal family, and of
+
+53
+00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:46,810
+course in the government, and in the institutions.
+
+54
+00:03:46,930 --> 00:03:48,990
+There were institutions that were supposed to take
+
+55
+00:03:48,990 --> 00:03:50,890
+care of the poor. There are something called the
+
+56
+00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:54,170
+workhouse or the workhouses. We'll talk about them
+
+57
+00:03:54,170 --> 00:03:56,490
+when we speak about Oliver. They were supposed to
+
+58
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,550
+be giving food and shelter for the poor, but they
+
+59
+00:03:59,550 --> 00:04:02,950
+were starving the poor. And again, the church was
+
+60
+00:04:02,950 --> 00:04:06,800
+supposed to give you know, faith, guidance, belief
+
+61
+00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,040
+to people, but they were stealing, they were
+
+62
+00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,940
+corrupt themselves. The royal family was supposed
+
+63
+00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:15,300
+to be protecting the people, but they were not in
+
+64
+00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:17,740
+a way or another protecting them. So the monarchy
+
+65
+00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:23,690
+was not as popular as it was 30, 40, like three,
+
+66
+00:04:23,890 --> 00:04:28,930
+four probably centuries ago. And we say that this
+
+67
+00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:31,470
+started from the commonwealth. So the monarchy
+
+68
+00:04:31,470 --> 00:04:34,510
+started to lose privileges and power. They still
+
+69
+00:04:34,510 --> 00:04:38,130
+had the money. They still had the symbolic role.
+
+70
+00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:41,630
+They played, the queen played a huge part, but
+
+71
+00:04:41,630 --> 00:04:45,230
+still the monarchy was not famous. People did not
+
+72
+00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:49,570
+like the monarchy like in the past. The social
+
+73
+00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:52,190
+problems were everywhere, and most of these social
+
+74
+00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:54,010
+problems are related, again, to the poor people
+
+75
+00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:57,190
+that nobody wanted to care about, to the extent
+
+76
+00:04:57,190 --> 00:04:59,910
+that many people say there were two Englands or
+
+77
+00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:02,370
+two Londons, London that belongs to the rich
+
+78
+00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:06,190
+people. That shows how rich people were benefiting
+
+79
+00:05:06,190 --> 00:05:08,950
+from imperialism and colonialism and the
+
+80
+00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:11,670
+Industrial Revolution and factories. On the other
+
+81
+00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:15,060
+hand, the very poor people, the orphans, the
+
+82
+00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:17,880
+women, the disabled people, the sick people, the
+
+83
+00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,920
+kids. They were deprived. They were not benefiting
+
+84
+00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:26,960
+from the wealth of the British Empire. So poverty,
+
+85
+00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,480
+unemployment, education, the education systems,
+
+86
+00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:32,100
+the laborers, the working class, and most
+
+87
+00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:34,320
+importantly, we talk about the double standards,
+
+88
+00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,360
+how there are a set of rules. Like there are rules
+
+89
+00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,080
+for the rich people and rules for the poor people.
+
+90
+00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:47,460
+All of this we'll see in the literature of this
+
+91
+00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:51,380
+period, okay? A very interesting thing I like to
+
+92
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:54,000
+mention here all the time is the Indian mutiny.
+
+93
+00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:55,980
+Mutiny is something like intifada, like we have
+
+94
+00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,360
+here in Palestine. The first intifada, the second
+
+95
+00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,620
+intifada, the third intifada. It's like a
+
+96
+00:06:00,620 --> 00:06:03,400
+revolution. There's something funny, interesting,
+
+97
+00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:06,200
+and at the same time really racist and horrible
+
+98
+00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,900
+about imperialism and colonialism. When you talk
+
+99
+00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:11,900
+to some Israeli Zionists, they will always be
+
+100
+00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,700
+defending Israel and say, but we did good to you.
+
+101
+00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,960
+In a way, we're helping you. We're improving your
+
+102
+00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:23,020
+lives in a particular way or another. Palestinians
+
+103
+00:06:23,020 --> 00:06:27,800
+living inside Israel are the happiest and the best
+
+104
+00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,750
+Arabs in the Middle East, in a way. So always
+
+105
+00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:35,230
+colonizers think that they're doing a good job to
+
+106
+00:06:35,230 --> 00:06:37,030
+the colonizers. Yes, we're killing you. We're
+
+107
+00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:39,090
+depriving you of everything, of your freedom and
+
+108
+00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:40,770
+self-determination and free will and everything.
+
+109
+00:06:42,650 --> 00:06:45,030
+But you could, that's the argument. You could be a
+
+110
+00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:49,450
+lot worse. We're bringing you technology, the
+
+111
+00:06:49,450 --> 00:06:53,850
+train and everything. So in India, which was part
+
+112
+00:06:53,850 --> 00:06:57,090
+of the British Empire. And Queen Victoria became
+
+113
+00:06:57,090 --> 00:07:01,410
+the empress of India during her reign. The people
+
+114
+00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,450
+were surprised that there was, like, some
+
+115
+00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:08,050
+unhappiness in India. People were unhappy with
+
+116
+00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,710
+imperialism and colonialism. So it came as a
+
+117
+00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:13,350
+surprise to so many people because, again,
+
+118
+00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:16,950
+imperialists and colonizers always believed that,
+
+119
+00:07:17,830 --> 00:07:20,390
+we are doing a good job. We are doing a favor for
+
+120
+00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:25,800
+you. When we go to India, to Africa, we're helping
+
+121
+00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,900
+you. We're civilizing you. We're educating you.
+
+122
+00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:31,980
+We're teaching you. We're just making you better
+
+123
+00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:36,140
+people. And that's very funny, because the same
+
+124
+00:07:36,140 --> 00:07:40,120
+people refuse. Because someone was joking on
+
+125
+00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:45,930
+Twitter last night that if England Because there's
+
+126
+00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:49,130
+a lot of trouble in England nowadays with Brexit
+
+127
+00:07:49,130 --> 00:07:52,810
+and, you know, so many problems with the health
+
+128
+00:07:52,810 --> 00:07:57,370
+system, education system. So a guy was saying that
+
+129
+00:07:57,370 --> 00:08:02,050
+if you claim that imperialism was good for India
+
+130
+00:08:02,050 --> 00:08:05,590
+and Africa, I think Africa should come and
+
+131
+00:08:05,590 --> 00:08:09,250
+colonize us so they can improve our lives in a way
+
+132
+00:08:09,250 --> 00:08:13,780
+or another. So this is significant. Again, the
+
+133
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,780
+beliefs of the age were their beliefs, their
+
+134
+00:08:16,780 --> 00:08:18,860
+values, they were always declining and
+
+135
+00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:23,940
+deteriorating. But the final blow to science, to
+
+136
+00:08:23,940 --> 00:08:25,820
+certain beliefs, especially to the church, came
+
+137
+00:08:25,820 --> 00:08:29,280
+from Darwin. Are you familiar with Charles Darwin?
+
+138
+00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,480
+Darwinism and Darwin in his book, On the Origin of
+
+139
+00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,560
+Species, of the Species, in which he speaks about
+
+140
+00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:44,000
+the theory of evolution, how man evolved through
+
+141
+00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:48,580
+time, through millions and millions of years, how
+
+142
+00:08:48,580 --> 00:08:53,120
+animals and birds and creatures evolved. And this
+
+143
+00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,460
+is the argument here that man originally was an
+
+144
+00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:58,920
+ape. or a monkey and then we evolve to become
+
+145
+00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,220
+human beings because survival is for the fittest.
+
+146
+00:09:02,580 --> 00:09:05,120
+This is a blow because all people believe that,
+
+147
+00:09:06,140 --> 00:09:09,320
+according to the church, God created the world,
+
+148
+00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:12,520
+and God created man in his image. So how come
+
+149
+00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,480
+you're saying... And he has some proof and
+
+150
+00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,560
+evidence that many people lost faith totally in
+
+151
+00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,400
+church. This is also significant. So the major
+
+152
+00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,840
+novelists of this age, all this will be reflected
+
+153
+00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:26,800
+in a way or another here in the literature,
+
+154
+00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:29,120
+because literature in a way mirrors life,
+
+155
+00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,500
+criticizes life. It's a tool of criticism and also
+
+156
+00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:37,850
+empowers certain people and particular genders. So
+
+157
+00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:41,010
+we have Charles Dickens, George Eliot, the three
+
+158
+00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:44,010
+Bronte sisters. It didn't work with me. This
+
+159
+00:09:44,010 --> 00:09:46,670
+should be, you know, this letter, strange, not
+
+160
+00:09:46,670 --> 00:09:50,270
+English. Bronte. The three Bronte sisters, three
+
+161
+00:09:50,270 --> 00:09:55,950
+sisters writing novels. Thomas Hardy are the most
+
+162
+00:09:55,950 --> 00:09:59,330
+famous novelists. So how many females and how many
+
+163
+00:09:59,330 --> 00:10:01,710
+males, how many men and how many women do we have?
+
+164
+00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:08,890
+One, two, and here three, and three. So three men
+
+165
+00:10:08,890 --> 00:10:14,450
+and three women. Are you sure? One. Thank you very
+
+166
+00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:19,390
+much. George Eliot is? He's a woman.
+
+167
+00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:27,410
+Why? Because George?
+
+168
+00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,860
+A pen name, a pseudonym, a pen name. Why would
+
+169
+00:10:35,860 --> 00:10:39,100
+someone write under a pen name, a different name?
+
+170
+00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,360
+Why would a woman write under the name of a man?
+
+171
+00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:48,980
+It's like someone's name, for example, Apa. Juma,
+
+172
+00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:52,380
+for example. Why would someone change, especially
+
+173
+00:10:52,380 --> 00:10:55,740
+a woman? Yeah, please. We appreciate it for her
+
+174
+00:10:55,740 --> 00:10:58,920
+words and her words, and not to be judged because
+
+175
+00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,580
+of her. Thank you. So people are like, a woman?
+
+176
+00:11:01,680 --> 00:11:04,140
+What is a woman going to be writing about? Kitchen
+
+177
+00:11:04,140 --> 00:11:06,740
+stuff? How to make sandwiches? Which is a very
+
+178
+00:11:06,740 --> 00:11:10,000
+anti-feminist notion. So she takes this out of the
+
+179
+00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,240
+context. You read the book as if it's written by a
+
+180
+00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,710
+man. So the idea that women couldn't write, like
+
+181
+00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:20,810
+men, was still there in the Victorian Age. But
+
+182
+00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:23,930
+remember what Virginia Woolf said about Aphra
+
+183
+00:11:23,930 --> 00:11:26,690
+Behn, because she started this. She showed the
+
+184
+00:11:26,690 --> 00:11:29,150
+women that they should write no matter what. The
+
+185
+00:11:29,150 --> 00:11:32,690
+problem here is that many of those novelists were
+
+186
+00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,810
+publishing their stories in newspapers, in
+
+187
+00:11:35,810 --> 00:11:39,410
+chapters. So every week, two or three chapters.
+
+188
+00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:42,510
+This is called serialization. It was in serials.
+
+189
+00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:46,760
+So the publishers wanted to sell as many copies as
+
+190
+00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:50,940
+possible, and readers wanted to read good things.
+
+191
+00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,700
+And the publishers, again, wanted to make money.
+
+192
+00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,400
+So if people don't want to read for women, maybe
+
+193
+00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,260
+the publishers are not going to be encouraged.
+
+194
+00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,560
+That's why sometimes we have to have, like, really
+
+195
+00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:06,300
+dedicated publishers who take care of what we call
+
+196
+00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,860
+the subclass or the outsiders. So they give them a
+
+197
+00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,880
+chance to write. But we'll see next class what
+
+198
+00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:16,840
+George Eliot did. George Eliot is one of the most
+
+199
+00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:20,900
+significant female authors of all time. What she
+
+200
+00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,800
+did was an amazing job because she exposed the
+
+201
+00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:29,520
+society as hypocrite. or hypocritical because
+
+202
+00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,600
+people claim that women can't write. But when she
+
+203
+00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,000
+wrote using a pen name of a man, like many
+
+204
+00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,920
+people's critics who were mainly men, like, yeah,
+
+205
+00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:41,700
+this is really good writing. Only men can write
+
+206
+00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:43,820
+like this in a way or another. Look at this.
+
+207
+00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,140
+Interesting. I don't think women can write stuff
+
+208
+00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:48,360
+like this. And then all of a sudden, she turns out
+
+209
+00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:52,580
+to be a woman. A slap on the face of those
+
+210
+00:12:52,580 --> 00:12:57,430
+critics, telling them, you're judging us. Not by
+
+211
+00:12:57,430 --> 00:12:59,930
+the, again, you're not appreciating our text.
+
+212
+00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:02,610
+You're just, okay, a woman, I don't think she's
+
+213
+00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:05,410
+going to write good stuff. And nowadays, by the
+
+214
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:08,590
+way, some of the most important famous women, like
+
+215
+00:13:08,590 --> 00:13:13,190
+women in poetry and in novel and prose, are women.
+
+216
+00:13:14,130 --> 00:13:16,390
+Some of the most important writers are women, like
+
+217
+00:13:16,390 --> 00:13:20,410
+J.K. Rowling, like Agatha Christie, like other
+
+218
+00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,450
+contemporary poets we might mention later on, yes.
+
+219
+00:13:23,710 --> 00:13:26,770
+When did her identity release? It was released
+
+220
+00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:30,390
+sometime during her career. Did she do it, or did
+
+221
+00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:33,030
+someone... We'll talk about this later on, yeah.
+
+222
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:37,810
+But in her age, most, I mean, a lot of women, like
+
+223
+00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:41,110
+Mary Shelley, Afra Bain, started to write. Why
+
+224
+00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:43,540
+didn't she just follow them? That is an
+
+225
+00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:45,960
+interesting question. We'll see about that. But
+
+226
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,060
+again, not all women were lucky or had support
+
+227
+00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:54,320
+from other people around them. So some women
+
+228
+00:13:54,320 --> 00:14:00,320
+didn't have the right parents to help her or the
+
+229
+00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:05,520
+right connections with publishers. So we'll see
+
+230
+00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,740
+how that came about. Today, we talk about Dickens
+
+231
+00:14:08,740 --> 00:14:12,430
+and Hardy. Dickens and Hardy are the most
+
+232
+00:14:12,430 --> 00:14:16,970
+important men novelists of all time, especially
+
+233
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,270
+Dickens here. He's always mentioned next to the
+
+234
+00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:21,630
+name of Shakespeare. Like when people speak about
+
+235
+00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:24,730
+famous English writers, they say Dickens and
+
+236
+00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:27,150
+Shakespeare. And thanks to him, we have so many
+
+237
+00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:29,930
+words. in the English dictionary and Oxford
+
+238
+00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:33,230
+dictionary because they were taken from Dickens.
+
+239
+00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:37,790
+So in terms of themes, the majority of works here,
+
+240
+00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:41,010
+literary works, were about, again, society, social
+
+241
+00:14:41,010 --> 00:14:43,950
+classes, social division, about poverty, about the
+
+242
+00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:46,950
+poor class, about the working class, about the
+
+243
+00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:49,130
+social problems, about criticizing the system,
+
+244
+00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:51,030
+criticizing the society, criticizing the
+
+245
+00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,050
+institution, more or less. literature moved from
+
+246
+00:14:54,050 --> 00:14:56,610
+the nature of the countryside of the romantics to
+
+247
+00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:01,210
+the city itself to expose its skills and problems.
+
+248
+00:15:01,930 --> 00:15:06,470
+So his major concerns were where social media
+
+249
+00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:10,490
+concerns and themes were social themes. But
+
+250
+00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:14,050
+Dickens had an interesting range. He started from
+
+251
+00:15:14,050 --> 00:15:18,690
+comedy, journalism, social issues to psychological
+
+252
+00:15:18,690 --> 00:15:21,470
+issues to autobiographical to historical and
+
+253
+00:15:21,470 --> 00:15:26,350
+political themes. In my opinion, Dickens is
+
+254
+00:15:26,350 --> 00:15:30,630
+generally a positive author. He has this optimism
+
+255
+00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:37,220
+about him. Generally, his novels end despite what
+
+256
+00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,060
+happens, despite the struggle and the suffering of
+
+257
+00:15:40,060 --> 00:15:44,260
+some people and the pain and the mistreatment,
+
+258
+00:15:44,580 --> 00:15:48,770
+generally people end. happily getting what they
+
+259
+00:15:48,770 --> 00:15:52,950
+want, becoming rich, realizing, getting married.
+
+260
+00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:57,290
+We'll see about this. So his first successful
+
+261
+00:15:57,290 --> 00:16:01,490
+novel was The Pickwick Papers, which is generally
+
+262
+00:16:01,490 --> 00:16:04,750
+described as a comedy, humorous comedy. He wanted
+
+263
+00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:08,910
+to write humorous stuff so people would laugh. And
+
+264
+00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:11,790
+many people found this very, very funny. And they
+
+265
+00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,650
+loved it. And he had to write more. But Oliver
+
+266
+00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:18,830
+Twist is, again, one of his most famous works.
+
+267
+00:16:19,050 --> 00:16:21,450
+It's a novel about a little boy. His name is
+
+268
+00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:27,270
+Oliver. He's born by a mother who comes to one of
+
+269
+00:16:27,270 --> 00:16:30,670
+the workhouses or one of the places that take care
+
+270
+00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:33,330
+of the poor.
+
+271
+00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:36,990
+She gives birth to Oliver. Nobody knows who she
+
+272
+00:16:36,990 --> 00:16:39,350
+is. She doesn't say, and she dies. So we don't
+
+273
+00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:42,110
+know who his father is. He's taken by the church.
+
+274
+00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:45,430
+They pay some people money to take care of him,
+
+275
+00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:50,010
+but because of the corruption, because of the
+
+276
+00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:54,130
+selfishness of the people, because they steal,
+
+277
+00:16:54,290 --> 00:16:56,250
+because nobody was dedicated, was doing a good
+
+278
+00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:59,850
+job, they were mistreating him. They were starving
+
+279
+00:16:59,850 --> 00:17:04,370
+him. They weren't even giving him and all other
+
+280
+00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:09,750
+kids the bare minimum of food. In one instance,
+
+281
+00:17:10,330 --> 00:17:12,330
+this is one of the famous lines in literature,
+
+282
+00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:18,400
+Oliver is urged by his friends to go and ask for
+
+283
+00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:22,080
+more food. Because the kids go to bed hungry. So
+
+284
+00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,840
+there was one big guy saying, okay, if I don't eat
+
+285
+00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:27,760
+enough tonight, I will eat the boy next to me. And
+
+286
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,140
+he said, oh, my God. The boy was like, I want to
+
+287
+00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:32,920
+be eaten. And they had this, you know, they tossed
+
+288
+00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,240
+a coin or something, and it fell on Oliver. And
+
+289
+00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:41,120
+Oliver goes to ask for more. And he, please, sir,
+
+290
+00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:45,190
+I want some more. And then I was like, what? Why
+
+291
+00:17:45,190 --> 00:17:47,410
+would we ask you, right? Because we're giving you
+
+292
+00:17:47,410 --> 00:17:50,530
+enough. This is more than enough. You're asking
+
+293
+00:17:50,530 --> 00:17:53,590
+for more after you've eaten the supper, the food
+
+294
+00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:57,730
+we provide you. He says, what? And this what, it's
+
+295
+00:17:57,730 --> 00:18:00,030
+not like, what, say again. Like, what, say again,
+
+296
+00:18:00,090 --> 00:18:03,010
+sorry. It's like, what the hell? I'm going to kill
+
+297
+00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:05,920
+you. And Oliver, poor Oliver, innocent Oliver,
+
+298
+00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,620
+says again, please, I want some more. And he was
+
+299
+00:18:09,620 --> 00:18:12,680
+beaten for this. He was abused. He was given to a
+
+300
+00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,540
+man to take care, to teach him some craft, coffin
+
+301
+00:18:16,540 --> 00:18:19,760
+making. And then he was abused again. And he had
+
+302
+00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:22,700
+to run away from this place to London. Remember
+
+303
+00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:24,420
+London, the capital of the world, the most
+
+304
+00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:27,140
+important city, where the city of the Victorian
+
+305
+00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:29,060
+dream, like the American dream, where you go,
+
+306
+00:18:29,180 --> 00:18:31,320
+where you work, where you become rich. So he goes
+
+307
+00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:38,130
+there. But again. A member of a gang takes him to
+
+308
+00:18:38,130 --> 00:18:41,150
+the den, to their place. He doesn't know what's
+
+309
+00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:44,410
+going on because he's innocent. They teach him how
+
+310
+00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:49,670
+to rob people, to be a thief, to pickpocket. But
+
+311
+00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,530
+Oliver is innocent. He can't be corrupted. So
+
+312
+00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:55,550
+unlike many people who would turn into criminals,
+
+313
+00:18:55,690 --> 00:18:58,730
+he doesn't. He was arrested. Some people take care
+
+314
+00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:02,830
+of him. And then the gang kidnap him again. They
+
+315
+00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:08,110
+take him to help them rob a house. He was shot.
+
+316
+00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:12,700
+and injured, and then his identity is gone. So a
+
+317
+00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,680
+lot of suffering and mistreatment and horrible,
+
+318
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:16,660
+horrible problems he goes through and the
+
+319
+00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:19,180
+corruption of the state, the church, the
+
+320
+00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,120
+government, everybody is corrupt, almost
+
+321
+00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:25,300
+everybody. At the end of the story, it ends
+
+322
+00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,540
+happily ever after. Yes, there is someone who
+
+323
+00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:31,840
+dies. Nancy dies a horrible death. But eventually,
+
+324
+00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:35,180
+the main character is happy. He knows who his
+
+325
+00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,400
+father was or his mother was. And it turns out
+
+326
+00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,360
+that his father left him some inheritance, some
+
+327
+00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:43,420
+money. So he becomes rich. So no matter what
+
+328
+00:19:43,420 --> 00:19:46,220
+happens, at the end of the day, you're going to be
+
+329
+00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:49,370
+transferred to another place. Yeah, I think there
+
+330
+00:19:49,370 --> 00:19:52,170
+are like three movies, or about two. They are
+
+331
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:54,970
+available on YouTube. And I think they're making a
+
+332
+00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:59,270
+new one nowadays. Beautiful, beautiful movie. But
+
+333
+00:19:59,270 --> 00:20:02,250
+remember, the movie is never as good as the book.
+
+334
+00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,030
+It has more details. Yeah, the details, the
+
+335
+00:20:06,030 --> 00:20:07,570
+description, the language. So it's good to watch
+
+336
+00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:10,910
+the movies, but it's always better to do this. So
+
+337
+00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:13,830
+despite the tough circumstances, Oliver finds out
+
+338
+00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:16,130
+who he is, becomes rich, and the story ends
+
+339
+00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:21,890
+happily at least for this. Now, speaking about
+
+340
+00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:27,170
+kids is something new at that time. Kids being the
+
+341
+00:20:27,170 --> 00:20:34,640
+main characters. It's new. Having this issue, the
+
+342
+00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,040
+theme, the story being about the kids, only kids,
+
+343
+00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:40,460
+his life, how he thinks, what he does, what
+
+344
+00:20:40,460 --> 00:20:43,560
+happens to him, what people do to him. This is a
+
+345
+00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,420
+shift from the experiences of adults and high
+
+346
+00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,200
+class people to the kids. And this was what
+
+347
+00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,250
+Dickens would usually do. And it happens again in
+
+348
+00:20:52,250 --> 00:20:54,850
+Nicholas Nickel Bay, another story about a little
+
+349
+00:20:54,850 --> 00:20:58,190
+kid, Nicholas, who suffers a lot, who suffers
+
+350
+00:20:58,190 --> 00:21:00,650
+terribly at school. So the education system is
+
+351
+00:21:00,650 --> 00:21:05,850
+also criticized. Now, again, this is about the
+
+352
+00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:08,790
+sufferings of the kids. And Dickens wanted to
+
+353
+00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:11,410
+criticize the church and the education system and
+
+354
+00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:16,330
+all the laws of the Victorian age. But also most
+
+355
+00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:19,850
+importantly, London was always attacked, viciously
+
+356
+00:21:19,850 --> 00:21:24,380
+attacked by by Dickens. And many people were not
+
+357
+00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,120
+happy with Dickens, because many people thought
+
+358
+00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,240
+that the novel should belong to the high class,
+
+359
+00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:31,320
+and high class people should read, you know,
+
+360
+00:21:32,060 --> 00:21:34,220
+things to make them feel good about themselves,
+
+361
+00:21:34,420 --> 00:21:37,440
+right? But you're writing about poverty, he goes,
+
+362
+00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,080
+the description, he describes London at night, the
+
+363
+00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:42,780
+narrow, dark alleys of London, and the crimes, and
+
+364
+00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:44,880
+the criminals, and the rats, and the mud, and the
+
+365
+00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,510
+corruption, and the sewage. Like, he takes you to
+
+366
+00:21:48,510 --> 00:21:53,030
+London in the late 19th or mid-19th century. You
+
+367
+00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,570
+live there. So many people are like, I don't want
+
+368
+00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,070
+to read about poor people. I don't want to read
+
+369
+00:21:58,070 --> 00:22:00,990
+about crime and criminal. I want to just be to
+
+370
+00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:05,510
+live in my bubble, a happy life. They don't want
+
+371
+00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,990
+to feel guilty. They don't want to feel guilty.
+
+372
+00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:12,790
+Yeah, in a way, yeah. So why are you assuming that
+
+373
+00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:15,960
+some rich people like Like, really, really rich
+
+374
+00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:20,260
+people feel guilt about being too rich. So his
+
+375
+00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:23,920
+novels often tell stories about the victims, the
+
+376
+00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,220
+poor, the children, in order to engage the readers
+
+377
+00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:33,160
+in the Victorian age and its major problems. Now,
+
+378
+00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:36,180
+in David Copperfield, there are two novels that
+
+379
+00:22:36,180 --> 00:22:39,440
+have what we call autobiographical elements. You
+
+380
+00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,520
+know autobiography? What's biography? Biography.
+
+381
+00:22:46,090 --> 00:22:48,170
+Biography. Graph, you know graph when you're like
+
+382
+00:22:48,170 --> 00:22:53,790
+graphic, like telegraph, telegram. I know the
+
+383
+00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:57,030
+mean, the definitions, but I don't know which one
+
+384
+00:22:57,030 --> 00:23:01,490
+is for you. Okay. It's one that it's a story
+
+385
+00:23:01,490 --> 00:23:04,450
+written about the writer, and the other is about
+
+386
+00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:07,690
+another person. Okay, now easy to tell. Auto, it's
+
+387
+00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:12,510
+like the car, automatic. Automobile, right? So
+
+388
+00:23:12,510 --> 00:23:14,950
+automatic that moves by itself in a way,
+
+389
+00:23:15,070 --> 00:23:19,570
+automated. So autobiography, it's a biography I
+
+390
+00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:21,410
+write about myself. If I write a book about
+
+391
+00:23:21,410 --> 00:23:21,950
+myself,
+
+392
+00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,230
+It's an autobiography. If I write a book about
+
+393
+00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:33,290
+you, one of you, it's a biography. So two novels,
+
+394
+00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:36,450
+David Copperfield and Great Expectations, contain
+
+395
+00:23:36,450 --> 00:23:40,590
+autobiographical elements about his childhood,
+
+396
+00:23:40,830 --> 00:23:44,750
+about his success, about his suffering as a kid,
+
+397
+00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,570
+his very troubled early life, childhood, and how
+
+398
+00:23:50,570 --> 00:23:54,170
+he became successful. Rich, eventually. So in
+
+399
+00:23:54,170 --> 00:23:56,370
+David Copperfield, considered to be one of the
+
+400
+00:23:56,370 --> 00:23:59,190
+most positive of Dickens' novels. Why positive?
+
+401
+00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:04,830
+Because we have a story about a person who starts
+
+402
+00:24:04,830 --> 00:24:08,630
+poor, struggles, works hard, becomes rich,
+
+403
+00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:12,420
+achieves the Victorian dream. So this is very
+
+404
+00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,160
+positive. Although he always boxed in positively
+
+405
+00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,060
+in a way, in a way, in another. Many Victorians
+
+406
+00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,420
+admired such box because this is the typical
+
+407
+00:24:21,420 --> 00:24:25,560
+Victorian person, David. He's rich. He marries.
+
+408
+00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,780
+And there is a general sense of happiness at the
+
+409
+00:24:28,780 --> 00:24:31,300
+end of the book. Why is this called an
+
+410
+00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:33,260
+autobiographical or at least partly
+
+411
+00:24:33,260 --> 00:24:37,240
+autobiographical? Because there are in a way or
+
+412
+00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,120
+another References to his own life as a kid, as a
+
+413
+00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:47,180
+child. Okay? So partly, it tells about Dickens'
+
+414
+00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:53,140
+life itself. Again, Great Expectations also has
+
+415
+00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:57,660
+autobiographical elements. However, the positive
+
+416
+00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:02,560
+attitude, atmosphere, tone of David Coperfield is
+
+417
+00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,920
+not available in Great Expectations. Look at the
+
+418
+00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,460
+title. The title says Great Expectations. Like we
+
+419
+00:25:09,460 --> 00:25:14,760
+expect great things to happen. Right? He promises
+
+420
+00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:20,780
+us a lot. But no great things happen in the book.
+
+421
+00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,900
+It's ironic. Thank you. Even the title itself is
+
+422
+00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:29,540
+ironic. Why? Because no great things happen.
+
+423
+00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,480
+Disappointment, despair. And many people believe
+
+424
+00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:38,300
+that this is a change in his attitude, his writing
+
+425
+00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,480
+style itself. Like he was changing from positive
+
+426
+00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:45,200
+to dark, etc. Because the age, the Victorian Age
+
+427
+00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,380
+itself started with hopes of a better life for
+
+428
+00:25:49,380 --> 00:25:53,800
+everyone. Like the poor people, women, the working
+
+429
+00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,200
+class benefiting from the wealth coming from the
+
+430
+00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,240
+colonies. But now again, the rich were getting
+
+431
+00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,220
+richer and the poor were getting poorer. So there
+
+432
+00:26:03,220 --> 00:26:05,640
+was disappointment and disillusionment in his
+
+433
+00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,840
+life. Hard Times. I love Hard Times. It's one of
+
+434
+00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:14,310
+my most favorite novels. Now, Hard Times is about
+
+435
+00:26:14,310 --> 00:26:16,950
+generally like two things, about the industrial
+
+436
+00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:19,770
+revolution, the industrial society, the factories,
+
+437
+00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:25,090
+the working class, the laborers. He takes us in a
+
+438
+00:26:25,090 --> 00:26:29,870
+journey to show us the unions, the laborers, how
+
+439
+00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,110
+deprived they were. They had no rights. They were
+
+440
+00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:35,410
+really poor. They couldn't achieve the slightest
+
+441
+00:26:35,410 --> 00:26:38,190
+of dreams. They couldn't even sometimes, the man,
+
+442
+00:26:38,230 --> 00:26:40,410
+I think the man there couldn't marry the woman he
+
+443
+00:26:40,410 --> 00:26:43,420
+loved. only because he's a poor man, because he
+
+444
+00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,140
+can't afford it in a way or another, because the
+
+445
+00:26:45,140 --> 00:26:47,980
+society is not helping, because there are no
+
+446
+00:26:47,980 --> 00:26:52,840
+regulations to give the basic human rights and the
+
+447
+00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:56,700
+basic decent life to the working class. But also
+
+448
+00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:01,060
+in this society, there is an attack on the
+
+449
+00:27:01,060 --> 00:27:05,880
+educational system. Dickens is exposing the
+
+450
+00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,930
+educational system as horrible. Because it's
+
+451
+00:27:10,930 --> 00:27:16,150
+mainly based on facts. In one character, the
+
+452
+00:27:16,150 --> 00:27:18,910
+famous Mr. Grady Grind, I think it's in the
+
+453
+00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:21,110
+dictionary, the word Grady Grind describes a man
+
+454
+00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:23,750
+who doesn't believe in imagination and fantasy,
+
+455
+00:27:23,890 --> 00:27:29,110
+who only believes in facts, science, life. Please
+
+456
+00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:32,690
+try to read. I'll post some extracts from this for
+
+457
+00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:35,990
+extra reading on Facebook. Some of the most
+
+458
+00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:40,490
+interesting stuff can be found here. He says he
+
+459
+00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:43,070
+gets into a classroom and he starts asking people
+
+460
+00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:47,440
+to define a horse. What is a horse? There's a
+
+461
+00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:49,920
+student, a girl who says, what's student number
+
+462
+00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,480
+20? So she doesn't want to give her like, what's
+
+463
+00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,760
+your name? She says, my name is Sissy. I say,
+
+464
+00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:59,400
+Sissy? Sissy is not a name. Call yourself Cecilia.
+
+465
+00:28:00,060 --> 00:28:04,520
+Because Sissy is a musical. There are also movies
+
+466
+00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:10,420
+here. He says, facts, facts, facts. Teach these
+
+467
+00:28:10,420 --> 00:28:14,480
+boys and girls nothing but facts. Plant nothing
+
+468
+00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:18,020
+else and root everything else. This is the
+
+469
+00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:20,600
+principle on which I bring up my children, and
+
+470
+00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,440
+this is the principle on which I want you to bring
+
+471
+00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,500
+up these children. Facts, sir. Stick to facts,
+
+472
+00:28:26,780 --> 00:28:30,400
+sir. And because the school does not help the
+
+473
+00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,090
+students, does not offer them You know, this is a
+
+474
+00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:37,570
+chance for good education, for imagination, for
+
+475
+00:28:37,570 --> 00:28:41,070
+creativity. They always will find a way where
+
+476
+00:28:41,070 --> 00:28:46,910
+outside in the circus. Because the circus, there's
+
+477
+00:28:46,910 --> 00:28:50,510
+a circus in the book. which symbolizes what? Fancy
+
+478
+00:28:50,510 --> 00:28:54,570
+and imagination. And in a very ironic situation
+
+479
+00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:57,610
+here, when he was leaving the school, he was proud
+
+480
+00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,930
+of himself that he's building a good generation
+
+481
+00:29:03,930 --> 00:29:07,870
+for the future. He finds his two kids Like looking
+
+482
+00:29:07,870 --> 00:29:10,650
+at the circus, enjoying peeking somewhere between
+
+483
+00:29:10,650 --> 00:29:13,370
+the tent and looking at the circus people. And he
+
+484
+00:29:13,370 --> 00:29:16,030
+was very furious, very angry, because just the
+
+485
+00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:19,370
+moment he was saying, I'm bringing up my kids on
+
+486
+00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,070
+facts and nothing but facts. And seemingly, even
+
+487
+00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:25,810
+his kids are not happy with his philosophy. And so
+
+488
+00:29:25,810 --> 00:29:30,590
+hard times is criticizing both the Industrial
+
+489
+00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:34,290
+Revolution, the unions, the situations of the
+
+490
+00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:39,650
+working class. And, of course, the educational
+
+491
+00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:43,070
+system, in which, again, he is representing
+
+492
+00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:47,270
+another pessimistic, dark, negative image of the
+
+493
+00:29:47,270 --> 00:29:50,190
+society. So he's changing. He's changing in a way
+
+494
+00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:56,030
+for another. Now, A Tale of Two Cities, do you
+
+495
+00:29:56,030 --> 00:29:57,470
+know A Tale of Two Cities? Have you ever heard
+
+496
+00:29:57,470 --> 00:30:02,290
+about A Tale of Two Cities? Okay, let me read you
+
+497
+00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:06,500
+something from Hard Times, I think I have it here.
+
+498
+00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,480
+And also something from A Tale of Two Cities. So
+
+499
+00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:19,640
+this is a quote, really interesting. Could someone
+
+500
+00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:25,140
+please read? So this is Mr. Gradgrind talking to
+
+501
+00:30:25,140 --> 00:30:27,100
+the teacher. The teacher's name is Mr.
+
+502
+00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:28,140
+Machukumichild.
+
+503
+00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,160
+Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and
+
+504
+00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,300
+girls. No, I want you to pretend like Mr. Grad
+
+505
+00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,640
+Grind. Like you're a stiff person, a person who
+
+506
+00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,360
+doesn't believe in imagination, a person who is
+
+507
+00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,780
+only dedicated to facts. Like a horrible teacher.
+
+508
+00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:52,490
+Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and
+
+509
+00:30:52,490 --> 00:30:56,210
+girls nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted in
+
+510
+00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:00,090
+life. Plant nothing else and root out everything
+
+511
+00:31:00,090 --> 00:31:03,790
+else. You can only form the minds of the reasoning
+
+512
+00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:06,790
+animals upon facts. The cats are like reasoning
+
+513
+00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:10,630
+animals. Animals that think and reason. That's the
+
+514
+00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:13,030
+negative thing because they don't believe in
+
+515
+00:31:13,030 --> 00:31:17,600
+children. You can only form the minds of reasoning
+
+516
+00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,840
+animals upon facts. Nothing else will ever be of
+
+517
+00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:25,480
+any service to them. This is the principle on
+
+518
+00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,920
+which I bring up my own children and this is the
+
+519
+00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,920
+principle on which I bring up these children.
+
+520
+00:31:32,140 --> 00:31:35,300
+Stick to facts, sir. You sound like a good
+
+521
+00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:37,720
+teacher. I want someone to sound like a horrible
+
+522
+00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:42,350
+teacher. Like no imagination, no nothing, no fun,
+
+523
+00:31:42,610 --> 00:31:46,730
+no fantasy, no joking, no fooling around, all
+
+524
+00:31:46,730 --> 00:31:52,070
+facts. Yeah? You can't be, okay, let's see. Now
+
+525
+00:31:52,070 --> 00:31:54,910
+what I want is facts. Teach these boys and girls
+
+526
+00:31:54,910 --> 00:31:58,570
+nothing, nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted
+
+527
+00:31:58,570 --> 00:32:02,150
+in life. Land, nothing else. And root out
+
+528
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,590
+everything else. You can only form the mind of
+
+529
+00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:12,640
+Reasoning animals up on facts. Nothing else would
+
+530
+00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,380
+ever be of any surprise to them. This is the
+
+531
+00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:20,560
+principle on which I bring up my own children. And
+
+532
+00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,300
+this is the principle on which I bring up these
+
+533
+00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:29,520
+children. Stick to facts. It seems no one can act
+
+534
+00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:34,390
+like a bad person, which is good. There's this
+
+535
+00:32:34,390 --> 00:32:40,730
+advice someone gave to his kid. I read this on the
+
+536
+00:32:40,730 --> 00:32:43,190
+comment section on YouTube. It's horrible. There
+
+537
+00:32:43,190 --> 00:32:45,490
+is racism and bigotry everywhere there. But
+
+538
+00:32:45,490 --> 00:32:48,410
+sometimes you will find good stuff. So he says, I
+
+539
+00:32:48,410 --> 00:32:51,070
+went to my dad and I asked him for advice because
+
+540
+00:32:51,070 --> 00:32:54,510
+I wanted to play the role of a bad person, a bad
+
+541
+00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:58,730
+character. And his father gave him the wisest of
+
+542
+00:32:58,730 --> 00:33:04,580
+all advice. He told him, son. A bad person doesn't
+
+543
+00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:08,540
+know that he's a bad person. A bad person doesn't
+
+544
+00:33:08,540 --> 00:33:10,360
+know that he is a bad person. So how would you
+
+545
+00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,980
+act? So you can't act like a bad person because
+
+546
+00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:15,560
+you think you're doing a good job. He thinks he's
+
+547
+00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:20,600
+doing a good job. Do you want to read? Okay, the
+
+548
+00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:25,480
+next one. Go on. Extract.
+
+549
+00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:34,460
+Part of it is in the book, not all of it. So now,
+
+550
+00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,540
+A Tale of Two Cities is also very famous, like
+
+551
+00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:41,360
+probably one of the most famous ever, even the
+
+552
+00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,540
+title, A Tale of Two Cities. And I want you to go
+
+553
+00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:46,860
+to Google today when you go home if you have
+
+554
+00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:48,760
+electricity and internet connection, sorry.
+
+555
+00:33:51,780 --> 00:33:54,920
+And Google, use inverted commas to Google a tale
+
+556
+00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:58,800
+of, and then just don't complete it, and use it in
+
+557
+00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,100
+between inverted commas. So you look for the exact
+
+558
+00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,070
+wording. And you will find hundreds and thousands
+
+559
+00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:08,410
+and thousands of articles and references, not to a
+
+560
+00:34:08,410 --> 00:34:11,590
+tale of two cities, to everything. So I was just
+
+561
+00:34:11,590 --> 00:34:17,170
+telling the other group that there's a huge
+
+562
+00:34:17,170 --> 00:34:20,550
+dispute between the pizza in New York and the
+
+563
+00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:24,750
+pizza in Chicago. So there's a fight. These people
+
+564
+00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:27,650
+hate these people's pizza and vice versa. So I'm
+
+565
+00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:30,430
+sure there must have been someone somewhere who
+
+566
+00:34:30,430 --> 00:34:33,960
+wrote a tale of two pizzas. A Tale of Two
+
+567
+00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:37,440
+Teachers, A Tale of Two Wars, A Tale of Two
+
+568
+00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,140
+Students, A Tale of Two Something, very famous.
+
+569
+00:34:41,540 --> 00:34:44,040
+And the first, this is the opening part of the
+
+570
+00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,320
+novel, A Tale of Two Cities. One of, again, the
+
+571
+00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:49,520
+most memorable. It was the worst of, the best of
+
+572
+00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:53,240
+times. It was the worst of times. It was the age
+
+573
+00:34:53,240 --> 00:34:58,040
+of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was
+
+574
+00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,840
+the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of
+
+575
+00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,220
+incredulity. It was the season of light. It was
+
+576
+00:35:05,220 --> 00:35:08,280
+the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope.
+
+577
+00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,220
+It was the winter of despair. We had everything
+
+578
+00:35:11,220 --> 00:35:15,360
+before us. We had nothing before us. We were all
+
+579
+00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,920
+going direct to heaven. We were all going direct
+
+580
+00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,500
+to the other way. In short, the period was so far
+
+581
+00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,300
+like the present period that some of its noisiest
+
+582
+00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:30,100
+authorities insisted on it being received for good
+
+583
+00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,400
+or for evil in the superlative degree of
+
+584
+00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:37,800
+comparison only. The worst, the best. You want to
+
+585
+00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:43,720
+read? A Tale of Two Cities, interesting. We don't
+
+586
+00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:47,020
+have much time to read, but go home, read this,
+
+587
+00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:50,160
+enjoy these. If you don't want to read Dickens
+
+588
+00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:53,300
+because you're still young, like freshmen here. or
+
+589
+00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,880
+women, watch the movie. But again, watching a
+
+590
+00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,980
+movie is never like reading a book. If you want to
+
+591
+00:36:00,980 --> 00:36:03,760
+do something, at least read famous quotes by
+
+592
+00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:07,360
+Dickens. You will love him. So, A Tale of Two
+
+593
+00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,800
+Cities is about the French Revolution. The two
+
+594
+00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,960
+cities are London and Paris.
+
+595
+00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,540
+before and during the French Revolution. This is
+
+596
+00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:24,300
+history. So this is a historical novel in a way,
+
+597
+00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,020
+political historical novel. That's the range of
+
+598
+00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:31,620
+novels he writes about Dickens, okay? So the two
+
+599
+00:36:31,620 --> 00:36:37,440
+cities are London and Paris. Final text here is A
+
+600
+00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,120
+Christmas Carol. This was also made into cartoon
+
+601
+00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,500
+and movie, and a movie. Carol means song. It shows
+
+602
+00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:46,120
+how the British people were celebrating Christmas
+
+603
+00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:49,810
+then. For many people, these are more interesting
+
+604
+00:36:49,810 --> 00:36:52,510
+than history books, because in a very interesting
+
+605
+00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:55,910
+creative way, they take you back to 100 years, 200
+
+606
+00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,610
+years in the past. How people, how the French
+
+607
+00:36:58,610 --> 00:37:02,090
+Revolution came about in fiction, and how people
+
+608
+00:37:02,090 --> 00:37:05,190
+celebrated Christmas. So again, this is the range
+
+609
+00:37:05,190 --> 00:37:07,410
+from comedy to social to historical to
+
+610
+00:37:07,410 --> 00:37:12,430
+journalistic styles all the time. And it's also
+
+611
+00:37:12,430 --> 00:37:16,360
+often associated with Shakespeare. So that's
+
+612
+00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:20,020
+Dickens. Generally, Dickens end happily. There's a
+
+613
+00:37:20,020 --> 00:37:23,000
+positive tone here and there, but sometimes later,
+
+614
+00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,840
+sometime later, he changed into a darker, more
+
+615
+00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,320
+pessimistic attitude in a way or another. On the
+
+616
+00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:36,740
+other hand, Thomas Hardy, even his name suggests
+
+617
+00:37:36,740 --> 00:37:42,130
+that. Yeah, right? It's the very opposite. This
+
+618
+00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:44,490
+man is dark, but he's considered to be a late
+
+619
+00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:47,090
+Victorian novel. And it's very interesting because
+
+620
+00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:55,940
+he died sometime around, I think 1928. So he lived
+
+621
+00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:59,260
+like almost three decades in the 19th century, but
+
+622
+00:37:59,260 --> 00:38:02,240
+he's still, because of his themes and writing, a
+
+623
+00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:05,580
+Victorian figure or a late Victorian figure. He
+
+624
+00:38:05,580 --> 00:38:07,620
+wrote poetry, wonderful poetry. He also wrote
+
+625
+00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:12,200
+short stories, and he was also a novelist. Now,
+
+626
+00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:16,100
+the book says here that many of his books were
+
+627
+00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:18,480
+burnt because he was offending people. People
+
+628
+00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,300
+didn't like his writing, the way he was exposing
+
+629
+00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:23,440
+the evil in the society, the darkness in the
+
+630
+00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,810
+society, without giving hope. So Dickens would be
+
+631
+00:38:26,810 --> 00:38:28,850
+attacking all the institutions, but at the end, he
+
+632
+00:38:28,850 --> 00:38:31,910
+would be telling us that if you work hard, it's
+
+633
+00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,570
+going to end up good for you. But here, no matter
+
+634
+00:38:35,570 --> 00:38:39,780
+how much you work, how hard you work, Because you
+
+635
+00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:42,000
+are poor, because you are a woman, because you are
+
+636
+00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,380
+a working class person, you will not be able to
+
+637
+00:38:45,380 --> 00:38:47,800
+succeed because this is a capitalist society in
+
+638
+00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,020
+which, again, only the rich get richer. The poor
+
+639
+00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:55,120
+have no chance. So the darkness, the tone, and the
+
+640
+00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,760
+vision of his novels are Tragic and dark. We'll
+
+641
+00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,380
+take examples and see how things go. So he exposes
+
+642
+00:39:03,380 --> 00:39:05,820
+these societies about the older truth, the
+
+643
+00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:08,460
+conflict between the tradition and the modern, the
+
+644
+00:39:08,460 --> 00:39:10,660
+conflict between the older generation, the younger
+
+645
+00:39:10,660 --> 00:39:13,120
+generation, between men and women, and how women
+
+646
+00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:17,950
+were struggling, were suffering. Many books, like,
+
+647
+00:39:18,330 --> 00:39:22,130
+listen, in Dickens, people say, like, Oliver was a
+
+648
+00:39:22,130 --> 00:39:25,170
+tool or a feather in the wind. Like fate was
+
+649
+00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:27,770
+controlling his life. And also, some people say
+
+650
+00:39:27,770 --> 00:39:32,450
+fate and destiny play a major role in the
+
+651
+00:39:32,450 --> 00:39:36,630
+destruction of characters. Fate. But I don't like
+
+652
+00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:39,270
+to say fate, because this is an unpoetic answer.
+
+653
+00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,080
+Yes, fate plays a role. But if the society is
+
+654
+00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:47,460
+destroying somebody's life, yeah, but it's his
+
+655
+00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:50,260
+fate. If you're surrendering to fate, it means you
+
+656
+00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:53,640
+don't want to change. You don't want to criticize.
+
+657
+00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:56,820
+You don't want for people, for others, for
+
+658
+00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,280
+institutions to change. So the poor people die,
+
+659
+00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,070
+starve to death. It's their fate. What should we
+
+660
+00:40:03,070 --> 00:40:08,070
+do? We have no choice. So for example, Tess of the
+
+661
+00:40:08,070 --> 00:40:11,770
+Derbarviers. Very, very sad story about a little
+
+662
+00:40:11,770 --> 00:40:15,530
+girl named Tess, whom the author describes as a
+
+663
+00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:19,570
+pure woman. Now her parents, poor family, poor
+
+664
+00:40:19,570 --> 00:40:25,850
+parents send her to work for a rich family,
+
+665
+00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:28,350
+because they think they are related. So they are
+
+666
+00:40:28,350 --> 00:40:30,410
+their Barvilles, and the other family is like
+
+667
+00:40:30,410 --> 00:40:32,590
+Dippie Field or something. So someone tells him,
+
+668
+00:40:32,750 --> 00:40:35,050
+the father, that you are related. So OK, let's
+
+669
+00:40:35,050 --> 00:40:37,410
+send our daughter. Maybe she will get rich. We
+
+670
+00:40:37,410 --> 00:40:39,350
+will get rich in a way or another. But because
+
+671
+00:40:39,350 --> 00:40:42,690
+she's a poor woman, a little innocent, poor woman,
+
+672
+00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:46,010
+she is attacked by Alec, the rich man she's raped.
+
+673
+00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,780
+She gets pregnant. She has a baby, names the baby
+
+674
+00:40:49,780 --> 00:40:55,700
+Soro, and the baby passes away. The baby dies. So
+
+675
+00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,820
+sad, right? So destructive. What happens to the
+
+676
+00:40:59,820 --> 00:41:02,800
+man? Nothing, because he's a rich man. He's a rich
+
+677
+00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,480
+man. Then she falls in love with someone named
+
+678
+00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:10,840
+Angel, ironically, who later on leaves her because
+
+679
+00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:14,960
+she tells him her past. She gets angry. She goes
+
+680
+00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,410
+back to Alec. And she takes revenge. She kills
+
+681
+00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,250
+him. Now, because she kills him, the society wakes
+
+682
+00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:24,710
+up. Wait a minute. Somebody committed a crime
+
+683
+00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:27,910
+here. Nobody came after the rapist, but everyone
+
+684
+00:41:27,910 --> 00:41:33,510
+was after Tess. Now, she's arrested. When Angel
+
+685
+00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:36,470
+comes to her, it was too late. She was arrested,
+
+686
+00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:41,490
+and she was executed. And the novel ends with a
+
+687
+00:41:41,490 --> 00:41:44,350
+famous description, famous paragraph beginning
+
+688
+00:41:44,350 --> 00:41:50,240
+with, justice was done. Which is irony? Why is
+
+689
+00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:53,000
+this irony? Why is it irony? Yeah?
+
+690
+00:41:57,660 --> 00:42:04,180
+In a
+
+691
+00:42:04,180 --> 00:42:07,820
+way, we're not justifying death. But in a way,
+
+692
+00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:10,680
+she's defending herself. She's taking justice into
+
+693
+00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:13,180
+her own hands because the society has failed her.
+
+694
+00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:15,580
+Why? Because she's poor. Why? Because she's a
+
+695
+00:42:15,580 --> 00:42:19,740
+woman. When a woman commits a crime, justice was
+
+696
+00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:21,820
+done. It's ironic because this is not justice.
+
+697
+00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:25,220
+Justice is not allowing this to happen, not
+
+698
+00:42:25,220 --> 00:42:30,900
+allowing rich people to get away with murder. OK,
+
+699
+00:42:31,140 --> 00:42:34,000
+some people will say, but this is one novel. Let's
+
+700
+00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,960
+see another example. The other example is The
+
+701
+00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,780
+Mayor of Castlebridge. In which this man, by the
+
+702
+00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,420
+way, most of these were made into movies, if not
+
+703
+00:42:42,420 --> 00:42:45,960
+all of them. You can watch them on YouTube. So
+
+704
+00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,480
+that's Hinchat, this man from the mayor of Kasab.
+
+705
+00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:52,340
+Listen to me, this is a really interesting story.
+
+706
+00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:54,940
+In the opening story, he was working with his wife
+
+707
+00:42:54,940 --> 00:42:57,740
+and daughter, and he finds a fair, like a market
+
+708
+00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:02,220
+or an exhibition. He gets drunk, and all of a
+
+709
+00:43:02,220 --> 00:43:04,380
+sudden he says, why don't people sell their wives?
+
+710
+00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,740
+Why don't people, when they get bored or tired of
+
+711
+00:43:07,740 --> 00:43:09,760
+their wives, why don't people sell their wives?
+
+712
+00:43:09,860 --> 00:43:13,960
+Just sell your wife. And his wife was like, shut
+
+713
+00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:15,980
+up. What the hell are you saying? Don't talk about
+
+714
+00:43:15,980 --> 00:43:19,130
+this. What are you doing? You did this before.
+
+715
+00:43:20,030 --> 00:43:24,330
+This is not a matter to kid about, to joke about.
+
+716
+00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,770
+He says, I'm serious. I want to sell my wife. Five
+
+717
+00:43:27,770 --> 00:43:30,590
+pounds for my wife. Give me five pounds, and I'll
+
+718
+00:43:30,590 --> 00:43:34,450
+give you my wife. And the wife was like, if you
+
+719
+00:43:34,450 --> 00:43:37,690
+take the money, I will never come back to you. He
+
+720
+00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:39,770
+says, I'm serious, and I'll give you my daughter
+
+721
+00:43:39,770 --> 00:43:42,550
+as bonus. Take the daughter as bonus. Five pounds
+
+722
+00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:45,870
+for my wife. And actually, someone pays the money.
+
+723
+00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,860
+Takes the wife and the kid, keeps drinking, he
+
+724
+00:43:50,860 --> 00:43:54,180
+wakes up, he doesn't find them. He spends the
+
+725
+00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:57,560
+whole novel, he becomes rich, successful, he rises
+
+726
+00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:01,340
+up, he becomes the mayor of Castelbridge. And
+
+727
+00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:03,600
+because this is hard, if this is Dickens, he will
+
+728
+00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:05,840
+eventually in a way or another find them. But
+
+729
+00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,000
+because this is Thomas Hardy, can he have them
+
+730
+00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,880
+back? No. He actually finds them, but I think the
+
+731
+00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,920
+wife dies and also the daughter dies. This is
+
+732
+00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:18,240
+Thomas Hardy. The scene, the selling scene, if you
+
+733
+00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:20,600
+Google the selling scene from the Mayacasa Bridge,
+
+734
+00:44:20,660 --> 00:44:23,000
+you will find it online. Very interesting read.
+
+735
+00:44:23,580 --> 00:44:26,760
+Really, really interesting stuff. And again, it
+
+736
+00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,500
+shows how the women were always victims of male
+
+737
+00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:36,340
+stupidity, not only violence. And finally, Thomas'
+
+738
+00:44:36,620 --> 00:44:39,300
+heart is Jude the Obscure. Jude is the name of a
+
+739
+00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:44,830
+man, not a woman. Maybe this is going to be
+
+740
+00:44:44,830 --> 00:44:48,310
+different. Maybe this is going to be optimistic, a
+
+741
+00:44:48,310 --> 00:44:52,550
+little bit happening. Let's see Thomas Hardy. So
+
+742
+00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:57,410
+Jude the Obscure is about a struggling working
+
+743
+00:44:57,410 --> 00:45:02,150
+class person named Jude. His only crime is that he
+
+744
+00:45:02,150 --> 00:45:06,100
+has ambition. But not ambition like Macbeth. He
+
+745
+00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,500
+doesn't kill anybody. He just wants to join a
+
+746
+00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,880
+university, a Christ minister, in which he refers
+
+747
+00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,460
+to Oxford University. But he's poor. He doesn't
+
+748
+00:45:15,460 --> 00:45:17,880
+have enough money. Only if you have money, you go
+
+749
+00:45:17,880 --> 00:45:19,980
+to university. You pay a lot of money. Only the
+
+750
+00:45:19,980 --> 00:45:26,010
+elite, the rich people. Can he go? No. because the
+
+751
+00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,750
+poor will remain poor for the rest of his life. He
+
+752
+00:45:28,750 --> 00:45:32,070
+belongs to the ruling, sorry, the working class.
+
+753
+00:45:32,150 --> 00:45:35,570
+He has this complex relationship with Sue. He
+
+754
+00:45:35,570 --> 00:45:37,750
+loves Sue. He's in love with her, but again,
+
+755
+00:45:37,810 --> 00:45:41,270
+because this is hard, he never marries her. Okay?
+
+756
+00:45:41,490 --> 00:45:44,110
+So he marries someone else. At the end of the
+
+757
+00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:44,570
+story,
+
+758
+00:45:47,290 --> 00:45:51,150
+both the children of both Sue and Jude commit
+
+759
+00:45:51,150 --> 00:45:57,630
+suicide. Okay, very dark. There's great despair
+
+760
+00:45:57,630 --> 00:46:00,970
+and disappointment in the values of the Victorian
+
+761
+00:46:00,970 --> 00:46:03,690
+age. So the struggle between ambition and human
+
+762
+00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:07,470
+weakness makes this Hardy's most tragically
+
+763
+00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:09,870
+disturbing novel. Yes, I like your reaction.
+
+764
+00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,780
+People think this is a disturbing novel. Come on,
+
+765
+00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,480
+it's too much. But believe me, many people would
+
+766
+00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:21,140
+love to read Hardy more than Dickens because we
+
+767
+00:46:21,140 --> 00:46:24,660
+like to be shaken. We like to come face to face to
+
+768
+00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:27,040
+experience other people's suffering. So we
+
+769
+00:46:27,040 --> 00:46:31,520
+compare, we learn, and everything. So he exposes,
+
+770
+00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:33,980
+and this is significant, Hardy exposes the
+
+771
+00:46:33,980 --> 00:46:39,980
+successful society that Keeps out outsiders. Are
+
+772
+00:46:39,980 --> 00:46:42,800
+you an outsider? Out. You can never be successful.
+
+773
+00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,260
+You can never rise. You should remain in your
+
+774
+00:46:46,260 --> 00:46:49,860
+position as poor. Who are the outsiders? Women.
+
+775
+00:46:51,420 --> 00:46:56,340
+ambitious working class men and other subclass
+
+776
+00:46:56,340 --> 00:46:59,780
+people who are not originally born to rich parents
+
+777
+00:46:59,780 --> 00:47:04,220
+and rich families. So these two people belong,
+
+778
+00:47:04,780 --> 00:47:07,020
+Dickens and Hardy belong to the Victorian Age.
+
+779
+00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,440
+Yes, Dickens is an early Victorian writer and
+
+780
+00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,340
+Hardy is a late Victorian writer. But remember
+
+781
+00:47:15,340 --> 00:47:20,170
+when we say The writer is the product of the
+
+782
+00:47:20,170 --> 00:47:23,230
+society. It's not accurate. Because we are also
+
+783
+00:47:23,230 --> 00:47:25,790
+the product of our parents' experiences,
+
+784
+00:47:26,270 --> 00:47:28,690
+education, learning, friends, attitudes,
+
+785
+00:47:29,030 --> 00:47:31,510
+philosophies, religious background, ideological
+
+786
+00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:35,190
+background, political background, what books we
+
+787
+00:47:35,190 --> 00:47:41,730
+read, what experiences we have. And then we write.
+
+788
+00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,710
+We react in a way or another differently. So we'll
+
+789
+00:47:45,710 --> 00:47:50,310
+stop here. Thank you very much. And next class
+
+790
+00:47:50,310 --> 00:47:53,610
+we'll speak about the women novelists of the
+
+791
+00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:58,910
+Victorian Age, starting with George Eliot. Thank
+
+792
+00:47:58,910 --> 00:47:59,330
+you very much.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,3168 @@
+1
+00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,570
+Good day everyone and welcome back to our course,
+
+2
+00:00:25,010 --> 00:00:27,070
+Introduction to English Literature at the Islamic
+
+3
+00:00:27,070 --> 00:00:32,970
+University of Gaza. Today we move closer to the
+
+4
+00:00:32,970 --> 00:00:36,830
+20th century to 21st century literature. We
+
+5
+00:00:36,830 --> 00:00:42,750
+finished the Romantic Movement and I said in a way
+
+6
+00:00:42,750 --> 00:00:45,310
+or another that the Romantic Movement is not named
+
+7
+00:00:45,310 --> 00:00:49,430
+after a particular monarch, a king, or a queen,
+
+8
+00:00:49,590 --> 00:00:52,770
+like we have the habit of political movement like
+
+9
+00:00:52,770 --> 00:00:57,010
+the commonwealth or restoration. This is the
+
+10
+00:00:57,010 --> 00:01:00,650
+Victorian era, Victorian literature today. We'll
+
+11
+00:01:00,650 --> 00:01:05,490
+speak about the Victorian novel. So moving from a
+
+12
+00:01:05,490 --> 00:01:09,870
+name after a famous literary movement, the
+
+13
+00:01:09,870 --> 00:01:14,650
+literature of the romantic poets and novelists,
+
+14
+00:01:15,670 --> 00:01:20,110
+The Victorian Iran. The Victorian literature is
+
+15
+00:01:20,110 --> 00:01:24,650
+named after Queen Victoria, who ruled England for
+
+16
+00:01:24,650 --> 00:01:31,250
+more than 60 years, almost 65 years. ruling
+
+17
+00:01:31,250 --> 00:01:35,070
+England. There's this joke about England, the
+
+18
+00:01:35,070 --> 00:01:38,250
+queens of England always living more. So we have
+
+19
+00:01:38,250 --> 00:01:43,850
+Elizabeth, we have Queen Victoria, and now Queen
+
+20
+00:01:43,850 --> 00:01:46,730
+Elizabeth, who doesn't seem to want to die at all.
+
+21
+00:01:47,370 --> 00:01:49,990
+And we have the names after them in a way. So the
+
+22
+00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,530
+Victorian literature In a way or another there was
+
+23
+00:01:53,530 --> 00:01:56,450
+a mixture, a mingling between, there was an
+
+24
+00:01:56,450 --> 00:02:00,790
+overlap between romanticism and the Victorian age,
+
+25
+00:02:00,910 --> 00:02:03,730
+Victorian literature in terms of sensibility, in
+
+26
+00:02:03,730 --> 00:02:09,710
+terms of features. So some romantics even died
+
+27
+00:02:09,710 --> 00:02:13,230
+somewhere sometime in the Victorian era. But
+
+28
+00:02:13,230 --> 00:02:15,370
+again, their writing and their sensibility, the
+
+29
+00:02:15,370 --> 00:02:18,170
+features of their writing was closer to the
+
+30
+00:02:18,170 --> 00:02:20,670
+teachings of Coleridge and William Wordsworth. And
+
+31
+00:02:20,670 --> 00:02:22,970
+we've seen Jane Austen, for example, who is
+
+32
+00:02:22,970 --> 00:02:26,690
+considered to be either or. Today we speak about
+
+33
+00:02:26,690 --> 00:02:31,170
+the Victorian novel, the first part. But before we
+
+34
+00:02:31,170 --> 00:02:38,280
+do that, let's do some talking about how life was
+
+35
+00:02:38,280 --> 00:02:40,640
+then during the Victorian Age. Remember we said
+
+36
+00:02:40,640 --> 00:02:45,280
+one reason why the Romantic poetry was composed in
+
+37
+00:02:45,280 --> 00:02:47,680
+that particular way is that they were reacting to
+
+38
+00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:50,300
+the corruption of the city and what was going on.
+
+39
+00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:54,220
+So in the background, while the major names of
+
+40
+00:02:54,220 --> 00:02:57,980
+Romantic literature were in the countryside among
+
+41
+00:02:57,980 --> 00:03:01,320
+nature, writing about natural and supernatural
+
+42
+00:03:01,320 --> 00:03:07,450
+issues like, again, coleridge and what's what, The
+
+43
+00:03:07,450 --> 00:03:09,770
+city, the industrial revolution, the
+
+44
+00:03:09,770 --> 00:03:12,350
+industrialization of the society, the factories
+
+45
+00:03:12,350 --> 00:03:15,870
+were killing the people in a way or another. The
+
+46
+00:03:15,870 --> 00:03:18,490
+high class, the rich people were getting richer,
+
+47
+00:03:18,610 --> 00:03:21,510
+remember, and the poor people were getting poorer
+
+48
+00:03:21,510 --> 00:03:25,430
+and poorer. So poverty was everywhere. Diseases
+
+49
+00:03:25,430 --> 00:03:31,610
+were everywhere. Corruption, sins, vices, whatever
+
+50
+00:03:31,610 --> 00:03:36,430
+you call it. Unemployment. The corruption was in
+
+51
+00:03:36,430 --> 00:03:40,110
+many ways like everywhere in the society, in the
+
+52
+00:03:40,110 --> 00:03:44,410
+church, in the palace, the royal family, and of
+
+53
+00:03:44,410 --> 00:03:46,810
+course in the government, and in the institutions.
+
+54
+00:03:46,930 --> 00:03:48,990
+There were institutions that were supposed to take
+
+55
+00:03:48,990 --> 00:03:50,890
+care of the poor. There are something called the
+
+56
+00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:54,170
+workhouse or the workhouses. We'll talk about them
+
+57
+00:03:54,170 --> 00:03:56,490
+when we speak about Oliver. They were supposed to
+
+58
+00:03:56,490 --> 00:03:59,550
+be giving food and shelter for the poor, but they
+
+59
+00:03:59,550 --> 00:04:02,950
+were starving the poor. And again, the church was
+
+60
+00:04:02,950 --> 00:04:06,800
+supposed to give you know, faith, guidance, belief
+
+61
+00:04:06,800 --> 00:04:10,040
+to people, but they were stealing, they were
+
+62
+00:04:10,040 --> 00:04:12,940
+corrupt themselves. The royal family was supposed
+
+63
+00:04:12,940 --> 00:04:15,300
+to be protecting the people, but they were not in
+
+64
+00:04:15,300 --> 00:04:17,740
+a way or another protecting them. So the monarchy
+
+65
+00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:23,690
+was not as popular as it was 30, 40, like three,
+
+66
+00:04:23,890 --> 00:04:28,930
+four probably centuries ago. And we say that this
+
+67
+00:04:28,930 --> 00:04:31,470
+started from the commonwealth. So the monarchy
+
+68
+00:04:31,470 --> 00:04:34,510
+started to lose privileges and power. They still
+
+69
+00:04:34,510 --> 00:04:38,130
+had the money. They still had the symbolic role.
+
+70
+00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:41,630
+They played, the queen played a huge part, but
+
+71
+00:04:41,630 --> 00:04:45,230
+still the monarchy was not famous. People did not
+
+72
+00:04:45,230 --> 00:04:49,570
+like the monarchy like in the past. The social
+
+73
+00:04:49,570 --> 00:04:52,190
+problems were everywhere, and most of these social
+
+74
+00:04:52,190 --> 00:04:54,010
+problems are related, again, to the poor people
+
+75
+00:04:54,010 --> 00:04:57,190
+that nobody wanted to care about, to the extent
+
+76
+00:04:57,190 --> 00:04:59,910
+that many people say there were two Englands or
+
+77
+00:04:59,910 --> 00:05:02,370
+two Londons, London that belongs to the rich
+
+78
+00:05:02,370 --> 00:05:06,190
+people. That shows how rich people were benefiting
+
+79
+00:05:06,190 --> 00:05:08,950
+from imperialism and colonialism and the
+
+80
+00:05:08,950 --> 00:05:11,670
+Industrial Revolution and factories. On the other
+
+81
+00:05:11,670 --> 00:05:15,060
+hand, the very poor people, the orphans, the
+
+82
+00:05:15,060 --> 00:05:17,880
+women, the disabled people, the sick people, the
+
+83
+00:05:17,880 --> 00:05:20,920
+kids. They were deprived. They were not benefiting
+
+84
+00:05:20,920 --> 00:05:26,960
+from the wealth of the British Empire. So poverty,
+
+85
+00:05:27,160 --> 00:05:29,480
+unemployment, education, the education systems,
+
+86
+00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:32,100
+the laborers, the working class, and most
+
+87
+00:05:32,100 --> 00:05:34,320
+importantly, we talk about the double standards,
+
+88
+00:05:34,600 --> 00:05:38,360
+how there are a set of rules. Like there are rules
+
+89
+00:05:38,360 --> 00:05:43,080
+for the rich people and rules for the poor people.
+
+90
+00:05:44,020 --> 00:05:47,460
+All of this we'll see in the literature of this
+
+91
+00:05:47,460 --> 00:05:51,380
+period, okay? A very interesting thing I like to
+
+92
+00:05:51,380 --> 00:05:54,000
+mention here all the time is the Indian mutiny.
+
+93
+00:05:54,100 --> 00:05:55,980
+Mutiny is something like intifada, like we have
+
+94
+00:05:55,980 --> 00:05:58,360
+here in Palestine. The first intifada, the second
+
+95
+00:05:58,360 --> 00:06:00,620
+intifada, the third intifada. It's like a
+
+96
+00:06:00,620 --> 00:06:03,400
+revolution. There's something funny, interesting,
+
+97
+00:06:03,560 --> 00:06:06,200
+and at the same time really racist and horrible
+
+98
+00:06:06,200 --> 00:06:09,900
+about imperialism and colonialism. When you talk
+
+99
+00:06:09,900 --> 00:06:11,900
+to some Israeli Zionists, they will always be
+
+100
+00:06:11,900 --> 00:06:15,700
+defending Israel and say, but we did good to you.
+
+101
+00:06:16,040 --> 00:06:18,960
+In a way, we're helping you. We're improving your
+
+102
+00:06:18,960 --> 00:06:23,020
+lives in a particular way or another. Palestinians
+
+103
+00:06:23,020 --> 00:06:27,800
+living inside Israel are the happiest and the best
+
+104
+00:06:27,800 --> 00:06:31,750
+Arabs in the Middle East, in a way. So always
+
+105
+00:06:31,750 --> 00:06:35,230
+colonizers think that they're doing a good job to
+
+106
+00:06:35,230 --> 00:06:37,030
+the colonizers. Yes, we're killing you. We're
+
+107
+00:06:37,030 --> 00:06:39,090
+depriving you of everything, of your freedom and
+
+108
+00:06:39,090 --> 00:06:40,770
+self-determination and free will and everything.
+
+109
+00:06:42,650 --> 00:06:45,030
+But you could, that's the argument. You could be a
+
+110
+00:06:45,030 --> 00:06:49,450
+lot worse. We're bringing you technology, the
+
+111
+00:06:49,450 --> 00:06:53,850
+train and everything. So in India, which was part
+
+112
+00:06:53,850 --> 00:06:57,090
+of the British Empire. And Queen Victoria became
+
+113
+00:06:57,090 --> 00:07:01,410
+the empress of India during her reign. The people
+
+114
+00:07:01,410 --> 00:07:05,450
+were surprised that there was, like, some
+
+115
+00:07:05,450 --> 00:07:08,050
+unhappiness in India. People were unhappy with
+
+116
+00:07:08,050 --> 00:07:11,710
+imperialism and colonialism. So it came as a
+
+117
+00:07:11,710 --> 00:07:13,350
+surprise to so many people because, again,
+
+118
+00:07:13,610 --> 00:07:16,950
+imperialists and colonizers always believed that,
+
+119
+00:07:17,830 --> 00:07:20,390
+we are doing a good job. We are doing a favor for
+
+120
+00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:25,800
+you. When we go to India, to Africa, we're helping
+
+121
+00:07:25,800 --> 00:07:28,900
+you. We're civilizing you. We're educating you.
+
+122
+00:07:29,520 --> 00:07:31,980
+We're teaching you. We're just making you better
+
+123
+00:07:31,980 --> 00:07:36,140
+people. And that's very funny, because the same
+
+124
+00:07:36,140 --> 00:07:40,120
+people refuse. Because someone was joking on
+
+125
+00:07:40,120 --> 00:07:45,930
+Twitter last night that if England Because there's
+
+126
+00:07:45,930 --> 00:07:49,130
+a lot of trouble in England nowadays with Brexit
+
+127
+00:07:49,130 --> 00:07:52,810
+and, you know, so many problems with the health
+
+128
+00:07:52,810 --> 00:07:57,370
+system, education system. So a guy was saying that
+
+129
+00:07:57,370 --> 00:08:02,050
+if you claim that imperialism was good for India
+
+130
+00:08:02,050 --> 00:08:05,590
+and Africa, I think Africa should come and
+
+131
+00:08:05,590 --> 00:08:09,250
+colonize us so they can improve our lives in a way
+
+132
+00:08:09,250 --> 00:08:13,780
+or another. So this is significant. Again, the
+
+133
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,780
+beliefs of the age were their beliefs, their
+
+134
+00:08:16,780 --> 00:08:18,860
+values, they were always declining and
+
+135
+00:08:18,860 --> 00:08:23,940
+deteriorating. But the final blow to science, to
+
+136
+00:08:23,940 --> 00:08:25,820
+certain beliefs, especially to the church, came
+
+137
+00:08:25,820 --> 00:08:29,280
+from Darwin. Are you familiar with Charles Darwin?
+
+138
+00:08:31,000 --> 00:08:34,480
+Darwinism and Darwin in his book, On the Origin of
+
+139
+00:08:34,480 --> 00:08:39,560
+Species, of the Species, in which he speaks about
+
+140
+00:08:39,560 --> 00:08:44,000
+the theory of evolution, how man evolved through
+
+141
+00:08:44,000 --> 00:08:48,580
+time, through millions and millions of years, how
+
+142
+00:08:48,580 --> 00:08:53,120
+animals and birds and creatures evolved. And this
+
+143
+00:08:53,120 --> 00:08:55,460
+is the argument here that man originally was an
+
+144
+00:08:55,460 --> 00:08:58,920
+ape. or a monkey and then we evolve to become
+
+145
+00:08:58,920 --> 00:09:02,220
+human beings because survival is for the fittest.
+
+146
+00:09:02,580 --> 00:09:05,120
+This is a blow because all people believe that,
+
+147
+00:09:06,140 --> 00:09:09,320
+according to the church, God created the world,
+
+148
+00:09:09,400 --> 00:09:12,520
+and God created man in his image. So how come
+
+149
+00:09:12,520 --> 00:09:15,480
+you're saying... And he has some proof and
+
+150
+00:09:15,480 --> 00:09:18,560
+evidence that many people lost faith totally in
+
+151
+00:09:18,560 --> 00:09:22,400
+church. This is also significant. So the major
+
+152
+00:09:22,400 --> 00:09:24,840
+novelists of this age, all this will be reflected
+
+153
+00:09:24,840 --> 00:09:26,800
+in a way or another here in the literature,
+
+154
+00:09:27,040 --> 00:09:29,120
+because literature in a way mirrors life,
+
+155
+00:09:29,520 --> 00:09:32,500
+criticizes life. It's a tool of criticism and also
+
+156
+00:09:32,500 --> 00:09:37,850
+empowers certain people and particular genders. So
+
+157
+00:09:37,850 --> 00:09:41,010
+we have Charles Dickens, George Eliot, the three
+
+158
+00:09:41,010 --> 00:09:44,010
+Bronte sisters. It didn't work with me. This
+
+159
+00:09:44,010 --> 00:09:46,670
+should be, you know, this letter, strange, not
+
+160
+00:09:46,670 --> 00:09:50,270
+English. Bronte. The three Bronte sisters, three
+
+161
+00:09:50,270 --> 00:09:55,950
+sisters writing novels. Thomas Hardy are the most
+
+162
+00:09:55,950 --> 00:09:59,330
+famous novelists. So how many females and how many
+
+163
+00:09:59,330 --> 00:10:01,710
+males, how many men and how many women do we have?
+
+164
+00:10:02,650 --> 00:10:08,890
+One, two, and here three, and three. So three men
+
+165
+00:10:08,890 --> 00:10:14,450
+and three women. Are you sure? One. Thank you very
+
+166
+00:10:14,450 --> 00:10:19,390
+much. George Eliot is? He's a woman.
+
+167
+00:10:25,050 --> 00:10:27,410
+Why? Because George?
+
+168
+00:10:32,420 --> 00:10:35,860
+A pen name, a pseudonym, a pen name. Why would
+
+169
+00:10:35,860 --> 00:10:39,100
+someone write under a pen name, a different name?
+
+170
+00:10:39,300 --> 00:10:42,360
+Why would a woman write under the name of a man?
+
+171
+00:10:43,700 --> 00:10:48,980
+It's like someone's name, for example, Apa. Juma,
+
+172
+00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:52,380
+for example. Why would someone change, especially
+
+173
+00:10:52,380 --> 00:10:55,740
+a woman? Yeah, please. We appreciate it for her
+
+174
+00:10:55,740 --> 00:10:58,920
+words and her words, and not to be judged because
+
+175
+00:10:58,920 --> 00:11:01,580
+of her. Thank you. So people are like, a woman?
+
+176
+00:11:01,680 --> 00:11:04,140
+What is a woman going to be writing about? Kitchen
+
+177
+00:11:04,140 --> 00:11:06,740
+stuff? How to make sandwiches? Which is a very
+
+178
+00:11:06,740 --> 00:11:10,000
+anti-feminist notion. So she takes this out of the
+
+179
+00:11:10,000 --> 00:11:13,240
+context. You read the book as if it's written by a
+
+180
+00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:17,710
+man. So the idea that women couldn't write, like
+
+181
+00:11:17,710 --> 00:11:20,810
+men, was still there in the Victorian Age. But
+
+182
+00:11:20,810 --> 00:11:23,930
+remember what Virginia Woolf said about Aphra
+
+183
+00:11:23,930 --> 00:11:26,690
+Behn, because she started this. She showed the
+
+184
+00:11:26,690 --> 00:11:29,150
+women that they should write no matter what. The
+
+185
+00:11:29,150 --> 00:11:32,690
+problem here is that many of those novelists were
+
+186
+00:11:32,690 --> 00:11:35,810
+publishing their stories in newspapers, in
+
+187
+00:11:35,810 --> 00:11:39,410
+chapters. So every week, two or three chapters.
+
+188
+00:11:39,710 --> 00:11:42,510
+This is called serialization. It was in serials.
+
+189
+00:11:43,960 --> 00:11:46,760
+So the publishers wanted to sell as many copies as
+
+190
+00:11:46,760 --> 00:11:50,940
+possible, and readers wanted to read good things.
+
+191
+00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:53,700
+And the publishers, again, wanted to make money.
+
+192
+00:11:54,360 --> 00:11:57,400
+So if people don't want to read for women, maybe
+
+193
+00:11:57,400 --> 00:11:59,260
+the publishers are not going to be encouraged.
+
+194
+00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,560
+That's why sometimes we have to have, like, really
+
+195
+00:12:03,560 --> 00:12:06,300
+dedicated publishers who take care of what we call
+
+196
+00:12:06,300 --> 00:12:09,860
+the subclass or the outsiders. So they give them a
+
+197
+00:12:09,860 --> 00:12:14,880
+chance to write. But we'll see next class what
+
+198
+00:12:14,880 --> 00:12:16,840
+George Eliot did. George Eliot is one of the most
+
+199
+00:12:16,840 --> 00:12:20,900
+significant female authors of all time. What she
+
+200
+00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,800
+did was an amazing job because she exposed the
+
+201
+00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:29,520
+society as hypocrite. or hypocritical because
+
+202
+00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,600
+people claim that women can't write. But when she
+
+203
+00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,000
+wrote using a pen name of a man, like many
+
+204
+00:12:36,000 --> 00:12:38,920
+people's critics who were mainly men, like, yeah,
+
+205
+00:12:39,020 --> 00:12:41,700
+this is really good writing. Only men can write
+
+206
+00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:43,820
+like this in a way or another. Look at this.
+
+207
+00:12:44,260 --> 00:12:46,140
+Interesting. I don't think women can write stuff
+
+208
+00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:48,360
+like this. And then all of a sudden, she turns out
+
+209
+00:12:48,360 --> 00:12:52,580
+to be a woman. A slap on the face of those
+
+210
+00:12:52,580 --> 00:12:57,430
+critics, telling them, you're judging us. Not by
+
+211
+00:12:57,430 --> 00:12:59,930
+the, again, you're not appreciating our text.
+
+212
+00:13:00,250 --> 00:13:02,610
+You're just, okay, a woman, I don't think she's
+
+213
+00:13:02,610 --> 00:13:05,410
+going to write good stuff. And nowadays, by the
+
+214
+00:13:05,410 --> 00:13:08,590
+way, some of the most important famous women, like
+
+215
+00:13:08,590 --> 00:13:13,190
+women in poetry and in novel and prose, are women.
+
+216
+00:13:14,130 --> 00:13:16,390
+Some of the most important writers are women, like
+
+217
+00:13:16,390 --> 00:13:20,410
+J.K. Rowling, like Agatha Christie, like other
+
+218
+00:13:20,410 --> 00:13:23,450
+contemporary poets we might mention later on, yes.
+
+219
+00:13:23,710 --> 00:13:26,770
+When did her identity release? It was released
+
+220
+00:13:26,770 --> 00:13:30,390
+sometime during her career. Did she do it, or did
+
+221
+00:13:30,390 --> 00:13:33,030
+someone... We'll talk about this later on, yeah.
+
+222
+00:13:34,290 --> 00:13:37,810
+But in her age, most, I mean, a lot of women, like
+
+223
+00:13:37,810 --> 00:13:41,110
+Mary Shelley, Afra Bain, started to write. Why
+
+224
+00:13:41,110 --> 00:13:43,540
+didn't she just follow them? That is an
+
+225
+00:13:43,540 --> 00:13:45,960
+interesting question. We'll see about that. But
+
+226
+00:13:45,960 --> 00:13:49,060
+again, not all women were lucky or had support
+
+227
+00:13:49,060 --> 00:13:54,320
+from other people around them. So some women
+
+228
+00:13:54,320 --> 00:14:00,320
+didn't have the right parents to help her or the
+
+229
+00:14:00,320 --> 00:14:05,520
+right connections with publishers. So we'll see
+
+230
+00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:08,740
+how that came about. Today, we talk about Dickens
+
+231
+00:14:08,740 --> 00:14:12,430
+and Hardy. Dickens and Hardy are the most
+
+232
+00:14:12,430 --> 00:14:16,970
+important men novelists of all time, especially
+
+233
+00:14:16,970 --> 00:14:19,270
+Dickens here. He's always mentioned next to the
+
+234
+00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:21,630
+name of Shakespeare. Like when people speak about
+
+235
+00:14:21,630 --> 00:14:24,730
+famous English writers, they say Dickens and
+
+236
+00:14:24,730 --> 00:14:27,150
+Shakespeare. And thanks to him, we have so many
+
+237
+00:14:27,150 --> 00:14:29,930
+words. in the English dictionary and Oxford
+
+238
+00:14:29,930 --> 00:14:33,230
+dictionary because they were taken from Dickens.
+
+239
+00:14:33,670 --> 00:14:37,790
+So in terms of themes, the majority of works here,
+
+240
+00:14:38,010 --> 00:14:41,010
+literary works, were about, again, society, social
+
+241
+00:14:41,010 --> 00:14:43,950
+classes, social division, about poverty, about the
+
+242
+00:14:43,950 --> 00:14:46,950
+poor class, about the working class, about the
+
+243
+00:14:46,950 --> 00:14:49,130
+social problems, about criticizing the system,
+
+244
+00:14:49,250 --> 00:14:51,030
+criticizing the society, criticizing the
+
+245
+00:14:51,030 --> 00:14:54,050
+institution, more or less. literature moved from
+
+246
+00:14:54,050 --> 00:14:56,610
+the nature of the countryside of the romantics to
+
+247
+00:14:56,610 --> 00:15:01,210
+the city itself to expose its skills and problems.
+
+248
+00:15:01,930 --> 00:15:06,470
+So his major concerns were where social media
+
+249
+00:15:06,470 --> 00:15:10,490
+concerns and themes were social themes. But
+
+250
+00:15:10,490 --> 00:15:14,050
+Dickens had an interesting range. He started from
+
+251
+00:15:14,050 --> 00:15:18,690
+comedy, journalism, social issues to psychological
+
+252
+00:15:18,690 --> 00:15:21,470
+issues to autobiographical to historical and
+
+253
+00:15:21,470 --> 00:15:26,350
+political themes. In my opinion, Dickens is
+
+254
+00:15:26,350 --> 00:15:30,630
+generally a positive author. He has this optimism
+
+255
+00:15:30,630 --> 00:15:37,220
+about him. Generally, his novels end despite what
+
+256
+00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,060
+happens, despite the struggle and the suffering of
+
+257
+00:15:40,060 --> 00:15:44,260
+some people and the pain and the mistreatment,
+
+258
+00:15:44,580 --> 00:15:48,770
+generally people end. happily getting what they
+
+259
+00:15:48,770 --> 00:15:52,950
+want, becoming rich, realizing, getting married.
+
+260
+00:15:53,270 --> 00:15:57,290
+We'll see about this. So his first successful
+
+261
+00:15:57,290 --> 00:16:01,490
+novel was The Pickwick Papers, which is generally
+
+262
+00:16:01,490 --> 00:16:04,750
+described as a comedy, humorous comedy. He wanted
+
+263
+00:16:04,750 --> 00:16:08,910
+to write humorous stuff so people would laugh. And
+
+264
+00:16:08,910 --> 00:16:11,790
+many people found this very, very funny. And they
+
+265
+00:16:11,790 --> 00:16:15,650
+loved it. And he had to write more. But Oliver
+
+266
+00:16:15,650 --> 00:16:18,830
+Twist is, again, one of his most famous works.
+
+267
+00:16:19,050 --> 00:16:21,450
+It's a novel about a little boy. His name is
+
+268
+00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:27,270
+Oliver. He's born by a mother who comes to one of
+
+269
+00:16:27,270 --> 00:16:30,670
+the workhouses or one of the places that take care
+
+270
+00:16:30,670 --> 00:16:33,330
+of the poor.
+
+271
+00:16:34,550 --> 00:16:36,990
+She gives birth to Oliver. Nobody knows who she
+
+272
+00:16:36,990 --> 00:16:39,350
+is. She doesn't say, and she dies. So we don't
+
+273
+00:16:39,350 --> 00:16:42,110
+know who his father is. He's taken by the church.
+
+274
+00:16:43,470 --> 00:16:45,430
+They pay some people money to take care of him,
+
+275
+00:16:45,670 --> 00:16:50,010
+but because of the corruption, because of the
+
+276
+00:16:50,010 --> 00:16:54,130
+selfishness of the people, because they steal,
+
+277
+00:16:54,290 --> 00:16:56,250
+because nobody was dedicated, was doing a good
+
+278
+00:16:56,250 --> 00:16:59,850
+job, they were mistreating him. They were starving
+
+279
+00:16:59,850 --> 00:17:04,370
+him. They weren't even giving him and all other
+
+280
+00:17:04,370 --> 00:17:09,750
+kids the bare minimum of food. In one instance,
+
+281
+00:17:10,330 --> 00:17:12,330
+this is one of the famous lines in literature,
+
+282
+00:17:13,110 --> 00:17:18,400
+Oliver is urged by his friends to go and ask for
+
+283
+00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:22,080
+more food. Because the kids go to bed hungry. So
+
+284
+00:17:22,080 --> 00:17:24,840
+there was one big guy saying, okay, if I don't eat
+
+285
+00:17:24,840 --> 00:17:27,760
+enough tonight, I will eat the boy next to me. And
+
+286
+00:17:27,760 --> 00:17:30,140
+he said, oh, my God. The boy was like, I want to
+
+287
+00:17:30,140 --> 00:17:32,920
+be eaten. And they had this, you know, they tossed
+
+288
+00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:36,240
+a coin or something, and it fell on Oliver. And
+
+289
+00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:41,120
+Oliver goes to ask for more. And he, please, sir,
+
+290
+00:17:41,160 --> 00:17:45,190
+I want some more. And then I was like, what? Why
+
+291
+00:17:45,190 --> 00:17:47,410
+would we ask you, right? Because we're giving you
+
+292
+00:17:47,410 --> 00:17:50,530
+enough. This is more than enough. You're asking
+
+293
+00:17:50,530 --> 00:17:53,590
+for more after you've eaten the supper, the food
+
+294
+00:17:53,590 --> 00:17:57,730
+we provide you. He says, what? And this what, it's
+
+295
+00:17:57,730 --> 00:18:00,030
+not like, what, say again. Like, what, say again,
+
+296
+00:18:00,090 --> 00:18:03,010
+sorry. It's like, what the hell? I'm going to kill
+
+297
+00:18:03,010 --> 00:18:05,920
+you. And Oliver, poor Oliver, innocent Oliver,
+
+298
+00:18:06,280 --> 00:18:09,620
+says again, please, I want some more. And he was
+
+299
+00:18:09,620 --> 00:18:12,680
+beaten for this. He was abused. He was given to a
+
+300
+00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:16,540
+man to take care, to teach him some craft, coffin
+
+301
+00:18:16,540 --> 00:18:19,760
+making. And then he was abused again. And he had
+
+302
+00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:22,700
+to run away from this place to London. Remember
+
+303
+00:18:22,700 --> 00:18:24,420
+London, the capital of the world, the most
+
+304
+00:18:24,420 --> 00:18:27,140
+important city, where the city of the Victorian
+
+305
+00:18:27,140 --> 00:18:29,060
+dream, like the American dream, where you go,
+
+306
+00:18:29,180 --> 00:18:31,320
+where you work, where you become rich. So he goes
+
+307
+00:18:31,320 --> 00:18:38,130
+there. But again. A member of a gang takes him to
+
+308
+00:18:38,130 --> 00:18:41,150
+the den, to their place. He doesn't know what's
+
+309
+00:18:41,150 --> 00:18:44,410
+going on because he's innocent. They teach him how
+
+310
+00:18:44,410 --> 00:18:49,670
+to rob people, to be a thief, to pickpocket. But
+
+311
+00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:52,530
+Oliver is innocent. He can't be corrupted. So
+
+312
+00:18:52,530 --> 00:18:55,550
+unlike many people who would turn into criminals,
+
+313
+00:18:55,690 --> 00:18:58,730
+he doesn't. He was arrested. Some people take care
+
+314
+00:18:58,730 --> 00:19:02,830
+of him. And then the gang kidnap him again. They
+
+315
+00:19:02,830 --> 00:19:08,110
+take him to help them rob a house. He was shot.
+
+316
+00:19:08,680 --> 00:19:12,700
+and injured, and then his identity is gone. So a
+
+317
+00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:14,680
+lot of suffering and mistreatment and horrible,
+
+318
+00:19:14,760 --> 00:19:16,660
+horrible problems he goes through and the
+
+319
+00:19:16,660 --> 00:19:19,180
+corruption of the state, the church, the
+
+320
+00:19:19,180 --> 00:19:21,120
+government, everybody is corrupt, almost
+
+321
+00:19:21,120 --> 00:19:25,300
+everybody. At the end of the story, it ends
+
+322
+00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,540
+happily ever after. Yes, there is someone who
+
+323
+00:19:27,540 --> 00:19:31,840
+dies. Nancy dies a horrible death. But eventually,
+
+324
+00:19:31,940 --> 00:19:35,180
+the main character is happy. He knows who his
+
+325
+00:19:35,180 --> 00:19:38,400
+father was or his mother was. And it turns out
+
+326
+00:19:38,400 --> 00:19:40,360
+that his father left him some inheritance, some
+
+327
+00:19:40,360 --> 00:19:43,420
+money. So he becomes rich. So no matter what
+
+328
+00:19:43,420 --> 00:19:46,220
+happens, at the end of the day, you're going to be
+
+329
+00:19:46,220 --> 00:19:49,370
+transferred to another place. Yeah, I think there
+
+330
+00:19:49,370 --> 00:19:52,170
+are like three movies, or about two. They are
+
+331
+00:19:52,170 --> 00:19:54,970
+available on YouTube. And I think they're making a
+
+332
+00:19:54,970 --> 00:19:59,270
+new one nowadays. Beautiful, beautiful movie. But
+
+333
+00:19:59,270 --> 00:20:02,250
+remember, the movie is never as good as the book.
+
+334
+00:20:02,930 --> 00:20:06,030
+It has more details. Yeah, the details, the
+
+335
+00:20:06,030 --> 00:20:07,570
+description, the language. So it's good to watch
+
+336
+00:20:07,570 --> 00:20:10,910
+the movies, but it's always better to do this. So
+
+337
+00:20:10,910 --> 00:20:13,830
+despite the tough circumstances, Oliver finds out
+
+338
+00:20:13,830 --> 00:20:16,130
+who he is, becomes rich, and the story ends
+
+339
+00:20:16,130 --> 00:20:21,890
+happily at least for this. Now, speaking about
+
+340
+00:20:21,890 --> 00:20:27,170
+kids is something new at that time. Kids being the
+
+341
+00:20:27,170 --> 00:20:34,640
+main characters. It's new. Having this issue, the
+
+342
+00:20:34,640 --> 00:20:38,040
+theme, the story being about the kids, only kids,
+
+343
+00:20:38,140 --> 00:20:40,460
+his life, how he thinks, what he does, what
+
+344
+00:20:40,460 --> 00:20:43,560
+happens to him, what people do to him. This is a
+
+345
+00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,420
+shift from the experiences of adults and high
+
+346
+00:20:46,420 --> 00:20:49,200
+class people to the kids. And this was what
+
+347
+00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,250
+Dickens would usually do. And it happens again in
+
+348
+00:20:52,250 --> 00:20:54,850
+Nicholas Nickel Bay, another story about a little
+
+349
+00:20:54,850 --> 00:20:58,190
+kid, Nicholas, who suffers a lot, who suffers
+
+350
+00:20:58,190 --> 00:21:00,650
+terribly at school. So the education system is
+
+351
+00:21:00,650 --> 00:21:05,850
+also criticized. Now, again, this is about the
+
+352
+00:21:05,850 --> 00:21:08,790
+sufferings of the kids. And Dickens wanted to
+
+353
+00:21:08,790 --> 00:21:11,410
+criticize the church and the education system and
+
+354
+00:21:11,410 --> 00:21:16,330
+all the laws of the Victorian age. But also most
+
+355
+00:21:16,330 --> 00:21:19,850
+importantly, London was always attacked, viciously
+
+356
+00:21:19,850 --> 00:21:24,380
+attacked by by Dickens. And many people were not
+
+357
+00:21:24,380 --> 00:21:27,120
+happy with Dickens, because many people thought
+
+358
+00:21:27,120 --> 00:21:29,240
+that the novel should belong to the high class,
+
+359
+00:21:29,740 --> 00:21:31,320
+and high class people should read, you know,
+
+360
+00:21:32,060 --> 00:21:34,220
+things to make them feel good about themselves,
+
+361
+00:21:34,420 --> 00:21:37,440
+right? But you're writing about poverty, he goes,
+
+362
+00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:40,080
+the description, he describes London at night, the
+
+363
+00:21:40,080 --> 00:21:42,780
+narrow, dark alleys of London, and the crimes, and
+
+364
+00:21:42,780 --> 00:21:44,880
+the criminals, and the rats, and the mud, and the
+
+365
+00:21:44,880 --> 00:21:48,510
+corruption, and the sewage. Like, he takes you to
+
+366
+00:21:48,510 --> 00:21:53,030
+London in the late 19th or mid-19th century. You
+
+367
+00:21:53,030 --> 00:21:55,570
+live there. So many people are like, I don't want
+
+368
+00:21:55,570 --> 00:21:58,070
+to read about poor people. I don't want to read
+
+369
+00:21:58,070 --> 00:22:00,990
+about crime and criminal. I want to just be to
+
+370
+00:22:00,990 --> 00:22:05,510
+live in my bubble, a happy life. They don't want
+
+371
+00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,990
+to feel guilty. They don't want to feel guilty.
+
+372
+00:22:09,150 --> 00:22:12,790
+Yeah, in a way, yeah. So why are you assuming that
+
+373
+00:22:12,790 --> 00:22:15,960
+some rich people like Like, really, really rich
+
+374
+00:22:15,960 --> 00:22:20,260
+people feel guilt about being too rich. So his
+
+375
+00:22:20,260 --> 00:22:23,920
+novels often tell stories about the victims, the
+
+376
+00:22:23,920 --> 00:22:27,220
+poor, the children, in order to engage the readers
+
+377
+00:22:27,220 --> 00:22:33,160
+in the Victorian age and its major problems. Now,
+
+378
+00:22:33,220 --> 00:22:36,180
+in David Copperfield, there are two novels that
+
+379
+00:22:36,180 --> 00:22:39,440
+have what we call autobiographical elements. You
+
+380
+00:22:39,440 --> 00:22:42,520
+know autobiography? What's biography? Biography.
+
+381
+00:22:46,090 --> 00:22:48,170
+Biography. Graph, you know graph when you're like
+
+382
+00:22:48,170 --> 00:22:53,790
+graphic, like telegraph, telegram. I know the
+
+383
+00:22:53,790 --> 00:22:57,030
+mean, the definitions, but I don't know which one
+
+384
+00:22:57,030 --> 00:23:01,490
+is for you. Okay. It's one that it's a story
+
+385
+00:23:01,490 --> 00:23:04,450
+written about the writer, and the other is about
+
+386
+00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:07,690
+another person. Okay, now easy to tell. Auto, it's
+
+387
+00:23:07,690 --> 00:23:12,510
+like the car, automatic. Automobile, right? So
+
+388
+00:23:12,510 --> 00:23:14,950
+automatic that moves by itself in a way,
+
+389
+00:23:15,070 --> 00:23:19,570
+automated. So autobiography, it's a biography I
+
+390
+00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:21,410
+write about myself. If I write a book about
+
+391
+00:23:21,410 --> 00:23:21,950
+myself,
+
+392
+00:23:24,490 --> 00:23:27,230
+It's an autobiography. If I write a book about
+
+393
+00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:33,290
+you, one of you, it's a biography. So two novels,
+
+394
+00:23:33,610 --> 00:23:36,450
+David Copperfield and Great Expectations, contain
+
+395
+00:23:36,450 --> 00:23:40,590
+autobiographical elements about his childhood,
+
+396
+00:23:40,830 --> 00:23:44,750
+about his success, about his suffering as a kid,
+
+397
+00:23:46,730 --> 00:23:50,570
+his very troubled early life, childhood, and how
+
+398
+00:23:50,570 --> 00:23:54,170
+he became successful. Rich, eventually. So in
+
+399
+00:23:54,170 --> 00:23:56,370
+David Copperfield, considered to be one of the
+
+400
+00:23:56,370 --> 00:23:59,190
+most positive of Dickens' novels. Why positive?
+
+401
+00:24:01,110 --> 00:24:04,830
+Because we have a story about a person who starts
+
+402
+00:24:04,830 --> 00:24:08,630
+poor, struggles, works hard, becomes rich,
+
+403
+00:24:09,270 --> 00:24:12,420
+achieves the Victorian dream. So this is very
+
+404
+00:24:12,420 --> 00:24:15,160
+positive. Although he always boxed in positively
+
+405
+00:24:15,160 --> 00:24:18,060
+in a way, in a way, in another. Many Victorians
+
+406
+00:24:18,060 --> 00:24:21,420
+admired such box because this is the typical
+
+407
+00:24:21,420 --> 00:24:25,560
+Victorian person, David. He's rich. He marries.
+
+408
+00:24:25,940 --> 00:24:28,780
+And there is a general sense of happiness at the
+
+409
+00:24:28,780 --> 00:24:31,300
+end of the book. Why is this called an
+
+410
+00:24:31,300 --> 00:24:33,260
+autobiographical or at least partly
+
+411
+00:24:33,260 --> 00:24:37,240
+autobiographical? Because there are in a way or
+
+412
+00:24:37,240 --> 00:24:41,120
+another References to his own life as a kid, as a
+
+413
+00:24:41,120 --> 00:24:47,180
+child. Okay? So partly, it tells about Dickens'
+
+414
+00:24:47,880 --> 00:24:53,140
+life itself. Again, Great Expectations also has
+
+415
+00:24:53,140 --> 00:24:57,660
+autobiographical elements. However, the positive
+
+416
+00:24:57,660 --> 00:25:02,560
+attitude, atmosphere, tone of David Coperfield is
+
+417
+00:25:02,560 --> 00:25:05,920
+not available in Great Expectations. Look at the
+
+418
+00:25:05,920 --> 00:25:09,460
+title. The title says Great Expectations. Like we
+
+419
+00:25:09,460 --> 00:25:14,760
+expect great things to happen. Right? He promises
+
+420
+00:25:14,760 --> 00:25:20,780
+us a lot. But no great things happen in the book.
+
+421
+00:25:22,040 --> 00:25:24,900
+It's ironic. Thank you. Even the title itself is
+
+422
+00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:29,540
+ironic. Why? Because no great things happen.
+
+423
+00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,480
+Disappointment, despair. And many people believe
+
+424
+00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:38,300
+that this is a change in his attitude, his writing
+
+425
+00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,480
+style itself. Like he was changing from positive
+
+426
+00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:45,200
+to dark, etc. Because the age, the Victorian Age
+
+427
+00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:49,380
+itself started with hopes of a better life for
+
+428
+00:25:49,380 --> 00:25:53,800
+everyone. Like the poor people, women, the working
+
+429
+00:25:53,800 --> 00:25:57,200
+class benefiting from the wealth coming from the
+
+430
+00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,240
+colonies. But now again, the rich were getting
+
+431
+00:26:00,240 --> 00:26:03,220
+richer and the poor were getting poorer. So there
+
+432
+00:26:03,220 --> 00:26:05,640
+was disappointment and disillusionment in his
+
+433
+00:26:05,640 --> 00:26:08,840
+life. Hard Times. I love Hard Times. It's one of
+
+434
+00:26:08,840 --> 00:26:14,310
+my most favorite novels. Now, Hard Times is about
+
+435
+00:26:14,310 --> 00:26:16,950
+generally like two things, about the industrial
+
+436
+00:26:16,950 --> 00:26:19,770
+revolution, the industrial society, the factories,
+
+437
+00:26:19,970 --> 00:26:25,090
+the working class, the laborers. He takes us in a
+
+438
+00:26:25,090 --> 00:26:29,870
+journey to show us the unions, the laborers, how
+
+439
+00:26:29,870 --> 00:26:32,110
+deprived they were. They had no rights. They were
+
+440
+00:26:32,110 --> 00:26:35,410
+really poor. They couldn't achieve the slightest
+
+441
+00:26:35,410 --> 00:26:38,190
+of dreams. They couldn't even sometimes, the man,
+
+442
+00:26:38,230 --> 00:26:40,410
+I think the man there couldn't marry the woman he
+
+443
+00:26:40,410 --> 00:26:43,420
+loved. only because he's a poor man, because he
+
+444
+00:26:43,420 --> 00:26:45,140
+can't afford it in a way or another, because the
+
+445
+00:26:45,140 --> 00:26:47,980
+society is not helping, because there are no
+
+446
+00:26:47,980 --> 00:26:52,840
+regulations to give the basic human rights and the
+
+447
+00:26:52,840 --> 00:26:56,700
+basic decent life to the working class. But also
+
+448
+00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:01,060
+in this society, there is an attack on the
+
+449
+00:27:01,060 --> 00:27:05,880
+educational system. Dickens is exposing the
+
+450
+00:27:05,880 --> 00:27:10,930
+educational system as horrible. Because it's
+
+451
+00:27:10,930 --> 00:27:16,150
+mainly based on facts. In one character, the
+
+452
+00:27:16,150 --> 00:27:18,910
+famous Mr. Grady Grind, I think it's in the
+
+453
+00:27:18,910 --> 00:27:21,110
+dictionary, the word Grady Grind describes a man
+
+454
+00:27:21,110 --> 00:27:23,750
+who doesn't believe in imagination and fantasy,
+
+455
+00:27:23,890 --> 00:27:29,110
+who only believes in facts, science, life. Please
+
+456
+00:27:29,110 --> 00:27:32,690
+try to read. I'll post some extracts from this for
+
+457
+00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:35,990
+extra reading on Facebook. Some of the most
+
+458
+00:27:35,990 --> 00:27:40,490
+interesting stuff can be found here. He says he
+
+459
+00:27:40,490 --> 00:27:43,070
+gets into a classroom and he starts asking people
+
+460
+00:27:43,070 --> 00:27:47,440
+to define a horse. What is a horse? There's a
+
+461
+00:27:47,440 --> 00:27:49,920
+student, a girl who says, what's student number
+
+462
+00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,480
+20? So she doesn't want to give her like, what's
+
+463
+00:27:52,480 --> 00:27:55,760
+your name? She says, my name is Sissy. I say,
+
+464
+00:27:55,860 --> 00:27:59,400
+Sissy? Sissy is not a name. Call yourself Cecilia.
+
+465
+00:28:00,060 --> 00:28:04,520
+Because Sissy is a musical. There are also movies
+
+466
+00:28:04,520 --> 00:28:10,420
+here. He says, facts, facts, facts. Teach these
+
+467
+00:28:10,420 --> 00:28:14,480
+boys and girls nothing but facts. Plant nothing
+
+468
+00:28:14,480 --> 00:28:18,020
+else and root everything else. This is the
+
+469
+00:28:18,020 --> 00:28:20,600
+principle on which I bring up my children, and
+
+470
+00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,440
+this is the principle on which I want you to bring
+
+471
+00:28:23,440 --> 00:28:26,500
+up these children. Facts, sir. Stick to facts,
+
+472
+00:28:26,780 --> 00:28:30,400
+sir. And because the school does not help the
+
+473
+00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:34,090
+students, does not offer them You know, this is a
+
+474
+00:28:34,090 --> 00:28:37,570
+chance for good education, for imagination, for
+
+475
+00:28:37,570 --> 00:28:41,070
+creativity. They always will find a way where
+
+476
+00:28:41,070 --> 00:28:46,910
+outside in the circus. Because the circus, there's
+
+477
+00:28:46,910 --> 00:28:50,510
+a circus in the book. which symbolizes what? Fancy
+
+478
+00:28:50,510 --> 00:28:54,570
+and imagination. And in a very ironic situation
+
+479
+00:28:54,570 --> 00:28:57,610
+here, when he was leaving the school, he was proud
+
+480
+00:28:57,610 --> 00:29:03,930
+of himself that he's building a good generation
+
+481
+00:29:03,930 --> 00:29:07,870
+for the future. He finds his two kids Like looking
+
+482
+00:29:07,870 --> 00:29:10,650
+at the circus, enjoying peeking somewhere between
+
+483
+00:29:10,650 --> 00:29:13,370
+the tent and looking at the circus people. And he
+
+484
+00:29:13,370 --> 00:29:16,030
+was very furious, very angry, because just the
+
+485
+00:29:16,030 --> 00:29:19,370
+moment he was saying, I'm bringing up my kids on
+
+486
+00:29:19,370 --> 00:29:22,070
+facts and nothing but facts. And seemingly, even
+
+487
+00:29:22,070 --> 00:29:25,810
+his kids are not happy with his philosophy. And so
+
+488
+00:29:25,810 --> 00:29:30,590
+hard times is criticizing both the Industrial
+
+489
+00:29:30,590 --> 00:29:34,290
+Revolution, the unions, the situations of the
+
+490
+00:29:34,290 --> 00:29:39,650
+working class. And, of course, the educational
+
+491
+00:29:39,650 --> 00:29:43,070
+system, in which, again, he is representing
+
+492
+00:29:43,070 --> 00:29:47,270
+another pessimistic, dark, negative image of the
+
+493
+00:29:47,270 --> 00:29:50,190
+society. So he's changing. He's changing in a way
+
+494
+00:29:50,190 --> 00:29:56,030
+for another. Now, A Tale of Two Cities, do you
+
+495
+00:29:56,030 --> 00:29:57,470
+know A Tale of Two Cities? Have you ever heard
+
+496
+00:29:57,470 --> 00:30:02,290
+about A Tale of Two Cities? Okay, let me read you
+
+497
+00:30:02,290 --> 00:30:06,500
+something from Hard Times, I think I have it here.
+
+498
+00:30:07,280 --> 00:30:13,480
+And also something from A Tale of Two Cities. So
+
+499
+00:30:13,480 --> 00:30:19,640
+this is a quote, really interesting. Could someone
+
+500
+00:30:19,640 --> 00:30:25,140
+please read? So this is Mr. Gradgrind talking to
+
+501
+00:30:25,140 --> 00:30:27,100
+the teacher. The teacher's name is Mr.
+
+502
+00:30:27,620 --> 00:30:28,140
+Machukumichild.
+
+503
+00:30:31,680 --> 00:30:35,160
+Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and
+
+504
+00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:37,300
+girls. No, I want you to pretend like Mr. Grad
+
+505
+00:30:37,300 --> 00:30:40,640
+Grind. Like you're a stiff person, a person who
+
+506
+00:30:40,640 --> 00:30:43,360
+doesn't believe in imagination, a person who is
+
+507
+00:30:43,360 --> 00:30:46,780
+only dedicated to facts. Like a horrible teacher.
+
+508
+00:30:48,750 --> 00:30:52,490
+Now, what I want is facts. Teach these boys and
+
+509
+00:30:52,490 --> 00:30:56,210
+girls nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted in
+
+510
+00:30:56,210 --> 00:31:00,090
+life. Plant nothing else and root out everything
+
+511
+00:31:00,090 --> 00:31:03,790
+else. You can only form the minds of the reasoning
+
+512
+00:31:03,790 --> 00:31:06,790
+animals upon facts. The cats are like reasoning
+
+513
+00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:10,630
+animals. Animals that think and reason. That's the
+
+514
+00:31:10,630 --> 00:31:13,030
+negative thing because they don't believe in
+
+515
+00:31:13,030 --> 00:31:17,600
+children. You can only form the minds of reasoning
+
+516
+00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:21,840
+animals upon facts. Nothing else will ever be of
+
+517
+00:31:21,840 --> 00:31:25,480
+any service to them. This is the principle on
+
+518
+00:31:25,480 --> 00:31:28,920
+which I bring up my own children and this is the
+
+519
+00:31:28,920 --> 00:31:31,920
+principle on which I bring up these children.
+
+520
+00:31:32,140 --> 00:31:35,300
+Stick to facts, sir. You sound like a good
+
+521
+00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:37,720
+teacher. I want someone to sound like a horrible
+
+522
+00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:42,350
+teacher. Like no imagination, no nothing, no fun,
+
+523
+00:31:42,610 --> 00:31:46,730
+no fantasy, no joking, no fooling around, all
+
+524
+00:31:46,730 --> 00:31:52,070
+facts. Yeah? You can't be, okay, let's see. Now
+
+525
+00:31:52,070 --> 00:31:54,910
+what I want is facts. Teach these boys and girls
+
+526
+00:31:54,910 --> 00:31:58,570
+nothing, nothing but facts. Facts alone are wanted
+
+527
+00:31:58,570 --> 00:32:02,150
+in life. Land, nothing else. And root out
+
+528
+00:32:02,150 --> 00:32:05,590
+everything else. You can only form the mind of
+
+529
+00:32:07,920 --> 00:32:12,640
+Reasoning animals up on facts. Nothing else would
+
+530
+00:32:12,640 --> 00:32:16,380
+ever be of any surprise to them. This is the
+
+531
+00:32:16,380 --> 00:32:20,560
+principle on which I bring up my own children. And
+
+532
+00:32:20,560 --> 00:32:23,300
+this is the principle on which I bring up these
+
+533
+00:32:23,300 --> 00:32:29,520
+children. Stick to facts. It seems no one can act
+
+534
+00:32:29,520 --> 00:32:34,390
+like a bad person, which is good. There's this
+
+535
+00:32:34,390 --> 00:32:40,730
+advice someone gave to his kid. I read this on the
+
+536
+00:32:40,730 --> 00:32:43,190
+comment section on YouTube. It's horrible. There
+
+537
+00:32:43,190 --> 00:32:45,490
+is racism and bigotry everywhere there. But
+
+538
+00:32:45,490 --> 00:32:48,410
+sometimes you will find good stuff. So he says, I
+
+539
+00:32:48,410 --> 00:32:51,070
+went to my dad and I asked him for advice because
+
+540
+00:32:51,070 --> 00:32:54,510
+I wanted to play the role of a bad person, a bad
+
+541
+00:32:54,510 --> 00:32:58,730
+character. And his father gave him the wisest of
+
+542
+00:32:58,730 --> 00:33:04,580
+all advice. He told him, son. A bad person doesn't
+
+543
+00:33:04,580 --> 00:33:08,540
+know that he's a bad person. A bad person doesn't
+
+544
+00:33:08,540 --> 00:33:10,360
+know that he is a bad person. So how would you
+
+545
+00:33:10,360 --> 00:33:12,980
+act? So you can't act like a bad person because
+
+546
+00:33:12,980 --> 00:33:15,560
+you think you're doing a good job. He thinks he's
+
+547
+00:33:15,560 --> 00:33:20,600
+doing a good job. Do you want to read? Okay, the
+
+548
+00:33:20,600 --> 00:33:25,480
+next one. Go on. Extract.
+
+549
+00:33:28,620 --> 00:33:34,460
+Part of it is in the book, not all of it. So now,
+
+550
+00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:38,540
+A Tale of Two Cities is also very famous, like
+
+551
+00:33:38,540 --> 00:33:41,360
+probably one of the most famous ever, even the
+
+552
+00:33:41,360 --> 00:33:44,540
+title, A Tale of Two Cities. And I want you to go
+
+553
+00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:46,860
+to Google today when you go home if you have
+
+554
+00:33:46,860 --> 00:33:48,760
+electricity and internet connection, sorry.
+
+555
+00:33:51,780 --> 00:33:54,920
+And Google, use inverted commas to Google a tale
+
+556
+00:33:54,920 --> 00:33:58,800
+of, and then just don't complete it, and use it in
+
+557
+00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:02,100
+between inverted commas. So you look for the exact
+
+558
+00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:06,070
+wording. And you will find hundreds and thousands
+
+559
+00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:08,410
+and thousands of articles and references, not to a
+
+560
+00:34:08,410 --> 00:34:11,590
+tale of two cities, to everything. So I was just
+
+561
+00:34:11,590 --> 00:34:17,170
+telling the other group that there's a huge
+
+562
+00:34:17,170 --> 00:34:20,550
+dispute between the pizza in New York and the
+
+563
+00:34:20,550 --> 00:34:24,750
+pizza in Chicago. So there's a fight. These people
+
+564
+00:34:24,750 --> 00:34:27,650
+hate these people's pizza and vice versa. So I'm
+
+565
+00:34:27,650 --> 00:34:30,430
+sure there must have been someone somewhere who
+
+566
+00:34:30,430 --> 00:34:33,960
+wrote a tale of two pizzas. A Tale of Two
+
+567
+00:34:33,960 --> 00:34:37,440
+Teachers, A Tale of Two Wars, A Tale of Two
+
+568
+00:34:37,440 --> 00:34:41,140
+Students, A Tale of Two Something, very famous.
+
+569
+00:34:41,540 --> 00:34:44,040
+And the first, this is the opening part of the
+
+570
+00:34:44,040 --> 00:34:46,320
+novel, A Tale of Two Cities. One of, again, the
+
+571
+00:34:46,320 --> 00:34:49,520
+most memorable. It was the worst of, the best of
+
+572
+00:34:49,520 --> 00:34:53,240
+times. It was the worst of times. It was the age
+
+573
+00:34:53,240 --> 00:34:58,040
+of wisdom. It was the age of foolishness. It was
+
+574
+00:34:58,040 --> 00:35:01,840
+the epoch of belief. It was the epoch of
+
+575
+00:35:01,840 --> 00:35:05,220
+incredulity. It was the season of light. It was
+
+576
+00:35:05,220 --> 00:35:08,280
+the season of darkness. It was the spring of hope.
+
+577
+00:35:08,640 --> 00:35:11,220
+It was the winter of despair. We had everything
+
+578
+00:35:11,220 --> 00:35:15,360
+before us. We had nothing before us. We were all
+
+579
+00:35:15,360 --> 00:35:18,920
+going direct to heaven. We were all going direct
+
+580
+00:35:18,920 --> 00:35:22,500
+to the other way. In short, the period was so far
+
+581
+00:35:22,500 --> 00:35:25,300
+like the present period that some of its noisiest
+
+582
+00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:30,100
+authorities insisted on it being received for good
+
+583
+00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:33,400
+or for evil in the superlative degree of
+
+584
+00:35:33,400 --> 00:35:37,800
+comparison only. The worst, the best. You want to
+
+585
+00:35:37,800 --> 00:35:43,720
+read? A Tale of Two Cities, interesting. We don't
+
+586
+00:35:43,720 --> 00:35:47,020
+have much time to read, but go home, read this,
+
+587
+00:35:47,100 --> 00:35:50,160
+enjoy these. If you don't want to read Dickens
+
+588
+00:35:50,160 --> 00:35:53,300
+because you're still young, like freshmen here. or
+
+589
+00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:56,880
+women, watch the movie. But again, watching a
+
+590
+00:35:56,880 --> 00:36:00,980
+movie is never like reading a book. If you want to
+
+591
+00:36:00,980 --> 00:36:03,760
+do something, at least read famous quotes by
+
+592
+00:36:03,760 --> 00:36:07,360
+Dickens. You will love him. So, A Tale of Two
+
+593
+00:36:07,360 --> 00:36:11,800
+Cities is about the French Revolution. The two
+
+594
+00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,960
+cities are London and Paris.
+
+595
+00:36:19,300 --> 00:36:21,540
+before and during the French Revolution. This is
+
+596
+00:36:21,540 --> 00:36:24,300
+history. So this is a historical novel in a way,
+
+597
+00:36:24,440 --> 00:36:27,020
+political historical novel. That's the range of
+
+598
+00:36:27,020 --> 00:36:31,620
+novels he writes about Dickens, okay? So the two
+
+599
+00:36:31,620 --> 00:36:37,440
+cities are London and Paris. Final text here is A
+
+600
+00:36:37,440 --> 00:36:40,120
+Christmas Carol. This was also made into cartoon
+
+601
+00:36:40,120 --> 00:36:43,500
+and movie, and a movie. Carol means song. It shows
+
+602
+00:36:43,500 --> 00:36:46,120
+how the British people were celebrating Christmas
+
+603
+00:36:46,120 --> 00:36:49,810
+then. For many people, these are more interesting
+
+604
+00:36:49,810 --> 00:36:52,510
+than history books, because in a very interesting
+
+605
+00:36:52,510 --> 00:36:55,910
+creative way, they take you back to 100 years, 200
+
+606
+00:36:55,910 --> 00:36:58,610
+years in the past. How people, how the French
+
+607
+00:36:58,610 --> 00:37:02,090
+Revolution came about in fiction, and how people
+
+608
+00:37:02,090 --> 00:37:05,190
+celebrated Christmas. So again, this is the range
+
+609
+00:37:05,190 --> 00:37:07,410
+from comedy to social to historical to
+
+610
+00:37:07,410 --> 00:37:12,430
+journalistic styles all the time. And it's also
+
+611
+00:37:12,430 --> 00:37:16,360
+often associated with Shakespeare. So that's
+
+612
+00:37:16,360 --> 00:37:20,020
+Dickens. Generally, Dickens end happily. There's a
+
+613
+00:37:20,020 --> 00:37:23,000
+positive tone here and there, but sometimes later,
+
+614
+00:37:23,120 --> 00:37:26,840
+sometime later, he changed into a darker, more
+
+615
+00:37:26,840 --> 00:37:31,320
+pessimistic attitude in a way or another. On the
+
+616
+00:37:31,320 --> 00:37:36,740
+other hand, Thomas Hardy, even his name suggests
+
+617
+00:37:36,740 --> 00:37:42,130
+that. Yeah, right? It's the very opposite. This
+
+618
+00:37:42,130 --> 00:37:44,490
+man is dark, but he's considered to be a late
+
+619
+00:37:44,490 --> 00:37:47,090
+Victorian novel. And it's very interesting because
+
+620
+00:37:47,090 --> 00:37:55,940
+he died sometime around, I think 1928. So he lived
+
+621
+00:37:55,940 --> 00:37:59,260
+like almost three decades in the 19th century, but
+
+622
+00:37:59,260 --> 00:38:02,240
+he's still, because of his themes and writing, a
+
+623
+00:38:02,240 --> 00:38:05,580
+Victorian figure or a late Victorian figure. He
+
+624
+00:38:05,580 --> 00:38:07,620
+wrote poetry, wonderful poetry. He also wrote
+
+625
+00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:12,200
+short stories, and he was also a novelist. Now,
+
+626
+00:38:13,660 --> 00:38:16,100
+the book says here that many of his books were
+
+627
+00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:18,480
+burnt because he was offending people. People
+
+628
+00:38:18,480 --> 00:38:21,300
+didn't like his writing, the way he was exposing
+
+629
+00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:23,440
+the evil in the society, the darkness in the
+
+630
+00:38:23,440 --> 00:38:26,810
+society, without giving hope. So Dickens would be
+
+631
+00:38:26,810 --> 00:38:28,850
+attacking all the institutions, but at the end, he
+
+632
+00:38:28,850 --> 00:38:31,910
+would be telling us that if you work hard, it's
+
+633
+00:38:31,910 --> 00:38:35,570
+going to end up good for you. But here, no matter
+
+634
+00:38:35,570 --> 00:38:39,780
+how much you work, how hard you work, Because you
+
+635
+00:38:39,780 --> 00:38:42,000
+are poor, because you are a woman, because you are
+
+636
+00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,380
+a working class person, you will not be able to
+
+637
+00:38:45,380 --> 00:38:47,800
+succeed because this is a capitalist society in
+
+638
+00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:51,020
+which, again, only the rich get richer. The poor
+
+639
+00:38:51,020 --> 00:38:55,120
+have no chance. So the darkness, the tone, and the
+
+640
+00:38:55,120 --> 00:38:59,760
+vision of his novels are Tragic and dark. We'll
+
+641
+00:38:59,760 --> 00:39:03,380
+take examples and see how things go. So he exposes
+
+642
+00:39:03,380 --> 00:39:05,820
+these societies about the older truth, the
+
+643
+00:39:05,820 --> 00:39:08,460
+conflict between the tradition and the modern, the
+
+644
+00:39:08,460 --> 00:39:10,660
+conflict between the older generation, the younger
+
+645
+00:39:10,660 --> 00:39:13,120
+generation, between men and women, and how women
+
+646
+00:39:13,120 --> 00:39:17,950
+were struggling, were suffering. Many books, like,
+
+647
+00:39:18,330 --> 00:39:22,130
+listen, in Dickens, people say, like, Oliver was a
+
+648
+00:39:22,130 --> 00:39:25,170
+tool or a feather in the wind. Like fate was
+
+649
+00:39:25,170 --> 00:39:27,770
+controlling his life. And also, some people say
+
+650
+00:39:27,770 --> 00:39:32,450
+fate and destiny play a major role in the
+
+651
+00:39:32,450 --> 00:39:36,630
+destruction of characters. Fate. But I don't like
+
+652
+00:39:36,630 --> 00:39:39,270
+to say fate, because this is an unpoetic answer.
+
+653
+00:39:39,930 --> 00:39:44,080
+Yes, fate plays a role. But if the society is
+
+654
+00:39:44,080 --> 00:39:47,460
+destroying somebody's life, yeah, but it's his
+
+655
+00:39:47,460 --> 00:39:50,260
+fate. If you're surrendering to fate, it means you
+
+656
+00:39:50,260 --> 00:39:53,640
+don't want to change. You don't want to criticize.
+
+657
+00:39:53,960 --> 00:39:56,820
+You don't want for people, for others, for
+
+658
+00:39:56,820 --> 00:39:59,280
+institutions to change. So the poor people die,
+
+659
+00:39:59,640 --> 00:40:03,070
+starve to death. It's their fate. What should we
+
+660
+00:40:03,070 --> 00:40:08,070
+do? We have no choice. So for example, Tess of the
+
+661
+00:40:08,070 --> 00:40:11,770
+Derbarviers. Very, very sad story about a little
+
+662
+00:40:11,770 --> 00:40:15,530
+girl named Tess, whom the author describes as a
+
+663
+00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:19,570
+pure woman. Now her parents, poor family, poor
+
+664
+00:40:19,570 --> 00:40:25,850
+parents send her to work for a rich family,
+
+665
+00:40:25,990 --> 00:40:28,350
+because they think they are related. So they are
+
+666
+00:40:28,350 --> 00:40:30,410
+their Barvilles, and the other family is like
+
+667
+00:40:30,410 --> 00:40:32,590
+Dippie Field or something. So someone tells him,
+
+668
+00:40:32,750 --> 00:40:35,050
+the father, that you are related. So OK, let's
+
+669
+00:40:35,050 --> 00:40:37,410
+send our daughter. Maybe she will get rich. We
+
+670
+00:40:37,410 --> 00:40:39,350
+will get rich in a way or another. But because
+
+671
+00:40:39,350 --> 00:40:42,690
+she's a poor woman, a little innocent, poor woman,
+
+672
+00:40:43,090 --> 00:40:46,010
+she is attacked by Alec, the rich man she's raped.
+
+673
+00:40:46,720 --> 00:40:49,780
+She gets pregnant. She has a baby, names the baby
+
+674
+00:40:49,780 --> 00:40:55,700
+Soro, and the baby passes away. The baby dies. So
+
+675
+00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,820
+sad, right? So destructive. What happens to the
+
+676
+00:40:59,820 --> 00:41:02,800
+man? Nothing, because he's a rich man. He's a rich
+
+677
+00:41:02,800 --> 00:41:06,480
+man. Then she falls in love with someone named
+
+678
+00:41:06,480 --> 00:41:10,840
+Angel, ironically, who later on leaves her because
+
+679
+00:41:10,840 --> 00:41:14,960
+she tells him her past. She gets angry. She goes
+
+680
+00:41:14,960 --> 00:41:18,410
+back to Alec. And she takes revenge. She kills
+
+681
+00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,250
+him. Now, because she kills him, the society wakes
+
+682
+00:41:22,250 --> 00:41:24,710
+up. Wait a minute. Somebody committed a crime
+
+683
+00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:27,910
+here. Nobody came after the rapist, but everyone
+
+684
+00:41:27,910 --> 00:41:33,510
+was after Tess. Now, she's arrested. When Angel
+
+685
+00:41:33,510 --> 00:41:36,470
+comes to her, it was too late. She was arrested,
+
+686
+00:41:37,310 --> 00:41:41,490
+and she was executed. And the novel ends with a
+
+687
+00:41:41,490 --> 00:41:44,350
+famous description, famous paragraph beginning
+
+688
+00:41:44,350 --> 00:41:50,240
+with, justice was done. Which is irony? Why is
+
+689
+00:41:50,240 --> 00:41:53,000
+this irony? Why is it irony? Yeah?
+
+690
+00:41:57,660 --> 00:42:04,180
+In a
+
+691
+00:42:04,180 --> 00:42:07,820
+way, we're not justifying death. But in a way,
+
+692
+00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:10,680
+she's defending herself. She's taking justice into
+
+693
+00:42:10,680 --> 00:42:13,180
+her own hands because the society has failed her.
+
+694
+00:42:13,560 --> 00:42:15,580
+Why? Because she's poor. Why? Because she's a
+
+695
+00:42:15,580 --> 00:42:19,740
+woman. When a woman commits a crime, justice was
+
+696
+00:42:19,740 --> 00:42:21,820
+done. It's ironic because this is not justice.
+
+697
+00:42:21,940 --> 00:42:25,220
+Justice is not allowing this to happen, not
+
+698
+00:42:25,220 --> 00:42:30,900
+allowing rich people to get away with murder. OK,
+
+699
+00:42:31,140 --> 00:42:34,000
+some people will say, but this is one novel. Let's
+
+700
+00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,960
+see another example. The other example is The
+
+701
+00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:39,780
+Mayor of Castlebridge. In which this man, by the
+
+702
+00:42:39,780 --> 00:42:42,420
+way, most of these were made into movies, if not
+
+703
+00:42:42,420 --> 00:42:45,960
+all of them. You can watch them on YouTube. So
+
+704
+00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,480
+that's Hinchat, this man from the mayor of Kasab.
+
+705
+00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:52,340
+Listen to me, this is a really interesting story.
+
+706
+00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:54,940
+In the opening story, he was working with his wife
+
+707
+00:42:54,940 --> 00:42:57,740
+and daughter, and he finds a fair, like a market
+
+708
+00:42:57,740 --> 00:43:02,220
+or an exhibition. He gets drunk, and all of a
+
+709
+00:43:02,220 --> 00:43:04,380
+sudden he says, why don't people sell their wives?
+
+710
+00:43:04,480 --> 00:43:07,740
+Why don't people, when they get bored or tired of
+
+711
+00:43:07,740 --> 00:43:09,760
+their wives, why don't people sell their wives?
+
+712
+00:43:09,860 --> 00:43:13,960
+Just sell your wife. And his wife was like, shut
+
+713
+00:43:13,960 --> 00:43:15,980
+up. What the hell are you saying? Don't talk about
+
+714
+00:43:15,980 --> 00:43:19,130
+this. What are you doing? You did this before.
+
+715
+00:43:20,030 --> 00:43:24,330
+This is not a matter to kid about, to joke about.
+
+716
+00:43:24,790 --> 00:43:27,770
+He says, I'm serious. I want to sell my wife. Five
+
+717
+00:43:27,770 --> 00:43:30,590
+pounds for my wife. Give me five pounds, and I'll
+
+718
+00:43:30,590 --> 00:43:34,450
+give you my wife. And the wife was like, if you
+
+719
+00:43:34,450 --> 00:43:37,690
+take the money, I will never come back to you. He
+
+720
+00:43:37,690 --> 00:43:39,770
+says, I'm serious, and I'll give you my daughter
+
+721
+00:43:39,770 --> 00:43:42,550
+as bonus. Take the daughter as bonus. Five pounds
+
+722
+00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:45,870
+for my wife. And actually, someone pays the money.
+
+723
+00:43:47,500 --> 00:43:50,860
+Takes the wife and the kid, keeps drinking, he
+
+724
+00:43:50,860 --> 00:43:54,180
+wakes up, he doesn't find them. He spends the
+
+725
+00:43:54,180 --> 00:43:57,560
+whole novel, he becomes rich, successful, he rises
+
+726
+00:43:57,560 --> 00:44:01,340
+up, he becomes the mayor of Castelbridge. And
+
+727
+00:44:01,340 --> 00:44:03,600
+because this is hard, if this is Dickens, he will
+
+728
+00:44:03,600 --> 00:44:05,840
+eventually in a way or another find them. But
+
+729
+00:44:05,840 --> 00:44:09,000
+because this is Thomas Hardy, can he have them
+
+730
+00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:12,880
+back? No. He actually finds them, but I think the
+
+731
+00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:14,920
+wife dies and also the daughter dies. This is
+
+732
+00:44:14,920 --> 00:44:18,240
+Thomas Hardy. The scene, the selling scene, if you
+
+733
+00:44:18,240 --> 00:44:20,600
+Google the selling scene from the Mayacasa Bridge,
+
+734
+00:44:20,660 --> 00:44:23,000
+you will find it online. Very interesting read.
+
+735
+00:44:23,580 --> 00:44:26,760
+Really, really interesting stuff. And again, it
+
+736
+00:44:26,760 --> 00:44:30,500
+shows how the women were always victims of male
+
+737
+00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:36,340
+stupidity, not only violence. And finally, Thomas'
+
+738
+00:44:36,620 --> 00:44:39,300
+heart is Jude the Obscure. Jude is the name of a
+
+739
+00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:44,830
+man, not a woman. Maybe this is going to be
+
+740
+00:44:44,830 --> 00:44:48,310
+different. Maybe this is going to be optimistic, a
+
+741
+00:44:48,310 --> 00:44:52,550
+little bit happening. Let's see Thomas Hardy. So
+
+742
+00:44:52,550 --> 00:44:57,410
+Jude the Obscure is about a struggling working
+
+743
+00:44:57,410 --> 00:45:02,150
+class person named Jude. His only crime is that he
+
+744
+00:45:02,150 --> 00:45:06,100
+has ambition. But not ambition like Macbeth. He
+
+745
+00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,500
+doesn't kill anybody. He just wants to join a
+
+746
+00:45:09,500 --> 00:45:12,880
+university, a Christ minister, in which he refers
+
+747
+00:45:12,880 --> 00:45:15,460
+to Oxford University. But he's poor. He doesn't
+
+748
+00:45:15,460 --> 00:45:17,880
+have enough money. Only if you have money, you go
+
+749
+00:45:17,880 --> 00:45:19,980
+to university. You pay a lot of money. Only the
+
+750
+00:45:19,980 --> 00:45:26,010
+elite, the rich people. Can he go? No. because the
+
+751
+00:45:26,010 --> 00:45:28,750
+poor will remain poor for the rest of his life. He
+
+752
+00:45:28,750 --> 00:45:32,070
+belongs to the ruling, sorry, the working class.
+
+753
+00:45:32,150 --> 00:45:35,570
+He has this complex relationship with Sue. He
+
+754
+00:45:35,570 --> 00:45:37,750
+loves Sue. He's in love with her, but again,
+
+755
+00:45:37,810 --> 00:45:41,270
+because this is hard, he never marries her. Okay?
+
+756
+00:45:41,490 --> 00:45:44,110
+So he marries someone else. At the end of the
+
+757
+00:45:44,110 --> 00:45:44,570
+story,
+
+758
+00:45:47,290 --> 00:45:51,150
+both the children of both Sue and Jude commit
+
+759
+00:45:51,150 --> 00:45:57,630
+suicide. Okay, very dark. There's great despair
+
+760
+00:45:57,630 --> 00:46:00,970
+and disappointment in the values of the Victorian
+
+761
+00:46:00,970 --> 00:46:03,690
+age. So the struggle between ambition and human
+
+762
+00:46:03,690 --> 00:46:07,470
+weakness makes this Hardy's most tragically
+
+763
+00:46:07,470 --> 00:46:09,870
+disturbing novel. Yes, I like your reaction.
+
+764
+00:46:10,700 --> 00:46:13,780
+People think this is a disturbing novel. Come on,
+
+765
+00:46:13,920 --> 00:46:16,480
+it's too much. But believe me, many people would
+
+766
+00:46:16,480 --> 00:46:21,140
+love to read Hardy more than Dickens because we
+
+767
+00:46:21,140 --> 00:46:24,660
+like to be shaken. We like to come face to face to
+
+768
+00:46:24,660 --> 00:46:27,040
+experience other people's suffering. So we
+
+769
+00:46:27,040 --> 00:46:31,520
+compare, we learn, and everything. So he exposes,
+
+770
+00:46:31,920 --> 00:46:33,980
+and this is significant, Hardy exposes the
+
+771
+00:46:33,980 --> 00:46:39,980
+successful society that Keeps out outsiders. Are
+
+772
+00:46:39,980 --> 00:46:42,800
+you an outsider? Out. You can never be successful.
+
+773
+00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,260
+You can never rise. You should remain in your
+
+774
+00:46:46,260 --> 00:46:49,860
+position as poor. Who are the outsiders? Women.
+
+775
+00:46:51,420 --> 00:46:56,340
+ambitious working class men and other subclass
+
+776
+00:46:56,340 --> 00:46:59,780
+people who are not originally born to rich parents
+
+777
+00:46:59,780 --> 00:47:04,220
+and rich families. So these two people belong,
+
+778
+00:47:04,780 --> 00:47:07,020
+Dickens and Hardy belong to the Victorian Age.
+
+779
+00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,440
+Yes, Dickens is an early Victorian writer and
+
+780
+00:47:11,440 --> 00:47:15,340
+Hardy is a late Victorian writer. But remember
+
+781
+00:47:15,340 --> 00:47:20,170
+when we say The writer is the product of the
+
+782
+00:47:20,170 --> 00:47:23,230
+society. It's not accurate. Because we are also
+
+783
+00:47:23,230 --> 00:47:25,790
+the product of our parents' experiences,
+
+784
+00:47:26,270 --> 00:47:28,690
+education, learning, friends, attitudes,
+
+785
+00:47:29,030 --> 00:47:31,510
+philosophies, religious background, ideological
+
+786
+00:47:31,510 --> 00:47:35,190
+background, political background, what books we
+
+787
+00:47:35,190 --> 00:47:41,730
+read, what experiences we have. And then we write.
+
+788
+00:47:42,050 --> 00:47:45,710
+We react in a way or another differently. So we'll
+
+789
+00:47:45,710 --> 00:47:50,310
+stop here. Thank you very much. And next class
+
+790
+00:47:50,310 --> 00:47:53,610
+we'll speak about the women novelists of the
+
+791
+00:47:53,610 --> 00:47:58,910
+Victorian Age, starting with George Eliot. Thank
+
+792
+00:47:58,910 --> 00:47:59,330
+you very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c14014147b81668633599ec0cdfa1f6cd640b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,3012 @@
+1
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,510
+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah. Welcome back to
+
+2
+00:00:23,510 --> 00:00:25,550
+the English literature course at the Islamic
+
+3
+00:00:25,550 --> 00:00:30,790
+University, the English department. Last time we
+
+4
+00:00:30,790 --> 00:00:36,170
+had to rush with the modest proposal by Daniel
+
+5
+00:00:36,170 --> 00:00:40,290
+Defoe. And I said the modest proposal is
+
+6
+00:00:40,290 --> 00:00:45,890
+basically, and it's an article rather than a work
+
+7
+00:00:45,890 --> 00:00:49,150
+of fiction. But in the book,
+
+8
+00:00:52,210 --> 00:00:55,050
+Here, it's right after the novel, when we're
+
+9
+00:00:55,050 --> 00:00:57,290
+talking about the novel. So it gives us the
+
+10
+00:00:57,290 --> 00:01:02,250
+impression that it is a whole story about stuff.
+
+11
+00:01:02,330 --> 00:01:05,090
+So this is prose, but it's an article rather than
+
+12
+00:01:05,090 --> 00:01:12,390
+a novel. Now, in my interpretation of, sorry, I
+
+13
+00:01:12,390 --> 00:01:15,890
+messed up. I have to begin again.
+
+14
+00:01:24,360 --> 00:01:27,760
+Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English
+
+15
+00:01:27,760 --> 00:01:31,200
+literature course at the Islamic University. Last
+
+16
+00:01:31,200 --> 00:01:35,760
+time we continued our lectures on the rise of the
+
+17
+00:01:35,760 --> 00:01:39,440
+novel, the 18th century, the Augustan Age. And we
+
+18
+00:01:39,440 --> 00:01:43,280
+stopped at Jonathan Swift. And in many ways, we
+
+19
+00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:47,300
+said Swift is interesting and different. He
+
+20
+00:01:47,300 --> 00:01:52,060
+doesn't fit. in an age where stories generally had
+
+21
+00:01:52,060 --> 00:01:57,220
+happy endings, to appeal to the readers, to try,
+
+22
+00:01:57,540 --> 00:02:00,140
+remember this stable and strong England or
+
+23
+00:02:00,140 --> 00:02:02,840
+Britain, the British Empire was seeking, they
+
+24
+00:02:02,840 --> 00:02:04,860
+didn't want change, they didn't want revolutions.
+
+25
+00:02:05,900 --> 00:02:11,860
+His books are generally very openly attacking
+
+26
+00:02:11,860 --> 00:02:14,560
+humanity in general and human beings in general,
+
+27
+00:02:14,640 --> 00:02:17,180
+but also the English society and the British
+
+28
+00:02:17,180 --> 00:02:20,660
+imperialism. As an Irish writer, his writing is
+
+29
+00:02:20,660 --> 00:02:27,340
+different. Now, how much of his Irishness is there
+
+30
+00:02:27,340 --> 00:02:31,960
+in his work, in his novels, in his essays and
+
+31
+00:02:31,960 --> 00:02:35,040
+articles, is something, an issue probably some of
+
+32
+00:02:35,040 --> 00:02:38,510
+you want to pursue later on and look into. But
+
+33
+00:02:38,510 --> 00:02:42,610
+certainly, Gulliver's Travels is a book that
+
+34
+00:02:42,610 --> 00:02:45,590
+openly, clearly satirizes and attacks the British
+
+35
+00:02:45,590 --> 00:02:48,970
+Empire. And this could be one reason why, in a
+
+36
+00:02:48,970 --> 00:02:53,650
+way, he was not received well by the readers, the
+
+37
+00:02:53,650 --> 00:02:57,030
+English, especially the English readers. So his
+
+38
+00:02:57,030 --> 00:02:59,250
+book, Gulliver's Travels, was meant to be a
+
+39
+00:02:59,250 --> 00:03:03,290
+serious satire against humanity, mankind, and in
+
+40
+00:03:03,290 --> 00:03:05,070
+particular against religion, the church, and
+
+41
+00:03:05,070 --> 00:03:08,480
+science, and the English imperialism. especially
+
+42
+00:03:08,480 --> 00:03:11,400
+when it comes to how they were treating Ireland
+
+43
+00:03:11,400 --> 00:03:14,220
+and the Irish people. But the book was soon turned
+
+44
+00:03:14,220 --> 00:03:18,480
+into a book of Children. It doesn't mean that
+
+45
+00:03:18,480 --> 00:03:20,600
+books written for children are not important and
+
+46
+00:03:20,600 --> 00:03:23,220
+they don't have the significant messages and
+
+47
+00:03:23,220 --> 00:03:26,620
+lessons and morals. They do. But it was, in my
+
+48
+00:03:26,620 --> 00:03:29,480
+opinion, was marginalized because it was critical.
+
+49
+00:03:30,380 --> 00:03:33,060
+Now his article, A Modest Proposal, was meant to
+
+50
+00:03:33,060 --> 00:03:37,880
+be a humorous article also to criticize the
+
+51
+00:03:37,880 --> 00:03:41,540
+British Empire. and imperialism of England,
+
+52
+00:03:41,940 --> 00:03:44,700
+especially against, again, the Irish people. But
+
+53
+00:03:44,700 --> 00:03:46,780
+everyone who took the article seriously was like,
+
+54
+00:03:47,480 --> 00:03:50,820
+come on, why are you doing this graphic suggestion
+
+55
+00:03:50,820 --> 00:03:56,980
+of proposing that the Irish people, because
+
+56
+00:03:56,980 --> 00:04:01,320
+poverty, starvation, famine, and they had too many
+
+57
+00:04:01,320 --> 00:04:04,480
+kids, he said, I have a modest proposal for you.
+
+58
+00:04:05,730 --> 00:04:08,610
+My suggestion is that the Irish people parents
+
+59
+00:04:08,610 --> 00:04:12,470
+should sell their kids to the English people to be
+
+60
+00:04:12,470 --> 00:04:16,970
+eaten. And he speaks about the benefits of eating
+
+61
+00:04:16,970 --> 00:04:20,290
+human flesh and how you can eat it, how you can
+
+62
+00:04:20,290 --> 00:04:22,050
+cook it, how you can prepare it in a very
+
+63
+00:04:22,050 --> 00:04:25,530
+disgusting graphic way. Many readers were like,
+
+64
+00:04:26,130 --> 00:04:30,350
+oh, but this is clearly satirical. It's not he
+
+65
+00:04:30,350 --> 00:04:34,410
+doesn't mean it. But this is how readers sometimes
+
+66
+00:04:34,410 --> 00:04:37,290
+take things. They took this seriously and they
+
+67
+00:04:37,290 --> 00:04:40,450
+took the other book, Gulliver's Travels, lightly.
+
+68
+00:04:40,890 --> 00:04:43,330
+Today we move to speak about Richardson Fielding
+
+69
+00:04:43,330 --> 00:04:47,250
+and hopefully if we have time we'll do something
+
+70
+00:04:47,250 --> 00:04:52,850
+on Lawrence Stern. Now Richardson was also one of
+
+71
+00:04:52,850 --> 00:04:56,970
+the most successful novelists of the age. He was a
+
+72
+00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,990
+publisher. Thank you for noticing this. Now in the
+
+73
+00:04:59,990 --> 00:05:02,230
+book, it says that he was one of the most
+
+74
+00:05:02,230 --> 00:05:06,090
+enormously successful authors of that time. But is
+
+75
+00:05:06,090 --> 00:05:08,590
+that because he wrote excellent literature or
+
+76
+00:05:08,590 --> 00:05:12,430
+because he was a publisher? If you are a
+
+77
+00:05:12,430 --> 00:05:17,160
+publisher, Exactly. But I'm not going to insult
+
+78
+00:05:17,160 --> 00:05:20,580
+him. This is in no way an attempt to insult a
+
+79
+00:05:20,580 --> 00:05:22,960
+particular famous writer. But to give you an idea
+
+80
+00:05:22,960 --> 00:05:25,780
+that people, especially women, had difficulty
+
+81
+00:05:25,780 --> 00:05:28,480
+publishing. And even men sometimes. You would look
+
+82
+00:05:28,480 --> 00:05:31,440
+for a publisher. And so many publishers. And many
+
+83
+00:05:31,440 --> 00:05:34,100
+of them would be like, Oh, this is not good for
+
+84
+00:05:34,100 --> 00:05:36,380
+publishing. Readers will not be interested in
+
+85
+00:05:36,380 --> 00:05:39,000
+reading about this. I'm not going to give you this
+
+86
+00:05:39,000 --> 00:05:41,020
+much money. I'm going to give you this little
+
+87
+00:05:41,020 --> 00:05:43,460
+money or something. But once you're a publisher,
+
+88
+00:05:44,000 --> 00:05:46,460
+like you said, you can publish everything you
+
+89
+00:05:46,460 --> 00:05:51,620
+write. And actually, his first novel, Pamela, was
+
+90
+00:05:51,620 --> 00:05:55,000
+meant to be letters, advice to people, to women,
+
+91
+00:05:55,180 --> 00:05:59,340
+et cetera. Notice the names of his novels. One is
+
+92
+00:05:59,340 --> 00:06:02,440
+Pamela. We see in the other slide a novel called
+
+93
+00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:05,080
+Clarissa. The names of women, the names of the
+
+94
+00:06:05,080 --> 00:06:08,100
+main characters. Don't forget, the largest portion
+
+95
+00:06:08,100 --> 00:06:11,360
+of readership in the 18th century were women. So
+
+96
+00:06:11,360 --> 00:06:14,840
+readers and publishers wanted to please them, to
+
+97
+00:06:14,840 --> 00:06:17,000
+appeal to them, to address them, because they
+
+98
+00:06:17,000 --> 00:06:23,110
+would buy this and that. is a novel about the
+
+99
+00:06:23,110 --> 00:06:28,270
+typical 18th century woman. She's good, but she is
+
+100
+00:06:28,270 --> 00:06:31,570
+poor. And if she's good, she's beautiful, she's,
+
+101
+00:06:31,710 --> 00:06:35,390
+you know, but generally these women fall victims
+
+102
+00:06:35,390 --> 00:06:39,570
+for rich men, rich people, especially younger
+
+103
+00:06:39,570 --> 00:06:42,990
+women. The story is generally told to us through
+
+104
+00:06:44,280 --> 00:06:48,200
+Letters, epistles. We call this type of novels
+
+105
+00:06:48,200 --> 00:06:52,480
+epistolary novels. What is an epistolary novel? A
+
+106
+00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:58,080
+novel that is mainly built on exchange of letters
+
+107
+00:06:58,080 --> 00:07:02,400
+or diaries, something like this. So he wants to
+
+108
+00:07:02,400 --> 00:07:05,790
+marry her. And she goes through a lot of trouble
+
+109
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,290
+and uncertainties and crises because she's poor.
+
+110
+00:07:09,330 --> 00:07:11,690
+She struggles. No one can defend her. She's all
+
+111
+00:07:11,690 --> 00:07:15,190
+alone. She doesn't have her rich family to protect
+
+112
+00:07:15,190 --> 00:07:18,790
+her and everything. Mr. B, interesting name, Mr.
+
+113
+00:07:18,910 --> 00:07:23,370
+B. I'm not sure what it is short for. So he's not
+
+114
+00:07:23,370 --> 00:07:25,150
+the first man. He's the second one. He's not Mr.
+
+115
+00:07:25,190 --> 00:07:29,490
+A. He's Mr. B. Could be significant. OK? He tries
+
+116
+00:07:29,490 --> 00:07:35,630
+to rape her. And we know anyone who rapes or tries
+
+117
+00:07:35,630 --> 00:07:38,750
+to rape should be put in prison, should be
+
+118
+00:07:38,750 --> 00:07:41,650
+punished, severely punished. This is one of the
+
+119
+00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:44,970
+worst crimes ever committed. Who's the victim?
+
+120
+00:07:45,370 --> 00:07:49,490
+Mostly, it's women. Eventually, at the end of some
+
+121
+00:07:49,490 --> 00:07:51,630
+time in the book, somewhere in the book, she
+
+122
+00:07:51,630 --> 00:07:55,350
+marries him. She agrees to marry him. He should be
+
+123
+00:07:55,350 --> 00:07:57,630
+arrested, right? But this is a man. A man can do
+
+124
+00:07:57,630 --> 00:08:00,190
+anything. If a woman does something wrong, a
+
+125
+00:08:00,190 --> 00:08:02,450
+mistake, she's horrible, she's a prostitute, she's
+
+126
+00:08:02,450 --> 00:08:05,550
+a thief, she's arrested, everyone is like, oh. But
+
+127
+00:08:05,550 --> 00:08:08,630
+if a man does this, cut him some slack. It's just
+
+128
+00:08:08,630 --> 00:08:11,710
+the look at talk. It's just a mistake. He didn't
+
+129
+00:08:11,710 --> 00:08:15,370
+mean it. Maybe he was under pressure or something.
+
+130
+00:08:15,450 --> 00:08:17,950
+And this is, again, the double standard of the
+
+131
+00:08:17,950 --> 00:08:20,850
+system. Some people, by the way, criticized Samuel
+
+132
+00:08:20,850 --> 00:08:24,780
+Richards on saying this is anti-feminist. But some
+
+133
+00:08:24,780 --> 00:08:27,780
+readers try to take this as an attack against a
+
+134
+00:08:27,780 --> 00:08:30,720
+society that is mistreating women, that has double
+
+135
+00:08:30,720 --> 00:08:34,760
+standards. What's double standards? Exactly,
+
+136
+00:08:35,080 --> 00:08:38,920
+something for men, something for women, okay?
+
+137
+00:08:40,020 --> 00:08:44,360
+Where men and women are not equal and the same. So
+
+138
+00:08:44,360 --> 00:08:48,080
+men always have more freedom to commit mistakes,
+
+139
+00:08:48,320 --> 00:08:51,740
+to commit crimes even, and they will get away with
+
+140
+00:08:51,740 --> 00:08:56,970
+it. Now, the book is about many things. It's about
+
+141
+00:08:56,970 --> 00:09:00,010
+marriage, it's about the power of money, it's
+
+142
+00:09:00,010 --> 00:09:03,070
+about women at that time, it's about the
+
+143
+00:09:03,070 --> 00:09:05,750
+relationships and how powerful women and men at
+
+144
+00:09:05,750 --> 00:09:09,270
+that time can always win the woman they want, etc.
+
+145
+00:09:09,690 --> 00:09:12,030
+Now this text, because it was interesting, it was
+
+146
+00:09:12,030 --> 00:09:16,320
+parodied. Very important term we spoke about so
+
+147
+00:09:16,320 --> 00:09:19,140
+many times, parody. We'll speak about probably
+
+148
+00:09:19,140 --> 00:09:23,100
+later in a bit. Parody, the classical definition
+
+149
+00:09:23,100 --> 00:09:29,120
+is a comic imitation, copy of something generally
+
+150
+00:09:29,120 --> 00:09:31,940
+a literary work. Now, parody is all over the
+
+151
+00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:35,680
+internet. Every day on Twitter, you see parody
+
+152
+00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:39,880
+accounts. Facebook, parody accounts. Not the real
+
+153
+00:09:39,880 --> 00:09:44,190
+Trump. Real Donald Trump, whatever. You see,
+
+154
+00:09:44,570 --> 00:09:47,610
+Donald Trump, a parody account. And sometimes you
+
+155
+00:09:47,610 --> 00:09:50,950
+can't distinguish between the real account and the
+
+156
+00:09:50,950 --> 00:09:53,950
+parody account. What does parody aim to? To
+
+157
+00:09:53,950 --> 00:09:58,890
+criticize. To change. To challenge. To change, to
+
+158
+00:09:58,890 --> 00:10:02,850
+attack, to satirize. So you imitate something. In
+
+159
+00:10:02,850 --> 00:10:05,450
+a way, you change something so people can see, oh,
+
+160
+00:10:05,790 --> 00:10:10,690
+interesting stuff. Okay? Parody. And he names his
+
+161
+00:10:10,690 --> 00:10:13,790
+novel, it was parodied by Henry Fielding. We'll
+
+162
+00:10:13,790 --> 00:10:16,750
+talk about Fielding in a bit. In a book named
+
+163
+00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:23,050
+Shamila. I like the choice of name here because
+
+164
+00:10:23,050 --> 00:10:26,190
+it's part of it. It's the same music. Pamela,
+
+165
+00:10:26,370 --> 00:10:29,450
+Shamila, Pamela, Shamila, right? But there is
+
+166
+00:10:29,450 --> 00:10:33,930
+shame here in the word. What significance does it
+
+167
+00:10:33,930 --> 00:10:36,930
+have? I'm not going to give you more details here.
+
+168
+00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,330
+This is enough for you. But if you want to know
+
+169
+00:10:39,330 --> 00:10:42,670
+more about Shamila, you can go read something. So
+
+170
+00:10:42,670 --> 00:10:47,150
+which is the parody? Shamila, because there's
+
+171
+00:10:47,150 --> 00:10:49,930
+shame here. The woman is shamed. The man is
+
+172
+00:10:49,930 --> 00:10:53,490
+shameless. And parody was very famous at that
+
+173
+00:10:53,490 --> 00:10:56,690
+time. Remember, we spoke about criticism and
+
+174
+00:10:56,690 --> 00:10:59,570
+journalism and the rise of the middle class and
+
+175
+00:10:59,570 --> 00:11:02,490
+readership. That's why many people wanted to
+
+176
+00:11:02,490 --> 00:11:04,850
+publish, why many people wanted to read. But
+
+177
+00:11:04,850 --> 00:11:08,490
+parody was one significant literary device that
+
+178
+00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:11,930
+made people write many works. So this man writes a
+
+179
+00:11:11,930 --> 00:11:15,110
+novel, somebody parodies him. Another man parodies
+
+180
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:17,790
+him. And another writer parodies him. And thus, we
+
+181
+00:11:17,790 --> 00:11:24,110
+have a lot of good literary works. The other book
+
+182
+00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,350
+by Richardson. So this is my comment here. That
+
+183
+00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:32,310
+the readers, some readers, or many, find the moral
+
+184
+00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:35,770
+tone of Richardson's novels hard to accept,
+
+185
+00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:42,920
+especially women. Hard to accept because women, in
+
+186
+00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,140
+his books, are always victims to male violence.
+
+187
+00:11:46,720 --> 00:11:49,480
+They can't defend themselves. They're not strong
+
+188
+00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:53,520
+enough. They're naive, inexperienced. Why are you
+
+189
+00:11:53,520 --> 00:11:57,340
+presenting women like this? Why are you exposing
+
+190
+00:11:57,340 --> 00:12:02,360
+women as poor and weak and helpless? Helpless in
+
+191
+00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:04,430
+the sense that they can't defend themselves. Maybe
+
+192
+00:12:04,430 --> 00:12:06,650
+he's trying to describe the society. Thank you
+
+193
+00:12:06,650 --> 00:12:08,670
+very much. Interesting. Don't usually take a
+
+194
+00:12:08,670 --> 00:12:12,510
+literary work as Shakespeare and Shiloh. Is
+
+195
+00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:15,270
+Shakespeare antisemitic? Or is he exposing the
+
+196
+00:12:15,270 --> 00:12:15,690
+society?
+
+197
+00:12:18,690 --> 00:12:22,370
+So Clarissa is another. Again, the name is
+
+198
+00:12:22,370 --> 00:12:24,930
+Clarissa, the name of the woman. But it's the
+
+199
+00:12:24,930 --> 00:12:27,950
+opposite. We have here a rich, beautiful woman and
+
+200
+00:12:27,950 --> 00:12:30,910
+a poor man, a womanizer. Womanizer is a man who
+
+201
+00:12:30,910 --> 00:12:36,590
+chases women, goes after women. Her parents say no
+
+202
+00:12:36,590 --> 00:12:39,830
+to loveless. They say, no. You shouldn't marry
+
+203
+00:12:39,830 --> 00:12:42,090
+this man. You should marry the other rich man.
+
+204
+00:12:43,050 --> 00:12:46,290
+Arranged marriage. It's always been around for
+
+205
+00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:49,010
+women. Women are always told what to do, and how
+
+206
+00:12:49,010 --> 00:12:51,890
+to do, and what not to do. It's interesting how
+
+207
+00:12:51,890 --> 00:12:54,690
+this ends, because we'll see when you don't listen
+
+208
+00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:57,110
+to your parents, like in Robinson Crusoe. Robinson
+
+209
+00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:59,830
+Crusoe didn't listen to his parents, remember? But
+
+210
+00:12:59,830 --> 00:13:02,500
+what happened to him? He became one of the richest
+
+211
+00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:07,000
+men ever. He owned an island. He became rich.
+
+212
+00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,240
+Yeah, he went through some difficulties. But
+
+213
+00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:15,620
+eventually, he became rich. But this woman says,
+
+214
+00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:18,300
+no, sorry. I'm not going to marry that old rich
+
+215
+00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:23,040
+man, mom, dad. She is convinced by Lovelace to
+
+216
+00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:26,020
+elope. You know, did we mention the word elope
+
+217
+00:13:26,020 --> 00:13:26,640
+before?
+
+218
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:34,070
+When two people, a woman and a man, agreed to run,
+
+219
+00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,010
+to escape, to run away, not to listen to their
+
+220
+00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:39,390
+parents and to get married. This is called elope.
+
+221
+00:13:39,950 --> 00:13:41,950
+Interesting word in English. We don't have an
+
+222
+00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:45,450
+equivalent for this in Arabic. If you want to
+
+223
+00:13:45,450 --> 00:13:48,590
+translate it into Arabic, you need to explain it.
+
+224
+00:13:49,090 --> 00:13:53,290
+So when two people decide to run away because
+
+225
+00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:57,810
+their parents don't give them their consent, their
+
+226
+00:13:57,810 --> 00:14:01,490
+approval. So they run away to get married. He
+
+227
+00:14:01,490 --> 00:14:05,370
+takes her to London. And London is generally a
+
+228
+00:14:05,370 --> 00:14:08,570
+place for sin, for vices, for corruption, for
+
+229
+00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,630
+death, generally. And that's the city in general
+
+230
+00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:16,050
+and London in particular. She lives among the
+
+231
+00:14:16,050 --> 00:14:19,570
+prostitutes where she thinks she viewed because
+
+232
+00:14:19,570 --> 00:14:21,770
+she's inexperienced. She doesn't know people.
+
+233
+00:14:21,890 --> 00:14:24,490
+She's a woman, inexperienced and naive and
+
+234
+00:14:24,490 --> 00:14:27,420
+gullible. and thinking that they are very
+
+235
+00:14:27,420 --> 00:14:30,560
+respectable people. But also, the book could be
+
+236
+00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,860
+implying that those people who took care of her
+
+237
+00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:35,880
+could be better than her parents, who didn't
+
+238
+00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,720
+listen to her, didn't engage in dialogue. So those
+
+239
+00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:41,860
+people also have morals and ethics of their own,
+
+240
+00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:45,340
+regardless what job they're doing. Again, because
+
+241
+00:14:45,340 --> 00:14:50,140
+man always wants to control woman. He drugs her
+
+242
+00:14:50,140 --> 00:14:56,870
+and rapes her. Before this, we spoke about Also,
+
+243
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:15:00,710
+the issue of rape in the novel. And it was
+
+244
+00:15:00,710 --> 00:15:03,610
+considered scandalous and objectionable. Mary
+
+245
+00:15:03,610 --> 00:15:07,650
+Manley. Mary Manley, thank you. She discussed this
+
+246
+00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:11,250
+first. And everyone was like, come on, shh. Don't
+
+247
+00:15:11,250 --> 00:15:16,090
+do this. Don't expose this. Don't take this out.
+
+248
+00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:18,290
+Keep it inside somewhere in the closet.
+
+249
+00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:24,220
+Scandalous. So he drugs her and rapes her. Rips
+
+250
+00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:27,600
+her. She dies. She goes again. Generally, women
+
+251
+00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,460
+react to difficult situations by crying, by going
+
+252
+00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:33,920
+insane, and by dying. And this is in English
+
+253
+00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:38,180
+literature. A very anti-feminist idea. But the
+
+254
+00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:42,360
+man, how does he die? In a fight. A man is a man.
+
+255
+00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:49,740
+He always dies fighting, dies brave. In a way,
+
+256
+00:15:49,780 --> 00:15:51,400
+yeah. I don't want to describe it as honorable,
+
+257
+00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,780
+but he dies fighting. When you read literature,
+
+258
+00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,020
+when you read novels and poems and plays, always
+
+259
+00:15:57,020 --> 00:16:00,880
+try to compare how things, how people react, how
+
+260
+00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,500
+women react, how men react. I was just discussing
+
+261
+00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:08,060
+Oliver Twist in today's class. When Nancy, a
+
+262
+00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680
+character in the book, dies, her best friend,
+
+263
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:17,520
+Bette, reacts by weeping and crying and going
+
+264
+00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,680
+crazy, and she's taken to hospital. Her friend
+
+265
+00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,580
+Tom, the boy, reacts by attacking the murderer.
+
+266
+00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:31,580
+Because he's a boy. But the girl always goes
+
+267
+00:16:31,580 --> 00:16:35,640
+insane. This is an anti-feminist idea. So the
+
+268
+00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,220
+woman is still a victim of men. So when we talk
+
+269
+00:16:40,220 --> 00:16:42,840
+about the rules of moral behavior in male and
+
+270
+00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,000
+female relationships here, the book gives the
+
+271
+00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,220
+impression that this is the norm. These norms are
+
+272
+00:16:49,220 --> 00:16:52,540
+fixed. This is the society. Again, some people
+
+273
+00:16:52,540 --> 00:16:54,560
+disagree with him, but some people say, I think
+
+274
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,960
+he's criticizing the society. He's not telling
+
+275
+00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,460
+women what to do. He's actually provoking women.
+
+276
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,060
+You know what provoking means? Provoking means you
+
+277
+00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:09,060
+should change your destination, like destiny,
+
+278
+00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:12,020
+sorry. You should change your life or you will end
+
+279
+00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:16,220
+up raped and killed, like this. So raise your
+
+280
+00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:19,160
+voice, fight for yourselves, defend yourselves in
+
+281
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,220
+a way or another. Interesting thing about
+
+282
+00:17:22,220 --> 00:17:24,440
+Richardson, because he was a publisher at that
+
+283
+00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,640
+time and later on in the Victorian Age, sometimes
+
+284
+00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,840
+the novels were not published like this like you
+
+285
+00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,440
+finish writing the book and you give it to the
+
+286
+00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,240
+publisher you publish it in chapters like two
+
+287
+00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:38,960
+chapters three chapters every every week or every
+
+288
+00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:42,660
+day this is called serialization installments you
+
+289
+00:17:42,660 --> 00:17:45,770
+know installments OK, like two, three chapters
+
+290
+00:17:45,770 --> 00:17:49,070
+every week. So sometimes he would receive fan mail
+
+291
+00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:52,050
+of people like, oh, why did you do this? We don't
+
+292
+00:17:52,050 --> 00:17:54,330
+like this. So if many people would disagree,
+
+293
+00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:56,850
+disapprove of something, he would change it in a
+
+294
+00:17:56,850 --> 00:18:01,550
+way to please them. Yes. Is this one reason why
+
+295
+00:18:01,550 --> 00:18:05,130
+he's successful? Maybe. Maybe. This is called
+
+296
+00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:08,470
+serialization. Serialization in a novel is when a
+
+297
+00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:10,710
+novel is published in parts or chapters. In parts,
+
+298
+00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:12,470
+in chapters, and in a story.
+
+299
+00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,220
+Now, one of the most interesting writers of this
+
+300
+00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:23,660
+era is Henry Fielding. Listen to him. Fielding is
+
+301
+00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:25,380
+known for parodying.
+
+302
+00:18:29,980 --> 00:18:34,240
+I'm not sure how Richardson reacted to this,
+
+303
+00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,500
+because he parodied Richardson all the time. So he
+
+304
+00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:41,300
+wrote Shamilah, parodying Shamilah. And also
+
+305
+00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:47,180
+Joseph Andrews, in part, is a parody for Pamela.
+
+306
+00:18:47,940 --> 00:18:49,880
+So every time he must write a book, it just goes
+
+307
+00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,380
+to Pamela and he parodies it. What an interesting
+
+308
+00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:55,580
+author he must be. Maybe someone can do a
+
+309
+00:18:55,580 --> 00:18:58,080
+presentation about this, to see the relationship
+
+310
+00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:59,760
+between Fielding and Richardson, whether
+
+311
+00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,300
+Richardson was happy with this or angry. Why do
+
+312
+00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,660
+you keep imitating me? Why do you keep repeating
+
+313
+00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,870
+what I'm saying in a way or another? I'll talk
+
+314
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,790
+about parody later on in more detail, but always
+
+315
+00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:14,050
+think of parody as a type of criticism.
+
+316
+00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:19,490
+So the difference is that maybe I don't have to
+
+317
+00:19:19,490 --> 00:19:22,030
+explain much, but maybe you could read the names
+
+318
+00:19:22,030 --> 00:19:27,150
+of the novels, Joseph and Tom and Clarissa and
+
+319
+00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:31,020
+Pamela. Boys and girls, male and female. So this
+
+320
+00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:36,120
+is the male perspective point of view of similar
+
+321
+00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:36,980
+experiences.
+
+322
+00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:47,460
+He calls his novels comic epics and prose. An
+
+323
+00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:53,060
+epic, like before, is a long heroic poem. Some
+
+324
+00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:56,220
+people say, The epic is the grandmother of the
+
+325
+00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,080
+novel, because it has the elements of the novel,
+
+326
+00:19:58,260 --> 00:20:01,300
+but it's in portrait. And the father of the novel,
+
+327
+00:20:01,540 --> 00:20:04,240
+or the mother of the novel, is the romance we
+
+328
+00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:09,220
+spoke about with Don Quixote and Vivian Tassin. So
+
+329
+00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:14,380
+he calls it Comic Epic in Portrait. And comic,
+
+330
+00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:16,440
+because he will usually focus on the comical
+
+331
+00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:21,780
+aspect. Sorry? So prose, because the novel is in
+
+332
+00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:25,540
+prose. Comic, because he usually focuses on the
+
+333
+00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:28,300
+humorous aspect, the main function of the novel.
+
+334
+00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:32,740
+Epic, because they are long, in a way, or others.
+
+335
+00:20:32,820 --> 00:20:36,980
+So usually he focuses on the complicated journeys.
+
+336
+00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:39,260
+And these are usually described as
+
+337
+00:20:42,180 --> 00:20:44,760
+Piekarsk novel is a novel about a character who
+
+338
+00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,920
+goes into a lot of adventures and travel and
+
+339
+00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:53,720
+crises and uncertainties. Piekarsk, always silent,
+
+340
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,920
+like dialogue and monologue.
+
+341
+00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:02,980
+Catalogue. Okay?
+
+342
+00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:10,740
+So what does he do? In Joseph Andrews, I don't
+
+343
+00:21:10,740 --> 00:21:12,660
+want to tell you the story in detail. There's
+
+344
+00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:14,360
+something in the book. You can read it for
+
+345
+00:21:14,360 --> 00:21:17,720
+yourself. But I want to flood you with
+
+346
+00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,660
+information. So Joseph Andrews also again begins
+
+347
+00:21:22,660 --> 00:21:28,060
+as a parody of Pamela. But then he changes it a
+
+348
+00:21:28,060 --> 00:21:31,860
+little bit. And actually Pamela herself is a
+
+349
+00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:35,740
+character in Joseph Andrews. So he's parodying,
+
+350
+00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,700
+and he's taking characters from other people,
+
+351
+00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,120
+borrowing them in a way. It's like, hey, Charlie
+
+352
+00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:41,880
+Johnson, can you give me this woman? I need a
+
+353
+00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,200
+woman in my book, and I want to use her in a way
+
+354
+00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,960
+or another. OK? His plots usually show the
+
+355
+00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:52,780
+strength and weakness of human beings. Generally,
+
+356
+00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:58,000
+in that society at that time, strength of men and
+
+357
+00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,630
+weaknesses of men. Women can always be victims.
+
+358
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:09,450
+Men can easily become victimizers. Men can defend
+
+359
+00:22:09,450 --> 00:22:14,830
+themselves. Women are defenseless. Women are not
+
+360
+00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:16,490
+allowed to do mistakes. Men are allowed to do
+
+361
+00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:19,770
+mistakes. Women are not forgiven. Men are
+
+362
+00:22:19,770 --> 00:22:23,040
+forgiven. Sometimes they are even rewarded. The
+
+363
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,000
+double standard. Okay? And that's the summary
+
+364
+00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,160
+here. The conclusion. Men always have fellow
+
+365
+00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:34,600
+freedom than women. They always win. They always
+
+366
+00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:39,220
+win. Or even if they die. They die in a fight.
+
+367
+00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:43,180
+Robinson Crusoe didn't listen to his parents and
+
+368
+00:22:43,180 --> 00:22:44,960
+he became one of the richest and richest people.
+
+369
+00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:48,480
+Clarissa didn't listen to her father. But she
+
+370
+00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:53,820
+died. She died. Horrible, horrible death. Remember
+
+371
+00:22:53,820 --> 00:22:56,280
+we spoke again about Robinson Crusoe, you see the
+
+372
+00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:58,500
+first person narrator, the journalistic first
+
+373
+00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,620
+person narrator, who says I was born, I did this,
+
+374
+00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,040
+I told my parents, I went, I was shipwrecked, I
+
+375
+00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:09,640
+saw, I met my man. Richardson using the epistolary
+
+376
+00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,940
+technique of changing letters and diary writing as
+
+377
+00:23:14,940 --> 00:23:17,080
+a way of telling us most of the events of the
+
+378
+00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,340
+story. Henry Fielding uses the third-person
+
+379
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:24,240
+narrator. Third-person narrator when he tells the
+
+380
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:28,200
+story about somebody. He wakes up. She does this.
+
+381
+00:23:28,360 --> 00:23:32,600
+They do that. They come. He saw her. She saw him.
+
+382
+00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,380
+She talked. This is called third person narrative.
+
+383
+00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,960
+It's easy to tell. If you open the novel, and you
+
+384
+00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:40,500
+see the pronoun I, I, I, I everywhere. First
+
+385
+00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,320
+person. I, me, mine. It's first person narrative.
+
+386
+00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,940
+Otherwise, generally. But sometimes he sticks his
+
+387
+00:23:47,940 --> 00:23:52,080
+head, and he addresses the reader directly. These
+
+388
+00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:53,980
+people were very conscious that people were
+
+389
+00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:57,180
+reading their books. So every time, every couple
+
+390
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:00,120
+of chapters, he would say, oh, dear reader, so
+
+391
+00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:03,380
+dear reader. I think in one book, what is that,
+
+392
+00:24:03,460 --> 00:24:05,240
+Jane Austen? At the end of the book, he says,
+
+393
+00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,060
+reader, I married him. Yes. Because they know that
+
+394
+00:24:08,060 --> 00:24:12,260
+the readers are following the events of the novel
+
+395
+00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,960
+chapters. So Henry, Joseph, and Bruce, he uses the
+
+396
+00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:22,590
+perspective, the point, the view, uses the third
+
+397
+00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:25,010
+part of the library. It's very interesting how the
+
+398
+00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:29,730
+novel in 50 years or less took many shapes, many
+
+399
+00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:33,550
+techniques, many styles, many structures, and many
+
+400
+00:24:33,550 --> 00:24:37,890
+tools. Which is still until now. I think we have
+
+401
+00:24:37,890 --> 00:24:40,910
+more experimentation. But this gives us the idea
+
+402
+00:24:40,910 --> 00:24:43,850
+about the classical novel where it has, generally
+
+403
+00:24:43,850 --> 00:24:46,910
+it has this arch for the plot.
+
+404
+00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:57,140
+See beginning, it goes up for the complication,
+
+405
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,660
+the climax, it goes down for the resolution.
+
+406
+00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,460
+And then I'm happy. Or I die. Or somebody dies. Or
+
+407
+00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:14,320
+something. Yes. We'll see now, an author who
+
+408
+00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,240
+didn't find this. Remember we spoke about
+
+409
+00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,760
+Portulia, Rose of Tikora. There was one guy who
+
+410
+00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,220
+was- No, no, no. Sorry, I'm not following the
+
+411
+00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,100
+rules. There are always these good people. They
+
+412
+00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,100
+will generally be branded negatively, framed
+
+413
+00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:30,860
+negatively by children. Yes. But eventually, many
+
+414
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,380
+people will praise them, recognize them,
+
+415
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:39,890
+appreciate them. This man is Lawrence Stern. I
+
+416
+00:25:39,890 --> 00:25:44,190
+love Lawrence Stern. He's one of the best. What's
+
+417
+00:25:44,190 --> 00:25:48,350
+his name? Lawrence Stern. So again, you have many
+
+418
+00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:52,310
+names to memorize. I'm fine with the Stern name.
+
+419
+00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:55,550
+Every time you talk, when you answer, just say
+
+420
+00:25:55,550 --> 00:26:00,030
+Stern. I'm fine. If you're not sure about the
+
+421
+00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:00,670
+Stern's name,
+
+422
+00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:12,050
+So, Lawrence's one text was there. It's Tristram
+
+423
+00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:17,410
+Shand. One of the most interesting novels of all
+
+424
+00:26:17,410 --> 00:26:21,210
+time. What's the name? Tristram Shand. Some people
+
+425
+00:26:21,210 --> 00:26:25,530
+call it Shand. But the big title is originally,
+
+426
+00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:30,130
+The Lives and Opinions of Tristram Shand Digital.
+
+427
+00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,800
+If you say Shan Di or Tristan or Shan Di, I'm fine
+
+428
+00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,660
+with that. Okay?
+
+429
+00:26:40,860 --> 00:26:42,500
+Now this story,
+
+430
+00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:49,280
+the live opinions of Tristan or Shan Di, does not
+
+431
+00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,740
+follow any of the rules of the stories we already
+
+432
+00:26:51,740 --> 00:26:56,880
+discussed. In my opinion, Lauren's turn is the
+
+433
+00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,740
+John Donne of the novel. Yes, because they both
+
+434
+00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:04,130
+broke their rules. He doesn't like them. As a
+
+435
+00:27:04,130 --> 00:27:08,190
+matter of fact, this book has also currently, as
+
+436
+00:27:08,190 --> 00:27:12,890
+an element, has what we call metafiction. Remember
+
+437
+00:27:12,890 --> 00:27:17,470
+metafiction? Metafiction is fiction about fiction.
+
+438
+00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:22,870
+Meaning, a literary work that speaks about
+
+439
+00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:28,510
+literary works. A literary work that, in a way,
+
+440
+00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:33,960
+discusses literature. A literary work that makes
+
+441
+00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:39,500
+you conscious you're reading a book of literature.
+
+442
+00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,840
+So simply speaking, fiction about fiction. It's
+
+443
+00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:47,100
+like when you watch a movie and in the movie some
+
+444
+00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:52,000
+people are making a movie. So the movie shows you
+
+445
+00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:56,300
+the experience of movie making. So metafiction,
+
+446
+00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,600
+fiction about it, simply speaking. When you read
+
+447
+00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,640
+the sonnet, the writer mentions poets, and sonnet
+
+448
+00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:08,080
+writing, and poetry, and that is living in a
+
+449
+00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:12,880
+particular way. So there's parody. And what is he
+
+450
+00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:17,660
+parodying? He's not particularly parodying one
+
+451
+00:28:17,660 --> 00:28:20,880
+text. He's parodying all the novels of his time.
+
+452
+00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:26,880
+So when he published this book, Year 17, or late,
+
+453
+00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,380
+later.
+
+454
+00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:33,820
+Everyone was writing the novel in the same
+
+455
+00:28:33,820 --> 00:28:39,200
+traditional classical way. I was born. I did this.
+
+456
+00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,040
+I said that. I traveled. I met. I got married. I
+
+457
+00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:49,540
+had kids. I had a job. I traveled to Europe again.
+
+458
+00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:54,170
+I want to go to America. And then I died. Or I met
+
+459
+00:28:54,170 --> 00:28:59,690
+somebody, I had a fight. So his disapproval of
+
+460
+00:28:59,690 --> 00:29:03,590
+this comes in the form of a literary work, Lord
+
+461
+00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:07,210
+Stern's The Life and Appearance of Justin
+
+462
+00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:10,690
+Churchill. What does he do in the novel? Listen to
+
+463
+00:29:10,690 --> 00:29:14,610
+it. Now, generally, typically, again, this is the
+
+464
+00:29:14,610 --> 00:29:18,090
+traditional line of the novel. Could be like this,
+
+465
+00:29:18,390 --> 00:29:21,190
+or like this, or like, you know, but this is
+
+466
+00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:27,160
+always moving. and then falling down. Shandi,
+
+467
+00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,940
+however, the novel that tells the story,
+
+468
+00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,600
+supposedly the opinions, we don't, by the way,
+
+469
+00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,000
+have opinions of Shandi, because many of them are
+
+470
+00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,440
+not there. He tells us the story of Tristan
+
+471
+00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:44,020
+Shandi, not when he was born or when he was young,
+
+472
+00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:46,820
+this is a first person narrator, but before even
+
+473
+00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,220
+his parents had him, before they got married. So
+
+474
+00:29:51,220 --> 00:29:54,420
+he begins, not from the beginning, From the very
+
+475
+00:29:54,420 --> 00:29:56,940
+beginning. Before the beginning. The beginning of
+
+476
+00:29:56,940 --> 00:29:59,320
+the beginning of the beginning that begins the
+
+477
+00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:03,040
+beginning. And in this funny way, the main
+
+478
+00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,340
+character is born actually somewhere after like 50
+
+479
+00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:10,080
+or 70 pages. The main character, so what happens
+
+480
+00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:12,240
+in the beginning? He's just making fun of people
+
+481
+00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,300
+who say, I was born, and I did this, and I was a
+
+482
+00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,280
+kid, and I went to school, and I'm in something.
+
+483
+00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,940
+So sometimes people tell us stories, and we tell
+
+484
+00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:22,940
+them, why don't you tell us the story of your
+
+485
+00:30:22,940 --> 00:30:26,400
+grandmother while you were here? So get to the
+
+486
+00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,120
+point. Don't do this. Don't give me details,
+
+487
+00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:34,220
+meticulously detailed, for example, accounts about
+
+488
+00:30:34,220 --> 00:30:38,830
+something. The significant thing, he plays, he
+
+489
+00:30:38,830 --> 00:30:41,470
+destroys all the rules, the traditional rules.
+
+490
+00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:44,090
+Number one, he doesn't follow the traditional
+
+491
+00:30:44,090 --> 00:30:47,990
+classical timeline of the plot. He plays with the
+
+492
+00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:50,370
+characters. He plays with the time. When you read
+
+493
+00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:53,550
+the book, if you go to the library, the Stanford
+
+494
+00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:55,330
+University library, you will find, I think there
+
+495
+00:30:55,330 --> 00:30:58,570
+is a copy, could be two copies actually of the
+
+496
+00:30:58,570 --> 00:31:02,150
+book. You will see that the book is different. For
+
+497
+00:31:02,150 --> 00:31:06,790
+example, in all the dedication, the beginning of
+
+498
+00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:09,150
+the book. You write a book, hopefully, in Jamal.
+
+499
+00:31:09,810 --> 00:31:13,730
+And you say it to my grandmother. To my teacher,
+
+500
+00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,710
+whom I hated very much, and whose hatred inspired
+
+501
+00:31:17,710 --> 00:31:21,630
+me to write this book. To my dog, or to my cat, or
+
+502
+00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:26,530
+to my favorite pen or pencil, or to my Twitter
+
+503
+00:31:26,530 --> 00:31:29,210
+followers. This is your dedication. You find it
+
+504
+00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:31,910
+somewhere in the middle of the book. This is
+
+505
+00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,000
+called deconstruction. The table of contents, you
+
+506
+00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,560
+know the table of contents? It's somewhere near
+
+507
+00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,700
+the end. Some chapters are like 100 pages. Some
+
+508
+00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:43,340
+chapters are two sentences.
+
+509
+00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:51,500
+The chapters are not arranged chronologically like
+
+510
+00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:53,140
+chapter one, two, three. Some chapters are
+
+511
+00:31:53,140 --> 00:31:55,740
+missing, like chapter one and then three, four,
+
+512
+00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:59,500
+five, and then six, seven are missing. Some pages
+
+513
+00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,540
+are missing. Some pages are black, like black,
+
+514
+00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:05,580
+like nothing. And he says like, this is for the
+
+515
+00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:08,640
+reader to think of, to film, you know, to think of
+
+516
+00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,260
+and imagine a possible outcome of this. Some page,
+
+517
+00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,220
+one page is black, like ink.
+
+518
+00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,000
+Very interesting stuff. Many people loved this, by
+
+519
+00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,860
+the way, but some critics didn't. What are you
+
+520
+00:32:24,860 --> 00:32:29,180
+doing? And it is full of what we call digressions.
+
+521
+00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:31,480
+When I tell you a story and I change it to another
+
+522
+00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:35,360
+story, this is called digression, deviation, etc.
+
+523
+00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,280
+Like he digresses along and he never comes back to
+
+524
+00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:40,100
+the original story
+
+525
+00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,340
+Maybe in the summer you have time. If you have
+
+526
+00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:48,680
+time in the summer, you can read. It's a
+
+527
+00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:54,800
+challenge, but it's a very rewarding experience. A
+
+528
+00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,660
+lot of diversions. So this is a novel in the 18th
+
+529
+00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:02,840
+century that is not following any of the
+
+530
+00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,420
+traditional rules of novel writing. This is called
+
+531
+00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:12,630
+an experimental novel. Experimental? A novel that
+
+532
+00:33:12,630 --> 00:33:14,990
+wants to change the rules, to break the rules, to
+
+533
+00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:18,550
+change everything. It's also a modernist novel.
+
+534
+00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:19,510
+You know why modernist?
+
+535
+00:33:22,410 --> 00:33:25,970
+Some people think modernism is in the 20th
+
+536
+00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:28,390
+century. No. In my opinion, John Donne is a
+
+537
+00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:31,210
+modernist. A modernist author, someone who wants
+
+538
+00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:34,910
+to change the hierarchical rules. to break the
+
+539
+00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:38,710
+rules of writing.
+
+540
+00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:41,490
+So that's modernism.
+
+541
+00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:47,770
+So Tristram Shandy, in my opinion, is called an
+
+542
+00:33:47,770 --> 00:33:50,690
+experimental and a modernist novel because it
+
+543
+00:33:50,690 --> 00:33:53,770
+breaks the rules and tries to create new things in
+
+544
+00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:57,730
+the way people write. It was Samuel Johnson who
+
+545
+00:33:57,730 --> 00:34:00,670
+criticized this. He said something that is odd
+
+546
+00:34:00,670 --> 00:34:04,020
+doesn't live long. exactly like he said something
+
+547
+00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:07,980
+about John Donne criticizing his new way of
+
+548
+00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:10,740
+writing. Now, in the 20th century, this way of
+
+549
+00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:16,280
+writing novels became very famous. We have Ulysses
+
+550
+00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:19,160
+by James Joyce, sometimes Faulkner Breaks the
+
+551
+00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:21,600
+Rules, sometimes Kafka. Have you heard of Kafka?
+
+552
+00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,940
+Important names. Many people started, exactly like
+
+553
+00:34:24,940 --> 00:34:27,440
+many poets started imitating John Donne or writing
+
+554
+00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,760
+like John Donne, breaking the rules, not following
+
+555
+00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:34,730
+them. Many people started saying, oh, this is
+
+556
+00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:39,210
+really, really ahead of its time. So the book, in
+
+557
+00:34:39,210 --> 00:34:43,110
+a way, was written 200 years before its time. This
+
+558
+00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:46,390
+is how genius Lawrence has done. This is
+
+559
+00:34:46,390 --> 00:34:49,330
+significant. All my exams are always, you know,
+
+560
+00:34:50,450 --> 00:34:54,810
+including stuff from this guy. I think you should
+
+561
+00:34:54,810 --> 00:34:58,650
+tell. You can tell now what things I like to test
+
+562
+00:34:58,650 --> 00:35:04,510
+you in your exams. So again, what does he do? He
+
+563
+00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:06,410
+breaks everything, breaks the rules. For example,
+
+564
+00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:09,750
+the traditional plot this way, what does he do
+
+565
+00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:12,030
+again? He changes it. He changes it all. He's the
+
+566
+00:35:12,030 --> 00:35:15,250
+first one to do that. He wants to show us it's
+
+567
+00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,840
+very stupid and foolish to control the events. of
+
+568
+00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,300
+somebody to restrict them to rules of a plot
+
+569
+00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,680
+beginning and ending. And he also wants to mirror
+
+570
+00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,660
+life. He says, in life, this is not the novel.
+
+571
+00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,820
+Robinson Crusoe is not the typical true life of
+
+572
+00:35:31,820 --> 00:35:35,160
+Robinson Crusoe because he hides everything. And
+
+573
+00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:39,060
+he shows us several things that he wants to show
+
+574
+00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:42,960
+us. In this novel, he speaks everything that comes
+
+575
+00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:48,020
+to his mind. And that's why I'll show you later
+
+576
+00:35:48,020 --> 00:35:52,020
+on. This is a novel that uses a technique, a new
+
+577
+00:35:52,020 --> 00:35:55,740
+technique in story writing. But before that, let's
+
+578
+00:35:55,740 --> 00:36:02,820
+see this. This is something from the book. So when
+
+579
+00:36:02,820 --> 00:36:08,060
+he's talking and ranting and talking and talking
+
+580
+00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:12,940
+about details and details, he shows us his life,
+
+581
+00:36:13,020 --> 00:36:16,740
+how his life started. So this is probably the
+
+582
+00:36:16,740 --> 00:36:18,920
+parents and they're meeting and they're happy,
+
+583
+00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:20,920
+they're not happy, something, and then he goes
+
+584
+00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,570
+back to tell us when he was born or something. So
+
+585
+00:36:24,570 --> 00:36:28,970
+his idea of the plot doesn't follow a linear or
+
+586
+00:36:28,970 --> 00:36:33,710
+this arch form. It goes forward, backward, it goes
+
+587
+00:36:33,710 --> 00:36:36,210
+up, it goes something like this, it goes down, and
+
+588
+00:36:36,210 --> 00:36:40,850
+something like this. This is his idea of the plot
+
+589
+00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:43,210
+in the book. Sometimes it goes down, sometimes it
+
+590
+00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:46,810
+goes up. But his perfect line, he was only happy
+
+591
+00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:50,870
+with this. So in the book, look at the book page
+
+592
+00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:56,630
+87. Yep. So this is, in a way, what he's happy
+
+593
+00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:59,190
+with. He says, now this is my life. My life is
+
+594
+00:36:59,190 --> 00:37:02,110
+going to follow this line. And by the way, it's
+
+595
+00:37:02,110 --> 00:37:04,110
+very difficult for us to draw a line for our
+
+596
+00:37:04,110 --> 00:37:06,610
+lives. Because sometimes we don't know when we're
+
+597
+00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:10,770
+going up or back or forward or backward. But see,
+
+598
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,570
+this is the timeline. He tells us that this is
+
+599
+00:37:14,570 --> 00:37:17,330
+life. It goes up. It goes backward, forward, down,
+
+600
+00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:20,010
+up, et cetera. And it's interesting how it ends
+
+601
+00:37:20,010 --> 00:37:23,620
+with this circle thing, like a vicious. Vicious
+
+602
+00:37:23,620 --> 00:37:27,800
+circle. Vicious circle. That's Lawrence's study.
+
+603
+00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,320
+So it was first person? It was a first person
+
+604
+00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,040
+narrator. How did you know? The I. The I, thank
+
+605
+00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,920
+you. So I, I, I, me, my. It's a first person
+
+606
+00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:40,440
+narrator. He doesn't only use the first person
+
+607
+00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,800
+narrator. He uses something called stream of
+
+608
+00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,700
+consciousness. You know a stream? Stream describes
+
+609
+00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,100
+when water moving in a canal, like a river, a
+
+610
+00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:56,240
+stream. Consciousness is the ideas in your mind.
+
+611
+00:37:56,340 --> 00:38:01,460
+He doesn't only tell us the ideas. He gets inside
+
+612
+00:38:01,460 --> 00:38:07,620
+the mind of the character. He follows important
+
+613
+00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:10,860
+definition. The first one ever, the first author
+
+614
+00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:14,120
+ever to use this technique in narration is
+
+615
+00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:19,450
+Lawrence Stern in his novel It's called stream of
+
+616
+00:38:19,450 --> 00:38:21,970
+consciousness. Stream of consciousness follows the
+
+617
+00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:26,250
+thoughts, the ideas. of the characters as they
+
+618
+00:38:26,250 --> 00:38:29,730
+come, as they shape, as they form in their minds.
+
+619
+00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:33,470
+For example, when you tell me a story, or you tell
+
+620
+00:38:33,470 --> 00:38:36,050
+me what happened to you, why you're late. If I ask
+
+621
+00:38:36,050 --> 00:38:39,170
+you, why are you late? You say, I overslept. I was
+
+622
+00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:42,830
+preparing a presentation. And then my mom tried to
+
+623
+00:38:42,830 --> 00:38:46,330
+wake me up. I couldn't. I was tired. And I had to
+
+624
+00:38:46,330 --> 00:38:49,390
+have my breakfast. And I took a taxi. The taxi was
+
+625
+00:38:49,390 --> 00:38:52,350
+slow and et cetera. You tell me the story, the
+
+626
+00:38:52,350 --> 00:38:56,080
+ideas you think. represent you better, represent
+
+627
+00:38:56,080 --> 00:39:03,000
+you well. But what happens in our minds? It's a
+
+628
+00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,080
+lot. It's not something different. It's a lot. If
+
+629
+00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,760
+I get inside your mind or you get inside my mind
+
+630
+00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,040
+or you get inside anybody's mind there are all
+
+631
+00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,280
+sorts of crazy ideas there especially like when
+
+632
+00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,020
+you wake up when when we wake up when you tell a
+
+633
+00:39:22,020 --> 00:39:25,140
+story about yourself say oh this morning I my mom
+
+634
+00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:30,200
+awakened me and she prepared me she had already
+
+635
+00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,120
+prepared my favorite
+
+636
+00:39:34,890 --> 00:39:39,250
+Breakfast, pancake, boiled eggs, cup of tea or
+
+637
+00:39:39,250 --> 00:39:42,590
+something. That's the story. But in reality, when
+
+638
+00:39:42,590 --> 00:39:44,810
+we wake up every day in the morning, we have so
+
+639
+00:39:44,810 --> 00:39:49,130
+many things to think about. Another day, I have to
+
+640
+00:39:49,130 --> 00:39:53,190
+go to school. I have to go to my classes. I have
+
+641
+00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:56,870
+to read to prepare. Oh, my mom is shouting. Oh,
+
+642
+00:39:56,990 --> 00:40:00,570
+mom, stop shouting. It's going to be eggs and
+
+643
+00:40:00,570 --> 00:40:06,270
+pancake, eggs and olive oil and cheese every day,
+
+644
+00:40:06,370 --> 00:40:09,370
+like every day. I wish I can change. I wish I can
+
+645
+00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,810
+stay in bed for long. I have all these ideas. I
+
+646
+00:40:11,810 --> 00:40:14,130
+don't want to go out. But I have to go out. This
+
+647
+00:40:14,130 --> 00:40:17,070
+is a dream of consciousness and even more. That's
+
+648
+00:40:17,070 --> 00:40:20,110
+why in Robinson Crusoe, I said this about Robinson
+
+649
+00:40:20,110 --> 00:40:24,890
+Crusoe, it covers about 35 years in the life of
+
+650
+00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:30,610
+Robinson Crusoe in 400 pages. So 400 pages, 35
+
+651
+00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:33,950
+years. In the 20th century, there is a novel
+
+652
+00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:39,910
+called Ulysses. Ulysses by James Joyce. Ulysses.
+
+653
+00:40:44,980 --> 00:40:50,100
+Ulysses is about 1,000 words. K means thousand.
+
+654
+00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:59,800
+Sorry, 1,000 pages. 1,000 pages. How long do you
+
+655
+00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:03,860
+think does the story tell us about the life of the
+
+656
+00:41:03,860 --> 00:41:07,040
+main character? How many years? How many months?
+
+657
+00:41:07,140 --> 00:41:16,500
+How many? If 400 pages, 35. 35. So how long do you
+
+658
+00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:20,820
+expect? How many years? 100. 100 years. Maybe
+
+659
+00:41:20,820 --> 00:41:24,920
+before he was born. Maybe before he was born. So
+
+660
+00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,280
+yeah, a thousand pages is going to tell us a lot
+
+661
+00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:33,240
+of details. Maybe about how his grandparents met
+
+662
+00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,840
+and what came of him and how his parents were born
+
+663
+00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:40,100
+and everything. But because in Ulysses, the author
+
+664
+00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:44,240
+takes The stream of consciousness technique of
+
+665
+00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:48,280
+narration taken from Tristram Shandy, it covers
+
+666
+00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:53,080
+only, can you guess? Say again? One day? Can you
+
+667
+00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:57,140
+guess? One week? You will be surprised.
+
+668
+00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,500
+Eighteen hours only.
+
+669
+00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:07,610
+How many pages can you write about your day when
+
+670
+00:42:07,610 --> 00:42:09,570
+you go back home today? How many pages can you
+
+671
+00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,770
+write at the end of the day? A couple of pages,
+
+672
+00:42:12,190 --> 00:42:16,470
+three pages, five pages. But if you get every
+
+673
+00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,870
+single little tiny idea that comes, that crosses
+
+674
+00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:22,590
+your mind about everything you notice. When you're
+
+675
+00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,590
+walking, we judge people. We think of stuff. We
+
+676
+00:42:25,590 --> 00:42:28,690
+decide. We always have a conflict between things.
+
+677
+00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,890
+So 1,000 pages, 18 hours. How can you do it?
+
+678
+00:42:33,970 --> 00:42:38,230
+Stream of consciousness. The narrator is inside
+
+679
+00:42:38,230 --> 00:42:41,790
+the mind, his own mind, her own mind, or the mind
+
+680
+00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:45,090
+of a particular character. And doesn't reveal
+
+681
+00:42:45,090 --> 00:42:49,990
+ideas. Reveals ideas even before they become ideas
+
+682
+00:42:49,990 --> 00:42:53,530
+and all sorts of ideas. So if you tell me, I went
+
+683
+00:42:53,530 --> 00:42:56,010
+to the cafeteria and I had a falafel sandwich.
+
+684
+00:42:56,810 --> 00:43:00,440
+That's the idea. But before that, it was like, am
+
+685
+00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,600
+I hungry? I think I'm hungry. I think, yeah, I
+
+686
+00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,600
+think I'm hungry. I should eat something before I
+
+687
+00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,700
+rush to class, or else I'll sleep or something.
+
+688
+00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:13,320
+Oh, I hate going to the cafeteria. It's crowded.
+
+689
+00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,660
+It's close. I hate everything there. I hate the
+
+690
+00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:20,040
+smell of food. Maybe I should go and grab some
+
+691
+00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:24,660
+pizza or cheesecake or ice cream or grab something
+
+692
+00:43:24,660 --> 00:43:29,950
+to drink or, oh, But I hate it. I don't want to
+
+693
+00:43:29,950 --> 00:43:31,910
+drink coffee. I hate coffee. Maybe something cold.
+
+694
+00:43:32,730 --> 00:43:35,390
+No, no, I think I am too hungry to drink
+
+695
+00:43:35,390 --> 00:43:37,050
+something. I think I'll eat something. It could be
+
+696
+00:43:37,050 --> 00:43:42,170
+falafel or maybe not. And then you go, you decide,
+
+697
+00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:46,220
+you eat something. So this is the idea before it
+
+698
+00:43:46,220 --> 00:43:49,900
+becomes an idea. Before it, you have so many ideas
+
+699
+00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:52,400
+and you... this is stream of consciousness. Isn't
+
+700
+00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,700
+this so stressful to write about? When I come back
+
+701
+00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,000
+home and I start thinking, I remember every single
+
+702
+00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:03,560
+thing I did? Of course. Listen, writing about
+
+703
+00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:08,210
+yourself could be stressful. But at the same time,
+
+704
+00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:12,050
+it could be releasing. You know, you release the
+
+705
+00:44:12,050 --> 00:44:17,230
+tension, the negativity, like you heal sometimes.
+
+706
+00:44:17,610 --> 00:44:20,410
+Sometimes you can't. That's why sometimes we need
+
+707
+00:44:20,410 --> 00:44:22,890
+people to talk to. If you're sad, you're angry,
+
+708
+00:44:22,990 --> 00:44:25,470
+you go to talk to your mom, your dad, your friend.
+
+709
+00:44:26,370 --> 00:44:28,530
+You call her, you chat with her. Are you online?
+
+710
+00:44:28,670 --> 00:44:31,910
+Let's chat. I am not feeling well. I had this
+
+711
+00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:34,990
+thing today with a teacher with one of my friends.
+
+712
+00:44:35,250 --> 00:44:38,760
+I'm not feeling good about it. And then when you
+
+713
+00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,880
+start talking, you heal. You release some of the
+
+714
+00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,100
+tension and the anger inside. But yeah, it is very
+
+715
+00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,220
+stressful. This one was very successful. And this
+
+716
+00:44:48,220 --> 00:44:50,600
+one is also very successful book. It's not easy to
+
+717
+00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:52,600
+read. But when you read it, it's very challenging.
+
+718
+00:44:53,580 --> 00:44:56,160
+Very challenging. Something really interesting.
+
+719
+00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:00,940
+I'll try to conclude here very quickly. So in a
+
+720
+00:45:00,940 --> 00:45:04,200
+novel, we have the characters. The character could
+
+721
+00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:10,490
+be The protagonist or antagonist? Flat or round?
+
+722
+00:45:10,590 --> 00:45:12,490
+Flat, someone who doesn't change. Round, someone
+
+723
+00:45:12,490 --> 00:45:15,550
+who changes. Complex. The theme, what is it about?
+
+724
+00:45:15,690 --> 00:45:19,350
+The plot. The classical plot is A, B, C.
+
+725
+00:45:19,490 --> 00:45:22,310
+Beginning, middle, and ending. But not Tristram
+
+726
+00:45:22,310 --> 00:45:24,810
+Shandy. He doesn't follow this. The point of view.
+
+727
+00:45:25,110 --> 00:45:28,510
+First person narrator, he, she, they. First person
+
+728
+00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:31,430
+narrator, I, and then the setting, the time, and
+
+729
+00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:33,530
+the place, and the age, and then the conflict. The
+
+730
+00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:36,690
+conflict could be between people, ages, or inside
+
+731
+00:45:36,690 --> 00:45:41,150
+your mind. Internal or? External. And finally,
+
+732
+00:45:41,590 --> 00:45:45,650
+that's the novel here. Many shapes, many forms.
+
+733
+00:45:46,170 --> 00:45:49,190
+When we speak about the ways we have the first
+
+734
+00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:51,910
+person journalistic point of view, the letters,
+
+735
+00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:55,170
+the episodes, the epistolary, the third person,
+
+736
+00:45:55,350 --> 00:45:58,170
+the all-knowing, a narrator, a stream of
+
+737
+00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,010
+consciousness. And we have a novel that can be
+
+738
+00:46:01,010 --> 00:46:04,780
+described as social novel. Psychological novel?
+
+739
+00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:08,540
+Philosophical novel? Romantic novel? Comic novel?
+
+740
+00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:12,020
+Satirical novel? Or even political novel? My last
+
+741
+00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:16,320
+point, can a story, can a novel include more?
+
+742
+00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:21,240
+Could it be socio-political? Yeah, it could be two
+
+743
+00:46:21,240 --> 00:46:24,580
+things. Can the same novel have two different
+
+744
+00:46:24,580 --> 00:46:26,100
+techniques of narrating?
+
+745
+00:46:28,860 --> 00:46:31,000
+First person, thank you. Or sometimes it could
+
+746
+00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,880
+change and move. It could be first person or third
+
+747
+00:46:33,880 --> 00:46:37,920
+person and also letters. Yes. Okay, especially in
+
+748
+00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,560
+the 20th century, the first real experimental
+
+749
+00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:46,280
+modernist novelist to break these barriers and
+
+750
+00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:46,600
+rules.
+
+751
+00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,540
+Lawrence Stern of Tristram Channel. Thank you very
+
+752
+00:46:53,540 --> 00:46:57,540
+much. I'll stop here. Do stay if you have any
+
+753
+00:46:57,540 --> 00:46:58,960
+question everyone.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2c14014147b81668633599ec0cdfa1f6cd640b8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/pmSLLpX-05M_raw.srt
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+1
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+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah. Welcome back to
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+the English literature course at the Islamic
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+University, the English department. Last time we
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+had to rush with the modest proposal by Daniel
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+Defoe. And I said the modest proposal is
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+basically, and it's an article rather than a work
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+of fiction. But in the book,
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+Here, it's right after the novel, when we're
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+talking about the novel. So it gives us the
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+impression that it is a whole story about stuff.
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+So this is prose, but it's an article rather than
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+a novel. Now, in my interpretation of, sorry, I
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+messed up. I have to begin again.
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+Assalamualaikum and welcome back to the English
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+literature course at the Islamic University. Last
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+time we continued our lectures on the rise of the
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+novel, the 18th century, the Augustan Age. And we
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+stopped at Jonathan Swift. And in many ways, we
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+said Swift is interesting and different. He
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+doesn't fit. in an age where stories generally had
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+happy endings, to appeal to the readers, to try,
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+remember this stable and strong England or
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+Britain, the British Empire was seeking, they
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+didn't want change, they didn't want revolutions.
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+His books are generally very openly attacking
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+humanity in general and human beings in general,
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+but also the English society and the British
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+imperialism. As an Irish writer, his writing is
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+different. Now, how much of his Irishness is there
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+in his work, in his novels, in his essays and
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+articles, is something, an issue probably some of
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+you want to pursue later on and look into. But
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+certainly, Gulliver's Travels is a book that
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+openly, clearly satirizes and attacks the British
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+Empire. And this could be one reason why, in a
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+way, he was not received well by the readers, the
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+English, especially the English readers. So his
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+book, Gulliver's Travels, was meant to be a
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+serious satire against humanity, mankind, and in
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+particular against religion, the church, and
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+science, and the English imperialism. especially
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+when it comes to how they were treating Ireland
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+and the Irish people. But the book was soon turned
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+into a book of Children. It doesn't mean that
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+books written for children are not important and
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+they don't have the significant messages and
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+lessons and morals. They do. But it was, in my
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+opinion, was marginalized because it was critical.
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+Now his article, A Modest Proposal, was meant to
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+be a humorous article also to criticize the
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+British Empire. and imperialism of England,
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+especially against, again, the Irish people. But
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+everyone who took the article seriously was like,
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+come on, why are you doing this graphic suggestion
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+of proposing that the Irish people, because
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+poverty, starvation, famine, and they had too many
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+kids, he said, I have a modest proposal for you.
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+My suggestion is that the Irish people parents
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+should sell their kids to the English people to be
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+eaten. And he speaks about the benefits of eating
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+human flesh and how you can eat it, how you can
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+cook it, how you can prepare it in a very
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+disgusting graphic way. Many readers were like,
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+oh, but this is clearly satirical. It's not he
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+doesn't mean it. But this is how readers sometimes
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+take things. They took this seriously and they
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+took the other book, Gulliver's Travels, lightly.
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+Today we move to speak about Richardson Fielding
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+and hopefully if we have time we'll do something
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+on Lawrence Stern. Now Richardson was also one of
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+the most successful novelists of the age. He was a
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+publisher. Thank you for noticing this. Now in the
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+book, it says that he was one of the most
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+enormously successful authors of that time. But is
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+that because he wrote excellent literature or
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+because he was a publisher? If you are a
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+publisher, Exactly. But I'm not going to insult
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+him. This is in no way an attempt to insult a
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+particular famous writer. But to give you an idea
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+that people, especially women, had difficulty
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+publishing. And even men sometimes. You would look
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+for a publisher. And so many publishers. And many
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+of them would be like, Oh, this is not good for
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+publishing. Readers will not be interested in
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+85
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+reading about this. I'm not going to give you this
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+much money. I'm going to give you this little
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+money or something. But once you're a publisher,
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+like you said, you can publish everything you
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+write. And actually, his first novel, Pamela, was
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+meant to be letters, advice to people, to women,
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+et cetera. Notice the names of his novels. One is
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+Pamela. We see in the other slide a novel called
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+Clarissa. The names of women, the names of the
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+main characters. Don't forget, the largest portion
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+of readership in the 18th century were women. So
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+readers and publishers wanted to please them, to
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+appeal to them, to address them, because they
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+would buy this and that. is a novel about the
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+typical 18th century woman. She's good, but she is
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+poor. And if she's good, she's beautiful, she's,
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+you know, but generally these women fall victims
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+for rich men, rich people, especially younger
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+women. The story is generally told to us through
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+Letters, epistles. We call this type of novels
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+epistolary novels. What is an epistolary novel? A
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+novel that is mainly built on exchange of letters
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+or diaries, something like this. So he wants to
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+marry her. And she goes through a lot of trouble
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+and uncertainties and crises because she's poor.
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+She struggles. No one can defend her. She's all
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+alone. She doesn't have her rich family to protect
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+her and everything. Mr. B, interesting name, Mr.
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+B. I'm not sure what it is short for. So he's not
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+the first man. He's the second one. He's not Mr.
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+A. He's Mr. B. Could be significant. OK? He tries
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+to rape her. And we know anyone who rapes or tries
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+to rape should be put in prison, should be
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+punished, severely punished. This is one of the
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+worst crimes ever committed. Who's the victim?
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+Mostly, it's women. Eventually, at the end of some
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+time in the book, somewhere in the book, she
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+marries him. She agrees to marry him. He should be
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+arrested, right? But this is a man. A man can do
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+anything. If a woman does something wrong, a
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+mistake, she's horrible, she's a prostitute, she's
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+a thief, she's arrested, everyone is like, oh. But
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+127
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+if a man does this, cut him some slack. It's just
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+the look at talk. It's just a mistake. He didn't
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+129
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+mean it. Maybe he was under pressure or something.
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+And this is, again, the double standard of the
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+system. Some people, by the way, criticized Samuel
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+Richards on saying this is anti-feminist. But some
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+readers try to take this as an attack against a
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+society that is mistreating women, that has double
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+standards. What's double standards? Exactly,
+
+136
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+something for men, something for women, okay?
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+Where men and women are not equal and the same. So
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+men always have more freedom to commit mistakes,
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+to commit crimes even, and they will get away with
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+it. Now, the book is about many things. It's about
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+141
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+marriage, it's about the power of money, it's
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+142
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+about women at that time, it's about the
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+143
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+relationships and how powerful women and men at
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+144
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+that time can always win the woman they want, etc.
+
+145
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+Now this text, because it was interesting, it was
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+146
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+parodied. Very important term we spoke about so
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+147
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+many times, parody. We'll speak about probably
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+later in a bit. Parody, the classical definition
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+149
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+is a comic imitation, copy of something generally
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+150
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+a literary work. Now, parody is all over the
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+151
+00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:35,680
+internet. Every day on Twitter, you see parody
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+152
+00:09:35,680 --> 00:09:39,880
+accounts. Facebook, parody accounts. Not the real
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+153
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+Trump. Real Donald Trump, whatever. You see,
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+154
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+Donald Trump, a parody account. And sometimes you
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+can't distinguish between the real account and the
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+156
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+parody account. What does parody aim to? To
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+157
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+criticize. To change. To challenge. To change, to
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+158
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+attack, to satirize. So you imitate something. In
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+159
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+a way, you change something so people can see, oh,
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+160
+00:10:05,790 --> 00:10:10,690
+interesting stuff. Okay? Parody. And he names his
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+161
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+novel, it was parodied by Henry Fielding. We'll
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+162
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+talk about Fielding in a bit. In a book named
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+163
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+Shamila. I like the choice of name here because
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+164
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+it's part of it. It's the same music. Pamela,
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+165
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+Shamila, Pamela, Shamila, right? But there is
+
+166
+00:10:29,450 --> 00:10:33,930
+shame here in the word. What significance does it
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+167
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+have? I'm not going to give you more details here.
+
+168
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+This is enough for you. But if you want to know
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+169
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+more about Shamila, you can go read something. So
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+170
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+which is the parody? Shamila, because there's
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+171
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+shame here. The woman is shamed. The man is
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+172
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+shameless. And parody was very famous at that
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+173
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+time. Remember, we spoke about criticism and
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+journalism and the rise of the middle class and
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+175
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+readership. That's why many people wanted to
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+176
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+publish, why many people wanted to read. But
+
+177
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+parody was one significant literary device that
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+178
+00:11:08,490 --> 00:11:11,930
+made people write many works. So this man writes a
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+179
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+novel, somebody parodies him. Another man parodies
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+180
+00:11:15,110 --> 00:11:17,790
+him. And another writer parodies him. And thus, we
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+181
+00:11:17,790 --> 00:11:24,110
+have a lot of good literary works. The other book
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+182
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+by Richardson. So this is my comment here. That
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+183
+00:11:27,350 --> 00:11:32,310
+the readers, some readers, or many, find the moral
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+184
+00:11:32,310 --> 00:11:35,770
+tone of Richardson's novels hard to accept,
+
+185
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+especially women. Hard to accept because women, in
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+186
+00:11:42,920 --> 00:11:46,140
+his books, are always victims to male violence.
+
+187
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+They can't defend themselves. They're not strong
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+188
+00:11:49,480 --> 00:11:53,520
+enough. They're naive, inexperienced. Why are you
+
+189
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+presenting women like this? Why are you exposing
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+190
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+women as poor and weak and helpless? Helpless in
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+191
+00:12:02,360 --> 00:12:04,430
+the sense that they can't defend themselves. Maybe
+
+192
+00:12:04,430 --> 00:12:06,650
+he's trying to describe the society. Thank you
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+193
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+very much. Interesting. Don't usually take a
+
+194
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+literary work as Shakespeare and Shiloh. Is
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+195
+00:12:12,510 --> 00:12:15,270
+Shakespeare antisemitic? Or is he exposing the
+
+196
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+society?
+
+197
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+So Clarissa is another. Again, the name is
+
+198
+00:12:22,370 --> 00:12:24,930
+Clarissa, the name of the woman. But it's the
+
+199
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+opposite. We have here a rich, beautiful woman and
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+200
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+a poor man, a womanizer. Womanizer is a man who
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+201
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+chases women, goes after women. Her parents say no
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+202
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+to loveless. They say, no. You shouldn't marry
+
+203
+00:12:39,830 --> 00:12:42,090
+this man. You should marry the other rich man.
+
+204
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+Arranged marriage. It's always been around for
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+205
+00:12:46,290 --> 00:12:49,010
+women. Women are always told what to do, and how
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+206
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+to do, and what not to do. It's interesting how
+
+207
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+this ends, because we'll see when you don't listen
+
+208
+00:12:54,690 --> 00:12:57,110
+to your parents, like in Robinson Crusoe. Robinson
+
+209
+00:12:57,110 --> 00:12:59,830
+Crusoe didn't listen to his parents, remember? But
+
+210
+00:12:59,830 --> 00:13:02,500
+what happened to him? He became one of the richest
+
+211
+00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:07,000
+men ever. He owned an island. He became rich.
+
+212
+00:13:07,080 --> 00:13:09,240
+Yeah, he went through some difficulties. But
+
+213
+00:13:09,240 --> 00:13:15,620
+eventually, he became rich. But this woman says,
+
+214
+00:13:15,900 --> 00:13:18,300
+no, sorry. I'm not going to marry that old rich
+
+215
+00:13:18,300 --> 00:13:23,040
+man, mom, dad. She is convinced by Lovelace to
+
+216
+00:13:23,040 --> 00:13:26,020
+elope. You know, did we mention the word elope
+
+217
+00:13:26,020 --> 00:13:26,640
+before?
+
+218
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:34,070
+When two people, a woman and a man, agreed to run,
+
+219
+00:13:34,190 --> 00:13:37,010
+to escape, to run away, not to listen to their
+
+220
+00:13:37,010 --> 00:13:39,390
+parents and to get married. This is called elope.
+
+221
+00:13:39,950 --> 00:13:41,950
+Interesting word in English. We don't have an
+
+222
+00:13:41,950 --> 00:13:45,450
+equivalent for this in Arabic. If you want to
+
+223
+00:13:45,450 --> 00:13:48,590
+translate it into Arabic, you need to explain it.
+
+224
+00:13:49,090 --> 00:13:53,290
+So when two people decide to run away because
+
+225
+00:13:53,290 --> 00:13:57,810
+their parents don't give them their consent, their
+
+226
+00:13:57,810 --> 00:14:01,490
+approval. So they run away to get married. He
+
+227
+00:14:01,490 --> 00:14:05,370
+takes her to London. And London is generally a
+
+228
+00:14:05,370 --> 00:14:08,570
+place for sin, for vices, for corruption, for
+
+229
+00:14:08,570 --> 00:14:11,630
+death, generally. And that's the city in general
+
+230
+00:14:11,630 --> 00:14:16,050
+and London in particular. She lives among the
+
+231
+00:14:16,050 --> 00:14:19,570
+prostitutes where she thinks she viewed because
+
+232
+00:14:19,570 --> 00:14:21,770
+she's inexperienced. She doesn't know people.
+
+233
+00:14:21,890 --> 00:14:24,490
+She's a woman, inexperienced and naive and
+
+234
+00:14:24,490 --> 00:14:27,420
+gullible. and thinking that they are very
+
+235
+00:14:27,420 --> 00:14:30,560
+respectable people. But also, the book could be
+
+236
+00:14:30,560 --> 00:14:33,860
+implying that those people who took care of her
+
+237
+00:14:33,860 --> 00:14:35,880
+could be better than her parents, who didn't
+
+238
+00:14:35,880 --> 00:14:39,720
+listen to her, didn't engage in dialogue. So those
+
+239
+00:14:39,720 --> 00:14:41,860
+people also have morals and ethics of their own,
+
+240
+00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:45,340
+regardless what job they're doing. Again, because
+
+241
+00:14:45,340 --> 00:14:50,140
+man always wants to control woman. He drugs her
+
+242
+00:14:50,140 --> 00:14:56,870
+and rapes her. Before this, we spoke about Also,
+
+243
+00:14:57,110 --> 00:15:00,710
+the issue of rape in the novel. And it was
+
+244
+00:15:00,710 --> 00:15:03,610
+considered scandalous and objectionable. Mary
+
+245
+00:15:03,610 --> 00:15:07,650
+Manley. Mary Manley, thank you. She discussed this
+
+246
+00:15:07,650 --> 00:15:11,250
+first. And everyone was like, come on, shh. Don't
+
+247
+00:15:11,250 --> 00:15:16,090
+do this. Don't expose this. Don't take this out.
+
+248
+00:15:16,310 --> 00:15:18,290
+Keep it inside somewhere in the closet.
+
+249
+00:15:18,550 --> 00:15:24,220
+Scandalous. So he drugs her and rapes her. Rips
+
+250
+00:15:24,220 --> 00:15:27,600
+her. She dies. She goes again. Generally, women
+
+251
+00:15:27,600 --> 00:15:31,460
+react to difficult situations by crying, by going
+
+252
+00:15:31,460 --> 00:15:33,920
+insane, and by dying. And this is in English
+
+253
+00:15:33,920 --> 00:15:38,180
+literature. A very anti-feminist idea. But the
+
+254
+00:15:38,180 --> 00:15:42,360
+man, how does he die? In a fight. A man is a man.
+
+255
+00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:49,740
+He always dies fighting, dies brave. In a way,
+
+256
+00:15:49,780 --> 00:15:51,400
+yeah. I don't want to describe it as honorable,
+
+257
+00:15:51,760 --> 00:15:54,780
+but he dies fighting. When you read literature,
+
+258
+00:15:54,920 --> 00:15:57,020
+when you read novels and poems and plays, always
+
+259
+00:15:57,020 --> 00:16:00,880
+try to compare how things, how people react, how
+
+260
+00:16:00,880 --> 00:16:03,500
+women react, how men react. I was just discussing
+
+261
+00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:08,060
+Oliver Twist in today's class. When Nancy, a
+
+262
+00:16:08,060 --> 00:16:12,680
+character in the book, dies, her best friend,
+
+263
+00:16:12,880 --> 00:16:17,520
+Bette, reacts by weeping and crying and going
+
+264
+00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,680
+crazy, and she's taken to hospital. Her friend
+
+265
+00:16:21,680 --> 00:16:25,580
+Tom, the boy, reacts by attacking the murderer.
+
+266
+00:16:27,640 --> 00:16:31,580
+Because he's a boy. But the girl always goes
+
+267
+00:16:31,580 --> 00:16:35,640
+insane. This is an anti-feminist idea. So the
+
+268
+00:16:35,640 --> 00:16:40,220
+woman is still a victim of men. So when we talk
+
+269
+00:16:40,220 --> 00:16:42,840
+about the rules of moral behavior in male and
+
+270
+00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,000
+female relationships here, the book gives the
+
+271
+00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,220
+impression that this is the norm. These norms are
+
+272
+00:16:49,220 --> 00:16:52,540
+fixed. This is the society. Again, some people
+
+273
+00:16:52,540 --> 00:16:54,560
+disagree with him, but some people say, I think
+
+274
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:56,960
+he's criticizing the society. He's not telling
+
+275
+00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,460
+women what to do. He's actually provoking women.
+
+276
+00:17:00,560 --> 00:17:03,060
+You know what provoking means? Provoking means you
+
+277
+00:17:03,060 --> 00:17:09,060
+should change your destination, like destiny,
+
+278
+00:17:09,240 --> 00:17:12,020
+sorry. You should change your life or you will end
+
+279
+00:17:12,020 --> 00:17:16,220
+up raped and killed, like this. So raise your
+
+280
+00:17:16,220 --> 00:17:19,160
+voice, fight for yourselves, defend yourselves in
+
+281
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:22,220
+a way or another. Interesting thing about
+
+282
+00:17:22,220 --> 00:17:24,440
+Richardson, because he was a publisher at that
+
+283
+00:17:24,440 --> 00:17:27,640
+time and later on in the Victorian Age, sometimes
+
+284
+00:17:27,640 --> 00:17:29,840
+the novels were not published like this like you
+
+285
+00:17:29,840 --> 00:17:31,440
+finish writing the book and you give it to the
+
+286
+00:17:31,440 --> 00:17:35,240
+publisher you publish it in chapters like two
+
+287
+00:17:35,240 --> 00:17:38,960
+chapters three chapters every every week or every
+
+288
+00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:42,660
+day this is called serialization installments you
+
+289
+00:17:42,660 --> 00:17:45,770
+know installments OK, like two, three chapters
+
+290
+00:17:45,770 --> 00:17:49,070
+every week. So sometimes he would receive fan mail
+
+291
+00:17:49,070 --> 00:17:52,050
+of people like, oh, why did you do this? We don't
+
+292
+00:17:52,050 --> 00:17:54,330
+like this. So if many people would disagree,
+
+293
+00:17:54,470 --> 00:17:56,850
+disapprove of something, he would change it in a
+
+294
+00:17:56,850 --> 00:18:01,550
+way to please them. Yes. Is this one reason why
+
+295
+00:18:01,550 --> 00:18:05,130
+he's successful? Maybe. Maybe. This is called
+
+296
+00:18:05,130 --> 00:18:08,470
+serialization. Serialization in a novel is when a
+
+297
+00:18:08,470 --> 00:18:10,710
+novel is published in parts or chapters. In parts,
+
+298
+00:18:10,870 --> 00:18:12,470
+in chapters, and in a story.
+
+299
+00:18:15,480 --> 00:18:19,220
+Now, one of the most interesting writers of this
+
+300
+00:18:19,220 --> 00:18:23,660
+era is Henry Fielding. Listen to him. Fielding is
+
+301
+00:18:23,660 --> 00:18:25,380
+known for parodying.
+
+302
+00:18:29,980 --> 00:18:34,240
+I'm not sure how Richardson reacted to this,
+
+303
+00:18:34,280 --> 00:18:37,500
+because he parodied Richardson all the time. So he
+
+304
+00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:41,300
+wrote Shamilah, parodying Shamilah. And also
+
+305
+00:18:41,300 --> 00:18:47,180
+Joseph Andrews, in part, is a parody for Pamela.
+
+306
+00:18:47,940 --> 00:18:49,880
+So every time he must write a book, it just goes
+
+307
+00:18:49,880 --> 00:18:52,380
+to Pamela and he parodies it. What an interesting
+
+308
+00:18:52,380 --> 00:18:55,580
+author he must be. Maybe someone can do a
+
+309
+00:18:55,580 --> 00:18:58,080
+presentation about this, to see the relationship
+
+310
+00:18:58,080 --> 00:18:59,760
+between Fielding and Richardson, whether
+
+311
+00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:02,300
+Richardson was happy with this or angry. Why do
+
+312
+00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:04,660
+you keep imitating me? Why do you keep repeating
+
+313
+00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,870
+what I'm saying in a way or another? I'll talk
+
+314
+00:19:07,870 --> 00:19:10,790
+about parody later on in more detail, but always
+
+315
+00:19:10,790 --> 00:19:14,050
+think of parody as a type of criticism.
+
+316
+00:19:16,870 --> 00:19:19,490
+So the difference is that maybe I don't have to
+
+317
+00:19:19,490 --> 00:19:22,030
+explain much, but maybe you could read the names
+
+318
+00:19:22,030 --> 00:19:27,150
+of the novels, Joseph and Tom and Clarissa and
+
+319
+00:19:27,150 --> 00:19:31,020
+Pamela. Boys and girls, male and female. So this
+
+320
+00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:36,120
+is the male perspective point of view of similar
+
+321
+00:19:36,120 --> 00:19:36,980
+experiences.
+
+322
+00:19:39,240 --> 00:19:47,460
+He calls his novels comic epics and prose. An
+
+323
+00:19:47,460 --> 00:19:53,060
+epic, like before, is a long heroic poem. Some
+
+324
+00:19:53,060 --> 00:19:56,220
+people say, The epic is the grandmother of the
+
+325
+00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,080
+novel, because it has the elements of the novel,
+
+326
+00:19:58,260 --> 00:20:01,300
+but it's in portrait. And the father of the novel,
+
+327
+00:20:01,540 --> 00:20:04,240
+or the mother of the novel, is the romance we
+
+328
+00:20:04,240 --> 00:20:09,220
+spoke about with Don Quixote and Vivian Tassin. So
+
+329
+00:20:09,220 --> 00:20:14,380
+he calls it Comic Epic in Portrait. And comic,
+
+330
+00:20:14,400 --> 00:20:16,440
+because he will usually focus on the comical
+
+331
+00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:21,780
+aspect. Sorry? So prose, because the novel is in
+
+332
+00:20:21,780 --> 00:20:25,540
+prose. Comic, because he usually focuses on the
+
+333
+00:20:25,540 --> 00:20:28,300
+humorous aspect, the main function of the novel.
+
+334
+00:20:28,740 --> 00:20:32,740
+Epic, because they are long, in a way, or others.
+
+335
+00:20:32,820 --> 00:20:36,980
+So usually he focuses on the complicated journeys.
+
+336
+00:20:37,180 --> 00:20:39,260
+And these are usually described as
+
+337
+00:20:42,180 --> 00:20:44,760
+Piekarsk novel is a novel about a character who
+
+338
+00:20:44,760 --> 00:20:47,920
+goes into a lot of adventures and travel and
+
+339
+00:20:47,920 --> 00:20:53,720
+crises and uncertainties. Piekarsk, always silent,
+
+340
+00:20:54,040 --> 00:20:56,920
+like dialogue and monologue.
+
+341
+00:20:59,720 --> 00:21:02,980
+Catalogue. Okay?
+
+342
+00:21:06,820 --> 00:21:10,740
+So what does he do? In Joseph Andrews, I don't
+
+343
+00:21:10,740 --> 00:21:12,660
+want to tell you the story in detail. There's
+
+344
+00:21:12,660 --> 00:21:14,360
+something in the book. You can read it for
+
+345
+00:21:14,360 --> 00:21:17,720
+yourself. But I want to flood you with
+
+346
+00:21:17,720 --> 00:21:22,660
+information. So Joseph Andrews also again begins
+
+347
+00:21:22,660 --> 00:21:28,060
+as a parody of Pamela. But then he changes it a
+
+348
+00:21:28,060 --> 00:21:31,860
+little bit. And actually Pamela herself is a
+
+349
+00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:35,740
+character in Joseph Andrews. So he's parodying,
+
+350
+00:21:35,840 --> 00:21:37,700
+and he's taking characters from other people,
+
+351
+00:21:37,840 --> 00:21:40,120
+borrowing them in a way. It's like, hey, Charlie
+
+352
+00:21:40,120 --> 00:21:41,880
+Johnson, can you give me this woman? I need a
+
+353
+00:21:41,880 --> 00:21:45,200
+woman in my book, and I want to use her in a way
+
+354
+00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,960
+or another. OK? His plots usually show the
+
+355
+00:21:49,960 --> 00:21:52,780
+strength and weakness of human beings. Generally,
+
+356
+00:21:53,360 --> 00:21:58,000
+in that society at that time, strength of men and
+
+357
+00:21:58,000 --> 00:22:03,630
+weaknesses of men. Women can always be victims.
+
+358
+00:22:04,070 --> 00:22:09,450
+Men can easily become victimizers. Men can defend
+
+359
+00:22:09,450 --> 00:22:14,830
+themselves. Women are defenseless. Women are not
+
+360
+00:22:14,830 --> 00:22:16,490
+allowed to do mistakes. Men are allowed to do
+
+361
+00:22:16,490 --> 00:22:19,770
+mistakes. Women are not forgiven. Men are
+
+362
+00:22:19,770 --> 00:22:23,040
+forgiven. Sometimes they are even rewarded. The
+
+363
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:27,000
+double standard. Okay? And that's the summary
+
+364
+00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:30,160
+here. The conclusion. Men always have fellow
+
+365
+00:22:30,160 --> 00:22:34,600
+freedom than women. They always win. They always
+
+366
+00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:39,220
+win. Or even if they die. They die in a fight.
+
+367
+00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:43,180
+Robinson Crusoe didn't listen to his parents and
+
+368
+00:22:43,180 --> 00:22:44,960
+he became one of the richest and richest people.
+
+369
+00:22:46,340 --> 00:22:48,480
+Clarissa didn't listen to her father. But she
+
+370
+00:22:48,480 --> 00:22:53,820
+died. She died. Horrible, horrible death. Remember
+
+371
+00:22:53,820 --> 00:22:56,280
+we spoke again about Robinson Crusoe, you see the
+
+372
+00:22:56,280 --> 00:22:58,500
+first person narrator, the journalistic first
+
+373
+00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:01,620
+person narrator, who says I was born, I did this,
+
+374
+00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:04,040
+I told my parents, I went, I was shipwrecked, I
+
+375
+00:23:04,040 --> 00:23:09,640
+saw, I met my man. Richardson using the epistolary
+
+376
+00:23:09,640 --> 00:23:14,940
+technique of changing letters and diary writing as
+
+377
+00:23:14,940 --> 00:23:17,080
+a way of telling us most of the events of the
+
+378
+00:23:17,080 --> 00:23:20,340
+story. Henry Fielding uses the third-person
+
+379
+00:23:20,340 --> 00:23:24,240
+narrator. Third-person narrator when he tells the
+
+380
+00:23:24,240 --> 00:23:28,200
+story about somebody. He wakes up. She does this.
+
+381
+00:23:28,360 --> 00:23:32,600
+They do that. They come. He saw her. She saw him.
+
+382
+00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,380
+She talked. This is called third person narrative.
+
+383
+00:23:35,440 --> 00:23:37,960
+It's easy to tell. If you open the novel, and you
+
+384
+00:23:37,960 --> 00:23:40,500
+see the pronoun I, I, I, I everywhere. First
+
+385
+00:23:40,500 --> 00:23:43,320
+person. I, me, mine. It's first person narrative.
+
+386
+00:23:43,840 --> 00:23:47,940
+Otherwise, generally. But sometimes he sticks his
+
+387
+00:23:47,940 --> 00:23:52,080
+head, and he addresses the reader directly. These
+
+388
+00:23:52,080 --> 00:23:53,980
+people were very conscious that people were
+
+389
+00:23:53,980 --> 00:23:57,180
+reading their books. So every time, every couple
+
+390
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:24:00,120
+of chapters, he would say, oh, dear reader, so
+
+391
+00:24:00,120 --> 00:24:03,380
+dear reader. I think in one book, what is that,
+
+392
+00:24:03,460 --> 00:24:05,240
+Jane Austen? At the end of the book, he says,
+
+393
+00:24:05,320 --> 00:24:08,060
+reader, I married him. Yes. Because they know that
+
+394
+00:24:08,060 --> 00:24:12,260
+the readers are following the events of the novel
+
+395
+00:24:12,260 --> 00:24:17,960
+chapters. So Henry, Joseph, and Bruce, he uses the
+
+396
+00:24:17,960 --> 00:24:22,590
+perspective, the point, the view, uses the third
+
+397
+00:24:22,590 --> 00:24:25,010
+part of the library. It's very interesting how the
+
+398
+00:24:25,010 --> 00:24:29,730
+novel in 50 years or less took many shapes, many
+
+399
+00:24:29,730 --> 00:24:33,550
+techniques, many styles, many structures, and many
+
+400
+00:24:33,550 --> 00:24:37,890
+tools. Which is still until now. I think we have
+
+401
+00:24:37,890 --> 00:24:40,910
+more experimentation. But this gives us the idea
+
+402
+00:24:40,910 --> 00:24:43,850
+about the classical novel where it has, generally
+
+403
+00:24:43,850 --> 00:24:46,910
+it has this arch for the plot.
+
+404
+00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:57,140
+See beginning, it goes up for the complication,
+
+405
+00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,660
+the climax, it goes down for the resolution.
+
+406
+00:25:06,760 --> 00:25:10,460
+And then I'm happy. Or I die. Or somebody dies. Or
+
+407
+00:25:10,460 --> 00:25:14,320
+something. Yes. We'll see now, an author who
+
+408
+00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:16,240
+didn't find this. Remember we spoke about
+
+409
+00:25:16,240 --> 00:25:19,760
+Portulia, Rose of Tikora. There was one guy who
+
+410
+00:25:19,760 --> 00:25:22,220
+was- No, no, no. Sorry, I'm not following the
+
+411
+00:25:22,220 --> 00:25:25,100
+rules. There are always these good people. They
+
+412
+00:25:25,100 --> 00:25:28,100
+will generally be branded negatively, framed
+
+413
+00:25:28,100 --> 00:25:30,860
+negatively by children. Yes. But eventually, many
+
+414
+00:25:30,860 --> 00:25:33,380
+people will praise them, recognize them,
+
+415
+00:25:33,420 --> 00:25:39,890
+appreciate them. This man is Lawrence Stern. I
+
+416
+00:25:39,890 --> 00:25:44,190
+love Lawrence Stern. He's one of the best. What's
+
+417
+00:25:44,190 --> 00:25:48,350
+his name? Lawrence Stern. So again, you have many
+
+418
+00:25:48,350 --> 00:25:52,310
+names to memorize. I'm fine with the Stern name.
+
+419
+00:25:52,550 --> 00:25:55,550
+Every time you talk, when you answer, just say
+
+420
+00:25:55,550 --> 00:26:00,030
+Stern. I'm fine. If you're not sure about the
+
+421
+00:26:00,030 --> 00:26:00,670
+Stern's name,
+
+422
+00:26:06,450 --> 00:26:12,050
+So, Lawrence's one text was there. It's Tristram
+
+423
+00:26:12,050 --> 00:26:17,410
+Shand. One of the most interesting novels of all
+
+424
+00:26:17,410 --> 00:26:21,210
+time. What's the name? Tristram Shand. Some people
+
+425
+00:26:21,210 --> 00:26:25,530
+call it Shand. But the big title is originally,
+
+426
+00:26:26,730 --> 00:26:30,130
+The Lives and Opinions of Tristram Shand Digital.
+
+427
+00:26:33,400 --> 00:26:35,800
+If you say Shan Di or Tristan or Shan Di, I'm fine
+
+428
+00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:37,660
+with that. Okay?
+
+429
+00:26:40,860 --> 00:26:42,500
+Now this story,
+
+430
+00:26:45,280 --> 00:26:49,280
+the live opinions of Tristan or Shan Di, does not
+
+431
+00:26:49,280 --> 00:26:51,740
+follow any of the rules of the stories we already
+
+432
+00:26:51,740 --> 00:26:56,880
+discussed. In my opinion, Lauren's turn is the
+
+433
+00:26:56,880 --> 00:27:00,740
+John Donne of the novel. Yes, because they both
+
+434
+00:27:00,740 --> 00:27:04,130
+broke their rules. He doesn't like them. As a
+
+435
+00:27:04,130 --> 00:27:08,190
+matter of fact, this book has also currently, as
+
+436
+00:27:08,190 --> 00:27:12,890
+an element, has what we call metafiction. Remember
+
+437
+00:27:12,890 --> 00:27:17,470
+metafiction? Metafiction is fiction about fiction.
+
+438
+00:27:18,050 --> 00:27:22,870
+Meaning, a literary work that speaks about
+
+439
+00:27:22,870 --> 00:27:28,510
+literary works. A literary work that, in a way,
+
+440
+00:27:29,410 --> 00:27:33,960
+discusses literature. A literary work that makes
+
+441
+00:27:33,960 --> 00:27:39,500
+you conscious you're reading a book of literature.
+
+442
+00:27:39,920 --> 00:27:43,840
+So simply speaking, fiction about fiction. It's
+
+443
+00:27:43,840 --> 00:27:47,100
+like when you watch a movie and in the movie some
+
+444
+00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:52,000
+people are making a movie. So the movie shows you
+
+445
+00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:56,300
+the experience of movie making. So metafiction,
+
+446
+00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,600
+fiction about it, simply speaking. When you read
+
+447
+00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:04,640
+the sonnet, the writer mentions poets, and sonnet
+
+448
+00:28:04,640 --> 00:28:08,080
+writing, and poetry, and that is living in a
+
+449
+00:28:08,080 --> 00:28:12,880
+particular way. So there's parody. And what is he
+
+450
+00:28:12,880 --> 00:28:17,660
+parodying? He's not particularly parodying one
+
+451
+00:28:17,660 --> 00:28:20,880
+text. He's parodying all the novels of his time.
+
+452
+00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:26,880
+So when he published this book, Year 17, or late,
+
+453
+00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:27,380
+later.
+
+454
+00:28:30,180 --> 00:28:33,820
+Everyone was writing the novel in the same
+
+455
+00:28:33,820 --> 00:28:39,200
+traditional classical way. I was born. I did this.
+
+456
+00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:45,040
+I said that. I traveled. I met. I got married. I
+
+457
+00:28:45,040 --> 00:28:49,540
+had kids. I had a job. I traveled to Europe again.
+
+458
+00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:54,170
+I want to go to America. And then I died. Or I met
+
+459
+00:28:54,170 --> 00:28:59,690
+somebody, I had a fight. So his disapproval of
+
+460
+00:28:59,690 --> 00:29:03,590
+this comes in the form of a literary work, Lord
+
+461
+00:29:03,590 --> 00:29:07,210
+Stern's The Life and Appearance of Justin
+
+462
+00:29:07,210 --> 00:29:10,690
+Churchill. What does he do in the novel? Listen to
+
+463
+00:29:10,690 --> 00:29:14,610
+it. Now, generally, typically, again, this is the
+
+464
+00:29:14,610 --> 00:29:18,090
+traditional line of the novel. Could be like this,
+
+465
+00:29:18,390 --> 00:29:21,190
+or like this, or like, you know, but this is
+
+466
+00:29:21,190 --> 00:29:27,160
+always moving. and then falling down. Shandi,
+
+467
+00:29:27,320 --> 00:29:30,940
+however, the novel that tells the story,
+
+468
+00:29:31,020 --> 00:29:33,600
+supposedly the opinions, we don't, by the way,
+
+469
+00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:36,000
+have opinions of Shandi, because many of them are
+
+470
+00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,440
+not there. He tells us the story of Tristan
+
+471
+00:29:39,440 --> 00:29:44,020
+Shandi, not when he was born or when he was young,
+
+472
+00:29:44,080 --> 00:29:46,820
+this is a first person narrator, but before even
+
+473
+00:29:46,820 --> 00:29:51,220
+his parents had him, before they got married. So
+
+474
+00:29:51,220 --> 00:29:54,420
+he begins, not from the beginning, From the very
+
+475
+00:29:54,420 --> 00:29:56,940
+beginning. Before the beginning. The beginning of
+
+476
+00:29:56,940 --> 00:29:59,320
+the beginning of the beginning that begins the
+
+477
+00:29:59,320 --> 00:30:03,040
+beginning. And in this funny way, the main
+
+478
+00:30:03,040 --> 00:30:06,340
+character is born actually somewhere after like 50
+
+479
+00:30:06,340 --> 00:30:10,080
+or 70 pages. The main character, so what happens
+
+480
+00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:12,240
+in the beginning? He's just making fun of people
+
+481
+00:30:12,240 --> 00:30:15,300
+who say, I was born, and I did this, and I was a
+
+482
+00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:17,280
+kid, and I went to school, and I'm in something.
+
+483
+00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,940
+So sometimes people tell us stories, and we tell
+
+484
+00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:22,940
+them, why don't you tell us the story of your
+
+485
+00:30:22,940 --> 00:30:26,400
+grandmother while you were here? So get to the
+
+486
+00:30:26,400 --> 00:30:30,120
+point. Don't do this. Don't give me details,
+
+487
+00:30:30,360 --> 00:30:34,220
+meticulously detailed, for example, accounts about
+
+488
+00:30:34,220 --> 00:30:38,830
+something. The significant thing, he plays, he
+
+489
+00:30:38,830 --> 00:30:41,470
+destroys all the rules, the traditional rules.
+
+490
+00:30:41,510 --> 00:30:44,090
+Number one, he doesn't follow the traditional
+
+491
+00:30:44,090 --> 00:30:47,990
+classical timeline of the plot. He plays with the
+
+492
+00:30:47,990 --> 00:30:50,370
+characters. He plays with the time. When you read
+
+493
+00:30:50,370 --> 00:30:53,550
+the book, if you go to the library, the Stanford
+
+494
+00:30:53,550 --> 00:30:55,330
+University library, you will find, I think there
+
+495
+00:30:55,330 --> 00:30:58,570
+is a copy, could be two copies actually of the
+
+496
+00:30:58,570 --> 00:31:02,150
+book. You will see that the book is different. For
+
+497
+00:31:02,150 --> 00:31:06,790
+example, in all the dedication, the beginning of
+
+498
+00:31:06,790 --> 00:31:09,150
+the book. You write a book, hopefully, in Jamal.
+
+499
+00:31:09,810 --> 00:31:13,730
+And you say it to my grandmother. To my teacher,
+
+500
+00:31:13,970 --> 00:31:17,710
+whom I hated very much, and whose hatred inspired
+
+501
+00:31:17,710 --> 00:31:21,630
+me to write this book. To my dog, or to my cat, or
+
+502
+00:31:21,630 --> 00:31:26,530
+to my favorite pen or pencil, or to my Twitter
+
+503
+00:31:26,530 --> 00:31:29,210
+followers. This is your dedication. You find it
+
+504
+00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:31,910
+somewhere in the middle of the book. This is
+
+505
+00:31:31,910 --> 00:31:35,000
+called deconstruction. The table of contents, you
+
+506
+00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,560
+know the table of contents? It's somewhere near
+
+507
+00:31:37,560 --> 00:31:41,700
+the end. Some chapters are like 100 pages. Some
+
+508
+00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:43,340
+chapters are two sentences.
+
+509
+00:31:46,460 --> 00:31:51,500
+The chapters are not arranged chronologically like
+
+510
+00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:53,140
+chapter one, two, three. Some chapters are
+
+511
+00:31:53,140 --> 00:31:55,740
+missing, like chapter one and then three, four,
+
+512
+00:31:55,840 --> 00:31:59,500
+five, and then six, seven are missing. Some pages
+
+513
+00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:02,540
+are missing. Some pages are black, like black,
+
+514
+00:32:02,660 --> 00:32:05,580
+like nothing. And he says like, this is for the
+
+515
+00:32:05,580 --> 00:32:08,640
+reader to think of, to film, you know, to think of
+
+516
+00:32:08,640 --> 00:32:12,260
+and imagine a possible outcome of this. Some page,
+
+517
+00:32:12,360 --> 00:32:15,220
+one page is black, like ink.
+
+518
+00:32:17,960 --> 00:32:21,000
+Very interesting stuff. Many people loved this, by
+
+519
+00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:24,860
+the way, but some critics didn't. What are you
+
+520
+00:32:24,860 --> 00:32:29,180
+doing? And it is full of what we call digressions.
+
+521
+00:32:29,260 --> 00:32:31,480
+When I tell you a story and I change it to another
+
+522
+00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:35,360
+story, this is called digression, deviation, etc.
+
+523
+00:32:36,100 --> 00:32:39,280
+Like he digresses along and he never comes back to
+
+524
+00:32:39,280 --> 00:32:40,100
+the original story
+
+525
+00:32:43,720 --> 00:32:46,340
+Maybe in the summer you have time. If you have
+
+526
+00:32:46,340 --> 00:32:48,680
+time in the summer, you can read. It's a
+
+527
+00:32:48,680 --> 00:32:54,800
+challenge, but it's a very rewarding experience. A
+
+528
+00:32:54,800 --> 00:32:59,660
+lot of diversions. So this is a novel in the 18th
+
+529
+00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:02,840
+century that is not following any of the
+
+530
+00:33:02,840 --> 00:33:05,420
+traditional rules of novel writing. This is called
+
+531
+00:33:05,420 --> 00:33:12,630
+an experimental novel. Experimental? A novel that
+
+532
+00:33:12,630 --> 00:33:14,990
+wants to change the rules, to break the rules, to
+
+533
+00:33:14,990 --> 00:33:18,550
+change everything. It's also a modernist novel.
+
+534
+00:33:18,630 --> 00:33:19,510
+You know why modernist?
+
+535
+00:33:22,410 --> 00:33:25,970
+Some people think modernism is in the 20th
+
+536
+00:33:25,970 --> 00:33:28,390
+century. No. In my opinion, John Donne is a
+
+537
+00:33:28,390 --> 00:33:31,210
+modernist. A modernist author, someone who wants
+
+538
+00:33:31,210 --> 00:33:34,910
+to change the hierarchical rules. to break the
+
+539
+00:33:34,910 --> 00:33:38,710
+rules of writing.
+
+540
+00:33:39,330 --> 00:33:41,490
+So that's modernism.
+
+541
+00:33:43,890 --> 00:33:47,770
+So Tristram Shandy, in my opinion, is called an
+
+542
+00:33:47,770 --> 00:33:50,690
+experimental and a modernist novel because it
+
+543
+00:33:50,690 --> 00:33:53,770
+breaks the rules and tries to create new things in
+
+544
+00:33:53,770 --> 00:33:57,730
+the way people write. It was Samuel Johnson who
+
+545
+00:33:57,730 --> 00:34:00,670
+criticized this. He said something that is odd
+
+546
+00:34:00,670 --> 00:34:04,020
+doesn't live long. exactly like he said something
+
+547
+00:34:04,020 --> 00:34:07,980
+about John Donne criticizing his new way of
+
+548
+00:34:07,980 --> 00:34:10,740
+writing. Now, in the 20th century, this way of
+
+549
+00:34:10,740 --> 00:34:16,280
+writing novels became very famous. We have Ulysses
+
+550
+00:34:16,280 --> 00:34:19,160
+by James Joyce, sometimes Faulkner Breaks the
+
+551
+00:34:19,160 --> 00:34:21,600
+Rules, sometimes Kafka. Have you heard of Kafka?
+
+552
+00:34:22,520 --> 00:34:24,940
+Important names. Many people started, exactly like
+
+553
+00:34:24,940 --> 00:34:27,440
+many poets started imitating John Donne or writing
+
+554
+00:34:27,440 --> 00:34:30,760
+like John Donne, breaking the rules, not following
+
+555
+00:34:30,760 --> 00:34:34,730
+them. Many people started saying, oh, this is
+
+556
+00:34:34,730 --> 00:34:39,210
+really, really ahead of its time. So the book, in
+
+557
+00:34:39,210 --> 00:34:43,110
+a way, was written 200 years before its time. This
+
+558
+00:34:43,110 --> 00:34:46,390
+is how genius Lawrence has done. This is
+
+559
+00:34:46,390 --> 00:34:49,330
+significant. All my exams are always, you know,
+
+560
+00:34:50,450 --> 00:34:54,810
+including stuff from this guy. I think you should
+
+561
+00:34:54,810 --> 00:34:58,650
+tell. You can tell now what things I like to test
+
+562
+00:34:58,650 --> 00:35:04,510
+you in your exams. So again, what does he do? He
+
+563
+00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:06,410
+breaks everything, breaks the rules. For example,
+
+564
+00:35:06,470 --> 00:35:09,750
+the traditional plot this way, what does he do
+
+565
+00:35:09,750 --> 00:35:12,030
+again? He changes it. He changes it all. He's the
+
+566
+00:35:12,030 --> 00:35:15,250
+first one to do that. He wants to show us it's
+
+567
+00:35:15,250 --> 00:35:19,840
+very stupid and foolish to control the events. of
+
+568
+00:35:19,840 --> 00:35:23,300
+somebody to restrict them to rules of a plot
+
+569
+00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,680
+beginning and ending. And he also wants to mirror
+
+570
+00:35:25,680 --> 00:35:28,660
+life. He says, in life, this is not the novel.
+
+571
+00:35:28,920 --> 00:35:31,820
+Robinson Crusoe is not the typical true life of
+
+572
+00:35:31,820 --> 00:35:35,160
+Robinson Crusoe because he hides everything. And
+
+573
+00:35:35,160 --> 00:35:39,060
+he shows us several things that he wants to show
+
+574
+00:35:39,060 --> 00:35:42,960
+us. In this novel, he speaks everything that comes
+
+575
+00:35:42,960 --> 00:35:48,020
+to his mind. And that's why I'll show you later
+
+576
+00:35:48,020 --> 00:35:52,020
+on. This is a novel that uses a technique, a new
+
+577
+00:35:52,020 --> 00:35:55,740
+technique in story writing. But before that, let's
+
+578
+00:35:55,740 --> 00:36:02,820
+see this. This is something from the book. So when
+
+579
+00:36:02,820 --> 00:36:08,060
+he's talking and ranting and talking and talking
+
+580
+00:36:08,060 --> 00:36:12,940
+about details and details, he shows us his life,
+
+581
+00:36:13,020 --> 00:36:16,740
+how his life started. So this is probably the
+
+582
+00:36:16,740 --> 00:36:18,920
+parents and they're meeting and they're happy,
+
+583
+00:36:19,040 --> 00:36:20,920
+they're not happy, something, and then he goes
+
+584
+00:36:20,920 --> 00:36:24,570
+back to tell us when he was born or something. So
+
+585
+00:36:24,570 --> 00:36:28,970
+his idea of the plot doesn't follow a linear or
+
+586
+00:36:28,970 --> 00:36:33,710
+this arch form. It goes forward, backward, it goes
+
+587
+00:36:33,710 --> 00:36:36,210
+up, it goes something like this, it goes down, and
+
+588
+00:36:36,210 --> 00:36:40,850
+something like this. This is his idea of the plot
+
+589
+00:36:40,850 --> 00:36:43,210
+in the book. Sometimes it goes down, sometimes it
+
+590
+00:36:43,210 --> 00:36:46,810
+goes up. But his perfect line, he was only happy
+
+591
+00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:50,870
+with this. So in the book, look at the book page
+
+592
+00:36:50,870 --> 00:36:56,630
+87. Yep. So this is, in a way, what he's happy
+
+593
+00:36:56,630 --> 00:36:59,190
+with. He says, now this is my life. My life is
+
+594
+00:36:59,190 --> 00:37:02,110
+going to follow this line. And by the way, it's
+
+595
+00:37:02,110 --> 00:37:04,110
+very difficult for us to draw a line for our
+
+596
+00:37:04,110 --> 00:37:06,610
+lives. Because sometimes we don't know when we're
+
+597
+00:37:06,610 --> 00:37:10,770
+going up or back or forward or backward. But see,
+
+598
+00:37:11,030 --> 00:37:14,570
+this is the timeline. He tells us that this is
+
+599
+00:37:14,570 --> 00:37:17,330
+life. It goes up. It goes backward, forward, down,
+
+600
+00:37:17,490 --> 00:37:20,010
+up, et cetera. And it's interesting how it ends
+
+601
+00:37:20,010 --> 00:37:23,620
+with this circle thing, like a vicious. Vicious
+
+602
+00:37:23,620 --> 00:37:27,800
+circle. Vicious circle. That's Lawrence's study.
+
+603
+00:37:27,800 --> 00:37:30,320
+So it was first person? It was a first person
+
+604
+00:37:30,320 --> 00:37:33,040
+narrator. How did you know? The I. The I, thank
+
+605
+00:37:33,040 --> 00:37:36,920
+you. So I, I, I, me, my. It's a first person
+
+606
+00:37:36,920 --> 00:37:40,440
+narrator. He doesn't only use the first person
+
+607
+00:37:40,440 --> 00:37:43,800
+narrator. He uses something called stream of
+
+608
+00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,700
+consciousness. You know a stream? Stream describes
+
+609
+00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,100
+when water moving in a canal, like a river, a
+
+610
+00:37:51,100 --> 00:37:56,240
+stream. Consciousness is the ideas in your mind.
+
+611
+00:37:56,340 --> 00:38:01,460
+He doesn't only tell us the ideas. He gets inside
+
+612
+00:38:01,460 --> 00:38:07,620
+the mind of the character. He follows important
+
+613
+00:38:07,620 --> 00:38:10,860
+definition. The first one ever, the first author
+
+614
+00:38:10,860 --> 00:38:14,120
+ever to use this technique in narration is
+
+615
+00:38:14,120 --> 00:38:19,450
+Lawrence Stern in his novel It's called stream of
+
+616
+00:38:19,450 --> 00:38:21,970
+consciousness. Stream of consciousness follows the
+
+617
+00:38:21,970 --> 00:38:26,250
+thoughts, the ideas. of the characters as they
+
+618
+00:38:26,250 --> 00:38:29,730
+come, as they shape, as they form in their minds.
+
+619
+00:38:29,910 --> 00:38:33,470
+For example, when you tell me a story, or you tell
+
+620
+00:38:33,470 --> 00:38:36,050
+me what happened to you, why you're late. If I ask
+
+621
+00:38:36,050 --> 00:38:39,170
+you, why are you late? You say, I overslept. I was
+
+622
+00:38:39,170 --> 00:38:42,830
+preparing a presentation. And then my mom tried to
+
+623
+00:38:42,830 --> 00:38:46,330
+wake me up. I couldn't. I was tired. And I had to
+
+624
+00:38:46,330 --> 00:38:49,390
+have my breakfast. And I took a taxi. The taxi was
+
+625
+00:38:49,390 --> 00:38:52,350
+slow and et cetera. You tell me the story, the
+
+626
+00:38:52,350 --> 00:38:56,080
+ideas you think. represent you better, represent
+
+627
+00:38:56,080 --> 00:39:03,000
+you well. But what happens in our minds? It's a
+
+628
+00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:08,080
+lot. It's not something different. It's a lot. If
+
+629
+00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:11,760
+I get inside your mind or you get inside my mind
+
+630
+00:39:11,760 --> 00:39:15,040
+or you get inside anybody's mind there are all
+
+631
+00:39:15,040 --> 00:39:19,280
+sorts of crazy ideas there especially like when
+
+632
+00:39:19,280 --> 00:39:22,020
+you wake up when when we wake up when you tell a
+
+633
+00:39:22,020 --> 00:39:25,140
+story about yourself say oh this morning I my mom
+
+634
+00:39:25,140 --> 00:39:30,200
+awakened me and she prepared me she had already
+
+635
+00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:32,120
+prepared my favorite
+
+636
+00:39:34,890 --> 00:39:39,250
+Breakfast, pancake, boiled eggs, cup of tea or
+
+637
+00:39:39,250 --> 00:39:42,590
+something. That's the story. But in reality, when
+
+638
+00:39:42,590 --> 00:39:44,810
+we wake up every day in the morning, we have so
+
+639
+00:39:44,810 --> 00:39:49,130
+many things to think about. Another day, I have to
+
+640
+00:39:49,130 --> 00:39:53,190
+go to school. I have to go to my classes. I have
+
+641
+00:39:53,190 --> 00:39:56,870
+to read to prepare. Oh, my mom is shouting. Oh,
+
+642
+00:39:56,990 --> 00:40:00,570
+mom, stop shouting. It's going to be eggs and
+
+643
+00:40:00,570 --> 00:40:06,270
+pancake, eggs and olive oil and cheese every day,
+
+644
+00:40:06,370 --> 00:40:09,370
+like every day. I wish I can change. I wish I can
+
+645
+00:40:09,370 --> 00:40:11,810
+stay in bed for long. I have all these ideas. I
+
+646
+00:40:11,810 --> 00:40:14,130
+don't want to go out. But I have to go out. This
+
+647
+00:40:14,130 --> 00:40:17,070
+is a dream of consciousness and even more. That's
+
+648
+00:40:17,070 --> 00:40:20,110
+why in Robinson Crusoe, I said this about Robinson
+
+649
+00:40:20,110 --> 00:40:24,890
+Crusoe, it covers about 35 years in the life of
+
+650
+00:40:24,890 --> 00:40:30,610
+Robinson Crusoe in 400 pages. So 400 pages, 35
+
+651
+00:40:30,610 --> 00:40:33,950
+years. In the 20th century, there is a novel
+
+652
+00:40:33,950 --> 00:40:39,910
+called Ulysses. Ulysses by James Joyce. Ulysses.
+
+653
+00:40:44,980 --> 00:40:50,100
+Ulysses is about 1,000 words. K means thousand.
+
+654
+00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:59,800
+Sorry, 1,000 pages. 1,000 pages. How long do you
+
+655
+00:40:59,800 --> 00:41:03,860
+think does the story tell us about the life of the
+
+656
+00:41:03,860 --> 00:41:07,040
+main character? How many years? How many months?
+
+657
+00:41:07,140 --> 00:41:16,500
+How many? If 400 pages, 35. 35. So how long do you
+
+658
+00:41:16,500 --> 00:41:20,820
+expect? How many years? 100. 100 years. Maybe
+
+659
+00:41:20,820 --> 00:41:24,920
+before he was born. Maybe before he was born. So
+
+660
+00:41:24,920 --> 00:41:28,280
+yeah, a thousand pages is going to tell us a lot
+
+661
+00:41:28,280 --> 00:41:33,240
+of details. Maybe about how his grandparents met
+
+662
+00:41:33,240 --> 00:41:36,840
+and what came of him and how his parents were born
+
+663
+00:41:36,840 --> 00:41:40,100
+and everything. But because in Ulysses, the author
+
+664
+00:41:40,100 --> 00:41:44,240
+takes The stream of consciousness technique of
+
+665
+00:41:44,240 --> 00:41:48,280
+narration taken from Tristram Shandy, it covers
+
+666
+00:41:48,280 --> 00:41:53,080
+only, can you guess? Say again? One day? Can you
+
+667
+00:41:53,080 --> 00:41:57,140
+guess? One week? You will be surprised.
+
+668
+00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,500
+Eighteen hours only.
+
+669
+00:42:04,870 --> 00:42:07,610
+How many pages can you write about your day when
+
+670
+00:42:07,610 --> 00:42:09,570
+you go back home today? How many pages can you
+
+671
+00:42:09,570 --> 00:42:11,770
+write at the end of the day? A couple of pages,
+
+672
+00:42:12,190 --> 00:42:16,470
+three pages, five pages. But if you get every
+
+673
+00:42:16,470 --> 00:42:19,870
+single little tiny idea that comes, that crosses
+
+674
+00:42:19,870 --> 00:42:22,590
+your mind about everything you notice. When you're
+
+675
+00:42:22,590 --> 00:42:25,590
+walking, we judge people. We think of stuff. We
+
+676
+00:42:25,590 --> 00:42:28,690
+decide. We always have a conflict between things.
+
+677
+00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,890
+So 1,000 pages, 18 hours. How can you do it?
+
+678
+00:42:33,970 --> 00:42:38,230
+Stream of consciousness. The narrator is inside
+
+679
+00:42:38,230 --> 00:42:41,790
+the mind, his own mind, her own mind, or the mind
+
+680
+00:42:41,790 --> 00:42:45,090
+of a particular character. And doesn't reveal
+
+681
+00:42:45,090 --> 00:42:49,990
+ideas. Reveals ideas even before they become ideas
+
+682
+00:42:49,990 --> 00:42:53,530
+and all sorts of ideas. So if you tell me, I went
+
+683
+00:42:53,530 --> 00:42:56,010
+to the cafeteria and I had a falafel sandwich.
+
+684
+00:42:56,810 --> 00:43:00,440
+That's the idea. But before that, it was like, am
+
+685
+00:43:00,440 --> 00:43:03,600
+I hungry? I think I'm hungry. I think, yeah, I
+
+686
+00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,600
+think I'm hungry. I should eat something before I
+
+687
+00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,700
+rush to class, or else I'll sleep or something.
+
+688
+00:43:11,260 --> 00:43:13,320
+Oh, I hate going to the cafeteria. It's crowded.
+
+689
+00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,660
+It's close. I hate everything there. I hate the
+
+690
+00:43:16,660 --> 00:43:20,040
+smell of food. Maybe I should go and grab some
+
+691
+00:43:20,040 --> 00:43:24,660
+pizza or cheesecake or ice cream or grab something
+
+692
+00:43:24,660 --> 00:43:29,950
+to drink or, oh, But I hate it. I don't want to
+
+693
+00:43:29,950 --> 00:43:31,910
+drink coffee. I hate coffee. Maybe something cold.
+
+694
+00:43:32,730 --> 00:43:35,390
+No, no, I think I am too hungry to drink
+
+695
+00:43:35,390 --> 00:43:37,050
+something. I think I'll eat something. It could be
+
+696
+00:43:37,050 --> 00:43:42,170
+falafel or maybe not. And then you go, you decide,
+
+697
+00:43:42,270 --> 00:43:46,220
+you eat something. So this is the idea before it
+
+698
+00:43:46,220 --> 00:43:49,900
+becomes an idea. Before it, you have so many ideas
+
+699
+00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:52,400
+and you... this is stream of consciousness. Isn't
+
+700
+00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:55,700
+this so stressful to write about? When I come back
+
+701
+00:43:55,700 --> 00:43:59,000
+home and I start thinking, I remember every single
+
+702
+00:43:59,000 --> 00:44:03,560
+thing I did? Of course. Listen, writing about
+
+703
+00:44:03,560 --> 00:44:08,210
+yourself could be stressful. But at the same time,
+
+704
+00:44:08,310 --> 00:44:12,050
+it could be releasing. You know, you release the
+
+705
+00:44:12,050 --> 00:44:17,230
+tension, the negativity, like you heal sometimes.
+
+706
+00:44:17,610 --> 00:44:20,410
+Sometimes you can't. That's why sometimes we need
+
+707
+00:44:20,410 --> 00:44:22,890
+people to talk to. If you're sad, you're angry,
+
+708
+00:44:22,990 --> 00:44:25,470
+you go to talk to your mom, your dad, your friend.
+
+709
+00:44:26,370 --> 00:44:28,530
+You call her, you chat with her. Are you online?
+
+710
+00:44:28,670 --> 00:44:31,910
+Let's chat. I am not feeling well. I had this
+
+711
+00:44:31,910 --> 00:44:34,990
+thing today with a teacher with one of my friends.
+
+712
+00:44:35,250 --> 00:44:38,760
+I'm not feeling good about it. And then when you
+
+713
+00:44:38,760 --> 00:44:41,880
+start talking, you heal. You release some of the
+
+714
+00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,100
+tension and the anger inside. But yeah, it is very
+
+715
+00:44:44,100 --> 00:44:48,220
+stressful. This one was very successful. And this
+
+716
+00:44:48,220 --> 00:44:50,600
+one is also very successful book. It's not easy to
+
+717
+00:44:50,600 --> 00:44:52,600
+read. But when you read it, it's very challenging.
+
+718
+00:44:53,580 --> 00:44:56,160
+Very challenging. Something really interesting.
+
+719
+00:44:56,680 --> 00:45:00,940
+I'll try to conclude here very quickly. So in a
+
+720
+00:45:00,940 --> 00:45:04,200
+novel, we have the characters. The character could
+
+721
+00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:10,490
+be The protagonist or antagonist? Flat or round?
+
+722
+00:45:10,590 --> 00:45:12,490
+Flat, someone who doesn't change. Round, someone
+
+723
+00:45:12,490 --> 00:45:15,550
+who changes. Complex. The theme, what is it about?
+
+724
+00:45:15,690 --> 00:45:19,350
+The plot. The classical plot is A, B, C.
+
+725
+00:45:19,490 --> 00:45:22,310
+Beginning, middle, and ending. But not Tristram
+
+726
+00:45:22,310 --> 00:45:24,810
+Shandy. He doesn't follow this. The point of view.
+
+727
+00:45:25,110 --> 00:45:28,510
+First person narrator, he, she, they. First person
+
+728
+00:45:28,510 --> 00:45:31,430
+narrator, I, and then the setting, the time, and
+
+729
+00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:33,530
+the place, and the age, and then the conflict. The
+
+730
+00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:36,690
+conflict could be between people, ages, or inside
+
+731
+00:45:36,690 --> 00:45:41,150
+your mind. Internal or? External. And finally,
+
+732
+00:45:41,590 --> 00:45:45,650
+that's the novel here. Many shapes, many forms.
+
+733
+00:45:46,170 --> 00:45:49,190
+When we speak about the ways we have the first
+
+734
+00:45:49,190 --> 00:45:51,910
+person journalistic point of view, the letters,
+
+735
+00:45:52,250 --> 00:45:55,170
+the episodes, the epistolary, the third person,
+
+736
+00:45:55,350 --> 00:45:58,170
+the all-knowing, a narrator, a stream of
+
+737
+00:45:58,170 --> 00:46:01,010
+consciousness. And we have a novel that can be
+
+738
+00:46:01,010 --> 00:46:04,780
+described as social novel. Psychological novel?
+
+739
+00:46:05,220 --> 00:46:08,540
+Philosophical novel? Romantic novel? Comic novel?
+
+740
+00:46:08,720 --> 00:46:12,020
+Satirical novel? Or even political novel? My last
+
+741
+00:46:12,020 --> 00:46:16,320
+point, can a story, can a novel include more?
+
+742
+00:46:16,820 --> 00:46:21,240
+Could it be socio-political? Yeah, it could be two
+
+743
+00:46:21,240 --> 00:46:24,580
+things. Can the same novel have two different
+
+744
+00:46:24,580 --> 00:46:26,100
+techniques of narrating?
+
+745
+00:46:28,860 --> 00:46:31,000
+First person, thank you. Or sometimes it could
+
+746
+00:46:31,000 --> 00:46:33,880
+change and move. It could be first person or third
+
+747
+00:46:33,880 --> 00:46:37,920
+person and also letters. Yes. Okay, especially in
+
+748
+00:46:37,920 --> 00:46:40,560
+the 20th century, the first real experimental
+
+749
+00:46:40,560 --> 00:46:46,280
+modernist novelist to break these barriers and
+
+750
+00:46:46,280 --> 00:46:46,600
+rules.
+
+751
+00:46:50,520 --> 00:46:53,540
+Lawrence Stern of Tristram Channel. Thank you very
+
+752
+00:46:53,540 --> 00:46:57,540
+much. I'll stop here. Do stay if you have any
+
+753
+00:46:57,540 --> 00:46:58,960
+question everyone.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f11d731fdbdedcf652d52bb924266868e114c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2636 @@
+1
+00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:23,420
+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh and
+
+2
+00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:27,120
+hello again everyone. So again we continue
+
+3
+00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,180
+Shakespeare today, class number four. We'll talk
+
+4
+00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,620
+more about Shakespeare's comedies, Shakespeare's
+
+5
+00:00:33,620 --> 00:00:37,280
+last plays and then we'll probably have some time
+
+6
+00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,650
+to speak about the sonnet. Last time, we had a
+
+7
+00:00:40,650 --> 00:00:43,990
+discussion about new themes that English
+
+8
+00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:47,390
+literature in the Renaissance was acquiring, was
+
+9
+00:00:47,390 --> 00:00:49,470
+discussing and tackling. And Shakespeare was one
+
+10
+00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,670
+of the early writers to discuss themes that are,
+
+11
+00:00:55,110 --> 00:00:58,090
+even today, important and significant. We've seen,
+
+12
+00:00:58,150 --> 00:01:02,230
+for example, Othello. We've seen Shylock. We said
+
+13
+00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:06,570
+these two characters are considered outsiders in a
+
+14
+00:01:06,570 --> 00:01:11,350
+sense. Othello was the black man from Africa. And
+
+15
+00:01:11,350 --> 00:01:14,450
+Shylock was the Jewish man from I don't know
+
+16
+00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:18,550
+where. Shylock is a Jew. He's Jewish. And he's
+
+17
+00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:23,170
+treated badly only mainly actually because of his
+
+18
+00:01:23,170 --> 00:01:28,250
+religion, not because of anything else. Othello is
+
+19
+00:01:28,250 --> 00:01:31,570
+hated because he's black because of his color.
+
+20
+00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:34,970
+These are issues and themes that Shakespeare is
+
+21
+00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:37,030
+raising. Some people accuse Shakespeare of being a
+
+22
+00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:40,480
+racist. Anti-feminism. You know racist if you hate
+
+23
+00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,560
+somebody because of his color origin, because he
+
+24
+00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:49,400
+or she is African or black or Asian or Chinese or
+
+25
+00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:54,190
+whatever. This is racism. It's horrible. Racism is
+
+26
+00:01:54,190 --> 00:01:57,450
+the worst thing you could ever have. And I'm sure
+
+27
+00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:01,470
+you're going to learn from literature not to be
+
+28
+00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:04,910
+racist. Now, if you hate Jews because they are
+
+29
+00:02:04,910 --> 00:02:08,770
+Jews, this is called anti-Semitism. Shakespeare is
+
+30
+00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:11,470
+accused sometimes by some people of being anti
+
+31
+00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:15,040
+-Semitic. because of the way, the horrible way
+
+32
+00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,380
+Shylock is depicted in the play, and because of
+
+33
+00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:23,060
+how horribly Shylock is treated in The Merchant of
+
+34
+00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:26,020
+Venice. But many critics defend Shakespeare. They
+
+35
+00:02:26,020 --> 00:02:27,720
+say, no, no, no, no. Shakespeare is not doing
+
+36
+00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,000
+this. because he's raising these questions. He's
+
+37
+00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,260
+bringing these questions up in the open so that
+
+38
+00:02:35,260 --> 00:02:38,620
+people can have discussions and debates and ask
+
+39
+00:02:38,620 --> 00:02:43,100
+questions and hopefully find the correct answers.
+
+40
+00:02:43,820 --> 00:02:47,080
+The same thing about, again, going back to
+
+41
+00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,420
+Othello. Othello was horribly treated, mainly. We
+
+42
+00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,400
+see Yag, one of the scariest characters in
+
+43
+00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:56,280
+Shakespeare, insult Othello only because he is
+
+44
+00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,450
+black. He calls him the Black Moor. He calls him
+
+45
+00:02:59,450 --> 00:03:03,430
+an animal. He hates the fact that he married the
+
+46
+00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:09,490
+most beautiful woman in Venice. And eventually, he
+
+47
+00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:15,090
+makes Othello kill his wife, this demon. Can you
+
+48
+00:03:15,090 --> 00:03:18,730
+imagine how hateful, how wicked someone has to be
+
+49
+00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:22,630
+to make someone kill his wife or someone kill her
+
+50
+00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:27,310
+husband? This is Iago. But interesting thing about
+
+51
+00:03:27,310 --> 00:03:30,670
+Iago, in Shakespeare, remember in Hamlet, he has
+
+52
+00:03:30,670 --> 00:03:33,230
+seven soliloquies, major soliloquies, and we love
+
+53
+00:03:33,230 --> 00:03:36,010
+him for that. We identify with him. We feel sorry
+
+54
+00:03:36,010 --> 00:03:39,330
+for Hamlet. We share his concern, his feelings,
+
+55
+00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:44,390
+his feelings of fear, of love, of hope, of even
+
+56
+00:03:44,390 --> 00:03:48,530
+hesitation, right? Because of the soliloquies. He
+
+57
+00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:51,570
+comes closer to us. He communicates with us. Now
+
+58
+00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:55,380
+in Othello, Iago does more soliloquies in a way or
+
+59
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:58,240
+another than Othello. So the question is here,
+
+60
+00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:01,120
+what is Shakespeare doing? Now, some critics
+
+61
+00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:06,420
+believe that at that time in the Elizabethan age,
+
+62
+00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:10,900
+some of the audience might have considered Iago as
+
+63
+00:04:10,900 --> 00:04:14,750
+the hero. as the protagonist, the main character,
+
+64
+00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:18,910
+because in a way he was protecting the European
+
+65
+00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:22,450
+white society from infiltration by black people,
+
+66
+00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:25,930
+by intruders, by foreigners, by outsiders, in a
+
+67
+00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:30,110
+way. This is of course racist, supremacist, which
+
+68
+00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:33,930
+is wrong. But now, because life has changed and
+
+69
+00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,130
+people have changed in so many ways, this is
+
+70
+00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:39,170
+considered totally, totally wrong. The same thing
+
+71
+00:04:39,170 --> 00:04:41,870
+applies to Shylock, The Mansion of Venice. This
+
+72
+00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:43,990
+play has been considered as a comedy for a long
+
+73
+00:04:43,990 --> 00:04:47,990
+time. Why? Because nobody dies, right? And because
+
+74
+00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:52,450
+it ends happily. But who's happy at the end? The
+
+75
+00:04:52,450 --> 00:04:57,600
+white Christian people. Bassanio, Portia, and
+
+76
+00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,600
+maybe Antonio's a little bit heavy. But Shylock,
+
+77
+00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,200
+he loses his daughter. He loses most of his money.
+
+78
+00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:08,820
+He loses his religion. He's forced to convert to
+
+79
+00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:12,080
+Christianity. And he loses his dignity and his
+
+80
+00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,420
+chance to take revenge. We're not talking about
+
+81
+00:05:16,420 --> 00:05:19,640
+revenge as a good thing here, At least, remember,
+
+82
+00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,620
+he was saying like, I am like you. It's not about
+
+83
+00:05:22,620 --> 00:05:25,520
+revenge. It's about the shared humanity. If you
+
+84
+00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,720
+wrong me, if you wrong me, I should, if I wrong
+
+85
+00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,900
+you, you take revenge. If I wrong you, okay, so
+
+86
+00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:37,080
+it's like people would say, no, I wrong you. We've
+
+87
+00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:42,470
+seen Antonio wrong him so many times. But only
+
+88
+00:05:42,470 --> 00:05:45,870
+Shylock, the intruder, the stranger, is not
+
+89
+00:05:45,870 --> 00:05:48,010
+allowed to take revenge. So it's not about
+
+90
+00:05:48,010 --> 00:05:50,750
+revenge, it's about equality. He's saying, I'm a
+
+91
+00:05:50,750 --> 00:05:54,270
+human being like you. If you prick us, don't we
+
+92
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:58,190
+bleed? If you tickle us, don't we laugh? If you
+
+93
+00:05:58,190 --> 00:06:02,530
+poison us, don't we die? We are the same, so why
+
+94
+00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:08,570
+not? And in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare is
+
+95
+00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:10,870
+also doing something brilliant, amazing about
+
+96
+00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:16,190
+women. Again, Shakespeare composed his plays to be
+
+97
+00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:20,650
+performed on the stage rather than published and
+
+98
+00:06:20,650 --> 00:06:24,710
+read. Now, women at that time were not allowed,
+
+99
+00:06:25,170 --> 00:06:27,530
+women, important point, were not allowed to
+
+100
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:29,750
+perform on the stage. But we have women
+
+101
+00:06:29,750 --> 00:06:32,170
+characters. So who would be playing these
+
+102
+00:06:32,170 --> 00:06:35,690
+characters? Young men, beardless young men with
+
+103
+00:06:35,690 --> 00:06:37,270
+soft voices.
+
+104
+00:06:39,870 --> 00:06:43,850
+So interesting. Now, Portia, we know Portia is a
+
+105
+00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:47,970
+man. But we suspend our disbelief. Portia is a man
+
+106
+00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:51,650
+playing the role of a woman. And now Portia, what
+
+107
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,910
+does she do in the play? She disguises as a man.
+
+108
+00:06:56,870 --> 00:07:00,850
+So a man, a woman, a man. and not an ordinary man,
+
+109
+00:07:01,030 --> 00:07:03,570
+a lawyer, intellectual, a thinker. At that time,
+
+110
+00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:06,070
+women were not allowed to be lawyers because they
+
+111
+00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:08,190
+were thought to be less intellectual, less
+
+112
+00:07:08,190 --> 00:07:10,670
+intelligent than men. But Shakespeare here defies
+
+113
+00:07:10,670 --> 00:07:16,810
+this custom, this idea. He shows that women are as
+
+114
+00:07:16,810 --> 00:07:19,790
+intellectual, if not more intellectual as men are.
+
+115
+00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:22,430
+But somewhere else, Shakespeare is accused of
+
+116
+00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:25,690
+being anti-feminist. OK, don't forget this word
+
+117
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:30,150
+feminine. You know feminine? Feminine? Feminist is
+
+118
+00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:33,390
+an activist, a person, usually a woman, who calls
+
+119
+00:07:33,390 --> 00:07:36,570
+for the equal rights of women, that women must
+
+120
+00:07:36,570 --> 00:07:39,570
+have their rights as men. Feminism is the norm.
+
+121
+00:07:39,890 --> 00:07:44,760
+Now, anti-feminist Anti-feminist, someone who
+
+122
+00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,540
+doesn't like women, someone who thinks women,
+
+123
+00:07:47,780 --> 00:07:50,040
+probably likes women, but thinks that women are
+
+124
+00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,080
+not equal, that they should stay at home, there
+
+125
+00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,500
+should be this, there was a common thing in the
+
+126
+00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:59,900
+past, which is very wrong now, that women should
+
+127
+00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:03,800
+be barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. Now
+
+128
+00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,340
+Shakespeare is proving them wrong. He's saying,
+
+129
+00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:11,020
+okay, Now, what did she do, Portia? She tricked
+
+130
+00:08:11,020 --> 00:08:14,200
+everyone. She managed to beat the unbeatable
+
+131
+00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:17,140
+Shylock. Shylock is cunning in so many ways. When
+
+132
+00:08:17,140 --> 00:08:19,600
+he says, oh, a pound of flesh just for Mary's
+
+133
+00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:24,400
+port. And now I want my pound of flesh. But what
+
+134
+00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,960
+the hell are you going to do with a pound of
+
+135
+00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:28,300
+flesh, Shylock? This is not meat. You don't eat
+
+136
+00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:31,660
+flesh. And he says, I will bait with it. I will
+
+137
+00:08:31,660 --> 00:08:34,420
+feed it to the fish. If it doesn't feed anything,
+
+138
+00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,260
+it will feed my revenge. Not for revenge,
+
+139
+00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,560
+probably, but for equality. Now, she beats him
+
+140
+00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:45,640
+because she says, there should be no one drop of
+
+141
+00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,780
+blood. If you take more blood, then you are trying
+
+142
+00:08:48,780 --> 00:08:52,340
+to kill someone in Venice. And if you do that, you
+
+143
+00:08:52,340 --> 00:08:58,260
+will have to be punished. So why does she beat
+
+144
+00:08:58,260 --> 00:09:03,750
+Shylock? Only because she changes hair. clothes,
+
+145
+00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:08,710
+and puts a fake mustache and a fake beard. So
+
+146
+00:09:08,710 --> 00:09:10,830
+Shakespeare is saying, this distinction between
+
+147
+00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:15,310
+men and women in intellect is fake. It's a matter
+
+148
+00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:18,090
+of, you know, it's a funny thing, because it's not
+
+149
+00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:23,510
+true. It's not true. So we have these important
+
+150
+00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:27,100
+issues. Shakespeare discussing them. 400 years
+
+151
+00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:30,760
+ago. This is how timeless, how brilliant, how
+
+152
+00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,540
+smart, how intelligent Shakespeare is. How
+
+153
+00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,700
+relevant he is even today. Everywhere Shakespeare
+
+154
+00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:41,120
+is universal and timeless. Not because of his
+
+155
+00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,060
+stories. Because I told you this maybe. The
+
+156
+00:09:44,060 --> 00:09:46,380
+stories in Shakespeare are mainly not his stories.
+
+157
+00:09:47,370 --> 00:09:50,250
+But because of the language, because of the plot,
+
+158
+00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:54,010
+because of the events, the scenes and the acts,
+
+159
+00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:57,410
+because of the ideas that address us even today.
+
+160
+00:09:57,730 --> 00:10:00,150
+We discussed Hamlet and we said there is some of
+
+161
+00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:04,900
+us in Hamlet and there is something from Hamlet I
+
+162
+00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:07,480
+have never, every time I teach to be or not to be,
+
+163
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:09,680
+like every one of the students, like to be or not
+
+164
+00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:11,380
+to be, that is a question. Because at one
+
+165
+00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:15,060
+particular point or more in our lives, we have
+
+166
+00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,000
+this crisis of identity, who we are, and then to
+
+167
+00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,860
+be or not to be, that is the question. Whether it
+
+168
+00:10:22,860 --> 00:10:27,280
+is noble in the mind to suffer the arrows and
+
+169
+00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:33,720
+slings of outrageous time. Or carry arms against a
+
+170
+00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:35,820
+sea of trouble, as Palestinians were suffering
+
+171
+00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:38,320
+because of the Israeli occupation, because of the
+
+172
+00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,280
+siege, because of the internal division. It's not
+
+173
+00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:46,340
+easy for individuals to fight this huge fight. So
+
+174
+00:10:46,340 --> 00:10:49,680
+we ask ourselves, should we live in submission, in
+
+175
+00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:55,160
+fear, in humiliation? and die thus, or should we
+
+176
+00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:58,560
+carry arms against a sea of trouble? Notice the
+
+177
+00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:01,100
+beautiful language, the metaphor. A sea of, not
+
+178
+00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:06,500
+only a sea, but a sea of? A sea of trouble, and by
+
+179
+00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:14,880
+opposing in them. To die, to flee. Now, I asked a
+
+180
+00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,820
+question in the assignment I'll be showing you
+
+181
+00:11:16,820 --> 00:11:20,580
+probably today. As a Palestinian, would you
+
+182
+00:11:20,580 --> 00:11:26,120
+sympathize more with Shylock, the guy from Africa,
+
+183
+00:11:26,780 --> 00:11:30,840
+probably originally an Arab, or with Shylock the
+
+184
+00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:35,880
+Jew? Remember, this is not about politics. It's
+
+185
+00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:39,750
+about humanity. How do you feel when you read
+
+186
+00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:45,330
+Shylock? Do we share
+
+187
+00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:49,930
+common fears, concerns, issues, ideas with
+
+188
+00:11:49,930 --> 00:11:54,870
+Shylock? Would you identify with Shylock? Please,
+
+189
+00:11:55,390 --> 00:12:00,850
+okay, go on. I think people see us as Palestinians
+
+190
+00:12:00,850 --> 00:12:05,710
+who are not very,
+
+191
+00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:10,800
+how can I say it, They think that we're injustice
+
+192
+00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,940
+and they think that we kill people and they see us
+
+193
+00:12:14,940 --> 00:12:18,760
+in a different way. Also the religion, they see us
+
+194
+00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:22,940
+as Muslims that girls if I go to America they
+
+195
+00:12:22,940 --> 00:12:28,380
+might say stuff about my hijab. I see myself as
+
+196
+00:12:28,380 --> 00:12:30,940
+Shia. So you're mistreated because of your
+
+197
+00:12:30,940 --> 00:12:34,220
+religion, because of how you look. Is that good?
+
+198
+00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,640
+That makes us victims now. Muslims all over the
+
+199
+00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,580
+world are accused of being terrorists. Which is
+
+200
+00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:45,380
+totally wrong. That's why there's Islamophobia.
+
+201
+00:12:45,540 --> 00:12:47,380
+People who hate Muslims just for being a Muslim.
+
+202
+00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:49,820
+So what's your religion or something? I'm a
+
+203
+00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:53,500
+Muslim. Somebody sees your hijab and then, oh, are
+
+204
+00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:55,780
+you a terrorist? This is racism. This is
+
+205
+00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:59,440
+Islamophobia. So in a way or another, we are
+
+206
+00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,120
+victims exactly as Shylock. Shylock is a victim.
+
+207
+00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:06,920
+In my opinion, Shylock now is more Palestinian
+
+208
+00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,500
+than Israeli. We share more with Shylock than many
+
+209
+00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:15,540
+Israeli occupiers do. And think about this and
+
+210
+00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,560
+probably see what you have to say here. Before I
+
+211
+00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:24,080
+move to Shakespeare's late plays, probably we have
+
+212
+00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:29,300
+two students here to recite. Shylock, go on.
+
+213
+00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:41,050
+Go on, please. Raise your voice, please. He has
+
+214
+00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:45,470
+disgusted me and handed me half a million dollars
+
+215
+00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:49,030
+at my closest market at my against, scorned my
+
+216
+00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:52,550
+nation, thwarted my burdens, called my friends,
+
+217
+00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:59,910
+hated my enemies. And what is his reasons? I'm a
+
+218
+00:13:59,910 --> 00:14:04,290
+Jew. He had not a Jew eyes. He had not a Jew
+
+219
+00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:08,590
+hands. organs, dementia, senses, affections that
+
+220
+00:14:08,590 --> 00:14:12,190
+phase him, filled with the same food, held with
+
+221
+00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:15,530
+the same weapons, subject to the same diseases,
+
+222
+00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:19,910
+hurted by the same means, warmed and colded by the
+
+223
+00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:22,650
+same winter and summer. As a Christian, if you
+
+224
+00:14:22,650 --> 00:14:28,710
+punk us, do we not bleed? If you tackle us, do we
+
+225
+00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:33,790
+not love? If we poison us, do we not die? And if
+
+226
+00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:38,530
+you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like
+
+227
+00:14:38,530 --> 00:14:42,790
+you and the rest, we will resemble you in that. If
+
+228
+00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:47,310
+a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility
+
+229
+00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,410
+revenge? Revenge. Revenge. If a Christian wrong a
+
+230
+00:14:52,410 --> 00:14:56,530
+Jew, what should his suffers by the Christian
+
+231
+00:14:56,530 --> 00:15:02,930
+example? Why revenge? Why? Revenge. The villain
+
+232
+00:15:02,930 --> 00:15:07,890
+you teach me, I will execute and it shall go hard
+
+233
+00:15:07,890 --> 00:15:12,390
+by, but I will better the instruction. Very good.
+
+234
+00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:17,290
+So the villain, the villain you teach me, I will
+
+235
+00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:19,710
+execute, but I will better the instruction.
+
+236
+00:15:21,180 --> 00:15:24,880
+Interesting. I have one of my students previously
+
+237
+00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,320
+changing this into a Palestinian context and
+
+238
+00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:32,320
+saying that, yeah, have not a Palestinian eyes,
+
+239
+00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:35,320
+have not a Palestinian organs, dimensions, senses,
+
+240
+00:15:35,460 --> 00:15:37,900
+affections. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If
+
+241
+00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,400
+you prick us, do we not bleed? If you poison us,
+
+242
+00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,720
+do we not die as a Christian, as a Jew? Yes, next.
+
+243
+00:15:51,210 --> 00:15:52,250
+On your mobile, okay.
+
+244
+00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:57,990
+He had disgraced me and hindered me half a
+
+245
+00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,230
+million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains,
+
+246
+00:16:01,410 --> 00:16:04,450
+scorned my nation, tortured my burghers, called my
+
+247
+00:16:04,450 --> 00:16:07,670
+friends, hated my enemies. And what's his reason?
+
+248
+00:16:08,030 --> 00:16:10,990
+What's his reason? I'm a Palestinian. Had not a
+
+249
+00:16:10,990 --> 00:16:14,070
+Palestinian eyes, had not a Palestinian hands,
+
+250
+00:16:14,250 --> 00:16:17,050
+organs and menses since his affection and passion?
+
+251
+00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:20,140
+Feed with the same food, hurt with the same
+
+252
+00:16:20,140 --> 00:16:24,020
+weapons, subject to the same disease, healed by
+
+253
+00:16:24,020 --> 00:16:26,940
+the same means, warm and cool by the same winter
+
+254
+00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:30,460
+and summer as the Jews. If you pick us, do we not
+
+255
+00:16:30,460 --> 00:16:34,640
+bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you
+
+256
+00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:37,800
+poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
+
+257
+00:16:37,940 --> 00:16:40,980
+shall we not revenge? If we like you in the wrist,
+
+258
+00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:43,680
+we will resemble you in that. If a Palestinian
+
+259
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,520
+wronged a Jew, what is his humanity? Revenge. If a
+
+260
+00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,340
+Jew wrong a Palestinian, what should his
+
+261
+00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:53,700
+sovereignness be by Jew example? Why? Revenge. The
+
+262
+00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,940
+villainy you teach me I execute, and it shall go
+
+263
+00:16:56,940 --> 00:16:59,780
+high, but I will the instruction. I will better
+
+264
+00:16:59,780 --> 00:17:04,320
+the instruction. But one thing I need to correct
+
+265
+00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:09,100
+here. One thing I need to correct here. Like, it's
+
+266
+00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,320
+interesting how you, I said it before, but you've
+
+267
+00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,560
+already done this. Very smart of you. But
+
+268
+00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,400
+remember, As Palestinians, we have a problem with
+
+269
+00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,500
+the Israeli occupations, with the Israelis. Not
+
+270
+00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,740
+the Jews. So I would use Zionist instead of Jew
+
+271
+00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:28,220
+here because we have nothing against Jews because
+
+272
+00:17:28,220 --> 00:17:32,740
+they are Jews. The occupiers happen to be Jews in
+
+273
+00:17:32,740 --> 00:17:34,460
+a way. Some of them are not Jews, by the way, and
+
+274
+00:17:34,460 --> 00:17:36,820
+we still resist them in the same way. Even if
+
+275
+00:17:36,820 --> 00:17:40,520
+Arabs occupy Palestine, Muslims. we have the right
+
+276
+00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:46,060
+to resist and fight back. One more, okay? Same or
+
+277
+00:17:46,060 --> 00:17:50,500
+all the way to the stage? Okay. The one from the
+
+278
+00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:56,700
+book. Please. Have not a Jew eyes, have not a Jew
+
+279
+00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,620
+hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections,
+
+280
+00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,800
+passion, fed with the same food, hurt with the
+
+281
+00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,500
+same weapons, subject to the same diseases, Healed
+
+282
+00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:14,020
+by the same means. Warmed and cooled by the same
+
+283
+00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:19,360
+winter and summer. As the question is, if you pick
+
+284
+00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,860
+us, do we not bleed? Thank you very much. Now,
+
+285
+00:18:25,380 --> 00:18:31,380
+last time I said, oh, you notice that this text is
+
+286
+00:18:31,380 --> 00:18:33,500
+written differently. And we said this is prose.
+
+287
+00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,940
+Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse, in
+
+288
+00:18:36,940 --> 00:18:40,750
+poetry. But sometimes there are minor characters,
+
+289
+00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:43,810
+the messenger, an ignorant person, uneducated
+
+290
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:46,910
+person, a villain, someone not in his right mind.
+
+291
+00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:51,350
+So usually good people or main characters use
+
+292
+00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:53,990
+poetry. But sometimes bad characters, minor
+
+293
+00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:57,390
+characters use prose. But it's interesting how
+
+294
+00:18:57,390 --> 00:19:00,880
+Shakespeare gives Shylock prose. Some people think
+
+295
+00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:02,820
+because this is Shakespeare having something
+
+296
+00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:06,700
+against Shylock himself. Think of this. It's not
+
+297
+00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,760
+that crucial, but it's really interesting. We'll
+
+298
+00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,580
+continue with Shakespeare, like I said.
+
+299
+00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:25,790
+So we'll just wrap things up and then we go back
+
+300
+00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:29,310
+for the last play, The Tempest. Now remember again
+
+301
+00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,130
+in comedies we have again the world sometimes
+
+302
+00:19:32,130 --> 00:19:35,190
+turned upside down. Comedies end happily, nobody
+
+303
+00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,730
+dies. But it doesn't mean comedies are less
+
+304
+00:19:38,730 --> 00:19:41,210
+important, less significant than tragedies,
+
+305
+00:19:41,470 --> 00:19:43,710
+because the themes are also crucial themes of
+
+306
+00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:48,150
+identity, themes of love, jealousy, power, money,
+
+307
+00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:53,370
+etc. Okay, but sometimes even the comedies are in
+
+308
+00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:57,310
+a way, more important because they use fun to make
+
+309
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,110
+serious points, to make fun of the king or to make
+
+310
+00:20:00,110 --> 00:20:04,730
+fun of the monarchy in general. Even today, people
+
+311
+00:20:04,730 --> 00:20:07,590
+laugh at Shakespeare's jokes and funny situation
+
+312
+00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:09,770
+in his plays. And that's, again, how Shakespeare
+
+313
+00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:11,250
+is relevant.
+
+314
+00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,480
+Some of the jokes by the way and the practical
+
+315
+00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,900
+jokes cannot be seen unless we understand unless
+
+316
+00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:21,520
+we see them on the stage because we see the body
+
+317
+00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,320
+language and everything and also remember last
+
+318
+00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,600
+time we discussed something remember the word son
+
+319
+00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,100
+and son we said there's something called the pun
+
+320
+00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:35,300
+shakespeare plays on the word pun is play on words
+
+321
+00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,340
+when a word has two meanings or two words sound
+
+322
+00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,540
+the same So you think of it and like, there's a
+
+323
+00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:48,480
+joke, why is the river very rich? Why is the
+
+324
+00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,180
+river, you know the river, very rich? Because it
+
+325
+00:20:51,180 --> 00:20:52,260
+has two banks.
+
+326
+00:20:55,460 --> 00:21:06,050
+What does two banks mean? Yeah, and? Bank. So the
+
+327
+00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:08,990
+joke is that the word bank has two meanings, the
+
+328
+00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:13,570
+side of the river, West Bank, and a financial
+
+329
+00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:16,430
+institution where you have a lot of money. So in
+
+330
+00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,870
+English, many of the jokes depend on playing on
+
+331
+00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:22,410
+the words and words sounding the same. So
+
+332
+00:21:22,410 --> 00:21:25,310
+Shakespeare does this all the time. So pay
+
+333
+00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:29,010
+attention if the word means something else. Now in
+
+334
+00:21:29,010 --> 00:21:33,080
+Shakespeare's final plays, Some of his final plays
+
+335
+00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,740
+are really serious and dark, like Diamond of
+
+336
+00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:41,460
+Athens, in which there is this theme of hatred
+
+337
+00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:46,370
+towards a human being. Really serious. Some people
+
+338
+00:21:46,370 --> 00:21:48,530
+were like, Shakespeare is losing it. In a way,
+
+339
+00:21:48,570 --> 00:21:51,550
+Shakespeare is going to the darker stage. Because
+
+340
+00:21:51,550 --> 00:21:55,230
+this plain brief, it shows Taiman, who really
+
+341
+00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:57,930
+hates people for one reason. I'm not going to go
+
+342
+00:21:57,930 --> 00:22:00,770
+into details. But later on, he started to restore
+
+343
+00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:04,150
+hope. And remember, hope in Shakespeare is usually
+
+344
+00:22:04,150 --> 00:22:07,250
+represented by the younger generation, by a new
+
+345
+00:22:07,250 --> 00:22:13,980
+king, by a new life, a new cycle of life. describe
+
+346
+00:22:13,980 --> 00:22:17,840
+these late plays as many things, pastorals,
+
+347
+00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:20,960
+fables, tragic comedies sometimes. It's not a big
+
+348
+00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:26,500
+deal for me because it's not of crucial importance
+
+349
+00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,600
+here in this course. Now the last play we'll study
+
+350
+00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,160
+for Shakespeare is The Tempest. The Tempest is
+
+351
+00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:39,400
+said to be Shakespeare's one of the late, the last
+
+352
+00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,340
+plays. It's not the last one because we have King
+
+353
+00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:48,740
+Henry VIII. You know King Henry VIII? The
+
+354
+00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:53,300
+Renaissance, what did he do? What did he do? He's
+
+355
+00:22:53,300 --> 00:23:00,000
+an important name. Yeah, he said goodbye to the
+
+356
+00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,030
+Pope of Rome. He changed the whole religion in
+
+357
+00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:05,230
+England.
+
+358
+00:23:07,150 --> 00:23:09,330
+No, he didn't do it, but just that was like the
+
+359
+00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:12,730
+structure of life. He was the head of the Church
+
+360
+00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:16,330
+of England. The head of the church was the Pope in
+
+361
+00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,030
+Rome. So he separated this. He just lived a
+
+362
+00:23:21,030 --> 00:23:24,910
+totally different life for religion in many ways.
+
+363
+00:23:25,570 --> 00:23:28,590
+Now in The Tempest, also people find it
+
+364
+00:23:28,590 --> 00:23:30,930
+interesting because they think that some critics
+
+365
+00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:33,310
+think that Shakespeare was saying goodbye to the
+
+366
+00:23:33,310 --> 00:23:37,670
+theater, to people, and giving us hints. He's just
+
+367
+00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:41,720
+ending his career as a playwright. Now, the story
+
+368
+00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:45,080
+in brief, again, I don't want to go in much
+
+369
+00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:46,940
+detail. Probably you can if you find it
+
+370
+00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:54,160
+interesting. A king is exiled by his brother to an
+
+371
+00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:59,050
+island. The island is empty, you know? Why empty?
+
+372
+00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:04,030
+Because they think the island is empty. Because in
+
+373
+00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:07,510
+the Renaissance mentality, the native people were
+
+374
+00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:11,610
+not in a way considered civilized and modern like
+
+375
+00:24:11,610 --> 00:24:15,870
+the white Christians of Europe. Remember we spoke
+
+376
+00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:18,810
+about the geographical discoveries? Interesting.
+
+377
+00:24:19,610 --> 00:24:22,430
+But when we study the geographical discoveries, we
+
+378
+00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:24,710
+realize that millions of people were killed
+
+379
+00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,650
+because of these. So this is whitewashing. This is
+
+380
+00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:31,350
+erasing the natives. Okay. So the man, the man is
+
+381
+00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:35,400
+prosperous. He lives on an island because his
+
+382
+00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,940
+brother kicks him out of his kingdom and he steals
+
+383
+00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:40,820
+the kingdom for himself the throne now this guy
+
+384
+00:24:40,820 --> 00:24:43,820
+Prospero look at the name Prospero we'll comment
+
+385
+00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:48,460
+on the name in in a bit Prospero okay what does he
+
+386
+00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:51,580
+do he learns magic he's a magician in a way he
+
+387
+00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:55,740
+uses magic to trick his brother and restore his
+
+388
+00:24:55,740 --> 00:25:01,870
+kingdom okay In the play, he defeats the evil
+
+389
+00:25:01,870 --> 00:25:07,770
+savage native by the name of Caliban. So we have
+
+390
+00:25:07,770 --> 00:25:11,450
+number one, Prospero, the king. And number two, we
+
+391
+00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:17,230
+have Caliban. Caliban is the native of the island.
+
+392
+00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:19,230
+He is the owner of the island. The island is not
+
+393
+00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:22,730
+empty. But in the mentality of European
+
+394
+00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:26,510
+colonialism, remember colonialism? But
+
+395
+00:25:26,510 --> 00:25:32,830
+colonialism. Colonialism is the invasion, the
+
+396
+00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:35,370
+occupation of others lands and stealing all the
+
+397
+00:25:35,370 --> 00:25:40,210
+raw materials and resources. The British Empire
+
+398
+00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,660
+colonized large parts of the world. So Prospero,
+
+399
+00:25:45,860 --> 00:25:48,180
+in a way, was colonizing the island. Because
+
+400
+00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:49,820
+somewhere in the book, he says, my island. It's
+
+401
+00:25:49,820 --> 00:25:52,360
+not his island. But this is, again, the Western
+
+402
+00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:55,080
+European mentality of that time. That's why many
+
+403
+00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,880
+people, many critics now, like Edward Said, the
+
+404
+00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,040
+Palestinian Christian intellectual, believes that
+
+405
+00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:08,260
+the Tempest could be a fable or an allegory of
+
+406
+00:26:08,260 --> 00:26:09,180
+imperialism.
+
+407
+00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,860
+Imperialism, colonialism, imperialism. What does
+
+408
+00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:20,960
+it mean? It means it teaches the white Europeans,
+
+409
+00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,240
+the English people, that they have the right to go
+
+410
+00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:31,510
+occupy, control other lands. Because in a way,
+
+411
+00:26:31,790 --> 00:26:35,550
+they go to civilize, to educate the people. And we
+
+412
+00:26:35,550 --> 00:26:38,130
+know they don't civilize. They don't occupy. And
+
+413
+00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,650
+as Palestinians, we have paid a heavy price for
+
+414
+00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:44,970
+British colonialism and imperialism. We're still
+
+415
+00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:48,630
+under occupation because of this mentality, wide
+
+416
+00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:52,030
+mentality. Now, it's very funny. If you look at
+
+417
+00:26:52,030 --> 00:26:56,230
+the names, Prospero is like closer to prosper.
+
+418
+00:26:56,950 --> 00:27:01,550
+Prosper means? Prosper means to become rich. You
+
+419
+00:27:01,550 --> 00:27:04,830
+know prosperity? Prosperity to become rich.
+
+420
+00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:08,090
+Because this guy comes to an island and he makes
+
+421
+00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,870
+it rich. Makes it important. Gives it a name. And
+
+422
+00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:17,070
+Caliban is also a play on the word called anagram
+
+423
+00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:20,130
+cannibal. Do you know what the word cannibal
+
+424
+00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:24,750
+means? Cannibal. Cannibalism.
+
+425
+00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:33,990
+Cannibalism. is eating the flesh of a human being.
+
+426
+00:27:34,930 --> 00:27:39,710
+A cannibal is someone who eats the flesh of a
+
+427
+00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:45,650
+human being. Savage, you know? A savage. Some
+
+428
+00:27:45,650 --> 00:27:50,750
+people still exist. They do this. Very, very rare.
+
+429
+00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:54,550
+But it happens. It was in the news two or three
+
+430
+00:27:54,550 --> 00:28:01,470
+years ago. Cannibalism is eating human flesh. So
+
+431
+00:28:01,470 --> 00:28:04,470
+is Shakespeare playing on these words, is using
+
+432
+00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:09,830
+Caliban as cannibal, cannibal, cannibalism and
+
+433
+00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:12,750
+prosperoism. So the European is the good, the
+
+434
+00:28:12,750 --> 00:28:16,190
+rich, the educated, the civilized. And the natives
+
+435
+00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:20,150
+are? The bad, the cannibal, the savages, the
+
+436
+00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:28,350
+backwards, the uncivilized. So in a way, because
+
+437
+00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:32,490
+this man goes to that island, he assumes it's
+
+438
+00:28:32,490 --> 00:28:39,350
+empty, he controls it, he says it's my island, he
+
+439
+00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:43,890
+takes upon himself to civilize, to educate Caliban
+
+440
+00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:48,090
+in a way it's considered what? An allegory of
+
+441
+00:28:48,090 --> 00:28:50,890
+colonialism or of imperialism. Again, what does it
+
+442
+00:28:50,890 --> 00:28:53,770
+mean, an allegory of colonialism or imperialism?
+
+443
+00:28:54,270 --> 00:28:59,580
+When a literary text teaches you that you have the
+
+444
+00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:03,000
+right to go to other lands, occupy them, control
+
+445
+00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,020
+them, colonize them. We read funny stories
+
+446
+00:29:06,020 --> 00:29:08,420
+sometimes, like when we read the story about the
+
+447
+00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:12,040
+lion and the mouse. This is an allegory, how the
+
+448
+00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:17,220
+mouse, the little animal, can save the lion, the
+
+449
+00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:19,680
+king of the jungle. This is an allegory, an
+
+450
+00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:22,400
+allegory which teaches us a lesson. What lesson?
+
+451
+00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:27,580
+That the weak has a moral. Thank you. The weak can
+
+452
+00:29:27,580 --> 00:29:32,780
+sometimes be stronger than the strongest, can
+
+453
+00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:37,640
+help, can save the strong. So in a way, in the
+
+454
+00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:42,060
+mentality of Western people, literature did some
+
+455
+00:29:42,060 --> 00:29:45,860
+kind of or played some kind of role to teach them
+
+456
+00:29:45,860 --> 00:29:49,820
+that they have the moral obligation to go and
+
+457
+00:29:49,820 --> 00:29:53,480
+civilize other peoples around the world. But
+
+458
+00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,560
+sadly, this wasn't good. It was good for England
+
+459
+00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,660
+because it brought them a lot of riches,
+
+460
+00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,280
+prosperity and money and wealth. But for the
+
+461
+00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,060
+natives, it was really horrible. Even today, 400
+
+462
+00:30:07,060 --> 00:30:10,380
+years later, 300 years later, 200 years later, 100
+
+463
+00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:15,160
+years later, the natives still pay the price of
+
+464
+00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,650
+British imperialism and European imperialism. in
+
+465
+00:30:18,650 --> 00:30:23,410
+Africa, in Asia, and in America. So that's the
+
+466
+00:30:23,410 --> 00:30:26,570
+Tempest. Now in the Tempest, again, there are many
+
+467
+00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:30,470
+interesting things here. Look at this, the last
+
+468
+00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:40,310
+line here. Now my charms are all overthrown. The
+
+469
+00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:42,190
+speaker is prosperous. At the end of the play, he
+
+470
+00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:46,800
+says, OK, I won my kingdom back. I own that
+
+471
+00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,520
+island. My daughter is happily married, future
+
+472
+00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,760
+generation and hope. And now I don't need my
+
+473
+00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,640
+charms. Many critics believe that this is
+
+474
+00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,120
+Shakespeare saying goodbye to the audience and
+
+475
+00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:04,940
+saying goodbye. to the theater itself in general
+
+476
+00:31:04,940 --> 00:31:07,840
+and saying goodbye to us even now. Many people
+
+477
+00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,340
+love this, the Tempest, because they try to read
+
+478
+00:31:11,340 --> 00:31:13,740
+between the lines and see where Shakespeare is
+
+479
+00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:17,080
+saying goodbye. So my charms, charms means magic,
+
+480
+00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:21,800
+but isn't again literature magic? Doesn't
+
+481
+00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:26,620
+literature and fiction change our minds? Doesn't
+
+482
+00:31:26,620 --> 00:31:29,760
+literature help us grow, become better people,
+
+483
+00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:34,000
+learn, gain more experiences? Yes, it has the
+
+484
+00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:39,520
+magical power to make us better people, more open
+
+485
+00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:42,540
+minded, more understanding. That's a pun, right?
+
+486
+00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,990
+Sorry? Is it a pun? Charms? No, I'm not sure it is
+
+487
+00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:54,230
+a pun. It's an irony. Why? He's saying something
+
+488
+00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:59,710
+but he wants to say goodbye to people, to his
+
+489
+00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:04,990
+writings and plays. How is it irony? What is
+
+490
+00:32:04,990 --> 00:32:07,750
+irony? It's when you say something but you mean
+
+491
+00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,010
+something else. Probably,
+
+492
+00:32:12,050 --> 00:32:14,270
+I don't think it's irony, but it's funny how
+
+493
+00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:17,290
+Shakespeare is saying okay now all, now my charms
+
+494
+00:32:17,290 --> 00:32:23,890
+are all overthrown. But in reality he doesn't in
+
+495
+00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:29,050
+there Shakespeare begins here he actually scatters
+
+496
+00:32:29,050 --> 00:32:31,570
+his knowledge and charms all over the world all
+
+497
+00:32:31,570 --> 00:32:34,510
+around the world and that's why now we continue to
+
+498
+00:32:34,510 --> 00:32:37,770
+read Shakespeare and appreciate him and love and
+
+499
+00:32:37,770 --> 00:32:43,220
+love his writing okay So we go back finally to
+
+500
+00:32:43,220 --> 00:32:46,280
+Shakespeare, finally, to end this class.
+
+501
+00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:51,740
+Shakespeare using the very famous metaphor of the
+
+502
+00:32:51,740 --> 00:32:56,460
+world as a stage. Remember in Macbeth? Tomorrow
+
+503
+00:32:56,460 --> 00:33:01,160
+and tomorrow and tomorrow. No, that's King Lear.
+
+504
+00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,700
+Never, never, never King Lear. No, no, no, it's
+
+505
+00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:05,820
+King Lear. Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow is
+
+506
+00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:10,680
+Macbeth. When he says, A poor player describing
+
+507
+00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,880
+man. A poor player that struts and struts and
+
+508
+00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:18,260
+spins his hour upon the stage and then is heard?
+
+509
+00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:21,700
+No more. Now Sheikhs beweared this last time, I
+
+510
+00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,980
+think, some of you, one of you. All the world's a
+
+511
+00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:30,620
+stage. All the world's A stage and all men and
+
+512
+00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:34,600
+women merely players. They have their exits and
+
+513
+00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,860
+their entrances. And one man in his time plays
+
+514
+00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:43,160
+many parts. I like how Shakespeare says men and
+
+515
+00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:47,160
+women, men before, women we know, women didn't
+
+516
+00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,200
+perform on the stage then. And then later on he
+
+517
+00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,140
+says and one man plays many parts because
+
+518
+00:33:53,140 --> 00:33:56,040
+sometimes he plays the part of a woman. I don't
+
+519
+00:33:56,040 --> 00:34:00,120
+know. It could be funny. OK? So Shakespeare, we
+
+520
+00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,480
+stop here. But we go back to wrap things up before
+
+521
+00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,300
+we talk about the next class. Shakespeare is the
+
+522
+00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:11,360
+greatest poet, playwright, literary figure
+
+523
+00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,080
+probably not in the history of English literature,
+
+524
+00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:22,060
+but in the whole world. 400 years ago and now.
+
+525
+00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,240
+He's talking to us. The themes, the characters,
+
+526
+00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,880
+the jokes, the poetry, we still love, we still
+
+527
+00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,500
+care about. We watch Hamlet, we feel sad for
+
+528
+00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,800
+Hamlet. We watch Shylock, we feel sad for Shylock.
+
+529
+00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,800
+We watch Portia, we feel proud that Portia managed
+
+530
+00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,740
+to change something. The themes of shared
+
+531
+00:34:42,740 --> 00:34:45,580
+humanity, the themes of love, of power, of money,
+
+532
+00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:48,360
+are still themes today, are still issues we
+
+533
+00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,890
+discuss even today. Shakespeare is a universal
+
+534
+00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:56,610
+character. Shakespeare is timeless because he fits
+
+535
+00:34:56,610 --> 00:35:01,350
+everywhere and he fits in all societies, in all
+
+536
+00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:03,590
+places. That's why probably Shakespeare was
+
+537
+00:35:03,590 --> 00:35:06,250
+translated to almost all languages around the
+
+538
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,570
+world. He was performed and he's even adapted.
+
+539
+00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:13,790
+Many plays tried to change, like many productions
+
+540
+00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:18,820
+tried to change something in. Because we had one
+
+541
+00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:22,260
+interesting discussion with someone who performed
+
+542
+00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:28,480
+Othello in Africa. So what did they do? They made
+
+543
+00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460
+everyone black except for Othello. Or when you go
+
+544
+00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:35,540
+to China, how would you do this? So probably
+
+545
+00:35:35,540 --> 00:35:39,520
+Othello is a Chinese man. in a way. Maybe you can
+
+546
+00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,380
+play The Merchant of Venice where it takes place
+
+547
+00:35:43,380 --> 00:35:46,460
+in Palestine in occupied Jerusalem and Shylock is
+
+548
+00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:49,160
+a Palestinian guy trying to go to perform to
+
+549
+00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,880
+something having his house destroyed or trying to
+
+550
+00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,880
+take revenge. The beauty of Shakespeare is that he
+
+551
+00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,800
+keeps giving. You read Shakespeare, you enjoy the
+
+552
+00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,000
+language, and you love the characters. Even if the
+
+553
+00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,800
+characters are bad and wicked, sometimes you find
+
+554
+00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,540
+something interesting in them. He's master of
+
+555
+00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,380
+characterization. He's a master of
+
+556
+00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:15,020
+characterization. Now, if you have any question,
+
+557
+00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,260
+please do ask. This is, again, Shakespeare today.
+
+558
+00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:27,270
+The last slide. This is how we comment on
+
+559
+00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:31,710
+Shakespeare to conclude things. Remember, in the
+
+560
+00:36:31,710 --> 00:36:34,670
+Renaissance, now literature gives more answers
+
+561
+00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:39,430
+than religion. People would go to the theater
+
+562
+00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:43,110
+every time there's a play. But remember,
+
+563
+00:36:43,630 --> 00:36:46,810
+Shakespeare, particularly literature in general,
+
+564
+00:36:47,970 --> 00:36:54,930
+does not give us answers. When you read a literary
+
+565
+00:36:54,930 --> 00:36:57,470
+text, a poem, sometimes it's not about finding
+
+566
+00:36:57,470 --> 00:37:00,270
+answers. You could find your answer. But it's
+
+567
+00:37:00,270 --> 00:37:04,470
+about raising more questions, showing you
+
+568
+00:37:04,470 --> 00:37:06,910
+possibilities. What should I do, this or that?
+
+569
+00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:09,790
+Should I do like Hamlet? Should I act like
+
+570
+00:37:09,790 --> 00:37:12,290
+Othello? What happens if I do? What happens if I
+
+571
+00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:15,530
+don't? It gives us answers. Gives us
+
+572
+00:37:15,530 --> 00:37:18,330
+possibilities, I would say. But it raises many
+
+573
+00:37:18,330 --> 00:37:20,590
+questions. Many people say literature is about
+
+574
+00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,600
+raising questions, not answering them. Because it
+
+575
+00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,580
+makes you think. It makes you a better human
+
+576
+00:37:26,580 --> 00:37:29,480
+being, a better thinker, a better student, and a
+
+577
+00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,920
+better daughter, wife, husband, son, mother,
+
+578
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:36,700
+grandmother. Because you've seen it all. You've
+
+579
+00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,960
+lived it. When you read Hamlet, you live Hamlet.
+
+580
+00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,240
+You become Hamlet. You are Hamlet. And this is how
+
+581
+00:37:44,240 --> 00:37:48,020
+much experience we learn from just watching one
+
+582
+00:37:48,020 --> 00:37:51,560
+play. That's why Shakespeare is still relevant and
+
+583
+00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:53,980
+alive. His characters are alive in our
+
+584
+00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:57,800
+imagination. We quote him, we adapt him, we study
+
+585
+00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,940
+him. Because his plays fit all people, all
+
+586
+00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:04,760
+religions. Yeah, regardless of religion,
+
+587
+00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,540
+regardless of race. I posted these five questions
+
+588
+00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:12,810
+online on the Facebook group. You're supposed to
+
+589
+00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:19,430
+answer three of them. Listen, these are opinion
+
+590
+00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:22,990
+questions more or less. You know what opinion
+
+591
+00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:26,270
+question is? I want your opinion. I don't want you
+
+592
+00:38:26,270 --> 00:38:29,940
+to go copy from the internet. You're not supposed
+
+593
+00:38:29,940 --> 00:38:34,340
+to, like, reading this is enough. You're still
+
+594
+00:38:34,340 --> 00:38:36,820
+beginning to learn English and English literature.
+
+595
+00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,240
+If you want to read more about Hamlet, about
+
+596
+00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,520
+Othello, about The Tempest, about The Mansion of
+
+597
+00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:44,340
+Venice, it's up to you for more knowledge, for
+
+598
+00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:48,500
+more background information. But for these
+
+599
+00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,040
+questions, the discussions we had in the class
+
+600
+00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:56,380
+could be enough. Okay, so what I want you to do is
+
+601
+00:38:56,380 --> 00:39:01,100
+to choose three out of five questions Three out of
+
+602
+00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:04,100
+five for each question. You're supposed to write a
+
+603
+00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,340
+long paragraph like I don't know It's not about
+
+604
+00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:09,280
+how big it is. It's how well written it is. You're
+
+605
+00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,140
+learning how to write paragraphs in academic
+
+606
+00:39:11,140 --> 00:39:14,520
+writing apply this Topic sentence supporting
+
+607
+00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,240
+sentences. Give me your opinion. Give me your idea
+
+608
+00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:22,150
+about these questions for example We said that
+
+609
+00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:24,970
+Shakespeare humanizes the kings. He makes them
+
+610
+00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:28,770
+humans. But is he also exposing their weaknesses
+
+611
+00:39:28,770 --> 00:39:31,990
+implicitly and directly? What do you think? Give
+
+612
+00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:36,670
+examples from what we studied. How could Hamlet be
+
+613
+00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:41,830
+a typical Palestinian girl or boy? Is there
+
+614
+00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:48,120
+something in us from Hamlet? Do you identify with
+
+615
+00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,720
+him? The struggle, the crisis, the identity, how
+
+616
+00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:55,060
+he's caught between two worlds, the old and the
+
+617
+00:39:55,060 --> 00:39:55,380
+modern?
+
+618
+00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,180
+So what do you think? Give me your opinion. As a
+
+619
+00:40:04,180 --> 00:40:07,720
+Palestinian, would you identify more with Shylock
+
+620
+00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:15,230
+or with Othello? Which one do you find closer to
+
+621
+00:40:15,230 --> 00:40:17,850
+you, to your mentality, to your way of thinking as
+
+622
+00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:22,130
+a Palestinian? Which one would you feel more
+
+623
+00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:27,050
+sorrowful towards? Could a woman have achieved
+
+624
+00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:30,070
+what Shakespeare did? Shakespeare, the man, the
+
+625
+00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:33,230
+author, the playwright. Remember, women at that
+
+626
+00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,190
+time were not considered as intellectual, as
+
+627
+00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:40,670
+smart, as intelligent as men. And Shakespeare
+
+628
+00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,350
+somewhere, he proved that this is in a way wrong.
+
+629
+00:40:45,090 --> 00:40:49,090
+Why didn't a woman in Shakespeare's time wrote
+
+630
+00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,190
+these plays? Why didn't a woman write these plays?
+
+631
+00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,350
+What's wrong? Was it her problem? Was it the
+
+632
+00:40:56,350 --> 00:40:59,170
+society? We can learn about this from the plays,
+
+633
+00:40:59,310 --> 00:41:03,230
+from Ophelia, Gertrude, from probably Portia.
+
+634
+00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:06,210
+Maybe if you don't like the question, it's up to
+
+635
+00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:10,580
+you. And then, finally, some accuse Shakespeare of
+
+636
+00:41:10,580 --> 00:41:12,720
+being anti-feminist. What is anti-feminist?
+
+637
+00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:17,380
+Someone who thinks women are not equal to men,
+
+638
+00:41:17,740 --> 00:41:20,200
+they don't deserve equal rights, they should spend
+
+639
+00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,040
+their time at home in the kitchen. But other
+
+640
+00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:26,480
+critics say, no, no, no, no, Shakespeare is not
+
+641
+00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,460
+doing this because Shakespeare hates women or
+
+642
+00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,600
+thinks less of them, but because Shakespeare wants
+
+643
+00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,410
+to expose the society. It's an opinion question.
+
+644
+00:41:36,490 --> 00:41:40,090
+Do you agree? Prove it. Do you disagree? Also
+
+645
+00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:44,930
+prove it. From the examples we discussed here.
+
+646
+00:41:45,570 --> 00:41:50,430
+Again, if you want to read more online or go to
+
+647
+00:41:50,430 --> 00:41:52,490
+the library, read something more about any of
+
+648
+00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:56,450
+these plays, do it. But please don't copy paste.
+
+649
+00:41:56,770 --> 00:41:59,110
+If you copy paste, this is called plagiarism.
+
+650
+00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,360
+Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the worst thing a
+
+651
+00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,380
+student could do. Probably the second worst thing
+
+652
+00:42:10,380 --> 00:42:14,500
+next to racism. You're not racist. You're not
+
+653
+00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:18,440
+plagiarists. I want your opinion. I don't want
+
+654
+00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,960
+what people write online. okay this is five marks
+
+655
+00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:26,460
+if you want more questions please do ask I'll stop
+
+656
+00:42:26,460 --> 00:42:30,360
+here and I'll stay for 10 minutes if you need to
+
+657
+00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:32,820
+know more about the questions about Shakespeare or
+
+658
+00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:35,680
+anything thank you very much and see you next
+
+659
+00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,820
+class for the summit
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5f11d731fdbdedcf652d52bb924266868e114c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qAjBZDCPMRo_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2636 @@
+1
+00:00:20,700 --> 00:00:23,420
+As-salamu alaykum wa rahmatullah wa barakatuh and
+
+2
+00:00:23,420 --> 00:00:27,120
+hello again everyone. So again we continue
+
+3
+00:00:27,120 --> 00:00:30,180
+Shakespeare today, class number four. We'll talk
+
+4
+00:00:30,180 --> 00:00:33,620
+more about Shakespeare's comedies, Shakespeare's
+
+5
+00:00:33,620 --> 00:00:37,280
+last plays and then we'll probably have some time
+
+6
+00:00:37,280 --> 00:00:40,650
+to speak about the sonnet. Last time, we had a
+
+7
+00:00:40,650 --> 00:00:43,990
+discussion about new themes that English
+
+8
+00:00:43,990 --> 00:00:47,390
+literature in the Renaissance was acquiring, was
+
+9
+00:00:47,390 --> 00:00:49,470
+discussing and tackling. And Shakespeare was one
+
+10
+00:00:49,470 --> 00:00:54,670
+of the early writers to discuss themes that are,
+
+11
+00:00:55,110 --> 00:00:58,090
+even today, important and significant. We've seen,
+
+12
+00:00:58,150 --> 00:01:02,230
+for example, Othello. We've seen Shylock. We said
+
+13
+00:01:02,230 --> 00:01:06,570
+these two characters are considered outsiders in a
+
+14
+00:01:06,570 --> 00:01:11,350
+sense. Othello was the black man from Africa. And
+
+15
+00:01:11,350 --> 00:01:14,450
+Shylock was the Jewish man from I don't know
+
+16
+00:01:14,450 --> 00:01:18,550
+where. Shylock is a Jew. He's Jewish. And he's
+
+17
+00:01:18,550 --> 00:01:23,170
+treated badly only mainly actually because of his
+
+18
+00:01:23,170 --> 00:01:28,250
+religion, not because of anything else. Othello is
+
+19
+00:01:28,250 --> 00:01:31,570
+hated because he's black because of his color.
+
+20
+00:01:31,850 --> 00:01:34,970
+These are issues and themes that Shakespeare is
+
+21
+00:01:34,970 --> 00:01:37,030
+raising. Some people accuse Shakespeare of being a
+
+22
+00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:40,480
+racist. Anti-feminism. You know racist if you hate
+
+23
+00:01:40,480 --> 00:01:43,560
+somebody because of his color origin, because he
+
+24
+00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:49,400
+or she is African or black or Asian or Chinese or
+
+25
+00:01:49,400 --> 00:01:54,190
+whatever. This is racism. It's horrible. Racism is
+
+26
+00:01:54,190 --> 00:01:57,450
+the worst thing you could ever have. And I'm sure
+
+27
+00:01:57,450 --> 00:02:01,470
+you're going to learn from literature not to be
+
+28
+00:02:01,470 --> 00:02:04,910
+racist. Now, if you hate Jews because they are
+
+29
+00:02:04,910 --> 00:02:08,770
+Jews, this is called anti-Semitism. Shakespeare is
+
+30
+00:02:08,770 --> 00:02:11,470
+accused sometimes by some people of being anti
+
+31
+00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:15,040
+-Semitic. because of the way, the horrible way
+
+32
+00:02:15,040 --> 00:02:18,380
+Shylock is depicted in the play, and because of
+
+33
+00:02:18,380 --> 00:02:23,060
+how horribly Shylock is treated in The Merchant of
+
+34
+00:02:23,060 --> 00:02:26,020
+Venice. But many critics defend Shakespeare. They
+
+35
+00:02:26,020 --> 00:02:27,720
+say, no, no, no, no. Shakespeare is not doing
+
+36
+00:02:27,720 --> 00:02:32,000
+this. because he's raising these questions. He's
+
+37
+00:02:32,000 --> 00:02:35,260
+bringing these questions up in the open so that
+
+38
+00:02:35,260 --> 00:02:38,620
+people can have discussions and debates and ask
+
+39
+00:02:38,620 --> 00:02:43,100
+questions and hopefully find the correct answers.
+
+40
+00:02:43,820 --> 00:02:47,080
+The same thing about, again, going back to
+
+41
+00:02:47,080 --> 00:02:49,420
+Othello. Othello was horribly treated, mainly. We
+
+42
+00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,400
+see Yag, one of the scariest characters in
+
+43
+00:02:51,400 --> 00:02:56,280
+Shakespeare, insult Othello only because he is
+
+44
+00:02:56,280 --> 00:02:59,450
+black. He calls him the Black Moor. He calls him
+
+45
+00:02:59,450 --> 00:03:03,430
+an animal. He hates the fact that he married the
+
+46
+00:03:03,430 --> 00:03:09,490
+most beautiful woman in Venice. And eventually, he
+
+47
+00:03:09,490 --> 00:03:15,090
+makes Othello kill his wife, this demon. Can you
+
+48
+00:03:15,090 --> 00:03:18,730
+imagine how hateful, how wicked someone has to be
+
+49
+00:03:18,730 --> 00:03:22,630
+to make someone kill his wife or someone kill her
+
+50
+00:03:22,630 --> 00:03:27,310
+husband? This is Iago. But interesting thing about
+
+51
+00:03:27,310 --> 00:03:30,670
+Iago, in Shakespeare, remember in Hamlet, he has
+
+52
+00:03:30,670 --> 00:03:33,230
+seven soliloquies, major soliloquies, and we love
+
+53
+00:03:33,230 --> 00:03:36,010
+him for that. We identify with him. We feel sorry
+
+54
+00:03:36,010 --> 00:03:39,330
+for Hamlet. We share his concern, his feelings,
+
+55
+00:03:39,710 --> 00:03:44,390
+his feelings of fear, of love, of hope, of even
+
+56
+00:03:44,390 --> 00:03:48,530
+hesitation, right? Because of the soliloquies. He
+
+57
+00:03:48,530 --> 00:03:51,570
+comes closer to us. He communicates with us. Now
+
+58
+00:03:51,570 --> 00:03:55,380
+in Othello, Iago does more soliloquies in a way or
+
+59
+00:03:55,380 --> 00:03:58,240
+another than Othello. So the question is here,
+
+60
+00:03:58,660 --> 00:04:01,120
+what is Shakespeare doing? Now, some critics
+
+61
+00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:06,420
+believe that at that time in the Elizabethan age,
+
+62
+00:04:07,380 --> 00:04:10,900
+some of the audience might have considered Iago as
+
+63
+00:04:10,900 --> 00:04:14,750
+the hero. as the protagonist, the main character,
+
+64
+00:04:15,310 --> 00:04:18,910
+because in a way he was protecting the European
+
+65
+00:04:18,910 --> 00:04:22,450
+white society from infiltration by black people,
+
+66
+00:04:22,710 --> 00:04:25,930
+by intruders, by foreigners, by outsiders, in a
+
+67
+00:04:25,930 --> 00:04:30,110
+way. This is of course racist, supremacist, which
+
+68
+00:04:30,110 --> 00:04:33,930
+is wrong. But now, because life has changed and
+
+69
+00:04:33,930 --> 00:04:36,130
+people have changed in so many ways, this is
+
+70
+00:04:36,130 --> 00:04:39,170
+considered totally, totally wrong. The same thing
+
+71
+00:04:39,170 --> 00:04:41,870
+applies to Shylock, The Mansion of Venice. This
+
+72
+00:04:41,870 --> 00:04:43,990
+play has been considered as a comedy for a long
+
+73
+00:04:43,990 --> 00:04:47,990
+time. Why? Because nobody dies, right? And because
+
+74
+00:04:47,990 --> 00:04:52,450
+it ends happily. But who's happy at the end? The
+
+75
+00:04:52,450 --> 00:04:57,600
+white Christian people. Bassanio, Portia, and
+
+76
+00:04:57,600 --> 00:05:00,600
+maybe Antonio's a little bit heavy. But Shylock,
+
+77
+00:05:01,000 --> 00:05:04,200
+he loses his daughter. He loses most of his money.
+
+78
+00:05:04,540 --> 00:05:08,820
+He loses his religion. He's forced to convert to
+
+79
+00:05:08,820 --> 00:05:12,080
+Christianity. And he loses his dignity and his
+
+80
+00:05:12,080 --> 00:05:16,420
+chance to take revenge. We're not talking about
+
+81
+00:05:16,420 --> 00:05:19,640
+revenge as a good thing here, At least, remember,
+
+82
+00:05:19,800 --> 00:05:22,620
+he was saying like, I am like you. It's not about
+
+83
+00:05:22,620 --> 00:05:25,520
+revenge. It's about the shared humanity. If you
+
+84
+00:05:25,520 --> 00:05:29,720
+wrong me, if you wrong me, I should, if I wrong
+
+85
+00:05:29,720 --> 00:05:33,900
+you, you take revenge. If I wrong you, okay, so
+
+86
+00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:37,080
+it's like people would say, no, I wrong you. We've
+
+87
+00:05:37,080 --> 00:05:42,470
+seen Antonio wrong him so many times. But only
+
+88
+00:05:42,470 --> 00:05:45,870
+Shylock, the intruder, the stranger, is not
+
+89
+00:05:45,870 --> 00:05:48,010
+allowed to take revenge. So it's not about
+
+90
+00:05:48,010 --> 00:05:50,750
+revenge, it's about equality. He's saying, I'm a
+
+91
+00:05:50,750 --> 00:05:54,270
+human being like you. If you prick us, don't we
+
+92
+00:05:54,270 --> 00:05:58,190
+bleed? If you tickle us, don't we laugh? If you
+
+93
+00:05:58,190 --> 00:06:02,530
+poison us, don't we die? We are the same, so why
+
+94
+00:06:02,530 --> 00:06:08,570
+not? And in The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare is
+
+95
+00:06:08,570 --> 00:06:10,870
+also doing something brilliant, amazing about
+
+96
+00:06:10,870 --> 00:06:16,190
+women. Again, Shakespeare composed his plays to be
+
+97
+00:06:16,190 --> 00:06:20,650
+performed on the stage rather than published and
+
+98
+00:06:20,650 --> 00:06:24,710
+read. Now, women at that time were not allowed,
+
+99
+00:06:25,170 --> 00:06:27,530
+women, important point, were not allowed to
+
+100
+00:06:27,530 --> 00:06:29,750
+perform on the stage. But we have women
+
+101
+00:06:29,750 --> 00:06:32,170
+characters. So who would be playing these
+
+102
+00:06:32,170 --> 00:06:35,690
+characters? Young men, beardless young men with
+
+103
+00:06:35,690 --> 00:06:37,270
+soft voices.
+
+104
+00:06:39,870 --> 00:06:43,850
+So interesting. Now, Portia, we know Portia is a
+
+105
+00:06:43,850 --> 00:06:47,970
+man. But we suspend our disbelief. Portia is a man
+
+106
+00:06:47,970 --> 00:06:51,650
+playing the role of a woman. And now Portia, what
+
+107
+00:06:51,650 --> 00:06:55,910
+does she do in the play? She disguises as a man.
+
+108
+00:06:56,870 --> 00:07:00,850
+So a man, a woman, a man. and not an ordinary man,
+
+109
+00:07:01,030 --> 00:07:03,570
+a lawyer, intellectual, a thinker. At that time,
+
+110
+00:07:03,630 --> 00:07:06,070
+women were not allowed to be lawyers because they
+
+111
+00:07:06,070 --> 00:07:08,190
+were thought to be less intellectual, less
+
+112
+00:07:08,190 --> 00:07:10,670
+intelligent than men. But Shakespeare here defies
+
+113
+00:07:10,670 --> 00:07:16,810
+this custom, this idea. He shows that women are as
+
+114
+00:07:16,810 --> 00:07:19,790
+intellectual, if not more intellectual as men are.
+
+115
+00:07:20,530 --> 00:07:22,430
+But somewhere else, Shakespeare is accused of
+
+116
+00:07:22,430 --> 00:07:25,690
+being anti-feminist. OK, don't forget this word
+
+117
+00:07:25,690 --> 00:07:30,150
+feminine. You know feminine? Feminine? Feminist is
+
+118
+00:07:30,150 --> 00:07:33,390
+an activist, a person, usually a woman, who calls
+
+119
+00:07:33,390 --> 00:07:36,570
+for the equal rights of women, that women must
+
+120
+00:07:36,570 --> 00:07:39,570
+have their rights as men. Feminism is the norm.
+
+121
+00:07:39,890 --> 00:07:44,760
+Now, anti-feminist Anti-feminist, someone who
+
+122
+00:07:44,760 --> 00:07:47,540
+doesn't like women, someone who thinks women,
+
+123
+00:07:47,780 --> 00:07:50,040
+probably likes women, but thinks that women are
+
+124
+00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,080
+not equal, that they should stay at home, there
+
+125
+00:07:53,080 --> 00:07:55,500
+should be this, there was a common thing in the
+
+126
+00:07:55,500 --> 00:07:59,900
+past, which is very wrong now, that women should
+
+127
+00:07:59,900 --> 00:08:03,800
+be barefoot, pregnant, and in the kitchen. Now
+
+128
+00:08:03,800 --> 00:08:06,340
+Shakespeare is proving them wrong. He's saying,
+
+129
+00:08:06,400 --> 00:08:11,020
+okay, Now, what did she do, Portia? She tricked
+
+130
+00:08:11,020 --> 00:08:14,200
+everyone. She managed to beat the unbeatable
+
+131
+00:08:14,200 --> 00:08:17,140
+Shylock. Shylock is cunning in so many ways. When
+
+132
+00:08:17,140 --> 00:08:19,600
+he says, oh, a pound of flesh just for Mary's
+
+133
+00:08:19,600 --> 00:08:24,400
+port. And now I want my pound of flesh. But what
+
+134
+00:08:24,400 --> 00:08:25,960
+the hell are you going to do with a pound of
+
+135
+00:08:25,960 --> 00:08:28,300
+flesh, Shylock? This is not meat. You don't eat
+
+136
+00:08:28,300 --> 00:08:31,660
+flesh. And he says, I will bait with it. I will
+
+137
+00:08:31,660 --> 00:08:34,420
+feed it to the fish. If it doesn't feed anything,
+
+138
+00:08:35,120 --> 00:08:38,260
+it will feed my revenge. Not for revenge,
+
+139
+00:08:38,360 --> 00:08:41,560
+probably, but for equality. Now, she beats him
+
+140
+00:08:41,560 --> 00:08:45,640
+because she says, there should be no one drop of
+
+141
+00:08:45,640 --> 00:08:48,780
+blood. If you take more blood, then you are trying
+
+142
+00:08:48,780 --> 00:08:52,340
+to kill someone in Venice. And if you do that, you
+
+143
+00:08:52,340 --> 00:08:58,260
+will have to be punished. So why does she beat
+
+144
+00:08:58,260 --> 00:09:03,750
+Shylock? Only because she changes hair. clothes,
+
+145
+00:09:04,230 --> 00:09:08,710
+and puts a fake mustache and a fake beard. So
+
+146
+00:09:08,710 --> 00:09:10,830
+Shakespeare is saying, this distinction between
+
+147
+00:09:10,830 --> 00:09:15,310
+men and women in intellect is fake. It's a matter
+
+148
+00:09:15,310 --> 00:09:18,090
+of, you know, it's a funny thing, because it's not
+
+149
+00:09:18,090 --> 00:09:23,510
+true. It's not true. So we have these important
+
+150
+00:09:23,510 --> 00:09:27,100
+issues. Shakespeare discussing them. 400 years
+
+151
+00:09:27,100 --> 00:09:30,760
+ago. This is how timeless, how brilliant, how
+
+152
+00:09:30,760 --> 00:09:33,540
+smart, how intelligent Shakespeare is. How
+
+153
+00:09:33,540 --> 00:09:37,700
+relevant he is even today. Everywhere Shakespeare
+
+154
+00:09:37,700 --> 00:09:41,120
+is universal and timeless. Not because of his
+
+155
+00:09:41,120 --> 00:09:44,060
+stories. Because I told you this maybe. The
+
+156
+00:09:44,060 --> 00:09:46,380
+stories in Shakespeare are mainly not his stories.
+
+157
+00:09:47,370 --> 00:09:50,250
+But because of the language, because of the plot,
+
+158
+00:09:50,630 --> 00:09:54,010
+because of the events, the scenes and the acts,
+
+159
+00:09:54,130 --> 00:09:57,410
+because of the ideas that address us even today.
+
+160
+00:09:57,730 --> 00:10:00,150
+We discussed Hamlet and we said there is some of
+
+161
+00:10:00,150 --> 00:10:04,900
+us in Hamlet and there is something from Hamlet I
+
+162
+00:10:04,900 --> 00:10:07,480
+have never, every time I teach to be or not to be,
+
+163
+00:10:07,720 --> 00:10:09,680
+like every one of the students, like to be or not
+
+164
+00:10:09,680 --> 00:10:11,380
+to be, that is a question. Because at one
+
+165
+00:10:11,380 --> 00:10:15,060
+particular point or more in our lives, we have
+
+166
+00:10:15,060 --> 00:10:19,000
+this crisis of identity, who we are, and then to
+
+167
+00:10:19,000 --> 00:10:22,860
+be or not to be, that is the question. Whether it
+
+168
+00:10:22,860 --> 00:10:27,280
+is noble in the mind to suffer the arrows and
+
+169
+00:10:27,280 --> 00:10:33,720
+slings of outrageous time. Or carry arms against a
+
+170
+00:10:33,720 --> 00:10:35,820
+sea of trouble, as Palestinians were suffering
+
+171
+00:10:35,820 --> 00:10:38,320
+because of the Israeli occupation, because of the
+
+172
+00:10:38,320 --> 00:10:42,280
+siege, because of the internal division. It's not
+
+173
+00:10:42,280 --> 00:10:46,340
+easy for individuals to fight this huge fight. So
+
+174
+00:10:46,340 --> 00:10:49,680
+we ask ourselves, should we live in submission, in
+
+175
+00:10:49,680 --> 00:10:55,160
+fear, in humiliation? and die thus, or should we
+
+176
+00:10:55,160 --> 00:10:58,560
+carry arms against a sea of trouble? Notice the
+
+177
+00:10:58,560 --> 00:11:01,100
+beautiful language, the metaphor. A sea of, not
+
+178
+00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:06,500
+only a sea, but a sea of? A sea of trouble, and by
+
+179
+00:11:06,500 --> 00:11:14,880
+opposing in them. To die, to flee. Now, I asked a
+
+180
+00:11:14,880 --> 00:11:16,820
+question in the assignment I'll be showing you
+
+181
+00:11:16,820 --> 00:11:20,580
+probably today. As a Palestinian, would you
+
+182
+00:11:20,580 --> 00:11:26,120
+sympathize more with Shylock, the guy from Africa,
+
+183
+00:11:26,780 --> 00:11:30,840
+probably originally an Arab, or with Shylock the
+
+184
+00:11:30,840 --> 00:11:35,880
+Jew? Remember, this is not about politics. It's
+
+185
+00:11:35,880 --> 00:11:39,750
+about humanity. How do you feel when you read
+
+186
+00:11:39,750 --> 00:11:45,330
+Shylock? Do we share
+
+187
+00:11:45,330 --> 00:11:49,930
+common fears, concerns, issues, ideas with
+
+188
+00:11:49,930 --> 00:11:54,870
+Shylock? Would you identify with Shylock? Please,
+
+189
+00:11:55,390 --> 00:12:00,850
+okay, go on. I think people see us as Palestinians
+
+190
+00:12:00,850 --> 00:12:05,710
+who are not very,
+
+191
+00:12:06,550 --> 00:12:10,800
+how can I say it, They think that we're injustice
+
+192
+00:12:10,800 --> 00:12:14,940
+and they think that we kill people and they see us
+
+193
+00:12:14,940 --> 00:12:18,760
+in a different way. Also the religion, they see us
+
+194
+00:12:18,760 --> 00:12:22,940
+as Muslims that girls if I go to America they
+
+195
+00:12:22,940 --> 00:12:28,380
+might say stuff about my hijab. I see myself as
+
+196
+00:12:28,380 --> 00:12:30,940
+Shia. So you're mistreated because of your
+
+197
+00:12:30,940 --> 00:12:34,220
+religion, because of how you look. Is that good?
+
+198
+00:12:35,120 --> 00:12:39,640
+That makes us victims now. Muslims all over the
+
+199
+00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:42,580
+world are accused of being terrorists. Which is
+
+200
+00:12:42,580 --> 00:12:45,380
+totally wrong. That's why there's Islamophobia.
+
+201
+00:12:45,540 --> 00:12:47,380
+People who hate Muslims just for being a Muslim.
+
+202
+00:12:47,620 --> 00:12:49,820
+So what's your religion or something? I'm a
+
+203
+00:12:49,820 --> 00:12:53,500
+Muslim. Somebody sees your hijab and then, oh, are
+
+204
+00:12:53,500 --> 00:12:55,780
+you a terrorist? This is racism. This is
+
+205
+00:12:55,780 --> 00:12:59,440
+Islamophobia. So in a way or another, we are
+
+206
+00:12:59,440 --> 00:13:03,120
+victims exactly as Shylock. Shylock is a victim.
+
+207
+00:13:03,580 --> 00:13:06,920
+In my opinion, Shylock now is more Palestinian
+
+208
+00:13:06,920 --> 00:13:11,500
+than Israeli. We share more with Shylock than many
+
+209
+00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:15,540
+Israeli occupiers do. And think about this and
+
+210
+00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:19,560
+probably see what you have to say here. Before I
+
+211
+00:13:19,560 --> 00:13:24,080
+move to Shakespeare's late plays, probably we have
+
+212
+00:13:24,080 --> 00:13:29,300
+two students here to recite. Shylock, go on.
+
+213
+00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:41,050
+Go on, please. Raise your voice, please. He has
+
+214
+00:13:41,050 --> 00:13:45,470
+disgusted me and handed me half a million dollars
+
+215
+00:13:45,470 --> 00:13:49,030
+at my closest market at my against, scorned my
+
+216
+00:13:49,030 --> 00:13:52,550
+nation, thwarted my burdens, called my friends,
+
+217
+00:13:53,170 --> 00:13:59,910
+hated my enemies. And what is his reasons? I'm a
+
+218
+00:13:59,910 --> 00:14:04,290
+Jew. He had not a Jew eyes. He had not a Jew
+
+219
+00:14:04,290 --> 00:14:08,590
+hands. organs, dementia, senses, affections that
+
+220
+00:14:08,590 --> 00:14:12,190
+phase him, filled with the same food, held with
+
+221
+00:14:12,190 --> 00:14:15,530
+the same weapons, subject to the same diseases,
+
+222
+00:14:16,190 --> 00:14:19,910
+hurted by the same means, warmed and colded by the
+
+223
+00:14:19,910 --> 00:14:22,650
+same winter and summer. As a Christian, if you
+
+224
+00:14:22,650 --> 00:14:28,710
+punk us, do we not bleed? If you tackle us, do we
+
+225
+00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:33,790
+not love? If we poison us, do we not die? And if
+
+226
+00:14:33,790 --> 00:14:38,530
+you wrong us, shall we not revenge? If we are like
+
+227
+00:14:38,530 --> 00:14:42,790
+you and the rest, we will resemble you in that. If
+
+228
+00:14:42,790 --> 00:14:47,310
+a Jew wrong a Christian, what is his humility
+
+229
+00:14:47,310 --> 00:14:52,410
+revenge? Revenge. Revenge. If a Christian wrong a
+
+230
+00:14:52,410 --> 00:14:56,530
+Jew, what should his suffers by the Christian
+
+231
+00:14:56,530 --> 00:15:02,930
+example? Why revenge? Why? Revenge. The villain
+
+232
+00:15:02,930 --> 00:15:07,890
+you teach me, I will execute and it shall go hard
+
+233
+00:15:07,890 --> 00:15:12,390
+by, but I will better the instruction. Very good.
+
+234
+00:15:13,010 --> 00:15:17,290
+So the villain, the villain you teach me, I will
+
+235
+00:15:17,290 --> 00:15:19,710
+execute, but I will better the instruction.
+
+236
+00:15:21,180 --> 00:15:24,880
+Interesting. I have one of my students previously
+
+237
+00:15:24,880 --> 00:15:27,320
+changing this into a Palestinian context and
+
+238
+00:15:27,320 --> 00:15:32,320
+saying that, yeah, have not a Palestinian eyes,
+
+239
+00:15:32,480 --> 00:15:35,320
+have not a Palestinian organs, dimensions, senses,
+
+240
+00:15:35,460 --> 00:15:37,900
+affections. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If
+
+241
+00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,400
+you prick us, do we not bleed? If you poison us,
+
+242
+00:15:41,960 --> 00:15:47,720
+do we not die as a Christian, as a Jew? Yes, next.
+
+243
+00:15:51,210 --> 00:15:52,250
+On your mobile, okay.
+
+244
+00:15:55,170 --> 00:15:57,990
+He had disgraced me and hindered me half a
+
+245
+00:15:57,990 --> 00:16:01,230
+million, laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains,
+
+246
+00:16:01,410 --> 00:16:04,450
+scorned my nation, tortured my burghers, called my
+
+247
+00:16:04,450 --> 00:16:07,670
+friends, hated my enemies. And what's his reason?
+
+248
+00:16:08,030 --> 00:16:10,990
+What's his reason? I'm a Palestinian. Had not a
+
+249
+00:16:10,990 --> 00:16:14,070
+Palestinian eyes, had not a Palestinian hands,
+
+250
+00:16:14,250 --> 00:16:17,050
+organs and menses since his affection and passion?
+
+251
+00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:20,140
+Feed with the same food, hurt with the same
+
+252
+00:16:20,140 --> 00:16:24,020
+weapons, subject to the same disease, healed by
+
+253
+00:16:24,020 --> 00:16:26,940
+the same means, warm and cool by the same winter
+
+254
+00:16:26,940 --> 00:16:30,460
+and summer as the Jews. If you pick us, do we not
+
+255
+00:16:30,460 --> 00:16:34,640
+bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you
+
+256
+00:16:34,640 --> 00:16:37,800
+poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us,
+
+257
+00:16:37,940 --> 00:16:40,980
+shall we not revenge? If we like you in the wrist,
+
+258
+00:16:41,100 --> 00:16:43,680
+we will resemble you in that. If a Palestinian
+
+259
+00:16:43,680 --> 00:16:47,520
+wronged a Jew, what is his humanity? Revenge. If a
+
+260
+00:16:47,520 --> 00:16:49,340
+Jew wrong a Palestinian, what should his
+
+261
+00:16:49,340 --> 00:16:53,700
+sovereignness be by Jew example? Why? Revenge. The
+
+262
+00:16:53,700 --> 00:16:56,940
+villainy you teach me I execute, and it shall go
+
+263
+00:16:56,940 --> 00:16:59,780
+high, but I will the instruction. I will better
+
+264
+00:16:59,780 --> 00:17:04,320
+the instruction. But one thing I need to correct
+
+265
+00:17:04,320 --> 00:17:09,100
+here. One thing I need to correct here. Like, it's
+
+266
+00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,320
+interesting how you, I said it before, but you've
+
+267
+00:17:11,320 --> 00:17:13,560
+already done this. Very smart of you. But
+
+268
+00:17:13,560 --> 00:17:18,400
+remember, As Palestinians, we have a problem with
+
+269
+00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,500
+the Israeli occupations, with the Israelis. Not
+
+270
+00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,740
+the Jews. So I would use Zionist instead of Jew
+
+271
+00:17:24,740 --> 00:17:28,220
+here because we have nothing against Jews because
+
+272
+00:17:28,220 --> 00:17:32,740
+they are Jews. The occupiers happen to be Jews in
+
+273
+00:17:32,740 --> 00:17:34,460
+a way. Some of them are not Jews, by the way, and
+
+274
+00:17:34,460 --> 00:17:36,820
+we still resist them in the same way. Even if
+
+275
+00:17:36,820 --> 00:17:40,520
+Arabs occupy Palestine, Muslims. we have the right
+
+276
+00:17:40,520 --> 00:17:46,060
+to resist and fight back. One more, okay? Same or
+
+277
+00:17:46,060 --> 00:17:50,500
+all the way to the stage? Okay. The one from the
+
+278
+00:17:50,500 --> 00:17:56,700
+book. Please. Have not a Jew eyes, have not a Jew
+
+279
+00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,620
+hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections,
+
+280
+00:18:01,080 --> 00:18:04,800
+passion, fed with the same food, hurt with the
+
+281
+00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:08,500
+same weapons, subject to the same diseases, Healed
+
+282
+00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:14,020
+by the same means. Warmed and cooled by the same
+
+283
+00:18:14,020 --> 00:18:19,360
+winter and summer. As the question is, if you pick
+
+284
+00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,860
+us, do we not bleed? Thank you very much. Now,
+
+285
+00:18:25,380 --> 00:18:31,380
+last time I said, oh, you notice that this text is
+
+286
+00:18:31,380 --> 00:18:33,500
+written differently. And we said this is prose.
+
+287
+00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:36,940
+Shakespeare wrote most of his plays in verse, in
+
+288
+00:18:36,940 --> 00:18:40,750
+poetry. But sometimes there are minor characters,
+
+289
+00:18:41,030 --> 00:18:43,810
+the messenger, an ignorant person, uneducated
+
+290
+00:18:43,810 --> 00:18:46,910
+person, a villain, someone not in his right mind.
+
+291
+00:18:47,830 --> 00:18:51,350
+So usually good people or main characters use
+
+292
+00:18:51,350 --> 00:18:53,990
+poetry. But sometimes bad characters, minor
+
+293
+00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:57,390
+characters use prose. But it's interesting how
+
+294
+00:18:57,390 --> 00:19:00,880
+Shakespeare gives Shylock prose. Some people think
+
+295
+00:19:00,880 --> 00:19:02,820
+because this is Shakespeare having something
+
+296
+00:19:02,820 --> 00:19:06,700
+against Shylock himself. Think of this. It's not
+
+297
+00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,760
+that crucial, but it's really interesting. We'll
+
+298
+00:19:10,760 --> 00:19:12,580
+continue with Shakespeare, like I said.
+
+299
+00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:25,790
+So we'll just wrap things up and then we go back
+
+300
+00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:29,310
+for the last play, The Tempest. Now remember again
+
+301
+00:19:29,310 --> 00:19:32,130
+in comedies we have again the world sometimes
+
+302
+00:19:32,130 --> 00:19:35,190
+turned upside down. Comedies end happily, nobody
+
+303
+00:19:35,190 --> 00:19:38,730
+dies. But it doesn't mean comedies are less
+
+304
+00:19:38,730 --> 00:19:41,210
+important, less significant than tragedies,
+
+305
+00:19:41,470 --> 00:19:43,710
+because the themes are also crucial themes of
+
+306
+00:19:43,710 --> 00:19:48,150
+identity, themes of love, jealousy, power, money,
+
+307
+00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:53,370
+etc. Okay, but sometimes even the comedies are in
+
+308
+00:19:53,370 --> 00:19:57,310
+a way, more important because they use fun to make
+
+309
+00:19:57,310 --> 00:20:00,110
+serious points, to make fun of the king or to make
+
+310
+00:20:00,110 --> 00:20:04,730
+fun of the monarchy in general. Even today, people
+
+311
+00:20:04,730 --> 00:20:07,590
+laugh at Shakespeare's jokes and funny situation
+
+312
+00:20:07,590 --> 00:20:09,770
+in his plays. And that's, again, how Shakespeare
+
+313
+00:20:09,770 --> 00:20:11,250
+is relevant.
+
+314
+00:20:13,480 --> 00:20:15,480
+Some of the jokes by the way and the practical
+
+315
+00:20:15,480 --> 00:20:18,900
+jokes cannot be seen unless we understand unless
+
+316
+00:20:18,900 --> 00:20:21,520
+we see them on the stage because we see the body
+
+317
+00:20:21,520 --> 00:20:24,320
+language and everything and also remember last
+
+318
+00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:26,600
+time we discussed something remember the word son
+
+319
+00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:30,100
+and son we said there's something called the pun
+
+320
+00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:35,300
+shakespeare plays on the word pun is play on words
+
+321
+00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:38,340
+when a word has two meanings or two words sound
+
+322
+00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,540
+the same So you think of it and like, there's a
+
+323
+00:20:42,540 --> 00:20:48,480
+joke, why is the river very rich? Why is the
+
+324
+00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,180
+river, you know the river, very rich? Because it
+
+325
+00:20:51,180 --> 00:20:52,260
+has two banks.
+
+326
+00:20:55,460 --> 00:21:06,050
+What does two banks mean? Yeah, and? Bank. So the
+
+327
+00:21:06,050 --> 00:21:08,990
+joke is that the word bank has two meanings, the
+
+328
+00:21:08,990 --> 00:21:13,570
+side of the river, West Bank, and a financial
+
+329
+00:21:13,570 --> 00:21:16,430
+institution where you have a lot of money. So in
+
+330
+00:21:16,430 --> 00:21:19,870
+English, many of the jokes depend on playing on
+
+331
+00:21:19,870 --> 00:21:22,410
+the words and words sounding the same. So
+
+332
+00:21:22,410 --> 00:21:25,310
+Shakespeare does this all the time. So pay
+
+333
+00:21:25,310 --> 00:21:29,010
+attention if the word means something else. Now in
+
+334
+00:21:29,010 --> 00:21:33,080
+Shakespeare's final plays, Some of his final plays
+
+335
+00:21:33,080 --> 00:21:35,740
+are really serious and dark, like Diamond of
+
+336
+00:21:35,740 --> 00:21:41,460
+Athens, in which there is this theme of hatred
+
+337
+00:21:41,460 --> 00:21:46,370
+towards a human being. Really serious. Some people
+
+338
+00:21:46,370 --> 00:21:48,530
+were like, Shakespeare is losing it. In a way,
+
+339
+00:21:48,570 --> 00:21:51,550
+Shakespeare is going to the darker stage. Because
+
+340
+00:21:51,550 --> 00:21:55,230
+this plain brief, it shows Taiman, who really
+
+341
+00:21:55,230 --> 00:21:57,930
+hates people for one reason. I'm not going to go
+
+342
+00:21:57,930 --> 00:22:00,770
+into details. But later on, he started to restore
+
+343
+00:22:00,770 --> 00:22:04,150
+hope. And remember, hope in Shakespeare is usually
+
+344
+00:22:04,150 --> 00:22:07,250
+represented by the younger generation, by a new
+
+345
+00:22:07,250 --> 00:22:13,980
+king, by a new life, a new cycle of life. describe
+
+346
+00:22:13,980 --> 00:22:17,840
+these late plays as many things, pastorals,
+
+347
+00:22:18,040 --> 00:22:20,960
+fables, tragic comedies sometimes. It's not a big
+
+348
+00:22:20,960 --> 00:22:26,500
+deal for me because it's not of crucial importance
+
+349
+00:22:26,500 --> 00:22:30,600
+here in this course. Now the last play we'll study
+
+350
+00:22:30,600 --> 00:22:34,160
+for Shakespeare is The Tempest. The Tempest is
+
+351
+00:22:34,160 --> 00:22:39,400
+said to be Shakespeare's one of the late, the last
+
+352
+00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:43,340
+plays. It's not the last one because we have King
+
+353
+00:22:43,340 --> 00:22:48,740
+Henry VIII. You know King Henry VIII? The
+
+354
+00:22:48,740 --> 00:22:53,300
+Renaissance, what did he do? What did he do? He's
+
+355
+00:22:53,300 --> 00:23:00,000
+an important name. Yeah, he said goodbye to the
+
+356
+00:23:00,000 --> 00:23:04,030
+Pope of Rome. He changed the whole religion in
+
+357
+00:23:04,030 --> 00:23:05,230
+England.
+
+358
+00:23:07,150 --> 00:23:09,330
+No, he didn't do it, but just that was like the
+
+359
+00:23:09,330 --> 00:23:12,730
+structure of life. He was the head of the Church
+
+360
+00:23:12,730 --> 00:23:16,330
+of England. The head of the church was the Pope in
+
+361
+00:23:16,330 --> 00:23:21,030
+Rome. So he separated this. He just lived a
+
+362
+00:23:21,030 --> 00:23:24,910
+totally different life for religion in many ways.
+
+363
+00:23:25,570 --> 00:23:28,590
+Now in The Tempest, also people find it
+
+364
+00:23:28,590 --> 00:23:30,930
+interesting because they think that some critics
+
+365
+00:23:30,930 --> 00:23:33,310
+think that Shakespeare was saying goodbye to the
+
+366
+00:23:33,310 --> 00:23:37,670
+theater, to people, and giving us hints. He's just
+
+367
+00:23:37,670 --> 00:23:41,720
+ending his career as a playwright. Now, the story
+
+368
+00:23:41,720 --> 00:23:45,080
+in brief, again, I don't want to go in much
+
+369
+00:23:45,080 --> 00:23:46,940
+detail. Probably you can if you find it
+
+370
+00:23:46,940 --> 00:23:54,160
+interesting. A king is exiled by his brother to an
+
+371
+00:23:54,160 --> 00:23:59,050
+island. The island is empty, you know? Why empty?
+
+372
+00:24:00,130 --> 00:24:04,030
+Because they think the island is empty. Because in
+
+373
+00:24:04,030 --> 00:24:07,510
+the Renaissance mentality, the native people were
+
+374
+00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:11,610
+not in a way considered civilized and modern like
+
+375
+00:24:11,610 --> 00:24:15,870
+the white Christians of Europe. Remember we spoke
+
+376
+00:24:15,870 --> 00:24:18,810
+about the geographical discoveries? Interesting.
+
+377
+00:24:19,610 --> 00:24:22,430
+But when we study the geographical discoveries, we
+
+378
+00:24:22,430 --> 00:24:24,710
+realize that millions of people were killed
+
+379
+00:24:24,710 --> 00:24:27,650
+because of these. So this is whitewashing. This is
+
+380
+00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:31,350
+erasing the natives. Okay. So the man, the man is
+
+381
+00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:35,400
+prosperous. He lives on an island because his
+
+382
+00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,940
+brother kicks him out of his kingdom and he steals
+
+383
+00:24:37,940 --> 00:24:40,820
+the kingdom for himself the throne now this guy
+
+384
+00:24:40,820 --> 00:24:43,820
+Prospero look at the name Prospero we'll comment
+
+385
+00:24:43,820 --> 00:24:48,460
+on the name in in a bit Prospero okay what does he
+
+386
+00:24:48,460 --> 00:24:51,580
+do he learns magic he's a magician in a way he
+
+387
+00:24:51,580 --> 00:24:55,740
+uses magic to trick his brother and restore his
+
+388
+00:24:55,740 --> 00:25:01,870
+kingdom okay In the play, he defeats the evil
+
+389
+00:25:01,870 --> 00:25:07,770
+savage native by the name of Caliban. So we have
+
+390
+00:25:07,770 --> 00:25:11,450
+number one, Prospero, the king. And number two, we
+
+391
+00:25:11,450 --> 00:25:17,230
+have Caliban. Caliban is the native of the island.
+
+392
+00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:19,230
+He is the owner of the island. The island is not
+
+393
+00:25:19,230 --> 00:25:22,730
+empty. But in the mentality of European
+
+394
+00:25:22,730 --> 00:25:26,510
+colonialism, remember colonialism? But
+
+395
+00:25:26,510 --> 00:25:32,830
+colonialism. Colonialism is the invasion, the
+
+396
+00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:35,370
+occupation of others lands and stealing all the
+
+397
+00:25:35,370 --> 00:25:40,210
+raw materials and resources. The British Empire
+
+398
+00:25:41,600 --> 00:25:45,660
+colonized large parts of the world. So Prospero,
+
+399
+00:25:45,860 --> 00:25:48,180
+in a way, was colonizing the island. Because
+
+400
+00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:49,820
+somewhere in the book, he says, my island. It's
+
+401
+00:25:49,820 --> 00:25:52,360
+not his island. But this is, again, the Western
+
+402
+00:25:52,360 --> 00:25:55,080
+European mentality of that time. That's why many
+
+403
+00:25:55,080 --> 00:25:57,880
+people, many critics now, like Edward Said, the
+
+404
+00:25:57,880 --> 00:26:01,040
+Palestinian Christian intellectual, believes that
+
+405
+00:26:01,040 --> 00:26:08,260
+the Tempest could be a fable or an allegory of
+
+406
+00:26:08,260 --> 00:26:09,180
+imperialism.
+
+407
+00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,860
+Imperialism, colonialism, imperialism. What does
+
+408
+00:26:16,860 --> 00:26:20,960
+it mean? It means it teaches the white Europeans,
+
+409
+00:26:21,440 --> 00:26:25,240
+the English people, that they have the right to go
+
+410
+00:26:25,240 --> 00:26:31,510
+occupy, control other lands. Because in a way,
+
+411
+00:26:31,790 --> 00:26:35,550
+they go to civilize, to educate the people. And we
+
+412
+00:26:35,550 --> 00:26:38,130
+know they don't civilize. They don't occupy. And
+
+413
+00:26:38,130 --> 00:26:41,650
+as Palestinians, we have paid a heavy price for
+
+414
+00:26:41,650 --> 00:26:44,970
+British colonialism and imperialism. We're still
+
+415
+00:26:44,970 --> 00:26:48,630
+under occupation because of this mentality, wide
+
+416
+00:26:48,630 --> 00:26:52,030
+mentality. Now, it's very funny. If you look at
+
+417
+00:26:52,030 --> 00:26:56,230
+the names, Prospero is like closer to prosper.
+
+418
+00:26:56,950 --> 00:27:01,550
+Prosper means? Prosper means to become rich. You
+
+419
+00:27:01,550 --> 00:27:04,830
+know prosperity? Prosperity to become rich.
+
+420
+00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:08,090
+Because this guy comes to an island and he makes
+
+421
+00:27:08,090 --> 00:27:12,870
+it rich. Makes it important. Gives it a name. And
+
+422
+00:27:12,870 --> 00:27:17,070
+Caliban is also a play on the word called anagram
+
+423
+00:27:17,070 --> 00:27:20,130
+cannibal. Do you know what the word cannibal
+
+424
+00:27:20,130 --> 00:27:24,750
+means? Cannibal. Cannibalism.
+
+425
+00:27:28,010 --> 00:27:33,990
+Cannibalism. is eating the flesh of a human being.
+
+426
+00:27:34,930 --> 00:27:39,710
+A cannibal is someone who eats the flesh of a
+
+427
+00:27:39,710 --> 00:27:45,650
+human being. Savage, you know? A savage. Some
+
+428
+00:27:45,650 --> 00:27:50,750
+people still exist. They do this. Very, very rare.
+
+429
+00:27:50,990 --> 00:27:54,550
+But it happens. It was in the news two or three
+
+430
+00:27:54,550 --> 00:28:01,470
+years ago. Cannibalism is eating human flesh. So
+
+431
+00:28:01,470 --> 00:28:04,470
+is Shakespeare playing on these words, is using
+
+432
+00:28:04,470 --> 00:28:09,830
+Caliban as cannibal, cannibal, cannibalism and
+
+433
+00:28:09,830 --> 00:28:12,750
+prosperoism. So the European is the good, the
+
+434
+00:28:12,750 --> 00:28:16,190
+rich, the educated, the civilized. And the natives
+
+435
+00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:20,150
+are? The bad, the cannibal, the savages, the
+
+436
+00:28:20,150 --> 00:28:28,350
+backwards, the uncivilized. So in a way, because
+
+437
+00:28:28,350 --> 00:28:32,490
+this man goes to that island, he assumes it's
+
+438
+00:28:32,490 --> 00:28:39,350
+empty, he controls it, he says it's my island, he
+
+439
+00:28:39,350 --> 00:28:43,890
+takes upon himself to civilize, to educate Caliban
+
+440
+00:28:43,890 --> 00:28:48,090
+in a way it's considered what? An allegory of
+
+441
+00:28:48,090 --> 00:28:50,890
+colonialism or of imperialism. Again, what does it
+
+442
+00:28:50,890 --> 00:28:53,770
+mean, an allegory of colonialism or imperialism?
+
+443
+00:28:54,270 --> 00:28:59,580
+When a literary text teaches you that you have the
+
+444
+00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:03,000
+right to go to other lands, occupy them, control
+
+445
+00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,020
+them, colonize them. We read funny stories
+
+446
+00:29:06,020 --> 00:29:08,420
+sometimes, like when we read the story about the
+
+447
+00:29:08,420 --> 00:29:12,040
+lion and the mouse. This is an allegory, how the
+
+448
+00:29:12,040 --> 00:29:17,220
+mouse, the little animal, can save the lion, the
+
+449
+00:29:17,220 --> 00:29:19,680
+king of the jungle. This is an allegory, an
+
+450
+00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:22,400
+allegory which teaches us a lesson. What lesson?
+
+451
+00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:27,580
+That the weak has a moral. Thank you. The weak can
+
+452
+00:29:27,580 --> 00:29:32,780
+sometimes be stronger than the strongest, can
+
+453
+00:29:32,780 --> 00:29:37,640
+help, can save the strong. So in a way, in the
+
+454
+00:29:37,640 --> 00:29:42,060
+mentality of Western people, literature did some
+
+455
+00:29:42,060 --> 00:29:45,860
+kind of or played some kind of role to teach them
+
+456
+00:29:45,860 --> 00:29:49,820
+that they have the moral obligation to go and
+
+457
+00:29:49,820 --> 00:29:53,480
+civilize other peoples around the world. But
+
+458
+00:29:53,480 --> 00:29:56,560
+sadly, this wasn't good. It was good for England
+
+459
+00:29:56,560 --> 00:29:58,660
+because it brought them a lot of riches,
+
+460
+00:29:58,880 --> 00:30:02,280
+prosperity and money and wealth. But for the
+
+461
+00:30:02,280 --> 00:30:07,060
+natives, it was really horrible. Even today, 400
+
+462
+00:30:07,060 --> 00:30:10,380
+years later, 300 years later, 200 years later, 100
+
+463
+00:30:10,380 --> 00:30:15,160
+years later, the natives still pay the price of
+
+464
+00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:18,650
+British imperialism and European imperialism. in
+
+465
+00:30:18,650 --> 00:30:23,410
+Africa, in Asia, and in America. So that's the
+
+466
+00:30:23,410 --> 00:30:26,570
+Tempest. Now in the Tempest, again, there are many
+
+467
+00:30:26,570 --> 00:30:30,470
+interesting things here. Look at this, the last
+
+468
+00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:40,310
+line here. Now my charms are all overthrown. The
+
+469
+00:30:40,310 --> 00:30:42,190
+speaker is prosperous. At the end of the play, he
+
+470
+00:30:42,190 --> 00:30:46,800
+says, OK, I won my kingdom back. I own that
+
+471
+00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,520
+island. My daughter is happily married, future
+
+472
+00:30:50,520 --> 00:30:53,760
+generation and hope. And now I don't need my
+
+473
+00:30:53,760 --> 00:30:56,640
+charms. Many critics believe that this is
+
+474
+00:30:56,640 --> 00:31:00,120
+Shakespeare saying goodbye to the audience and
+
+475
+00:31:00,120 --> 00:31:04,940
+saying goodbye. to the theater itself in general
+
+476
+00:31:04,940 --> 00:31:07,840
+and saying goodbye to us even now. Many people
+
+477
+00:31:07,840 --> 00:31:11,340
+love this, the Tempest, because they try to read
+
+478
+00:31:11,340 --> 00:31:13,740
+between the lines and see where Shakespeare is
+
+479
+00:31:13,740 --> 00:31:17,080
+saying goodbye. So my charms, charms means magic,
+
+480
+00:31:18,260 --> 00:31:21,800
+but isn't again literature magic? Doesn't
+
+481
+00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:26,620
+literature and fiction change our minds? Doesn't
+
+482
+00:31:26,620 --> 00:31:29,760
+literature help us grow, become better people,
+
+483
+00:31:29,880 --> 00:31:34,000
+learn, gain more experiences? Yes, it has the
+
+484
+00:31:34,000 --> 00:31:39,520
+magical power to make us better people, more open
+
+485
+00:31:39,520 --> 00:31:42,540
+minded, more understanding. That's a pun, right?
+
+486
+00:31:42,840 --> 00:31:47,990
+Sorry? Is it a pun? Charms? No, I'm not sure it is
+
+487
+00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:54,230
+a pun. It's an irony. Why? He's saying something
+
+488
+00:31:54,230 --> 00:31:59,710
+but he wants to say goodbye to people, to his
+
+489
+00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:04,990
+writings and plays. How is it irony? What is
+
+490
+00:32:04,990 --> 00:32:07,750
+irony? It's when you say something but you mean
+
+491
+00:32:07,750 --> 00:32:09,010
+something else. Probably,
+
+492
+00:32:12,050 --> 00:32:14,270
+I don't think it's irony, but it's funny how
+
+493
+00:32:14,270 --> 00:32:17,290
+Shakespeare is saying okay now all, now my charms
+
+494
+00:32:17,290 --> 00:32:23,890
+are all overthrown. But in reality he doesn't in
+
+495
+00:32:23,890 --> 00:32:29,050
+there Shakespeare begins here he actually scatters
+
+496
+00:32:29,050 --> 00:32:31,570
+his knowledge and charms all over the world all
+
+497
+00:32:31,570 --> 00:32:34,510
+around the world and that's why now we continue to
+
+498
+00:32:34,510 --> 00:32:37,770
+read Shakespeare and appreciate him and love and
+
+499
+00:32:37,770 --> 00:32:43,220
+love his writing okay So we go back finally to
+
+500
+00:32:43,220 --> 00:32:46,280
+Shakespeare, finally, to end this class.
+
+501
+00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:51,740
+Shakespeare using the very famous metaphor of the
+
+502
+00:32:51,740 --> 00:32:56,460
+world as a stage. Remember in Macbeth? Tomorrow
+
+503
+00:32:56,460 --> 00:33:01,160
+and tomorrow and tomorrow. No, that's King Lear.
+
+504
+00:33:01,320 --> 00:33:03,700
+Never, never, never King Lear. No, no, no, it's
+
+505
+00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:05,820
+King Lear. Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow is
+
+506
+00:33:05,820 --> 00:33:10,680
+Macbeth. When he says, A poor player describing
+
+507
+00:33:10,680 --> 00:33:14,880
+man. A poor player that struts and struts and
+
+508
+00:33:14,880 --> 00:33:18,260
+spins his hour upon the stage and then is heard?
+
+509
+00:33:19,080 --> 00:33:21,700
+No more. Now Sheikhs beweared this last time, I
+
+510
+00:33:21,700 --> 00:33:24,980
+think, some of you, one of you. All the world's a
+
+511
+00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:30,620
+stage. All the world's A stage and all men and
+
+512
+00:33:30,620 --> 00:33:34,600
+women merely players. They have their exits and
+
+513
+00:33:34,600 --> 00:33:38,860
+their entrances. And one man in his time plays
+
+514
+00:33:38,860 --> 00:33:43,160
+many parts. I like how Shakespeare says men and
+
+515
+00:33:43,160 --> 00:33:47,160
+women, men before, women we know, women didn't
+
+516
+00:33:47,160 --> 00:33:50,200
+perform on the stage then. And then later on he
+
+517
+00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,140
+says and one man plays many parts because
+
+518
+00:33:53,140 --> 00:33:56,040
+sometimes he plays the part of a woman. I don't
+
+519
+00:33:56,040 --> 00:34:00,120
+know. It could be funny. OK? So Shakespeare, we
+
+520
+00:34:00,120 --> 00:34:03,480
+stop here. But we go back to wrap things up before
+
+521
+00:34:03,480 --> 00:34:07,300
+we talk about the next class. Shakespeare is the
+
+522
+00:34:07,300 --> 00:34:11,360
+greatest poet, playwright, literary figure
+
+523
+00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,080
+probably not in the history of English literature,
+
+524
+00:34:15,240 --> 00:34:22,060
+but in the whole world. 400 years ago and now.
+
+525
+00:34:23,440 --> 00:34:26,240
+He's talking to us. The themes, the characters,
+
+526
+00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,880
+the jokes, the poetry, we still love, we still
+
+527
+00:34:30,880 --> 00:34:34,500
+care about. We watch Hamlet, we feel sad for
+
+528
+00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:36,800
+Hamlet. We watch Shylock, we feel sad for Shylock.
+
+529
+00:34:36,840 --> 00:34:39,800
+We watch Portia, we feel proud that Portia managed
+
+530
+00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:42,740
+to change something. The themes of shared
+
+531
+00:34:42,740 --> 00:34:45,580
+humanity, the themes of love, of power, of money,
+
+532
+00:34:46,360 --> 00:34:48,360
+are still themes today, are still issues we
+
+533
+00:34:48,360 --> 00:34:52,890
+discuss even today. Shakespeare is a universal
+
+534
+00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:56,610
+character. Shakespeare is timeless because he fits
+
+535
+00:34:56,610 --> 00:35:01,350
+everywhere and he fits in all societies, in all
+
+536
+00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:03,590
+places. That's why probably Shakespeare was
+
+537
+00:35:03,590 --> 00:35:06,250
+translated to almost all languages around the
+
+538
+00:35:06,250 --> 00:35:10,570
+world. He was performed and he's even adapted.
+
+539
+00:35:10,790 --> 00:35:13,790
+Many plays tried to change, like many productions
+
+540
+00:35:13,790 --> 00:35:18,820
+tried to change something in. Because we had one
+
+541
+00:35:18,820 --> 00:35:22,260
+interesting discussion with someone who performed
+
+542
+00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:28,480
+Othello in Africa. So what did they do? They made
+
+543
+00:35:28,480 --> 00:35:33,460
+everyone black except for Othello. Or when you go
+
+544
+00:35:33,460 --> 00:35:35,540
+to China, how would you do this? So probably
+
+545
+00:35:35,540 --> 00:35:39,520
+Othello is a Chinese man. in a way. Maybe you can
+
+546
+00:35:39,520 --> 00:35:43,380
+play The Merchant of Venice where it takes place
+
+547
+00:35:43,380 --> 00:35:46,460
+in Palestine in occupied Jerusalem and Shylock is
+
+548
+00:35:46,460 --> 00:35:49,160
+a Palestinian guy trying to go to perform to
+
+549
+00:35:49,160 --> 00:35:51,880
+something having his house destroyed or trying to
+
+550
+00:35:51,880 --> 00:35:54,880
+take revenge. The beauty of Shakespeare is that he
+
+551
+00:35:54,880 --> 00:35:58,800
+keeps giving. You read Shakespeare, you enjoy the
+
+552
+00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,000
+language, and you love the characters. Even if the
+
+553
+00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,800
+characters are bad and wicked, sometimes you find
+
+554
+00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,540
+something interesting in them. He's master of
+
+555
+00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,380
+characterization. He's a master of
+
+556
+00:36:11,380 --> 00:36:15,020
+characterization. Now, if you have any question,
+
+557
+00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,260
+please do ask. This is, again, Shakespeare today.
+
+558
+00:36:21,560 --> 00:36:27,270
+The last slide. This is how we comment on
+
+559
+00:36:27,270 --> 00:36:31,710
+Shakespeare to conclude things. Remember, in the
+
+560
+00:36:31,710 --> 00:36:34,670
+Renaissance, now literature gives more answers
+
+561
+00:36:34,670 --> 00:36:39,430
+than religion. People would go to the theater
+
+562
+00:36:39,430 --> 00:36:43,110
+every time there's a play. But remember,
+
+563
+00:36:43,630 --> 00:36:46,810
+Shakespeare, particularly literature in general,
+
+564
+00:36:47,970 --> 00:36:54,930
+does not give us answers. When you read a literary
+
+565
+00:36:54,930 --> 00:36:57,470
+text, a poem, sometimes it's not about finding
+
+566
+00:36:57,470 --> 00:37:00,270
+answers. You could find your answer. But it's
+
+567
+00:37:00,270 --> 00:37:04,470
+about raising more questions, showing you
+
+568
+00:37:04,470 --> 00:37:06,910
+possibilities. What should I do, this or that?
+
+569
+00:37:07,270 --> 00:37:09,790
+Should I do like Hamlet? Should I act like
+
+570
+00:37:09,790 --> 00:37:12,290
+Othello? What happens if I do? What happens if I
+
+571
+00:37:12,290 --> 00:37:15,530
+don't? It gives us answers. Gives us
+
+572
+00:37:15,530 --> 00:37:18,330
+possibilities, I would say. But it raises many
+
+573
+00:37:18,330 --> 00:37:20,590
+questions. Many people say literature is about
+
+574
+00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:24,600
+raising questions, not answering them. Because it
+
+575
+00:37:24,600 --> 00:37:26,580
+makes you think. It makes you a better human
+
+576
+00:37:26,580 --> 00:37:29,480
+being, a better thinker, a better student, and a
+
+577
+00:37:29,480 --> 00:37:33,920
+better daughter, wife, husband, son, mother,
+
+578
+00:37:34,080 --> 00:37:36,700
+grandmother. Because you've seen it all. You've
+
+579
+00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,960
+lived it. When you read Hamlet, you live Hamlet.
+
+580
+00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,240
+You become Hamlet. You are Hamlet. And this is how
+
+581
+00:37:44,240 --> 00:37:48,020
+much experience we learn from just watching one
+
+582
+00:37:48,020 --> 00:37:51,560
+play. That's why Shakespeare is still relevant and
+
+583
+00:37:51,560 --> 00:37:53,980
+alive. His characters are alive in our
+
+584
+00:37:53,980 --> 00:37:57,800
+imagination. We quote him, we adapt him, we study
+
+585
+00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:00,940
+him. Because his plays fit all people, all
+
+586
+00:38:00,940 --> 00:38:04,760
+religions. Yeah, regardless of religion,
+
+587
+00:38:05,040 --> 00:38:07,540
+regardless of race. I posted these five questions
+
+588
+00:38:07,540 --> 00:38:12,810
+online on the Facebook group. You're supposed to
+
+589
+00:38:12,810 --> 00:38:19,430
+answer three of them. Listen, these are opinion
+
+590
+00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:22,990
+questions more or less. You know what opinion
+
+591
+00:38:22,990 --> 00:38:26,270
+question is? I want your opinion. I don't want you
+
+592
+00:38:26,270 --> 00:38:29,940
+to go copy from the internet. You're not supposed
+
+593
+00:38:29,940 --> 00:38:34,340
+to, like, reading this is enough. You're still
+
+594
+00:38:34,340 --> 00:38:36,820
+beginning to learn English and English literature.
+
+595
+00:38:37,480 --> 00:38:39,240
+If you want to read more about Hamlet, about
+
+596
+00:38:39,240 --> 00:38:41,520
+Othello, about The Tempest, about The Mansion of
+
+597
+00:38:41,520 --> 00:38:44,340
+Venice, it's up to you for more knowledge, for
+
+598
+00:38:44,340 --> 00:38:48,500
+more background information. But for these
+
+599
+00:38:48,500 --> 00:38:51,040
+questions, the discussions we had in the class
+
+600
+00:38:51,040 --> 00:38:56,380
+could be enough. Okay, so what I want you to do is
+
+601
+00:38:56,380 --> 00:39:01,100
+to choose three out of five questions Three out of
+
+602
+00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:04,100
+five for each question. You're supposed to write a
+
+603
+00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,340
+long paragraph like I don't know It's not about
+
+604
+00:39:06,340 --> 00:39:09,280
+how big it is. It's how well written it is. You're
+
+605
+00:39:09,280 --> 00:39:11,140
+learning how to write paragraphs in academic
+
+606
+00:39:11,140 --> 00:39:14,520
+writing apply this Topic sentence supporting
+
+607
+00:39:14,520 --> 00:39:17,240
+sentences. Give me your opinion. Give me your idea
+
+608
+00:39:17,240 --> 00:39:22,150
+about these questions for example We said that
+
+609
+00:39:22,150 --> 00:39:24,970
+Shakespeare humanizes the kings. He makes them
+
+610
+00:39:24,970 --> 00:39:28,770
+humans. But is he also exposing their weaknesses
+
+611
+00:39:28,770 --> 00:39:31,990
+implicitly and directly? What do you think? Give
+
+612
+00:39:31,990 --> 00:39:36,670
+examples from what we studied. How could Hamlet be
+
+613
+00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:41,830
+a typical Palestinian girl or boy? Is there
+
+614
+00:39:41,830 --> 00:39:48,120
+something in us from Hamlet? Do you identify with
+
+615
+00:39:48,120 --> 00:39:51,720
+him? The struggle, the crisis, the identity, how
+
+616
+00:39:51,720 --> 00:39:55,060
+he's caught between two worlds, the old and the
+
+617
+00:39:55,060 --> 00:39:55,380
+modern?
+
+618
+00:40:00,220 --> 00:40:04,180
+So what do you think? Give me your opinion. As a
+
+619
+00:40:04,180 --> 00:40:07,720
+Palestinian, would you identify more with Shylock
+
+620
+00:40:07,720 --> 00:40:15,230
+or with Othello? Which one do you find closer to
+
+621
+00:40:15,230 --> 00:40:17,850
+you, to your mentality, to your way of thinking as
+
+622
+00:40:17,850 --> 00:40:22,130
+a Palestinian? Which one would you feel more
+
+623
+00:40:22,130 --> 00:40:27,050
+sorrowful towards? Could a woman have achieved
+
+624
+00:40:27,050 --> 00:40:30,070
+what Shakespeare did? Shakespeare, the man, the
+
+625
+00:40:30,070 --> 00:40:33,230
+author, the playwright. Remember, women at that
+
+626
+00:40:33,230 --> 00:40:37,190
+time were not considered as intellectual, as
+
+627
+00:40:37,190 --> 00:40:40,670
+smart, as intelligent as men. And Shakespeare
+
+628
+00:40:40,670 --> 00:40:43,350
+somewhere, he proved that this is in a way wrong.
+
+629
+00:40:45,090 --> 00:40:49,090
+Why didn't a woman in Shakespeare's time wrote
+
+630
+00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,190
+these plays? Why didn't a woman write these plays?
+
+631
+00:40:53,790 --> 00:40:56,350
+What's wrong? Was it her problem? Was it the
+
+632
+00:40:56,350 --> 00:40:59,170
+society? We can learn about this from the plays,
+
+633
+00:40:59,310 --> 00:41:03,230
+from Ophelia, Gertrude, from probably Portia.
+
+634
+00:41:03,510 --> 00:41:06,210
+Maybe if you don't like the question, it's up to
+
+635
+00:41:06,210 --> 00:41:10,580
+you. And then, finally, some accuse Shakespeare of
+
+636
+00:41:10,580 --> 00:41:12,720
+being anti-feminist. What is anti-feminist?
+
+637
+00:41:14,120 --> 00:41:17,380
+Someone who thinks women are not equal to men,
+
+638
+00:41:17,740 --> 00:41:20,200
+they don't deserve equal rights, they should spend
+
+639
+00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:24,040
+their time at home in the kitchen. But other
+
+640
+00:41:24,040 --> 00:41:26,480
+critics say, no, no, no, no, Shakespeare is not
+
+641
+00:41:26,480 --> 00:41:29,460
+doing this because Shakespeare hates women or
+
+642
+00:41:29,460 --> 00:41:32,600
+thinks less of them, but because Shakespeare wants
+
+643
+00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:36,410
+to expose the society. It's an opinion question.
+
+644
+00:41:36,490 --> 00:41:40,090
+Do you agree? Prove it. Do you disagree? Also
+
+645
+00:41:40,090 --> 00:41:44,930
+prove it. From the examples we discussed here.
+
+646
+00:41:45,570 --> 00:41:50,430
+Again, if you want to read more online or go to
+
+647
+00:41:50,430 --> 00:41:52,490
+the library, read something more about any of
+
+648
+00:41:52,490 --> 00:41:56,450
+these plays, do it. But please don't copy paste.
+
+649
+00:41:56,770 --> 00:41:59,110
+If you copy paste, this is called plagiarism.
+
+650
+00:42:03,920 --> 00:42:07,360
+Plagiarism. Plagiarism is the worst thing a
+
+651
+00:42:07,360 --> 00:42:10,380
+student could do. Probably the second worst thing
+
+652
+00:42:10,380 --> 00:42:14,500
+next to racism. You're not racist. You're not
+
+653
+00:42:14,500 --> 00:42:18,440
+plagiarists. I want your opinion. I don't want
+
+654
+00:42:18,440 --> 00:42:22,960
+what people write online. okay this is five marks
+
+655
+00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:26,460
+if you want more questions please do ask I'll stop
+
+656
+00:42:26,460 --> 00:42:30,360
+here and I'll stay for 10 minutes if you need to
+
+657
+00:42:30,360 --> 00:42:32,820
+know more about the questions about Shakespeare or
+
+658
+00:42:32,820 --> 00:42:35,680
+anything thank you very much and see you next
+
+659
+00:42:35,680 --> 00:42:36,820
+class for the summit
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@
+1
+00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,050
+Good day, everyone. And today we move to speak
+
+2
+00:00:25,050 --> 00:00:30,630
+about Victorian poetry. Last time we've seen how
+
+3
+00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:33,970
+women played a major role in the literature and
+
+4
+00:00:33,970 --> 00:00:40,330
+criticism of the Victorian Age. We said the 19th
+
+5
+00:00:40,330 --> 00:00:42,510
+century witnessed
+
+6
+00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:51,720
+some sort of a huge peak, a huge rise in the
+
+7
+00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,180
+production of novels. And we've seen how women
+
+8
+00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:59,900
+were contributing more to English literature and
+
+9
+00:00:59,900 --> 00:01:03,240
+the English, the body of English canon in general.
+
+10
+00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:09,110
+However, However, it doesn't mean that women were
+
+11
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,090
+free to do anything, to say anything. It meant
+
+12
+00:01:13,090 --> 00:01:16,170
+that they were more courageous, more independent.
+
+13
+00:01:16,770 --> 00:01:19,210
+Not that they were not brave before, but that the
+
+14
+00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:23,010
+society, in a way or another, improved, developed,
+
+15
+00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:26,210
+progressed a little bit, and women acquired more
+
+16
+00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:30,650
+and more tools of expression. Still, we've seen
+
+17
+00:01:30,650 --> 00:01:33,990
+how women would use sometimes pen names of men. in
+
+18
+00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:37,030
+order to be able to publish, to reach out to a
+
+19
+00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:41,090
+wider audience, so to speak. So today we move to
+
+20
+00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:43,210
+speak about the Victorian Age. I'm not going to go
+
+21
+00:01:43,210 --> 00:01:48,430
+in a lot of detail here. I'm picking two Victorian
+
+22
+00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:52,910
+poets, male poets, and you can go read more from
+
+23
+00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:56,260
+the book. resources about other female poets,
+
+24
+00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:59,160
+mainly Elizabeth Browning, for example. She was a
+
+25
+00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,640
+famous English Victorian poet of the time. So the
+
+26
+00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,500
+Victorian poetry, in a way or another, also
+
+27
+00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:11,790
+mirrors the age it was written in. We've seen how
+
+28
+00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:15,030
+the novel was a mirror of the social life, of
+
+29
+00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,810
+class division, of poverty, of corruption, of all
+
+30
+00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:21,370
+these sort of struggles. We've seen how women
+
+31
+00:02:21,370 --> 00:02:26,170
+novels were also tools of empowerment to give
+
+32
+00:02:26,170 --> 00:02:30,450
+women voices, to try to show good examples for
+
+33
+00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:33,010
+women, how women can be independent and end
+
+34
+00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:37,510
+achieving their goal, whatever. or whatever it is.
+
+35
+00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:41,610
+So today, we speak about the Victorian poetry. The
+
+36
+00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:45,630
+first major poet is Alfred Tennyson.
+
+37
+00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:53,510
+Now, Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian poet later on
+
+38
+00:02:53,510 --> 00:02:57,390
+became the poet of the nation, like the poet
+
+39
+00:02:57,390 --> 00:03:01,190
+laureate. The queen loved his poetry. Remember,
+
+40
+00:03:01,370 --> 00:03:06,470
+Queen Victoria became a widow early in her life.
+
+41
+00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,450
+And she lost her husband. And she remained
+
+42
+00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:13,330
+unmarried for, I think, 40 years or so. Really a
+
+43
+00:03:13,330 --> 00:03:17,390
+long period. And because his poetry is generally a
+
+44
+00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:22,080
+poetry of loss, regret, sadness, or unhappiness.
+
+45
+00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:27,740
+She loved his poetry. She read his poetry. And in
+
+46
+00:03:27,740 --> 00:03:29,960
+a way, this made his poetry even more and more
+
+47
+00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:31,960
+famous. When the queen reads your poetry and likes
+
+48
+00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,780
+your poetry, definitely it makes you a famous
+
+49
+00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,780
+writer, a famous name in your age. So his poetry
+
+50
+00:03:40,780 --> 00:03:44,400
+is, of course, totally different from the poetry
+
+51
+00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,220
+of the romantics. I say this sometimes. There was
+
+52
+00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:52,490
+an overlap. When some Victorian poets were writing
+
+53
+00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:54,990
+poetry, some also romantic poets were still alive
+
+54
+00:03:54,990 --> 00:03:57,610
+or writing poetry over there. But the sensibility,
+
+55
+00:03:57,730 --> 00:04:00,690
+the concerns, the interests were more or less
+
+56
+00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:05,230
+different. So for example, remember what nature
+
+57
+00:04:05,230 --> 00:04:08,410
+meant to the romantics? It meant beauty, truth,
+
+58
+00:04:09,010 --> 00:04:13,580
+right? Nature was poetry itself, but here he sees
+
+59
+00:04:13,580 --> 00:04:16,380
+something else in nature. It's no longer an object
+
+60
+00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:19,620
+of beauty. It's an object of cruelty, an object of
+
+61
+00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:23,360
+despair. This is more realistic for so many
+
+62
+00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,600
+people. The Victorian Age is more realistic than
+
+63
+00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:32,320
+the poetry of the Romantic Age. So nature read. in
+
+64
+00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:37,440
+tooth and claw. In a way, he is personifying
+
+65
+00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:43,140
+nature or not. But nature here is likened to a
+
+66
+00:04:43,140 --> 00:04:46,040
+monster, to an animal, probably a tiger or a lion,
+
+67
+00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,760
+a ferocious wild animal. Its claws, the claws of
+
+68
+00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,300
+the animals, the paws and the tooth are red
+
+69
+00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:02,310
+because Blood, yeah. So in a way, this is nature
+
+70
+00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,690
+for him. No longer my heart leaps up when I see a
+
+71
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:10,130
+rainbow. No longer I wander lonely as a cloud, and
+
+72
+00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:13,470
+my heart with pleasure fills and dances with the
+
+73
+00:05:13,470 --> 00:05:17,000
+daffodils. Nature is... So according to critics,
+
+74
+00:05:17,140 --> 00:05:19,260
+this is a more realistic vision of life, of
+
+75
+00:05:19,260 --> 00:05:22,200
+nature. Nature is not all roses and rainbows and
+
+76
+00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,540
+flowers and, you know, solitary reapers and
+
+77
+00:05:25,540 --> 00:05:29,240
+singers and everything. There is a lot of sadness
+
+78
+00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,860
+in life. There is a lot of despair, a lot of
+
+79
+00:05:31,860 --> 00:05:35,380
+pessimism in life. So here in this line, this is a
+
+80
+00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:37,600
+very famous line, like there's so many
+
+81
+00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,780
+interpretations, but we take the fact that he is
+
+82
+00:05:40,780 --> 00:05:46,050
+stressing the cruelty here. rather than how nature
+
+83
+00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:49,790
+is good to our senses, to our memories, and to our
+
+84
+00:05:49,790 --> 00:05:54,350
+experiences. How nature helps us recall these
+
+85
+00:05:54,350 --> 00:05:57,690
+memories in solitude, and then when in vacant or
+
+86
+00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:59,830
+in pensive mood, we dance with the daffodils, or
+
+87
+00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:02,730
+our hearts dance with the daffodils. So this is
+
+88
+00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:07,230
+one major change. Or two, actually. The realistic
+
+89
+00:06:07,230 --> 00:06:10,310
+vision of nature, and the fact that he focuses
+
+90
+00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:15,220
+here on the cruelty. the darkness of nature and
+
+91
+00:06:15,220 --> 00:06:19,000
+darkness of life. So one of his most important
+
+92
+00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,620
+poems is called In Memoriam, A H H, which is an
+
+93
+00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,160
+elegy to one of his friends. His name, I think, is
+
+94
+00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:32,100
+Arthur something. I don't care. So the poem is
+
+95
+00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:35,760
+about loss, regret, death, and despair and
+
+96
+00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:39,480
+pessimism. It's about how when you are, remember,
+
+97
+00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:41,980
+in the prime of your age, you can't simply just
+
+98
+00:06:41,980 --> 00:06:47,480
+like that, die. You could hope. Remember the
+
+99
+00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,680
+positivism of women writers who always believed
+
+100
+00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,100
+good things? will be coming, the good is yet to
+
+101
+00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:59,700
+come. Men were usually more pessimistic, darker
+
+102
+00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:04,060
+than women. And this is a great difference. And I
+
+103
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:06,440
+remember I said about this, I mentioned this last
+
+104
+00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,240
+time, how women were, I don't want to say that
+
+105
+00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:14,280
+they were Presumably contradicting men, like men
+
+106
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:16,400
+are all like, oh, we are all going to die. And
+
+107
+00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,760
+women are like, no, there is still hope for us.
+
+108
+00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:21,780
+It's not because they wanted to contradict, but at
+
+109
+00:07:21,780 --> 00:07:24,520
+least they wanted to give hope for women. Like for
+
+110
+00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:30,000
+women, with struggle, with more fighting, more
+
+111
+00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,880
+raising your voices, you can acquire more freedom
+
+112
+00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,040
+and independence. And this is the poem, actually,
+
+113
+00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:45,760
+that Queen Victoria loved. And some people think
+
+114
+00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,940
+that she considered her her favorite text ever.
+
+115
+00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:53,100
+Because again, she was a widow herself. She had a
+
+116
+00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:57,820
+man. dear to her heart, her husband. Not sure if
+
+117
+00:07:57,820 --> 00:08:00,840
+she liked him or not, but at least she loved the
+
+118
+00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:04,780
+poem here because it reminds her of loss, of
+
+119
+00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:09,160
+sadness, of darkness, of despair. So that's why
+
+120
+00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:11,140
+generally, generally, he's considered... It
+
+121
+00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,780
+doesn't mean all his poetry is poetry of loss and
+
+122
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,600
+despair, but sometimes you become more known for
+
+123
+00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,500
+one particular type of writing because of
+
+124
+00:08:19,500 --> 00:08:22,420
+something. So here, the fact that the queen loved
+
+125
+00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,560
+this poem about loss, death, and despair made
+
+126
+00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,620
+Tennyson more famous for this type of poetry. So
+
+127
+00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,540
+he's generally considered to be a poet of sadness.
+
+128
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,360
+Again, it doesn't mean. He was only solely
+
+129
+00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:41,060
+exclusively a poet of loss and sadness. So his
+
+130
+00:08:41,060 --> 00:08:43,640
+poetry shows a wide range of subject matter, and
+
+131
+00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,780
+not all his poems have a tone of unhappiness. But
+
+132
+00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:50,900
+he's more famous for the ones about sadness and
+
+133
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,040
+about loss. A one feature in his poetry is the
+
+134
+00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:00,280
+dramatic monologue. And as the name suggests,
+
+135
+00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:04,000
+monologue, some sort of a soliloquy, right?
+
+136
+00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,420
+Monologue. What is a monologue? It's when you have
+
+137
+00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:10,380
+a conversation with yourself. Exactly. Like,
+
+138
+00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,700
+you're talking to yourself. There's one character.
+
+139
+00:09:12,820 --> 00:09:17,000
+It's more like a one-man show with a dramatized
+
+140
+00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,800
+experience. This is not a play, so it's not a
+
+141
+00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,020
+soliloquy where you, in a way, you address the
+
+142
+00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:28,050
+audience. a speech by one person, one man's, one
+
+143
+00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:31,070
+woman's speech, where the thoughts are revealed,
+
+144
+00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:34,290
+where the character is developed through this
+
+145
+00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:40,870
+dramatic monologue. So this form uses a speaking
+
+146
+00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:46,820
+voice which shows the poets or the speakers with a
+
+147
+00:09:46,820 --> 00:09:50,720
+male or female thoughts, inner thoughts, I would
+
+148
+00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:55,220
+say, like a monologue in a way or another. And the
+
+149
+00:09:55,220 --> 00:09:59,140
+character itself comes out and is developed or
+
+150
+00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:03,080
+develops and evolves through the ideas and the
+
+151
+00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,280
+words of the monologue. So when you read the text,
+
+152
+00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,440
+you feel that there's one speaker, and the speaker
+
+153
+00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:12,750
+is, you know, In a dramatic way, revealing his or
+
+154
+00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:18,090
+her thoughts. In this monologue itself, the
+
+155
+00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:21,370
+character is developed. The plot, if we have a
+
+156
+00:10:21,370 --> 00:10:24,470
+plot of the poem, is also developed. The
+
+157
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:28,830
+characteristic features are revealed through
+
+158
+00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:32,730
+dramatic monologue. He did this in so many of his
+
+159
+00:10:32,730 --> 00:10:35,710
+poems. Dramatic monologue. What is dramatic
+
+160
+00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:38,530
+monologue? You have one voice, the voice of the
+
+161
+00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:41,110
+speaker, whether a man or a woman, that reveals
+
+162
+00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:44,790
+the inner thoughts, probably inner conflicts.
+
+163
+00:10:45,860 --> 00:10:48,940
+Similar to Assala-Lakwi, but Assala-Lakwi is
+
+164
+00:10:48,940 --> 00:10:52,340
+basically in drama, in play. This is in poetry
+
+165
+00:10:52,340 --> 00:10:56,740
+here. So, for example, in one of his poems,
+
+166
+00:10:58,140 --> 00:11:00,800
+entitled Ulysses, and Ulysses is taken from
+
+167
+00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,400
+Homer's The Odyssey. Do you know Homer? Homer's
+
+168
+00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,960
+The Odyssey, very ancient, one of the most ancient
+
+169
+00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:10,040
+epics, 2,000 years ago, The Odyssey, The Iliad.
+
+170
+00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:13,100
+Are you familiar with The Iliad and The Odyssey?
+
+171
+00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:16,530
+You should read more about this. At least read
+
+172
+00:11:16,530 --> 00:11:21,010
+more about Homer's The Odyssey. I'm not sure if
+
+173
+00:11:21,010 --> 00:11:24,250
+you heard about this in Arabic. So the main
+
+174
+00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:28,170
+character is Ulysses. And Ulysses becomes a main
+
+175
+00:11:28,170 --> 00:11:30,230
+character in many texts. We'll speak about this
+
+176
+00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:34,090
+next class, how in, for example, James Joyce's
+
+177
+00:11:34,090 --> 00:11:38,110
+novel Ulysses, there is a reference there. So the
+
+178
+00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:41,530
+hero is borrowed in a way or another from the
+
+179
+00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:48,070
+ancient times. So Ulysses speaks. in old age about
+
+180
+00:11:48,070 --> 00:11:52,970
+the need to go and find new worlds, new ambitions,
+
+181
+00:11:53,490 --> 00:11:58,190
+new experiences, new worlds. Remember I said this
+
+182
+00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:02,310
+somewhere in the novel and it's clearer in poetry.
+
+183
+00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:07,030
+The critics
+
+184
+00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:11,110
+and the poets and the authors were really obsessed
+
+185
+00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480
+with finding new worlds, finding new experiences.
+
+186
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:19,720
+In a way, people were tired, fed up with what was
+
+187
+00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:22,920
+going on. They wanted new things, real new things.
+
+188
+00:12:23,060 --> 00:12:25,700
+Like, come on, just... And by the way, we find
+
+189
+00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,860
+this everywhere at the end of every age. Like
+
+190
+00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:31,520
+somewhere at the end of the... Remember the
+
+191
+00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,700
+Renaissance? People were like, come on. We need
+
+192
+00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,340
+something new. And then a new era begins, a new
+
+193
+00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:41,140
+king, a new queen, a new movement. And then people
+
+194
+00:12:41,140 --> 00:12:44,840
+get tired, and the world keeps moving on and on
+
+195
+00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,240
+and on. So in this monologue, Ulysses here is
+
+196
+00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:53,980
+urging this new change, in a way mirroring the
+
+197
+00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:58,180
+mentality of the age, how people felt that they
+
+198
+00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,090
+wanted to change. So the line says here, It's from
+
+199
+00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:06,250
+Ulysses by Tennyson. And again, the character is
+
+200
+00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:10,930
+borrowed from Homer in The Odyssey. It is not too
+
+201
+00:13:10,930 --> 00:13:20,270
+late to seek a newer world. It is not too late to
+
+202
+00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:26,790
+seek a newer world. There's always time to seek a
+
+203
+00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:30,830
+new world, new ambitions, new experiences, just to
+
+204
+00:13:30,830 --> 00:13:36,720
+turn a page and start anew. Now, if you notice, I
+
+205
+00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:40,480
+like how he started this with this old form of it
+
+206
+00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:47,020
+is. Saying, like, let's leave the old age and
+
+207
+00:13:47,020 --> 00:13:50,820
+represent it here in its old form of poetry, of
+
+208
+00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:56,020
+literature, it is, and move forward to a newer
+
+209
+00:13:56,020 --> 00:14:03,710
+world, a world with new ambitions. new interests,
+
+210
+00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:08,090
+new experiences. We have had enough of this. We
+
+211
+00:14:08,090 --> 00:14:13,010
+have had too much of this. So this tone of loss,
+
+212
+00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:17,990
+of tragedy, of this urgent tone to change was
+
+213
+00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:23,630
+generally present in Innocent. Okay? So he wasn't
+
+214
+00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,510
+only a poet of loss and change and sadness and
+
+215
+00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:31,330
+unhappiness, but he was also a poet of change. He
+
+216
+00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:35,150
+wanted new experiences. He wanted to push for new
+
+217
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:39,430
+experiences. Now, because Tennyson... We'll see a
+
+218
+00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:41,910
+whole poem from Tennyson after this. Because
+
+219
+00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:46,350
+Tennyson was...
+
+220
+00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,980
+Also, the poet who praised the heroes who was
+
+221
+00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:54,160
+writing poetry on certain occasions, national
+
+222
+00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,900
+occasions, heroic, historic occasions of the time,
+
+223
+00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,640
+like the Crimean War of that time, he is
+
+224
+00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,800
+considered to be the national poet of England.
+
+225
+00:15:04,380 --> 00:15:06,840
+Like a poet laureate, so to speak. So Tennyson
+
+226
+00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:09,620
+became the national poet who composed poetry on
+
+227
+00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:12,260
+certain national occasions.
+
+228
+00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,040
+And of course, he became famous for praising the
+
+229
+00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:22,340
+heroes, the soldiers. For him, the soldiers are
+
+230
+00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:26,440
+the ones, not the politicians, that are defending
+
+231
+00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,960
+the country. Because they personally, they
+
+232
+00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,460
+literally sacrificed their own lives, shed their
+
+233
+00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:37,580
+own blood for the sake of the country. And this is
+
+234
+00:15:37,580 --> 00:15:41,840
+how he speaks about them. Maybe you will take this
+
+235
+00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:46,480
+as a criticism. But it's part of how he praises
+
+236
+00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:50,020
+these heroes. So theirs is referring to the
+
+237
+00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:54,060
+soldiers, the heroes. Theirs is not to reason why.
+
+238
+00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:58,260
+They don't argue. If there is a war, they just get
+
+239
+00:15:58,260 --> 00:16:00,700
+to receive the orders, the commands from the
+
+240
+00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,900
+leaders. They just go out. They don't say, why
+
+241
+00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:05,980
+should I be fighting Russia? Why should I be
+
+242
+00:16:05,980 --> 00:16:09,060
+fighting France? Why should I be going here and
+
+243
+00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:13,140
+there? They don't ask questions. Because they're
+
+244
+00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:17,390
+heroes, right? but also negative because they can
+
+245
+00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:19,530
+be sent here and there. Today, they're fighting
+
+246
+00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,510
+with Russia. Tomorrow, against Russia. Today, with
+
+247
+00:16:22,510 --> 00:16:24,370
+France. Tomorrow, against France. And this is
+
+248
+00:16:24,370 --> 00:16:27,210
+politics. Politics is dirty work. The people, the
+
+249
+00:16:27,210 --> 00:16:30,130
+politicians, the leaders are always sitting in
+
+250
+00:16:30,130 --> 00:16:34,650
+their homes comfortably, gaining the benefits of
+
+251
+00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:38,010
+the war. And the ordinary people lose their lives
+
+252
+00:16:38,010 --> 00:16:42,510
+and their futures. So there's not to reason why.
+
+253
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,540
+There's but to do, to fight, to struggle, action.
+
+254
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:54,560
+Some people speak, but those people do or die. So
+
+255
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:58,880
+they fight. They go. They take action. Deeds, not
+
+256
+00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:04,400
+words. And sometimes they die. So generally,
+
+257
+00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:09,100
+people love poets who praise the heroes, who, you
+
+258
+00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,300
+know, because these are the dead people. Everyone
+
+259
+00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,240
+loves the martyrs of the country, people who
+
+260
+00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,240
+defend us, people who resist the occupations and
+
+261
+00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,240
+the oppression. We love them. We love to praise
+
+262
+00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,340
+them. And we love the poetry that praises them.
+
+263
+00:17:22,340 --> 00:17:25,420
+And we love the poets that also praise those
+
+264
+00:17:25,420 --> 00:17:29,100
+heroes. But is there criticism implied here? I
+
+265
+00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,060
+guess yes. Because those people do. Other people?
+
+266
+00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,820
+Talk, talk, talk. Just speak words of those
+
+267
+00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:45,700
+people. Okay? So generally his poetry, his poems
+
+268
+00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:50,100
+combine history, like hysterical events here,
+
+269
+00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:53,660
+dramatic effect, the dramatic monologue, and there
+
+270
+00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:58,650
+is generally a tone of... Sadness and loss. An
+
+271
+00:17:58,650 --> 00:18:02,090
+atmosphere of sadness and loss. How do you feel
+
+272
+00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:04,570
+that? How do you find that? Number one, the
+
+273
+00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:07,430
+subject matter. When it's about death and dying,
+
+274
+00:18:07,910 --> 00:18:10,230
+when it's an elegy, of course there is going to be
+
+275
+00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:15,240
+an atmosphere, a tone of sadness. When there is
+
+276
+00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,160
+death and dying, so this poem here, there is death
+
+277
+00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,900
+and dying, right? And the poem before, there is
+
+278
+00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,440
+like, oh, too late. Let's do something else with
+
+279
+00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,580
+third of this. And then the one before, which one
+
+280
+00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:30,580
+here? Nature red in tooth and claw. So he's always
+
+281
+00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:34,220
+obsessed with this. Everything dies. Nature is
+
+282
+00:18:34,220 --> 00:18:37,860
+cruel. The age is like, we have had too much of
+
+283
+00:18:37,860 --> 00:18:40,400
+this. Let's do something else. So this is how we
+
+284
+00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:43,860
+see, we feel the tone and the atmosphere of the
+
+285
+00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:46,340
+poem. Look at the subject matter itself. What is
+
+286
+00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,920
+it about? Elegy. So probably it's dark. It's about
+
+287
+00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,340
+loss. Look at the words, the choice of words here,
+
+288
+00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:57,640
+the diction itself. Oh, die. But this is the kind
+
+289
+00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,760
+of death that is different. Like, those people are
+
+290
+00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,660
+proud. Like, I'm ready to die for my country. But
+
+291
+00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,340
+there could be an implied criticism when he says,
+
+292
+00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,260
+theirs to do and die, others only say and live.
+
+293
+00:19:12,780 --> 00:19:15,780
+Who are they? The people who push the soldiers,
+
+294
+00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,520
+the armies to the battles. And some wars we've
+
+295
+00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:23,260
+seen, whether in the Arab world or in Europe, some
+
+296
+00:19:23,260 --> 00:19:27,080
+wars broke only because of stupid, trivial things
+
+297
+00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,380
+between the royal families and the politicians,
+
+298
+00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:34,210
+and hundreds of thousands and millions of people.
+
+299
+00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:36,730
+We'll see about this next class when we talk about
+
+300
+00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:39,510
+the Great War, the First World War, when millions
+
+301
+00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:42,710
+and millions of people died. And all of them were
+
+302
+00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:45,070
+European, all of them were white, all of them were
+
+303
+00:19:45,070 --> 00:19:49,670
+Christians, almost all of them. So we'll speak
+
+304
+00:19:49,670 --> 00:19:52,890
+about, for example, now we move to Arnold after
+
+305
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:57,810
+this, how despite the loss, the sadness, the
+
+306
+00:19:57,810 --> 00:20:01,320
+unhappiness, they still believe there is a spark
+
+307
+00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:05,680
+of hope that the good is yet to come. And when the
+
+308
+00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,800
+First World War came and destroyed all this hope,
+
+309
+00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:11,380
+people lost faith in everything, in God, in the
+
+310
+00:20:11,380 --> 00:20:14,740
+Western civilization. So let's see this poem by
+
+311
+00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:20,540
+Tennyson. Can someone read, please? Okay. The
+
+312
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:24,280
+title is The Eagle.
+
+313
+00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:34,870
+Goes to the sun, a lonely man springs with a
+
+314
+00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:39,490
+phaser. Azure world. Azure world. He stands, a
+
+315
+00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:43,910
+wrinkled sea beneath him floods, crowds. He
+
+316
+00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:47,250
+watches from his mountain, from his mountain wall,
+
+317
+00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:50,070
+and like a thunderbolt it falls. Thank you.
+
+318
+00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:57,810
+Someone else? One more? Okay, please. He classed.
+
+319
+00:20:58,620 --> 00:21:01,780
+Cracked with crooked hands, flowed through the
+
+320
+00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:06,740
+sun's low lands, went with the azure world. He
+
+321
+00:21:06,740 --> 00:21:14,340
+stands in the wrinkled sea, near beneath him
+
+322
+00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:21,400
+clouds. He watches from his mountain walls as like
+
+323
+00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:29,970
+a thunderbolt. Like a thunderbolt. He, for one
+
+324
+00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:41,090
+more? One more? OK. Hiya. As you are.
+
+325
+00:21:48,830 --> 00:21:52,890
+Like a thunderbolt,
+
+326
+00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:57,820
+he falls. What is he talking about? Eagle. What is
+
+327
+00:21:57,820 --> 00:22:02,160
+an eagle? You know? You know, the huge, powerful
+
+328
+00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,680
+bird. You know, the bald eagle, the symbol of
+
+329
+00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,480
+many... It's the flag, the seal of many countries
+
+330
+00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,940
+in America and Egypt. Like, there's always this
+
+331
+00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,500
+eagle because the eagle represents what? Power,
+
+332
+00:22:16,260 --> 00:22:21,020
+right? Strength. It's mighty. It's huge, it's big.
+
+333
+00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,040
+And powerful. It's probably considered to be the
+
+334
+00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,480
+king of all birds in a way. A famous bird of prey.
+
+335
+00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,800
+Like it eats other birds and other animals. The
+
+336
+00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:38,280
+sharp sight, the sharp beak or bell, the strong,
+
+337
+00:22:38,460 --> 00:22:44,040
+the claws, the wings, the target. It soars up.
+
+338
+00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:47,390
+above the mountains, near the clouds in the sky.
+
+339
+00:22:48,250 --> 00:22:52,110
+So this bird, it sounds like a romantic poem with
+
+340
+00:22:52,110 --> 00:22:54,770
+an element of nature, but it's different in many
+
+341
+00:22:54,770 --> 00:23:02,250
+ways. Nature is used rather than nature is. The
+
+342
+00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:04,770
+text itself is the theme, is the source of beauty.
+
+343
+00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:08,190
+Nature here is used as a tool, a poetic, a
+
+344
+00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:10,670
+literary device. So what do you notice in the
+
+345
+00:23:10,670 --> 00:23:13,840
+text? Now, he's talking about an eagle. When you
+
+346
+00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,640
+read the text, what do you notice? What words do
+
+347
+00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:22,400
+you find interesting, appealing? No, no, no, just
+
+348
+00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,940
+pick words, circle words. Like what words do you
+
+349
+00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:29,060
+find interesting? Let's circle some of these
+
+350
+00:23:29,060 --> 00:23:32,920
+words. So, one word.
+
+351
+00:23:36,340 --> 00:23:42,760
+Can an eagle stand? Yes, it stands. So which is
+
+352
+00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:43,440
+more important?
+
+353
+00:23:46,260 --> 00:23:52,560
+He or stands? Why? He or stands? One word. So I'm
+
+354
+00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:54,660
+saying just one word. Pick one word, not phrases,
+
+355
+00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,080
+not sentences. One word. Why he? Why is he
+
+356
+00:23:58,080 --> 00:23:58,520
+interesting?
+
+357
+00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,220
+This is a bird. This is a person. It's something
+
+358
+00:24:07,220 --> 00:24:10,980
+he's trying to... He's implying something else.
+
+359
+00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:18,120
+Oh, interesting. So what else? Yes? Watches. Okay.
+
+360
+00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:24,460
+But also the eagle watches the praise. Okay. I
+
+361
+00:24:24,460 --> 00:24:30,240
+think he's comparing the... He's talking... He's
+
+362
+00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,590
+criticizing someone, but... The watches. Okay.
+
+363
+00:24:36,330 --> 00:24:38,730
+Now, my advice is that start with the little
+
+364
+00:24:38,730 --> 00:24:40,930
+things first, and then we come to the conclusions
+
+365
+00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:44,290
+and assumptions, what he means, what he implies.
+
+366
+00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,610
+So, let's circle the most significant words. So,
+
+367
+00:24:48,930 --> 00:24:53,670
+he goes for, like, hand. Okay, hand. Does an eagle
+
+368
+00:24:53,670 --> 00:24:59,320
+have hands or wings? Is it because it rhymes with
+
+369
+00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,000
+lands and stands, or is he saying something extra,
+
+370
+00:25:02,340 --> 00:25:13,100
+implying? And also he and him and he and he and
+
+371
+00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:17,480
+his. So there is emphasis here on the fact that
+
+372
+00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,000
+this could not be about an eagle, but the eagle
+
+373
+00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:27,050
+could be symbolizing something else. Let's jump to
+
+374
+00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:32,130
+conclusions. What does the eagle symbolize? A
+
+375
+00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:35,310
+person, maybe. But who is this person? Let's just
+
+376
+00:25:35,310 --> 00:25:38,130
+go back to the text. What does this bird do?
+
+377
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:42,590
+Number one, claps the crack with a crooked hand.
+
+378
+00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:45,430
+You know crooked Hillary? This is from Trump.
+
+379
+00:25:45,870 --> 00:25:52,900
+Crooked hands, like they can bend like this. And
+
+380
+00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:58,920
+close to the sun. So if this is the sun, if it is
+
+381
+00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:08,620
+a black sun, he flies like close to the sun, high
+
+382
+00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:16,140
+up above. Right? Close to the sun. In lonely lands
+
+383
+00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:21,100
+where nobody is there, that's ringed with azure.
+
+384
+00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:26,550
+What's azure? Do you watch football? Do you like
+
+385
+00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:31,870
+football? Yes. What is the Italian team usually
+
+386
+00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:34,370
+called? Yeah.
+
+387
+00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:48,070
+Why are they called... Because of their jerseys.
+
+388
+00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:48,810
+They're blue.
+
+389
+00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,860
+OK, so azure means green, because what is green
+
+390
+00:26:54,860 --> 00:27:00,880
+here? The skies and also beneath the sea. World,
+
+391
+00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:06,660
+he stands, so stands where? Up above. The wrinkled
+
+392
+00:27:06,660 --> 00:27:08,660
+sea, you know, because the sea is wrinkled with
+
+393
+00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:13,610
+the waves. Beneath him crawls. And even the sea
+
+394
+00:27:13,610 --> 00:27:18,230
+crawling, a baby crawls, right? Babies. Sometimes
+
+395
+00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:20,390
+older people, sometimes ordinary people when
+
+396
+00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:25,590
+they're hiding, they crawl. So he watches from the
+
+397
+00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:29,130
+mountain. If this is the mountain here, This is
+
+398
+00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:32,930
+the eagle. I don't know how to draw an eagle. This
+
+399
+00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:36,050
+is easy. This is difficult. So he watches from his
+
+400
+00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:39,270
+mountain walls. He's just watching. So we go back
+
+401
+00:27:39,270 --> 00:27:43,890
+to what? So flying up above close to the sun and
+
+402
+00:27:43,890 --> 00:27:45,910
+sometimes just watching.
+
+403
+00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:55,350
+Watching, like an eagle. Watching from the
+
+404
+00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:58,310
+mountain walls. They're like walls, you know?
+
+405
+00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:01,390
+Again, Trump wants to build walls. So what this
+
+406
+00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:05,030
+is, he's up above, detached, not because there
+
+407
+00:28:05,030 --> 00:28:10,870
+could be things here. So unlike a thunder, you
+
+408
+00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:12,410
+know, the lightning and the thunder, when it's
+
+409
+00:28:12,410 --> 00:28:14,570
+heavily raining, there's the lightning and the
+
+410
+00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:17,590
+thunder. So the lightning, there's the thunder,
+
+411
+00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:21,260
+they're huge. deafening sound we hear in the
+
+412
+00:28:21,260 --> 00:28:24,480
+storms, in the rainstorms, like a thunderbolt.
+
+413
+00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:30,900
+What does he do? He falls. So one moment up, one
+
+414
+00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:35,980
+moment down. It could be simply about an eagle.
+
+415
+00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,140
+But this is not a romantic poem where the poem
+
+416
+00:28:40,140 --> 00:28:44,560
+could be simply about a bunch of daffodils or a
+
+417
+00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:49,900
+sick rose or whatever. This is more. This is
+
+418
+00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,140
+hiding something. This is symbolizing something.
+
+419
+00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,260
+This could be an allegory. Now, do you like what
+
+420
+00:28:56,260 --> 00:28:58,300
+is the most important thing that happens in the
+
+421
+00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:02,620
+whole text? Usually, yeah, he falls. And falling
+
+422
+00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:09,140
+is loss. It's decline. Falling down, falling down,
+
+423
+00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:13,840
+you know? So one time you're up here, the next
+
+424
+00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,940
+moment you're just in the bottom. Falling. The
+
+425
+00:29:17,940 --> 00:29:21,540
+falling could be like naturally falling just to
+
+426
+00:29:21,540 --> 00:29:25,200
+get some prey and then to rise up again. But like
+
+427
+00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:31,200
+what you see in Arabic, you fly but later on you
+
+428
+00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,860
+will fall. So if this stands for what? What do you
+
+429
+00:29:34,860 --> 00:29:38,420
+think? What does the eagle stand for in a way?
+
+430
+00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:38,740
+For?
+
+431
+00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:50,250
+Okay, so people in control, people in authority,
+
+432
+00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:53,010
+like kings.
+
+433
+00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,830
+Exactly. It's like, you know, the ivory towers
+
+434
+00:29:59,830 --> 00:30:03,430
+detached from people. There are always walls
+
+435
+00:30:03,430 --> 00:30:06,890
+hiding behind the walls protecting your wealth and
+
+436
+00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:10,590
+your family against the people who are just down.
+
+437
+00:30:11,490 --> 00:30:16,360
+You don't even see them. So this could symbolize
+
+438
+00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,860
+power, authority, the king, the queen, people in
+
+439
+00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:26,320
+charge who are always strong and powerful. And
+
+440
+00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,520
+then, one moment, they can't. This could also
+
+441
+00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,560
+symbolize the whole Western civilization. It's one
+
+442
+00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,220
+moment there. It could end eventually. And if this
+
+443
+00:30:36,220 --> 00:30:40,060
+is the peak, this is what happened in the First
+
+444
+00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:43,180
+World War, war. All Europe was fighting with
+
+445
+00:30:43,180 --> 00:30:45,620
+Europe, and people were dying. This could be the
+
+446
+00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:49,060
+Victorian Age. They were hoping for change, for
+
+447
+00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:51,100
+development, for progress because of technology
+
+448
+00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,240
+and science and colonialism. But one moment,
+
+449
+00:30:55,240 --> 00:31:00,880
+London as a society is, for example, in poverty.
+
+450
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,600
+People are poor. People starve. There's a lot of
+
+451
+00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,720
+corruption. So it could symbolize many things. It
+
+452
+00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,020
+could symbolize people's hopes of a better life.
+
+453
+00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:12,720
+One moment you're very hopeful, the other moment
+
+454
+00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:16,520
+you're just there. They have a Spanish saying that
+
+455
+00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,600
+says, everything that goes up must go down.
+
+456
+00:31:18,780 --> 00:31:23,230
+Whatever goes up must go down. So, yeah, true. So
+
+457
+00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:27,170
+this could be, in a way, the idea behind this
+
+458
+00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:27,830
+text.
+
+459
+00:31:32,550 --> 00:31:33,130
+Exactly,
+
+460
+00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:39,810
+yeah, but the poem stops here. So where is the
+
+461
+00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:45,630
+eagle now? It's down the bottom. What's going on?
+
+462
+00:31:45,850 --> 00:31:50,720
+Is it just... A moment is this. Remember, what's
+
+463
+00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:55,260
+his name? George Herbert. The fall shall further
+
+464
+00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:59,320
+the flight in me. In his famous text, The Easter
+
+465
+00:31:59,320 --> 00:32:04,600
+Wings. When he says, the fall will further the
+
+466
+00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,840
+rise. If I fall, I will... That was a religious
+
+467
+00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:12,190
+poem. If you suffer, if you sin, It's bad, but
+
+468
+00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:15,170
+it's also good, because if you sin, you go back to
+
+469
+00:32:15,170 --> 00:32:19,710
+God, and then you are a better human being. So
+
+470
+00:32:19,710 --> 00:32:22,030
+this could be about loss, about the downfall of
+
+471
+00:32:22,030 --> 00:32:25,250
+civilization, the downfall of imperialism, the
+
+472
+00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:29,750
+downfall of authority that no one only keeps here
+
+473
+00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:34,390
+on top. Sooner or later, it's going to fall down,
+
+474
+00:32:34,910 --> 00:32:40,140
+break down. Okay, this is a really interesting
+
+475
+00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:44,200
+poem by Tennyson. Should we move?
+
+476
+00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:54,860
+Now, Matthew Arnold, finally. Matthew Arnold.
+
+477
+00:32:58,220 --> 00:33:01,740
+Okay, with Matthew, I will speak about one major
+
+478
+00:33:01,740 --> 00:33:04,880
+poem. It's called Dover Beach. Are you familiar
+
+479
+00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:06,600
+with Dover? Have you heard of Dover?
+
+480
+00:33:09,290 --> 00:33:12,270
+Dove. So this is Dover Beach. Dover Beach is a
+
+481
+00:33:12,270 --> 00:33:17,290
+place in England. You know, if this is England, do
+
+482
+00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,590
+you know how to draw England? If this is England
+
+483
+00:33:21,590 --> 00:33:25,810
+and this is France, this is Dover. So it's the
+
+484
+00:33:25,810 --> 00:33:30,750
+place, it's actually a mountain, a high area that
+
+485
+00:33:30,750 --> 00:33:36,350
+looks over the British Channel or British Canal
+
+486
+00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:39,530
+here. Does this area exist anywhere else? Yeah,
+
+487
+00:33:39,610 --> 00:33:42,590
+it's very famous in literature because it's very
+
+488
+00:33:42,590 --> 00:33:46,430
+close to Europe. It's the closest place to Europe.
+
+489
+00:33:46,890 --> 00:33:50,550
+It's also a mountain where people can stand on top
+
+490
+00:33:50,550 --> 00:33:53,410
+of the mountain and look to France and Europe and
+
+491
+00:33:53,410 --> 00:33:55,230
+to the sea below. Okay?
+
+492
+00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:02,970
+So he's talking about this area, the beach here.
+
+493
+00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:08,050
+The poet is up. on top of the mountain, Dover, the
+
+494
+00:34:08,050 --> 00:34:10,470
+Dover area, Dover Beach here, and looking down
+
+495
+00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:13,990
+upon the beach itself. We're not going to study
+
+496
+00:34:13,990 --> 00:34:17,930
+the whole poem, just taking the last stanza. So
+
+497
+00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:18,430
+generally,
+
+498
+00:34:21,250 --> 00:34:24,110
+Matthew Arnold is again trying to capture the
+
+499
+00:34:24,110 --> 00:34:28,620
+crisis of faith. People were losing faith in their
+
+500
+00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,320
+country, in themselves, in science, in knowledge,
+
+501
+00:34:32,020 --> 00:34:34,740
+in the church, in faith, in spirituality, in
+
+502
+00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:38,800
+everything. And this is the text that tries to
+
+503
+00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,800
+capture this tone, the atmosphere of the society,
+
+504
+00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,380
+the crisis of faith, which was a major theme,
+
+505
+00:34:45,820 --> 00:34:48,140
+especially in the poetry of the Victorian Age. The
+
+506
+00:34:48,140 --> 00:34:52,060
+crisis of faith, the crisis of belief, the loss of
+
+507
+00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,180
+faith, the loss of values, the decline of values.
+
+508
+00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:58,000
+Because again, remember how we said people, many
+
+509
+00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,290
+people believe that humanity is progressing
+
+510
+00:35:01,290 --> 00:35:04,510
+forward. There could be some slowing down
+
+511
+00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:09,010
+sometimes. But generally, it's going forward. But
+
+512
+00:35:09,010 --> 00:35:12,710
+many people believe that, no, we're not improving.
+
+513
+00:35:12,770 --> 00:35:17,080
+We're not progressing. The good things have long
+
+514
+00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:21,140
+gone. And the bad things are still, the worst is
+
+515
+00:35:21,140 --> 00:35:24,860
+still to come. So that is why this poem became
+
+516
+00:35:24,860 --> 00:35:27,960
+very famous. Some people think that this is the
+
+517
+00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:30,760
+most important single poem in the Victorian Age.
+
+518
+00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,440
+The most important poem in the Victorian Age.
+
+519
+00:35:34,820 --> 00:35:38,420
+Mainly because, again, it captures the essence of
+
+520
+00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:42,360
+the crisis of faith of that time. But we'll see
+
+521
+00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:46,800
+how he's a little bit different, Arnold. Okay? So
+
+522
+00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,380
+where is he? He looks over the English Channel
+
+523
+00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,680
+from Dover, seeing. He looks down. What does he
+
+524
+00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:58,400
+see? A calm sea. The sea is calm. The beach is
+
+525
+00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,860
+calm. No people there, and the sea is not rough.
+
+526
+00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:06,390
+Interesting, beautiful, right? Generally, like,
+
+527
+00:36:06,530 --> 00:36:08,950
+you see beauty. If you are a romantic poet, you
+
+528
+00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:12,170
+see beauty here. You see inspiration. It reminds
+
+529
+00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:15,410
+you of the good old days if you are a romantic.
+
+530
+00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:19,010
+But here, it inspires what? Nature inspires the
+
+531
+00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:25,550
+idea of the crisis of faith. In the poem, we see
+
+532
+00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:29,790
+the vision of the whole later Victorian era. The
+
+533
+00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:35,860
+vision is a vision of pessimism. Pessimism. Again,
+
+534
+00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:41,360
+similar to Tennyson in a way. But Arnold is a
+
+535
+00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:42,880
+little bit different, because at the end of the
+
+536
+00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:47,740
+poem, he has a way out of this. There is hope.
+
+537
+00:36:48,460 --> 00:36:52,880
+There is a way out of this whole crisis. Yes, he
+
+538
+00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:56,980
+admits that there is a crisis of faith. But the
+
+539
+00:36:56,980 --> 00:37:01,680
+way out of this is simply to love each other, to
+
+540
+00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:07,020
+be honest to each other. simply said and done. We
+
+541
+00:37:07,020 --> 00:37:11,180
+can all claim to want to be good, to love each
+
+542
+00:37:11,180 --> 00:37:12,980
+other, to be honest with each other, to be frank
+
+543
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:16,040
+with each other. But when it comes to real life,
+
+544
+00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,140
+life was getting a lot more difficult, especially
+
+545
+00:37:19,140 --> 00:37:22,260
+with jobs and competitions and conflicts
+
+546
+00:37:22,260 --> 00:37:26,280
+everywhere in the society. But this makes the poem
+
+547
+00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:30,900
+Because if you like dark stuff, this is dark,
+
+548
+00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,820
+pessimistic. But there's also hope. We love to
+
+549
+00:37:33,820 --> 00:37:36,260
+have hope at the end. Remember Shakespeare with
+
+550
+00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:39,300
+the younger generations always giving us some
+
+551
+00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:45,000
+hope, a new king, young people getting married, so
+
+552
+00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,960
+to speak. So the extract here, this is the last
+
+553
+00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:49,400
+stanza.
+
+554
+00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:59,480
+Dover Beach by Arnold, again. So when he speaks
+
+555
+00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:05,140
+about the crisis of belief and faith, he ends the
+
+556
+00:38:05,140 --> 00:38:07,660
+poem. It's a short poem, by the way. I think like
+
+557
+00:38:07,660 --> 00:38:15,100
+30-something lines. Even the word, ah. It's like a
+
+558
+00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:22,380
+sigh of relief. Like you can't even speak. Ah.
+
+559
+00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,420
+Love. Talking to his love. I don't know, his wife
+
+560
+00:38:26,420 --> 00:38:32,730
+or someone. Let us be true to one another, us, the
+
+561
+00:38:32,730 --> 00:38:36,390
+unity here. If you are by yourself, if I am by
+
+562
+00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:39,910
+myself, we're not going to find a way out of this.
+
+563
+00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:44,930
+Let us be true to one another. That's the way out
+
+564
+00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:50,270
+of this. For the world, the world, our world now,
+
+565
+00:38:50,350 --> 00:38:52,310
+our society, the Victorian Age, Western
+
+566
+00:38:52,310 --> 00:38:56,010
+civilization, which seems, and the word seems,
+
+567
+00:38:59,940 --> 00:39:05,480
+seems it's not true. There is a fake artificial
+
+568
+00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,640
+smiley there. So the world is horrible, but there
+
+569
+00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:14,180
+is always this smiley that makes it look what? It
+
+570
+00:39:14,180 --> 00:39:18,410
+seems Which seems to lie. I like the word lie here
+
+571
+00:39:18,410 --> 00:39:20,670
+because there could be a pun on lie not to tell
+
+572
+00:39:20,670 --> 00:39:24,790
+the truth. But lie here lies to lie before us like
+
+573
+00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,490
+they're out there in front of us standing or
+
+574
+00:39:28,490 --> 00:39:32,490
+sitting or whatever. So to lie before us like a
+
+575
+00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:36,570
+land of dreams. It's a land of dreams and visions.
+
+576
+00:39:37,530 --> 00:39:40,310
+We dream of a better life, but is it a better
+
+577
+00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:43,720
+life? Are we going there? So various, so
+
+578
+00:39:43,720 --> 00:39:46,420
+beautiful, so new. This is all in our dreams and
+
+579
+00:39:46,420 --> 00:39:51,480
+our hopes. Have, so this is all a parenthetical
+
+580
+00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:57,700
+statement. So the world has. Has. And I love how
+
+581
+00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,340
+he uses, this is Victorian Age, we don't
+
+582
+00:40:00,340 --> 00:40:03,160
+frequently find have and thee and thou unless
+
+583
+00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,640
+there is a reason. So have, in my opinion, he
+
+584
+00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,140
+thinks that this has been the case all along.
+
+585
+00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,900
+before Shakespeare, during Shakespeare, after
+
+586
+00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:16,140
+Shakespeare. The world has always been like this.
+
+587
+00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:21,020
+We have dreams and hopes and visions of a better
+
+588
+00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:25,660
+life, but in reality, the world has really neither
+
+589
+00:40:25,660 --> 00:40:31,080
+joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor
+
+590
+00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:35,500
+peace, nor help for pain. No, no, no, no. And this
+
+591
+00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:39,410
+is the pessimism here. Pessimism in the repetition
+
+592
+00:40:39,410 --> 00:40:46,370
+of the word, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no. So
+
+593
+00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:51,670
+because the world has nothing, nothing, no joy, no
+
+594
+00:40:51,670 --> 00:40:58,570
+love, no light, no certitude, certainty, no peace,
+
+595
+00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:04,090
+no help for pain, no one can help you relieve your
+
+596
+00:41:04,090 --> 00:41:08,030
+pain, release the pain, the anger. So let us be
+
+597
+00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:13,030
+true to one another. Let's love each other. And
+
+598
+00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,210
+this is the message here. So in this extract from
+
+599
+00:41:15,210 --> 00:41:22,470
+Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, the theme here is I
+
+600
+00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:24,530
+don't know what, like pessimism,
+
+601
+00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:32,160
+loss of faith, the crisis of belief. But also,
+
+602
+00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:36,020
+while the poet is exposing this world that lacks
+
+603
+00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:39,300
+everything, that has nothing. I think this reminds
+
+604
+00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,780
+me of King Lear at the end. No, no, no, never,
+
+605
+00:41:43,940 --> 00:41:48,860
+never, never. Why should a dog or a horse have a
+
+606
+00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:51,800
+life without no life, no breath at all? Never,
+
+607
+00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,570
+never, never, never. So there's an emphasis here
+
+608
+00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:59,110
+on the negativity here. So despite this fact,
+
+609
+00:41:59,250 --> 00:42:03,310
+despite the fact that the poem is about the crisis
+
+610
+00:42:03,310 --> 00:42:06,790
+of belief in the Victorian age, that people were
+
+611
+00:42:06,790 --> 00:42:10,470
+losing faith in everything, the poetry is giving
+
+612
+00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:14,010
+us a spark of hope. The poem is giving us
+
+613
+00:42:14,010 --> 00:42:19,690
+something to cling to, something to hold onto. And
+
+614
+00:42:19,690 --> 00:42:24,460
+this thing is? Let's love each other. Let's be
+
+615
+00:42:24,460 --> 00:42:27,600
+honest to each other.
+
+616
+00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,120
+Please, when you go home, read the whole poem or
+
+617
+00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:35,920
+listen to it. Watch it on YouTube. I'm sure you
+
+618
+00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:41,320
+will love it. But again, I'll stop here. No more
+
+619
+00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:44,740
+Victorian literature. We're moving to last class,
+
+620
+00:42:45,140 --> 00:42:50,120
+our last lecture on the 20th century poetry. But
+
+621
+00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:57,080
+listen. Wait a minute. We'll see how this idea,
+
+622
+00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:03,800
+we'll see this little tiny ray of hope, what
+
+623
+00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,000
+happens to it in the 20th century. Like, people
+
+624
+00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:12,600
+again had this dark, pessimistic atmosphere living
+
+625
+00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,280
+in, like, we should do something new. Let's work
+
+626
+00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:20,220
+together. Let's do something. And early in the
+
+627
+00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,620
+20th century, we have the Great War. So if people
+
+628
+00:43:24,620 --> 00:43:27,960
+had a tiny little shred of hope of a better life,
+
+629
+00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:34,540
+of a life, beautiful new life, a life of dreams,
+
+630
+00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:37,820
+of people becoming better, improving, progressing
+
+631
+00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:43,520
+forward, the war destroyed every tiny little shred
+
+632
+00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:43,980
+of hope.
+
+633
+00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:49,180
+And we'll see how this influences literature. And
+
+634
+00:43:49,180 --> 00:43:52,620
+then T.S. Eliot comes and says, April is the
+
+635
+00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:56,960
+cruelest month. So he's just going to summarize
+
+636
+00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,680
+and see how, for example, everything. And it's
+
+637
+00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:02,960
+beautiful how T.S. Eliot, in the opening line of
+
+638
+00:44:02,960 --> 00:44:08,630
+The Wasteland, he alludes to, remember, To Chaucer
+
+639
+00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:11,330
+himself. So we started this basically with
+
+640
+00:44:11,330 --> 00:44:13,970
+Chaucer, saying he's the father of English poetry.
+
+641
+00:44:14,750 --> 00:44:19,390
+And in his poem, The Canterbury Tales, he begins
+
+642
+00:44:19,390 --> 00:44:23,310
+describing spring and April, how beautiful it is,
+
+643
+00:44:23,390 --> 00:44:27,450
+how it gives new life, new hope, dreams and
+
+644
+00:44:27,450 --> 00:44:31,210
+visions, like the good is yet to come. So it's
+
+645
+00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,210
+like T.S. Eliot comes and says, OK, wait a minute.
+
+646
+00:44:34,370 --> 00:44:38,610
+Stop. Stop dreaming. So he goes back. He takes
+
+647
+00:44:38,610 --> 00:44:43,450
+Chaucer, drags him by his hand, and tells him it's
+
+648
+00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:46,710
+all a lie. All these hopes and dreams and visions
+
+649
+00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,130
+of a better life, it's a lie. And April is the
+
+650
+00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:58,790
+cruelest month. We'll stop here. And next class, I
+
+651
+00:44:58,790 --> 00:45:03,380
+will be speaking about Just certain trends in the
+
+652
+00:45:03,380 --> 00:45:06,960
+20th century. I just have to remind you, when we
+
+653
+00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,740
+say here, when we discuss the Romantic Age or the
+
+654
+00:45:09,740 --> 00:45:11,900
+Victorian Age or the 20th century, it's impossible
+
+655
+00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:15,640
+to cover every feature, every trend. And it's
+
+656
+00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,200
+wrong to assume that all poets wrote sad and
+
+657
+00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,700
+pessimistic poetry. Because there are always
+
+658
+00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:25,020
+different poets, or sometimes the poets would be
+
+659
+00:45:25,020 --> 00:45:28,940
+writing differently. But the major trends in a way
+
+660
+00:45:28,940 --> 00:45:34,320
+or another were dark, tragic, and poetry of loss,
+
+661
+00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:40,580
+despair, and pessimism. It's good that Matthew
+
+662
+00:45:40,580 --> 00:45:44,180
+Arnold here leaves us with a tiny little hope. We
+
+663
+00:45:44,180 --> 00:45:46,680
+will see what happens to the hope in the 20th
+
+664
+00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,600
+century. Thank you very much. If you have
+
+665
+00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,480
+questions, please do ask. If you have a comment,
+
+666
+00:45:53,180 --> 00:45:58,430
+feel free to express yourself. Yes.
+
+667
+00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:05,070
+Okay, thank you. Yeah, go on.
+
+668
+00:46:08,050 --> 00:46:08,410
+Say again.
+
+669
+00:46:15,830 --> 00:46:22,350
+Okay, which influences which? Poetry influences
+
+670
+00:46:22,350 --> 00:46:25,550
+literature or literature influences poetry? I
+
+671
+00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:29,950
+think it goes both ways. Society is life.
+
+672
+00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:36,910
+Literature, of course it does. Of course.
+
+673
+00:46:37,290 --> 00:46:40,030
+Generally, people say that all poets are products
+
+674
+00:46:40,030 --> 00:46:45,100
+of their time and societies. But again, it differs
+
+675
+00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:46,920
+from one poet to the other. That's why when we
+
+676
+00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,040
+discussed, for example, Charles Dickens and Thomas
+
+677
+00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:52,840
+Hardy, I said that, look, both are Victorian. Yes,
+
+678
+00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:54,360
+this is an early Victorian. This is a late
+
+679
+00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:56,420
+Victorian. But they produced totally different
+
+680
+00:46:56,420 --> 00:47:00,300
+literature. The more important question is whether
+
+681
+00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,880
+literature influences life. Does it influence
+
+682
+00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:08,220
+life? It certainly does in particular ways. Thank
+
+683
+00:47:08,220 --> 00:47:09,320
+you for your question.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/qM6eLmBAp-g_raw.srt
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc9da8a4b72b7f8b04c93446448f19fdd470bd27
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@@ -0,0 +1,2732 @@
+1
+00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,050
+Good day, everyone. And today we move to speak
+
+2
+00:00:25,050 --> 00:00:30,630
+about Victorian poetry. Last time we've seen how
+
+3
+00:00:30,630 --> 00:00:33,970
+women played a major role in the literature and
+
+4
+00:00:33,970 --> 00:00:40,330
+criticism of the Victorian Age. We said the 19th
+
+5
+00:00:40,330 --> 00:00:42,510
+century witnessed
+
+6
+00:00:44,920 --> 00:00:51,720
+some sort of a huge peak, a huge rise in the
+
+7
+00:00:51,720 --> 00:00:55,180
+production of novels. And we've seen how women
+
+8
+00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:59,900
+were contributing more to English literature and
+
+9
+00:00:59,900 --> 00:01:03,240
+the English, the body of English canon in general.
+
+10
+00:01:03,880 --> 00:01:09,110
+However, However, it doesn't mean that women were
+
+11
+00:01:09,110 --> 00:01:13,090
+free to do anything, to say anything. It meant
+
+12
+00:01:13,090 --> 00:01:16,170
+that they were more courageous, more independent.
+
+13
+00:01:16,770 --> 00:01:19,210
+Not that they were not brave before, but that the
+
+14
+00:01:19,210 --> 00:01:23,010
+society, in a way or another, improved, developed,
+
+15
+00:01:23,350 --> 00:01:26,210
+progressed a little bit, and women acquired more
+
+16
+00:01:26,210 --> 00:01:30,650
+and more tools of expression. Still, we've seen
+
+17
+00:01:30,650 --> 00:01:33,990
+how women would use sometimes pen names of men. in
+
+18
+00:01:33,990 --> 00:01:37,030
+order to be able to publish, to reach out to a
+
+19
+00:01:37,030 --> 00:01:41,090
+wider audience, so to speak. So today we move to
+
+20
+00:01:41,090 --> 00:01:43,210
+speak about the Victorian Age. I'm not going to go
+
+21
+00:01:43,210 --> 00:01:48,430
+in a lot of detail here. I'm picking two Victorian
+
+22
+00:01:48,430 --> 00:01:52,910
+poets, male poets, and you can go read more from
+
+23
+00:01:52,910 --> 00:01:56,260
+the book. resources about other female poets,
+
+24
+00:01:56,760 --> 00:01:59,160
+mainly Elizabeth Browning, for example. She was a
+
+25
+00:01:59,160 --> 00:02:03,640
+famous English Victorian poet of the time. So the
+
+26
+00:02:03,640 --> 00:02:07,500
+Victorian poetry, in a way or another, also
+
+27
+00:02:07,500 --> 00:02:11,790
+mirrors the age it was written in. We've seen how
+
+28
+00:02:11,790 --> 00:02:15,030
+the novel was a mirror of the social life, of
+
+29
+00:02:15,030 --> 00:02:18,810
+class division, of poverty, of corruption, of all
+
+30
+00:02:18,810 --> 00:02:21,370
+these sort of struggles. We've seen how women
+
+31
+00:02:21,370 --> 00:02:26,170
+novels were also tools of empowerment to give
+
+32
+00:02:26,170 --> 00:02:30,450
+women voices, to try to show good examples for
+
+33
+00:02:30,450 --> 00:02:33,010
+women, how women can be independent and end
+
+34
+00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:37,510
+achieving their goal, whatever. or whatever it is.
+
+35
+00:02:37,790 --> 00:02:41,610
+So today, we speak about the Victorian poetry. The
+
+36
+00:02:41,610 --> 00:02:45,630
+first major poet is Alfred Tennyson.
+
+37
+00:02:48,110 --> 00:02:53,510
+Now, Alfred Tennyson as a Victorian poet later on
+
+38
+00:02:53,510 --> 00:02:57,390
+became the poet of the nation, like the poet
+
+39
+00:02:57,390 --> 00:03:01,190
+laureate. The queen loved his poetry. Remember,
+
+40
+00:03:01,370 --> 00:03:06,470
+Queen Victoria became a widow early in her life.
+
+41
+00:03:06,710 --> 00:03:09,450
+And she lost her husband. And she remained
+
+42
+00:03:09,450 --> 00:03:13,330
+unmarried for, I think, 40 years or so. Really a
+
+43
+00:03:13,330 --> 00:03:17,390
+long period. And because his poetry is generally a
+
+44
+00:03:17,390 --> 00:03:22,080
+poetry of loss, regret, sadness, or unhappiness.
+
+45
+00:03:22,900 --> 00:03:27,740
+She loved his poetry. She read his poetry. And in
+
+46
+00:03:27,740 --> 00:03:29,960
+a way, this made his poetry even more and more
+
+47
+00:03:29,960 --> 00:03:31,960
+famous. When the queen reads your poetry and likes
+
+48
+00:03:31,960 --> 00:03:36,780
+your poetry, definitely it makes you a famous
+
+49
+00:03:36,780 --> 00:03:40,780
+writer, a famous name in your age. So his poetry
+
+50
+00:03:40,780 --> 00:03:44,400
+is, of course, totally different from the poetry
+
+51
+00:03:44,400 --> 00:03:47,220
+of the romantics. I say this sometimes. There was
+
+52
+00:03:47,220 --> 00:03:52,490
+an overlap. When some Victorian poets were writing
+
+53
+00:03:52,490 --> 00:03:54,990
+poetry, some also romantic poets were still alive
+
+54
+00:03:54,990 --> 00:03:57,610
+or writing poetry over there. But the sensibility,
+
+55
+00:03:57,730 --> 00:04:00,690
+the concerns, the interests were more or less
+
+56
+00:04:00,690 --> 00:04:05,230
+different. So for example, remember what nature
+
+57
+00:04:05,230 --> 00:04:08,410
+meant to the romantics? It meant beauty, truth,
+
+58
+00:04:09,010 --> 00:04:13,580
+right? Nature was poetry itself, but here he sees
+
+59
+00:04:13,580 --> 00:04:16,380
+something else in nature. It's no longer an object
+
+60
+00:04:16,380 --> 00:04:19,620
+of beauty. It's an object of cruelty, an object of
+
+61
+00:04:19,620 --> 00:04:23,360
+despair. This is more realistic for so many
+
+62
+00:04:23,360 --> 00:04:26,600
+people. The Victorian Age is more realistic than
+
+63
+00:04:26,600 --> 00:04:32,320
+the poetry of the Romantic Age. So nature read. in
+
+64
+00:04:32,320 --> 00:04:37,440
+tooth and claw. In a way, he is personifying
+
+65
+00:04:37,440 --> 00:04:43,140
+nature or not. But nature here is likened to a
+
+66
+00:04:43,140 --> 00:04:46,040
+monster, to an animal, probably a tiger or a lion,
+
+67
+00:04:46,320 --> 00:04:52,760
+a ferocious wild animal. Its claws, the claws of
+
+68
+00:04:52,760 --> 00:04:56,300
+the animals, the paws and the tooth are red
+
+69
+00:04:56,300 --> 00:05:02,310
+because Blood, yeah. So in a way, this is nature
+
+70
+00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:06,690
+for him. No longer my heart leaps up when I see a
+
+71
+00:05:06,690 --> 00:05:10,130
+rainbow. No longer I wander lonely as a cloud, and
+
+72
+00:05:10,130 --> 00:05:13,470
+my heart with pleasure fills and dances with the
+
+73
+00:05:13,470 --> 00:05:17,000
+daffodils. Nature is... So according to critics,
+
+74
+00:05:17,140 --> 00:05:19,260
+this is a more realistic vision of life, of
+
+75
+00:05:19,260 --> 00:05:22,200
+nature. Nature is not all roses and rainbows and
+
+76
+00:05:22,200 --> 00:05:25,540
+flowers and, you know, solitary reapers and
+
+77
+00:05:25,540 --> 00:05:29,240
+singers and everything. There is a lot of sadness
+
+78
+00:05:29,240 --> 00:05:31,860
+in life. There is a lot of despair, a lot of
+
+79
+00:05:31,860 --> 00:05:35,380
+pessimism in life. So here in this line, this is a
+
+80
+00:05:35,380 --> 00:05:37,600
+very famous line, like there's so many
+
+81
+00:05:37,600 --> 00:05:40,780
+interpretations, but we take the fact that he is
+
+82
+00:05:40,780 --> 00:05:46,050
+stressing the cruelty here. rather than how nature
+
+83
+00:05:46,050 --> 00:05:49,790
+is good to our senses, to our memories, and to our
+
+84
+00:05:49,790 --> 00:05:54,350
+experiences. How nature helps us recall these
+
+85
+00:05:54,350 --> 00:05:57,690
+memories in solitude, and then when in vacant or
+
+86
+00:05:57,690 --> 00:05:59,830
+in pensive mood, we dance with the daffodils, or
+
+87
+00:05:59,830 --> 00:06:02,730
+our hearts dance with the daffodils. So this is
+
+88
+00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:07,230
+one major change. Or two, actually. The realistic
+
+89
+00:06:07,230 --> 00:06:10,310
+vision of nature, and the fact that he focuses
+
+90
+00:06:10,310 --> 00:06:15,220
+here on the cruelty. the darkness of nature and
+
+91
+00:06:15,220 --> 00:06:19,000
+darkness of life. So one of his most important
+
+92
+00:06:19,000 --> 00:06:24,620
+poems is called In Memoriam, A H H, which is an
+
+93
+00:06:24,620 --> 00:06:27,160
+elegy to one of his friends. His name, I think, is
+
+94
+00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:32,100
+Arthur something. I don't care. So the poem is
+
+95
+00:06:32,100 --> 00:06:35,760
+about loss, regret, death, and despair and
+
+96
+00:06:35,760 --> 00:06:39,480
+pessimism. It's about how when you are, remember,
+
+97
+00:06:39,580 --> 00:06:41,980
+in the prime of your age, you can't simply just
+
+98
+00:06:41,980 --> 00:06:47,480
+like that, die. You could hope. Remember the
+
+99
+00:06:47,480 --> 00:06:50,680
+positivism of women writers who always believed
+
+100
+00:06:50,680 --> 00:06:55,100
+good things? will be coming, the good is yet to
+
+101
+00:06:55,100 --> 00:06:59,700
+come. Men were usually more pessimistic, darker
+
+102
+00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:04,060
+than women. And this is a great difference. And I
+
+103
+00:07:04,060 --> 00:07:06,440
+remember I said about this, I mentioned this last
+
+104
+00:07:06,440 --> 00:07:10,240
+time, how women were, I don't want to say that
+
+105
+00:07:10,240 --> 00:07:14,280
+they were Presumably contradicting men, like men
+
+106
+00:07:14,280 --> 00:07:16,400
+are all like, oh, we are all going to die. And
+
+107
+00:07:16,400 --> 00:07:18,760
+women are like, no, there is still hope for us.
+
+108
+00:07:19,600 --> 00:07:21,780
+It's not because they wanted to contradict, but at
+
+109
+00:07:21,780 --> 00:07:24,520
+least they wanted to give hope for women. Like for
+
+110
+00:07:24,520 --> 00:07:30,000
+women, with struggle, with more fighting, more
+
+111
+00:07:30,000 --> 00:07:32,880
+raising your voices, you can acquire more freedom
+
+112
+00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:36,040
+and independence. And this is the poem, actually,
+
+113
+00:07:36,600 --> 00:07:45,760
+that Queen Victoria loved. And some people think
+
+114
+00:07:45,760 --> 00:07:48,940
+that she considered her her favorite text ever.
+
+115
+00:07:49,840 --> 00:07:53,100
+Because again, she was a widow herself. She had a
+
+116
+00:07:53,100 --> 00:07:57,820
+man. dear to her heart, her husband. Not sure if
+
+117
+00:07:57,820 --> 00:08:00,840
+she liked him or not, but at least she loved the
+
+118
+00:08:00,840 --> 00:08:04,780
+poem here because it reminds her of loss, of
+
+119
+00:08:04,780 --> 00:08:09,160
+sadness, of darkness, of despair. So that's why
+
+120
+00:08:09,160 --> 00:08:11,140
+generally, generally, he's considered... It
+
+121
+00:08:11,140 --> 00:08:13,780
+doesn't mean all his poetry is poetry of loss and
+
+122
+00:08:13,780 --> 00:08:16,600
+despair, but sometimes you become more known for
+
+123
+00:08:16,600 --> 00:08:19,500
+one particular type of writing because of
+
+124
+00:08:19,500 --> 00:08:22,420
+something. So here, the fact that the queen loved
+
+125
+00:08:22,420 --> 00:08:26,560
+this poem about loss, death, and despair made
+
+126
+00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,620
+Tennyson more famous for this type of poetry. So
+
+127
+00:08:29,620 --> 00:08:32,540
+he's generally considered to be a poet of sadness.
+
+128
+00:08:32,880 --> 00:08:36,360
+Again, it doesn't mean. He was only solely
+
+129
+00:08:36,360 --> 00:08:41,060
+exclusively a poet of loss and sadness. So his
+
+130
+00:08:41,060 --> 00:08:43,640
+poetry shows a wide range of subject matter, and
+
+131
+00:08:43,640 --> 00:08:46,780
+not all his poems have a tone of unhappiness. But
+
+132
+00:08:46,780 --> 00:08:50,900
+he's more famous for the ones about sadness and
+
+133
+00:08:50,900 --> 00:08:57,040
+about loss. A one feature in his poetry is the
+
+134
+00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:00,280
+dramatic monologue. And as the name suggests,
+
+135
+00:09:00,740 --> 00:09:04,000
+monologue, some sort of a soliloquy, right?
+
+136
+00:09:04,680 --> 00:09:07,420
+Monologue. What is a monologue? It's when you have
+
+137
+00:09:07,420 --> 00:09:10,380
+a conversation with yourself. Exactly. Like,
+
+138
+00:09:10,520 --> 00:09:12,700
+you're talking to yourself. There's one character.
+
+139
+00:09:12,820 --> 00:09:17,000
+It's more like a one-man show with a dramatized
+
+140
+00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:20,800
+experience. This is not a play, so it's not a
+
+141
+00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,020
+soliloquy where you, in a way, you address the
+
+142
+00:09:23,020 --> 00:09:28,050
+audience. a speech by one person, one man's, one
+
+143
+00:09:28,050 --> 00:09:31,070
+woman's speech, where the thoughts are revealed,
+
+144
+00:09:31,210 --> 00:09:34,290
+where the character is developed through this
+
+145
+00:09:34,290 --> 00:09:40,870
+dramatic monologue. So this form uses a speaking
+
+146
+00:09:40,870 --> 00:09:46,820
+voice which shows the poets or the speakers with a
+
+147
+00:09:46,820 --> 00:09:50,720
+male or female thoughts, inner thoughts, I would
+
+148
+00:09:50,720 --> 00:09:55,220
+say, like a monologue in a way or another. And the
+
+149
+00:09:55,220 --> 00:09:59,140
+character itself comes out and is developed or
+
+150
+00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:03,080
+develops and evolves through the ideas and the
+
+151
+00:10:03,080 --> 00:10:05,280
+words of the monologue. So when you read the text,
+
+152
+00:10:05,360 --> 00:10:07,440
+you feel that there's one speaker, and the speaker
+
+153
+00:10:07,440 --> 00:10:12,750
+is, you know, In a dramatic way, revealing his or
+
+154
+00:10:12,750 --> 00:10:18,090
+her thoughts. In this monologue itself, the
+
+155
+00:10:18,090 --> 00:10:21,370
+character is developed. The plot, if we have a
+
+156
+00:10:21,370 --> 00:10:24,470
+plot of the poem, is also developed. The
+
+157
+00:10:24,470 --> 00:10:28,830
+characteristic features are revealed through
+
+158
+00:10:28,830 --> 00:10:32,730
+dramatic monologue. He did this in so many of his
+
+159
+00:10:32,730 --> 00:10:35,710
+poems. Dramatic monologue. What is dramatic
+
+160
+00:10:35,710 --> 00:10:38,530
+monologue? You have one voice, the voice of the
+
+161
+00:10:38,530 --> 00:10:41,110
+speaker, whether a man or a woman, that reveals
+
+162
+00:10:41,110 --> 00:10:44,790
+the inner thoughts, probably inner conflicts.
+
+163
+00:10:45,860 --> 00:10:48,940
+Similar to Assala-Lakwi, but Assala-Lakwi is
+
+164
+00:10:48,940 --> 00:10:52,340
+basically in drama, in play. This is in poetry
+
+165
+00:10:52,340 --> 00:10:56,740
+here. So, for example, in one of his poems,
+
+166
+00:10:58,140 --> 00:11:00,800
+entitled Ulysses, and Ulysses is taken from
+
+167
+00:11:00,800 --> 00:11:03,400
+Homer's The Odyssey. Do you know Homer? Homer's
+
+168
+00:11:03,400 --> 00:11:06,960
+The Odyssey, very ancient, one of the most ancient
+
+169
+00:11:06,960 --> 00:11:10,040
+epics, 2,000 years ago, The Odyssey, The Iliad.
+
+170
+00:11:10,520 --> 00:11:13,100
+Are you familiar with The Iliad and The Odyssey?
+
+171
+00:11:14,510 --> 00:11:16,530
+You should read more about this. At least read
+
+172
+00:11:16,530 --> 00:11:21,010
+more about Homer's The Odyssey. I'm not sure if
+
+173
+00:11:21,010 --> 00:11:24,250
+you heard about this in Arabic. So the main
+
+174
+00:11:24,250 --> 00:11:28,170
+character is Ulysses. And Ulysses becomes a main
+
+175
+00:11:28,170 --> 00:11:30,230
+character in many texts. We'll speak about this
+
+176
+00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:34,090
+next class, how in, for example, James Joyce's
+
+177
+00:11:34,090 --> 00:11:38,110
+novel Ulysses, there is a reference there. So the
+
+178
+00:11:38,110 --> 00:11:41,530
+hero is borrowed in a way or another from the
+
+179
+00:11:41,530 --> 00:11:48,070
+ancient times. So Ulysses speaks. in old age about
+
+180
+00:11:48,070 --> 00:11:52,970
+the need to go and find new worlds, new ambitions,
+
+181
+00:11:53,490 --> 00:11:58,190
+new experiences, new worlds. Remember I said this
+
+182
+00:11:58,190 --> 00:12:02,310
+somewhere in the novel and it's clearer in poetry.
+
+183
+00:12:03,430 --> 00:12:07,030
+The critics
+
+184
+00:12:07,030 --> 00:12:11,110
+and the poets and the authors were really obsessed
+
+185
+00:12:13,800 --> 00:12:16,480
+with finding new worlds, finding new experiences.
+
+186
+00:12:16,680 --> 00:12:19,720
+In a way, people were tired, fed up with what was
+
+187
+00:12:19,720 --> 00:12:22,920
+going on. They wanted new things, real new things.
+
+188
+00:12:23,060 --> 00:12:25,700
+Like, come on, just... And by the way, we find
+
+189
+00:12:25,700 --> 00:12:28,860
+this everywhere at the end of every age. Like
+
+190
+00:12:28,860 --> 00:12:31,520
+somewhere at the end of the... Remember the
+
+191
+00:12:31,520 --> 00:12:35,700
+Renaissance? People were like, come on. We need
+
+192
+00:12:35,700 --> 00:12:38,340
+something new. And then a new era begins, a new
+
+193
+00:12:38,340 --> 00:12:41,140
+king, a new queen, a new movement. And then people
+
+194
+00:12:41,140 --> 00:12:44,840
+get tired, and the world keeps moving on and on
+
+195
+00:12:44,840 --> 00:12:49,240
+and on. So in this monologue, Ulysses here is
+
+196
+00:12:49,240 --> 00:12:53,980
+urging this new change, in a way mirroring the
+
+197
+00:12:53,980 --> 00:12:58,180
+mentality of the age, how people felt that they
+
+198
+00:12:58,180 --> 00:13:03,090
+wanted to change. So the line says here, It's from
+
+199
+00:13:03,090 --> 00:13:06,250
+Ulysses by Tennyson. And again, the character is
+
+200
+00:13:06,250 --> 00:13:10,930
+borrowed from Homer in The Odyssey. It is not too
+
+201
+00:13:10,930 --> 00:13:20,270
+late to seek a newer world. It is not too late to
+
+202
+00:13:20,270 --> 00:13:26,790
+seek a newer world. There's always time to seek a
+
+203
+00:13:26,790 --> 00:13:30,830
+new world, new ambitions, new experiences, just to
+
+204
+00:13:30,830 --> 00:13:36,720
+turn a page and start anew. Now, if you notice, I
+
+205
+00:13:36,720 --> 00:13:40,480
+like how he started this with this old form of it
+
+206
+00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:47,020
+is. Saying, like, let's leave the old age and
+
+207
+00:13:47,020 --> 00:13:50,820
+represent it here in its old form of poetry, of
+
+208
+00:13:50,820 --> 00:13:56,020
+literature, it is, and move forward to a newer
+
+209
+00:13:56,020 --> 00:14:03,710
+world, a world with new ambitions. new interests,
+
+210
+00:14:04,630 --> 00:14:08,090
+new experiences. We have had enough of this. We
+
+211
+00:14:08,090 --> 00:14:13,010
+have had too much of this. So this tone of loss,
+
+212
+00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:17,990
+of tragedy, of this urgent tone to change was
+
+213
+00:14:17,990 --> 00:14:23,630
+generally present in Innocent. Okay? So he wasn't
+
+214
+00:14:23,630 --> 00:14:26,510
+only a poet of loss and change and sadness and
+
+215
+00:14:26,510 --> 00:14:31,330
+unhappiness, but he was also a poet of change. He
+
+216
+00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:35,150
+wanted new experiences. He wanted to push for new
+
+217
+00:14:35,150 --> 00:14:39,430
+experiences. Now, because Tennyson... We'll see a
+
+218
+00:14:39,430 --> 00:14:41,910
+whole poem from Tennyson after this. Because
+
+219
+00:14:41,910 --> 00:14:46,350
+Tennyson was...
+
+220
+00:14:47,920 --> 00:14:50,980
+Also, the poet who praised the heroes who was
+
+221
+00:14:50,980 --> 00:14:54,160
+writing poetry on certain occasions, national
+
+222
+00:14:54,160 --> 00:14:56,900
+occasions, heroic, historic occasions of the time,
+
+223
+00:14:57,040 --> 00:15:00,640
+like the Crimean War of that time, he is
+
+224
+00:15:00,640 --> 00:15:03,800
+considered to be the national poet of England.
+
+225
+00:15:04,380 --> 00:15:06,840
+Like a poet laureate, so to speak. So Tennyson
+
+226
+00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:09,620
+became the national poet who composed poetry on
+
+227
+00:15:09,620 --> 00:15:12,260
+certain national occasions.
+
+228
+00:15:15,100 --> 00:15:18,040
+And of course, he became famous for praising the
+
+229
+00:15:18,040 --> 00:15:22,340
+heroes, the soldiers. For him, the soldiers are
+
+230
+00:15:22,340 --> 00:15:26,440
+the ones, not the politicians, that are defending
+
+231
+00:15:26,440 --> 00:15:28,960
+the country. Because they personally, they
+
+232
+00:15:28,960 --> 00:15:32,460
+literally sacrificed their own lives, shed their
+
+233
+00:15:32,460 --> 00:15:37,580
+own blood for the sake of the country. And this is
+
+234
+00:15:37,580 --> 00:15:41,840
+how he speaks about them. Maybe you will take this
+
+235
+00:15:41,840 --> 00:15:46,480
+as a criticism. But it's part of how he praises
+
+236
+00:15:46,480 --> 00:15:50,020
+these heroes. So theirs is referring to the
+
+237
+00:15:50,020 --> 00:15:54,060
+soldiers, the heroes. Theirs is not to reason why.
+
+238
+00:15:54,100 --> 00:15:58,260
+They don't argue. If there is a war, they just get
+
+239
+00:15:58,260 --> 00:16:00,700
+to receive the orders, the commands from the
+
+240
+00:16:00,700 --> 00:16:03,900
+leaders. They just go out. They don't say, why
+
+241
+00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:05,980
+should I be fighting Russia? Why should I be
+
+242
+00:16:05,980 --> 00:16:09,060
+fighting France? Why should I be going here and
+
+243
+00:16:09,060 --> 00:16:13,140
+there? They don't ask questions. Because they're
+
+244
+00:16:13,140 --> 00:16:17,390
+heroes, right? but also negative because they can
+
+245
+00:16:17,390 --> 00:16:19,530
+be sent here and there. Today, they're fighting
+
+246
+00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:22,510
+with Russia. Tomorrow, against Russia. Today, with
+
+247
+00:16:22,510 --> 00:16:24,370
+France. Tomorrow, against France. And this is
+
+248
+00:16:24,370 --> 00:16:27,210
+politics. Politics is dirty work. The people, the
+
+249
+00:16:27,210 --> 00:16:30,130
+politicians, the leaders are always sitting in
+
+250
+00:16:30,130 --> 00:16:34,650
+their homes comfortably, gaining the benefits of
+
+251
+00:16:34,650 --> 00:16:38,010
+the war. And the ordinary people lose their lives
+
+252
+00:16:38,010 --> 00:16:42,510
+and their futures. So there's not to reason why.
+
+253
+00:16:43,840 --> 00:16:47,540
+There's but to do, to fight, to struggle, action.
+
+254
+00:16:48,140 --> 00:16:54,560
+Some people speak, but those people do or die. So
+
+255
+00:16:54,560 --> 00:16:58,880
+they fight. They go. They take action. Deeds, not
+
+256
+00:16:58,880 --> 00:17:04,400
+words. And sometimes they die. So generally,
+
+257
+00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:09,100
+people love poets who praise the heroes, who, you
+
+258
+00:17:09,100 --> 00:17:11,300
+know, because these are the dead people. Everyone
+
+259
+00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,240
+loves the martyrs of the country, people who
+
+260
+00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:18,240
+defend us, people who resist the occupations and
+
+261
+00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:20,240
+the oppression. We love them. We love to praise
+
+262
+00:17:20,240 --> 00:17:22,340
+them. And we love the poetry that praises them.
+
+263
+00:17:22,340 --> 00:17:25,420
+And we love the poets that also praise those
+
+264
+00:17:25,420 --> 00:17:29,100
+heroes. But is there criticism implied here? I
+
+265
+00:17:29,100 --> 00:17:33,060
+guess yes. Because those people do. Other people?
+
+266
+00:17:34,280 --> 00:17:38,820
+Talk, talk, talk. Just speak words of those
+
+267
+00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:45,700
+people. Okay? So generally his poetry, his poems
+
+268
+00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:50,100
+combine history, like hysterical events here,
+
+269
+00:17:50,940 --> 00:17:53,660
+dramatic effect, the dramatic monologue, and there
+
+270
+00:17:53,660 --> 00:17:58,650
+is generally a tone of... Sadness and loss. An
+
+271
+00:17:58,650 --> 00:18:02,090
+atmosphere of sadness and loss. How do you feel
+
+272
+00:18:02,090 --> 00:18:04,570
+that? How do you find that? Number one, the
+
+273
+00:18:04,570 --> 00:18:07,430
+subject matter. When it's about death and dying,
+
+274
+00:18:07,910 --> 00:18:10,230
+when it's an elegy, of course there is going to be
+
+275
+00:18:10,230 --> 00:18:15,240
+an atmosphere, a tone of sadness. When there is
+
+276
+00:18:15,240 --> 00:18:18,160
+death and dying, so this poem here, there is death
+
+277
+00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:20,900
+and dying, right? And the poem before, there is
+
+278
+00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,440
+like, oh, too late. Let's do something else with
+
+279
+00:18:23,440 --> 00:18:26,580
+third of this. And then the one before, which one
+
+280
+00:18:26,580 --> 00:18:30,580
+here? Nature red in tooth and claw. So he's always
+
+281
+00:18:30,580 --> 00:18:34,220
+obsessed with this. Everything dies. Nature is
+
+282
+00:18:34,220 --> 00:18:37,860
+cruel. The age is like, we have had too much of
+
+283
+00:18:37,860 --> 00:18:40,400
+this. Let's do something else. So this is how we
+
+284
+00:18:40,400 --> 00:18:43,860
+see, we feel the tone and the atmosphere of the
+
+285
+00:18:43,860 --> 00:18:46,340
+poem. Look at the subject matter itself. What is
+
+286
+00:18:46,340 --> 00:18:49,920
+it about? Elegy. So probably it's dark. It's about
+
+287
+00:18:49,920 --> 00:18:53,340
+loss. Look at the words, the choice of words here,
+
+288
+00:18:53,380 --> 00:18:57,640
+the diction itself. Oh, die. But this is the kind
+
+289
+00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,760
+of death that is different. Like, those people are
+
+290
+00:18:59,760 --> 00:19:04,660
+proud. Like, I'm ready to die for my country. But
+
+291
+00:19:04,660 --> 00:19:07,340
+there could be an implied criticism when he says,
+
+292
+00:19:07,640 --> 00:19:12,260
+theirs to do and die, others only say and live.
+
+293
+00:19:12,780 --> 00:19:15,780
+Who are they? The people who push the soldiers,
+
+294
+00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,520
+the armies to the battles. And some wars we've
+
+295
+00:19:19,520 --> 00:19:23,260
+seen, whether in the Arab world or in Europe, some
+
+296
+00:19:23,260 --> 00:19:27,080
+wars broke only because of stupid, trivial things
+
+297
+00:19:27,080 --> 00:19:30,380
+between the royal families and the politicians,
+
+298
+00:19:31,020 --> 00:19:34,210
+and hundreds of thousands and millions of people.
+
+299
+00:19:34,310 --> 00:19:36,730
+We'll see about this next class when we talk about
+
+300
+00:19:36,730 --> 00:19:39,510
+the Great War, the First World War, when millions
+
+301
+00:19:39,510 --> 00:19:42,710
+and millions of people died. And all of them were
+
+302
+00:19:42,710 --> 00:19:45,070
+European, all of them were white, all of them were
+
+303
+00:19:45,070 --> 00:19:49,670
+Christians, almost all of them. So we'll speak
+
+304
+00:19:49,670 --> 00:19:52,890
+about, for example, now we move to Arnold after
+
+305
+00:19:52,890 --> 00:19:57,810
+this, how despite the loss, the sadness, the
+
+306
+00:19:57,810 --> 00:20:01,320
+unhappiness, they still believe there is a spark
+
+307
+00:20:01,320 --> 00:20:05,680
+of hope that the good is yet to come. And when the
+
+308
+00:20:05,680 --> 00:20:08,800
+First World War came and destroyed all this hope,
+
+309
+00:20:08,960 --> 00:20:11,380
+people lost faith in everything, in God, in the
+
+310
+00:20:11,380 --> 00:20:14,740
+Western civilization. So let's see this poem by
+
+311
+00:20:14,740 --> 00:20:20,540
+Tennyson. Can someone read, please? Okay. The
+
+312
+00:20:20,540 --> 00:20:24,280
+title is The Eagle.
+
+313
+00:20:30,710 --> 00:20:34,870
+Goes to the sun, a lonely man springs with a
+
+314
+00:20:34,870 --> 00:20:39,490
+phaser. Azure world. Azure world. He stands, a
+
+315
+00:20:39,490 --> 00:20:43,910
+wrinkled sea beneath him floods, crowds. He
+
+316
+00:20:43,910 --> 00:20:47,250
+watches from his mountain, from his mountain wall,
+
+317
+00:20:47,450 --> 00:20:50,070
+and like a thunderbolt it falls. Thank you.
+
+318
+00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:57,810
+Someone else? One more? Okay, please. He classed.
+
+319
+00:20:58,620 --> 00:21:01,780
+Cracked with crooked hands, flowed through the
+
+320
+00:21:01,780 --> 00:21:06,740
+sun's low lands, went with the azure world. He
+
+321
+00:21:06,740 --> 00:21:14,340
+stands in the wrinkled sea, near beneath him
+
+322
+00:21:14,340 --> 00:21:21,400
+clouds. He watches from his mountain walls as like
+
+323
+00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:29,970
+a thunderbolt. Like a thunderbolt. He, for one
+
+324
+00:21:29,970 --> 00:21:41,090
+more? One more? OK. Hiya. As you are.
+
+325
+00:21:48,830 --> 00:21:52,890
+Like a thunderbolt,
+
+326
+00:21:53,430 --> 00:21:57,820
+he falls. What is he talking about? Eagle. What is
+
+327
+00:21:57,820 --> 00:22:02,160
+an eagle? You know? You know, the huge, powerful
+
+328
+00:22:02,160 --> 00:22:05,680
+bird. You know, the bald eagle, the symbol of
+
+329
+00:22:05,680 --> 00:22:09,480
+many... It's the flag, the seal of many countries
+
+330
+00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:11,940
+in America and Egypt. Like, there's always this
+
+331
+00:22:11,940 --> 00:22:15,500
+eagle because the eagle represents what? Power,
+
+332
+00:22:16,260 --> 00:22:21,020
+right? Strength. It's mighty. It's huge, it's big.
+
+333
+00:22:22,000 --> 00:22:26,040
+And powerful. It's probably considered to be the
+
+334
+00:22:26,040 --> 00:22:29,480
+king of all birds in a way. A famous bird of prey.
+
+335
+00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,800
+Like it eats other birds and other animals. The
+
+336
+00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:38,280
+sharp sight, the sharp beak or bell, the strong,
+
+337
+00:22:38,460 --> 00:22:44,040
+the claws, the wings, the target. It soars up.
+
+338
+00:22:44,810 --> 00:22:47,390
+above the mountains, near the clouds in the sky.
+
+339
+00:22:48,250 --> 00:22:52,110
+So this bird, it sounds like a romantic poem with
+
+340
+00:22:52,110 --> 00:22:54,770
+an element of nature, but it's different in many
+
+341
+00:22:54,770 --> 00:23:02,250
+ways. Nature is used rather than nature is. The
+
+342
+00:23:02,250 --> 00:23:04,770
+text itself is the theme, is the source of beauty.
+
+343
+00:23:04,870 --> 00:23:08,190
+Nature here is used as a tool, a poetic, a
+
+344
+00:23:08,190 --> 00:23:10,670
+literary device. So what do you notice in the
+
+345
+00:23:10,670 --> 00:23:13,840
+text? Now, he's talking about an eagle. When you
+
+346
+00:23:13,840 --> 00:23:18,640
+read the text, what do you notice? What words do
+
+347
+00:23:18,640 --> 00:23:22,400
+you find interesting, appealing? No, no, no, just
+
+348
+00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:25,940
+pick words, circle words. Like what words do you
+
+349
+00:23:25,940 --> 00:23:29,060
+find interesting? Let's circle some of these
+
+350
+00:23:29,060 --> 00:23:32,920
+words. So, one word.
+
+351
+00:23:36,340 --> 00:23:42,760
+Can an eagle stand? Yes, it stands. So which is
+
+352
+00:23:42,760 --> 00:23:43,440
+more important?
+
+353
+00:23:46,260 --> 00:23:52,560
+He or stands? Why? He or stands? One word. So I'm
+
+354
+00:23:52,560 --> 00:23:54,660
+saying just one word. Pick one word, not phrases,
+
+355
+00:23:54,840 --> 00:23:58,080
+not sentences. One word. Why he? Why is he
+
+356
+00:23:58,080 --> 00:23:58,520
+interesting?
+
+357
+00:24:01,780 --> 00:24:07,220
+This is a bird. This is a person. It's something
+
+358
+00:24:07,220 --> 00:24:10,980
+he's trying to... He's implying something else.
+
+359
+00:24:11,160 --> 00:24:18,120
+Oh, interesting. So what else? Yes? Watches. Okay.
+
+360
+00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:24,460
+But also the eagle watches the praise. Okay. I
+
+361
+00:24:24,460 --> 00:24:30,240
+think he's comparing the... He's talking... He's
+
+362
+00:24:30,240 --> 00:24:35,590
+criticizing someone, but... The watches. Okay.
+
+363
+00:24:36,330 --> 00:24:38,730
+Now, my advice is that start with the little
+
+364
+00:24:38,730 --> 00:24:40,930
+things first, and then we come to the conclusions
+
+365
+00:24:40,930 --> 00:24:44,290
+and assumptions, what he means, what he implies.
+
+366
+00:24:45,270 --> 00:24:48,610
+So, let's circle the most significant words. So,
+
+367
+00:24:48,930 --> 00:24:53,670
+he goes for, like, hand. Okay, hand. Does an eagle
+
+368
+00:24:53,670 --> 00:24:59,320
+have hands or wings? Is it because it rhymes with
+
+369
+00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:02,000
+lands and stands, or is he saying something extra,
+
+370
+00:25:02,340 --> 00:25:13,100
+implying? And also he and him and he and he and
+
+371
+00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:17,480
+his. So there is emphasis here on the fact that
+
+372
+00:25:17,480 --> 00:25:22,000
+this could not be about an eagle, but the eagle
+
+373
+00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:27,050
+could be symbolizing something else. Let's jump to
+
+374
+00:25:27,050 --> 00:25:32,130
+conclusions. What does the eagle symbolize? A
+
+375
+00:25:32,130 --> 00:25:35,310
+person, maybe. But who is this person? Let's just
+
+376
+00:25:35,310 --> 00:25:38,130
+go back to the text. What does this bird do?
+
+377
+00:25:38,350 --> 00:25:42,590
+Number one, claps the crack with a crooked hand.
+
+378
+00:25:42,650 --> 00:25:45,430
+You know crooked Hillary? This is from Trump.
+
+379
+00:25:45,870 --> 00:25:52,900
+Crooked hands, like they can bend like this. And
+
+380
+00:25:52,900 --> 00:25:58,920
+close to the sun. So if this is the sun, if it is
+
+381
+00:25:58,920 --> 00:26:08,620
+a black sun, he flies like close to the sun, high
+
+382
+00:26:08,620 --> 00:26:16,140
+up above. Right? Close to the sun. In lonely lands
+
+383
+00:26:16,140 --> 00:26:21,100
+where nobody is there, that's ringed with azure.
+
+384
+00:26:21,200 --> 00:26:26,550
+What's azure? Do you watch football? Do you like
+
+385
+00:26:26,550 --> 00:26:31,870
+football? Yes. What is the Italian team usually
+
+386
+00:26:31,870 --> 00:26:34,370
+called? Yeah.
+
+387
+00:26:37,110 --> 00:26:48,070
+Why are they called... Because of their jerseys.
+
+388
+00:26:48,310 --> 00:26:48,810
+They're blue.
+
+389
+00:26:52,240 --> 00:26:54,860
+OK, so azure means green, because what is green
+
+390
+00:26:54,860 --> 00:27:00,880
+here? The skies and also beneath the sea. World,
+
+391
+00:27:01,280 --> 00:27:06,660
+he stands, so stands where? Up above. The wrinkled
+
+392
+00:27:06,660 --> 00:27:08,660
+sea, you know, because the sea is wrinkled with
+
+393
+00:27:08,660 --> 00:27:13,610
+the waves. Beneath him crawls. And even the sea
+
+394
+00:27:13,610 --> 00:27:18,230
+crawling, a baby crawls, right? Babies. Sometimes
+
+395
+00:27:18,230 --> 00:27:20,390
+older people, sometimes ordinary people when
+
+396
+00:27:20,390 --> 00:27:25,590
+they're hiding, they crawl. So he watches from the
+
+397
+00:27:25,590 --> 00:27:29,130
+mountain. If this is the mountain here, This is
+
+398
+00:27:29,130 --> 00:27:32,930
+the eagle. I don't know how to draw an eagle. This
+
+399
+00:27:32,930 --> 00:27:36,050
+is easy. This is difficult. So he watches from his
+
+400
+00:27:36,050 --> 00:27:39,270
+mountain walls. He's just watching. So we go back
+
+401
+00:27:39,270 --> 00:27:43,890
+to what? So flying up above close to the sun and
+
+402
+00:27:43,890 --> 00:27:45,910
+sometimes just watching.
+
+403
+00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:55,350
+Watching, like an eagle. Watching from the
+
+404
+00:27:55,350 --> 00:27:58,310
+mountain walls. They're like walls, you know?
+
+405
+00:27:58,510 --> 00:28:01,390
+Again, Trump wants to build walls. So what this
+
+406
+00:28:01,390 --> 00:28:05,030
+is, he's up above, detached, not because there
+
+407
+00:28:05,030 --> 00:28:10,870
+could be things here. So unlike a thunder, you
+
+408
+00:28:10,870 --> 00:28:12,410
+know, the lightning and the thunder, when it's
+
+409
+00:28:12,410 --> 00:28:14,570
+heavily raining, there's the lightning and the
+
+410
+00:28:14,570 --> 00:28:17,590
+thunder. So the lightning, there's the thunder,
+
+411
+00:28:17,690 --> 00:28:21,260
+they're huge. deafening sound we hear in the
+
+412
+00:28:21,260 --> 00:28:24,480
+storms, in the rainstorms, like a thunderbolt.
+
+413
+00:28:25,960 --> 00:28:30,900
+What does he do? He falls. So one moment up, one
+
+414
+00:28:30,900 --> 00:28:35,980
+moment down. It could be simply about an eagle.
+
+415
+00:28:37,160 --> 00:28:40,140
+But this is not a romantic poem where the poem
+
+416
+00:28:40,140 --> 00:28:44,560
+could be simply about a bunch of daffodils or a
+
+417
+00:28:44,560 --> 00:28:49,900
+sick rose or whatever. This is more. This is
+
+418
+00:28:49,900 --> 00:28:52,140
+hiding something. This is symbolizing something.
+
+419
+00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:56,260
+This could be an allegory. Now, do you like what
+
+420
+00:28:56,260 --> 00:28:58,300
+is the most important thing that happens in the
+
+421
+00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:02,620
+whole text? Usually, yeah, he falls. And falling
+
+422
+00:29:02,620 --> 00:29:09,140
+is loss. It's decline. Falling down, falling down,
+
+423
+00:29:09,220 --> 00:29:13,840
+you know? So one time you're up here, the next
+
+424
+00:29:13,840 --> 00:29:17,940
+moment you're just in the bottom. Falling. The
+
+425
+00:29:17,940 --> 00:29:21,540
+falling could be like naturally falling just to
+
+426
+00:29:21,540 --> 00:29:25,200
+get some prey and then to rise up again. But like
+
+427
+00:29:25,200 --> 00:29:31,200
+what you see in Arabic, you fly but later on you
+
+428
+00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:34,860
+will fall. So if this stands for what? What do you
+
+429
+00:29:34,860 --> 00:29:38,420
+think? What does the eagle stand for in a way?
+
+430
+00:29:38,560 --> 00:29:38,740
+For?
+
+431
+00:29:46,270 --> 00:29:50,250
+Okay, so people in control, people in authority,
+
+432
+00:29:50,770 --> 00:29:53,010
+like kings.
+
+433
+00:29:56,510 --> 00:29:59,830
+Exactly. It's like, you know, the ivory towers
+
+434
+00:29:59,830 --> 00:30:03,430
+detached from people. There are always walls
+
+435
+00:30:03,430 --> 00:30:06,890
+hiding behind the walls protecting your wealth and
+
+436
+00:30:06,890 --> 00:30:10,590
+your family against the people who are just down.
+
+437
+00:30:11,490 --> 00:30:16,360
+You don't even see them. So this could symbolize
+
+438
+00:30:16,360 --> 00:30:19,860
+power, authority, the king, the queen, people in
+
+439
+00:30:19,860 --> 00:30:26,320
+charge who are always strong and powerful. And
+
+440
+00:30:26,320 --> 00:30:29,520
+then, one moment, they can't. This could also
+
+441
+00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:32,560
+symbolize the whole Western civilization. It's one
+
+442
+00:30:32,560 --> 00:30:36,220
+moment there. It could end eventually. And if this
+
+443
+00:30:36,220 --> 00:30:40,060
+is the peak, this is what happened in the First
+
+444
+00:30:40,060 --> 00:30:43,180
+World War, war. All Europe was fighting with
+
+445
+00:30:43,180 --> 00:30:45,620
+Europe, and people were dying. This could be the
+
+446
+00:30:45,620 --> 00:30:49,060
+Victorian Age. They were hoping for change, for
+
+447
+00:30:49,060 --> 00:30:51,100
+development, for progress because of technology
+
+448
+00:30:51,100 --> 00:30:54,240
+and science and colonialism. But one moment,
+
+449
+00:30:55,240 --> 00:31:00,880
+London as a society is, for example, in poverty.
+
+450
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,600
+People are poor. People starve. There's a lot of
+
+451
+00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,720
+corruption. So it could symbolize many things. It
+
+452
+00:31:07,720 --> 00:31:11,020
+could symbolize people's hopes of a better life.
+
+453
+00:31:11,040 --> 00:31:12,720
+One moment you're very hopeful, the other moment
+
+454
+00:31:12,720 --> 00:31:16,520
+you're just there. They have a Spanish saying that
+
+455
+00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:18,600
+says, everything that goes up must go down.
+
+456
+00:31:18,780 --> 00:31:23,230
+Whatever goes up must go down. So, yeah, true. So
+
+457
+00:31:23,230 --> 00:31:27,170
+this could be, in a way, the idea behind this
+
+458
+00:31:27,170 --> 00:31:27,830
+text.
+
+459
+00:31:32,550 --> 00:31:33,130
+Exactly,
+
+460
+00:31:36,110 --> 00:31:39,810
+yeah, but the poem stops here. So where is the
+
+461
+00:31:39,810 --> 00:31:45,630
+eagle now? It's down the bottom. What's going on?
+
+462
+00:31:45,850 --> 00:31:50,720
+Is it just... A moment is this. Remember, what's
+
+463
+00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:55,260
+his name? George Herbert. The fall shall further
+
+464
+00:31:55,260 --> 00:31:59,320
+the flight in me. In his famous text, The Easter
+
+465
+00:31:59,320 --> 00:32:04,600
+Wings. When he says, the fall will further the
+
+466
+00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:07,840
+rise. If I fall, I will... That was a religious
+
+467
+00:32:07,840 --> 00:32:12,190
+poem. If you suffer, if you sin, It's bad, but
+
+468
+00:32:12,190 --> 00:32:15,170
+it's also good, because if you sin, you go back to
+
+469
+00:32:15,170 --> 00:32:19,710
+God, and then you are a better human being. So
+
+470
+00:32:19,710 --> 00:32:22,030
+this could be about loss, about the downfall of
+
+471
+00:32:22,030 --> 00:32:25,250
+civilization, the downfall of imperialism, the
+
+472
+00:32:25,250 --> 00:32:29,750
+downfall of authority that no one only keeps here
+
+473
+00:32:29,750 --> 00:32:34,390
+on top. Sooner or later, it's going to fall down,
+
+474
+00:32:34,910 --> 00:32:40,140
+break down. Okay, this is a really interesting
+
+475
+00:32:40,140 --> 00:32:44,200
+poem by Tennyson. Should we move?
+
+476
+00:32:49,600 --> 00:32:54,860
+Now, Matthew Arnold, finally. Matthew Arnold.
+
+477
+00:32:58,220 --> 00:33:01,740
+Okay, with Matthew, I will speak about one major
+
+478
+00:33:01,740 --> 00:33:04,880
+poem. It's called Dover Beach. Are you familiar
+
+479
+00:33:04,880 --> 00:33:06,600
+with Dover? Have you heard of Dover?
+
+480
+00:33:09,290 --> 00:33:12,270
+Dove. So this is Dover Beach. Dover Beach is a
+
+481
+00:33:12,270 --> 00:33:17,290
+place in England. You know, if this is England, do
+
+482
+00:33:17,290 --> 00:33:21,590
+you know how to draw England? If this is England
+
+483
+00:33:21,590 --> 00:33:25,810
+and this is France, this is Dover. So it's the
+
+484
+00:33:25,810 --> 00:33:30,750
+place, it's actually a mountain, a high area that
+
+485
+00:33:30,750 --> 00:33:36,350
+looks over the British Channel or British Canal
+
+486
+00:33:36,350 --> 00:33:39,530
+here. Does this area exist anywhere else? Yeah,
+
+487
+00:33:39,610 --> 00:33:42,590
+it's very famous in literature because it's very
+
+488
+00:33:42,590 --> 00:33:46,430
+close to Europe. It's the closest place to Europe.
+
+489
+00:33:46,890 --> 00:33:50,550
+It's also a mountain where people can stand on top
+
+490
+00:33:50,550 --> 00:33:53,410
+of the mountain and look to France and Europe and
+
+491
+00:33:53,410 --> 00:33:55,230
+to the sea below. Okay?
+
+492
+00:33:58,410 --> 00:34:02,970
+So he's talking about this area, the beach here.
+
+493
+00:34:03,350 --> 00:34:08,050
+The poet is up. on top of the mountain, Dover, the
+
+494
+00:34:08,050 --> 00:34:10,470
+Dover area, Dover Beach here, and looking down
+
+495
+00:34:10,470 --> 00:34:13,990
+upon the beach itself. We're not going to study
+
+496
+00:34:13,990 --> 00:34:17,930
+the whole poem, just taking the last stanza. So
+
+497
+00:34:17,930 --> 00:34:18,430
+generally,
+
+498
+00:34:21,250 --> 00:34:24,110
+Matthew Arnold is again trying to capture the
+
+499
+00:34:24,110 --> 00:34:28,620
+crisis of faith. People were losing faith in their
+
+500
+00:34:28,620 --> 00:34:31,320
+country, in themselves, in science, in knowledge,
+
+501
+00:34:32,020 --> 00:34:34,740
+in the church, in faith, in spirituality, in
+
+502
+00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:38,800
+everything. And this is the text that tries to
+
+503
+00:34:38,800 --> 00:34:41,800
+capture this tone, the atmosphere of the society,
+
+504
+00:34:42,200 --> 00:34:45,380
+the crisis of faith, which was a major theme,
+
+505
+00:34:45,820 --> 00:34:48,140
+especially in the poetry of the Victorian Age. The
+
+506
+00:34:48,140 --> 00:34:52,060
+crisis of faith, the crisis of belief, the loss of
+
+507
+00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,180
+faith, the loss of values, the decline of values.
+
+508
+00:34:55,300 --> 00:34:58,000
+Because again, remember how we said people, many
+
+509
+00:34:58,000 --> 00:35:01,290
+people believe that humanity is progressing
+
+510
+00:35:01,290 --> 00:35:04,510
+forward. There could be some slowing down
+
+511
+00:35:04,510 --> 00:35:09,010
+sometimes. But generally, it's going forward. But
+
+512
+00:35:09,010 --> 00:35:12,710
+many people believe that, no, we're not improving.
+
+513
+00:35:12,770 --> 00:35:17,080
+We're not progressing. The good things have long
+
+514
+00:35:17,080 --> 00:35:21,140
+gone. And the bad things are still, the worst is
+
+515
+00:35:21,140 --> 00:35:24,860
+still to come. So that is why this poem became
+
+516
+00:35:24,860 --> 00:35:27,960
+very famous. Some people think that this is the
+
+517
+00:35:27,960 --> 00:35:30,760
+most important single poem in the Victorian Age.
+
+518
+00:35:31,160 --> 00:35:34,440
+The most important poem in the Victorian Age.
+
+519
+00:35:34,820 --> 00:35:38,420
+Mainly because, again, it captures the essence of
+
+520
+00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:42,360
+the crisis of faith of that time. But we'll see
+
+521
+00:35:42,360 --> 00:35:46,800
+how he's a little bit different, Arnold. Okay? So
+
+522
+00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:50,380
+where is he? He looks over the English Channel
+
+523
+00:35:50,380 --> 00:35:54,680
+from Dover, seeing. He looks down. What does he
+
+524
+00:35:54,680 --> 00:35:58,400
+see? A calm sea. The sea is calm. The beach is
+
+525
+00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,860
+calm. No people there, and the sea is not rough.
+
+526
+00:36:04,430 --> 00:36:06,390
+Interesting, beautiful, right? Generally, like,
+
+527
+00:36:06,530 --> 00:36:08,950
+you see beauty. If you are a romantic poet, you
+
+528
+00:36:08,950 --> 00:36:12,170
+see beauty here. You see inspiration. It reminds
+
+529
+00:36:12,170 --> 00:36:15,410
+you of the good old days if you are a romantic.
+
+530
+00:36:15,490 --> 00:36:19,010
+But here, it inspires what? Nature inspires the
+
+531
+00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:25,550
+idea of the crisis of faith. In the poem, we see
+
+532
+00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:29,790
+the vision of the whole later Victorian era. The
+
+533
+00:36:29,790 --> 00:36:35,860
+vision is a vision of pessimism. Pessimism. Again,
+
+534
+00:36:35,920 --> 00:36:41,360
+similar to Tennyson in a way. But Arnold is a
+
+535
+00:36:41,360 --> 00:36:42,880
+little bit different, because at the end of the
+
+536
+00:36:42,880 --> 00:36:47,740
+poem, he has a way out of this. There is hope.
+
+537
+00:36:48,460 --> 00:36:52,880
+There is a way out of this whole crisis. Yes, he
+
+538
+00:36:52,880 --> 00:36:56,980
+admits that there is a crisis of faith. But the
+
+539
+00:36:56,980 --> 00:37:01,680
+way out of this is simply to love each other, to
+
+540
+00:37:01,680 --> 00:37:07,020
+be honest to each other. simply said and done. We
+
+541
+00:37:07,020 --> 00:37:11,180
+can all claim to want to be good, to love each
+
+542
+00:37:11,180 --> 00:37:12,980
+other, to be honest with each other, to be frank
+
+543
+00:37:12,980 --> 00:37:16,040
+with each other. But when it comes to real life,
+
+544
+00:37:16,160 --> 00:37:19,140
+life was getting a lot more difficult, especially
+
+545
+00:37:19,140 --> 00:37:22,260
+with jobs and competitions and conflicts
+
+546
+00:37:22,260 --> 00:37:26,280
+everywhere in the society. But this makes the poem
+
+547
+00:37:27,620 --> 00:37:30,900
+Because if you like dark stuff, this is dark,
+
+548
+00:37:31,080 --> 00:37:33,820
+pessimistic. But there's also hope. We love to
+
+549
+00:37:33,820 --> 00:37:36,260
+have hope at the end. Remember Shakespeare with
+
+550
+00:37:36,260 --> 00:37:39,300
+the younger generations always giving us some
+
+551
+00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:45,000
+hope, a new king, young people getting married, so
+
+552
+00:37:45,000 --> 00:37:48,960
+to speak. So the extract here, this is the last
+
+553
+00:37:48,960 --> 00:37:49,400
+stanza.
+
+554
+00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:59,480
+Dover Beach by Arnold, again. So when he speaks
+
+555
+00:37:59,480 --> 00:38:05,140
+about the crisis of belief and faith, he ends the
+
+556
+00:38:05,140 --> 00:38:07,660
+poem. It's a short poem, by the way. I think like
+
+557
+00:38:07,660 --> 00:38:15,100
+30-something lines. Even the word, ah. It's like a
+
+558
+00:38:15,100 --> 00:38:22,380
+sigh of relief. Like you can't even speak. Ah.
+
+559
+00:38:23,280 --> 00:38:26,420
+Love. Talking to his love. I don't know, his wife
+
+560
+00:38:26,420 --> 00:38:32,730
+or someone. Let us be true to one another, us, the
+
+561
+00:38:32,730 --> 00:38:36,390
+unity here. If you are by yourself, if I am by
+
+562
+00:38:36,390 --> 00:38:39,910
+myself, we're not going to find a way out of this.
+
+563
+00:38:40,670 --> 00:38:44,930
+Let us be true to one another. That's the way out
+
+564
+00:38:44,930 --> 00:38:50,270
+of this. For the world, the world, our world now,
+
+565
+00:38:50,350 --> 00:38:52,310
+our society, the Victorian Age, Western
+
+566
+00:38:52,310 --> 00:38:56,010
+civilization, which seems, and the word seems,
+
+567
+00:38:59,940 --> 00:39:05,480
+seems it's not true. There is a fake artificial
+
+568
+00:39:05,480 --> 00:39:09,640
+smiley there. So the world is horrible, but there
+
+569
+00:39:09,640 --> 00:39:14,180
+is always this smiley that makes it look what? It
+
+570
+00:39:14,180 --> 00:39:18,410
+seems Which seems to lie. I like the word lie here
+
+571
+00:39:18,410 --> 00:39:20,670
+because there could be a pun on lie not to tell
+
+572
+00:39:20,670 --> 00:39:24,790
+the truth. But lie here lies to lie before us like
+
+573
+00:39:24,790 --> 00:39:28,490
+they're out there in front of us standing or
+
+574
+00:39:28,490 --> 00:39:32,490
+sitting or whatever. So to lie before us like a
+
+575
+00:39:32,490 --> 00:39:36,570
+land of dreams. It's a land of dreams and visions.
+
+576
+00:39:37,530 --> 00:39:40,310
+We dream of a better life, but is it a better
+
+577
+00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:43,720
+life? Are we going there? So various, so
+
+578
+00:39:43,720 --> 00:39:46,420
+beautiful, so new. This is all in our dreams and
+
+579
+00:39:46,420 --> 00:39:51,480
+our hopes. Have, so this is all a parenthetical
+
+580
+00:39:51,480 --> 00:39:57,700
+statement. So the world has. Has. And I love how
+
+581
+00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,340
+he uses, this is Victorian Age, we don't
+
+582
+00:40:00,340 --> 00:40:03,160
+frequently find have and thee and thou unless
+
+583
+00:40:03,160 --> 00:40:06,640
+there is a reason. So have, in my opinion, he
+
+584
+00:40:06,640 --> 00:40:09,140
+thinks that this has been the case all along.
+
+585
+00:40:10,040 --> 00:40:11,900
+before Shakespeare, during Shakespeare, after
+
+586
+00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:16,140
+Shakespeare. The world has always been like this.
+
+587
+00:40:18,060 --> 00:40:21,020
+We have dreams and hopes and visions of a better
+
+588
+00:40:21,020 --> 00:40:25,660
+life, but in reality, the world has really neither
+
+589
+00:40:25,660 --> 00:40:31,080
+joy, nor love, nor light, nor certitude, nor
+
+590
+00:40:31,080 --> 00:40:35,500
+peace, nor help for pain. No, no, no, no. And this
+
+591
+00:40:35,500 --> 00:40:39,410
+is the pessimism here. Pessimism in the repetition
+
+592
+00:40:39,410 --> 00:40:46,370
+of the word, no, no, no, no. No, no, no, no. So
+
+593
+00:40:46,370 --> 00:40:51,670
+because the world has nothing, nothing, no joy, no
+
+594
+00:40:51,670 --> 00:40:58,570
+love, no light, no certitude, certainty, no peace,
+
+595
+00:40:59,410 --> 00:41:04,090
+no help for pain, no one can help you relieve your
+
+596
+00:41:04,090 --> 00:41:08,030
+pain, release the pain, the anger. So let us be
+
+597
+00:41:08,030 --> 00:41:13,030
+true to one another. Let's love each other. And
+
+598
+00:41:13,030 --> 00:41:15,210
+this is the message here. So in this extract from
+
+599
+00:41:15,210 --> 00:41:22,470
+Dover Beach by Matthew Arnold, the theme here is I
+
+600
+00:41:22,470 --> 00:41:24,530
+don't know what, like pessimism,
+
+601
+00:41:26,590 --> 00:41:32,160
+loss of faith, the crisis of belief. But also,
+
+602
+00:41:32,840 --> 00:41:36,020
+while the poet is exposing this world that lacks
+
+603
+00:41:36,020 --> 00:41:39,300
+everything, that has nothing. I think this reminds
+
+604
+00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,780
+me of King Lear at the end. No, no, no, never,
+
+605
+00:41:43,940 --> 00:41:48,860
+never, never. Why should a dog or a horse have a
+
+606
+00:41:48,860 --> 00:41:51,800
+life without no life, no breath at all? Never,
+
+607
+00:41:51,960 --> 00:41:54,570
+never, never, never. So there's an emphasis here
+
+608
+00:41:54,570 --> 00:41:59,110
+on the negativity here. So despite this fact,
+
+609
+00:41:59,250 --> 00:42:03,310
+despite the fact that the poem is about the crisis
+
+610
+00:42:03,310 --> 00:42:06,790
+of belief in the Victorian age, that people were
+
+611
+00:42:06,790 --> 00:42:10,470
+losing faith in everything, the poetry is giving
+
+612
+00:42:10,470 --> 00:42:14,010
+us a spark of hope. The poem is giving us
+
+613
+00:42:14,010 --> 00:42:19,690
+something to cling to, something to hold onto. And
+
+614
+00:42:19,690 --> 00:42:24,460
+this thing is? Let's love each other. Let's be
+
+615
+00:42:24,460 --> 00:42:27,600
+honest to each other.
+
+616
+00:42:30,480 --> 00:42:33,120
+Please, when you go home, read the whole poem or
+
+617
+00:42:33,120 --> 00:42:35,920
+listen to it. Watch it on YouTube. I'm sure you
+
+618
+00:42:35,920 --> 00:42:41,320
+will love it. But again, I'll stop here. No more
+
+619
+00:42:41,320 --> 00:42:44,740
+Victorian literature. We're moving to last class,
+
+620
+00:42:45,140 --> 00:42:50,120
+our last lecture on the 20th century poetry. But
+
+621
+00:42:50,120 --> 00:42:57,080
+listen. Wait a minute. We'll see how this idea,
+
+622
+00:43:00,220 --> 00:43:03,800
+we'll see this little tiny ray of hope, what
+
+623
+00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,000
+happens to it in the 20th century. Like, people
+
+624
+00:43:07,000 --> 00:43:12,600
+again had this dark, pessimistic atmosphere living
+
+625
+00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,280
+in, like, we should do something new. Let's work
+
+626
+00:43:16,280 --> 00:43:20,220
+together. Let's do something. And early in the
+
+627
+00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,620
+20th century, we have the Great War. So if people
+
+628
+00:43:24,620 --> 00:43:27,960
+had a tiny little shred of hope of a better life,
+
+629
+00:43:29,080 --> 00:43:34,540
+of a life, beautiful new life, a life of dreams,
+
+630
+00:43:35,540 --> 00:43:37,820
+of people becoming better, improving, progressing
+
+631
+00:43:37,820 --> 00:43:43,520
+forward, the war destroyed every tiny little shred
+
+632
+00:43:43,520 --> 00:43:43,980
+of hope.
+
+633
+00:43:46,780 --> 00:43:49,180
+And we'll see how this influences literature. And
+
+634
+00:43:49,180 --> 00:43:52,620
+then T.S. Eliot comes and says, April is the
+
+635
+00:43:52,620 --> 00:43:56,960
+cruelest month. So he's just going to summarize
+
+636
+00:43:56,960 --> 00:43:59,680
+and see how, for example, everything. And it's
+
+637
+00:43:59,680 --> 00:44:02,960
+beautiful how T.S. Eliot, in the opening line of
+
+638
+00:44:02,960 --> 00:44:08,630
+The Wasteland, he alludes to, remember, To Chaucer
+
+639
+00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:11,330
+himself. So we started this basically with
+
+640
+00:44:11,330 --> 00:44:13,970
+Chaucer, saying he's the father of English poetry.
+
+641
+00:44:14,750 --> 00:44:19,390
+And in his poem, The Canterbury Tales, he begins
+
+642
+00:44:19,390 --> 00:44:23,310
+describing spring and April, how beautiful it is,
+
+643
+00:44:23,390 --> 00:44:27,450
+how it gives new life, new hope, dreams and
+
+644
+00:44:27,450 --> 00:44:31,210
+visions, like the good is yet to come. So it's
+
+645
+00:44:31,210 --> 00:44:34,210
+like T.S. Eliot comes and says, OK, wait a minute.
+
+646
+00:44:34,370 --> 00:44:38,610
+Stop. Stop dreaming. So he goes back. He takes
+
+647
+00:44:38,610 --> 00:44:43,450
+Chaucer, drags him by his hand, and tells him it's
+
+648
+00:44:43,450 --> 00:44:46,710
+all a lie. All these hopes and dreams and visions
+
+649
+00:44:46,710 --> 00:44:52,130
+of a better life, it's a lie. And April is the
+
+650
+00:44:52,130 --> 00:44:58,790
+cruelest month. We'll stop here. And next class, I
+
+651
+00:44:58,790 --> 00:45:03,380
+will be speaking about Just certain trends in the
+
+652
+00:45:03,380 --> 00:45:06,960
+20th century. I just have to remind you, when we
+
+653
+00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,740
+say here, when we discuss the Romantic Age or the
+
+654
+00:45:09,740 --> 00:45:11,900
+Victorian Age or the 20th century, it's impossible
+
+655
+00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:15,640
+to cover every feature, every trend. And it's
+
+656
+00:45:15,640 --> 00:45:19,200
+wrong to assume that all poets wrote sad and
+
+657
+00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,700
+pessimistic poetry. Because there are always
+
+658
+00:45:22,700 --> 00:45:25,020
+different poets, or sometimes the poets would be
+
+659
+00:45:25,020 --> 00:45:28,940
+writing differently. But the major trends in a way
+
+660
+00:45:28,940 --> 00:45:34,320
+or another were dark, tragic, and poetry of loss,
+
+661
+00:45:34,960 --> 00:45:40,580
+despair, and pessimism. It's good that Matthew
+
+662
+00:45:40,580 --> 00:45:44,180
+Arnold here leaves us with a tiny little hope. We
+
+663
+00:45:44,180 --> 00:45:46,680
+will see what happens to the hope in the 20th
+
+664
+00:45:46,680 --> 00:45:48,600
+century. Thank you very much. If you have
+
+665
+00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,480
+questions, please do ask. If you have a comment,
+
+666
+00:45:53,180 --> 00:45:58,430
+feel free to express yourself. Yes.
+
+667
+00:46:01,730 --> 00:46:05,070
+Okay, thank you. Yeah, go on.
+
+668
+00:46:08,050 --> 00:46:08,410
+Say again.
+
+669
+00:46:15,830 --> 00:46:22,350
+Okay, which influences which? Poetry influences
+
+670
+00:46:22,350 --> 00:46:25,550
+literature or literature influences poetry? I
+
+671
+00:46:25,550 --> 00:46:29,950
+think it goes both ways. Society is life.
+
+672
+00:46:33,050 --> 00:46:36,910
+Literature, of course it does. Of course.
+
+673
+00:46:37,290 --> 00:46:40,030
+Generally, people say that all poets are products
+
+674
+00:46:40,030 --> 00:46:45,100
+of their time and societies. But again, it differs
+
+675
+00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:46,920
+from one poet to the other. That's why when we
+
+676
+00:46:46,920 --> 00:46:50,040
+discussed, for example, Charles Dickens and Thomas
+
+677
+00:46:50,040 --> 00:46:52,840
+Hardy, I said that, look, both are Victorian. Yes,
+
+678
+00:46:52,880 --> 00:46:54,360
+this is an early Victorian. This is a late
+
+679
+00:46:54,360 --> 00:46:56,420
+Victorian. But they produced totally different
+
+680
+00:46:56,420 --> 00:47:00,300
+literature. The more important question is whether
+
+681
+00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,880
+literature influences life. Does it influence
+
+682
+00:47:03,880 --> 00:47:08,220
+life? It certainly does in particular ways. Thank
+
+683
+00:47:08,220 --> 00:47:09,320
+you for your question.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f608e791c9e631cd52d5e156b9aa4b49705871ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/rIevWKSLRDM_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2800 @@
+1
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,670
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Assalamualaikum. And
+
+2
+00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,050
+welcome back as usual. It's always good to see
+
+3
+00:00:27,050 --> 00:00:27,830
+you.
+
+4
+00:00:30,330 --> 00:00:35,330
+Today, as you see here, we begin a new chapter and
+
+5
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:40,770
+a new era. And as we have done this so many times,
+
+6
+00:00:40,850 --> 00:00:44,890
+every time we begin a new era, a new chapter, we
+
+7
+00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:47,550
+speak about the features, the characteristics.
+
+8
+00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:51,640
+Last time I said, These features are not like
+
+9
+00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:55,520
+black and white where we have them all the time or
+
+10
+00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:59,200
+we don't have them all the time. These features
+
+11
+00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:02,940
+characterize the most common literary works or we
+
+12
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:05,640
+can find most of them or some of them in the
+
+13
+00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:08,340
+majority of works because there will always be
+
+14
+00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:10,860
+authors and writers and poets and dramatists who
+
+15
+00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:15,550
+would change, experiment. We, for example, studied
+
+16
+00:01:15,550 --> 00:01:17,930
+John Donne, who was writing in the heyday of
+
+17
+00:01:17,930 --> 00:01:20,010
+neoclassicism, and he was writing totally
+
+18
+00:01:20,010 --> 00:01:23,890
+different poetry. So if the writer, the author, is
+
+19
+00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:27,290
+a product of his or her society and community,
+
+20
+00:01:28,220 --> 00:01:31,020
+which is generally true. Sometimes we have poets
+
+21
+00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:34,180
+who are different, who just try to swim against
+
+22
+00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,200
+the current, swim against the current. Today we
+
+23
+00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,240
+speak about the Augustan Age. The Augustan Age is
+
+24
+00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:42,540
+one of the most famous ages here because we have
+
+25
+00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:46,320
+things that are clearer than ever before. In this
+
+26
+00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:53,060
+age, we mainly speak about the novel, which is
+
+27
+00:01:53,060 --> 00:01:58,270
+prose, right? Yes. And we will also speak about
+
+28
+00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:02,310
+poetry. But for the first time, we're going to
+
+29
+00:02:02,310 --> 00:02:08,070
+start talking about not poetry, but prose. The
+
+30
+00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,630
+word novel, this is sometimes called the age of
+
+31
+00:02:11,630 --> 00:02:14,610
+the novel, the rise of the novel. The word novel
+
+32
+00:02:14,610 --> 00:02:19,730
+means new, say a novel idea. And even in English,
+
+33
+00:02:19,850 --> 00:02:23,230
+we say the word novice. When someone starts a new
+
+34
+00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:26,590
+job, he or she doesn't have enough experience, you
+
+35
+00:02:26,590 --> 00:02:31,030
+say she's novice. In Arabic, in Gaza sometimes, we
+
+36
+00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:35,610
+hear people say novi, The word originally comes
+
+37
+00:02:35,610 --> 00:02:40,650
+from novel. The word novella is a short novel. So
+
+38
+00:02:40,650 --> 00:02:45,850
+what is a novel? A novel is a fiction work written
+
+39
+00:02:45,850 --> 00:02:47,610
+in prose.
+
+40
+00:02:49,310 --> 00:02:53,410
+It was born around like in the late 17th century,
+
+41
+00:02:54,070 --> 00:02:56,630
+early 19th century. That's why it's called novel.
+
+42
+00:02:56,730 --> 00:03:00,170
+It started only 300 years ago. Unlike poetry that
+
+43
+00:03:00,170 --> 00:03:03,230
+started thousands of years ago, even thousands and
+
+44
+00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:07,160
+thousands of years ago. Okay, so the Augustan Age,
+
+45
+00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,360
+we'll speak later on when we speak about poetry,
+
+46
+00:03:09,540 --> 00:03:13,480
+we'll talk more about why we have this name, the
+
+47
+00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,380
+Augustan Age in literature. It is sometimes
+
+48
+00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:20,620
+described as the Age of Reason, the Age of
+
+49
+00:03:20,620 --> 00:03:24,440
+Thinking, where the mind, the brain, the
+
+50
+00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:27,430
+intellect, was considered to be more powerful,
+
+51
+00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:29,990
+more important, more significant for the stability
+
+52
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:34,570
+of the community than the heart, the emotions, and
+
+53
+00:03:34,570 --> 00:03:37,110
+the feelings. We'll see how this reflects on
+
+54
+00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:41,250
+literature in a way or another. So the age starts
+
+55
+00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:46,170
+around, again these dates are not again clear cut,
+
+56
+00:03:47,110 --> 00:03:55,010
+but more or less around 1713 to 1716. 89, so from
+
+57
+00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:59,130
+the beginning of the first half, the first quarter
+
+58
+00:03:59,130 --> 00:04:05,210
+of the 18th century to the late 18th century. So
+
+59
+00:04:05,210 --> 00:04:10,810
+yeah, same century, 18th century. Okay, when we
+
+60
+00:04:10,810 --> 00:04:12,870
+speak about politics, about the community, about
+
+61
+00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:17,570
+the society, we generally speak about the king,
+
+62
+00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:22,400
+right? The queen, politics. And we also said this
+
+63
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,700
+before, that sometimes the book hides and
+
+64
+00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:29,580
+whitewashes colonialism and imperialism and
+
+65
+00:04:29,580 --> 00:04:33,720
+presents it in a favorable way, okay, as a glory,
+
+66
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,880
+as geographical discovery. Remember previously, in
+
+67
+00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:43,060
+the previous age, the king was executed, was
+
+68
+00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:45,940
+removed and was replaced by Oliver Cromwell, the
+
+69
+00:04:45,940 --> 00:04:48,780
+Commonwealth. And he was followed by his son. I
+
+70
+00:04:48,780 --> 00:04:50,820
+have said this many times and I have to say it
+
+71
+00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:54,160
+again. And then they said, okay, let's bring back
+
+72
+00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,820
+the king because the king is important. But the
+
+73
+00:04:55,820 --> 00:04:59,940
+king started to lose a lot. The monarch started to
+
+74
+00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:03,390
+lose a lot. The king or the queen lost a lot of
+
+75
+00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:06,830
+their power, their privileges. And if the king was
+
+76
+00:05:06,830 --> 00:05:09,410
+getting weaker and weaker, it means the
+
+77
+00:05:09,410 --> 00:05:12,770
+parliament, the prime minister, the government,
+
+78
+00:05:12,910 --> 00:05:15,690
+the cabinet became stronger and stronger. Like
+
+79
+00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:18,550
+today, the monarchy in England is symbolic. It
+
+80
+00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:21,830
+started gradually. The queen is not the most
+
+81
+00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:24,050
+important person. People love the queen although
+
+82
+00:05:24,050 --> 00:05:27,710
+she spends a lot, wastes a lot of tax payer money.
+
+83
+00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:31,890
+Many people are not happy with this, but some
+
+84
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:34,970
+people like the idea of the queen. Okay, so this
+
+85
+00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:39,430
+is one thing. Every time the monarchy loses power,
+
+86
+00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:44,550
+the parliament gains more of this power and
+
+87
+00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:47,990
+privileges. Generally, when we speak about this
+
+88
+00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:50,450
+age, the 18th century, we speak about the
+
+89
+00:05:50,450 --> 00:05:54,150
+agricultural and industrial revolutions. There was
+
+90
+00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,960
+a revolution in advancements, inventions. People
+
+91
+00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:03,820
+invented so many things and every day, every week,
+
+92
+00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,140
+every month there would be new inventions that
+
+93
+00:06:06,140 --> 00:06:10,020
+made life easy, that most importantly made the
+
+94
+00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:15,080
+production, the processes of production faster.
+
+95
+00:06:16,690 --> 00:06:20,750
+cheaper and easier. And always remember the
+
+96
+00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:24,250
+printing press. The printing press, you would
+
+97
+00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,010
+spend two years to copy the Bible, one copy of the
+
+98
+00:06:27,010 --> 00:06:33,170
+Bible. But now, because of this, you could do 200
+
+99
+00:06:33,170 --> 00:06:35,470
+copies in, I don't know, less than a year or
+
+100
+00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:40,700
+something. So same thing applies to the steam
+
+101
+00:06:40,700 --> 00:06:43,080
+machine, the engine, and later on the train. So
+
+102
+00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,600
+people would move on horses and animals. It would
+
+103
+00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,700
+take them ages and ages. But now things became
+
+104
+00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:54,560
+easier, faster, and probably better. And because
+
+105
+00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,420
+of this, or maybe as a result of this, sometimes
+
+106
+00:06:57,420 --> 00:06:59,700
+you can't know which leads to which, which came
+
+107
+00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:03,020
+first, the egg or the chicken, the hen. But it's a
+
+108
+00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:07,410
+circle. Always remember that England, the British
+
+109
+00:07:07,410 --> 00:07:12,650
+Empire was expanding. So was it expanding because
+
+110
+00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:16,540
+England wanted more raw materials? to control more
+
+111
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,740
+land, and also to open more markets. So they would
+
+112
+00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:24,280
+do a lot. Most of the production here would be
+
+113
+00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,180
+sold in the new world, in Asia, Africa, America,
+
+114
+00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:35,360
+Australia, here and there. So the new inventions,
+
+115
+00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:37,520
+again, meant that production
+
+116
+00:07:40,170 --> 00:07:45,630
+was faster, better, and easier in many ways. Okay,
+
+117
+00:07:45,690 --> 00:07:47,630
+you have a lot of products. What should you do
+
+118
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,030
+with them? You take them and sell them to the
+
+119
+00:07:52,030 --> 00:07:56,230
+colonies. You sell them to the colonies. So the
+
+120
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:59,550
+British Empire was ready, was a ready market, you
+
+121
+00:07:59,550 --> 00:08:05,850
+add a here, for British products. So whatever you
+
+122
+00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:09,750
+produce, you just dump it on the people in India,
+
+123
+00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:12,230
+in Africa, in America, in Australia, and they
+
+124
+00:08:12,230 --> 00:08:14,670
+would be buying it. And it meant that a lot of
+
+125
+00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:17,290
+people were getting rich by doing business. And
+
+126
+00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:20,010
+that was a reason why we have the middle class. We
+
+127
+00:08:20,010 --> 00:08:21,650
+spoke about the middle class before. Generally,
+
+128
+00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:23,750
+they're not rich people. They're not royalty.
+
+129
+00:08:25,950 --> 00:08:29,590
+noble family that would leave a lot of money and
+
+130
+00:08:29,590 --> 00:08:32,530
+inheritance for them. So those are people who
+
+131
+00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:35,570
+engaged in trade, in business, in inventions, and
+
+132
+00:08:35,570 --> 00:08:38,830
+they became rich and they played an important role
+
+133
+00:08:38,830 --> 00:08:44,780
+in literature. Many people this era here moved
+
+134
+00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,960
+from the village, the countryside, to the city,
+
+135
+00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:52,160
+seeking jobs, seeking better life chances, better
+
+136
+00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,220
+life opportunities. And at the same time, during
+
+137
+00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:59,440
+this age, many people from the British Empire,
+
+138
+00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:05,320
+mainly from Scotland and Ireland, moved to the new
+
+139
+00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,900
+world in America. Many reasons, actually. Life was
+
+140
+00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:13,620
+very difficult. When we speak about England or
+
+141
+00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:18,260
+Britain and Ireland and Scotland, sometimes we
+
+142
+00:09:18,260 --> 00:09:20,200
+need to go back to the history to understand
+
+143
+00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,340
+because a lot of Irish people consider England as
+
+144
+00:09:24,340 --> 00:09:28,140
+an occupier, a colonizer. It's an occupation.
+
+145
+00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:31,940
+Well, maybe we can talk about this later on when
+
+146
+00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:36,860
+we speak about Jonathan's wealth. Don't forget
+
+147
+00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:40,540
+that many of the Irish people were Catholics. So
+
+148
+00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:44,500
+they did not convert after King Henry VIII. So
+
+149
+00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:50,360
+they were always victimized by the English people.
+
+150
+00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,170
+More of this age. Elsewhere in the world. So
+
+151
+00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:58,110
+England was seeking stability. England was trying
+
+152
+00:09:58,110 --> 00:10:02,290
+to, you know, like Theresa May says nowadays, to
+
+153
+00:10:02,290 --> 00:10:06,670
+be strong and stable. Strong and stable means many
+
+154
+00:10:06,670 --> 00:10:10,210
+things. But most importantly here, around the age,
+
+155
+00:10:10,450 --> 00:10:14,850
+around England, we had important revolutions.
+
+156
+00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,370
+Number one, the French Revolution in France. And
+
+157
+00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:24,750
+France is only across the canal. You can see
+
+158
+00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:28,910
+France, some people swim from France to England.
+
+159
+00:10:29,090 --> 00:10:31,630
+Just take it swimming because it's a big distance,
+
+160
+00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:33,910
+but not that big that some people can actually
+
+161
+00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:38,630
+swim it. So France was always a threat because a
+
+162
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,430
+revolution, a rebellion in France means that
+
+163
+00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:46,260
+people in England might also think of a revolution
+
+164
+00:10:46,260 --> 00:10:50,060
+against oppression, against corruption. But
+
+165
+00:10:50,060 --> 00:10:52,980
+England has learned the lesson pretty well when
+
+166
+00:10:52,980 --> 00:10:56,020
+they executed the king and replaced him, and then
+
+167
+00:10:56,020 --> 00:10:58,640
+later on they restored the king. And so they were
+
+168
+00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:04,540
+always careful about not to be infected by, so to
+
+169
+00:11:04,540 --> 00:11:07,400
+speak, by another revolution. And probably equally
+
+170
+00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,620
+important, we speak about also the American
+
+171
+00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:16,650
+Declaration of Independence. America was mainly a
+
+172
+00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:17,910
+British colony.
+
+173
+00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:25,590
+It was occupied, so to speak, controlled by the
+
+174
+00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:27,650
+Queen of England or the King of England, the
+
+175
+00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:31,120
+monarchy. It followed The British Empire in many
+
+176
+00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,240
+ways, great parts of it. Some parts in America
+
+177
+00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,220
+even now are called New England. Is it a state? I
+
+178
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:40,300
+think it's a state in England, in America, called
+
+179
+00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:44,000
+New England. So even the names, there are names
+
+180
+00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:49,040
+after London and everything else. The declaration
+
+181
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,980
+of independence, the defeat of the British armies
+
+182
+00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:56,000
+meant that America was independent. And also we
+
+183
+00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,920
+have a very, very important date here, which is
+
+184
+00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:04,680
+the French Revolution. We're not studying French
+
+185
+00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:07,220
+literature, so we're not going to talk much here.
+
+186
+00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:10,640
+But one of the most interesting topics Modern
+
+187
+00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,820
+history is this French Revolution. If you're not
+
+188
+00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:16,460
+interested in history, maybe you want to read Les
+
+189
+00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:23,020
+Misérables by Victor Hugo. A real interesting
+
+190
+00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:27,120
+read. It's huge. It's big. Maybe you can watch a
+
+191
+00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,420
+movie. It was turned into a musical like three
+
+192
+00:12:29,420 --> 00:12:32,940
+years ago or four years ago. Beautiful. Les
+
+193
+00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:34,560
+Miserables.
+
+194
+00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:39,640
+So the most important thing about the French
+
+195
+00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:41,900
+Revolution is that it gave rights to the
+
+196
+00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:45,740
+individual. It tried to destroy the idea of the
+
+197
+00:12:45,740 --> 00:12:47,920
+monarchy being the king and being the most
+
+198
+00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,020
+powerful man in the society. The man, the
+
+199
+00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:52,920
+individual, the person became the most important
+
+200
+00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,340
+person in the society. And that's why they called
+
+201
+00:12:55,340 --> 00:12:58,720
+for three things, very important to know. Liberty,
+
+202
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:04,830
+equality, and fraternity. Liberty, equality,
+
+203
+00:13:05,710 --> 00:13:09,670
+fraternity and we are all equal and brothers and
+
+204
+00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:16,510
+free. Man was born free. Man was born free. How
+
+205
+00:13:16,510 --> 00:13:21,170
+did England feel about this? It took this as a
+
+206
+00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:26,270
+threat to its stability. A threat to its
+
+207
+00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:27,270
+stability.
+
+208
+00:13:31,890 --> 00:13:35,290
+Okay, most importantly, so there was, again,
+
+209
+00:13:35,390 --> 00:13:38,650
+political turmoil around. England was trying to be
+
+210
+00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:41,590
+stable and secure and safe to avoid another
+
+211
+00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,750
+revolution. Literature in general followed the
+
+212
+00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:48,710
+rules of decorum, especially in poetry. But the
+
+213
+00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:51,130
+most significant thing we speak here about is the
+
+214
+00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,830
+rise of the novel. Many things led to the rise of
+
+215
+00:13:54,830 --> 00:13:58,470
+the novel. Number one, remember we spoke about the
+
+216
+00:13:58,470 --> 00:14:00,970
+closure of the theater because the drama was dying
+
+217
+00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:06,250
+out. And we spoke about the rise of the middle
+
+218
+00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:10,490
+class. We also speak about here journalism. But
+
+219
+00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:12,790
+one of the most significant things here is that
+
+220
+00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:16,650
+writing became a profession and a significant job.
+
+221
+00:14:18,210 --> 00:14:21,550
+When I say it's a job, it means it's a paying job.
+
+222
+00:14:22,010 --> 00:14:25,290
+In the past, you had to have a patron, some rich
+
+223
+00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:28,710
+guy, a royalty who would provide you with
+
+224
+00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:32,030
+protection, financial aid, money, so you would
+
+225
+00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:35,670
+write poetry or something. Sometimes you have to
+
+226
+00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:40,850
+write good things about them because people did
+
+227
+00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:43,450
+not publish their work. So you would write poetry,
+
+228
+00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:45,650
+but you don't have money. So how would you live?
+
+229
+00:14:45,710 --> 00:14:48,790
+You need food, right? You need job. Now it became
+
+230
+00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:51,690
+a job, thanks to the rise of journalism. And of
+
+231
+00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:56,110
+course, the publishing houses were everywhere. So
+
+232
+00:14:56,110 --> 00:14:59,410
+a writer, if a publishing house would know that
+
+233
+00:14:59,410 --> 00:15:03,740
+Sabah, for example, is He's a writer. Sabah, what
+
+234
+00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,720
+do you think? Would you write for us regularly
+
+235
+00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,220
+every day or every week? Or sometimes, would you
+
+236
+00:15:08,220 --> 00:15:10,920
+publish a novel in our newspaper where you
+
+237
+00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:13,060
+publish, for example, two or three chapters every
+
+238
+00:15:13,060 --> 00:15:17,500
+week or something? So how much are you paying?
+
+239
+00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,540
+We're paying you this amount of money. Oh, good.
+
+240
+00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,880
+It's enough for me to live a good life sometimes,
+
+241
+00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:28,060
+like a life of a rich person. So even if you don't
+
+242
+00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:30,420
+want to write, because it's a job you have to
+
+243
+00:15:30,420 --> 00:15:33,900
+write. This could be negative sometimes because
+
+244
+00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:35,620
+you have to write a lot to make more money,
+
+245
+00:15:35,780 --> 00:15:41,260
+especially if you paid well. But generally, we
+
+246
+00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:44,140
+have had a lot of literary works thanks to
+
+247
+00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:47,030
+journalism. And the rise of the middle class is
+
+248
+00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:49,670
+significant. I told you this before, because the
+
+249
+00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:51,810
+middle class are originally not rich people who
+
+250
+00:15:51,810 --> 00:15:54,230
+become rich, who want to show off their riches.
+
+251
+00:15:54,650 --> 00:15:57,910
+This is not to insult the middle classes. But they
+
+252
+00:15:57,910 --> 00:16:00,450
+played a significant role, because they would read
+
+253
+00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:03,250
+the magazines, the newspapers, the novels, the
+
+254
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:06,070
+essays, the pamphlets, the articles. And they
+
+255
+00:16:06,070 --> 00:16:08,550
+would send their kids to school. They would have
+
+256
+00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:11,770
+their own libraries at home. So they show that
+
+257
+00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:15,950
+they are, yeah, they're not Royalty, they're not
+
+258
+00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:19,630
+very rich people, but they are educated in
+
+259
+00:16:19,630 --> 00:16:21,610
+addition to the fact that they have some money, a
+
+260
+00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:25,970
+good source of income. So important features of
+
+261
+00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:30,570
+this is number one, writing became a profession, a
+
+262
+00:16:30,570 --> 00:16:34,750
+paying job. So you don't have to depend on someone
+
+263
+00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:37,390
+to control you, to tell you what to write, what
+
+264
+00:16:37,390 --> 00:16:41,120
+not to write, to censor you. But does that mean
+
+265
+00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:43,600
+total independence? Does it mean the writer is
+
+266
+00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:49,200
+totally independent and free? Does it mean now you
+
+267
+00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,360
+have no one paying you money to write stuff?
+
+268
+00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:55,360
+You're just writing for a newspaper. Does it give
+
+269
+00:16:55,360 --> 00:17:01,730
+you total freedom? Yes or no? I mean, there's
+
+270
+00:17:01,730 --> 00:17:03,630
+always the government that you want to be careful
+
+271
+00:17:03,630 --> 00:17:07,710
+not to attack openly and criticize, satirize
+
+272
+00:17:07,710 --> 00:17:11,110
+openly. You could write freely if really not
+
+273
+00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:14,190
+following the rules of the Quran. You could. You
+
+274
+00:17:14,190 --> 00:17:17,310
+have your own identity. You don't have to follow
+
+275
+00:17:17,310 --> 00:17:21,690
+particular people's attitudes and ideologies. You
+
+276
+00:17:21,690 --> 00:17:24,430
+have to write what people like. Oh, interesting.
+
+277
+00:17:24,670 --> 00:17:28,390
+Thank you. Thank you, Haya. Yes, you get
+
+278
+00:17:28,390 --> 00:17:32,750
+independence. But when you want to write, you want
+
+279
+00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,130
+to please your readers. Many people, when you ask
+
+280
+00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:38,530
+people who write, I'm not sure if some of you
+
+281
+00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:42,690
+write stuff, poetry mainly or fiction. When you
+
+282
+00:17:42,690 --> 00:17:45,230
+ask people, why do you write? They will tell you
+
+283
+00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:48,090
+to communicate with people, to reach out to
+
+284
+00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:51,570
+people, right? But some people say, no, I write
+
+285
+00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,210
+for myself to release something inside. I don't
+
+286
+00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,890
+care about people. I don't care about readers. I
+
+287
+00:17:57,890 --> 00:18:00,790
+want to express myself. Whether you do it for this
+
+288
+00:18:00,790 --> 00:18:03,470
+or that, if you work for a publisher, you need to
+
+289
+00:18:03,470 --> 00:18:05,930
+please the publisher. But you also need to please
+
+290
+00:18:05,930 --> 00:18:10,910
+the readers themselves. interesting dynamic we
+
+291
+00:18:10,910 --> 00:18:16,570
+have here. Okay, so the rise of the novel was
+
+292
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:20,690
+mainly due to the rise of journalism and magazines
+
+293
+00:18:20,690 --> 00:18:25,210
+and publishing houses and also writing itself
+
+294
+00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:28,450
+became a paying job. The rise of the middle
+
+295
+00:18:28,450 --> 00:18:32,550
+classes was also significant to the rise of the
+
+296
+00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:37,450
+novel to this new genre in literature. Don't
+
+297
+00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:41,710
+forget that women So far, have we ever mentioned a
+
+298
+00:18:41,710 --> 00:18:46,570
+woman poet or writer or playwright? No. Can you
+
+299
+00:18:46,570 --> 00:18:49,130
+imagine that? That's crazy. It's like 1,000 years
+
+300
+00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:52,090
+in English literature. I'm sure there was a woman
+
+301
+00:18:52,090 --> 00:18:55,810
+here or there. But so far, we haven't mentioned
+
+302
+00:18:55,810 --> 00:18:57,130
+any woman at all.
+
+303
+00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:04,950
+Why is that? Are women unable to write like men?
+
+304
+00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:07,910
+Are they less intellectual? Are they not smart?
+
+305
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:14,190
+Why don't we have women who write poetry or drama?
+
+306
+00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:17,170
+Please. Because people who were in charge at that
+
+307
+00:19:17,170 --> 00:19:20,570
+time were anti-feminists. There was a lot of anti
+
+308
+00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:22,910
+-feminism in the society, and anti-feminism means
+
+309
+00:19:22,910 --> 00:19:26,230
+the belief that women are not as smart, as
+
+310
+00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:28,430
+intellectual. They come up, are they going to
+
+311
+00:19:28,430 --> 00:19:31,910
+write about kitchen stuff, diapers, babies, food,
+
+312
+00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,250
+cooking? It's not interesting. So there was a lot
+
+313
+00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,530
+of this looking down upon women, anti-feminism.
+
+314
+00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:43,050
+What else? You mean they were excluded because of
+
+315
+00:19:43,050 --> 00:19:45,770
+those people, no? Because, so what do you mean
+
+316
+00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:49,540
+exactly? They wrote, but nobody read them or
+
+317
+00:19:49,540 --> 00:19:52,180
+published them. OK, interesting. So maybe they
+
+318
+00:19:52,180 --> 00:19:57,060
+wrote stuff, but the critics of that time and the
+
+319
+00:19:57,060 --> 00:19:59,340
+publishers, like, would you publish this? My
+
+320
+00:19:59,340 --> 00:20:02,160
+daughter wrote this. Your daughter? I don't
+
+321
+00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,480
+publish for women. It could have happened. Even
+
+322
+00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:08,080
+nowadays, sometimes it happens. I don't want to
+
+323
+00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:10,240
+publish for a woman. Who wants to read stuff by a
+
+324
+00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,120
+woman? Maybe some of the earlier texts were
+
+325
+00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:15,160
+written by women. Interesting idea. So we don't
+
+326
+00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,450
+know. And we'll see later on, when we speak about
+
+327
+00:20:19,450 --> 00:20:22,050
+the Victorian Age, one of the most important
+
+328
+00:20:22,050 --> 00:20:25,610
+female writers in the Victorian Age is named
+
+329
+00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:34,330
+George Eliot. George? A woman? There is D.S.
+
+330
+00:20:34,370 --> 00:20:37,730
+Eliot, but that's somebody else. George Eliot?
+
+331
+00:20:38,130 --> 00:20:42,100
+Come on. A woman? Yes. She's a woman who changed,
+
+332
+00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,120
+who used a pen name or a pseudonym in order to be
+
+333
+00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,720
+published to reach out to more people. You will be
+
+334
+00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,120
+surprised. You know J.K. Rowling already, right?
+
+335
+00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,660
+Yeah. J.K. Rowling, the author of? Harry Potter.
+
+336
+00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:58,580
+Harry Potter. When she had trouble finding a
+
+337
+00:20:58,580 --> 00:21:01,400
+publisher. Now, according to many, actually I read
+
+338
+00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,440
+this like 10 years ago. She was richer than the
+
+339
+00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,040
+queen. I read something like 15 years ago that
+
+340
+00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:11,760
+says every letter she wrote, every letter, From
+
+341
+00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:17,540
+every letter, she made more than $300. Yeah, but
+
+342
+00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:20,700
+she was very poor. According to many sources,
+
+343
+00:21:20,820 --> 00:21:23,280
+she's now richer than that queen. She said, no,
+
+344
+00:21:23,380 --> 00:21:24,980
+this is an exaggeration. But she became, it's not
+
+345
+00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:28,180
+about becoming very rich. It's about becoming
+
+346
+00:21:28,180 --> 00:21:31,240
+famous and writing and reaching out to millions
+
+347
+00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,240
+and millions of people. Her books were translated
+
+348
+00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:38,240
+into, I think, 100 languages. No, more. And the
+
+349
+00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,140
+movies and everything. J.K. Rowling had trouble
+
+350
+00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:43,660
+finding a publisher. I think one reason is that
+
+351
+00:21:43,660 --> 00:21:46,640
+because she's a woman, even in the 20th century,
+
+352
+00:21:46,740 --> 00:21:50,980
+21st century. And you will be surprised to know
+
+353
+00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:55,080
+that this is one reason why we don't have her full
+
+354
+00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,180
+name on the cover. When she was accepted, I think
+
+355
+00:21:57,180 --> 00:22:00,700
+the publisher was like, listen, Can we not use
+
+356
+00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,120
+your first name so the readers don't know you're a
+
+357
+00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:06,200
+woman and would pick the book, assuming that the
+
+358
+00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,320
+author is a man? And they have this compromise
+
+359
+00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:15,560
+where she would write her name as J.K. J.K.
+
+360
+00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:16,400
+Rowling.
+
+361
+00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920
+J.K. Rowling. I'm not sure.
+
+362
+00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:31,080
+But that's in the 20th century. Isn't that
+
+363
+00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:34,340
+interesting? So women have always been victimized,
+
+364
+00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:40,120
+discriminated against. Now we have the first ever
+
+365
+00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:44,840
+female author in our course. We have women as,
+
+366
+00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,260
+remember at the beginning they were objects of sex
+
+367
+00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:51,300
+and desire and perfection, later on they were more
+
+368
+00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,460
+independent, in a way they're getting more
+
+369
+00:22:53,460 --> 00:22:57,400
+independent, right? We've seen Shakespeare.
+
+370
+00:22:57,660 --> 00:22:59,840
+Sometimes we have the weak woman. Sometimes the
+
+371
+00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:02,700
+powerful, strong woman like Portia, for example.
+
+372
+00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,940
+Now we have Afrabin.
+
+373
+00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:09,740
+Afrabin.
+
+374
+00:23:12,740 --> 00:23:16,400
+She's actually, by the way, look, she's not an
+
+375
+00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,500
+Augustan figure. But we pushed her here because we
+
+376
+00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,320
+are talking about the novel now. So she's a
+
+377
+00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,480
+novelist. She wrote drama, by the way. She wrote a
+
+378
+00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:31,100
+lot, she wrote like 30 novels. But many people say
+
+379
+00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,340
+that no, the real, the father of the novel is
+
+380
+00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:40,760
+Daniel Defoe, the man. She was ignored. In my
+
+381
+00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,920
+opinion, mainly because she was a woman and mainly
+
+382
+00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,360
+because the critics, you know critics, what
+
+383
+00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:48,940
+critics? Critics, nuqat, literary critics, were
+
+384
+00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:51,700
+all, almost all of them, I think all of them were
+
+385
+00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:57,180
+male. They neglected her. Aphra Behn is a
+
+386
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:23:59,900
+significant figure in our course. What's her name?
+
+387
+00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:03,540
+Aphra Behn. You should know her name, Aphra Behn.
+
+388
+00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,360
+And it's very interesting, not sure if we
+
+389
+00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:10,780
+mentioned Virginia Woolf before. Did we mention
+
+390
+00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:14,900
+Virginia Woolf? Virginia Woolf is a 20th century
+
+391
+00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:19,640
+critic, feminist, and author. What's feminist
+
+392
+00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:23,140
+again? Feminist? Feminine, you know, feminine?
+
+393
+00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:29,620
+Related to women. Feminist, IST here, is a person,
+
+394
+00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,520
+usually a woman, sometimes could be a man, who
+
+395
+00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,620
+struggles for the rights of women. Supports,
+
+396
+00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,360
+struggles, fights for the equal rights of women.
+
+397
+00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,700
+Remember what T.S. Eliot did to Joan Dunn? In a
+
+398
+00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:47,450
+way, she did the same to Aphra Behn. And by the
+
+399
+00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:49,150
+way, she was one of the people who praised John
+
+400
+00:24:49,150 --> 00:24:51,790
+Donne. Remember, many people were saying, oh, John
+
+401
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:55,690
+Donne is an anti-feminist. She was like, no. The
+
+402
+00:24:55,690 --> 00:24:58,430
+women in John Donne are powerful, are strong, and
+
+403
+00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:59,750
+independent.
+
+404
+00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:04,910
+So this is an interesting piece of information to
+
+405
+00:25:04,910 --> 00:25:08,930
+know. Women have always written fiction. Why? Why
+
+406
+00:25:08,930 --> 00:25:13,070
+is that? Why is this the case? Why would women
+
+407
+00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,970
+living in an oppressive society, a society that is
+
+408
+00:25:16,970 --> 00:25:20,150
+mistreating them, is considering them second-class
+
+409
+00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:23,110
+citizens, would be writing a lot of fiction? Why
+
+410
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,070
+would fiction be their resort? Can you guess? This
+
+411
+00:25:27,070 --> 00:25:31,710
+is their way out of the real? Amazing answer. This
+
+412
+00:25:31,710 --> 00:25:35,990
+is a way out of an oppressive society, out of the
+
+413
+00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:40,790
+real life into... To create a new world of their
+
+414
+00:25:40,790 --> 00:25:41,190
+own.
+
+415
+00:25:43,850 --> 00:25:47,410
+There is escapism here. They escape to a world of
+
+416
+00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:51,430
+their own creation, not the creation of men. What
+
+417
+00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:51,530
+else?
+
+418
+00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:59,680
+Interesting idea. I'm not sure how would you take
+
+419
+00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,240
+this, but I take it in the positive sense that
+
+420
+00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:06,360
+women are more emotional, more able to express
+
+421
+00:26:06,360 --> 00:26:09,340
+emotions than men. It's a matter of discussion,
+
+422
+00:26:09,460 --> 00:26:11,360
+but possible, yeah. What else?
+
+423
+00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:18,120
+Please. If they wrote about the reality, they
+
+424
+00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:22,300
+would be focusing on their struggle and their
+
+425
+00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,780
+case, so they chose the right fiction, so they
+
+426
+00:26:24,780 --> 00:26:27,420
+would have more options to write about. Write
+
+427
+00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:34,290
+about what? Like what? Like fairy tales. Only
+
+428
+00:26:34,290 --> 00:26:36,830
+fairy tales? Do women always only write about
+
+429
+00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:43,090
+fairy tales? They can write. They can symbolize
+
+430
+00:26:43,090 --> 00:26:46,290
+their case. Exactly. They can defend themselves in
+
+431
+00:26:46,290 --> 00:26:51,380
+fiction. They can resist the patriarchy, the man
+
+432
+00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:54,920
+-made rules. They can reject this. So writing is
+
+433
+00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:57,120
+also an act of resistance. Like us Palestinians,
+
+434
+00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,360
+when we write literature, when we write journalism
+
+435
+00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,160
+sometimes, we express ourselves, we reach out to
+
+436
+00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,400
+the people, we resist an oppressive occupier that
+
+437
+00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,420
+is killing us day and night. So that could be
+
+438
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:12,380
+some, yeah, please. Maybe they don't want the
+
+439
+00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:15,020
+writings to be, the theme of the writing to be
+
+440
+00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,860
+about men, only about men. We'll see this, yeah.
+
+441
+00:27:18,060 --> 00:27:22,840
+We'll have more women now than ever before, okay?
+
+442
+00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,820
+Don't forget, women were the greatest part of the
+
+443
+00:27:30,820 --> 00:27:37,430
+readership, okay? Now, Afrapin wrote several
+
+444
+00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:39,550
+books, like I just said. We're going just to
+
+445
+00:27:39,550 --> 00:27:42,070
+mention two and discuss one of them. The first one
+
+446
+00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:45,610
+is called Love Letters Between a Noble Man and His
+
+447
+00:27:45,610 --> 00:27:49,630
+Sister, or Love Letters, in short. Love Letters
+
+448
+00:27:49,630 --> 00:27:53,430
+Between a Gentleman, a Noble Gentleman, and His
+
+449
+00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,450
+Sister. A Noble Man and His Sister. Now, as the
+
+450
+00:27:58,450 --> 00:28:02,290
+name suggests, actually it's Love Letters, plural.
+
+451
+00:28:04,170 --> 00:28:07,830
+As the name suggests, the whole novel is based on
+
+452
+00:28:07,830 --> 00:28:12,390
+an exchange of letters and the word letter means
+
+453
+00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:19,310
+Risalah or sorry Epistle. Do you know this word?
+
+454
+00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:23,950
+With a silent T, like castle, like whistle.
+
+455
+00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:27,310
+Epistle means letter.
+
+456
+00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:35,570
+And from this, we have the famous word, it's
+
+457
+00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:42,150
+epistolary. In this regalia, we say the Ta. We
+
+458
+00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:47,290
+pronounce the Ta sound. It's epistle, epistolary
+
+459
+00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,930
+novel. This is important. What is an epistolary
+
+460
+00:28:51,930 --> 00:28:57,560
+novel? Please. Don't read. It's a book that has
+
+461
+00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:01,040
+letters exchanged between a person and the other.
+
+462
+00:29:01,060 --> 00:29:05,320
+Very good. The plot, the story is generally told
+
+463
+00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,300
+to us through letters. Simple or difficult? and
+
+464
+00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,740
+it's a new mode of writing because when you write
+
+465
+00:29:13,740 --> 00:29:16,060
+a novel you just want to describe things there's
+
+466
+00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:19,460
+dialogue you go here you talk about stuff but here
+
+467
+00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:22,360
+the major events are revealed to us through
+
+468
+00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,940
+letters so chapter one begins somebody is
+
+469
+00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,640
+described or somebody is talking and then says oh
+
+470
+00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,960
+i received this letter from my brother i wonder
+
+471
+00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,820
+what is he writing to me and she reads that and
+
+472
+00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:38,110
+the whole chapter ends with And then, oh, I feel
+
+473
+00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:40,230
+sorry for my brother. Maybe he's doing this. I
+
+474
+00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:42,750
+want to write him a letter and et cetera, even
+
+475
+00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:44,930
+without being this mechanical like I am being
+
+476
+00:29:44,930 --> 00:29:48,370
+right now. And the majority of the events would be
+
+477
+00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,450
+revealed through letters. It's funny because maybe
+
+478
+00:29:51,450 --> 00:29:57,530
+some people did not like this. But 60 years later,
+
+479
+00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:04,690
+60 years later, this type of novels became what?
+
+480
+00:30:04,910 --> 00:30:08,810
+Popular. You know why? Can you guess? Can you
+
+481
+00:30:08,810 --> 00:30:14,770
+guess why? Because men started writing. One
+
+482
+00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:18,570
+reason, maybe people were not ready here for the
+
+483
+00:30:18,570 --> 00:30:20,190
+novel or for the letters and epistles of the
+
+484
+00:30:20,190 --> 00:30:24,070
+novel. But later on, many things were done first
+
+485
+00:30:24,070 --> 00:30:27,230
+by women. And they were not considered, they were
+
+486
+00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:31,370
+neglected and ignored. When men wrote, Similar
+
+487
+00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:40,110
+things? Impressive. So this is Afrabin and love
+
+488
+00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:43,830
+letters between a noble man and his sister. Don't
+
+489
+00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:46,870
+forget, always remember critics have always been,
+
+490
+00:30:46,930 --> 00:30:51,630
+almost always been men. So whose opinion are we
+
+491
+00:30:51,630 --> 00:30:53,770
+reading? Even this book is written by two men.
+
+492
+00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,140
+But they're trying to be usually, this is a really
+
+493
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480
+very good book, but remember I told you you have
+
+494
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,980
+to be careful about things, about colonialism,
+
+495
+00:31:06,340 --> 00:31:10,340
+about whitewashing and stuff. Okay. Yes, please.
+
+496
+00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:14,120
+In the book it says that it became famous because
+
+497
+00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,960
+it was at the top of the literary fashion. Say
+
+498
+00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:20,000
+again? It says it was famous because it was at the
+
+499
+00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,600
+top of the literary fashion. Okay, who made it at
+
+500
+00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,180
+the top of the literary fashion? Male writers.
+
+501
+00:31:28,270 --> 00:31:31,530
+Okay, Oronoko. This sounds like a strange name.
+
+502
+00:31:31,930 --> 00:31:37,010
+Look at it, Oronoko. If your company is named
+
+503
+00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:39,910
+Oronoko, it would be fun to play with the O's and
+
+504
+00:31:39,910 --> 00:31:44,350
+the I's and the wheels. It looks like a truck or
+
+505
+00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:50,830
+something. Anyway, Oronoko, as the name suggests,
+
+506
+00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:55,250
+an English
+
+507
+00:31:55,250 --> 00:32:00,970
+name? No. A non-English name. This is a novel
+
+508
+00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:08,710
+written in around the late 17th century by
+
+509
+00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,720
+Aphra Behn. This is one of the most significant
+
+510
+00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:14,120
+early novels. It's actually a novella. I just said
+
+511
+00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:19,200
+what novella is, I think. Novella. Bigger than
+
+512
+00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,400
+short story. I would say like 50, like even more,
+
+513
+00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,020
+like 100 pages, 70 pages, 80 pages. It's a short
+
+514
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:32,020
+novella. It's a long short story. Okay? Now, the
+
+515
+00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:40,940
+story of Oronoko was inspired by a visit By Afra,
+
+516
+00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,020
+bent to one of England's colonies in Suriname in
+
+517
+00:32:45,020 --> 00:32:49,420
+South America. There, she met a black African
+
+518
+00:32:49,420 --> 00:32:50,240
+slave.
+
+519
+00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:59,840
+A black African slave. His name was Oronoco. He
+
+520
+00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:03,600
+was moved, he was taken into, we know millions of
+
+521
+00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,700
+Africans were brutally taken. Many of them were
+
+522
+00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:11,570
+killed. drowned, where they were taken as slaves
+
+523
+00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:15,050
+because America needed plantations. They needed
+
+524
+00:33:15,050 --> 00:33:19,910
+the workers. Now, this is a very sad story because
+
+525
+00:33:19,910 --> 00:33:23,930
+it tells a story of a man who was a prince in his
+
+526
+00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:27,330
+own hometown. He was the king, the most important
+
+527
+00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:31,590
+person. But see what colonialism is doing to him,
+
+528
+00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:35,630
+destroying him. But this is not, when you read it,
+
+529
+00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:38,170
+this is not only about feeling sad only for
+
+530
+00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:41,910
+princes and queens and kings becoming slaves. It's
+
+531
+00:33:41,910 --> 00:33:44,810
+about humanity as a whole. It's about, it's a
+
+532
+00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:49,170
+protest. It's an angry protest against slavery in
+
+533
+00:33:49,170 --> 00:33:51,570
+general. And this is probably one of the early
+
+534
+00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,950
+literary words to discuss slavery and colonialism
+
+535
+00:33:55,950 --> 00:33:59,310
+and the evils of colonialism. And who did this
+
+536
+00:33:59,310 --> 00:34:02,790
+first? Afrabi, a woman.
+
+537
+00:34:06,010 --> 00:34:11,430
+before men could do this. She did it first. She
+
+538
+00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:13,250
+was critical. Some people would say, yeah, because
+
+539
+00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:15,010
+generally a woman who was not happy with her
+
+540
+00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:19,230
+society would try to protest anything. No. This is
+
+541
+00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,280
+very condescending. in a way or another. So
+
+542
+00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,680
+Oronoko is originally an African prince who was
+
+543
+00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,840
+brought in chains to work in Suriname, a British
+
+544
+00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,940
+colony. The novel, this is the most significant
+
+545
+00:34:33,940 --> 00:34:36,760
+thing about the novel in many ways, other than the
+
+546
+00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:41,440
+fact that it was written by a woman. It's a strong
+
+547
+00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,440
+protest against, number one, slaves and slavery,
+
+548
+00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,540
+and trade and slave, and a strong protest against
+
+549
+00:34:49,980 --> 00:34:54,240
+colonialism and imperialism colonialism and
+
+550
+00:34:54,240 --> 00:35:00,650
+imperialism which shows that she's always Proud of
+
+551
+00:35:00,650 --> 00:35:03,990
+voicing her disagreement and protest against the
+
+552
+00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:07,630
+society, the politics, and everything. Not many
+
+553
+00:35:07,630 --> 00:35:09,530
+people did this at that time. Many people were
+
+554
+00:35:09,530 --> 00:35:13,230
+happy to travel and become rich, to own country,
+
+555
+00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,970
+to own people outside. And like I said, according
+
+556
+00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:19,590
+to Virginia Loft says something really interesting
+
+557
+00:35:19,590 --> 00:35:22,090
+about Afrabin. She says, I can't remember this
+
+558
+00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:25,450
+word for word, but she says, all the women in the
+
+559
+00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:29,910
+world should put roses on Afrabin's grave. because
+
+560
+00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:33,530
+she was one of the early women to speak up, to
+
+561
+00:35:33,530 --> 00:35:36,470
+struggle for the rights of women, for the equal
+
+562
+00:35:36,470 --> 00:35:40,930
+rights of women, to prove that women are as smart
+
+563
+00:35:40,930 --> 00:35:44,010
+as men, if not smarter, if not more intellectual,
+
+564
+00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:49,070
+and more daring. You know daring? Brave. Fearless.
+
+565
+00:35:49,530 --> 00:35:52,610
+They are criticizing the whole system here of
+
+566
+00:35:52,610 --> 00:35:56,130
+imperialism. Like John Donne, Afrabin was
+
+567
+00:35:56,130 --> 00:36:00,710
+considered an outsider. If John Donne was kicked
+
+568
+00:36:00,710 --> 00:36:04,230
+because of his writing against the current and
+
+569
+00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:07,170
+because of breaking the rules of the Quran, she
+
+570
+00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:13,630
+was considered an outsider because of her gender.
+
+571
+00:36:15,610 --> 00:36:18,410
+Because she's a woman. I'm sure if a man wrote
+
+572
+00:36:18,410 --> 00:36:20,790
+this, he would have been received, treated
+
+573
+00:36:20,790 --> 00:36:24,990
+differently by literary critics. Please. What did
+
+574
+00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,490
+you want to ask? Why she was an outsider? An
+
+575
+00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:31,850
+outsider, why? Because she was controlled and at
+
+576
+00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:34,230
+that time the society was controlled by men. Okay,
+
+577
+00:36:34,390 --> 00:36:37,410
+this is a patriarchal society, controlled by men.
+
+578
+00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:40,170
+The rules are decided by men. The critics are men.
+
+579
+00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:42,970
+The readers, the publishers probably are men.
+
+580
+00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,850
+Because she was writing something critical of this
+
+581
+00:36:46,850 --> 00:36:50,690
+society and imperialism. This is the interesting
+
+582
+00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:56,580
+story of Afrabin and Oronoko. You can read
+
+583
+00:36:56,580 --> 00:36:59,680
+Oronoko, by the way, in one city. And maybe you
+
+584
+00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:01,720
+can, I think you will find an audio book on
+
+585
+00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,040
+YouTube. If you have time, you can download a PDF
+
+586
+00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,200
+and you can listen to that, where you can improve
+
+587
+00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,600
+your listening skills and everything. Shayma? I
+
+588
+00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:17,260
+think that she was a psychopath. That was much
+
+589
+00:37:17,260 --> 00:37:19,980
+more difficult than she said in the film. She said
+
+590
+00:37:19,980 --> 00:37:22,440
+no to something. That could be it, yeah. Part of
+
+591
+00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:28,100
+it. She wasn't there saying that she was
+
+592
+00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,300
+prejudiced? No, not always. Like, then she was
+
+593
+00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:35,980
+alone and she wasn't criticized? In a way, I'm
+
+594
+00:37:35,980 --> 00:37:38,100
+saying here that she was neglected by critics.
+
+595
+00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:41,400
+Generally because she's a woman. And probably
+
+596
+00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,880
+partly because she was critical of the society and
+
+597
+00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:49,080
+life and imperialism and colonialism. We will see
+
+598
+00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:51,240
+this. This is an interesting point you raise here,
+
+599
+00:37:51,340 --> 00:37:55,960
+Shayma, because later on, remember when we speak
+
+600
+00:37:55,960 --> 00:38:00,010
+about Dryden, John Dryden? Remember? He was
+
+601
+00:38:00,010 --> 00:38:02,550
+described as the greatest satirist of all time, in
+
+602
+00:38:02,550 --> 00:38:05,590
+a way. He was a great poet in writing satire,
+
+603
+00:38:05,730 --> 00:38:07,530
+criticizing all people, sometimes personally,
+
+604
+00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:10,510
+attacking them personally. When women do this,
+
+605
+00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:15,110
+like we have here with Mary Manley, Mary de la
+
+606
+00:38:15,110 --> 00:38:18,450
+Revere Manley. If you find it difficult, you just
+
+607
+00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:23,370
+tell me, Mary Manley. Now, Mary Manley was one of
+
+608
+00:38:23,370 --> 00:38:29,040
+the greatest satirist in this age, in the Augustan
+
+609
+00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,880
+Age, the 18th century. But she didn't write satire
+
+610
+00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:37,160
+in poetry, she wrote satire in prose, in novels,
+
+611
+00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,960
+in prose, in fiction. Where sometimes she would
+
+612
+00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:43,260
+use real names, but mostly she would use fake
+
+613
+00:38:43,260 --> 00:38:45,760
+names, just so people don't know that she's
+
+614
+00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:49,620
+talking about them. Now when Dryden did this, the
+
+615
+00:38:49,620 --> 00:38:53,920
+very same thing, he was praised, celebrated. When
+
+616
+00:38:53,920 --> 00:39:02,440
+a woman did this, she was described as scandalous.
+
+617
+00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:09,160
+You're a woman. You shouldn't be writing about
+
+618
+00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,700
+this. You shouldn't be doing this. This is a man's
+
+619
+00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,520
+job. And this is the double standard we talk about
+
+620
+00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:17,940
+all the time. When a man does something, it's
+
+621
+00:39:17,940 --> 00:39:20,440
+okay, he's a man, it's a local talk or something.
+
+622
+00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,500
+But when a woman does it, whoa, wait a minute, why
+
+623
+00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:25,100
+are you doing this? You shouldn't be talking about
+
+624
+00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:29,180
+it. But she was daring, she was strong, she was
+
+625
+00:39:29,180 --> 00:39:33,550
+powerful. And I like the fact that in the book,
+
+626
+00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:36,670
+the authors here use the word scandalous in
+
+627
+00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:40,850
+inverted commas. So telling us how men as critics
+
+628
+00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:43,410
+reacted to her, but telling us at the same time,
+
+629
+00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:47,130
+we don't necessarily agree. So scandalous. And
+
+630
+00:39:47,130 --> 00:39:52,070
+also some of her themes about women, about women,
+
+631
+00:39:52,330 --> 00:39:55,830
+about, for example, issues that the society did
+
+632
+00:39:55,830 --> 00:39:57,730
+not want to speak about, such as rape, you know?
+
+633
+00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:03,040
+You know rape? So who's generally the victim of
+
+634
+00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:06,820
+rape? Women. So no one wanted to write about rape.
+
+635
+00:40:07,180 --> 00:40:10,000
+And she started including this issue, this theme
+
+636
+00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,200
+in her books. And many people would view this as
+
+637
+00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,060
+objectionable. You know objectionable?
+
+638
+00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,360
+Controversial. What's controversial? Like, come
+
+639
+00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,140
+on, you shouldn't be writing about it. This is
+
+640
+00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,560
+disgusting. This is sick. Yeah, probably we have
+
+641
+00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:28,220
+rape, but it's not this common like you're
+
+642
+00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:30,920
+describing it. It's bad, but it's not as bad as
+
+643
+00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,580
+you're talking about it. Because men are not
+
+644
+00:40:33,580 --> 00:40:36,900
+generally victim of rape. It's only women. So her
+
+645
+00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:42,000
+writing was very critical, sharp, critical satire
+
+646
+00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,140
+of the politics, the religion, the church, the
+
+647
+00:40:45,140 --> 00:40:49,620
+society, the community, men and everything. When
+
+648
+00:40:49,620 --> 00:40:54,620
+Dryden did this, he was praised. He was
+
+649
+00:40:54,620 --> 00:40:59,300
+celebrated. When a woman did this, she was
+
+650
+00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,820
+condemned and considered scandalous,
+
+651
+00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,560
+controversial. Is she controversial? She is
+
+652
+00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:14,160
+controversial in a society controlled by men, but
+
+653
+00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,180
+more or less. And it's funny because later on,
+
+654
+00:41:18,380 --> 00:41:21,420
+like 30, 50 years later, men started to include
+
+655
+00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:24,460
+these themes in their own writing. Were they
+
+656
+00:41:24,460 --> 00:41:28,100
+considered objectionable? No. So this is the
+
+657
+00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,940
+double standard. This is the double standard. So
+
+658
+00:41:31,940 --> 00:41:38,020
+Mary Manly again was a satirist. Her satire was
+
+659
+00:41:38,020 --> 00:41:42,920
+like Dryden, sharp and personal. But she was
+
+660
+00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:47,440
+considered a scandalous by who? So in your exam,
+
+661
+00:41:47,540 --> 00:41:54,880
+if I ask you, Mary Manley was scandalous, true or
+
+662
+00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,600
+false? False. She was a satirist. Why would you
+
+663
+00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,580
+use the word satire to describe what man writes?
+
+664
+00:42:02,980 --> 00:42:05,760
+And why would you describe as a scandal what a
+
+665
+00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,490
+woman writes? Double standards. So what she wrote
+
+666
+00:42:09,490 --> 00:42:13,870
+is satire. She exposes the weaknesses, the sins,
+
+667
+00:42:14,070 --> 00:42:19,990
+the vices, vices of the society. So two books, no
+
+668
+00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:23,750
+details here, okay, written by her, two novels.
+
+669
+00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,230
+Number one, The Secret History of Queen Zarab, or
+
+670
+00:42:28,230 --> 00:42:33,210
+Queen Zarab, not sure of the pronunciation. And
+
+671
+00:42:33,210 --> 00:42:39,100
+The New Atlantis. which is again a political book
+
+672
+00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:44,720
+that handled many objectionable themes such as
+
+673
+00:42:44,720 --> 00:42:48,740
+rape. Objectionable to who? To the society, to the
+
+674
+00:42:48,740 --> 00:42:50,740
+women, to the men, sorry, to the men of the
+
+675
+00:42:50,740 --> 00:42:54,420
+society, right? And it's funny because when these
+
+676
+00:42:54,420 --> 00:42:57,080
+themes were treated by men later on, they were not
+
+677
+00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:02,420
+considered as objectionable. In brief, to conclude
+
+678
+00:43:02,420 --> 00:43:09,560
+this class, Aphra Behn and Mary Manley are the
+
+679
+00:43:09,560 --> 00:43:14,280
+mothers of the English novel. Remember Chaucer? We
+
+680
+00:43:14,280 --> 00:43:17,580
+sometimes describe the father. Maybe you describe
+
+681
+00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,220
+Shakespeare as the father of, I don't know, the
+
+682
+00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,500
+English sonnet or the drama or something. Dryden
+
+683
+00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,620
+as the father of satire, I don't know. But it's
+
+684
+00:43:27,620 --> 00:43:30,480
+funny. When there is a father, everyone is okay
+
+685
+00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:34,350
+and happy. No one is looking for a mother. But
+
+686
+00:43:34,350 --> 00:43:38,150
+when we have Aphra Behn and Mary Manley as the
+
+687
+00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,410
+mothers of the novels, the people who really
+
+688
+00:43:40,410 --> 00:43:42,490
+started writing the novel, started the novel,
+
+689
+00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:47,030
+everyone was looking for a father because of the
+
+690
+00:43:47,030 --> 00:43:50,250
+double standards in this study. And indeed, Daniel
+
+691
+00:43:50,250 --> 00:43:54,330
+Defoe. We'll discuss Daniel Defoe next class.
+
+692
+00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:01,980
+Daniel Defoe is described as the father of the
+
+693
+00:44:01,980 --> 00:44:04,760
+English novel, the first author to write an
+
+694
+00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:09,120
+English novel. His novel is Robinson Crusoe,
+
+695
+00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:15,760
+written in 1719. We'll discuss this next class.
+
+696
+00:44:17,780 --> 00:44:20,900
+Please, if you have any question to ask. This is
+
+697
+00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:22,540
+interesting. I want you to think of the things we
+
+698
+00:44:22,540 --> 00:44:25,040
+said of yourselves, what you want to do in your
+
+699
+00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:27,300
+life and the double standards and how you can
+
+700
+00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:32,960
+overcome these double standards. Thank you.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2800 @@
+1
+00:00:20,670 --> 00:00:23,670
+Bismillah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim. Assalamualaikum. And
+
+2
+00:00:23,670 --> 00:00:27,050
+welcome back as usual. It's always good to see
+
+3
+00:00:27,050 --> 00:00:27,830
+you.
+
+4
+00:00:30,330 --> 00:00:35,330
+Today, as you see here, we begin a new chapter and
+
+5
+00:00:35,330 --> 00:00:40,770
+a new era. And as we have done this so many times,
+
+6
+00:00:40,850 --> 00:00:44,890
+every time we begin a new era, a new chapter, we
+
+7
+00:00:44,890 --> 00:00:47,550
+speak about the features, the characteristics.
+
+8
+00:00:47,750 --> 00:00:51,640
+Last time I said, These features are not like
+
+9
+00:00:51,640 --> 00:00:55,520
+black and white where we have them all the time or
+
+10
+00:00:55,520 --> 00:00:59,200
+we don't have them all the time. These features
+
+11
+00:00:59,200 --> 00:01:02,940
+characterize the most common literary works or we
+
+12
+00:01:02,940 --> 00:01:05,640
+can find most of them or some of them in the
+
+13
+00:01:05,640 --> 00:01:08,340
+majority of works because there will always be
+
+14
+00:01:08,340 --> 00:01:10,860
+authors and writers and poets and dramatists who
+
+15
+00:01:10,860 --> 00:01:15,550
+would change, experiment. We, for example, studied
+
+16
+00:01:15,550 --> 00:01:17,930
+John Donne, who was writing in the heyday of
+
+17
+00:01:17,930 --> 00:01:20,010
+neoclassicism, and he was writing totally
+
+18
+00:01:20,010 --> 00:01:23,890
+different poetry. So if the writer, the author, is
+
+19
+00:01:23,890 --> 00:01:27,290
+a product of his or her society and community,
+
+20
+00:01:28,220 --> 00:01:31,020
+which is generally true. Sometimes we have poets
+
+21
+00:01:31,020 --> 00:01:34,180
+who are different, who just try to swim against
+
+22
+00:01:34,180 --> 00:01:37,200
+the current, swim against the current. Today we
+
+23
+00:01:37,200 --> 00:01:39,240
+speak about the Augustan Age. The Augustan Age is
+
+24
+00:01:39,240 --> 00:01:42,540
+one of the most famous ages here because we have
+
+25
+00:01:42,540 --> 00:01:46,320
+things that are clearer than ever before. In this
+
+26
+00:01:46,320 --> 00:01:53,060
+age, we mainly speak about the novel, which is
+
+27
+00:01:53,060 --> 00:01:58,270
+prose, right? Yes. And we will also speak about
+
+28
+00:01:58,270 --> 00:02:02,310
+poetry. But for the first time, we're going to
+
+29
+00:02:02,310 --> 00:02:08,070
+start talking about not poetry, but prose. The
+
+30
+00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:11,630
+word novel, this is sometimes called the age of
+
+31
+00:02:11,630 --> 00:02:14,610
+the novel, the rise of the novel. The word novel
+
+32
+00:02:14,610 --> 00:02:19,730
+means new, say a novel idea. And even in English,
+
+33
+00:02:19,850 --> 00:02:23,230
+we say the word novice. When someone starts a new
+
+34
+00:02:23,230 --> 00:02:26,590
+job, he or she doesn't have enough experience, you
+
+35
+00:02:26,590 --> 00:02:31,030
+say she's novice. In Arabic, in Gaza sometimes, we
+
+36
+00:02:31,030 --> 00:02:35,610
+hear people say novi, The word originally comes
+
+37
+00:02:35,610 --> 00:02:40,650
+from novel. The word novella is a short novel. So
+
+38
+00:02:40,650 --> 00:02:45,850
+what is a novel? A novel is a fiction work written
+
+39
+00:02:45,850 --> 00:02:47,610
+in prose.
+
+40
+00:02:49,310 --> 00:02:53,410
+It was born around like in the late 17th century,
+
+41
+00:02:54,070 --> 00:02:56,630
+early 19th century. That's why it's called novel.
+
+42
+00:02:56,730 --> 00:03:00,170
+It started only 300 years ago. Unlike poetry that
+
+43
+00:03:00,170 --> 00:03:03,230
+started thousands of years ago, even thousands and
+
+44
+00:03:03,230 --> 00:03:07,160
+thousands of years ago. Okay, so the Augustan Age,
+
+45
+00:03:07,440 --> 00:03:09,360
+we'll speak later on when we speak about poetry,
+
+46
+00:03:09,540 --> 00:03:13,480
+we'll talk more about why we have this name, the
+
+47
+00:03:13,480 --> 00:03:16,380
+Augustan Age in literature. It is sometimes
+
+48
+00:03:16,380 --> 00:03:20,620
+described as the Age of Reason, the Age of
+
+49
+00:03:20,620 --> 00:03:24,440
+Thinking, where the mind, the brain, the
+
+50
+00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:27,430
+intellect, was considered to be more powerful,
+
+51
+00:03:27,670 --> 00:03:29,990
+more important, more significant for the stability
+
+52
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:34,570
+of the community than the heart, the emotions, and
+
+53
+00:03:34,570 --> 00:03:37,110
+the feelings. We'll see how this reflects on
+
+54
+00:03:37,110 --> 00:03:41,250
+literature in a way or another. So the age starts
+
+55
+00:03:41,250 --> 00:03:46,170
+around, again these dates are not again clear cut,
+
+56
+00:03:47,110 --> 00:03:55,010
+but more or less around 1713 to 1716. 89, so from
+
+57
+00:03:55,010 --> 00:03:59,130
+the beginning of the first half, the first quarter
+
+58
+00:03:59,130 --> 00:04:05,210
+of the 18th century to the late 18th century. So
+
+59
+00:04:05,210 --> 00:04:10,810
+yeah, same century, 18th century. Okay, when we
+
+60
+00:04:10,810 --> 00:04:12,870
+speak about politics, about the community, about
+
+61
+00:04:12,870 --> 00:04:17,570
+the society, we generally speak about the king,
+
+62
+00:04:17,710 --> 00:04:22,400
+right? The queen, politics. And we also said this
+
+63
+00:04:22,400 --> 00:04:25,700
+before, that sometimes the book hides and
+
+64
+00:04:25,700 --> 00:04:29,580
+whitewashes colonialism and imperialism and
+
+65
+00:04:29,580 --> 00:04:33,720
+presents it in a favorable way, okay, as a glory,
+
+66
+00:04:33,980 --> 00:04:37,880
+as geographical discovery. Remember previously, in
+
+67
+00:04:37,880 --> 00:04:43,060
+the previous age, the king was executed, was
+
+68
+00:04:43,060 --> 00:04:45,940
+removed and was replaced by Oliver Cromwell, the
+
+69
+00:04:45,940 --> 00:04:48,780
+Commonwealth. And he was followed by his son. I
+
+70
+00:04:48,780 --> 00:04:50,820
+have said this many times and I have to say it
+
+71
+00:04:50,820 --> 00:04:54,160
+again. And then they said, okay, let's bring back
+
+72
+00:04:54,160 --> 00:04:55,820
+the king because the king is important. But the
+
+73
+00:04:55,820 --> 00:04:59,940
+king started to lose a lot. The monarch started to
+
+74
+00:04:59,940 --> 00:05:03,390
+lose a lot. The king or the queen lost a lot of
+
+75
+00:05:03,390 --> 00:05:06,830
+their power, their privileges. And if the king was
+
+76
+00:05:06,830 --> 00:05:09,410
+getting weaker and weaker, it means the
+
+77
+00:05:09,410 --> 00:05:12,770
+parliament, the prime minister, the government,
+
+78
+00:05:12,910 --> 00:05:15,690
+the cabinet became stronger and stronger. Like
+
+79
+00:05:15,690 --> 00:05:18,550
+today, the monarchy in England is symbolic. It
+
+80
+00:05:18,550 --> 00:05:21,830
+started gradually. The queen is not the most
+
+81
+00:05:21,830 --> 00:05:24,050
+important person. People love the queen although
+
+82
+00:05:24,050 --> 00:05:27,710
+she spends a lot, wastes a lot of tax payer money.
+
+83
+00:05:28,450 --> 00:05:31,890
+Many people are not happy with this, but some
+
+84
+00:05:31,890 --> 00:05:34,970
+people like the idea of the queen. Okay, so this
+
+85
+00:05:34,970 --> 00:05:39,430
+is one thing. Every time the monarchy loses power,
+
+86
+00:05:40,170 --> 00:05:44,550
+the parliament gains more of this power and
+
+87
+00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:47,990
+privileges. Generally, when we speak about this
+
+88
+00:05:47,990 --> 00:05:50,450
+age, the 18th century, we speak about the
+
+89
+00:05:50,450 --> 00:05:54,150
+agricultural and industrial revolutions. There was
+
+90
+00:05:54,150 --> 00:05:59,960
+a revolution in advancements, inventions. People
+
+91
+00:05:59,960 --> 00:06:03,820
+invented so many things and every day, every week,
+
+92
+00:06:03,920 --> 00:06:06,140
+every month there would be new inventions that
+
+93
+00:06:06,140 --> 00:06:10,020
+made life easy, that most importantly made the
+
+94
+00:06:10,020 --> 00:06:15,080
+production, the processes of production faster.
+
+95
+00:06:16,690 --> 00:06:20,750
+cheaper and easier. And always remember the
+
+96
+00:06:20,750 --> 00:06:24,250
+printing press. The printing press, you would
+
+97
+00:06:24,250 --> 00:06:27,010
+spend two years to copy the Bible, one copy of the
+
+98
+00:06:27,010 --> 00:06:33,170
+Bible. But now, because of this, you could do 200
+
+99
+00:06:33,170 --> 00:06:35,470
+copies in, I don't know, less than a year or
+
+100
+00:06:35,470 --> 00:06:40,700
+something. So same thing applies to the steam
+
+101
+00:06:40,700 --> 00:06:43,080
+machine, the engine, and later on the train. So
+
+102
+00:06:43,080 --> 00:06:45,600
+people would move on horses and animals. It would
+
+103
+00:06:45,600 --> 00:06:48,700
+take them ages and ages. But now things became
+
+104
+00:06:48,700 --> 00:06:54,560
+easier, faster, and probably better. And because
+
+105
+00:06:54,560 --> 00:06:57,420
+of this, or maybe as a result of this, sometimes
+
+106
+00:06:57,420 --> 00:06:59,700
+you can't know which leads to which, which came
+
+107
+00:06:59,700 --> 00:07:03,020
+first, the egg or the chicken, the hen. But it's a
+
+108
+00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:07,410
+circle. Always remember that England, the British
+
+109
+00:07:07,410 --> 00:07:12,650
+Empire was expanding. So was it expanding because
+
+110
+00:07:12,650 --> 00:07:16,540
+England wanted more raw materials? to control more
+
+111
+00:07:16,540 --> 00:07:20,740
+land, and also to open more markets. So they would
+
+112
+00:07:20,740 --> 00:07:24,280
+do a lot. Most of the production here would be
+
+113
+00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:29,180
+sold in the new world, in Asia, Africa, America,
+
+114
+00:07:29,380 --> 00:07:35,360
+Australia, here and there. So the new inventions,
+
+115
+00:07:35,860 --> 00:07:37,520
+again, meant that production
+
+116
+00:07:40,170 --> 00:07:45,630
+was faster, better, and easier in many ways. Okay,
+
+117
+00:07:45,690 --> 00:07:47,630
+you have a lot of products. What should you do
+
+118
+00:07:47,630 --> 00:07:52,030
+with them? You take them and sell them to the
+
+119
+00:07:52,030 --> 00:07:56,230
+colonies. You sell them to the colonies. So the
+
+120
+00:07:56,230 --> 00:07:59,550
+British Empire was ready, was a ready market, you
+
+121
+00:07:59,550 --> 00:08:05,850
+add a here, for British products. So whatever you
+
+122
+00:08:05,850 --> 00:08:09,750
+produce, you just dump it on the people in India,
+
+123
+00:08:09,890 --> 00:08:12,230
+in Africa, in America, in Australia, and they
+
+124
+00:08:12,230 --> 00:08:14,670
+would be buying it. And it meant that a lot of
+
+125
+00:08:14,670 --> 00:08:17,290
+people were getting rich by doing business. And
+
+126
+00:08:17,290 --> 00:08:20,010
+that was a reason why we have the middle class. We
+
+127
+00:08:20,010 --> 00:08:21,650
+spoke about the middle class before. Generally,
+
+128
+00:08:21,790 --> 00:08:23,750
+they're not rich people. They're not royalty.
+
+129
+00:08:25,950 --> 00:08:29,590
+noble family that would leave a lot of money and
+
+130
+00:08:29,590 --> 00:08:32,530
+inheritance for them. So those are people who
+
+131
+00:08:32,530 --> 00:08:35,570
+engaged in trade, in business, in inventions, and
+
+132
+00:08:35,570 --> 00:08:38,830
+they became rich and they played an important role
+
+133
+00:08:38,830 --> 00:08:44,780
+in literature. Many people this era here moved
+
+134
+00:08:44,780 --> 00:08:48,960
+from the village, the countryside, to the city,
+
+135
+00:08:49,300 --> 00:08:52,160
+seeking jobs, seeking better life chances, better
+
+136
+00:08:52,160 --> 00:08:55,220
+life opportunities. And at the same time, during
+
+137
+00:08:55,220 --> 00:08:59,440
+this age, many people from the British Empire,
+
+138
+00:08:59,620 --> 00:09:05,320
+mainly from Scotland and Ireland, moved to the new
+
+139
+00:09:05,320 --> 00:09:09,900
+world in America. Many reasons, actually. Life was
+
+140
+00:09:09,900 --> 00:09:13,620
+very difficult. When we speak about England or
+
+141
+00:09:13,620 --> 00:09:18,260
+Britain and Ireland and Scotland, sometimes we
+
+142
+00:09:18,260 --> 00:09:20,200
+need to go back to the history to understand
+
+143
+00:09:20,200 --> 00:09:24,340
+because a lot of Irish people consider England as
+
+144
+00:09:24,340 --> 00:09:28,140
+an occupier, a colonizer. It's an occupation.
+
+145
+00:09:29,580 --> 00:09:31,940
+Well, maybe we can talk about this later on when
+
+146
+00:09:31,940 --> 00:09:36,860
+we speak about Jonathan's wealth. Don't forget
+
+147
+00:09:36,860 --> 00:09:40,540
+that many of the Irish people were Catholics. So
+
+148
+00:09:40,540 --> 00:09:44,500
+they did not convert after King Henry VIII. So
+
+149
+00:09:44,500 --> 00:09:50,360
+they were always victimized by the English people.
+
+150
+00:09:50,640 --> 00:09:54,170
+More of this age. Elsewhere in the world. So
+
+151
+00:09:54,170 --> 00:09:58,110
+England was seeking stability. England was trying
+
+152
+00:09:58,110 --> 00:10:02,290
+to, you know, like Theresa May says nowadays, to
+
+153
+00:10:02,290 --> 00:10:06,670
+be strong and stable. Strong and stable means many
+
+154
+00:10:06,670 --> 00:10:10,210
+things. But most importantly here, around the age,
+
+155
+00:10:10,450 --> 00:10:14,850
+around England, we had important revolutions.
+
+156
+00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,370
+Number one, the French Revolution in France. And
+
+157
+00:10:20,370 --> 00:10:24,750
+France is only across the canal. You can see
+
+158
+00:10:24,750 --> 00:10:28,910
+France, some people swim from France to England.
+
+159
+00:10:29,090 --> 00:10:31,630
+Just take it swimming because it's a big distance,
+
+160
+00:10:31,710 --> 00:10:33,910
+but not that big that some people can actually
+
+161
+00:10:33,910 --> 00:10:38,630
+swim it. So France was always a threat because a
+
+162
+00:10:38,630 --> 00:10:41,430
+revolution, a rebellion in France means that
+
+163
+00:10:41,430 --> 00:10:46,260
+people in England might also think of a revolution
+
+164
+00:10:46,260 --> 00:10:50,060
+against oppression, against corruption. But
+
+165
+00:10:50,060 --> 00:10:52,980
+England has learned the lesson pretty well when
+
+166
+00:10:52,980 --> 00:10:56,020
+they executed the king and replaced him, and then
+
+167
+00:10:56,020 --> 00:10:58,640
+later on they restored the king. And so they were
+
+168
+00:10:58,640 --> 00:11:04,540
+always careful about not to be infected by, so to
+
+169
+00:11:04,540 --> 00:11:07,400
+speak, by another revolution. And probably equally
+
+170
+00:11:07,400 --> 00:11:10,620
+important, we speak about also the American
+
+171
+00:11:10,620 --> 00:11:16,650
+Declaration of Independence. America was mainly a
+
+172
+00:11:16,650 --> 00:11:17,910
+British colony.
+
+173
+00:11:21,630 --> 00:11:25,590
+It was occupied, so to speak, controlled by the
+
+174
+00:11:25,590 --> 00:11:27,650
+Queen of England or the King of England, the
+
+175
+00:11:27,650 --> 00:11:31,120
+monarchy. It followed The British Empire in many
+
+176
+00:11:31,120 --> 00:11:34,240
+ways, great parts of it. Some parts in America
+
+177
+00:11:34,240 --> 00:11:37,220
+even now are called New England. Is it a state? I
+
+178
+00:11:37,220 --> 00:11:40,300
+think it's a state in England, in America, called
+
+179
+00:11:40,300 --> 00:11:44,000
+New England. So even the names, there are names
+
+180
+00:11:44,000 --> 00:11:49,040
+after London and everything else. The declaration
+
+181
+00:11:49,040 --> 00:11:52,980
+of independence, the defeat of the British armies
+
+182
+00:11:52,980 --> 00:11:56,000
+meant that America was independent. And also we
+
+183
+00:11:56,000 --> 00:11:58,920
+have a very, very important date here, which is
+
+184
+00:11:58,920 --> 00:12:04,680
+the French Revolution. We're not studying French
+
+185
+00:12:04,680 --> 00:12:07,220
+literature, so we're not going to talk much here.
+
+186
+00:12:07,260 --> 00:12:10,640
+But one of the most interesting topics Modern
+
+187
+00:12:10,640 --> 00:12:13,820
+history is this French Revolution. If you're not
+
+188
+00:12:13,820 --> 00:12:16,460
+interested in history, maybe you want to read Les
+
+189
+00:12:16,460 --> 00:12:23,020
+Misérables by Victor Hugo. A real interesting
+
+190
+00:12:23,020 --> 00:12:27,120
+read. It's huge. It's big. Maybe you can watch a
+
+191
+00:12:27,120 --> 00:12:29,420
+movie. It was turned into a musical like three
+
+192
+00:12:29,420 --> 00:12:32,940
+years ago or four years ago. Beautiful. Les
+
+193
+00:12:32,940 --> 00:12:34,560
+Miserables.
+
+194
+00:12:37,440 --> 00:12:39,640
+So the most important thing about the French
+
+195
+00:12:39,640 --> 00:12:41,900
+Revolution is that it gave rights to the
+
+196
+00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:45,740
+individual. It tried to destroy the idea of the
+
+197
+00:12:45,740 --> 00:12:47,920
+monarchy being the king and being the most
+
+198
+00:12:47,920 --> 00:12:50,020
+powerful man in the society. The man, the
+
+199
+00:12:50,020 --> 00:12:52,920
+individual, the person became the most important
+
+200
+00:12:52,920 --> 00:12:55,340
+person in the society. And that's why they called
+
+201
+00:12:55,340 --> 00:12:58,720
+for three things, very important to know. Liberty,
+
+202
+00:12:59,820 --> 00:13:04,830
+equality, and fraternity. Liberty, equality,
+
+203
+00:13:05,710 --> 00:13:09,670
+fraternity and we are all equal and brothers and
+
+204
+00:13:09,670 --> 00:13:16,510
+free. Man was born free. Man was born free. How
+
+205
+00:13:16,510 --> 00:13:21,170
+did England feel about this? It took this as a
+
+206
+00:13:21,170 --> 00:13:26,270
+threat to its stability. A threat to its
+
+207
+00:13:26,270 --> 00:13:27,270
+stability.
+
+208
+00:13:31,890 --> 00:13:35,290
+Okay, most importantly, so there was, again,
+
+209
+00:13:35,390 --> 00:13:38,650
+political turmoil around. England was trying to be
+
+210
+00:13:38,650 --> 00:13:41,590
+stable and secure and safe to avoid another
+
+211
+00:13:41,590 --> 00:13:45,750
+revolution. Literature in general followed the
+
+212
+00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:48,710
+rules of decorum, especially in poetry. But the
+
+213
+00:13:48,710 --> 00:13:51,130
+most significant thing we speak here about is the
+
+214
+00:13:51,130 --> 00:13:54,830
+rise of the novel. Many things led to the rise of
+
+215
+00:13:54,830 --> 00:13:58,470
+the novel. Number one, remember we spoke about the
+
+216
+00:13:58,470 --> 00:14:00,970
+closure of the theater because the drama was dying
+
+217
+00:14:00,970 --> 00:14:06,250
+out. And we spoke about the rise of the middle
+
+218
+00:14:06,250 --> 00:14:10,490
+class. We also speak about here journalism. But
+
+219
+00:14:10,490 --> 00:14:12,790
+one of the most significant things here is that
+
+220
+00:14:12,790 --> 00:14:16,650
+writing became a profession and a significant job.
+
+221
+00:14:18,210 --> 00:14:21,550
+When I say it's a job, it means it's a paying job.
+
+222
+00:14:22,010 --> 00:14:25,290
+In the past, you had to have a patron, some rich
+
+223
+00:14:25,290 --> 00:14:28,710
+guy, a royalty who would provide you with
+
+224
+00:14:28,710 --> 00:14:32,030
+protection, financial aid, money, so you would
+
+225
+00:14:32,030 --> 00:14:35,670
+write poetry or something. Sometimes you have to
+
+226
+00:14:35,670 --> 00:14:40,850
+write good things about them because people did
+
+227
+00:14:40,850 --> 00:14:43,450
+not publish their work. So you would write poetry,
+
+228
+00:14:43,610 --> 00:14:45,650
+but you don't have money. So how would you live?
+
+229
+00:14:45,710 --> 00:14:48,790
+You need food, right? You need job. Now it became
+
+230
+00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:51,690
+a job, thanks to the rise of journalism. And of
+
+231
+00:14:51,690 --> 00:14:56,110
+course, the publishing houses were everywhere. So
+
+232
+00:14:56,110 --> 00:14:59,410
+a writer, if a publishing house would know that
+
+233
+00:14:59,410 --> 00:15:03,740
+Sabah, for example, is He's a writer. Sabah, what
+
+234
+00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,720
+do you think? Would you write for us regularly
+
+235
+00:15:05,720 --> 00:15:08,220
+every day or every week? Or sometimes, would you
+
+236
+00:15:08,220 --> 00:15:10,920
+publish a novel in our newspaper where you
+
+237
+00:15:10,920 --> 00:15:13,060
+publish, for example, two or three chapters every
+
+238
+00:15:13,060 --> 00:15:17,500
+week or something? So how much are you paying?
+
+239
+00:15:17,700 --> 00:15:19,540
+We're paying you this amount of money. Oh, good.
+
+240
+00:15:20,120 --> 00:15:22,880
+It's enough for me to live a good life sometimes,
+
+241
+00:15:23,680 --> 00:15:28,060
+like a life of a rich person. So even if you don't
+
+242
+00:15:28,060 --> 00:15:30,420
+want to write, because it's a job you have to
+
+243
+00:15:30,420 --> 00:15:33,900
+write. This could be negative sometimes because
+
+244
+00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:35,620
+you have to write a lot to make more money,
+
+245
+00:15:35,780 --> 00:15:41,260
+especially if you paid well. But generally, we
+
+246
+00:15:41,260 --> 00:15:44,140
+have had a lot of literary works thanks to
+
+247
+00:15:44,140 --> 00:15:47,030
+journalism. And the rise of the middle class is
+
+248
+00:15:47,030 --> 00:15:49,670
+significant. I told you this before, because the
+
+249
+00:15:49,670 --> 00:15:51,810
+middle class are originally not rich people who
+
+250
+00:15:51,810 --> 00:15:54,230
+become rich, who want to show off their riches.
+
+251
+00:15:54,650 --> 00:15:57,910
+This is not to insult the middle classes. But they
+
+252
+00:15:57,910 --> 00:16:00,450
+played a significant role, because they would read
+
+253
+00:16:00,450 --> 00:16:03,250
+the magazines, the newspapers, the novels, the
+
+254
+00:16:03,250 --> 00:16:06,070
+essays, the pamphlets, the articles. And they
+
+255
+00:16:06,070 --> 00:16:08,550
+would send their kids to school. They would have
+
+256
+00:16:08,550 --> 00:16:11,770
+their own libraries at home. So they show that
+
+257
+00:16:11,770 --> 00:16:15,950
+they are, yeah, they're not Royalty, they're not
+
+258
+00:16:15,950 --> 00:16:19,630
+very rich people, but they are educated in
+
+259
+00:16:19,630 --> 00:16:21,610
+addition to the fact that they have some money, a
+
+260
+00:16:21,610 --> 00:16:25,970
+good source of income. So important features of
+
+261
+00:16:25,970 --> 00:16:30,570
+this is number one, writing became a profession, a
+
+262
+00:16:30,570 --> 00:16:34,750
+paying job. So you don't have to depend on someone
+
+263
+00:16:34,750 --> 00:16:37,390
+to control you, to tell you what to write, what
+
+264
+00:16:37,390 --> 00:16:41,120
+not to write, to censor you. But does that mean
+
+265
+00:16:41,120 --> 00:16:43,600
+total independence? Does it mean the writer is
+
+266
+00:16:43,600 --> 00:16:49,200
+totally independent and free? Does it mean now you
+
+267
+00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,360
+have no one paying you money to write stuff?
+
+268
+00:16:52,460 --> 00:16:55,360
+You're just writing for a newspaper. Does it give
+
+269
+00:16:55,360 --> 00:17:01,730
+you total freedom? Yes or no? I mean, there's
+
+270
+00:17:01,730 --> 00:17:03,630
+always the government that you want to be careful
+
+271
+00:17:03,630 --> 00:17:07,710
+not to attack openly and criticize, satirize
+
+272
+00:17:07,710 --> 00:17:11,110
+openly. You could write freely if really not
+
+273
+00:17:11,110 --> 00:17:14,190
+following the rules of the Quran. You could. You
+
+274
+00:17:14,190 --> 00:17:17,310
+have your own identity. You don't have to follow
+
+275
+00:17:17,310 --> 00:17:21,690
+particular people's attitudes and ideologies. You
+
+276
+00:17:21,690 --> 00:17:24,430
+have to write what people like. Oh, interesting.
+
+277
+00:17:24,670 --> 00:17:28,390
+Thank you. Thank you, Haya. Yes, you get
+
+278
+00:17:28,390 --> 00:17:32,750
+independence. But when you want to write, you want
+
+279
+00:17:32,750 --> 00:17:36,130
+to please your readers. Many people, when you ask
+
+280
+00:17:36,130 --> 00:17:38,530
+people who write, I'm not sure if some of you
+
+281
+00:17:38,530 --> 00:17:42,690
+write stuff, poetry mainly or fiction. When you
+
+282
+00:17:42,690 --> 00:17:45,230
+ask people, why do you write? They will tell you
+
+283
+00:17:45,230 --> 00:17:48,090
+to communicate with people, to reach out to
+
+284
+00:17:48,090 --> 00:17:51,570
+people, right? But some people say, no, I write
+
+285
+00:17:51,570 --> 00:17:55,210
+for myself to release something inside. I don't
+
+286
+00:17:55,210 --> 00:17:57,890
+care about people. I don't care about readers. I
+
+287
+00:17:57,890 --> 00:18:00,790
+want to express myself. Whether you do it for this
+
+288
+00:18:00,790 --> 00:18:03,470
+or that, if you work for a publisher, you need to
+
+289
+00:18:03,470 --> 00:18:05,930
+please the publisher. But you also need to please
+
+290
+00:18:05,930 --> 00:18:10,910
+the readers themselves. interesting dynamic we
+
+291
+00:18:10,910 --> 00:18:16,570
+have here. Okay, so the rise of the novel was
+
+292
+00:18:16,570 --> 00:18:20,690
+mainly due to the rise of journalism and magazines
+
+293
+00:18:20,690 --> 00:18:25,210
+and publishing houses and also writing itself
+
+294
+00:18:25,210 --> 00:18:28,450
+became a paying job. The rise of the middle
+
+295
+00:18:28,450 --> 00:18:32,550
+classes was also significant to the rise of the
+
+296
+00:18:32,550 --> 00:18:37,450
+novel to this new genre in literature. Don't
+
+297
+00:18:37,450 --> 00:18:41,710
+forget that women So far, have we ever mentioned a
+
+298
+00:18:41,710 --> 00:18:46,570
+woman poet or writer or playwright? No. Can you
+
+299
+00:18:46,570 --> 00:18:49,130
+imagine that? That's crazy. It's like 1,000 years
+
+300
+00:18:49,130 --> 00:18:52,090
+in English literature. I'm sure there was a woman
+
+301
+00:18:52,090 --> 00:18:55,810
+here or there. But so far, we haven't mentioned
+
+302
+00:18:55,810 --> 00:18:57,130
+any woman at all.
+
+303
+00:19:00,230 --> 00:19:04,950
+Why is that? Are women unable to write like men?
+
+304
+00:19:05,090 --> 00:19:07,910
+Are they less intellectual? Are they not smart?
+
+305
+00:19:08,810 --> 00:19:14,190
+Why don't we have women who write poetry or drama?
+
+306
+00:19:14,630 --> 00:19:17,170
+Please. Because people who were in charge at that
+
+307
+00:19:17,170 --> 00:19:20,570
+time were anti-feminists. There was a lot of anti
+
+308
+00:19:20,570 --> 00:19:22,910
+-feminism in the society, and anti-feminism means
+
+309
+00:19:22,910 --> 00:19:26,230
+the belief that women are not as smart, as
+
+310
+00:19:26,230 --> 00:19:28,430
+intellectual. They come up, are they going to
+
+311
+00:19:28,430 --> 00:19:31,910
+write about kitchen stuff, diapers, babies, food,
+
+312
+00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:35,250
+cooking? It's not interesting. So there was a lot
+
+313
+00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:39,530
+of this looking down upon women, anti-feminism.
+
+314
+00:19:39,710 --> 00:19:43,050
+What else? You mean they were excluded because of
+
+315
+00:19:43,050 --> 00:19:45,770
+those people, no? Because, so what do you mean
+
+316
+00:19:45,770 --> 00:19:49,540
+exactly? They wrote, but nobody read them or
+
+317
+00:19:49,540 --> 00:19:52,180
+published them. OK, interesting. So maybe they
+
+318
+00:19:52,180 --> 00:19:57,060
+wrote stuff, but the critics of that time and the
+
+319
+00:19:57,060 --> 00:19:59,340
+publishers, like, would you publish this? My
+
+320
+00:19:59,340 --> 00:20:02,160
+daughter wrote this. Your daughter? I don't
+
+321
+00:20:02,160 --> 00:20:05,480
+publish for women. It could have happened. Even
+
+322
+00:20:05,480 --> 00:20:08,080
+nowadays, sometimes it happens. I don't want to
+
+323
+00:20:08,080 --> 00:20:10,240
+publish for a woman. Who wants to read stuff by a
+
+324
+00:20:10,240 --> 00:20:12,120
+woman? Maybe some of the earlier texts were
+
+325
+00:20:12,120 --> 00:20:15,160
+written by women. Interesting idea. So we don't
+
+326
+00:20:15,160 --> 00:20:19,450
+know. And we'll see later on, when we speak about
+
+327
+00:20:19,450 --> 00:20:22,050
+the Victorian Age, one of the most important
+
+328
+00:20:22,050 --> 00:20:25,610
+female writers in the Victorian Age is named
+
+329
+00:20:25,610 --> 00:20:34,330
+George Eliot. George? A woman? There is D.S.
+
+330
+00:20:34,370 --> 00:20:37,730
+Eliot, but that's somebody else. George Eliot?
+
+331
+00:20:38,130 --> 00:20:42,100
+Come on. A woman? Yes. She's a woman who changed,
+
+332
+00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:46,120
+who used a pen name or a pseudonym in order to be
+
+333
+00:20:46,120 --> 00:20:48,720
+published to reach out to more people. You will be
+
+334
+00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:51,120
+surprised. You know J.K. Rowling already, right?
+
+335
+00:20:51,600 --> 00:20:54,660
+Yeah. J.K. Rowling, the author of? Harry Potter.
+
+336
+00:20:54,860 --> 00:20:58,580
+Harry Potter. When she had trouble finding a
+
+337
+00:20:58,580 --> 00:21:01,400
+publisher. Now, according to many, actually I read
+
+338
+00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,440
+this like 10 years ago. She was richer than the
+
+339
+00:21:03,440 --> 00:21:06,040
+queen. I read something like 15 years ago that
+
+340
+00:21:06,040 --> 00:21:11,760
+says every letter she wrote, every letter, From
+
+341
+00:21:11,760 --> 00:21:17,540
+every letter, she made more than $300. Yeah, but
+
+342
+00:21:17,540 --> 00:21:20,700
+she was very poor. According to many sources,
+
+343
+00:21:20,820 --> 00:21:23,280
+she's now richer than that queen. She said, no,
+
+344
+00:21:23,380 --> 00:21:24,980
+this is an exaggeration. But she became, it's not
+
+345
+00:21:24,980 --> 00:21:28,180
+about becoming very rich. It's about becoming
+
+346
+00:21:28,180 --> 00:21:31,240
+famous and writing and reaching out to millions
+
+347
+00:21:31,240 --> 00:21:33,240
+and millions of people. Her books were translated
+
+348
+00:21:33,240 --> 00:21:38,240
+into, I think, 100 languages. No, more. And the
+
+349
+00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:41,140
+movies and everything. J.K. Rowling had trouble
+
+350
+00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:43,660
+finding a publisher. I think one reason is that
+
+351
+00:21:43,660 --> 00:21:46,640
+because she's a woman, even in the 20th century,
+
+352
+00:21:46,740 --> 00:21:50,980
+21st century. And you will be surprised to know
+
+353
+00:21:50,980 --> 00:21:55,080
+that this is one reason why we don't have her full
+
+354
+00:21:55,080 --> 00:21:57,180
+name on the cover. When she was accepted, I think
+
+355
+00:21:57,180 --> 00:22:00,700
+the publisher was like, listen, Can we not use
+
+356
+00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,120
+your first name so the readers don't know you're a
+
+357
+00:22:03,120 --> 00:22:06,200
+woman and would pick the book, assuming that the
+
+358
+00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,320
+author is a man? And they have this compromise
+
+359
+00:22:09,320 --> 00:22:15,560
+where she would write her name as J.K. J.K.
+
+360
+00:22:15,940 --> 00:22:16,400
+Rowling.
+
+361
+00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:22,920
+J.K. Rowling. I'm not sure.
+
+362
+00:22:26,440 --> 00:22:31,080
+But that's in the 20th century. Isn't that
+
+363
+00:22:31,080 --> 00:22:34,340
+interesting? So women have always been victimized,
+
+364
+00:22:34,500 --> 00:22:40,120
+discriminated against. Now we have the first ever
+
+365
+00:22:40,120 --> 00:22:44,840
+female author in our course. We have women as,
+
+366
+00:22:45,240 --> 00:22:48,260
+remember at the beginning they were objects of sex
+
+367
+00:22:48,260 --> 00:22:51,300
+and desire and perfection, later on they were more
+
+368
+00:22:51,300 --> 00:22:53,460
+independent, in a way they're getting more
+
+369
+00:22:53,460 --> 00:22:57,400
+independent, right? We've seen Shakespeare.
+
+370
+00:22:57,660 --> 00:22:59,840
+Sometimes we have the weak woman. Sometimes the
+
+371
+00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:02,700
+powerful, strong woman like Portia, for example.
+
+372
+00:23:04,160 --> 00:23:05,940
+Now we have Afrabin.
+
+373
+00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:09,740
+Afrabin.
+
+374
+00:23:12,740 --> 00:23:16,400
+She's actually, by the way, look, she's not an
+
+375
+00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:19,500
+Augustan figure. But we pushed her here because we
+
+376
+00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,320
+are talking about the novel now. So she's a
+
+377
+00:23:22,320 --> 00:23:25,480
+novelist. She wrote drama, by the way. She wrote a
+
+378
+00:23:25,480 --> 00:23:31,100
+lot, she wrote like 30 novels. But many people say
+
+379
+00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,340
+that no, the real, the father of the novel is
+
+380
+00:23:34,340 --> 00:23:40,760
+Daniel Defoe, the man. She was ignored. In my
+
+381
+00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:42,920
+opinion, mainly because she was a woman and mainly
+
+382
+00:23:42,920 --> 00:23:45,360
+because the critics, you know critics, what
+
+383
+00:23:45,360 --> 00:23:48,940
+critics? Critics, nuqat, literary critics, were
+
+384
+00:23:48,940 --> 00:23:51,700
+all, almost all of them, I think all of them were
+
+385
+00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:57,180
+male. They neglected her. Aphra Behn is a
+
+386
+00:23:57,180 --> 00:23:59,900
+significant figure in our course. What's her name?
+
+387
+00:24:00,840 --> 00:24:03,540
+Aphra Behn. You should know her name, Aphra Behn.
+
+388
+00:24:03,980 --> 00:24:06,360
+And it's very interesting, not sure if we
+
+389
+00:24:06,360 --> 00:24:10,780
+mentioned Virginia Woolf before. Did we mention
+
+390
+00:24:10,780 --> 00:24:14,900
+Virginia Woolf? Virginia Woolf is a 20th century
+
+391
+00:24:14,900 --> 00:24:19,640
+critic, feminist, and author. What's feminist
+
+392
+00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:23,140
+again? Feminist? Feminine, you know, feminine?
+
+393
+00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:29,620
+Related to women. Feminist, IST here, is a person,
+
+394
+00:24:29,720 --> 00:24:32,520
+usually a woman, sometimes could be a man, who
+
+395
+00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,620
+struggles for the rights of women. Supports,
+
+396
+00:24:35,800 --> 00:24:38,360
+struggles, fights for the equal rights of women.
+
+397
+00:24:39,800 --> 00:24:42,700
+Remember what T.S. Eliot did to Joan Dunn? In a
+
+398
+00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:47,450
+way, she did the same to Aphra Behn. And by the
+
+399
+00:24:47,450 --> 00:24:49,150
+way, she was one of the people who praised John
+
+400
+00:24:49,150 --> 00:24:51,790
+Donne. Remember, many people were saying, oh, John
+
+401
+00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:55,690
+Donne is an anti-feminist. She was like, no. The
+
+402
+00:24:55,690 --> 00:24:58,430
+women in John Donne are powerful, are strong, and
+
+403
+00:24:58,430 --> 00:24:59,750
+independent.
+
+404
+00:25:01,710 --> 00:25:04,910
+So this is an interesting piece of information to
+
+405
+00:25:04,910 --> 00:25:08,930
+know. Women have always written fiction. Why? Why
+
+406
+00:25:08,930 --> 00:25:13,070
+is that? Why is this the case? Why would women
+
+407
+00:25:13,070 --> 00:25:16,970
+living in an oppressive society, a society that is
+
+408
+00:25:16,970 --> 00:25:20,150
+mistreating them, is considering them second-class
+
+409
+00:25:20,150 --> 00:25:23,110
+citizens, would be writing a lot of fiction? Why
+
+410
+00:25:23,110 --> 00:25:27,070
+would fiction be their resort? Can you guess? This
+
+411
+00:25:27,070 --> 00:25:31,710
+is their way out of the real? Amazing answer. This
+
+412
+00:25:31,710 --> 00:25:35,990
+is a way out of an oppressive society, out of the
+
+413
+00:25:35,990 --> 00:25:40,790
+real life into... To create a new world of their
+
+414
+00:25:40,790 --> 00:25:41,190
+own.
+
+415
+00:25:43,850 --> 00:25:47,410
+There is escapism here. They escape to a world of
+
+416
+00:25:47,410 --> 00:25:51,430
+their own creation, not the creation of men. What
+
+417
+00:25:51,430 --> 00:25:51,530
+else?
+
+418
+00:25:54,750 --> 00:25:59,680
+Interesting idea. I'm not sure how would you take
+
+419
+00:25:59,680 --> 00:26:02,240
+this, but I take it in the positive sense that
+
+420
+00:26:02,240 --> 00:26:06,360
+women are more emotional, more able to express
+
+421
+00:26:06,360 --> 00:26:09,340
+emotions than men. It's a matter of discussion,
+
+422
+00:26:09,460 --> 00:26:11,360
+but possible, yeah. What else?
+
+423
+00:26:14,280 --> 00:26:18,120
+Please. If they wrote about the reality, they
+
+424
+00:26:18,120 --> 00:26:22,300
+would be focusing on their struggle and their
+
+425
+00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:24,780
+case, so they chose the right fiction, so they
+
+426
+00:26:24,780 --> 00:26:27,420
+would have more options to write about. Write
+
+427
+00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:34,290
+about what? Like what? Like fairy tales. Only
+
+428
+00:26:34,290 --> 00:26:36,830
+fairy tales? Do women always only write about
+
+429
+00:26:36,830 --> 00:26:43,090
+fairy tales? They can write. They can symbolize
+
+430
+00:26:43,090 --> 00:26:46,290
+their case. Exactly. They can defend themselves in
+
+431
+00:26:46,290 --> 00:26:51,380
+fiction. They can resist the patriarchy, the man
+
+432
+00:26:51,380 --> 00:26:54,920
+-made rules. They can reject this. So writing is
+
+433
+00:26:54,920 --> 00:26:57,120
+also an act of resistance. Like us Palestinians,
+
+434
+00:26:57,340 --> 00:26:59,360
+when we write literature, when we write journalism
+
+435
+00:26:59,360 --> 00:27:02,160
+sometimes, we express ourselves, we reach out to
+
+436
+00:27:02,160 --> 00:27:05,400
+the people, we resist an oppressive occupier that
+
+437
+00:27:05,400 --> 00:27:09,420
+is killing us day and night. So that could be
+
+438
+00:27:09,420 --> 00:27:12,380
+some, yeah, please. Maybe they don't want the
+
+439
+00:27:12,380 --> 00:27:15,020
+writings to be, the theme of the writing to be
+
+440
+00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,860
+about men, only about men. We'll see this, yeah.
+
+441
+00:27:18,060 --> 00:27:22,840
+We'll have more women now than ever before, okay?
+
+442
+00:27:25,160 --> 00:27:30,820
+Don't forget, women were the greatest part of the
+
+443
+00:27:30,820 --> 00:27:37,430
+readership, okay? Now, Afrapin wrote several
+
+444
+00:27:37,430 --> 00:27:39,550
+books, like I just said. We're going just to
+
+445
+00:27:39,550 --> 00:27:42,070
+mention two and discuss one of them. The first one
+
+446
+00:27:42,070 --> 00:27:45,610
+is called Love Letters Between a Noble Man and His
+
+447
+00:27:45,610 --> 00:27:49,630
+Sister, or Love Letters, in short. Love Letters
+
+448
+00:27:49,630 --> 00:27:53,430
+Between a Gentleman, a Noble Gentleman, and His
+
+449
+00:27:53,430 --> 00:27:58,450
+Sister. A Noble Man and His Sister. Now, as the
+
+450
+00:27:58,450 --> 00:28:02,290
+name suggests, actually it's Love Letters, plural.
+
+451
+00:28:04,170 --> 00:28:07,830
+As the name suggests, the whole novel is based on
+
+452
+00:28:07,830 --> 00:28:12,390
+an exchange of letters and the word letter means
+
+453
+00:28:12,390 --> 00:28:19,310
+Risalah or sorry Epistle. Do you know this word?
+
+454
+00:28:20,030 --> 00:28:23,950
+With a silent T, like castle, like whistle.
+
+455
+00:28:25,010 --> 00:28:27,310
+Epistle means letter.
+
+456
+00:28:29,350 --> 00:28:35,570
+And from this, we have the famous word, it's
+
+457
+00:28:35,570 --> 00:28:42,150
+epistolary. In this regalia, we say the Ta. We
+
+458
+00:28:42,150 --> 00:28:47,290
+pronounce the Ta sound. It's epistle, epistolary
+
+459
+00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,930
+novel. This is important. What is an epistolary
+
+460
+00:28:51,930 --> 00:28:57,560
+novel? Please. Don't read. It's a book that has
+
+461
+00:28:57,560 --> 00:29:01,040
+letters exchanged between a person and the other.
+
+462
+00:29:01,060 --> 00:29:05,320
+Very good. The plot, the story is generally told
+
+463
+00:29:05,320 --> 00:29:11,300
+to us through letters. Simple or difficult? and
+
+464
+00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,740
+it's a new mode of writing because when you write
+
+465
+00:29:13,740 --> 00:29:16,060
+a novel you just want to describe things there's
+
+466
+00:29:16,060 --> 00:29:19,460
+dialogue you go here you talk about stuff but here
+
+467
+00:29:19,460 --> 00:29:22,360
+the major events are revealed to us through
+
+468
+00:29:22,360 --> 00:29:24,940
+letters so chapter one begins somebody is
+
+469
+00:29:24,940 --> 00:29:27,640
+described or somebody is talking and then says oh
+
+470
+00:29:27,640 --> 00:29:29,960
+i received this letter from my brother i wonder
+
+471
+00:29:29,960 --> 00:29:32,820
+what is he writing to me and she reads that and
+
+472
+00:29:32,820 --> 00:29:38,110
+the whole chapter ends with And then, oh, I feel
+
+473
+00:29:38,110 --> 00:29:40,230
+sorry for my brother. Maybe he's doing this. I
+
+474
+00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:42,750
+want to write him a letter and et cetera, even
+
+475
+00:29:42,750 --> 00:29:44,930
+without being this mechanical like I am being
+
+476
+00:29:44,930 --> 00:29:48,370
+right now. And the majority of the events would be
+
+477
+00:29:48,370 --> 00:29:51,450
+revealed through letters. It's funny because maybe
+
+478
+00:29:51,450 --> 00:29:57,530
+some people did not like this. But 60 years later,
+
+479
+00:29:58,430 --> 00:30:04,690
+60 years later, this type of novels became what?
+
+480
+00:30:04,910 --> 00:30:08,810
+Popular. You know why? Can you guess? Can you
+
+481
+00:30:08,810 --> 00:30:14,770
+guess why? Because men started writing. One
+
+482
+00:30:14,770 --> 00:30:18,570
+reason, maybe people were not ready here for the
+
+483
+00:30:18,570 --> 00:30:20,190
+novel or for the letters and epistles of the
+
+484
+00:30:20,190 --> 00:30:24,070
+novel. But later on, many things were done first
+
+485
+00:30:24,070 --> 00:30:27,230
+by women. And they were not considered, they were
+
+486
+00:30:27,230 --> 00:30:31,370
+neglected and ignored. When men wrote, Similar
+
+487
+00:30:31,370 --> 00:30:40,110
+things? Impressive. So this is Afrabin and love
+
+488
+00:30:40,110 --> 00:30:43,830
+letters between a noble man and his sister. Don't
+
+489
+00:30:43,830 --> 00:30:46,870
+forget, always remember critics have always been,
+
+490
+00:30:46,930 --> 00:30:51,630
+almost always been men. So whose opinion are we
+
+491
+00:30:51,630 --> 00:30:53,770
+reading? Even this book is written by two men.
+
+492
+00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,140
+But they're trying to be usually, this is a really
+
+493
+00:31:01,140 --> 00:31:03,480
+very good book, but remember I told you you have
+
+494
+00:31:03,480 --> 00:31:05,980
+to be careful about things, about colonialism,
+
+495
+00:31:06,340 --> 00:31:10,340
+about whitewashing and stuff. Okay. Yes, please.
+
+496
+00:31:10,360 --> 00:31:14,120
+In the book it says that it became famous because
+
+497
+00:31:14,120 --> 00:31:16,960
+it was at the top of the literary fashion. Say
+
+498
+00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:20,000
+again? It says it was famous because it was at the
+
+499
+00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,600
+top of the literary fashion. Okay, who made it at
+
+500
+00:31:22,600 --> 00:31:26,180
+the top of the literary fashion? Male writers.
+
+501
+00:31:28,270 --> 00:31:31,530
+Okay, Oronoko. This sounds like a strange name.
+
+502
+00:31:31,930 --> 00:31:37,010
+Look at it, Oronoko. If your company is named
+
+503
+00:31:37,010 --> 00:31:39,910
+Oronoko, it would be fun to play with the O's and
+
+504
+00:31:39,910 --> 00:31:44,350
+the I's and the wheels. It looks like a truck or
+
+505
+00:31:44,350 --> 00:31:50,830
+something. Anyway, Oronoko, as the name suggests,
+
+506
+00:31:51,410 --> 00:31:55,250
+an English
+
+507
+00:31:55,250 --> 00:32:00,970
+name? No. A non-English name. This is a novel
+
+508
+00:32:00,970 --> 00:32:08,710
+written in around the late 17th century by
+
+509
+00:32:08,710 --> 00:32:11,720
+Aphra Behn. This is one of the most significant
+
+510
+00:32:11,720 --> 00:32:14,120
+early novels. It's actually a novella. I just said
+
+511
+00:32:14,120 --> 00:32:19,200
+what novella is, I think. Novella. Bigger than
+
+512
+00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:23,400
+short story. I would say like 50, like even more,
+
+513
+00:32:23,500 --> 00:32:27,020
+like 100 pages, 70 pages, 80 pages. It's a short
+
+514
+00:32:27,020 --> 00:32:32,020
+novella. It's a long short story. Okay? Now, the
+
+515
+00:32:32,020 --> 00:32:40,940
+story of Oronoko was inspired by a visit By Afra,
+
+516
+00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:45,020
+bent to one of England's colonies in Suriname in
+
+517
+00:32:45,020 --> 00:32:49,420
+South America. There, she met a black African
+
+518
+00:32:49,420 --> 00:32:50,240
+slave.
+
+519
+00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:59,840
+A black African slave. His name was Oronoco. He
+
+520
+00:32:59,840 --> 00:33:03,600
+was moved, he was taken into, we know millions of
+
+521
+00:33:03,600 --> 00:33:07,700
+Africans were brutally taken. Many of them were
+
+522
+00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:11,570
+killed. drowned, where they were taken as slaves
+
+523
+00:33:11,570 --> 00:33:15,050
+because America needed plantations. They needed
+
+524
+00:33:15,050 --> 00:33:19,910
+the workers. Now, this is a very sad story because
+
+525
+00:33:19,910 --> 00:33:23,930
+it tells a story of a man who was a prince in his
+
+526
+00:33:23,930 --> 00:33:27,330
+own hometown. He was the king, the most important
+
+527
+00:33:27,330 --> 00:33:31,590
+person. But see what colonialism is doing to him,
+
+528
+00:33:31,750 --> 00:33:35,630
+destroying him. But this is not, when you read it,
+
+529
+00:33:35,730 --> 00:33:38,170
+this is not only about feeling sad only for
+
+530
+00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:41,910
+princes and queens and kings becoming slaves. It's
+
+531
+00:33:41,910 --> 00:33:44,810
+about humanity as a whole. It's about, it's a
+
+532
+00:33:44,810 --> 00:33:49,170
+protest. It's an angry protest against slavery in
+
+533
+00:33:49,170 --> 00:33:51,570
+general. And this is probably one of the early
+
+534
+00:33:51,570 --> 00:33:55,950
+literary words to discuss slavery and colonialism
+
+535
+00:33:55,950 --> 00:33:59,310
+and the evils of colonialism. And who did this
+
+536
+00:33:59,310 --> 00:34:02,790
+first? Afrabi, a woman.
+
+537
+00:34:06,010 --> 00:34:11,430
+before men could do this. She did it first. She
+
+538
+00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:13,250
+was critical. Some people would say, yeah, because
+
+539
+00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:15,010
+generally a woman who was not happy with her
+
+540
+00:34:15,010 --> 00:34:19,230
+society would try to protest anything. No. This is
+
+541
+00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,280
+very condescending. in a way or another. So
+
+542
+00:34:24,280 --> 00:34:27,680
+Oronoko is originally an African prince who was
+
+543
+00:34:27,680 --> 00:34:30,840
+brought in chains to work in Suriname, a British
+
+544
+00:34:30,840 --> 00:34:33,940
+colony. The novel, this is the most significant
+
+545
+00:34:33,940 --> 00:34:36,760
+thing about the novel in many ways, other than the
+
+546
+00:34:36,760 --> 00:34:41,440
+fact that it was written by a woman. It's a strong
+
+547
+00:34:41,440 --> 00:34:44,440
+protest against, number one, slaves and slavery,
+
+548
+00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,540
+and trade and slave, and a strong protest against
+
+549
+00:34:49,980 --> 00:34:54,240
+colonialism and imperialism colonialism and
+
+550
+00:34:54,240 --> 00:35:00,650
+imperialism which shows that she's always Proud of
+
+551
+00:35:00,650 --> 00:35:03,990
+voicing her disagreement and protest against the
+
+552
+00:35:03,990 --> 00:35:07,630
+society, the politics, and everything. Not many
+
+553
+00:35:07,630 --> 00:35:09,530
+people did this at that time. Many people were
+
+554
+00:35:09,530 --> 00:35:13,230
+happy to travel and become rich, to own country,
+
+555
+00:35:13,350 --> 00:35:16,970
+to own people outside. And like I said, according
+
+556
+00:35:16,970 --> 00:35:19,590
+to Virginia Loft says something really interesting
+
+557
+00:35:19,590 --> 00:35:22,090
+about Afrabin. She says, I can't remember this
+
+558
+00:35:22,090 --> 00:35:25,450
+word for word, but she says, all the women in the
+
+559
+00:35:25,450 --> 00:35:29,910
+world should put roses on Afrabin's grave. because
+
+560
+00:35:29,910 --> 00:35:33,530
+she was one of the early women to speak up, to
+
+561
+00:35:33,530 --> 00:35:36,470
+struggle for the rights of women, for the equal
+
+562
+00:35:36,470 --> 00:35:40,930
+rights of women, to prove that women are as smart
+
+563
+00:35:40,930 --> 00:35:44,010
+as men, if not smarter, if not more intellectual,
+
+564
+00:35:44,710 --> 00:35:49,070
+and more daring. You know daring? Brave. Fearless.
+
+565
+00:35:49,530 --> 00:35:52,610
+They are criticizing the whole system here of
+
+566
+00:35:52,610 --> 00:35:56,130
+imperialism. Like John Donne, Afrabin was
+
+567
+00:35:56,130 --> 00:36:00,710
+considered an outsider. If John Donne was kicked
+
+568
+00:36:00,710 --> 00:36:04,230
+because of his writing against the current and
+
+569
+00:36:04,230 --> 00:36:07,170
+because of breaking the rules of the Quran, she
+
+570
+00:36:07,170 --> 00:36:13,630
+was considered an outsider because of her gender.
+
+571
+00:36:15,610 --> 00:36:18,410
+Because she's a woman. I'm sure if a man wrote
+
+572
+00:36:18,410 --> 00:36:20,790
+this, he would have been received, treated
+
+573
+00:36:20,790 --> 00:36:24,990
+differently by literary critics. Please. What did
+
+574
+00:36:24,990 --> 00:36:28,490
+you want to ask? Why she was an outsider? An
+
+575
+00:36:28,490 --> 00:36:31,850
+outsider, why? Because she was controlled and at
+
+576
+00:36:31,850 --> 00:36:34,230
+that time the society was controlled by men. Okay,
+
+577
+00:36:34,390 --> 00:36:37,410
+this is a patriarchal society, controlled by men.
+
+578
+00:36:37,510 --> 00:36:40,170
+The rules are decided by men. The critics are men.
+
+579
+00:36:40,250 --> 00:36:42,970
+The readers, the publishers probably are men.
+
+580
+00:36:44,610 --> 00:36:46,850
+Because she was writing something critical of this
+
+581
+00:36:46,850 --> 00:36:50,690
+society and imperialism. This is the interesting
+
+582
+00:36:50,690 --> 00:36:56,580
+story of Afrabin and Oronoko. You can read
+
+583
+00:36:56,580 --> 00:36:59,680
+Oronoko, by the way, in one city. And maybe you
+
+584
+00:36:59,680 --> 00:37:01,720
+can, I think you will find an audio book on
+
+585
+00:37:01,720 --> 00:37:05,040
+YouTube. If you have time, you can download a PDF
+
+586
+00:37:05,040 --> 00:37:08,200
+and you can listen to that, where you can improve
+
+587
+00:37:08,200 --> 00:37:11,600
+your listening skills and everything. Shayma? I
+
+588
+00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:17,260
+think that she was a psychopath. That was much
+
+589
+00:37:17,260 --> 00:37:19,980
+more difficult than she said in the film. She said
+
+590
+00:37:19,980 --> 00:37:22,440
+no to something. That could be it, yeah. Part of
+
+591
+00:37:22,440 --> 00:37:28,100
+it. She wasn't there saying that she was
+
+592
+00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,300
+prejudiced? No, not always. Like, then she was
+
+593
+00:37:31,300 --> 00:37:35,980
+alone and she wasn't criticized? In a way, I'm
+
+594
+00:37:35,980 --> 00:37:38,100
+saying here that she was neglected by critics.
+
+595
+00:37:38,940 --> 00:37:41,400
+Generally because she's a woman. And probably
+
+596
+00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,880
+partly because she was critical of the society and
+
+597
+00:37:44,880 --> 00:37:49,080
+life and imperialism and colonialism. We will see
+
+598
+00:37:49,080 --> 00:37:51,240
+this. This is an interesting point you raise here,
+
+599
+00:37:51,340 --> 00:37:55,960
+Shayma, because later on, remember when we speak
+
+600
+00:37:55,960 --> 00:38:00,010
+about Dryden, John Dryden? Remember? He was
+
+601
+00:38:00,010 --> 00:38:02,550
+described as the greatest satirist of all time, in
+
+602
+00:38:02,550 --> 00:38:05,590
+a way. He was a great poet in writing satire,
+
+603
+00:38:05,730 --> 00:38:07,530
+criticizing all people, sometimes personally,
+
+604
+00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:10,510
+attacking them personally. When women do this,
+
+605
+00:38:10,590 --> 00:38:15,110
+like we have here with Mary Manley, Mary de la
+
+606
+00:38:15,110 --> 00:38:18,450
+Revere Manley. If you find it difficult, you just
+
+607
+00:38:18,450 --> 00:38:23,370
+tell me, Mary Manley. Now, Mary Manley was one of
+
+608
+00:38:23,370 --> 00:38:29,040
+the greatest satirist in this age, in the Augustan
+
+609
+00:38:29,040 --> 00:38:32,880
+Age, the 18th century. But she didn't write satire
+
+610
+00:38:32,880 --> 00:38:37,160
+in poetry, she wrote satire in prose, in novels,
+
+611
+00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:39,960
+in prose, in fiction. Where sometimes she would
+
+612
+00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:43,260
+use real names, but mostly she would use fake
+
+613
+00:38:43,260 --> 00:38:45,760
+names, just so people don't know that she's
+
+614
+00:38:45,760 --> 00:38:49,620
+talking about them. Now when Dryden did this, the
+
+615
+00:38:49,620 --> 00:38:53,920
+very same thing, he was praised, celebrated. When
+
+616
+00:38:53,920 --> 00:39:02,440
+a woman did this, she was described as scandalous.
+
+617
+00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:09,160
+You're a woman. You shouldn't be writing about
+
+618
+00:39:09,160 --> 00:39:11,700
+this. You shouldn't be doing this. This is a man's
+
+619
+00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:15,520
+job. And this is the double standard we talk about
+
+620
+00:39:15,520 --> 00:39:17,940
+all the time. When a man does something, it's
+
+621
+00:39:17,940 --> 00:39:20,440
+okay, he's a man, it's a local talk or something.
+
+622
+00:39:21,000 --> 00:39:23,500
+But when a woman does it, whoa, wait a minute, why
+
+623
+00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:25,100
+are you doing this? You shouldn't be talking about
+
+624
+00:39:25,100 --> 00:39:29,180
+it. But she was daring, she was strong, she was
+
+625
+00:39:29,180 --> 00:39:33,550
+powerful. And I like the fact that in the book,
+
+626
+00:39:33,970 --> 00:39:36,670
+the authors here use the word scandalous in
+
+627
+00:39:36,670 --> 00:39:40,850
+inverted commas. So telling us how men as critics
+
+628
+00:39:40,850 --> 00:39:43,410
+reacted to her, but telling us at the same time,
+
+629
+00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:47,130
+we don't necessarily agree. So scandalous. And
+
+630
+00:39:47,130 --> 00:39:52,070
+also some of her themes about women, about women,
+
+631
+00:39:52,330 --> 00:39:55,830
+about, for example, issues that the society did
+
+632
+00:39:55,830 --> 00:39:57,730
+not want to speak about, such as rape, you know?
+
+633
+00:39:57,890 --> 00:40:03,040
+You know rape? So who's generally the victim of
+
+634
+00:40:03,040 --> 00:40:06,820
+rape? Women. So no one wanted to write about rape.
+
+635
+00:40:07,180 --> 00:40:10,000
+And she started including this issue, this theme
+
+636
+00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:14,200
+in her books. And many people would view this as
+
+637
+00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,060
+objectionable. You know objectionable?
+
+638
+00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:21,360
+Controversial. What's controversial? Like, come
+
+639
+00:40:21,360 --> 00:40:23,140
+on, you shouldn't be writing about it. This is
+
+640
+00:40:23,140 --> 00:40:26,560
+disgusting. This is sick. Yeah, probably we have
+
+641
+00:40:26,560 --> 00:40:28,220
+rape, but it's not this common like you're
+
+642
+00:40:28,220 --> 00:40:30,920
+describing it. It's bad, but it's not as bad as
+
+643
+00:40:30,920 --> 00:40:33,580
+you're talking about it. Because men are not
+
+644
+00:40:33,580 --> 00:40:36,900
+generally victim of rape. It's only women. So her
+
+645
+00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:42,000
+writing was very critical, sharp, critical satire
+
+646
+00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,140
+of the politics, the religion, the church, the
+
+647
+00:40:45,140 --> 00:40:49,620
+society, the community, men and everything. When
+
+648
+00:40:49,620 --> 00:40:54,620
+Dryden did this, he was praised. He was
+
+649
+00:40:54,620 --> 00:40:59,300
+celebrated. When a woman did this, she was
+
+650
+00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,820
+condemned and considered scandalous,
+
+651
+00:41:03,120 --> 00:41:08,560
+controversial. Is she controversial? She is
+
+652
+00:41:08,560 --> 00:41:14,160
+controversial in a society controlled by men, but
+
+653
+00:41:14,160 --> 00:41:17,180
+more or less. And it's funny because later on,
+
+654
+00:41:18,380 --> 00:41:21,420
+like 30, 50 years later, men started to include
+
+655
+00:41:21,420 --> 00:41:24,460
+these themes in their own writing. Were they
+
+656
+00:41:24,460 --> 00:41:28,100
+considered objectionable? No. So this is the
+
+657
+00:41:28,100 --> 00:41:31,940
+double standard. This is the double standard. So
+
+658
+00:41:31,940 --> 00:41:38,020
+Mary Manly again was a satirist. Her satire was
+
+659
+00:41:38,020 --> 00:41:42,920
+like Dryden, sharp and personal. But she was
+
+660
+00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:47,440
+considered a scandalous by who? So in your exam,
+
+661
+00:41:47,540 --> 00:41:54,880
+if I ask you, Mary Manley was scandalous, true or
+
+662
+00:41:54,880 --> 00:41:59,600
+false? False. She was a satirist. Why would you
+
+663
+00:41:59,600 --> 00:42:02,580
+use the word satire to describe what man writes?
+
+664
+00:42:02,980 --> 00:42:05,760
+And why would you describe as a scandal what a
+
+665
+00:42:05,760 --> 00:42:09,490
+woman writes? Double standards. So what she wrote
+
+666
+00:42:09,490 --> 00:42:13,870
+is satire. She exposes the weaknesses, the sins,
+
+667
+00:42:14,070 --> 00:42:19,990
+the vices, vices of the society. So two books, no
+
+668
+00:42:19,990 --> 00:42:23,750
+details here, okay, written by her, two novels.
+
+669
+00:42:24,730 --> 00:42:28,230
+Number one, The Secret History of Queen Zarab, or
+
+670
+00:42:28,230 --> 00:42:33,210
+Queen Zarab, not sure of the pronunciation. And
+
+671
+00:42:33,210 --> 00:42:39,100
+The New Atlantis. which is again a political book
+
+672
+00:42:39,100 --> 00:42:44,720
+that handled many objectionable themes such as
+
+673
+00:42:44,720 --> 00:42:48,740
+rape. Objectionable to who? To the society, to the
+
+674
+00:42:48,740 --> 00:42:50,740
+women, to the men, sorry, to the men of the
+
+675
+00:42:50,740 --> 00:42:54,420
+society, right? And it's funny because when these
+
+676
+00:42:54,420 --> 00:42:57,080
+themes were treated by men later on, they were not
+
+677
+00:42:57,080 --> 00:43:02,420
+considered as objectionable. In brief, to conclude
+
+678
+00:43:02,420 --> 00:43:09,560
+this class, Aphra Behn and Mary Manley are the
+
+679
+00:43:09,560 --> 00:43:14,280
+mothers of the English novel. Remember Chaucer? We
+
+680
+00:43:14,280 --> 00:43:17,580
+sometimes describe the father. Maybe you describe
+
+681
+00:43:17,580 --> 00:43:20,220
+Shakespeare as the father of, I don't know, the
+
+682
+00:43:20,220 --> 00:43:24,500
+English sonnet or the drama or something. Dryden
+
+683
+00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,620
+as the father of satire, I don't know. But it's
+
+684
+00:43:27,620 --> 00:43:30,480
+funny. When there is a father, everyone is okay
+
+685
+00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:34,350
+and happy. No one is looking for a mother. But
+
+686
+00:43:34,350 --> 00:43:38,150
+when we have Aphra Behn and Mary Manley as the
+
+687
+00:43:38,150 --> 00:43:40,410
+mothers of the novels, the people who really
+
+688
+00:43:40,410 --> 00:43:42,490
+started writing the novel, started the novel,
+
+689
+00:43:42,930 --> 00:43:47,030
+everyone was looking for a father because of the
+
+690
+00:43:47,030 --> 00:43:50,250
+double standards in this study. And indeed, Daniel
+
+691
+00:43:50,250 --> 00:43:54,330
+Defoe. We'll discuss Daniel Defoe next class.
+
+692
+00:43:56,600 --> 00:44:01,980
+Daniel Defoe is described as the father of the
+
+693
+00:44:01,980 --> 00:44:04,760
+English novel, the first author to write an
+
+694
+00:44:04,760 --> 00:44:09,120
+English novel. His novel is Robinson Crusoe,
+
+695
+00:44:09,480 --> 00:44:15,760
+written in 1719. We'll discuss this next class.
+
+696
+00:44:17,780 --> 00:44:20,900
+Please, if you have any question to ask. This is
+
+697
+00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:22,540
+interesting. I want you to think of the things we
+
+698
+00:44:22,540 --> 00:44:25,040
+said of yourselves, what you want to do in your
+
+699
+00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:27,300
+life and the double standards and how you can
+
+700
+00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:32,960
+overcome these double standards. Thank you.
+
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1aab30901f87a05043e99fb78b61a96b7c43d5d6
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@@ -0,0 +1,2932 @@
+1
+00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,970
+Assalamualaikum. And as always, welcome back. It's
+
+2
+00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:28,510
+always nice to see you. Good to see you, everyone.
+
+3
+00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:37,610
+So last time, again, I usually like to go back to
+
+4
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,190
+last time and connect classes. Last time we had
+
+5
+00:00:41,460 --> 00:00:43,920
+William Wordsworth, one of the most interesting
+
+6
+00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:47,880
+poets of all time. And he is, in a way, the
+
+7
+00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:51,040
+founder, probably the co-founder of Romanticism as
+
+8
+00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,360
+a movement. In the lyrical ballads, which contains
+
+9
+00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:56,760
+poetry by Wordsworth and Coleridge,
+
+10
+00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:04,950
+Later on, they added something we refer to as the
+
+11
+00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:09,450
+preface, the introduction, in which they spoke
+
+12
+00:01:09,450 --> 00:01:12,730
+about poetry, what it means to write poetry, the
+
+13
+00:01:12,730 --> 00:01:14,910
+language, the subject matter, and the sensibility,
+
+14
+00:01:15,470 --> 00:01:17,710
+nature, and man, and individuality, and
+
+15
+00:01:17,710 --> 00:01:22,490
+everything. Now, words, words. Remember the
+
+16
+00:01:22,490 --> 00:01:24,270
+definition? Can someone remind me of the
+
+17
+00:01:24,270 --> 00:01:31,290
+definition? It is spontaneous overflow of powerful
+
+18
+00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:34,330
+emotions. Very good. This is half of the
+
+19
+00:01:34,330 --> 00:01:38,150
+definition. The spontaneous overflow of powerful
+
+20
+00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:44,150
+emotions recollected in tranquility and peace. The
+
+21
+00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:49,120
+language is The language of everyday man and
+
+22
+00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,100
+woman, of course. Don't feel offended, okay?
+
+23
+00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,220
+Unless you have to. And the subject matters.
+
+24
+00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,980
+Situations from simple common life. Now, we will
+
+25
+00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:05,280
+move today to two other romantic poets. One is
+
+26
+00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,880
+Coleridge, Samuel Butler Coleridge, who is a
+
+27
+00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,680
+friend, a very close friend to William Wordsworth.
+
+28
+00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:14,180
+And then later on, we'll take Keats. who is a
+
+29
+00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:17,660
+second generation romantic poet. Okay, so
+
+30
+00:02:17,660 --> 00:02:22,080
+Coleridge was a friend. He was in so many ways
+
+31
+00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,360
+similar to William Wadsworth. But at the same
+
+32
+00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,260
+time, they had their own differences. They had
+
+33
+00:02:28,260 --> 00:02:31,540
+their own differences. And mainly because of these
+
+34
+00:02:31,540 --> 00:02:35,060
+differences, Coleridge published his own
+
+35
+00:02:36,170 --> 00:02:39,890
+autobiography later on which he called Biographia
+
+36
+00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:43,910
+Literaria, in other words, a literary biography in
+
+37
+00:02:43,910 --> 00:02:46,130
+which he speaks about himself and speaks about his
+
+38
+00:02:46,130 --> 00:02:50,610
+ideology and philosophy in poetry and in life. But
+
+39
+00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:54,940
+they share the common sensibility, the common
+
+40
+00:02:54,940 --> 00:02:57,620
+features of romanticism, generally the simplicity,
+
+41
+00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:02,960
+generally the conversational tone in poetry. When
+
+42
+00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,680
+we spoke about the Augustan poetry, in a way I
+
+43
+00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:11,080
+might have alluded to the fact that, I guess I
+
+44
+00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,300
+said this, in classical poetry there's always one
+
+45
+00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:19,630
+worldview. There's the poet, and the poet has one
+
+46
+00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:23,530
+voice. And the voice in the poem, the voice of the
+
+47
+00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:25,830
+poet, of the speaker, is dominant, dominating
+
+48
+00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,210
+everything. We've seen this in Marlow's Come Live
+
+49
+00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:30,170
+With Me and Be My Love, and We Will All The
+
+50
+00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,470
+Pleasures Prove, where the worldview, the idea of
+
+51
+00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:38,430
+the poet is dominating any other idea. That's why
+
+52
+00:03:38,430 --> 00:03:41,510
+we don't hear the woman. We don't sense the woman
+
+53
+00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:44,030
+there. And remember, we said John Donne was trying
+
+54
+00:03:44,030 --> 00:03:47,510
+to change this worldview. He wanted to break the
+
+55
+00:03:47,510 --> 00:03:50,330
+rules, break away with the rigidity. Now,
+
+56
+00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,350
+generally, classical poetry could be described as
+
+57
+00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:57,970
+monologic, like a monologue. where one person is
+
+58
+00:03:57,970 --> 00:04:00,890
+speaking and everyone else is supposed to be
+
+59
+00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:03,470
+audience, listener. For the romantics, because
+
+60
+00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:07,290
+they care about the individual, they create some
+
+61
+00:04:07,290 --> 00:04:09,450
+sort of conversation in their poetry or a
+
+62
+00:04:09,450 --> 00:04:14,540
+dialogue. In the other classes, I discussed Lucy
+
+63
+00:04:14,540 --> 00:04:17,700
+Gray. In Lucy Gray, we feel this. Yes, the father
+
+64
+00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:21,820
+tells the little girl, go to the town and fetch
+
+65
+00:04:21,820 --> 00:04:26,160
+your mother. And the daughter replies, I'll do
+
+66
+00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:30,580
+that. She obeys her father. This is a dialogue.
+
+67
+00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:34,710
+deep and profound, but it tells us that for the
+
+68
+00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:36,890
+romantics, they want everyone to speak up,
+
+69
+00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:42,270
+everyone to voice their opinions. So Coleridge and
+
+70
+00:04:42,270 --> 00:04:45,450
+Wordsworth, they both have this. They're known for
+
+71
+00:04:45,450 --> 00:04:47,730
+their what we call conversation poems,
+
+72
+00:04:48,330 --> 00:04:51,050
+conversation poetry. You read the poem, you feel
+
+73
+00:04:51,050 --> 00:04:54,730
+that there is a dialogue. However, despite these
+
+74
+00:04:54,730 --> 00:04:58,580
+similarities, there are differences. Amazing
+
+75
+00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:01,260
+friends, by the way. They were living in Lake
+
+76
+00:05:01,260 --> 00:05:04,700
+District together, but later on, everyone had his
+
+77
+00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:08,220
+own way of writing about poetry. So, for
+
+78
+00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:10,900
+Wordsworth, poetry is about the day-to-day world,
+
+79
+00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,080
+about life, everyday life. For Coleridge, he
+
+80
+00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,400
+wanted to change. He wanted to do the opposite.
+
+81
+00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,720
+Sometimes, I'm not sure if you filmed this in The
+
+82
+00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:24,770
+Daffodils, I wandered lonely as a cloud where What
+
+83
+00:05:24,770 --> 00:05:28,130
+was, in a way, transfers us from the world of
+
+84
+00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:33,910
+simplicity, seeing a bunch of daffodils, to a
+
+85
+00:05:33,910 --> 00:05:37,030
+supernatural world where man and nature are one,
+
+86
+00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:41,350
+where man unites and melts with nature, where your
+
+87
+00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:45,890
+heart dances, chomps and dances with daffodils.
+
+88
+00:05:46,630 --> 00:05:51,160
+Okay? Now, Coleridge does the opposite. He creates
+
+89
+00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,480
+a supernatural world. You know supernatural world,
+
+90
+00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,960
+some sort of like a magical world, a world that
+
+91
+00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,580
+can't be true in real life. Just like imaginative?
+
+92
+00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:04,160
+Like imaginative. Literature generally, all
+
+93
+00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,180
+literature is fiction and imaginative. Some of it
+
+94
+00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:09,720
+is based on truth and facts. But sometimes, like
+
+95
+00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:13,870
+Harry Potter. In Harry Potter, Harry Potter, there
+
+96
+00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:17,870
+are witches and wizards. There's magic. People
+
+97
+00:06:17,870 --> 00:06:22,570
+fly. There are dragons. People fly on brooms. We
+
+98
+00:06:22,570 --> 00:06:25,550
+know that this is magical. But is Harry Potter
+
+99
+00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:29,930
+realistic? Yes, it is realistic because of two
+
+100
+00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:32,130
+things. Some people speak about something called
+
+101
+00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:35,640
+magical realism. Okay, that's something I'm not
+
+102
+00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:39,620
+interested in here. But people ask this question.
+
+103
+00:06:40,060 --> 00:06:44,300
+Is Harry Potter someone... How does he behave? How
+
+104
+00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:47,420
+does he speak? How does he react? Does he do this
+
+105
+00:06:47,420 --> 00:06:50,500
+similar to the way we do as human beings? Yes.
+
+106
+00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,970
+Even when you watch the Smurfs. It's not
+
+107
+00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:58,070
+realistic. It's cartoon, right? But sometimes you
+
+108
+00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:01,130
+feel sad. You feel you like somebody. You hate
+
+109
+00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:03,330
+somebody. You react to somebody. Their reaction,
+
+110
+00:07:03,450 --> 00:07:05,790
+how they love each other. So some people would
+
+111
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,350
+say, Harry Potter is realistic. We can't take the
+
+112
+00:07:09,350 --> 00:07:11,530
+magic as an allegory about the power of
+
+113
+00:07:11,530 --> 00:07:13,410
+resistance, the power of struggle. Some people
+
+114
+00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:18,500
+take the magic as the power of friendship. Because
+
+115
+00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:23,000
+of the friendship, you know, Hermione and Ron and
+
+116
+00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,740
+Harry, how they were always sticking together,
+
+117
+00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:29,420
+they managed to be victorious, to beat the evil,
+
+118
+00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:33,960
+making use of other friends around them. By the
+
+119
+00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:39,050
+way, many people say Harry Potter is a taboo. It's
+
+120
+00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,750
+funny because it's taboo, it's haram. You
+
+121
+00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:44,250
+shouldn't watch, it's forbidden. And it's funny
+
+122
+00:07:44,250 --> 00:07:46,950
+because some Muslims said this, some Jews said
+
+123
+00:07:46,950 --> 00:07:49,670
+this, some Christians said this. So there's
+
+124
+00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:51,750
+something that unite all three religions here.
+
+125
+00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:54,330
+Because those people say that Harry Potter is
+
+126
+00:07:54,330 --> 00:07:57,350
+about teaching magic. No, we know magic is not
+
+127
+00:07:57,350 --> 00:08:01,750
+real. Like, you know, there are people who do
+
+128
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:06,730
+stuff, tricks. But we take this as an allegory, as
+
+129
+00:08:06,730 --> 00:08:10,030
+a metaphor, something that goes beyond this. So
+
+130
+00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:13,330
+Harry Potter is realistic because you could have a
+
+131
+00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:15,730
+friend like Harry. It's not about being an orphan.
+
+132
+00:08:16,190 --> 00:08:18,970
+It's about how he feels, how he talks, how he
+
+133
+00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:21,670
+eats, how he studies. He's like a typical student
+
+134
+00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:24,730
+here, someone who hates studies sometimes,
+
+135
+00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:26,890
+sometimes who doesn't want to do exams, sometimes
+
+136
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:31,850
+who wants to fight in order to help his friends in
+
+137
+00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,100
+a way or another. Sometimes we watch... Cartoons
+
+138
+00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:38,380
+where the main characters are animals. In a way,
+
+139
+00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:43,040
+yeah, it's cartoon. It's not real. Cartoons don't
+
+140
+00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:45,680
+exist in real life. Animals don't talk in real
+
+141
+00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:50,820
+life. But do they teach us lessons? Do they teach
+
+142
+00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:54,300
+us morals? Do they influence us? In a way, yes.
+
+143
+00:08:54,990 --> 00:08:57,830
+Now, later on I'll speak about this probably, but
+
+144
+00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,430
+since I just mentioned it, Kohlreich mentioned in
+
+145
+00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:07,670
+his criticism something called suspension of
+
+146
+00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:08,990
+disbelief.
+
+147
+00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:16,590
+You know suspend? If the study is suspended, you
+
+148
+00:09:16,590 --> 00:09:20,090
+no longer go to classes. If someone is suspended
+
+149
+00:09:20,090 --> 00:09:22,430
+from university, you're not allowed to come attend
+
+150
+00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:27,080
+the classes. Okay, so suspense in the story you
+
+151
+00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:31,140
+have sometimes suspense where you wait for stuff.
+
+152
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,900
+Suspension of belief or disbelief is a term that
+
+153
+00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:38,480
+Coleridge came up with, very significant. Listen,
+
+154
+00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,210
+literature is not about everything that happens in
+
+155
+00:09:44,210 --> 00:09:47,430
+life. Every little tiny thing that happens in
+
+156
+00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:50,330
+life. Literature is about selecting, choosing
+
+157
+00:09:50,330 --> 00:09:53,270
+representative issues. When I write a short story
+
+158
+00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,790
+about someone, about myself, about people, I don't
+
+159
+00:09:56,790 --> 00:10:01,160
+write every little piece of detail. I just choose
+
+160
+00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:05,000
+things to represent them in a way or another, to
+
+161
+00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,800
+portray how they react, how they act in a
+
+162
+00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,080
+particular situation. Now, in literature and in
+
+163
+00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,280
+movies, sometimes we see things that we don't
+
+164
+00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,440
+believe. That is not logical. That doesn't make
+
+165
+00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,720
+sense. Like sometimes in Hollywood action movies,
+
+166
+00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:23,320
+sometimes we'd be carrying a gun and we'd be
+
+167
+00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,860
+shooting for five minutes. And sometimes some
+
+168
+00:10:25,860 --> 00:10:30,870
+people around us Hasn't he run out of bullets yet?
+
+169
+00:10:31,570 --> 00:10:35,170
+We ask this question. Sometimes we see somebody in
+
+170
+00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:39,390
+a plane or in a train, and people ask, but we
+
+171
+00:10:39,390 --> 00:10:41,690
+didn't see him or her buy a ticket. How did he
+
+172
+00:10:41,690 --> 00:10:44,730
+manage to get through, right? And I have this
+
+173
+00:10:44,730 --> 00:10:47,930
+funny question. Someone, he was joking, of course.
+
+174
+00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:50,610
+He was like, I wonder why in movies sometimes
+
+175
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:55,460
+people don't eat. Unless it's about eating. So I
+
+176
+00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,260
+laughed and I remembered Coleridge. Because
+
+177
+00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:59,800
+Coleridge tells us that there's something we need
+
+178
+00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,900
+to do here. We need to suspend our disbelief or
+
+179
+00:11:02,900 --> 00:11:05,620
+our belief. What does it mean? It means we need to
+
+180
+00:11:05,620 --> 00:11:09,260
+stop being logical. We need to stop being
+
+181
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:17,100
+rational. So suspend your disbelief and follow the
+
+182
+00:11:17,100 --> 00:11:21,960
+plot and see what is behind, what is beyond the
+
+183
+00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,140
+plot because literature can't tell us everything.
+
+184
+00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,460
+Meaning you need to assume that it could have
+
+185
+00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:30,820
+happened in the cuts, in the shots. So if somebody
+
+186
+00:11:30,820 --> 00:11:33,300
+is shooting and the camera goes to the other
+
+187
+00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:36,680
+direction, I need to assume that he changed the
+
+188
+00:11:36,680 --> 00:11:40,400
+magazine in a way or another. If somebody doesn't
+
+189
+00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,760
+eat in the whole movie because
+
+190
+00:11:45,970 --> 00:11:48,870
+The producer here is only selecting parts where
+
+191
+00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:51,370
+he's at work, where he's doing other stuff other
+
+192
+00:11:51,370 --> 00:11:54,490
+than. It doesn't mean they just are fasting all
+
+193
+00:11:54,490 --> 00:11:56,690
+the time. You don't have to stop at everything.
+
+194
+00:11:56,830 --> 00:11:59,110
+Exactly, because that would be boring. It means
+
+195
+00:11:59,110 --> 00:12:01,370
+you will need to watch a movie that goes on for
+
+196
+00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:03,790
+five years or ten years or fifty years. You can't.
+
+197
+00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:06,470
+Can you watch a movie for fifty years or two years
+
+198
+00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:12,550
+or two months? No. It would be real life. And
+
+199
+00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:15,750
+literature is not about 100% real life. It's about
+
+200
+00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:19,050
+selecting things from real life. So the most
+
+201
+00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:21,370
+significant thing about Coleridge being different
+
+202
+00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:26,060
+is that he was interested in the super Natural.
+
+203
+00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:29,580
+The supernatural in the sense that he takes us
+
+204
+00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:34,440
+from a creative, imaginative world to the real
+
+205
+00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,880
+world in real life. I'll give you an example here
+
+206
+00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:39,940
+to make this clearer.
+
+207
+00:12:42,340 --> 00:12:44,820
+But before I do that, when I talk about The Rime
+
+208
+00:12:44,820 --> 00:12:46,820
+of the Ancient Mariner, there are two other texts
+
+209
+00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:50,480
+written by Coleridge. Really interesting. Some of
+
+210
+00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,660
+his texts are fragments. Listen. Coleridge was an
+
+211
+00:12:53,660 --> 00:12:57,380
+amazing critic. and an amazing poet at the same
+
+212
+00:12:57,380 --> 00:12:59,880
+time. But his problem is that he had a drug
+
+213
+00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,540
+problem. He was an opium addict. You know drug
+
+214
+00:13:03,540 --> 00:13:07,440
+addict? A drug addict? So he was addicted to
+
+215
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,990
+drugs, to opium. So sometimes he would be writing
+
+216
+00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:13,670
+an article or writing a poem, and somewhere in the
+
+217
+00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:16,430
+middle, he would just, you know, go high, feel
+
+218
+00:13:16,430 --> 00:13:20,650
+like take some drugs, and he would just be high.
+
+219
+00:13:20,950 --> 00:13:23,650
+And then he would stop doing it. Many people say
+
+220
+00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:25,790
+this is sad because he could have been an amazing,
+
+221
+00:13:26,610 --> 00:13:29,750
+comprehensive, profound critic. And some people
+
+222
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:32,250
+say, no, probably if it is because of the drugs,
+
+223
+00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:36,310
+we have the amazing stuff we have here. He's
+
+224
+00:13:36,310 --> 00:13:41,740
+Cristobal and Kubla Khan. Qubla Khan, where he
+
+225
+00:13:41,740 --> 00:13:45,590
+creates symbolic. Again, imaginative world. When
+
+226
+00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:50,050
+you read Kubla Khan, oh, he literally creates a
+
+227
+00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:54,650
+new world in a way similar but on a smaller scale
+
+228
+00:13:54,650 --> 00:13:58,690
+to the world that, what's her name, J.K. Rowling
+
+229
+00:13:58,690 --> 00:14:01,890
+creates in Harry Potter. Sometimes you feel like,
+
+230
+00:14:01,950 --> 00:14:04,510
+oh, my God, this J.K. Rowling is crazy. How can
+
+231
+00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,290
+she imagine this whole world with the minute
+
+232
+00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:10,110
+details? And that's the power of imagination we
+
+233
+00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:14,650
+have here. Kublai Khan is about a creative
+
+234
+00:14:14,650 --> 00:14:18,510
+imaginative world, imagination, which Coleridge
+
+235
+00:14:18,510 --> 00:14:21,190
+considers the most powerful of all human senses.
+
+236
+00:14:21,330 --> 00:14:24,330
+What is the most important sense of all for the
+
+237
+00:14:24,330 --> 00:14:27,210
+romantics in general, for Coleridge in particular?
+
+238
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:30,710
+Imagination, which is a romantic feature. The
+
+239
+00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:35,690
+power of imagination. The power of imagination. In
+
+240
+00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:39,520
+Christabel here, The poem, in the poem, he's
+
+241
+00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:44,520
+trying to search for a fuller meaning in life. In
+
+242
+00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:47,300
+a way, this is different from William Wood's work.
+
+243
+00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:52,240
+But the sad thing is that the poem is incomplete.
+
+244
+00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,320
+So some people say, ugh, this is a fragment. He
+
+245
+00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,820
+should have completed it. But some people say, no.
+
+246
+00:15:00,860 --> 00:15:03,900
+It's not about open-ended. It's just abruptly cut
+
+247
+00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:09,310
+short somewhere. In a way, The form, the structure
+
+248
+00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:12,510
+of the text is part of the meaning. In a way, he's
+
+249
+00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:15,590
+saying that you can't find full meaning. You can't
+
+250
+00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:19,770
+find, like when you search for fuller meaning and
+
+251
+00:15:19,770 --> 00:15:22,810
+understanding of life, you can't have that. You
+
+252
+00:15:22,810 --> 00:15:26,550
+can never have that. And his poem being a
+
+253
+00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:29,250
+fragment, it's like when someone says, if you
+
+254
+00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:34,430
+study hard, and just stops there. That's a
+
+255
+00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:39,790
+fragment, right? So you keep like, okay, what's
+
+256
+00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:41,690
+going to happen? If I study hard, what are you
+
+257
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:43,230
+going to do? Are you going to give us bonus? Are
+
+258
+00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:45,470
+you going to give us more marks? Are you going to
+
+259
+00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:49,610
+do another exam? What? And I just stop. Makes you
+
+260
+00:15:49,610 --> 00:15:54,060
+think, right? But it also probably creates some
+
+261
+00:15:54,060 --> 00:15:59,120
+sort of suspense, a world where you can't find an
+
+262
+00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,540
+ending to what you're looking for. And this is
+
+263
+00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:05,620
+life. Life throughout all our lives, we try to
+
+264
+00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:08,440
+search for meanings, right? For happiness. for
+
+265
+00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:13,040
+pleasure, for a purpose in our lives. And we keep
+
+266
+00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,800
+working and studying and working and making money
+
+267
+00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,360
+sometimes and making friends and having family.
+
+268
+00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:24,000
+And we grow old and sometimes we can't, we don't
+
+269
+00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,180
+feel that we really understand life or we really,
+
+270
+00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:33,040
+really have a full understanding of our own lives
+
+271
+00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,600
+at least. It's always incomplete. Like you said,
+
+272
+00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:39,780
+it's like an open-ended story. There's always more
+
+273
+00:16:39,780 --> 00:16:44,480
+to life. So he does this in his poems where he
+
+274
+00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,180
+generally goes to the medieval form of verse and
+
+275
+00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:52,000
+medieval settings. You know why? The romantics, I
+
+276
+00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:58,020
+guess I said this before, they try to skip the Age
+
+277
+00:16:58,020 --> 00:17:01,380
+of Reason. They try to skip the Augustan Age and
+
+278
+00:17:01,380 --> 00:17:04,420
+even the Elizabethan Age for many reasons and they
+
+279
+00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:06,460
+go back to the medieval ages. They take their
+
+280
+00:17:06,460 --> 00:17:09,600
+sittings and even their language and their style
+
+281
+00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,400
+because for them that was a very creative, very
+
+282
+00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,240
+imaginative world to go back. to go back to. But
+
+283
+00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,660
+again, the most important text, it's the longest
+
+284
+00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:24,340
+text by William, sorry, Samuel Coleridge. It's The
+
+285
+00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:28,040
+Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Very important, very
+
+286
+00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,800
+beautiful poem. I encourage you to go to YouTube
+
+287
+00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:32,860
+today and just Google The Rime of the Ancient
+
+288
+00:17:32,860 --> 00:17:38,300
+Mariner and enjoy the poem. The rhyme means song.
+
+289
+00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,470
+Mariner is a sailor. Doraemon and Angel Mariner.
+
+290
+00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:47,190
+Now it tells a story about a group of people,
+
+291
+00:17:47,450 --> 00:17:53,010
+about 200 people, who went to sea in a ship, and
+
+292
+00:17:53,010 --> 00:17:56,130
+they were just mariners, fishermen or something.
+
+293
+00:17:59,410 --> 00:18:02,710
+Now those people, again nature, right? Nature.
+
+294
+00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,070
+Those people get lost. And they are guided to the
+
+295
+00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:14,620
+right path by a bird. A white bird, a white sea
+
+296
+00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,140
+bird, it's called the albatross.
+
+297
+00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,000
+Not sure if this is originally an Arabic name. The
+
+298
+00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,930
+albatross, it's not There's the seagull. You know
+
+299
+00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:27,590
+the seagull we have here in Gaza? The seagull,
+
+300
+00:18:28,090 --> 00:18:31,370
+Nowras. This is Qatras. It's translated into
+
+301
+00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:34,710
+Qatras. It's huge. It's bigger than the seagull.
+
+302
+00:18:34,770 --> 00:18:37,430
+Not sure if they are the same species. The huge
+
+303
+00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:42,570
+white bird, it comes in a way it guides them to
+
+304
+00:18:42,570 --> 00:18:46,710
+safety. And they were like, oh. Because it saves
+
+305
+00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:48,670
+them in a way. It rescues them. They were like,
+
+306
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:54,130
+oh. That's an amazing bird. Thank you. But then
+
+307
+00:18:54,130 --> 00:18:59,750
+later on, one of the mariners, this ancient
+
+308
+00:18:59,750 --> 00:19:07,210
+mariner, shoots and kills the albatross. Just
+
+309
+00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:10,830
+kills the bird for no apparent reason. Stupid,
+
+310
+00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:14,460
+because man is foolish, right? And at the
+
+311
+00:19:14,460 --> 00:19:16,160
+beginning, his friends were, like, a little bit
+
+312
+00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,000
+angry. Nothing happens. And they were like, okay.
+
+313
+00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:22,920
+So they let it happen. No one punished him. No
+
+314
+00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:26,040
+one, you know, at least, you know, like,
+
+315
+00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:29,940
+reprimanded, rebuked him or did something to him.
+
+316
+00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:33,560
+And because of that, in a way, nature takes
+
+317
+00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:39,540
+revenge. The wind stops. The sun stops. The waves
+
+318
+00:19:39,540 --> 00:19:44,540
+stop. And the ship can't move. And they were lost.
+
+319
+00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:47,440
+They couldn't go home. They couldn't move. There
+
+320
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,580
+was no water to drink. Nothing. They were, again,
+
+321
+00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:54,820
+being punished by nature for violating, destroying
+
+322
+00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:57,340
+this natural element. We know in real life this
+
+323
+00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:58,980
+doesn't happen. This is what is meant by
+
+324
+00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,080
+supernatural. When you kill a bird, it's wrong.
+
+325
+00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,920
+It's horrible. Don't do this. But nothing happens.
+
+326
+00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:09,040
+Nature doesn't react like a cat reacts to you when
+
+327
+00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,500
+you cut a tree. It's horrible to nature. Don't do
+
+328
+00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:16,630
+it. But the wind is not going to stop. The sun is
+
+329
+00:20:16,630 --> 00:20:20,530
+not going to stop. But this is the supernatural
+
+330
+00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:27,290
+world of Coleridge here. Now, one by one, all the
+
+331
+00:20:27,290 --> 00:20:31,710
+sailors in the ship die in a very graphic way. The
+
+332
+00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:33,770
+description in the poem is really very graphic.
+
+333
+00:20:33,870 --> 00:20:36,510
+This is punishment for the mariner himself. Now,
+
+334
+00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:40,770
+he wishes he were dead here in a way, but he can't
+
+335
+00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:45,740
+even die. Very tough thing. When you wish to die
+
+336
+00:20:45,740 --> 00:20:48,840
+and you can't, it's a horrible feeling here. The
+
+337
+00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,080
+punishment for him is to be alive and to witness
+
+338
+00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:56,780
+every one of his friends die in front of him. And
+
+339
+00:20:56,780 --> 00:21:00,020
+it goes on the poem. And later on, he starts the
+
+340
+00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:02,880
+mariner, the ancient mariner, starts to appreciate
+
+341
+00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,920
+little life. Starts to see certain creatures, and
+
+342
+00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,920
+he sort of appreciates them, looks at them
+
+343
+00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:14,380
+differently. Remember when he killed the
+
+344
+00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:17,420
+albatross? He just was like, this is
+
+345
+00:21:17,420 --> 00:21:21,120
+insignificant. As a bird, it's insignificant. But
+
+346
+00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:23,220
+now he started to appreciate the little things,
+
+347
+00:21:23,340 --> 00:21:28,600
+the birds, the fish, the animals. And before this
+
+348
+00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,740
+happened, I have to say this because it's
+
+349
+00:21:30,740 --> 00:21:36,380
+significant. Before his friends died one by one,
+
+350
+00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:41,120
+they put the albatross around his neck. And it's
+
+351
+00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,260
+now, by the way, a famous idiom in English. When
+
+352
+00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:46,760
+you say something is an albatross around my neck
+
+353
+00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:50,340
+or his neck or her neck, it's like a curse. Like
+
+354
+00:21:50,340 --> 00:21:55,020
+you can't do it. For example, you You do something
+
+355
+00:21:55,020 --> 00:21:57,400
+wrong, something horrible, and you say, for
+
+356
+00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,860
+example, this is an albatross around my neck. You
+
+357
+00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:02,000
+don't study for a course. You don't get a high
+
+358
+00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,420
+score. So you say, this course, you feel guilty.
+
+359
+00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:08,240
+You feel it's like a curse that is chasing you
+
+360
+00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,380
+everywhere. So it's an albatross around the neck.
+
+361
+00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:15,010
+When he starts to appreciate nature, The albatross
+
+362
+00:22:15,010 --> 00:22:19,810
+falls and in a way he goes back to where he came
+
+363
+00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:24,630
+from. He doesn't die. He was saved. Why doesn't
+
+364
+00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:25,570
+Coleridge kill him?
+
+365
+00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:32,160
+He learns the lesson. If he dies, the whole story
+
+366
+00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:34,580
+is going to die. The whole tale is going to die
+
+367
+00:22:34,580 --> 00:22:37,300
+with him. And this is literature. The moral is
+
+368
+00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,180
+that literature is the moral, the lesson itself,
+
+369
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,220
+the story itself. Now his punishment, he's
+
+370
+00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:45,620
+punished here severely. But part of his
+
+371
+00:22:45,620 --> 00:22:49,280
+redemption, how to cleanse himself, to heal
+
+372
+00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,960
+himself, is to tell the story to everyone, to the
+
+373
+00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:57,010
+people around him, the people in town. So how does
+
+374
+00:22:57,010 --> 00:23:00,670
+the poem begin? Actually, the poem begins from the
+
+375
+00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:04,270
+end or in the middle, in media stress. We spoke
+
+376
+00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:08,460
+about this probably before. So he meets three
+
+377
+00:23:08,460 --> 00:23:11,600
+wedding guests, people going to a wedding. You
+
+378
+00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,540
+know, when you are going to a wedding to
+
+379
+00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:16,040
+celebrate, probably there's food and stuff,
+
+380
+00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:19,300
+celebrations, festive mood. And he was like, wait,
+
+381
+00:23:19,420 --> 00:23:21,720
+I'm going to tell you a story. And he's very old
+
+382
+00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:24,120
+with his beard and everything, and very
+
+383
+00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:26,460
+frightening. And the people are like, get out with
+
+384
+00:23:26,460 --> 00:23:28,260
+your bright eyes. We don't want to talk to you.
+
+385
+00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:33,720
+And he just kind of holds one of the guests, and
+
+386
+00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:39,040
+he physically makes this wedding guest listen to
+
+387
+00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,040
+his story. At the beginning, he doesn't want to.
+
+388
+00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:43,900
+He was reluctant. But later on, he was inspired
+
+389
+00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:48,220
+and attracted by the story. He was, wow, what a
+
+390
+00:23:48,220 --> 00:23:52,640
+lesson this is. Did a flashback? Yeah, he starts
+
+391
+00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:57,520
+by using flashback narrating the story, narrating
+
+392
+00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:03,240
+the story to the wedding, the guest here. Now, at
+
+393
+00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,540
+the end of the story, what happens is that they
+
+394
+00:24:05,540 --> 00:24:12,170
+both become sadder and wiser. Sad because we do a
+
+395
+00:24:12,170 --> 00:24:14,550
+lot of horrible things to ourselves, to people, to
+
+396
+00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:17,930
+nature, right? If I teach you how to respect
+
+397
+00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:20,030
+nature, how to love nature, how to appreciate
+
+398
+00:24:20,030 --> 00:24:22,770
+nature, you will feel guilty in a way. And if you
+
+399
+00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:26,870
+feel guilty and stop doing the pollution, throwing
+
+400
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,250
+rubbish here or there, to say the least, you're
+
+401
+00:24:30,250 --> 00:24:32,710
+going to become wiser and better. And literature
+
+402
+00:24:32,710 --> 00:24:35,050
+makes you wiser and better. Nature makes you
+
+403
+00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:39,010
+wiser. So Mother Nature is the best teacher here.
+
+404
+00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:46,060
+This is a romantic feature in this text. So let's
+
+405
+00:24:46,060 --> 00:24:49,560
+see how the text goes. You extract from the text.
+
+406
+00:24:51,860 --> 00:24:56,520
+Read, please. The rhyme of Agent Mariner. Day
+
+407
+00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,580
+after day, day after day, we stuck nor breathe nor
+
+408
+00:25:00,580 --> 00:25:04,800
+motion. Nor breath. Nor breath nor motion. As idle
+
+409
+00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:10,580
+as a printed chip upon Painted ship. Upon a
+
+410
+00:25:10,580 --> 00:25:13,880
+painted ocean, water, water everywhere, and all
+
+411
+00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:18,140
+the boards did shrink. Water, water everywhere,
+
+412
+00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:21,860
+nor any drops shrink. Yes. Okay. One more, please.
+
+413
+00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:27,660
+Day after day, day after day, we start no rain, no
+
+414
+00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:30,920
+emission. At the end of the end, a painted ship.
+
+415
+00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,590
+Upon a painted ocean. Upon a painted ocean. Water,
+
+416
+00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:41,390
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+417
+00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:44,830
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+418
+00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:47,830
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+419
+00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:48,630
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+420
+00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:50,030
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+421
+00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:50,730
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+422
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+423
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:51,010
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+424
+00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,570
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+425
+00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,730
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+426
+00:25:51,730 --> 00:25:52,050
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+427
+00:25:52,330 --> 00:25:58,650
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+428
+00:25:59,510 --> 00:26:03,330
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+429
+00:26:03,850 --> 00:26:06,760
+Water, And in many ways, he doesn't follow one
+
+430
+00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,780
+particular structure. Sometimes he uses stanzas of
+
+431
+00:26:08,780 --> 00:26:12,060
+six lines, five lines. The rhyme scheme is not the
+
+432
+00:26:12,060 --> 00:26:19,120
+same. It's not. So here, they A, B, C. Ocean,
+
+433
+00:26:19,540 --> 00:26:24,580
+motion, same. Okay, A, B, C, B. Motion, ocean.
+
+434
+00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:29,540
+Okay, schwa, schwa, and in. A, B, A, B. It doesn't
+
+435
+00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:32,280
+follow the rules, the strict rules of classical
+
+436
+00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:38,400
+poetry writing, et cetera. But look at this, the
+
+437
+00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,500
+beauty, the repetition, the simplicity, the
+
+438
+00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:45,400
+emotions here. Day after day, day after day. This
+
+439
+00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,660
+is a narrative story, by the way, a narrative
+
+440
+00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:52,930
+poem. It tells a story. We stuck. No breath, no
+
+441
+00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:55,350
+motion. We couldn't move. We were stuck somewhere.
+
+442
+00:26:55,910 --> 00:26:58,010
+As ideal as a painted chip. And this is one of the
+
+443
+00:26:58,010 --> 00:27:00,950
+most amazing similes. Remember the similes here?
+
+444
+00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:04,610
+When you liken something, like or as. He could
+
+445
+00:27:04,610 --> 00:27:07,830
+have stopped here. As ideal as a painted chip.
+
+446
+00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,660
+Ideal like something that doesn't move. If someone
+
+447
+00:27:13,660 --> 00:27:15,980
+stays at home, doesn't have a job, doesn't want to
+
+448
+00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:19,360
+work, we describe him or her as ideal, okay? But
+
+449
+00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:23,680
+he goes further to upon a tainted ocean. It's not
+
+450
+00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:27,860
+only like everything is still, nothing moves.
+
+451
+00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:31,850
+That's nature punishing them. Water, water
+
+452
+00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:34,930
+everywhere. And all the boards shrink. Generally,
+
+453
+00:27:35,490 --> 00:27:38,190
+when there's water, the boards don't shrink. The
+
+454
+00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:41,010
+wood doesn't shrink. It expands more or less. But
+
+455
+00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,050
+here, everything is turned upside down. Water,
+
+456
+00:27:44,210 --> 00:27:47,630
+water everywhere. Nor any drop to drink. This is
+
+457
+00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:50,490
+ironic. Could be. Because there's water all over
+
+458
+00:27:50,490 --> 00:27:53,090
+the place. Some people might say, no, this is not
+
+459
+00:27:53,090 --> 00:27:57,470
+ironic, because we don't drink the sea water. It's
+
+460
+00:27:57,470 --> 00:28:01,070
+salty. But in a way, there is this thing, water.
+
+461
+00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:05,310
+This is nature. Sometimes if you destroy nature,
+
+462
+00:28:05,430 --> 00:28:09,010
+violate nature, nature is going to take the most
+
+463
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:12,350
+important, significant thing you have as people.
+
+464
+00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:18,690
+So there is water, but it's polluted. There is
+
+465
+00:28:18,690 --> 00:28:21,670
+air, but it's polluted. Soil, polluted. Food,
+
+466
+00:28:22,030 --> 00:28:25,350
+polluted. Water, water everywhere. And all the
+
+467
+00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:29,110
+boats did shrink. Water, water everywhere. Nor any
+
+468
+00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:32,790
+drop. to drink. This could happen in Ramadan. So
+
+469
+00:28:32,790 --> 00:28:37,070
+maybe I see at 6 a.m. first day of Ramadan, she
+
+470
+00:28:37,070 --> 00:28:40,810
+would be waking up like water, water everywhere.
+
+471
+00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:47,290
+Nor any drop to drink. By the way, this is also
+
+472
+00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,190
+about global warming and climate change. This is a
+
+473
+00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,230
+romance. This is how poetry starts everything. And
+
+474
+00:28:55,230 --> 00:29:01,200
+finally, in the At the end of the poem, this is
+
+475
+00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,840
+the third stanza from the bottom. This is the
+
+476
+00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:04,840
+moral lesson here.
+
+477
+00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,700
+He prays best who loves best, all things both
+
+478
+00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,580
+great and small, for the dear God who loves us he
+
+479
+00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:24,700
+made and loves us all. Some people say this is
+
+480
+00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,160
+about Christianity. I don't think it is pure
+
+481
+00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,270
+religious poem. It's a romantic poem because for
+
+482
+00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:34,830
+people, nature is religion. In a way, nature is
+
+483
+00:29:34,830 --> 00:29:37,650
+God for the romantics because they worship, they
+
+484
+00:29:37,650 --> 00:29:41,790
+adore nature. In the text here, there is the other
+
+485
+00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:44,710
+actually stance that says, he breathes well who
+
+486
+00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:51,770
+loves well both man, bird, and beast. He breathes
+
+487
+00:29:51,770 --> 00:29:56,440
+best who loves best all things both great and and
+
+488
+00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,600
+small. That's the moral. You need to love all and
+
+489
+00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,600
+everything. And that's our friend Coleridge.
+
+490
+00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:07,900
+Really interesting. Please have time, if not now,
+
+491
+00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,840
+in the summer break, read his poetry, especially
+
+492
+00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,660
+this one. Really, really cool. I'll post a video
+
+493
+00:30:13,660 --> 00:30:17,700
+on the Facebook group tonight. But you're not
+
+494
+00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:19,700
+required to do more than this. This is an
+
+495
+00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,260
+introduction course, so we're just taking bits and
+
+496
+00:30:22,260 --> 00:30:26,730
+pieces. And by the way, listen, this is funny.
+
+497
+00:30:26,970 --> 00:30:31,590
+William Wordsworth did not like this poem. Go read
+
+498
+00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:33,330
+more about this. But he didn't like it. He didn't
+
+499
+00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:35,950
+like the marina. He didn't like the text in many
+
+500
+00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:39,110
+ways. But he was like, when we publish another
+
+501
+00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:41,990
+book, I'll take it out. But he couldn't. The
+
+502
+00:30:41,990 --> 00:30:44,850
+second book, the second edition, it was also
+
+503
+00:30:44,850 --> 00:30:48,850
+there. But he did not like it. Coleridge. One
+
+504
+00:30:48,850 --> 00:30:51,050
+thing I like about Coleridge is that he was one of
+
+505
+00:30:51,050 --> 00:30:54,020
+the early critics who praised John Donne. And this
+
+506
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,780
+is not surprising, by the way. Because in a way,
+
+507
+00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,360
+remember, the metaphysical and the dramatics share
+
+508
+00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:02,360
+some common features. He didn't follow all the
+
+509
+00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,280
+rules. Yeah, sure. Like John did. Yeah, in a way.
+
+510
+00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,020
+So with Google, we can know the reason? Yeah, do
+
+511
+00:31:11,020 --> 00:31:14,580
+that. That means that, you know. Yeah, yeah. But
+
+512
+00:31:14,580 --> 00:31:16,940
+sometimes I don't have, sometimes I find myself
+
+513
+00:31:16,940 --> 00:31:20,290
+chained. Because I want to say a lot of things,
+
+514
+00:31:20,390 --> 00:31:22,530
+but at the same time, I don't want to say a lot of
+
+515
+00:31:22,530 --> 00:31:24,230
+things, because this is an introduction course.
+
+516
+00:31:25,690 --> 00:31:28,510
+But this is to inspire you. This is to make you
+
+517
+00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:31,030
+love texts, love literature, love certain poetry,
+
+518
+00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:36,090
+and to go do more reading. OK. So this is John
+
+519
+00:31:36,090 --> 00:31:41,350
+Keats. We'll do something about Keats here.
+
+520
+00:31:41,390 --> 00:31:48,280
+Listen. OK, everyone? Let's go to Keats. Now,
+
+521
+00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,180
+after William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge, we
+
+522
+00:31:52,180 --> 00:31:54,660
+have what we call the younger generation, the
+
+523
+00:31:54,660 --> 00:31:57,140
+second generation of the romantics, and Keats is
+
+524
+00:31:57,140 --> 00:32:02,380
+one of them. Many people love Keats and appreciate
+
+525
+00:32:02,380 --> 00:32:05,700
+him and love his poetry because he died very
+
+526
+00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:08,780
+young. He was only 25 when he died young.
+
+527
+00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,080
+Remember? Many people died young, and it was like
+
+528
+00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:16,700
+it gives them this image about prophets, like
+
+529
+00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,020
+perfect people, as if they are fictional
+
+530
+00:32:19,020 --> 00:32:23,160
+characters, perfect fictional characters. But
+
+531
+00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,740
+actually, his poetry is beautiful. His poetry is
+
+532
+00:32:26,740 --> 00:32:30,320
+lively. His poetry is unique in many ways. It's
+
+533
+00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,720
+romantic, but it's unique in many ways. Of course,
+
+534
+00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,340
+he was inspired by Coleridge and Wordsworth, but
+
+535
+00:32:36,340 --> 00:32:40,420
+he was closer to Coleridge in a sense. than to
+
+536
+00:32:40,420 --> 00:32:43,180
+Wordsworth. We see how he is interested in, for
+
+537
+00:32:43,180 --> 00:32:47,480
+example, the mythical, classical, and medieval
+
+538
+00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:49,760
+backgrounds, how he was interested in the
+
+539
+00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,760
+supernatural rather than the natural, still
+
+540
+00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,420
+aromatic, and how some of his poetry is even
+
+541
+00:32:57,420 --> 00:33:02,120
+incomplete. So some of his poems remain fragments,
+
+542
+00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,600
+in fragments. So there are similarities between
+
+543
+00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,220
+Keats and...
+
+544
+00:33:08,090 --> 00:33:12,370
+And Coleridge. Now, Keats, if you want to remember
+
+545
+00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:16,010
+Keats, remember him as someone who was seeking
+
+546
+00:33:16,010 --> 00:33:20,930
+truth and beauty all his life. Again, in a way
+
+547
+00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,770
+like Coleridge, he was seeking for a fuller
+
+548
+00:33:23,770 --> 00:33:28,890
+meaning of life. In his poetry, you always find
+
+549
+00:33:28,890 --> 00:33:33,830
+this urgency to find truth, to find meaning, to
+
+550
+00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:37,170
+make sense of life. Because remember Shakespeare
+
+551
+00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:40,210
+was fascinated, obsessed with time, because time
+
+552
+00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:43,530
+was destructive. It kills all, every fear from
+
+553
+00:33:43,530 --> 00:33:47,290
+fear sometimes declines. Also Keats, in many ways,
+
+554
+00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:51,350
+he was obsessed with this. He was in a particular
+
+555
+00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:55,230
+trek or journey to find meaning, to give meaning,
+
+556
+00:33:55,330 --> 00:33:57,810
+to give more meaning or more truth to his life.
+
+557
+00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,220
+And sadly, he was, I think he drowned. Was it he
+
+558
+00:34:02,220 --> 00:34:04,300
+or Shelly? Was it he or Shelly who drowned? I
+
+559
+00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,840
+don't know. But he died very young, 25. And that's
+
+560
+00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:10,720
+very paradoxical. It's very sad when people are
+
+561
+00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:13,380
+interested in something. It's like when someone
+
+562
+00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,980
+who loves, adores kids very much, and then they
+
+563
+00:34:15,980 --> 00:34:19,980
+don't have kids. You feel sorry for them. So this
+
+564
+00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:23,020
+man wanted to give a lot of meaning to his life.
+
+565
+00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,940
+And paradoxically, this is one reason why a lot of
+
+566
+00:34:27,940 --> 00:34:29,980
+people love his poetry, read his poetry, do
+
+567
+00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:34,300
+research on his poetry in a way or another. So his
+
+568
+00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:39,980
+themes are focused on the search for... there is
+
+569
+00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:43,520
+this struggle, the search for beauty, for truth,
+
+570
+00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:47,160
+for happiness, for permanence, in a way for
+
+571
+00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:51,640
+immortality. You know immortality? Immortality,
+
+572
+00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,400
+like al-khlut, to live forever. Sadly, he died,
+
+573
+00:34:56,140 --> 00:34:58,580
+but because of poetry and literature, he lives
+
+574
+00:34:58,580 --> 00:35:03,240
+forever. Now, almost 200 years later, we study it,
+
+575
+00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,740
+we praise him, we appreciate him. We say good
+
+576
+00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:12,140
+things about him. Okay? So he is always doing this
+
+577
+00:35:12,140 --> 00:35:16,760
+search, seeking truth, seeking beauty. And where
+
+578
+00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,120
+does he find beauty and truth? Can you tell?
+
+579
+00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:28,040
+Nature in pottery. For him, pottery is truth.
+
+580
+00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,080
+Pottery, or not only pottery, but artistic
+
+581
+00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,540
+creation, like paintings, like sculptures,
+
+582
+00:35:35,940 --> 00:35:40,690
+anything that is art. Because, listen, What is
+
+583
+00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:42,510
+art? What is poetry? What is literature? Generally
+
+584
+00:35:42,510 --> 00:35:46,770
+about the best of us, in a way, the best of our
+
+585
+00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:49,130
+surroundings. Even if it is a tragedy or a sad
+
+586
+00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:51,710
+story, we pick the best. When you write a story,
+
+587
+00:35:51,790 --> 00:35:53,350
+when you write something, you want to write the
+
+588
+00:35:53,350 --> 00:35:57,850
+best possible piece or to paint. When you do a
+
+589
+00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:00,770
+painting, you don't say, I want to paint a bad
+
+590
+00:36:00,770 --> 00:36:04,210
+painting. because you want to express yourself in
+
+591
+00:36:04,210 --> 00:36:06,870
+the best possible way, or to impress, or to reach
+
+592
+00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:10,010
+out to people in a way or another. So some of his
+
+593
+00:36:10,010 --> 00:36:13,510
+poetry, again, like I said, remains in fragments.
+
+594
+00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:18,010
+His major poems, like Ode to the Nightingale, or a
+
+595
+00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:21,850
+nightingale, you know nightingale? You know, bird?
+
+596
+00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:27,770
+And Ode to a Grecian An. The An means vase. Or
+
+597
+00:36:27,770 --> 00:36:30,030
+vase, two pronunciations. You know vase?
+
+598
+00:36:37,250 --> 00:36:42,750
+Yeah. Excellent drawing, right? One mark for you,
+
+599
+00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:49,750
+minus. So Keats here, he comes to the conclusion
+
+600
+00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:54,750
+that art, literature, artistic creation is the
+
+601
+00:36:54,750 --> 00:36:58,630
+best possible way to give meaning to our lives, to
+
+602
+00:36:58,630 --> 00:37:03,200
+give life to our lives. Because he says, beauty is
+
+603
+00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,180
+truth, and truth is beauty. We'll see this. So he
+
+604
+00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:08,980
+shows that art and artistic creation can make
+
+605
+00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:13,160
+things permanent. And he is right. Listen, you
+
+606
+00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,480
+could do many things, and people will forget you
+
+607
+00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,420
+as soon as you die, or 10 years, or 15 years, or
+
+608
+00:37:19,420 --> 00:37:24,620
+100 years after you die. But when you produce art,
+
+609
+00:37:24,780 --> 00:37:26,580
+when you are a painter, when you are an artist,
+
+610
+00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:29,890
+When you write poetry, when you write literature,
+
+611
+00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:33,670
+it will live forever and people will study it and
+
+612
+00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:35,730
+people will appreciate it because literature is
+
+613
+00:37:35,730 --> 00:37:39,650
+timeless. and universal. We're studying
+
+614
+00:37:39,650 --> 00:37:41,190
+Shakespeare here, and he died. We're studying
+
+615
+00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:44,810
+Beowulf, and the author died, right? A thousand
+
+616
+00:37:44,810 --> 00:37:48,150
+years ago or even more or less. And this is the
+
+617
+00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:50,150
+beauty of literature. We study literature written
+
+618
+00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:52,970
+by people of different colors, people of different
+
+619
+00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,890
+religions, backgrounds, and ethnicities,
+
+620
+00:37:54,970 --> 00:37:57,410
+everything. We still love the literature and
+
+621
+00:37:57,410 --> 00:38:00,550
+appreciate it. So this is where he finds beauty.
+
+622
+00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:05,570
+and meaning and truth in art, in literature. So he
+
+623
+00:38:05,570 --> 00:38:08,010
+believes that poetry can keep human feelings and
+
+624
+00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:13,830
+ideas alive and forever. And this is the extract
+
+625
+00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:16,850
+we need to study here. It's taken from an ode to a
+
+626
+00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:19,410
+Grecian urn, to the vase. And by the way, he's
+
+627
+00:38:19,410 --> 00:38:22,850
+talking directly to this artistic creation, to the
+
+628
+00:38:22,850 --> 00:38:25,730
+vase itself. Interesting dialogue, interesting
+
+629
+00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:28,070
+conversation. You usually talk to people, right?
+
+630
+00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:32,970
+But here, art... is the other part of the
+
+631
+00:38:32,970 --> 00:38:37,370
+dialogue. When old age shall this generation
+
+632
+00:38:37,370 --> 00:38:40,890
+waste? When I grow old and die, but sadly he
+
+633
+00:38:40,890 --> 00:38:44,750
+didn't grow old. He didn't grow old. Yeah? Sad. So
+
+634
+00:38:44,750 --> 00:38:46,750
+when you find this in his poetry, it's like when
+
+635
+00:38:46,750 --> 00:38:48,750
+someone says, when I get married and I have kids
+
+636
+00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:51,450
+and I have my job, but this person telling this
+
+637
+00:38:51,450 --> 00:38:55,420
+story is already dead. You're like, oh. So he
+
+638
+00:38:55,420 --> 00:38:58,700
+makes us feel this. He shakes our hearts so many
+
+639
+00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,660
+times when you read the poem. Thou shalt thou,
+
+640
+00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:07,220
+you, the urn, right? In midst of other war than
+
+641
+00:39:07,220 --> 00:39:11,720
+ours, a friend to man to whom thou sayest. So
+
+642
+00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:14,660
+who's saying this? Who's the speaker here? The urn
+
+643
+00:39:14,660 --> 00:39:18,110
+itself. What does the urn tell us? What does the
+
+644
+00:39:18,110 --> 00:39:22,490
+text teach us? What does poetry teach us? He's
+
+645
+00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,610
+saying if the poem speaks, it's going to say this.
+
+646
+00:39:25,790 --> 00:39:28,670
+If the vase has an artistic expression, artistic
+
+647
+00:39:28,670 --> 00:39:31,450
+creation, if it speaks, what is it going to tell
+
+648
+00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:36,750
+us? Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Beauty is
+
+649
+00:39:36,750 --> 00:39:42,690
+truth. Truth, beauty. Truth, beauty. Beauty is
+
+650
+00:39:42,690 --> 00:39:45,430
+truth. Truth, beauty. That is all. That's it.
+
+651
+00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:48,650
+That's what life is about as a romantic poet here.
+
+652
+00:39:49,770 --> 00:39:54,010
+That is all you know on Earth, and all you need to
+
+653
+00:39:54,010 --> 00:39:57,170
+know. Ye here, you. We have this before, like
+
+654
+00:39:57,170 --> 00:40:04,190
+gather ye buds, in the sense it was your. So what
+
+655
+00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:09,880
+is Keats here? This is a text from an ode, or ode
+
+656
+00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,020
+to a Grecian Anne by Jones. I know we have so many
+
+657
+00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:19,800
+Jones, so focus on the last name. Keats. Keats.
+
+658
+00:40:20,180 --> 00:40:22,860
+When you want to add possessive S to Keats, it
+
+659
+00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:31,140
+could be like this. You say, or two options. You
+
+660
+00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:34,900
+have two options. Keats's, this is a Keats's poem.
+
+661
+00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:41,080
+I prefer this. It's clearer, but this is correct.
+
+662
+00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,840
+So what is he doing here? This text has the
+
+663
+00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,460
+features of romanticism, a feature of William,
+
+664
+00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,280
+what's his name, John Keats in particular, where
+
+665
+00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:56,180
+art is the most significant expression of beauty
+
+666
+00:40:56,180 --> 00:40:59,630
+and truth. where poetry, where literature is
+
+667
+00:40:59,630 --> 00:41:03,990
+beauty, is truth. Where literature, where poetry,
+
+668
+00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:09,190
+where art gives us meaning and makes us live
+
+669
+00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:15,110
+forever and ever and ever. Because he died young,
+
+670
+00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:20,670
+he was for Allah. Even now, he is a symbol of
+
+671
+00:41:20,670 --> 00:41:26,050
+romanticism and romantic movement. I'll stop here
+
+672
+00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:30,970
+for Keats, but I have an extra text just for fun,
+
+673
+00:41:31,090 --> 00:41:36,130
+so to speak. Okay? This is an extra slide where
+
+674
+00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:41,310
+you have things I just mentioned, how in autumn,
+
+675
+00:41:41,450 --> 00:41:43,390
+again, he does the same thing about stressing
+
+676
+00:41:43,390 --> 00:41:47,910
+beauty and fullness of life and how he symbolizes
+
+677
+00:41:47,910 --> 00:41:51,110
+the romantic movement. Now, just two or three
+
+678
+00:41:51,110 --> 00:41:56,180
+minutes maximum. In this poem, I've just been
+
+679
+00:41:56,180 --> 00:41:58,800
+kidding with my colleague here, and I told her
+
+680
+00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:04,780
+that there is a ghost living in this poem. This
+
+681
+00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:08,740
+poem is haunting the readers. It has been haunting
+
+682
+00:42:08,740 --> 00:42:11,820
+readers for a long time. Let's see what it does to
+
+683
+00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:17,670
+us. The title is Not this hand or the living hand,
+
+684
+00:42:17,770 --> 00:42:22,070
+this. Like when someone says this, you just try to
+
+685
+00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:25,950
+look. He's performing the poem. He's saying, this
+
+686
+00:42:25,950 --> 00:42:29,970
+living hand, this living hand. In a way, he gives
+
+687
+00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:33,590
+us the impression that this is the hand. You can
+
+688
+00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,470
+touch it. You can feel it. Now warm and capable.
+
+689
+00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:40,190
+Now, in a way, I think he's writing the poem while
+
+690
+00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:43,840
+he's writing the poem. It's like when you have a
+
+691
+00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:48,580
+dream and you're dreaming in the dream. Okay? So
+
+692
+00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:55,040
+this hand, this hand, now warm and capable of
+
+693
+00:42:55,040 --> 00:43:00,380
+earnest grasping would, if it were cold, you know,
+
+694
+00:43:00,740 --> 00:43:06,140
+when a person dies, lifeless, it goes cold. And in
+
+695
+00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:13,310
+icy silence of the tomb, you know, grave, So haunt
+
+696
+00:43:13,310 --> 00:43:15,850
+thy days. It's going, now it's full of life. You
+
+697
+00:43:15,850 --> 00:43:18,470
+look at the hand, but when it is icy and cold,
+
+698
+00:43:18,610 --> 00:43:21,950
+it's haunting, you know, haunting, like terrorizes
+
+699
+00:43:21,950 --> 00:43:25,930
+you, scares you in a way. Thy days and chill thy
+
+700
+00:43:25,930 --> 00:43:27,850
+dreaming nights. If you see it in a dream, it's
+
+701
+00:43:27,850 --> 00:43:31,080
+going to be spooky, frightening. that thou would
+
+702
+00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:34,720
+wish thine own heart dry of blood. You would wish,
+
+703
+00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:37,000
+oh, my God, I don't want to see this scene. You
+
+704
+00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,580
+wish your own heart, you wish you were dead. You
+
+705
+00:43:40,580 --> 00:43:44,220
+don't want to see this scene. So in my veins, now
+
+706
+00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:47,200
+the veins, you know, where the blood goes, in my
+
+707
+00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:53,280
+veins, red life might stream again and again. How
+
+708
+00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:57,240
+can something come to life again after it's dead?
+
+709
+00:43:58,470 --> 00:44:04,930
+And thou be conscious, calmed. See here. Who's he
+
+710
+00:44:04,930 --> 00:44:08,690
+talking to? To us, to the readers, to the future
+
+711
+00:44:08,690 --> 00:44:13,650
+readers. See here. See, here it is. Here it is.
+
+712
+00:44:13,750 --> 00:44:16,330
+This is my hand. So it's someone like you
+
+713
+00:44:16,330 --> 00:44:20,230
+imagining the hand writing a text. And all of a
+
+714
+00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:22,510
+sudden, in the text, he tells you, see? Just like
+
+715
+00:44:22,510 --> 00:44:26,810
+sticking the hand outside. I hold it towards you.
+
+716
+00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:30,410
+Like this. I swear when I first read this poem, I
+
+717
+00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:35,050
+was like really indulged in the poem. I was like,
+
+718
+00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:39,030
+oh, because I was visualizing the text, seeing the
+
+719
+00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:41,110
+hand, feeling the hand, imagining the hand, and
+
+720
+00:44:41,110 --> 00:44:44,790
+feeling the, you know? And then when he says, here
+
+721
+00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:49,660
+it is. I hold it towards you. I was like. I feel
+
+722
+00:44:49,660 --> 00:44:52,740
+that the hand was literally physically sticking
+
+723
+00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:56,140
+out of the book, out of the text, and reaching out
+
+724
+00:44:56,140 --> 00:44:59,480
+to me. This is a fragment. It's an incomplete
+
+725
+00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,020
+poem. It does magic to... Go back home, try to
+
+726
+00:45:03,020 --> 00:45:06,740
+read it, and visualize what's going on. And Keats
+
+727
+00:45:06,740 --> 00:45:10,840
+does this all the time. Funny here. I don't think
+
+728
+00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,320
+funny is the right word, but this is a living
+
+729
+00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:20,270
+text. he's reaching to us 200 years later through
+
+730
+00:45:20,270 --> 00:45:24,910
+his poetry through his writing he's dead but his
+
+731
+00:45:24,910 --> 00:45:29,410
+poetry is living alive forever thank you very much
+
+732
+00:45:29,410 --> 00:45:34,970
+we stop here and next class we continue with Chile
+
+733
+00:45:34,970 --> 00:45:36,810
+first Chile and
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0c71e1de12c9b2058db16124a2dc517730173a82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/ui-czo71zSs_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2968 @@
+1
+00:00:21,190 --> 00:00:25,970
+Assalamualaikum. And as always, welcome back. It's
+
+2
+00:00:25,970 --> 00:00:28,510
+always nice to see you. Good to see you, everyone.
+
+3
+00:00:32,430 --> 00:00:37,610
+So last time, again, I usually like to go back to
+
+4
+00:00:37,610 --> 00:00:40,190
+last time and connect classes. Last time we had
+
+5
+00:00:41,460 --> 00:00:43,920
+William Wordsworth, one of the most interesting
+
+6
+00:00:43,920 --> 00:00:47,880
+poets of all time. And he is, in a way, the
+
+7
+00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:51,040
+founder, probably the co-founder of Romanticism as
+
+8
+00:00:51,040 --> 00:00:54,360
+a movement. In the lyrical ballads, which contains
+
+9
+00:00:54,360 --> 00:00:56,760
+poetry by Wordsworth and Coleridge,
+
+10
+00:01:00,450 --> 00:01:04,950
+Later on, they added something we refer to as the
+
+11
+00:01:04,950 --> 00:01:09,450
+preface, the introduction, in which they spoke
+
+12
+00:01:09,450 --> 00:01:12,730
+about poetry, what it means to write poetry, the
+
+13
+00:01:12,730 --> 00:01:14,910
+language, the subject matter, and the sensibility,
+
+14
+00:01:15,470 --> 00:01:17,710
+nature, and man, and individuality, and
+
+15
+00:01:17,710 --> 00:01:22,490
+everything. Now, words, words. Remember the
+
+16
+00:01:22,490 --> 00:01:24,270
+definition? Can someone remind me of the
+
+17
+00:01:24,270 --> 00:01:31,290
+definition? It is spontaneous overflow of powerful
+
+18
+00:01:31,290 --> 00:01:34,330
+emotions. Very good. This is half of the
+
+19
+00:01:34,330 --> 00:01:38,150
+definition. The spontaneous overflow of powerful
+
+20
+00:01:38,150 --> 00:01:44,150
+emotions recollected in tranquility and peace. The
+
+21
+00:01:44,150 --> 00:01:49,120
+language is The language of everyday man and
+
+22
+00:01:49,120 --> 00:01:51,100
+woman, of course. Don't feel offended, okay?
+
+23
+00:01:51,560 --> 00:01:55,220
+Unless you have to. And the subject matters.
+
+24
+00:01:56,680 --> 00:02:00,980
+Situations from simple common life. Now, we will
+
+25
+00:02:00,980 --> 00:02:05,280
+move today to two other romantic poets. One is
+
+26
+00:02:05,280 --> 00:02:07,880
+Coleridge, Samuel Butler Coleridge, who is a
+
+27
+00:02:07,880 --> 00:02:10,680
+friend, a very close friend to William Wordsworth.
+
+28
+00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:14,180
+And then later on, we'll take Keats. who is a
+
+29
+00:02:14,180 --> 00:02:17,660
+second generation romantic poet. Okay, so
+
+30
+00:02:17,660 --> 00:02:22,080
+Coleridge was a friend. He was in so many ways
+
+31
+00:02:22,080 --> 00:02:25,360
+similar to William Wadsworth. But at the same
+
+32
+00:02:25,360 --> 00:02:28,260
+time, they had their own differences. They had
+
+33
+00:02:28,260 --> 00:02:31,540
+their own differences. And mainly because of these
+
+34
+00:02:31,540 --> 00:02:35,060
+differences, Coleridge published his own
+
+35
+00:02:36,170 --> 00:02:39,890
+autobiography later on which he called Biographia
+
+36
+00:02:39,890 --> 00:02:43,910
+Literaria, in other words, a literary biography in
+
+37
+00:02:43,910 --> 00:02:46,130
+which he speaks about himself and speaks about his
+
+38
+00:02:46,130 --> 00:02:50,610
+ideology and philosophy in poetry and in life. But
+
+39
+00:02:50,610 --> 00:02:54,940
+they share the common sensibility, the common
+
+40
+00:02:54,940 --> 00:02:57,620
+features of romanticism, generally the simplicity,
+
+41
+00:02:57,920 --> 00:03:02,960
+generally the conversational tone in poetry. When
+
+42
+00:03:02,960 --> 00:03:06,680
+we spoke about the Augustan poetry, in a way I
+
+43
+00:03:06,680 --> 00:03:11,080
+might have alluded to the fact that, I guess I
+
+44
+00:03:11,080 --> 00:03:14,300
+said this, in classical poetry there's always one
+
+45
+00:03:14,300 --> 00:03:19,630
+worldview. There's the poet, and the poet has one
+
+46
+00:03:19,630 --> 00:03:23,530
+voice. And the voice in the poem, the voice of the
+
+47
+00:03:23,530 --> 00:03:25,830
+poet, of the speaker, is dominant, dominating
+
+48
+00:03:25,830 --> 00:03:28,210
+everything. We've seen this in Marlow's Come Live
+
+49
+00:03:28,210 --> 00:03:30,170
+With Me and Be My Love, and We Will All The
+
+50
+00:03:30,170 --> 00:03:34,470
+Pleasures Prove, where the worldview, the idea of
+
+51
+00:03:34,470 --> 00:03:38,430
+the poet is dominating any other idea. That's why
+
+52
+00:03:38,430 --> 00:03:41,510
+we don't hear the woman. We don't sense the woman
+
+53
+00:03:41,510 --> 00:03:44,030
+there. And remember, we said John Donne was trying
+
+54
+00:03:44,030 --> 00:03:47,510
+to change this worldview. He wanted to break the
+
+55
+00:03:47,510 --> 00:03:50,330
+rules, break away with the rigidity. Now,
+
+56
+00:03:50,890 --> 00:03:53,350
+generally, classical poetry could be described as
+
+57
+00:03:53,350 --> 00:03:57,970
+monologic, like a monologue. where one person is
+
+58
+00:03:57,970 --> 00:04:00,890
+speaking and everyone else is supposed to be
+
+59
+00:04:00,890 --> 00:04:03,470
+audience, listener. For the romantics, because
+
+60
+00:04:03,470 --> 00:04:07,290
+they care about the individual, they create some
+
+61
+00:04:07,290 --> 00:04:09,450
+sort of conversation in their poetry or a
+
+62
+00:04:09,450 --> 00:04:14,540
+dialogue. In the other classes, I discussed Lucy
+
+63
+00:04:14,540 --> 00:04:17,700
+Gray. In Lucy Gray, we feel this. Yes, the father
+
+64
+00:04:17,700 --> 00:04:21,820
+tells the little girl, go to the town and fetch
+
+65
+00:04:21,820 --> 00:04:26,160
+your mother. And the daughter replies, I'll do
+
+66
+00:04:26,160 --> 00:04:30,580
+that. She obeys her father. This is a dialogue.
+
+67
+00:04:31,990 --> 00:04:34,710
+deep and profound, but it tells us that for the
+
+68
+00:04:34,710 --> 00:04:36,890
+romantics, they want everyone to speak up,
+
+69
+00:04:37,350 --> 00:04:42,270
+everyone to voice their opinions. So Coleridge and
+
+70
+00:04:42,270 --> 00:04:45,450
+Wordsworth, they both have this. They're known for
+
+71
+00:04:45,450 --> 00:04:47,730
+their what we call conversation poems,
+
+72
+00:04:48,330 --> 00:04:51,050
+conversation poetry. You read the poem, you feel
+
+73
+00:04:51,050 --> 00:04:54,730
+that there is a dialogue. However, despite these
+
+74
+00:04:54,730 --> 00:04:58,580
+similarities, there are differences. Amazing
+
+75
+00:04:58,580 --> 00:05:01,260
+friends, by the way. They were living in Lake
+
+76
+00:05:01,260 --> 00:05:04,700
+District together, but later on, everyone had his
+
+77
+00:05:04,700 --> 00:05:08,220
+own way of writing about poetry. So, for
+
+78
+00:05:08,220 --> 00:05:10,900
+Wordsworth, poetry is about the day-to-day world,
+
+79
+00:05:11,000 --> 00:05:14,080
+about life, everyday life. For Coleridge, he
+
+80
+00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,400
+wanted to change. He wanted to do the opposite.
+
+81
+00:05:17,060 --> 00:05:19,720
+Sometimes, I'm not sure if you filmed this in The
+
+82
+00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:24,770
+Daffodils, I wandered lonely as a cloud where What
+
+83
+00:05:24,770 --> 00:05:28,130
+was, in a way, transfers us from the world of
+
+84
+00:05:28,130 --> 00:05:33,910
+simplicity, seeing a bunch of daffodils, to a
+
+85
+00:05:33,910 --> 00:05:37,030
+supernatural world where man and nature are one,
+
+86
+00:05:37,870 --> 00:05:41,350
+where man unites and melts with nature, where your
+
+87
+00:05:41,350 --> 00:05:45,890
+heart dances, chomps and dances with daffodils.
+
+88
+00:05:46,630 --> 00:05:51,160
+Okay? Now, Coleridge does the opposite. He creates
+
+89
+00:05:51,160 --> 00:05:53,480
+a supernatural world. You know supernatural world,
+
+90
+00:05:53,560 --> 00:05:55,960
+some sort of like a magical world, a world that
+
+91
+00:05:55,960 --> 00:05:59,580
+can't be true in real life. Just like imaginative?
+
+92
+00:05:59,840 --> 00:06:04,160
+Like imaginative. Literature generally, all
+
+93
+00:06:04,160 --> 00:06:06,180
+literature is fiction and imaginative. Some of it
+
+94
+00:06:06,180 --> 00:06:09,720
+is based on truth and facts. But sometimes, like
+
+95
+00:06:09,720 --> 00:06:13,870
+Harry Potter. In Harry Potter, Harry Potter, there
+
+96
+00:06:13,870 --> 00:06:17,870
+are witches and wizards. There's magic. People
+
+97
+00:06:17,870 --> 00:06:22,570
+fly. There are dragons. People fly on brooms. We
+
+98
+00:06:22,570 --> 00:06:25,550
+know that this is magical. But is Harry Potter
+
+99
+00:06:25,550 --> 00:06:29,930
+realistic? Yes, it is realistic because of two
+
+100
+00:06:29,930 --> 00:06:32,130
+things. Some people speak about something called
+
+101
+00:06:32,130 --> 00:06:35,640
+magical realism. Okay, that's something I'm not
+
+102
+00:06:35,640 --> 00:06:39,620
+interested in here. But people ask this question.
+
+103
+00:06:40,060 --> 00:06:44,300
+Is Harry Potter someone... How does he behave? How
+
+104
+00:06:44,300 --> 00:06:47,420
+does he speak? How does he react? Does he do this
+
+105
+00:06:47,420 --> 00:06:50,500
+similar to the way we do as human beings? Yes.
+
+106
+00:06:51,000 --> 00:06:54,970
+Even when you watch the Smurfs. It's not
+
+107
+00:06:54,970 --> 00:06:58,070
+realistic. It's cartoon, right? But sometimes you
+
+108
+00:06:58,070 --> 00:07:01,130
+feel sad. You feel you like somebody. You hate
+
+109
+00:07:01,130 --> 00:07:03,330
+somebody. You react to somebody. Their reaction,
+
+110
+00:07:03,450 --> 00:07:05,790
+how they love each other. So some people would
+
+111
+00:07:05,790 --> 00:07:09,350
+say, Harry Potter is realistic. We can't take the
+
+112
+00:07:09,350 --> 00:07:11,530
+magic as an allegory about the power of
+
+113
+00:07:11,530 --> 00:07:13,410
+resistance, the power of struggle. Some people
+
+114
+00:07:13,410 --> 00:07:18,500
+take the magic as the power of friendship. Because
+
+115
+00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:23,000
+of the friendship, you know, Hermione and Ron and
+
+116
+00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,740
+Harry, how they were always sticking together,
+
+117
+00:07:25,880 --> 00:07:29,420
+they managed to be victorious, to beat the evil,
+
+118
+00:07:29,900 --> 00:07:33,960
+making use of other friends around them. By the
+
+119
+00:07:33,960 --> 00:07:39,050
+way, many people say Harry Potter is a taboo. It's
+
+120
+00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,750
+funny because it's taboo, it's haram. You
+
+121
+00:07:41,750 --> 00:07:44,250
+shouldn't watch, it's forbidden. And it's funny
+
+122
+00:07:44,250 --> 00:07:46,950
+because some Muslims said this, some Jews said
+
+123
+00:07:46,950 --> 00:07:49,670
+this, some Christians said this. So there's
+
+124
+00:07:49,670 --> 00:07:51,750
+something that unite all three religions here.
+
+125
+00:07:52,210 --> 00:07:54,330
+Because those people say that Harry Potter is
+
+126
+00:07:54,330 --> 00:07:57,350
+about teaching magic. No, we know magic is not
+
+127
+00:07:57,350 --> 00:08:01,750
+real. Like, you know, there are people who do
+
+128
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:06,730
+stuff, tricks. But we take this as an allegory, as
+
+129
+00:08:06,730 --> 00:08:10,030
+a metaphor, something that goes beyond this. So
+
+130
+00:08:10,030 --> 00:08:13,330
+Harry Potter is realistic because you could have a
+
+131
+00:08:13,330 --> 00:08:15,730
+friend like Harry. It's not about being an orphan.
+
+132
+00:08:16,190 --> 00:08:18,970
+It's about how he feels, how he talks, how he
+
+133
+00:08:18,970 --> 00:08:21,670
+eats, how he studies. He's like a typical student
+
+134
+00:08:21,670 --> 00:08:24,730
+here, someone who hates studies sometimes,
+
+135
+00:08:24,830 --> 00:08:26,890
+sometimes who doesn't want to do exams, sometimes
+
+136
+00:08:26,890 --> 00:08:31,850
+who wants to fight in order to help his friends in
+
+137
+00:08:31,850 --> 00:08:35,100
+a way or another. Sometimes we watch... Cartoons
+
+138
+00:08:35,100 --> 00:08:38,380
+where the main characters are animals. In a way,
+
+139
+00:08:38,460 --> 00:08:43,040
+yeah, it's cartoon. It's not real. Cartoons don't
+
+140
+00:08:43,040 --> 00:08:45,680
+exist in real life. Animals don't talk in real
+
+141
+00:08:45,680 --> 00:08:50,820
+life. But do they teach us lessons? Do they teach
+
+142
+00:08:50,820 --> 00:08:54,300
+us morals? Do they influence us? In a way, yes.
+
+143
+00:08:54,990 --> 00:08:57,830
+Now, later on I'll speak about this probably, but
+
+144
+00:08:57,830 --> 00:09:02,430
+since I just mentioned it, Kohlreich mentioned in
+
+145
+00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:07,670
+his criticism something called suspension of
+
+146
+00:09:07,670 --> 00:09:08,990
+disbelief.
+
+147
+00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:16,590
+You know suspend? If the study is suspended, you
+
+148
+00:09:16,590 --> 00:09:20,090
+no longer go to classes. If someone is suspended
+
+149
+00:09:20,090 --> 00:09:22,430
+from university, you're not allowed to come attend
+
+150
+00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:27,080
+the classes. Okay, so suspense in the story you
+
+151
+00:09:27,080 --> 00:09:31,140
+have sometimes suspense where you wait for stuff.
+
+152
+00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:35,900
+Suspension of belief or disbelief is a term that
+
+153
+00:09:35,900 --> 00:09:38,480
+Coleridge came up with, very significant. Listen,
+
+154
+00:09:40,280 --> 00:09:44,210
+literature is not about everything that happens in
+
+155
+00:09:44,210 --> 00:09:47,430
+life. Every little tiny thing that happens in
+
+156
+00:09:47,430 --> 00:09:50,330
+life. Literature is about selecting, choosing
+
+157
+00:09:50,330 --> 00:09:53,270
+representative issues. When I write a short story
+
+158
+00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:56,790
+about someone, about myself, about people, I don't
+
+159
+00:09:56,790 --> 00:10:01,160
+write every little piece of detail. I just choose
+
+160
+00:10:01,160 --> 00:10:05,000
+things to represent them in a way or another, to
+
+161
+00:10:05,000 --> 00:10:07,800
+portray how they react, how they act in a
+
+162
+00:10:07,800 --> 00:10:11,080
+particular situation. Now, in literature and in
+
+163
+00:10:11,080 --> 00:10:13,280
+movies, sometimes we see things that we don't
+
+164
+00:10:13,280 --> 00:10:17,440
+believe. That is not logical. That doesn't make
+
+165
+00:10:17,440 --> 00:10:20,720
+sense. Like sometimes in Hollywood action movies,
+
+166
+00:10:20,880 --> 00:10:23,320
+sometimes we'd be carrying a gun and we'd be
+
+167
+00:10:23,320 --> 00:10:25,860
+shooting for five minutes. And sometimes some
+
+168
+00:10:25,860 --> 00:10:30,870
+people around us Hasn't he run out of bullets yet?
+
+169
+00:10:31,570 --> 00:10:35,170
+We ask this question. Sometimes we see somebody in
+
+170
+00:10:35,170 --> 00:10:39,390
+a plane or in a train, and people ask, but we
+
+171
+00:10:39,390 --> 00:10:41,690
+didn't see him or her buy a ticket. How did he
+
+172
+00:10:41,690 --> 00:10:44,730
+manage to get through, right? And I have this
+
+173
+00:10:44,730 --> 00:10:47,930
+funny question. Someone, he was joking, of course.
+
+174
+00:10:47,970 --> 00:10:50,610
+He was like, I wonder why in movies sometimes
+
+175
+00:10:50,610 --> 00:10:55,460
+people don't eat. Unless it's about eating. So I
+
+176
+00:10:55,460 --> 00:10:57,260
+laughed and I remembered Coleridge. Because
+
+177
+00:10:57,260 --> 00:10:59,800
+Coleridge tells us that there's something we need
+
+178
+00:10:59,800 --> 00:11:02,900
+to do here. We need to suspend our disbelief or
+
+179
+00:11:02,900 --> 00:11:05,620
+our belief. What does it mean? It means we need to
+
+180
+00:11:05,620 --> 00:11:09,260
+stop being logical. We need to stop being
+
+181
+00:11:09,260 --> 00:11:17,100
+rational. So suspend your disbelief and follow the
+
+182
+00:11:17,100 --> 00:11:21,960
+plot and see what is behind, what is beyond the
+
+183
+00:11:21,960 --> 00:11:24,140
+plot because literature can't tell us everything.
+
+184
+00:11:24,480 --> 00:11:26,460
+Meaning you need to assume that it could have
+
+185
+00:11:26,460 --> 00:11:30,820
+happened in the cuts, in the shots. So if somebody
+
+186
+00:11:30,820 --> 00:11:33,300
+is shooting and the camera goes to the other
+
+187
+00:11:33,300 --> 00:11:36,680
+direction, I need to assume that he changed the
+
+188
+00:11:36,680 --> 00:11:40,400
+magazine in a way or another. If somebody doesn't
+
+189
+00:11:40,400 --> 00:11:43,760
+eat in the whole movie because
+
+190
+00:11:45,970 --> 00:11:48,870
+The producer here is only selecting parts where
+
+191
+00:11:48,870 --> 00:11:51,370
+he's at work, where he's doing other stuff other
+
+192
+00:11:51,370 --> 00:11:54,490
+than. It doesn't mean they just are fasting all
+
+193
+00:11:54,490 --> 00:11:56,690
+the time. You don't have to stop at everything.
+
+194
+00:11:56,830 --> 00:11:59,110
+Exactly, because that would be boring. It means
+
+195
+00:11:59,110 --> 00:12:01,370
+you will need to watch a movie that goes on for
+
+196
+00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:03,790
+five years or ten years or fifty years. You can't.
+
+197
+00:12:03,870 --> 00:12:06,470
+Can you watch a movie for fifty years or two years
+
+198
+00:12:06,470 --> 00:12:12,550
+or two months? No. It would be real life. And
+
+199
+00:12:12,550 --> 00:12:15,750
+literature is not about 100% real life. It's about
+
+200
+00:12:15,750 --> 00:12:19,050
+selecting things from real life. So the most
+
+201
+00:12:19,050 --> 00:12:21,370
+significant thing about Coleridge being different
+
+202
+00:12:21,370 --> 00:12:26,060
+is that he was interested in the super Natural.
+
+203
+00:12:26,980 --> 00:12:29,580
+The supernatural in the sense that he takes us
+
+204
+00:12:29,580 --> 00:12:34,440
+from a creative, imaginative world to the real
+
+205
+00:12:34,440 --> 00:12:37,880
+world in real life. I'll give you an example here
+
+206
+00:12:37,880 --> 00:12:39,940
+to make this clearer.
+
+207
+00:12:42,340 --> 00:12:44,820
+But before I do that, when I talk about The Rime
+
+208
+00:12:44,820 --> 00:12:46,820
+of the Ancient Mariner, there are two other texts
+
+209
+00:12:46,820 --> 00:12:50,480
+written by Coleridge. Really interesting. Some of
+
+210
+00:12:50,480 --> 00:12:53,660
+his texts are fragments. Listen. Coleridge was an
+
+211
+00:12:53,660 --> 00:12:57,380
+amazing critic. and an amazing poet at the same
+
+212
+00:12:57,380 --> 00:12:59,880
+time. But his problem is that he had a drug
+
+213
+00:12:59,880 --> 00:13:03,540
+problem. He was an opium addict. You know drug
+
+214
+00:13:03,540 --> 00:13:07,440
+addict? A drug addict? So he was addicted to
+
+215
+00:13:07,440 --> 00:13:10,990
+drugs, to opium. So sometimes he would be writing
+
+216
+00:13:10,990 --> 00:13:13,670
+an article or writing a poem, and somewhere in the
+
+217
+00:13:13,670 --> 00:13:16,430
+middle, he would just, you know, go high, feel
+
+218
+00:13:16,430 --> 00:13:20,650
+like take some drugs, and he would just be high.
+
+219
+00:13:20,950 --> 00:13:23,650
+And then he would stop doing it. Many people say
+
+220
+00:13:23,650 --> 00:13:25,790
+this is sad because he could have been an amazing,
+
+221
+00:13:26,610 --> 00:13:29,750
+comprehensive, profound critic. And some people
+
+222
+00:13:29,750 --> 00:13:32,250
+say, no, probably if it is because of the drugs,
+
+223
+00:13:32,310 --> 00:13:36,310
+we have the amazing stuff we have here. He's
+
+224
+00:13:36,310 --> 00:13:41,740
+Cristobal and Kubla Khan. Qubla Khan, where he
+
+225
+00:13:41,740 --> 00:13:45,590
+creates symbolic. Again, imaginative world. When
+
+226
+00:13:45,590 --> 00:13:50,050
+you read Kubla Khan, oh, he literally creates a
+
+227
+00:13:50,050 --> 00:13:54,650
+new world in a way similar but on a smaller scale
+
+228
+00:13:54,650 --> 00:13:58,690
+to the world that, what's her name, J.K. Rowling
+
+229
+00:13:58,690 --> 00:14:01,890
+creates in Harry Potter. Sometimes you feel like,
+
+230
+00:14:01,950 --> 00:14:04,510
+oh, my God, this J.K. Rowling is crazy. How can
+
+231
+00:14:04,510 --> 00:14:07,290
+she imagine this whole world with the minute
+
+232
+00:14:07,290 --> 00:14:10,110
+details? And that's the power of imagination we
+
+233
+00:14:10,110 --> 00:14:14,650
+have here. Kublai Khan is about a creative
+
+234
+00:14:14,650 --> 00:14:18,510
+imaginative world, imagination, which Coleridge
+
+235
+00:14:18,510 --> 00:14:21,190
+considers the most powerful of all human senses.
+
+236
+00:14:21,330 --> 00:14:24,330
+What is the most important sense of all for the
+
+237
+00:14:24,330 --> 00:14:27,210
+romantics in general, for Coleridge in particular?
+
+238
+00:14:27,350 --> 00:14:30,710
+Imagination, which is a romantic feature. The
+
+239
+00:14:30,710 --> 00:14:35,690
+power of imagination. The power of imagination. In
+
+240
+00:14:35,690 --> 00:14:39,520
+Christabel here, The poem, in the poem, he's
+
+241
+00:14:39,520 --> 00:14:44,520
+trying to search for a fuller meaning in life. In
+
+242
+00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:47,300
+a way, this is different from William Wood's work.
+
+243
+00:14:48,820 --> 00:14:52,240
+But the sad thing is that the poem is incomplete.
+
+244
+00:14:52,880 --> 00:14:56,320
+So some people say, ugh, this is a fragment. He
+
+245
+00:14:56,320 --> 00:14:59,820
+should have completed it. But some people say, no.
+
+246
+00:15:00,860 --> 00:15:03,900
+It's not about open-ended. It's just abruptly cut
+
+247
+00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:09,310
+short somewhere. In a way, The form, the structure
+
+248
+00:15:09,310 --> 00:15:12,510
+of the text is part of the meaning. In a way, he's
+
+249
+00:15:12,510 --> 00:15:15,590
+saying that you can't find full meaning. You can't
+
+250
+00:15:15,590 --> 00:15:19,770
+find, like when you search for fuller meaning and
+
+251
+00:15:19,770 --> 00:15:22,810
+understanding of life, you can't have that. You
+
+252
+00:15:22,810 --> 00:15:26,550
+can never have that. And his poem being a
+
+253
+00:15:26,550 --> 00:15:29,250
+fragment, it's like when someone says, if you
+
+254
+00:15:29,250 --> 00:15:34,430
+study hard, and just stops there. That's a
+
+255
+00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:39,790
+fragment, right? So you keep like, okay, what's
+
+256
+00:15:39,790 --> 00:15:41,690
+going to happen? If I study hard, what are you
+
+257
+00:15:41,690 --> 00:15:43,230
+going to do? Are you going to give us bonus? Are
+
+258
+00:15:43,230 --> 00:15:45,470
+you going to give us more marks? Are you going to
+
+259
+00:15:45,470 --> 00:15:49,610
+do another exam? What? And I just stop. Makes you
+
+260
+00:15:49,610 --> 00:15:54,060
+think, right? But it also probably creates some
+
+261
+00:15:54,060 --> 00:15:59,120
+sort of suspense, a world where you can't find an
+
+262
+00:15:59,120 --> 00:16:01,540
+ending to what you're looking for. And this is
+
+263
+00:16:01,540 --> 00:16:05,620
+life. Life throughout all our lives, we try to
+
+264
+00:16:05,620 --> 00:16:08,440
+search for meanings, right? For happiness. for
+
+265
+00:16:08,440 --> 00:16:13,040
+pleasure, for a purpose in our lives. And we keep
+
+266
+00:16:13,040 --> 00:16:15,800
+working and studying and working and making money
+
+267
+00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,360
+sometimes and making friends and having family.
+
+268
+00:16:19,120 --> 00:16:24,000
+And we grow old and sometimes we can't, we don't
+
+269
+00:16:24,000 --> 00:16:28,180
+feel that we really understand life or we really,
+
+270
+00:16:28,360 --> 00:16:33,040
+really have a full understanding of our own lives
+
+271
+00:16:33,040 --> 00:16:36,600
+at least. It's always incomplete. Like you said,
+
+272
+00:16:36,680 --> 00:16:39,780
+it's like an open-ended story. There's always more
+
+273
+00:16:39,780 --> 00:16:44,480
+to life. So he does this in his poems where he
+
+274
+00:16:44,480 --> 00:16:48,180
+generally goes to the medieval form of verse and
+
+275
+00:16:48,180 --> 00:16:52,000
+medieval settings. You know why? The romantics, I
+
+276
+00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:58,020
+guess I said this before, they try to skip the Age
+
+277
+00:16:58,020 --> 00:17:01,380
+of Reason. They try to skip the Augustan Age and
+
+278
+00:17:01,380 --> 00:17:04,420
+even the Elizabethan Age for many reasons and they
+
+279
+00:17:04,420 --> 00:17:06,460
+go back to the medieval ages. They take their
+
+280
+00:17:06,460 --> 00:17:09,600
+sittings and even their language and their style
+
+281
+00:17:09,600 --> 00:17:12,400
+because for them that was a very creative, very
+
+282
+00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:17,240
+imaginative world to go back. to go back to. But
+
+283
+00:17:17,240 --> 00:17:19,660
+again, the most important text, it's the longest
+
+284
+00:17:19,660 --> 00:17:24,340
+text by William, sorry, Samuel Coleridge. It's The
+
+285
+00:17:24,340 --> 00:17:28,040
+Rime of the Ancient Mariner. Very important, very
+
+286
+00:17:28,040 --> 00:17:30,800
+beautiful poem. I encourage you to go to YouTube
+
+287
+00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:32,860
+today and just Google The Rime of the Ancient
+
+288
+00:17:32,860 --> 00:17:38,300
+Mariner and enjoy the poem. The rhyme means song.
+
+289
+00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:42,470
+Mariner is a sailor. Doraemon and Angel Mariner.
+
+290
+00:17:42,950 --> 00:17:47,190
+Now it tells a story about a group of people,
+
+291
+00:17:47,450 --> 00:17:53,010
+about 200 people, who went to sea in a ship, and
+
+292
+00:17:53,010 --> 00:17:56,130
+they were just mariners, fishermen or something.
+
+293
+00:17:59,410 --> 00:18:02,710
+Now those people, again nature, right? Nature.
+
+294
+00:18:03,350 --> 00:18:07,070
+Those people get lost. And they are guided to the
+
+295
+00:18:07,070 --> 00:18:14,620
+right path by a bird. A white bird, a white sea
+
+296
+00:18:14,620 --> 00:18:16,140
+bird, it's called the albatross.
+
+297
+00:18:19,040 --> 00:18:22,000
+Not sure if this is originally an Arabic name. The
+
+298
+00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:24,930
+albatross, it's not There's the seagull. You know
+
+299
+00:18:24,930 --> 00:18:27,590
+the seagull we have here in Gaza? The seagull,
+
+300
+00:18:28,090 --> 00:18:31,370
+Nowras. This is Qatras. It's translated into
+
+301
+00:18:31,370 --> 00:18:34,710
+Qatras. It's huge. It's bigger than the seagull.
+
+302
+00:18:34,770 --> 00:18:37,430
+Not sure if they are the same species. The huge
+
+303
+00:18:37,430 --> 00:18:42,570
+white bird, it comes in a way it guides them to
+
+304
+00:18:42,570 --> 00:18:46,710
+safety. And they were like, oh. Because it saves
+
+305
+00:18:46,710 --> 00:18:48,670
+them in a way. It rescues them. They were like,
+
+306
+00:18:48,730 --> 00:18:54,130
+oh. That's an amazing bird. Thank you. But then
+
+307
+00:18:54,130 --> 00:18:59,750
+later on, one of the mariners, this ancient
+
+308
+00:18:59,750 --> 00:19:07,210
+mariner, shoots and kills the albatross. Just
+
+309
+00:19:07,210 --> 00:19:10,830
+kills the bird for no apparent reason. Stupid,
+
+310
+00:19:10,950 --> 00:19:14,460
+because man is foolish, right? And at the
+
+311
+00:19:14,460 --> 00:19:16,160
+beginning, his friends were, like, a little bit
+
+312
+00:19:16,160 --> 00:19:19,000
+angry. Nothing happens. And they were like, okay.
+
+313
+00:19:20,420 --> 00:19:22,920
+So they let it happen. No one punished him. No
+
+314
+00:19:22,920 --> 00:19:26,040
+one, you know, at least, you know, like,
+
+315
+00:19:26,240 --> 00:19:29,940
+reprimanded, rebuked him or did something to him.
+
+316
+00:19:30,960 --> 00:19:33,560
+And because of that, in a way, nature takes
+
+317
+00:19:33,560 --> 00:19:39,540
+revenge. The wind stops. The sun stops. The waves
+
+318
+00:19:39,540 --> 00:19:44,540
+stop. And the ship can't move. And they were lost.
+
+319
+00:19:45,260 --> 00:19:47,440
+They couldn't go home. They couldn't move. There
+
+320
+00:19:47,440 --> 00:19:51,580
+was no water to drink. Nothing. They were, again,
+
+321
+00:19:51,660 --> 00:19:54,820
+being punished by nature for violating, destroying
+
+322
+00:19:54,820 --> 00:19:57,340
+this natural element. We know in real life this
+
+323
+00:19:57,340 --> 00:19:58,980
+doesn't happen. This is what is meant by
+
+324
+00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,080
+supernatural. When you kill a bird, it's wrong.
+
+325
+00:20:01,160 --> 00:20:04,920
+It's horrible. Don't do this. But nothing happens.
+
+326
+00:20:05,760 --> 00:20:09,040
+Nature doesn't react like a cat reacts to you when
+
+327
+00:20:09,040 --> 00:20:12,500
+you cut a tree. It's horrible to nature. Don't do
+
+328
+00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:16,630
+it. But the wind is not going to stop. The sun is
+
+329
+00:20:16,630 --> 00:20:20,530
+not going to stop. But this is the supernatural
+
+330
+00:20:20,530 --> 00:20:27,290
+world of Coleridge here. Now, one by one, all the
+
+331
+00:20:27,290 --> 00:20:31,710
+sailors in the ship die in a very graphic way. The
+
+332
+00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:33,770
+description in the poem is really very graphic.
+
+333
+00:20:33,870 --> 00:20:36,510
+This is punishment for the mariner himself. Now,
+
+334
+00:20:36,570 --> 00:20:40,770
+he wishes he were dead here in a way, but he can't
+
+335
+00:20:40,770 --> 00:20:45,740
+even die. Very tough thing. When you wish to die
+
+336
+00:20:45,740 --> 00:20:48,840
+and you can't, it's a horrible feeling here. The
+
+337
+00:20:48,840 --> 00:20:52,080
+punishment for him is to be alive and to witness
+
+338
+00:20:52,080 --> 00:20:56,780
+every one of his friends die in front of him. And
+
+339
+00:20:56,780 --> 00:21:00,020
+it goes on the poem. And later on, he starts the
+
+340
+00:21:00,020 --> 00:21:02,880
+mariner, the ancient mariner, starts to appreciate
+
+341
+00:21:02,880 --> 00:21:06,920
+little life. Starts to see certain creatures, and
+
+342
+00:21:06,920 --> 00:21:10,920
+he sort of appreciates them, looks at them
+
+343
+00:21:10,920 --> 00:21:14,380
+differently. Remember when he killed the
+
+344
+00:21:14,380 --> 00:21:17,420
+albatross? He just was like, this is
+
+345
+00:21:17,420 --> 00:21:21,120
+insignificant. As a bird, it's insignificant. But
+
+346
+00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:23,220
+now he started to appreciate the little things,
+
+347
+00:21:23,340 --> 00:21:28,600
+the birds, the fish, the animals. And before this
+
+348
+00:21:28,600 --> 00:21:30,740
+happened, I have to say this because it's
+
+349
+00:21:30,740 --> 00:21:36,380
+significant. Before his friends died one by one,
+
+350
+00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:41,120
+they put the albatross around his neck. And it's
+
+351
+00:21:41,120 --> 00:21:44,260
+now, by the way, a famous idiom in English. When
+
+352
+00:21:44,260 --> 00:21:46,760
+you say something is an albatross around my neck
+
+353
+00:21:46,760 --> 00:21:50,340
+or his neck or her neck, it's like a curse. Like
+
+354
+00:21:50,340 --> 00:21:55,020
+you can't do it. For example, you You do something
+
+355
+00:21:55,020 --> 00:21:57,400
+wrong, something horrible, and you say, for
+
+356
+00:21:57,400 --> 00:21:59,860
+example, this is an albatross around my neck. You
+
+357
+00:21:59,860 --> 00:22:02,000
+don't study for a course. You don't get a high
+
+358
+00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,420
+score. So you say, this course, you feel guilty.
+
+359
+00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:08,240
+You feel it's like a curse that is chasing you
+
+360
+00:22:08,240 --> 00:22:11,380
+everywhere. So it's an albatross around the neck.
+
+361
+00:22:11,580 --> 00:22:15,010
+When he starts to appreciate nature, The albatross
+
+362
+00:22:15,010 --> 00:22:19,810
+falls and in a way he goes back to where he came
+
+363
+00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:24,630
+from. He doesn't die. He was saved. Why doesn't
+
+364
+00:22:24,630 --> 00:22:25,570
+Coleridge kill him?
+
+365
+00:22:28,420 --> 00:22:32,160
+He learns the lesson. If he dies, the whole story
+
+366
+00:22:32,160 --> 00:22:34,580
+is going to die. The whole tale is going to die
+
+367
+00:22:34,580 --> 00:22:37,300
+with him. And this is literature. The moral is
+
+368
+00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,180
+that literature is the moral, the lesson itself,
+
+369
+00:22:40,360 --> 00:22:43,220
+the story itself. Now his punishment, he's
+
+370
+00:22:43,220 --> 00:22:45,620
+punished here severely. But part of his
+
+371
+00:22:45,620 --> 00:22:49,280
+redemption, how to cleanse himself, to heal
+
+372
+00:22:49,280 --> 00:22:52,960
+himself, is to tell the story to everyone, to the
+
+373
+00:22:52,960 --> 00:22:57,010
+people around him, the people in town. So how does
+
+374
+00:22:57,010 --> 00:23:00,670
+the poem begin? Actually, the poem begins from the
+
+375
+00:23:00,670 --> 00:23:04,270
+end or in the middle, in media stress. We spoke
+
+376
+00:23:04,270 --> 00:23:08,460
+about this probably before. So he meets three
+
+377
+00:23:08,460 --> 00:23:11,600
+wedding guests, people going to a wedding. You
+
+378
+00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:13,540
+know, when you are going to a wedding to
+
+379
+00:23:13,540 --> 00:23:16,040
+celebrate, probably there's food and stuff,
+
+380
+00:23:16,340 --> 00:23:19,300
+celebrations, festive mood. And he was like, wait,
+
+381
+00:23:19,420 --> 00:23:21,720
+I'm going to tell you a story. And he's very old
+
+382
+00:23:21,720 --> 00:23:24,120
+with his beard and everything, and very
+
+383
+00:23:24,120 --> 00:23:26,460
+frightening. And the people are like, get out with
+
+384
+00:23:26,460 --> 00:23:28,260
+your bright eyes. We don't want to talk to you.
+
+385
+00:23:28,440 --> 00:23:33,720
+And he just kind of holds one of the guests, and
+
+386
+00:23:33,720 --> 00:23:39,040
+he physically makes this wedding guest listen to
+
+387
+00:23:39,040 --> 00:23:41,040
+his story. At the beginning, he doesn't want to.
+
+388
+00:23:41,060 --> 00:23:43,900
+He was reluctant. But later on, he was inspired
+
+389
+00:23:43,900 --> 00:23:48,220
+and attracted by the story. He was, wow, what a
+
+390
+00:23:48,220 --> 00:23:52,640
+lesson this is. Did a flashback? Yeah, he starts
+
+391
+00:23:52,640 --> 00:23:57,520
+by using flashback narrating the story, narrating
+
+392
+00:23:57,520 --> 00:24:03,240
+the story to the wedding, the guest here. Now, at
+
+393
+00:24:03,240 --> 00:24:05,540
+the end of the story, what happens is that they
+
+394
+00:24:05,540 --> 00:24:12,170
+both become sadder and wiser. Sad because we do a
+
+395
+00:24:12,170 --> 00:24:14,550
+lot of horrible things to ourselves, to people, to
+
+396
+00:24:14,550 --> 00:24:17,930
+nature, right? If I teach you how to respect
+
+397
+00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:20,030
+nature, how to love nature, how to appreciate
+
+398
+00:24:20,030 --> 00:24:22,770
+nature, you will feel guilty in a way. And if you
+
+399
+00:24:22,770 --> 00:24:26,870
+feel guilty and stop doing the pollution, throwing
+
+400
+00:24:26,870 --> 00:24:30,250
+rubbish here or there, to say the least, you're
+
+401
+00:24:30,250 --> 00:24:32,710
+going to become wiser and better. And literature
+
+402
+00:24:32,710 --> 00:24:35,050
+makes you wiser and better. Nature makes you
+
+403
+00:24:35,050 --> 00:24:39,010
+wiser. So Mother Nature is the best teacher here.
+
+404
+00:24:39,920 --> 00:24:46,060
+This is a romantic feature in this text. So let's
+
+405
+00:24:46,060 --> 00:24:49,560
+see how the text goes. You extract from the text.
+
+406
+00:24:51,860 --> 00:24:56,520
+Read, please. The rhyme of Agent Mariner. Day
+
+407
+00:24:56,520 --> 00:25:00,580
+after day, day after day, we stuck nor breathe nor
+
+408
+00:25:00,580 --> 00:25:04,800
+motion. Nor breath. Nor breath nor motion. As idle
+
+409
+00:25:04,800 --> 00:25:10,580
+as a printed chip upon Painted ship. Upon a
+
+410
+00:25:10,580 --> 00:25:13,880
+painted ocean, water, water everywhere, and all
+
+411
+00:25:13,880 --> 00:25:18,140
+the boards did shrink. Water, water everywhere,
+
+412
+00:25:18,360 --> 00:25:21,860
+nor any drops shrink. Yes. Okay. One more, please.
+
+413
+00:25:23,040 --> 00:25:27,660
+Day after day, day after day, we start no rain, no
+
+414
+00:25:27,660 --> 00:25:30,920
+emission. At the end of the end, a painted ship.
+
+415
+00:25:31,320 --> 00:25:36,590
+Upon a painted ocean. Upon a painted ocean. Water,
+
+416
+00:25:36,830 --> 00:25:41,390
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+417
+00:25:41,390 --> 00:25:44,830
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+418
+00:25:45,030 --> 00:25:47,830
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+419
+00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:48,630
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+420
+00:25:48,630 --> 00:25:50,030
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+421
+00:25:50,430 --> 00:25:50,730
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+422
+00:25:50,730 --> 00:25:50,730
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+423
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+424
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+425
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+426
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+427
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+428
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+429
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:50,890
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+430
+00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:51,010
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+431
+00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,010
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+432
+00:25:51,010 --> 00:25:51,570
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+433
+00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,570
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+434
+00:25:51,570 --> 00:25:51,730
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+435
+00:25:51,730 --> 00:25:52,050
+Water, water, everywhere. Water, water,
+
+436
+00:25:52,330 --> 00:25:58,650
+everywhere. Water, water, everywhere. Water,
+
+437
+00:25:59,510 --> 00:26:03,330
+water, everywhere. Water, water, everywhere.
+
+438
+00:26:03,850 --> 00:26:06,760
+Water, And in many ways, he doesn't follow one
+
+439
+00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,780
+particular structure. Sometimes he uses stanzas of
+
+440
+00:26:08,780 --> 00:26:12,060
+six lines, five lines. The rhyme scheme is not the
+
+441
+00:26:12,060 --> 00:26:19,120
+same. It's not. So here, they A, B, C. Ocean,
+
+442
+00:26:19,540 --> 00:26:24,580
+motion, same. Okay, A, B, C, B. Motion, ocean.
+
+443
+00:26:25,320 --> 00:26:29,540
+Okay, schwa, schwa, and in. A, B, A, B. It doesn't
+
+444
+00:26:29,540 --> 00:26:32,280
+follow the rules, the strict rules of classical
+
+445
+00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:38,400
+poetry writing, et cetera. But look at this, the
+
+446
+00:26:38,400 --> 00:26:40,500
+beauty, the repetition, the simplicity, the
+
+447
+00:26:40,500 --> 00:26:45,400
+emotions here. Day after day, day after day. This
+
+448
+00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:47,660
+is a narrative story, by the way, a narrative
+
+449
+00:26:47,660 --> 00:26:52,930
+poem. It tells a story. We stuck. No breath, no
+
+450
+00:26:52,930 --> 00:26:55,350
+motion. We couldn't move. We were stuck somewhere.
+
+451
+00:26:55,910 --> 00:26:58,010
+As ideal as a painted chip. And this is one of the
+
+452
+00:26:58,010 --> 00:27:00,950
+most amazing similes. Remember the similes here?
+
+453
+00:27:01,030 --> 00:27:04,610
+When you liken something, like or as. He could
+
+454
+00:27:04,610 --> 00:27:07,830
+have stopped here. As ideal as a painted chip.
+
+455
+00:27:10,920 --> 00:27:13,660
+Ideal like something that doesn't move. If someone
+
+456
+00:27:13,660 --> 00:27:15,980
+stays at home, doesn't have a job, doesn't want to
+
+457
+00:27:15,980 --> 00:27:19,360
+work, we describe him or her as ideal, okay? But
+
+458
+00:27:19,360 --> 00:27:23,680
+he goes further to upon a tainted ocean. It's not
+
+459
+00:27:23,680 --> 00:27:27,860
+only like everything is still, nothing moves.
+
+460
+00:27:28,430 --> 00:27:31,850
+That's nature punishing them. Water, water
+
+461
+00:27:31,850 --> 00:27:34,930
+everywhere. And all the boards shrink. Generally,
+
+462
+00:27:35,490 --> 00:27:38,190
+when there's water, the boards don't shrink. The
+
+463
+00:27:38,190 --> 00:27:41,010
+wood doesn't shrink. It expands more or less. But
+
+464
+00:27:41,010 --> 00:27:44,050
+here, everything is turned upside down. Water,
+
+465
+00:27:44,210 --> 00:27:47,630
+water everywhere. Nor any drop to drink. This is
+
+466
+00:27:47,630 --> 00:27:50,490
+ironic. Could be. Because there's water all over
+
+467
+00:27:50,490 --> 00:27:53,090
+the place. Some people might say, no, this is not
+
+468
+00:27:53,090 --> 00:27:57,470
+ironic, because we don't drink the sea water. It's
+
+469
+00:27:57,470 --> 00:28:01,070
+salty. But in a way, there is this thing, water.
+
+470
+00:28:01,210 --> 00:28:05,310
+This is nature. Sometimes if you destroy nature,
+
+471
+00:28:05,430 --> 00:28:09,010
+violate nature, nature is going to take the most
+
+472
+00:28:09,010 --> 00:28:12,350
+important, significant thing you have as people.
+
+473
+00:28:13,370 --> 00:28:18,690
+So there is water, but it's polluted. There is
+
+474
+00:28:18,690 --> 00:28:21,670
+air, but it's polluted. Soil, polluted. Food,
+
+475
+00:28:22,030 --> 00:28:25,350
+polluted. Water, water everywhere. And all the
+
+476
+00:28:25,350 --> 00:28:29,110
+boats did shrink. Water, water everywhere. Nor any
+
+477
+00:28:29,110 --> 00:28:32,790
+drop. to drink. This could happen in Ramadan. So
+
+478
+00:28:32,790 --> 00:28:37,070
+maybe I see at 6 a.m. first day of Ramadan, she
+
+479
+00:28:37,070 --> 00:28:40,810
+would be waking up like water, water everywhere.
+
+480
+00:28:41,690 --> 00:28:47,290
+Nor any drop to drink. By the way, this is also
+
+481
+00:28:47,290 --> 00:28:51,190
+about global warming and climate change. This is a
+
+482
+00:28:51,190 --> 00:28:55,230
+romance. This is how poetry starts everything. And
+
+483
+00:28:55,230 --> 00:29:01,200
+finally, in the At the end of the poem, this is
+
+484
+00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,840
+the third stanza from the bottom. This is the
+
+485
+00:29:03,840 --> 00:29:04,840
+moral lesson here.
+
+486
+00:29:13,720 --> 00:29:17,700
+He prays best who loves best, all things both
+
+487
+00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,580
+great and small, for the dear God who loves us he
+
+488
+00:29:21,580 --> 00:29:24,700
+made and loves us all. Some people say this is
+
+489
+00:29:24,700 --> 00:29:28,160
+about Christianity. I don't think it is pure
+
+490
+00:29:28,160 --> 00:29:31,270
+religious poem. It's a romantic poem because for
+
+491
+00:29:31,270 --> 00:29:34,830
+people, nature is religion. In a way, nature is
+
+492
+00:29:34,830 --> 00:29:37,650
+God for the romantics because they worship, they
+
+493
+00:29:37,650 --> 00:29:41,790
+adore nature. In the text here, there is the other
+
+494
+00:29:41,790 --> 00:29:44,710
+actually stance that says, he breathes well who
+
+495
+00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:51,770
+loves well both man, bird, and beast. He breathes
+
+496
+00:29:51,770 --> 00:29:56,440
+best who loves best all things both great and and
+
+497
+00:29:56,440 --> 00:29:59,600
+small. That's the moral. You need to love all and
+
+498
+00:29:59,600 --> 00:30:03,600
+everything. And that's our friend Coleridge.
+
+499
+00:30:04,340 --> 00:30:07,900
+Really interesting. Please have time, if not now,
+
+500
+00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,840
+in the summer break, read his poetry, especially
+
+501
+00:30:10,840 --> 00:30:13,660
+this one. Really, really cool. I'll post a video
+
+502
+00:30:13,660 --> 00:30:17,700
+on the Facebook group tonight. But you're not
+
+503
+00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:19,700
+required to do more than this. This is an
+
+504
+00:30:19,700 --> 00:30:22,260
+introduction course, so we're just taking bits and
+
+505
+00:30:22,260 --> 00:30:26,730
+pieces. And by the way, listen, this is funny.
+
+506
+00:30:26,970 --> 00:30:31,590
+William Wordsworth did not like this poem. Go read
+
+507
+00:30:31,590 --> 00:30:33,330
+more about this. But he didn't like it. He didn't
+
+508
+00:30:33,330 --> 00:30:35,950
+like the marina. He didn't like the text in many
+
+509
+00:30:35,950 --> 00:30:39,110
+ways. But he was like, when we publish another
+
+510
+00:30:39,110 --> 00:30:41,990
+book, I'll take it out. But he couldn't. The
+
+511
+00:30:41,990 --> 00:30:44,850
+second book, the second edition, it was also
+
+512
+00:30:44,850 --> 00:30:48,850
+there. But he did not like it. Coleridge. One
+
+513
+00:30:48,850 --> 00:30:51,050
+thing I like about Coleridge is that he was one of
+
+514
+00:30:51,050 --> 00:30:54,020
+the early critics who praised John Donne. And this
+
+515
+00:30:54,020 --> 00:30:56,780
+is not surprising, by the way. Because in a way,
+
+516
+00:30:56,900 --> 00:30:59,360
+remember, the metaphysical and the dramatics share
+
+517
+00:30:59,360 --> 00:31:02,360
+some common features. He didn't follow all the
+
+518
+00:31:02,360 --> 00:31:05,280
+rules. Yeah, sure. Like John did. Yeah, in a way.
+
+519
+00:31:06,720 --> 00:31:11,020
+So with Google, we can know the reason? Yeah, do
+
+520
+00:31:11,020 --> 00:31:14,580
+that. That means that, you know. Yeah, yeah. But
+
+521
+00:31:14,580 --> 00:31:16,940
+sometimes I don't have, sometimes I find myself
+
+522
+00:31:16,940 --> 00:31:20,290
+chained. Because I want to say a lot of things,
+
+523
+00:31:20,390 --> 00:31:22,530
+but at the same time, I don't want to say a lot of
+
+524
+00:31:22,530 --> 00:31:24,230
+things, because this is an introduction course.
+
+525
+00:31:25,690 --> 00:31:28,510
+But this is to inspire you. This is to make you
+
+526
+00:31:28,510 --> 00:31:31,030
+love texts, love literature, love certain poetry,
+
+527
+00:31:31,570 --> 00:31:36,090
+and to go do more reading. OK. So this is John
+
+528
+00:31:36,090 --> 00:31:41,350
+Keats. We'll do something about Keats here.
+
+529
+00:31:41,390 --> 00:31:48,280
+Listen. OK, everyone? Let's go to Keats. Now,
+
+530
+00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:52,180
+after William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge, we
+
+531
+00:31:52,180 --> 00:31:54,660
+have what we call the younger generation, the
+
+532
+00:31:54,660 --> 00:31:57,140
+second generation of the romantics, and Keats is
+
+533
+00:31:57,140 --> 00:32:02,380
+one of them. Many people love Keats and appreciate
+
+534
+00:32:02,380 --> 00:32:05,700
+him and love his poetry because he died very
+
+535
+00:32:05,700 --> 00:32:08,780
+young. He was only 25 when he died young.
+
+536
+00:32:10,880 --> 00:32:13,080
+Remember? Many people died young, and it was like
+
+537
+00:32:13,080 --> 00:32:16,700
+it gives them this image about prophets, like
+
+538
+00:32:16,700 --> 00:32:19,020
+perfect people, as if they are fictional
+
+539
+00:32:19,020 --> 00:32:23,160
+characters, perfect fictional characters. But
+
+540
+00:32:23,160 --> 00:32:26,740
+actually, his poetry is beautiful. His poetry is
+
+541
+00:32:26,740 --> 00:32:30,320
+lively. His poetry is unique in many ways. It's
+
+542
+00:32:30,320 --> 00:32:33,720
+romantic, but it's unique in many ways. Of course,
+
+543
+00:32:33,760 --> 00:32:36,340
+he was inspired by Coleridge and Wordsworth, but
+
+544
+00:32:36,340 --> 00:32:40,420
+he was closer to Coleridge in a sense. than to
+
+545
+00:32:40,420 --> 00:32:43,180
+Wordsworth. We see how he is interested in, for
+
+546
+00:32:43,180 --> 00:32:47,480
+example, the mythical, classical, and medieval
+
+547
+00:32:47,480 --> 00:32:49,760
+backgrounds, how he was interested in the
+
+548
+00:32:49,760 --> 00:32:53,760
+supernatural rather than the natural, still
+
+549
+00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:57,420
+aromatic, and how some of his poetry is even
+
+550
+00:32:57,420 --> 00:33:02,120
+incomplete. So some of his poems remain fragments,
+
+551
+00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:04,600
+in fragments. So there are similarities between
+
+552
+00:33:04,600 --> 00:33:06,220
+Keats and...
+
+553
+00:33:08,090 --> 00:33:12,370
+And Coleridge. Now, Keats, if you want to remember
+
+554
+00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:16,010
+Keats, remember him as someone who was seeking
+
+555
+00:33:16,010 --> 00:33:20,930
+truth and beauty all his life. Again, in a way
+
+556
+00:33:20,930 --> 00:33:23,770
+like Coleridge, he was seeking for a fuller
+
+557
+00:33:23,770 --> 00:33:28,890
+meaning of life. In his poetry, you always find
+
+558
+00:33:28,890 --> 00:33:33,830
+this urgency to find truth, to find meaning, to
+
+559
+00:33:33,830 --> 00:33:37,170
+make sense of life. Because remember Shakespeare
+
+560
+00:33:37,170 --> 00:33:40,210
+was fascinated, obsessed with time, because time
+
+561
+00:33:40,210 --> 00:33:43,530
+was destructive. It kills all, every fear from
+
+562
+00:33:43,530 --> 00:33:47,290
+fear sometimes declines. Also Keats, in many ways,
+
+563
+00:33:47,350 --> 00:33:51,350
+he was obsessed with this. He was in a particular
+
+564
+00:33:51,350 --> 00:33:55,230
+trek or journey to find meaning, to give meaning,
+
+565
+00:33:55,330 --> 00:33:57,810
+to give more meaning or more truth to his life.
+
+566
+00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,220
+And sadly, he was, I think he drowned. Was it he
+
+567
+00:34:02,220 --> 00:34:04,300
+or Shelly? Was it he or Shelly who drowned? I
+
+568
+00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,840
+don't know. But he died very young, 25. And that's
+
+569
+00:34:07,840 --> 00:34:10,720
+very paradoxical. It's very sad when people are
+
+570
+00:34:10,720 --> 00:34:13,380
+interested in something. It's like when someone
+
+571
+00:34:13,380 --> 00:34:15,980
+who loves, adores kids very much, and then they
+
+572
+00:34:15,980 --> 00:34:19,980
+don't have kids. You feel sorry for them. So this
+
+573
+00:34:19,980 --> 00:34:23,020
+man wanted to give a lot of meaning to his life.
+
+574
+00:34:24,480 --> 00:34:27,940
+And paradoxically, this is one reason why a lot of
+
+575
+00:34:27,940 --> 00:34:29,980
+people love his poetry, read his poetry, do
+
+576
+00:34:29,980 --> 00:34:34,300
+research on his poetry in a way or another. So his
+
+577
+00:34:34,300 --> 00:34:39,980
+themes are focused on the search for... there is
+
+578
+00:34:39,980 --> 00:34:43,520
+this struggle, the search for beauty, for truth,
+
+579
+00:34:43,660 --> 00:34:47,160
+for happiness, for permanence, in a way for
+
+580
+00:34:47,160 --> 00:34:51,640
+immortality. You know immortality? Immortality,
+
+581
+00:34:52,060 --> 00:34:55,400
+like al-khlut, to live forever. Sadly, he died,
+
+582
+00:34:56,140 --> 00:34:58,580
+but because of poetry and literature, he lives
+
+583
+00:34:58,580 --> 00:35:03,240
+forever. Now, almost 200 years later, we study it,
+
+584
+00:35:03,320 --> 00:35:06,740
+we praise him, we appreciate him. We say good
+
+585
+00:35:06,740 --> 00:35:12,140
+things about him. Okay? So he is always doing this
+
+586
+00:35:12,140 --> 00:35:16,760
+search, seeking truth, seeking beauty. And where
+
+587
+00:35:16,760 --> 00:35:19,120
+does he find beauty and truth? Can you tell?
+
+588
+00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:28,040
+Nature in pottery. For him, pottery is truth.
+
+589
+00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:32,080
+Pottery, or not only pottery, but artistic
+
+590
+00:35:32,080 --> 00:35:35,540
+creation, like paintings, like sculptures,
+
+591
+00:35:35,940 --> 00:35:40,690
+anything that is art. Because, listen, What is
+
+592
+00:35:40,690 --> 00:35:42,510
+art? What is poetry? What is literature? Generally
+
+593
+00:35:42,510 --> 00:35:46,770
+about the best of us, in a way, the best of our
+
+594
+00:35:46,770 --> 00:35:49,130
+surroundings. Even if it is a tragedy or a sad
+
+595
+00:35:49,130 --> 00:35:51,710
+story, we pick the best. When you write a story,
+
+596
+00:35:51,790 --> 00:35:53,350
+when you write something, you want to write the
+
+597
+00:35:53,350 --> 00:35:57,850
+best possible piece or to paint. When you do a
+
+598
+00:35:57,850 --> 00:36:00,770
+painting, you don't say, I want to paint a bad
+
+599
+00:36:00,770 --> 00:36:04,210
+painting. because you want to express yourself in
+
+600
+00:36:04,210 --> 00:36:06,870
+the best possible way, or to impress, or to reach
+
+601
+00:36:06,870 --> 00:36:10,010
+out to people in a way or another. So some of his
+
+602
+00:36:10,010 --> 00:36:13,510
+poetry, again, like I said, remains in fragments.
+
+603
+00:36:14,690 --> 00:36:18,010
+His major poems, like Ode to the Nightingale, or a
+
+604
+00:36:18,010 --> 00:36:21,850
+nightingale, you know nightingale? You know, bird?
+
+605
+00:36:22,390 --> 00:36:27,770
+And Ode to a Grecian An. The An means vase. Or
+
+606
+00:36:27,770 --> 00:36:30,030
+vase, two pronunciations. You know vase?
+
+607
+00:36:37,250 --> 00:36:42,750
+Yeah. Excellent drawing, right? One mark for you,
+
+608
+00:36:43,010 --> 00:36:49,750
+minus. So Keats here, he comes to the conclusion
+
+609
+00:36:49,750 --> 00:36:54,750
+that art, literature, artistic creation is the
+
+610
+00:36:54,750 --> 00:36:58,630
+best possible way to give meaning to our lives, to
+
+611
+00:36:58,630 --> 00:37:03,200
+give life to our lives. Because he says, beauty is
+
+612
+00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:06,180
+truth, and truth is beauty. We'll see this. So he
+
+613
+00:37:06,180 --> 00:37:08,980
+shows that art and artistic creation can make
+
+614
+00:37:08,980 --> 00:37:13,160
+things permanent. And he is right. Listen, you
+
+615
+00:37:13,160 --> 00:37:16,480
+could do many things, and people will forget you
+
+616
+00:37:16,480 --> 00:37:19,420
+as soon as you die, or 10 years, or 15 years, or
+
+617
+00:37:19,420 --> 00:37:24,620
+100 years after you die. But when you produce art,
+
+618
+00:37:24,780 --> 00:37:26,580
+when you are a painter, when you are an artist,
+
+619
+00:37:27,550 --> 00:37:29,890
+When you write poetry, when you write literature,
+
+620
+00:37:30,530 --> 00:37:33,670
+it will live forever and people will study it and
+
+621
+00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:35,730
+people will appreciate it because literature is
+
+622
+00:37:35,730 --> 00:37:39,650
+timeless. and universal. We're studying
+
+623
+00:37:39,650 --> 00:37:41,190
+Shakespeare here, and he died. We're studying
+
+624
+00:37:41,190 --> 00:37:44,810
+Beowulf, and the author died, right? A thousand
+
+625
+00:37:44,810 --> 00:37:48,150
+years ago or even more or less. And this is the
+
+626
+00:37:48,150 --> 00:37:50,150
+beauty of literature. We study literature written
+
+627
+00:37:50,150 --> 00:37:52,970
+by people of different colors, people of different
+
+628
+00:37:52,970 --> 00:37:54,890
+religions, backgrounds, and ethnicities,
+
+629
+00:37:54,970 --> 00:37:57,410
+everything. We still love the literature and
+
+630
+00:37:57,410 --> 00:38:00,550
+appreciate it. So this is where he finds beauty.
+
+631
+00:38:01,130 --> 00:38:05,570
+and meaning and truth in art, in literature. So he
+
+632
+00:38:05,570 --> 00:38:08,010
+believes that poetry can keep human feelings and
+
+633
+00:38:08,010 --> 00:38:13,830
+ideas alive and forever. And this is the extract
+
+634
+00:38:13,830 --> 00:38:16,850
+we need to study here. It's taken from an ode to a
+
+635
+00:38:16,850 --> 00:38:19,410
+Grecian urn, to the vase. And by the way, he's
+
+636
+00:38:19,410 --> 00:38:22,850
+talking directly to this artistic creation, to the
+
+637
+00:38:22,850 --> 00:38:25,730
+vase itself. Interesting dialogue, interesting
+
+638
+00:38:25,730 --> 00:38:28,070
+conversation. You usually talk to people, right?
+
+639
+00:38:28,790 --> 00:38:32,970
+But here, art... is the other part of the
+
+640
+00:38:32,970 --> 00:38:37,370
+dialogue. When old age shall this generation
+
+641
+00:38:37,370 --> 00:38:40,890
+waste? When I grow old and die, but sadly he
+
+642
+00:38:40,890 --> 00:38:44,750
+didn't grow old. He didn't grow old. Yeah? Sad. So
+
+643
+00:38:44,750 --> 00:38:46,750
+when you find this in his poetry, it's like when
+
+644
+00:38:46,750 --> 00:38:48,750
+someone says, when I get married and I have kids
+
+645
+00:38:48,750 --> 00:38:51,450
+and I have my job, but this person telling this
+
+646
+00:38:51,450 --> 00:38:55,420
+story is already dead. You're like, oh. So he
+
+647
+00:38:55,420 --> 00:38:58,700
+makes us feel this. He shakes our hearts so many
+
+648
+00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,660
+times when you read the poem. Thou shalt thou,
+
+649
+00:39:01,820 --> 00:39:07,220
+you, the urn, right? In midst of other war than
+
+650
+00:39:07,220 --> 00:39:11,720
+ours, a friend to man to whom thou sayest. So
+
+651
+00:39:11,720 --> 00:39:14,660
+who's saying this? Who's the speaker here? The urn
+
+652
+00:39:14,660 --> 00:39:18,110
+itself. What does the urn tell us? What does the
+
+653
+00:39:18,110 --> 00:39:22,490
+text teach us? What does poetry teach us? He's
+
+654
+00:39:22,490 --> 00:39:25,610
+saying if the poem speaks, it's going to say this.
+
+655
+00:39:25,790 --> 00:39:28,670
+If the vase has an artistic expression, artistic
+
+656
+00:39:28,670 --> 00:39:31,450
+creation, if it speaks, what is it going to tell
+
+657
+00:39:31,450 --> 00:39:36,750
+us? Beauty is truth, truth beauty. Beauty is
+
+658
+00:39:36,750 --> 00:39:42,690
+truth. Truth, beauty. Truth, beauty. Beauty is
+
+659
+00:39:42,690 --> 00:39:45,430
+truth. Truth, beauty. That is all. That's it.
+
+660
+00:39:45,510 --> 00:39:48,650
+That's what life is about as a romantic poet here.
+
+661
+00:39:49,770 --> 00:39:54,010
+That is all you know on Earth, and all you need to
+
+662
+00:39:54,010 --> 00:39:57,170
+know. Ye here, you. We have this before, like
+
+663
+00:39:57,170 --> 00:40:04,190
+gather ye buds, in the sense it was your. So what
+
+664
+00:40:04,190 --> 00:40:09,880
+is Keats here? This is a text from an ode, or ode
+
+665
+00:40:09,880 --> 00:40:15,020
+to a Grecian Anne by Jones. I know we have so many
+
+666
+00:40:15,020 --> 00:40:19,800
+Jones, so focus on the last name. Keats. Keats.
+
+667
+00:40:20,180 --> 00:40:22,860
+When you want to add possessive S to Keats, it
+
+668
+00:40:22,860 --> 00:40:31,140
+could be like this. You say, or two options. You
+
+669
+00:40:31,140 --> 00:40:34,900
+have two options. Keats's, this is a Keats's poem.
+
+670
+00:40:36,680 --> 00:40:41,080
+I prefer this. It's clearer, but this is correct.
+
+671
+00:40:41,920 --> 00:40:44,840
+So what is he doing here? This text has the
+
+672
+00:40:44,840 --> 00:40:47,460
+features of romanticism, a feature of William,
+
+673
+00:40:47,800 --> 00:40:51,280
+what's his name, John Keats in particular, where
+
+674
+00:40:51,280 --> 00:40:56,180
+art is the most significant expression of beauty
+
+675
+00:40:56,180 --> 00:40:59,630
+and truth. where poetry, where literature is
+
+676
+00:40:59,630 --> 00:41:03,990
+beauty, is truth. Where literature, where poetry,
+
+677
+00:41:04,390 --> 00:41:09,190
+where art gives us meaning and makes us live
+
+678
+00:41:09,190 --> 00:41:15,110
+forever and ever and ever. Because he died young,
+
+679
+00:41:16,530 --> 00:41:20,670
+he was for Allah. Even now, he is a symbol of
+
+680
+00:41:20,670 --> 00:41:26,050
+romanticism and romantic movement. I'll stop here
+
+681
+00:41:26,050 --> 00:41:30,970
+for Keats, but I have an extra text just for fun,
+
+682
+00:41:31,090 --> 00:41:36,130
+so to speak. Okay? This is an extra slide where
+
+683
+00:41:36,130 --> 00:41:41,310
+you have things I just mentioned, how in autumn,
+
+684
+00:41:41,450 --> 00:41:43,390
+again, he does the same thing about stressing
+
+685
+00:41:43,390 --> 00:41:47,910
+beauty and fullness of life and how he symbolizes
+
+686
+00:41:47,910 --> 00:41:51,110
+the romantic movement. Now, just two or three
+
+687
+00:41:51,110 --> 00:41:56,180
+minutes maximum. In this poem, I've just been
+
+688
+00:41:56,180 --> 00:41:58,800
+kidding with my colleague here, and I told her
+
+689
+00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:04,780
+that there is a ghost living in this poem. This
+
+690
+00:42:04,780 --> 00:42:08,740
+poem is haunting the readers. It has been haunting
+
+691
+00:42:08,740 --> 00:42:11,820
+readers for a long time. Let's see what it does to
+
+692
+00:42:11,820 --> 00:42:17,670
+us. The title is Not this hand or the living hand,
+
+693
+00:42:17,770 --> 00:42:22,070
+this. Like when someone says this, you just try to
+
+694
+00:42:22,070 --> 00:42:25,950
+look. He's performing the poem. He's saying, this
+
+695
+00:42:25,950 --> 00:42:29,970
+living hand, this living hand. In a way, he gives
+
+696
+00:42:29,970 --> 00:42:33,590
+us the impression that this is the hand. You can
+
+697
+00:42:33,590 --> 00:42:36,470
+touch it. You can feel it. Now warm and capable.
+
+698
+00:42:36,630 --> 00:42:40,190
+Now, in a way, I think he's writing the poem while
+
+699
+00:42:40,190 --> 00:42:43,840
+he's writing the poem. It's like when you have a
+
+700
+00:42:43,840 --> 00:42:48,580
+dream and you're dreaming in the dream. Okay? So
+
+701
+00:42:48,580 --> 00:42:55,040
+this hand, this hand, now warm and capable of
+
+702
+00:42:55,040 --> 00:43:00,380
+earnest grasping would, if it were cold, you know,
+
+703
+00:43:00,740 --> 00:43:06,140
+when a person dies, lifeless, it goes cold. And in
+
+704
+00:43:06,140 --> 00:43:13,310
+icy silence of the tomb, you know, grave, So haunt
+
+705
+00:43:13,310 --> 00:43:15,850
+thy days. It's going, now it's full of life. You
+
+706
+00:43:15,850 --> 00:43:18,470
+look at the hand, but when it is icy and cold,
+
+707
+00:43:18,610 --> 00:43:21,950
+it's haunting, you know, haunting, like terrorizes
+
+708
+00:43:21,950 --> 00:43:25,930
+you, scares you in a way. Thy days and chill thy
+
+709
+00:43:25,930 --> 00:43:27,850
+dreaming nights. If you see it in a dream, it's
+
+710
+00:43:27,850 --> 00:43:31,080
+going to be spooky, frightening. that thou would
+
+711
+00:43:31,080 --> 00:43:34,720
+wish thine own heart dry of blood. You would wish,
+
+712
+00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:37,000
+oh, my God, I don't want to see this scene. You
+
+713
+00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:40,580
+wish your own heart, you wish you were dead. You
+
+714
+00:43:40,580 --> 00:43:44,220
+don't want to see this scene. So in my veins, now
+
+715
+00:43:44,220 --> 00:43:47,200
+the veins, you know, where the blood goes, in my
+
+716
+00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:53,280
+veins, red life might stream again and again. How
+
+717
+00:43:53,280 --> 00:43:57,240
+can something come to life again after it's dead?
+
+718
+00:43:58,470 --> 00:44:04,930
+And thou be conscious, calmed. See here. Who's he
+
+719
+00:44:04,930 --> 00:44:08,690
+talking to? To us, to the readers, to the future
+
+720
+00:44:08,690 --> 00:44:13,650
+readers. See here. See, here it is. Here it is.
+
+721
+00:44:13,750 --> 00:44:16,330
+This is my hand. So it's someone like you
+
+722
+00:44:16,330 --> 00:44:20,230
+imagining the hand writing a text. And all of a
+
+723
+00:44:20,230 --> 00:44:22,510
+sudden, in the text, he tells you, see? Just like
+
+724
+00:44:22,510 --> 00:44:26,810
+sticking the hand outside. I hold it towards you.
+
+725
+00:44:27,110 --> 00:44:30,410
+Like this. I swear when I first read this poem, I
+
+726
+00:44:30,410 --> 00:44:35,050
+was like really indulged in the poem. I was like,
+
+727
+00:44:35,190 --> 00:44:39,030
+oh, because I was visualizing the text, seeing the
+
+728
+00:44:39,030 --> 00:44:41,110
+hand, feeling the hand, imagining the hand, and
+
+729
+00:44:41,110 --> 00:44:44,790
+feeling the, you know? And then when he says, here
+
+730
+00:44:44,790 --> 00:44:49,660
+it is. I hold it towards you. I was like. I feel
+
+731
+00:44:49,660 --> 00:44:52,740
+that the hand was literally physically sticking
+
+732
+00:44:52,740 --> 00:44:56,140
+out of the book, out of the text, and reaching out
+
+733
+00:44:56,140 --> 00:44:59,480
+to me. This is a fragment. It's an incomplete
+
+734
+00:44:59,480 --> 00:45:03,020
+poem. It does magic to... Go back home, try to
+
+735
+00:45:03,020 --> 00:45:06,740
+read it, and visualize what's going on. And Keats
+
+736
+00:45:06,740 --> 00:45:10,840
+does this all the time. Funny here. I don't think
+
+737
+00:45:10,840 --> 00:45:14,320
+funny is the right word, but this is a living
+
+738
+00:45:14,320 --> 00:45:20,270
+text. he's reaching to us 200 years later through
+
+739
+00:45:20,270 --> 00:45:24,910
+his poetry through his writing he's dead but his
+
+740
+00:45:24,910 --> 00:45:29,410
+poetry is living alive forever thank you very much
+
+741
+00:45:29,410 --> 00:45:34,970
+we stop here and next class we continue with Chile
+
+742
+00:45:34,970 --> 00:45:36,810
+first Chile and
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eac0d5da9c9c4404c282757bc9773461fbd470f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_postprocess.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2772 @@
+1
+00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:23,770
+Good day everyone. Today we continue speaking
+
+2
+00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:29,010
+about the romantic movement. We are done with the
+
+3
+00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:34,430
+romantic poets. We finished Blake Coleridge,
+
+4
+00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:37,170
+William Wordsworth, John Keats,
+
+5
+00:00:39,710 --> 00:00:46,130
+Marlow, Marlow, Byron. Byron is not a romantic
+
+6
+00:00:46,130 --> 00:00:50,740
+poet. Although he speaks about women, courtly
+
+7
+00:00:50,740 --> 00:00:54,100
+love. Remember romantic poetry is not about women,
+
+8
+00:00:54,260 --> 00:00:56,980
+it's not about love relationships between men and
+
+9
+00:00:56,980 --> 00:01:01,420
+women. It's about nature, it's about loving
+
+10
+00:01:01,420 --> 00:01:03,540
+yourself, it's about individuality and all these
+
+11
+00:01:03,540 --> 00:01:07,880
+interesting themes. Today we move to speak about
+
+12
+00:01:09,380 --> 00:01:13,580
+two women poets, two romantic, sorry, two women
+
+13
+00:01:13,580 --> 00:01:18,780
+writers, authors, female romantic authors. The
+
+14
+00:01:18,780 --> 00:01:22,300
+first one is Mary Shelley. The second one is Jane
+
+15
+00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:25,240
+Austen. And before I begin, there are two things I
+
+16
+00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:31,260
+have to discuss. The first, Mary Shelley is Percy
+
+17
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:36,450
+Shelley's wife. Okay, despite the fact, and this
+
+18
+00:01:36,450 --> 00:01:39,350
+is very interesting, despite the fact that her
+
+19
+00:01:39,350 --> 00:01:43,190
+parents, especially her mom, played a great role
+
+20
+00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:48,710
+in developing Mary's skills as a writer, as a
+
+21
+00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,550
+thinker, as a critic, as an essayist. She's
+
+22
+00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:55,830
+usually attributed to her husband because her
+
+23
+00:01:55,830 --> 00:01:59,410
+husband's family name is used here, not her
+
+24
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,810
+parents, her original family name. And this is
+
+25
+00:02:02,810 --> 00:02:05,470
+something some women resist most of the time. And
+
+26
+00:02:05,470 --> 00:02:08,250
+here in Gaza, the laws were changed a little bit.
+
+27
+00:02:08,330 --> 00:02:11,710
+Now a woman can choose to take her husband's name
+
+28
+00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:15,010
+or to keep her own name. In America, sometimes
+
+29
+00:02:15,010 --> 00:02:18,850
+they do double. Like she keeps her name, her
+
+30
+00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:22,250
+family name, and she also uses her husband's, like
+
+31
+00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:26,390
+Hillary Rodham Clinton. So Clinton is the family
+
+32
+00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:32,240
+name of the husband. Rodham is her own surname.
+
+33
+00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,020
+And what I'm saying here is that sometimes women's
+
+34
+00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:39,000
+success is generally attributed not to themselves
+
+35
+00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,440
+or to their parents or particularly to their mom,
+
+36
+00:02:43,220 --> 00:02:47,300
+but to her husband. to a man who was behind her.
+
+37
+00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,960
+It's like every, there is a man behind every great
+
+38
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,600
+woman supporting her and pushing and pushing her
+
+39
+00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,700
+and this is really anti-feminist in a way or
+
+40
+00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:59,020
+another. The other thing is the fact that Jane
+
+41
+00:02:59,020 --> 00:03:04,010
+Austen is considered by many people, many readers
+
+42
+00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,610
+and critics to be a Victorian figure or rather a
+
+43
+00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:11,730
+pre-Victorian figure. Here, we're going to discuss
+
+44
+00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:15,070
+Jane Austen as a figure who was in between. She
+
+45
+00:03:15,070 --> 00:03:19,690
+was the transitioning link between romanticism and
+
+46
+00:03:19,690 --> 00:03:23,350
+the Victorian Age. In her novels, we'll see themes
+
+47
+00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:26,830
+and interests and concerns from the Romantic era,
+
+48
+00:03:27,010 --> 00:03:30,490
+Romantic period, and also she was preparing the
+
+49
+00:03:30,490 --> 00:03:33,610
+scene for the Victorian theme. So if someone tells
+
+50
+00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:36,310
+you, no, no, no, she's Victorian, okay, they have
+
+51
+00:03:36,310 --> 00:03:39,370
+a point. If someone says, no, she's pure Romantic,
+
+52
+00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:42,730
+they also have a point. In my opinion, she's both.
+
+53
+00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:47,930
+And sometimes it's not easy to give clear-cut
+
+54
+00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:52,210
+answers whether somebody is Victorian or not, or
+
+55
+00:03:52,210 --> 00:03:54,390
+romantic or not, because they could have common
+
+56
+00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:57,410
+features from a particular movement, but also they
+
+57
+00:03:57,410 --> 00:04:01,250
+could have their own individual personal features.
+
+58
+00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:03,490
+Like when we discussed Byron, we said Byron
+
+59
+00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:09,620
+returned back to Augustan Age idea of using irony
+
+60
+00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,800
+and satire as tools in poetry, something that most
+
+61
+00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:19,120
+of other romantics just didn't want to do, okay?
+
+62
+00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:26,960
+So Mary Wollstonecraft, her original family name,
+
+63
+00:04:27,460 --> 00:04:31,930
+it's huge, so big, it's a burden, right? And now
+
+64
+00:04:31,930 --> 00:04:36,930
+she uses, or many people refer to her basically as
+
+65
+00:04:36,930 --> 00:04:41,190
+Mary Shilley. Mary Shilley. Shilley was, she was
+
+66
+00:04:41,190 --> 00:04:43,650
+in a way, she had some critical opinions. She was
+
+67
+00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:46,010
+an essayist. She was also a short story writer.
+
+68
+00:04:46,390 --> 00:04:49,530
+But most importantly, she was a novelist. So
+
+69
+00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:52,390
+romanticism and romantic movement was mainly a
+
+70
+00:04:52,390 --> 00:04:58,180
+movement of poetry. Prose was developed in so many
+
+71
+00:04:58,180 --> 00:05:01,360
+ways, especially that some women were writing a
+
+72
+00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,620
+prose. They always wanted to find different ways.
+
+73
+00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:06,720
+They always wanted to experiment and to change the
+
+74
+00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:12,280
+techniques of men telling stories. Her most famous
+
+75
+00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:16,220
+text is called Frankenstein. Frankenstein.
+
+76
+00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:20,600
+Frankenstein. It's described as a Gothic novel.
+
+77
+00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:24,400
+Gothic novel and Gothic novels generally are
+
+78
+00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,960
+novels that take place among the ruins of ancient
+
+79
+00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,140
+buildings and castles and in forests and jungles
+
+80
+00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:35,700
+and sometimes there is an element of terror and
+
+81
+00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:41,320
+fear and something that intimidates the readers
+
+82
+00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:44,300
+that makes you feel that this is some sort of a
+
+83
+00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:47,870
+scary movie in a way. Okay? But basically, it
+
+84
+00:05:47,870 --> 00:05:51,470
+happens among, you know, mysterious buildings
+
+85
+00:05:51,470 --> 00:05:55,490
+with, you know, ancient histories and everything.
+
+86
+00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:58,490
+So this is basically what a Gothic novel is. This
+
+87
+00:05:58,490 --> 00:06:01,130
+is the basic definition. You can elaborate on that
+
+88
+00:06:01,130 --> 00:06:03,830
+more. So Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus,
+
+89
+00:06:03,910 --> 00:06:07,930
+Prometheus is the subtitle of the novel. It's in
+
+90
+00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:11,910
+ancient Greece or Greek mythology, Prometheus
+
+91
+00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:18,740
+brings the fire. from heaven somewhere to men, and
+
+92
+00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,600
+he was punished by the gods because fire was not
+
+93
+00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,160
+supposed to be given to men. So what Prometheus
+
+94
+00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:27,480
+does is to break the rules of the gods, to break
+
+95
+00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,020
+the rules, the barriers, and to bring something to
+
+96
+00:06:30,020 --> 00:06:33,320
+humanity, which is fire. For many, fire is
+
+97
+00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,760
+probably the most significant invention ever. What
+
+98
+00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,180
+happens in the story is that someone by the name
+
+99
+00:06:41,180 --> 00:06:46,930
+of Victor Frankenstein So who's Victor
+
+100
+00:06:46,930 --> 00:06:50,530
+Frankenstein? He's the main character. He's the
+
+101
+00:06:50,530 --> 00:06:53,810
+protagonist, the hero, so to speak. He's a
+
+102
+00:06:53,810 --> 00:06:57,550
+scientist, a student at university. Doing a lot of
+
+103
+00:06:57,550 --> 00:07:01,950
+research and experimentations, Victor Frankenstein
+
+104
+00:07:01,950 --> 00:07:06,690
+discovers the secret of life. You know, the secret
+
+105
+00:07:06,690 --> 00:07:11,850
+of life? Because no matter what humanity does, it
+
+106
+00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,980
+will not be able to give life to a dead body. It's
+
+107
+00:07:15,980 --> 00:07:21,620
+impossible. This is only the work of God. Because,
+
+108
+00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:25,980
+you know, using electricity and some technological
+
+109
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,420
+scientific advances, Victor discovers the secret
+
+110
+00:07:29,420 --> 00:07:32,800
+of life. What does he do? He's between, you know,
+
+111
+00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,920
+he's, like, caught between two options here. To
+
+112
+00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,300
+compete with God, you know, to be, remember, Dr.
+
+113
+00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:42,420
+Faustus, he wanted to be as powerful as God, to
+
+114
+00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:47,040
+know everything and do everything possible. So he
+
+115
+00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:51,890
+chooses to go into this path of trying to create
+
+116
+00:07:51,890 --> 00:07:54,830
+something, somebody. So he goes to a cemetery, to
+
+117
+00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:58,530
+a graveyard, and he collects body parts from dead
+
+118
+00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,310
+people. A head from here, a torso from here, a
+
+119
+00:08:01,310 --> 00:08:03,810
+hand from here, a leg from here, and he attaches
+
+120
+00:08:03,810 --> 00:08:07,510
+them together, and he uses the... Yeah, he
+
+121
+00:08:07,510 --> 00:08:11,610
+stitches the body parts together, and he breathes
+
+122
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:17,850
+life, life into this creature. He gives it life
+
+123
+00:08:17,850 --> 00:08:21,930
+using technology and science. Oh, interesting,
+
+124
+00:08:22,090 --> 00:08:24,390
+right? Of course, this is called science fiction.
+
+125
+00:08:24,550 --> 00:08:27,030
+We'll see in a bit what science fiction means.
+
+126
+00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:29,810
+It's impossible in real life. But in science
+
+127
+00:08:29,810 --> 00:08:33,110
+fiction novels, they tell us about how science
+
+128
+00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:38,810
+sometimes in the future, like in 3020, or people
+
+129
+00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:42,060
+on Mars, or aliens coming here, This is what
+
+130
+00:08:42,060 --> 00:08:45,160
+basically a science fiction novel does. It's about
+
+131
+00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:49,860
+what science can do that people can't really
+
+132
+00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:53,760
+imagine in real life, like how science can reach
+
+133
+00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:58,040
+out to other planets or other, you know, peoples
+
+134
+00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:03,300
+on Mars or Jupiter or other planets out there, or
+
+135
+00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:05,960
+how people can move in time and place, you know,
+
+136
+00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:09,080
+time machines. and everything. I know some people
+
+137
+00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:11,420
+who hate science fiction. They say, I don't
+
+138
+00:09:11,420 --> 00:09:14,840
+believe this. It's impossible for people to travel
+
+139
+00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,580
+across time and place in very short periods of
+
+140
+00:09:19,580 --> 00:09:22,600
+time. It's difficult to go back in time. But
+
+141
+00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,220
+remember, science fiction is some of the most
+
+142
+00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:27,780
+interesting imaginative and creative writing ever.
+
+143
+00:09:28,570 --> 00:09:31,450
+And according to many, science fiction has given
+
+144
+00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:34,510
+people and scientists and technology a lot of
+
+145
+00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:38,030
+ideas. I remember like 20 years ago, 25 years ago,
+
+146
+00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:40,910
+when we would watch a movie where a policeman
+
+147
+00:09:40,910 --> 00:09:45,030
+holds, for example, some sort of a TV or a screen
+
+148
+00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:48,530
+and would use, you know, touch things and move
+
+149
+00:09:48,530 --> 00:09:50,750
+things with fingers. Many people were like, what?
+
+150
+00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:53,650
+Like you touch a screen and everything moves and
+
+151
+00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,550
+now everything in our lives is touch screen. This
+
+152
+00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,970
+started decades ago in science fiction. So this is
+
+153
+00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,850
+basically about science doing the impossible.
+
+154
+00:10:05,630 --> 00:10:09,870
+Okay, so who's the main character? Victor
+
+155
+00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:13,870
+Frankenstein. The novel is named after him. Now he
+
+156
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:16,750
+creates a being sometimes referred to as a
+
+157
+00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:21,190
+creature being and he created like you know like
+
+158
+00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:26,850
+like a God. This creature is referred to as a
+
+159
+00:10:26,850 --> 00:10:32,510
+monster. Many people think that Frankenstein
+
+160
+00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:35,670
+refers to this creature or being or monster. No,
+
+161
+00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:39,370
+it actually refers to the scientist, the main
+
+162
+00:10:39,370 --> 00:10:42,550
+character, Victor Frankenstein. And the creature
+
+163
+00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:46,090
+remains unnamed throughout the whole novel. It
+
+164
+00:10:46,090 --> 00:10:50,470
+doesn't have a name, which is too sad. It's too
+
+165
+00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:53,830
+sad. Can you live without a name? Can you go on in
+
+166
+00:10:53,830 --> 00:10:56,210
+life and people calling you, hey, you, hey,
+
+167
+00:10:56,610 --> 00:10:59,470
+something? You have a name and when people call
+
+168
+00:10:59,470 --> 00:11:02,670
+you hey, you, or something, you say, yeah, yeah,
+
+169
+00:11:02,750 --> 00:11:07,490
+excuse me, I have a name, being a woman, hey,
+
+170
+00:11:07,590 --> 00:11:10,300
+woman. Come on. Yeah, I am a woman. I'm proud of
+
+171
+00:11:10,300 --> 00:11:13,460
+that. But I have a name. Call me by my name. So
+
+172
+00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:16,840
+don't mix this. If in the exam I ask you, I say
+
+173
+00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:21,640
+that true or false, the main character is the
+
+174
+00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,640
+creature named Frankenstein. It's wrong. And it's
+
+175
+00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,040
+actually one of the sad things. Now, When the
+
+176
+00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,020
+creature wakes up, comes to life, he looks so
+
+177
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:35,460
+ugly, so to speak, because of the stitches,
+
+178
+00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:38,080
+because of the body parts. And instead of taking
+
+179
+00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:42,080
+care of this creature as a baby or as a machine
+
+180
+00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,310
+you create, you invent, Victor Frankenstein runs
+
+181
+00:11:45,310 --> 00:11:49,190
+away. He abandons this creature, and he runs away,
+
+182
+00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:52,350
+and the creature gets very angry, very sad, learns
+
+183
+00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:54,630
+to speak, learns to read, learns to do many
+
+184
+00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:58,750
+interesting things by itself or himself, because
+
+185
+00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:03,270
+it is treated as a thing. Yes? This is very close
+
+186
+00:12:03,270 --> 00:12:05,930
+to the official infusion report from the US
+
+187
+00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,830
+Wikipedia. Yeah, yeah, exactly. In a way, like,
+
+188
+00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:12,050
+you don't have to take it literally, people giving
+
+189
+00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:15,030
+life to dead bodies. Like robots nowadays could be
+
+190
+00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:17,490
+like, you know Sophia? You know Sophia, the robot
+
+191
+00:12:17,490 --> 00:12:20,710
+that looks very intelligent. In a way, it looks
+
+192
+00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:22,770
+like. And we have so many movies, science fiction
+
+193
+00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:26,690
+movies about robots, you know, controlling their
+
+194
+00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:28,750
+own lives and destinies and rebelling against
+
+195
+00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:31,770
+human beings because of something, abuse or
+
+196
+00:12:31,770 --> 00:12:32,750
+something.
+
+197
+00:12:34,780 --> 00:12:37,780
+Now, the monster, I don't like to say the monster,
+
+198
+00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:39,660
+but it is described in the book as a monster,
+
+199
+00:12:40,220 --> 00:12:42,980
+comes to Victor and says, Victor, you created me.
+
+200
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,420
+You should take care of me. He says, No, go away.
+
+201
+00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,130
+Go away. You are hideous. OK, create something
+
+202
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,370
+else. Create a wife so I can have a company,
+
+203
+00:12:52,510 --> 00:12:54,410
+companion. And we can go to the mountains. We'll
+
+204
+00:12:54,410 --> 00:12:56,630
+not bother anybody, he said. He starts to do
+
+205
+00:12:56,630 --> 00:13:00,030
+something about it. And then he stops. He destroys
+
+206
+00:13:00,030 --> 00:13:03,510
+the other creature, the female creature he was
+
+207
+00:13:03,510 --> 00:13:08,350
+creating. He gets angry. He kills his brother. He
+
+208
+00:13:08,350 --> 00:13:12,190
+causes the death of several people. He kills.
+
+209
+00:13:13,020 --> 00:13:17,820
+Victor's wife, the night of the wedding. He kills
+
+210
+00:13:17,820 --> 00:13:21,060
+Victor Frankenstein himself. Now, what is
+
+211
+00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,180
+interesting about this novel is original in many
+
+212
+00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:25,560
+ways. It's one of the first science fiction
+
+213
+00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:28,360
+novels. It's one of the earliest Gothic novels in
+
+214
+00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,360
+English literature. But also the narrative of the
+
+215
+00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,380
+story is experimental and original. Only generally
+
+216
+00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,640
+women, men were doing the same thing again and
+
+217
+00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,540
+again and again. Yes, we have a lot of
+
+218
+00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:40,620
+experimentation like, you know, remember Tristram
+
+219
+00:13:40,620 --> 00:13:45,750
+Shandy, Lawrence Stern? And women usually wanted
+
+220
+00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:49,290
+to be different, to prove, to make a point, to
+
+221
+00:13:49,290 --> 00:13:51,910
+prove that they can write better than men. And
+
+222
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,090
+that's why they did an amazing job in this regard.
+
+223
+00:13:56,490 --> 00:14:00,430
+So the novel starts with Victor, I think it was
+
+224
+00:14:00,430 --> 00:14:05,000
+Victor and his sister exchanging letters. So it's
+
+225
+00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,760
+epistolary in a way. Epistolary using epistles,
+
+226
+00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,020
+letters. And then we shift to listen to the story.
+
+227
+00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,380
+We see everything through the mind and the eyes
+
+228
+00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:17,780
+and the perspective of Victor. And at the end of
+
+229
+00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:22,580
+the book, in a very surprising way, the narrative,
+
+230
+00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,940
+the narration shifts where we come face to face
+
+231
+00:14:25,940 --> 00:14:30,360
+with the monster and we listen to his story. And
+
+232
+00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:32,140
+it's very beautiful because generally in stories
+
+233
+00:14:32,140 --> 00:14:36,320
+like in Robinson Crusoe, we don't listen to Friday
+
+234
+00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:40,780
+talking unfiltered. He talks in the story, but
+
+235
+00:14:40,780 --> 00:14:44,810
+who? tells us what he said, what he didn't say.
+
+236
+00:14:45,290 --> 00:14:47,970
+It's the narrator. It's Robinson Crusoe himself.
+
+237
+00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:51,710
+But here, we come face to face with the monster,
+
+238
+00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:54,830
+with the creature, and he tells us, and we feel so
+
+239
+00:14:54,830 --> 00:14:58,130
+sad and so sorry for him. We sympathize with him.
+
+240
+00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:00,830
+In a way, we identify with him. He's like, I was
+
+241
+00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:03,450
+alone. He kept me. He abandoned me. I was like
+
+242
+00:15:03,450 --> 00:15:06,430
+Adam. If God didn't take care of Adam, he would
+
+243
+00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:09,490
+turn up into something, some kind of a monster.
+
+244
+00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,360
+just to create a female companion. I wanted
+
+245
+00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:15,840
+company. I wanted to talk to people. He didn't
+
+246
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:20,620
+even give me a name. And then the creature runs
+
+247
+00:15:20,620 --> 00:15:24,260
+away and disappears in the snow. Really beautiful
+
+248
+00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:28,960
+novel if you are into Gothic and science fiction.
+
+249
+00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:31,820
+In many ways, this is an experimental original
+
+250
+00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:38,010
+Now, what is romantic about this? We'll see,
+
+251
+00:15:38,290 --> 00:15:41,450
+again, so Frankenstein is an experimental novel in
+
+252
+00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:44,330
+its structure and narrative form, the way it's
+
+253
+00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:48,800
+built, the way it's told to us. The fact that
+
+254
+00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,480
+there is a shift in the narrative mode, and we
+
+255
+00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,740
+come face to face with the antagonist, with the
+
+256
+00:15:54,740 --> 00:15:58,800
+bad guy, and then we realize, wait a minute, the
+
+257
+00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:02,160
+bad guy is not that bad at all. Or at least, of
+
+258
+00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,260
+course, we never justify murder. We don't say,
+
+259
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:07,480
+yeah. Victor deserves to die, his wife deserves to
+
+260
+00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:09,340
+die, everybody else deserves to die. No, we don't
+
+261
+00:16:09,340 --> 00:16:12,960
+justify murder at all, but at least we try to
+
+262
+00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:13,760
+understand.
+
+263
+00:16:16,180 --> 00:16:20,120
+Yeah, not justifiable again, but we ask ourselves,
+
+264
+00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,820
+would we do the same thing or similar things if we
+
+265
+00:16:23,820 --> 00:16:28,380
+were in his shoes? I know his shoes are big, but
+
+266
+00:16:28,380 --> 00:16:32,060
+would we be reacting in a same way or a similar
+
+267
+00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:37,560
+way? in a way or another? Hopefully not, but who
+
+268
+00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,940
+knows? So the novel has romantic and anti-romantic
+
+269
+00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:44,400
+features. The idea that, remember imagination,
+
+270
+00:16:44,660 --> 00:16:46,220
+there is a lot about nature, imagination,
+
+271
+00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,840
+individuality, and the ordinary people, but also
+
+272
+00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,660
+here Mary Shelley is saying that it's very
+
+273
+00:16:53,660 --> 00:16:57,000
+dangerous to totally depend on your imagination.
+
+274
+00:16:59,030 --> 00:17:04,430
+imagination that is not at least, I would say,
+
+275
+00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:07,670
+controlled a little bit, controlled in a way where
+
+276
+00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:11,570
+man should know the limits, it's very dangerous.
+
+277
+00:17:12,330 --> 00:17:14,650
+And this is the result. You destroy yourself, you
+
+278
+00:17:14,650 --> 00:17:18,310
+create things that will be destructive. And we've
+
+279
+00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:21,090
+seen this in science, science making viruses,
+
+280
+00:17:21,910 --> 00:17:26,620
+scientists making diseases sometimes. in a way or
+
+281
+00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:29,060
+another. But again, it shows the romantic interest
+
+282
+00:17:29,060 --> 00:17:31,960
+in nature and the supernatural. It shows the
+
+283
+00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:36,740
+attempts of man to be as powerful as God. We've
+
+284
+00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:38,820
+seen this in Shakespeare. We've seen this in
+
+285
+00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:41,980
+Marlow. And it's repeated here. So again, this is
+
+286
+00:17:41,980 --> 00:17:44,660
+one, like I say here, one of the first modern
+
+287
+00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:47,160
+science fiction novels. What is science fiction?
+
+288
+00:17:47,540 --> 00:17:50,920
+This is, again, simply speaking, We've seen many
+
+289
+00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:53,940
+movies, many movies about science fiction and
+
+290
+00:17:53,940 --> 00:17:57,580
+books, stories about events, sometimes in the
+
+291
+00:17:57,580 --> 00:18:01,660
+future, which are affected by imaginary
+
+292
+00:18:01,660 --> 00:18:05,080
+developments in science. However, some of these
+
+293
+00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:08,480
+imaginary developments can sometimes become a
+
+294
+00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:11,620
+reality in a way or another, such as traveling in
+
+295
+00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:14,680
+time or other planets with life on them. So this
+
+296
+00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:19,910
+is basically Frankenstein. This is Mary Shelley. A
+
+297
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:23,850
+woman writer. She, by the way, she was one of the
+
+298
+00:18:23,850 --> 00:18:26,310
+people who supported her husband. It's not the
+
+299
+00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:30,670
+other way. When we get to hear Mary Shelley, oh,
+
+300
+00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:34,710
+her husband must have helped her. He could have
+
+301
+00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:36,670
+done this to her. He could have made her famous.
+
+302
+00:18:37,170 --> 00:18:40,130
+In a way, she was there to help him. Her mother
+
+303
+00:18:40,130 --> 00:18:45,410
+was a significant player in her future. Okay, any
+
+304
+00:18:45,410 --> 00:18:47,410
+question about Frankenstein, Mary Shelley?
+
+305
+00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:54,820
+Do you like science fiction? Does anybody here
+
+306
+00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,600
+like to watch science fiction movies? What do you
+
+307
+00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,260
+like about it? That in the future maybe we can
+
+308
+00:19:02,260 --> 00:19:05,560
+inspire from them trying to do something new.
+
+309
+00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:10,940
+Okay, inspiration, new. What else? Yes? I like
+
+310
+00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:15,300
+science fiction because you know it gives us hope
+
+311
+00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:19,080
+for the future. But I don't like time travel
+
+312
+00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,820
+because it doesn't make sense for me. Listen,
+
+313
+00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:26,940
+remember coleridge? Coleridge here comes in handy
+
+314
+00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:32,660
+where we need to suspend our disbelief.
+
+315
+00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,740
+You know it's impossible. But remember in the
+
+316
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,020
+past, in the past, Yeah, like in the past, it
+
+317
+00:19:41,020 --> 00:19:43,620
+would take you months to move from, I don't know,
+
+318
+00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,480
+London to somewhere in Asia, somewhere in Europe
+
+319
+00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:48,880
+even. And now you can just do it in two, three,
+
+320
+00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,660
+five hours. In a way, this is some sort of, you
+
+321
+00:19:52,660 --> 00:19:54,540
+know, it's traveling. It's not time traveling.
+
+322
+00:19:55,540 --> 00:19:59,520
+Just about speed. It's speed, yeah. I'm not
+
+323
+00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:01,920
+saying, I don't believe that in the future we will
+
+324
+00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:05,160
+be able to travel in time or to travel, you know.
+
+325
+00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:08,990
+What is it called in Harry Potter? Operating?
+
+326
+00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:11,630
+Operating? Is it operating? When they move from
+
+327
+00:20:11,630 --> 00:20:14,230
+one place to another using the fire and the
+
+328
+00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:18,150
+powder? Oh, I forgot Harry Potter. But I don't
+
+329
+00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:21,390
+think people can. Remember Hermione? Was it in
+
+330
+00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:23,410
+book one or book two? She also moved the
+
+331
+00:20:23,410 --> 00:20:27,360
+particular device. She had to turn to turn time,
+
+332
+00:20:28,180 --> 00:20:31,640
+time-turner device. But again, we use our
+
+333
+00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,360
+imagination here. We disable this logic a little
+
+334
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:39,500
+bit just to see what's going on. There is a movie
+
+335
+00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:41,840
+called Translator, I guess, Translator where
+
+336
+00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,100
+someone, they bring a translator to talk to some
+
+337
+00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:49,180
+of the aliens. A very beautiful one. I love the
+
+338
+00:20:49,180 --> 00:20:51,800
+movie. Especially, I love movies where you have
+
+339
+00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,840
+things about English and literature and like the
+
+340
+00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:59,180
+Dead Poets Society. You should watch this movie. A
+
+341
+00:20:59,180 --> 00:21:02,240
+lot of inspiration. It's dark a little bit. But
+
+342
+00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:06,660
+again, I love how when an alien comes from I don't
+
+343
+00:21:06,660 --> 00:21:10,160
+know where, and they go to someone who teaches
+
+344
+00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:12,800
+translation, who is specialized in translation,
+
+345
+00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:17,440
+come translate for us. It's mad, it's crazy
+
+346
+00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:20,960
+because it's impossible. But I laugh because I
+
+347
+00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,540
+identified with this. Many people are like
+
+348
+00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:27,880
+regularly like say, hey, do you have a minute? I
+
+349
+00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:29,700
+say, yeah, I have a class in 10 minutes. And they
+
+350
+00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,200
+say, can you translate these three pages for me?
+
+351
+00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,580
+And I'm like, but this is untranslatable. It's
+
+352
+00:21:37,580 --> 00:21:41,140
+sometimes almost impossible to translate stuff. A
+
+353
+00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:46,540
+friend of mine asked me to translate, All these
+
+354
+00:21:46,540 --> 00:21:52,090
+Arabic, how would you translate it? So seriously,
+
+355
+00:21:52,430 --> 00:21:55,910
+in many ways, I felt this connection between me
+
+356
+00:21:55,910 --> 00:21:58,610
+and the translator. Like, hey, translators can do
+
+357
+00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:01,630
+anything. Come translate because there's an alien
+
+358
+00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:05,430
+talking to us. So it could be about, you know,
+
+359
+00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,370
+things we experience on a different level, a
+
+360
+00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:11,350
+different scale. But Einstein, one of the theories
+
+361
+00:22:11,350 --> 00:22:16,270
+of Einstein say that we can travel in time if we
+
+362
+00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:21,240
+make the time be equal with the speed. But at this
+
+363
+00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:24,660
+moment, at least at this moment, no one of the
+
+364
+00:22:24,660 --> 00:22:29,920
+scientifics can prove that the time could be equal
+
+365
+00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,820
+with the speed.
+
+366
+00:22:33,470 --> 00:22:36,110
+It's possible, I'm not Einstein of course, and if
+
+367
+00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,470
+he says so it could be true, but who knows, maybe
+
+368
+00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:42,290
+in the future, in fifty years, in a hundred years,
+
+369
+00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:46,590
+in a thousand years. How could one person be in
+
+370
+00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:50,690
+both places, in the present and in the past? Yeah,
+
+371
+00:22:50,790 --> 00:22:54,690
+crazy. Maybe he's dead. Crazy, I don't know. I'm
+
+372
+00:22:54,690 --> 00:22:58,850
+not a scientist myself. I just, I just talk. Yes?
+
+373
+00:22:59,450 --> 00:23:02,550
+I was saying that science fiction makes us think.
+
+374
+00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:07,710
+When you watch a movie that creates a new idea and
+
+375
+00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:10,710
+you start thinking, oh this may be possible and
+
+376
+00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:13,530
+you start thinking about other things, things, you
+
+377
+00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:17,070
+know? So it brings a whole train of thought. Yeah,
+
+378
+00:23:17,130 --> 00:23:20,540
+I agree with Haya here. It's about thinking. It's
+
+379
+00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:22,640
+about imagination. It's about the power of
+
+380
+00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,840
+imagination and what you can do, what is possible
+
+381
+00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,200
+and what is impossible. Anyway, if you don't like
+
+382
+00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200
+science fiction, at least try to disable the logic
+
+383
+00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,700
+according to what we heard from Coleridge, the
+
+384
+00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,140
+suspension of disbelief. Take it as a metaphorical
+
+385
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:42,360
+expression, as an allegory. Because listen,
+
+386
+00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,680
+Beowulf itself is not It's not also, it's magical
+
+387
+00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:53,340
+also. Because we know dragons don't exist. We know
+
+388
+00:23:53,340 --> 00:23:56,780
+one man can dive I don't know how long deep in the
+
+389
+00:23:56,780 --> 00:23:59,460
+lake and fight the dragons and the monsters. We
+
+390
+00:23:59,460 --> 00:24:03,540
+know this. But we take this on an allegorical,
+
+391
+00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,660
+metaphorical level. Cartoon? Cartoon doesn't
+
+392
+00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:10,100
+exist. We have cartoon characters in real life.
+
+393
+00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,360
+Why do we enjoy Tom and Jerry? Why do you enjoy
+
+394
+00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:17,120
+the Smurfs? You watch the Smurfs? Did you watch
+
+395
+00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,360
+the movie Cuckoo? Yeah, Cuckoo. Oh, what a
+
+396
+00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:26,200
+beautiful and brave and what else? Entangled. What
+
+397
+00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:32,070
+other cartoon movies do we have? Yeah, really
+
+398
+00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:39,330
+beautiful movies. SpongeBob? Some SpongeBob fans
+
+399
+00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:44,420
+here. Good. So my point is that Why would you like
+
+400
+00:24:44,420 --> 00:24:48,900
+cartoon? Is cartoon real? Does it teach us
+
+401
+00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,580
+something? Does it touch our hearts? It's not only
+
+402
+00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,960
+about the fun and the laughter like we see in Tom
+
+403
+00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,100
+and Jerry. Although, listen, Tom and Jerry is
+
+404
+00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:02,470
+probably the most violent thing on TV. It's always
+
+405
+00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:05,210
+fighting, always, you know, Tom cutting
+
+406
+00:25:05,210 --> 00:25:09,430
+somebody's... Jerry cuts his tail, sometimes his
+
+407
+00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:11,890
+head, sometimes, you know, detonates the whole
+
+408
+00:25:11,890 --> 00:25:14,870
+house. A lot of violence. We laugh. We don't pay
+
+409
+00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:18,290
+much attention to the violence. And we know it's
+
+410
+00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:25,570
+not real. But we love sometimes to suspend even
+
+411
+00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,890
+our belief in real life because we want something
+
+412
+00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:32,390
+called relief, you know? We want a break. We want
+
+413
+00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:37,790
+some fun sometimes. Anyway, interesting how
+
+414
+00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:43,190
+significant literature is and fiction is. Now Jane
+
+415
+00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:46,850
+Austen, remember? Jane Austen could be a
+
+416
+00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:51,810
+transition link between Romanticism and Victorian
+
+417
+00:25:51,810 --> 00:25:55,960
+Age. If you want to take Jane Austen as a
+
+418
+00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,680
+Victorian figure, it's up to you. You want to take
+
+419
+00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,440
+her as a romantic figure, it's also up to you. But
+
+420
+00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,740
+definitely she has themes and features and
+
+421
+00:26:04,740 --> 00:26:09,000
+characteristics from both movements and eras. And
+
+422
+00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,840
+she was one of the most important writers of her
+
+423
+00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:18,420
+time. But always remember that Jane Austen was
+
+424
+00:26:18,420 --> 00:26:23,500
+only one of a long series or chain of female
+
+425
+00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:28,440
+writers, beginning from Aphra Behn, for example.
+
+426
+00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,200
+Aphra Behn will probably mention this. I mentioned
+
+427
+00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,060
+this already and I'll mention it again and again.
+
+428
+00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,880
+Virginia Woolf, the most significant female critic
+
+429
+00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,820
+and feminist activist and writer in the 20th
+
+430
+00:26:41,820 --> 00:26:45,400
+century, praises Afrabin of all women. She says
+
+431
+00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,200
+all the women in the world should put roses on her
+
+432
+00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,700
+grave. She started this movement. She encouraged
+
+433
+00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,700
+women to write. She showed the women how to write.
+
+434
+00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,240
+But again, personally, I would go to female
+
+435
+00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,930
+characters all the time. I'll go to the nun. in
+
+436
+00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:08,670
+Chosa's story and see how she defies the rule of
+
+437
+00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,350
+man. I'll go to Portia as one of the greatest
+
+438
+00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:15,410
+female characters ever, how she tried, she mocked,
+
+439
+00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:19,010
+she made fun of the man-made rules and patriarchy
+
+440
+00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:23,590
+only by changing her gown, her clothes, putting a
+
+441
+00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:27,290
+particular garment, and now she's a lawyer, and
+
+442
+00:27:27,290 --> 00:27:30,610
+now she can beat the court, deceive the court, and
+
+443
+00:27:30,610 --> 00:27:33,660
+can deceived the most cunning character in
+
+444
+00:27:33,660 --> 00:27:37,400
+Shakespeare, Shylock. So it starts from
+
+445
+00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,040
+literature, but it then transfers into real life.
+
+446
+00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:44,900
+Okay, so she's a late romantic, pre-Victorian
+
+447
+00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,460
+figure, or a romantic and a Victorian figure. Her
+
+448
+00:27:48,460 --> 00:27:52,860
+main interests usually go to the moral, the
+
+449
+00:27:52,860 --> 00:27:55,080
+social, and the psychological. If we focus on the
+
+450
+00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:59,040
+social, generally this is a Victorian issue theme,
+
+451
+00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,460
+because it's always about the society, corruption,
+
+452
+00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,160
+and poverty, and children, and education, et
+
+453
+00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:08,720
+cetera. Now, again, I don't want to say that women
+
+454
+00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,000
+writers mainly write about women, but they do.
+
+455
+00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,840
+Okay? But it doesn't mean all their writing is
+
+456
+00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:17,600
+about women and women themes. They have a variety
+
+457
+00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,640
+of issues and a variety of themes. But of course,
+
+458
+00:28:21,060 --> 00:28:23,420
+because women are like here, most Palestinian
+
+459
+00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:25,940
+poets and writers in Gaza, in the West Bank, in
+
+460
+00:28:25,940 --> 00:28:27,680
+Jerusalem, in the diaspora, they write about
+
+461
+00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,660
+Palestine. But not everything we write is about
+
+462
+00:28:30,660 --> 00:28:33,620
+Palestine. Sometimes we write as Palestinians. We
+
+463
+00:28:33,620 --> 00:28:36,750
+write like Palestinians. But you could write any
+
+464
+00:28:36,750 --> 00:28:40,470
+kind of poetry or novels or short stories. So she
+
+465
+00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:45,410
+writes mainly about young heroines who grow up to
+
+466
+00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:49,930
+search for, independently, to search for personal
+
+467
+00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:53,430
+happiness, where they try to turn things upside
+
+468
+00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:56,650
+down and inside out. So women are no longer
+
+469
+00:28:56,650 --> 00:29:03,320
+totally dependent on men. They are independent. So
+
+470
+00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,820
+her pictures are usually very vivid, very
+
+471
+00:29:06,820 --> 00:29:10,060
+detailed. She describes things in minute
+
+472
+00:29:10,060 --> 00:29:15,120
+description that sometimes men can't do. She uses
+
+473
+00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:21,100
+irony to show how absurd things are. And something
+
+474
+00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:24,060
+interesting about Austin, she doesn't include too
+
+475
+00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:26,580
+many characters in her novels. She just chooses
+
+476
+00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:30,280
+three or four families, three or four main
+
+477
+00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,440
+characters, and that's it. Many movies like,
+
+478
+00:29:33,740 --> 00:29:37,560
+sorry, novels later on have tens and dozens of
+
+479
+00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,840
+characters, and it could be confusing. Her point
+
+480
+00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,840
+is that I just want to focus on these, and they
+
+481
+00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,020
+can represent the whole society, the whole
+
+482
+00:29:47,020 --> 00:29:55,520
+society. Okay? Now, in her books, we'll see, for
+
+483
+00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:57,660
+example, how characters, how she gives the
+
+484
+00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:01,180
+characters the choices. And readers are generally
+
+485
+00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:04,480
+involved in the experience. We'll see how this
+
+486
+00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,460
+happens later on. So the reader, when you read
+
+487
+00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:09,940
+especially Jane Austen, sometimes you feel as a
+
+488
+00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:12,760
+character in the book. You identify everything is
+
+489
+00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,600
+revealed in front of you. Characters have options,
+
+490
+00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,280
+have choices, and they decide which option to
+
+491
+00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,380
+take. And you just want to follow them to see what
+
+492
+00:30:21,380 --> 00:30:24,700
+happens eventually because you also have your own
+
+493
+00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,820
+choices in life and how they make these choices.
+
+494
+00:30:29,790 --> 00:30:33,670
+In Sense and Sensibility, as the name suggests,
+
+495
+00:30:34,510 --> 00:30:37,830
+notice how the name changes. It's no longer a name
+
+496
+00:30:37,830 --> 00:30:43,060
+after the main character. We have this more in
+
+497
+00:30:43,060 --> 00:30:47,140
+women than in men, by the way. Okay? So sense and
+
+498
+00:30:47,140 --> 00:30:50,660
+sensibility. Well, she contrasts between sense and
+
+499
+00:30:50,660 --> 00:30:54,760
+sensibility, the Augustan age of mind and control
+
+500
+00:30:54,760 --> 00:30:57,220
+and brain, and of emotions and feelings and
+
+501
+00:30:57,220 --> 00:31:00,480
+imagination, the romantic age. So she contrasts
+
+502
+00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,140
+between two sisters, Eleanor, who is rational and
+
+503
+00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:07,420
+self-controlled, representing sense, the brain,
+
+504
+00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,640
+and Marianne, who is more emotional, standing for
+
+505
+00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,960
+sensibility, standing for, again, the Romantic Age
+
+506
+00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:22,360
+versus the Augustan Age. Interesting how, again,
+
+507
+00:31:22,780 --> 00:31:27,520
+as a woman, she's involved in this idea of
+
+508
+00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,820
+comparing and contrasting ages together. So this
+
+509
+00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:34,260
+is something critics did at that time, but she
+
+510
+00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:36,690
+does this in her... in her novel.
+
+511
+00:31:39,610 --> 00:31:44,110
+In Pride and Prejudice and Emma, so we have Pride
+
+512
+00:31:44,110 --> 00:31:47,950
+and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and
+
+513
+00:31:47,950 --> 00:31:51,430
+Mansfield Park, she usually shows that it's
+
+514
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:54,370
+important to know oneself in order to achieve
+
+515
+00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:57,870
+happiness, what you want to do. So, generally, she
+
+516
+00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,840
+focuses on this aspect of self-identifying
+
+517
+00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:03,940
+yourself, knowing yourself, understanding
+
+518
+00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:06,840
+yourself. Do you want to achieve happiness? Do you
+
+519
+00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,100
+want to be something? Do you want to be different?
+
+520
+00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,980
+Do you want to change your society, to change
+
+521
+00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:14,400
+somebody, to get somebody, to win somebody? Do you
+
+522
+00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,440
+want to do that? First and foremost, you have to
+
+523
+00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,380
+come face to face with yourself and to understand
+
+524
+00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:24,340
+what exactly you are, who you are, what you want,
+
+525
+00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,180
+understanding your identity. Remember, we spoke
+
+526
+00:32:27,180 --> 00:32:30,650
+about this in Hamlet also. at the beginning Hamlet
+
+527
+00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:35,530
+didn't know that he belonged to the old age of his
+
+528
+00:32:35,530 --> 00:32:38,630
+father asking him to commit suicide or to the new
+
+529
+00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:41,250
+modern age where he goes to university and knows
+
+530
+00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:44,570
+that a person who kills should be arrested and
+
+531
+00:32:44,570 --> 00:32:49,370
+taken by the police and then to be or not to be
+
+532
+00:32:49,370 --> 00:32:52,430
+that is the question and at the end when he
+
+533
+00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:56,030
+realizes who he is He changes from to be or not to
+
+534
+00:32:56,030 --> 00:32:59,770
+be to, it's I, Hamlet, the Dane. He knows that,
+
+535
+00:32:59,890 --> 00:33:03,230
+okay, I know who I am and I know what I want to do
+
+536
+00:33:03,230 --> 00:33:06,190
+in life. So this is significant in her books.
+
+537
+00:33:06,430 --> 00:33:09,330
+Understand yourself. And remember, this is
+
+538
+00:33:09,330 --> 00:33:12,370
+generally something that the reader feels. The
+
+539
+00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:15,890
+message is clear because you are involved in the
+
+540
+00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:21,650
+book, okay? Again, her novels and most of the
+
+541
+00:33:21,650 --> 00:33:23,810
+novels of these times because many people wanted
+
+542
+00:33:23,810 --> 00:33:26,610
+to please the readers. They wanted to publish
+
+543
+00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:29,710
+because publishers wanted a particular type of
+
+544
+00:33:29,710 --> 00:33:33,390
+genre of novel. So they would end happily ever
+
+545
+00:33:33,390 --> 00:33:37,070
+after with generally people getting married. But a
+
+546
+00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:39,430
+significant aspect in Jane Austen and this we find
+
+547
+00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:43,610
+this more often in women writers than in men.
+
+548
+00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:47,820
+where the reader is involved in a way or another.
+
+549
+00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:51,980
+The reader is part of... You identify, you are
+
+550
+00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:56,200
+addressed sometimes. For example, in Pride and
+
+551
+00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,800
+Prejudice, we'll see at the end of the novel, the
+
+552
+00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,400
+main character, I think Elizabeth Bennet, we'll
+
+553
+00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,400
+see now, she directly talks to the reader, and she
+
+554
+00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:11,580
+says, reader, is it here? No, sorry. This is in
+
+555
+00:34:11,580 --> 00:34:16,410
+Jane Eyre, not here. Sorry, I messed up. So here
+
+556
+00:34:16,410 --> 00:34:19,110
+the reader again is part of the experience itself,
+
+557
+00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,650
+part of the novel. Before we conclude romanticism,
+
+558
+00:34:25,310 --> 00:34:29,050
+we'll speak a little bit more about pride and
+
+559
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,910
+prejudice. There are many movies, Pride and
+
+560
+00:34:31,910 --> 00:34:33,810
+Prejudice. There was a movie like five years ago,
+
+561
+00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:37,740
+seven years ago, really interesting stuff. I know
+
+562
+00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:40,820
+many people who don't want to read romantic novels
+
+563
+00:34:40,820 --> 00:34:43,760
+from the Romantic Age or even Victorian novels.
+
+564
+00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:48,060
+They think that they're big and boring. So at
+
+565
+00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:50,380
+least try to watch the movie and then try to read
+
+566
+00:34:50,380 --> 00:34:55,560
+the novel. Now, Pride and Prejudice begins with
+
+567
+00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,860
+one of the most famous openings in literature. The
+
+568
+00:35:00,860 --> 00:35:05,360
+first line says, it is a truth universally
+
+569
+00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:11,830
+acknowledged that a single man in possession of a
+
+570
+00:35:11,830 --> 00:35:17,930
+good fortune must be in want of a wife. If you are
+
+571
+00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:22,630
+rich, you have money, you should get married.
+
+572
+00:35:24,970 --> 00:35:29,010
+If you have this, if you are rich, if you're
+
+573
+00:35:29,010 --> 00:35:32,810
+single, have the money, all you need now to
+
+574
+00:35:32,810 --> 00:35:37,700
+complete yourself in a way is a wife. So it is a
+
+575
+00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,140
+truth universally acknowledged that a single man
+
+576
+00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:44,420
+in possession of a good fortune must be in one of
+
+577
+00:35:44,420 --> 00:35:46,780
+them. This is the opening line, the first sentence
+
+578
+00:35:46,780 --> 00:35:50,880
+from Pride and Prejudice. Now, several people say
+
+579
+00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:55,500
+this is ironic. They say this is a famous irony
+
+580
+00:35:55,500 --> 00:36:02,440
+because the opposite happens. Because generally
+
+581
+00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:08,200
+here, it's the woman who is in the society is in
+
+582
+00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,920
+want of a man. Because in the book, the women
+
+583
+00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,280
+start to chase or one of the women starts to chase
+
+584
+00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:22,780
+the rich character. So it's like a woman who is
+
+585
+00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:27,340
+single should be looking for a man who has money.
+
+586
+00:36:28,450 --> 00:36:32,750
+And there are other layers of ironies. So in Pride
+
+587
+00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:34,590
+and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett, this is her
+
+588
+00:36:34,590 --> 00:36:38,670
+name. She's a central character. She dislikes Mr.
+
+589
+00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:45,790
+Darcy. He is wealthy, and he is in want of a wife,
+
+590
+00:36:45,850 --> 00:36:49,730
+of a woman or a wife. Now, because she hates him,
+
+591
+00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,980
+Simply because she hates him because of who he is,
+
+592
+00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,280
+she is prejudiced. No prejudice to dislike
+
+593
+00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,240
+somebody or something before even getting to know
+
+594
+00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,480
+them. It's just you have an idea. Generally,
+
+595
+00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:07,440
+unrealistic, unfounded. And the man, because he's
+
+596
+00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,500
+rich, he's full of himself, he's pride. He's
+
+597
+00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:12,920
+proud. He's a proud man. He is pride. He stands
+
+598
+00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:16,260
+for pride. She's prejudiced while he is pride
+
+599
+00:37:16,260 --> 00:37:19,320
+because she dislikes him at the beginning and he's
+
+600
+00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,490
+full of himself. Now, again, remember that
+
+601
+00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:25,270
+characters have to learn about themselves, to know
+
+602
+00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:27,490
+themselves, to understand themselves before
+
+603
+00:37:27,490 --> 00:37:32,370
+getting to achieve what they have to achieve. And
+
+604
+00:37:32,370 --> 00:37:36,350
+as expected from Jane Austen, the novel ends
+
+605
+00:37:36,350 --> 00:37:40,290
+happily. What is happiness here in the society?
+
+606
+00:37:40,510 --> 00:37:45,370
+They get married. Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. Say
+
+607
+00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:50,280
+again? Not at the beginning, right? Yeah. He
+
+608
+00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:53,920
+realized at the end that he is the true man. He's
+
+609
+00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:57,040
+a good man. But why? So this is the journey of
+
+610
+00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,620
+understanding, self-exploration, seeking to
+
+611
+00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:02,520
+understand yourself. Watch the movie. It's really
+
+612
+00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,200
+interesting. Try to read the book. So the happy
+
+613
+00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,680
+ending here is this is a social movie in a way or
+
+614
+00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,400
+another. Sorry, a social novel about society,
+
+615
+00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080
+about marriage, about men, about women, and
+
+616
+00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:19,220
+everything. Okay, that's Pride and Prejudice, very
+
+617
+00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:24,600
+famous novel. So, we come to a conclusion here,
+
+618
+00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:26,580
+romanticism in general.
+
+619
+00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:35,840
+We have again, how many male poets? Blake,
+
+620
+00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:41,620
+Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron,
+
+621
+00:38:41,740 --> 00:38:48,690
+and then we have Jane Austen, and do they all
+
+622
+00:38:48,690 --> 00:38:52,570
+share the same exact features? This applies to
+
+623
+00:38:52,570 --> 00:38:55,270
+almost all movements and theories in English.
+
+624
+00:38:55,490 --> 00:38:59,050
+Generally, we have basic general features and
+
+625
+00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:02,390
+characteristics that most of them share, and then
+
+626
+00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:06,350
+each one of them has their or its hair or his
+
+627
+00:39:06,350 --> 00:39:10,810
+particular features. We've seen this once again,
+
+628
+00:39:10,930 --> 00:39:14,630
+but basically, The romantic poets, the romantic
+
+629
+00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:18,130
+authors in general, they were writers, poets of
+
+630
+00:39:18,130 --> 00:39:22,040
+change. Yes, not radical political social change
+
+631
+00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,720
+at the beginning, but at least changing language,
+
+632
+00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:30,140
+changing the way poetry was composed. They found
+
+633
+00:39:30,140 --> 00:39:34,320
+constants in nature and art. Remember colorage,
+
+634
+00:39:34,660 --> 00:39:38,860
+supernatural elements? Wordsworth, nature, the
+
+635
+00:39:38,860 --> 00:39:42,300
+daffodils, the rainbow. And in the common man,
+
+636
+00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:48,070
+simple language, memory. But later on, for Keats
+
+637
+00:39:48,070 --> 00:39:53,770
+and Shelley, for example, art was the end. Art was
+
+638
+00:39:53,770 --> 00:39:56,750
+not only the means to an end, but also the end
+
+639
+00:39:56,750 --> 00:40:02,210
+itself. Because art and artistic creation give
+
+640
+00:40:02,210 --> 00:40:06,110
+meaning and give eternity and give life. And they
+
+641
+00:40:06,110 --> 00:40:10,830
+make our lives and experiences now and forever.
+
+642
+00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,700
+They could also see the dangers in the modern
+
+643
+00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,660
+world. Remember, the society, the corruption of
+
+644
+00:40:17,660 --> 00:40:21,240
+the city, depersonalization and decline. People
+
+645
+00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:24,820
+were no longer people. They were like machines
+
+646
+00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:28,760
+working in factories. They wanted to give man back
+
+647
+00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,620
+his dignity. And that's the feature of
+
+648
+00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:35,540
+individuality here. In their writings, the
+
+649
+00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:38,670
+security of the individual was threatened. An
+
+650
+00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:41,970
+individual was losing his or her identity, and
+
+651
+00:40:41,970 --> 00:40:45,870
+that's why we find generally common people, the
+
+652
+00:40:45,870 --> 00:40:48,910
+masses, themes about ordinary people, poor people,
+
+653
+00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,930
+unnamed people, people we never ever find in the
+
+654
+00:40:52,930 --> 00:40:56,410
+texts, the books of the Augustans generally.
+
+655
+00:40:57,510 --> 00:41:01,270
+Because basically it was about elite life and
+
+656
+00:41:01,270 --> 00:41:05,740
+courtly life. More or less, not 100%. So during
+
+657
+00:41:05,740 --> 00:41:07,880
+the Romantic period, prose writing developed
+
+658
+00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:13,400
+rapidly, thanks partly to some women writers, but
+
+659
+00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,300
+also some men. But always remember, poetry was
+
+660
+00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:19,760
+more dominant. In the Victorian Age, it's going to
+
+661
+00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:25,060
+be the opposite. The novel will be more dominant.
+
+662
+00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:28,600
+A number of novelists were women, such as Mary
+
+663
+00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:35,850
+Shelley and Jane Austen. And thus, we finish the
+
+664
+00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:40,990
+Romantic Movement. Not sure how you think about it
+
+665
+00:41:40,990 --> 00:41:46,190
+compared to the Augustan poetry, compared to John
+
+666
+00:41:46,190 --> 00:41:50,110
+Donne, compared to Chaucer, compared to Old
+
+667
+00:41:50,110 --> 00:41:56,210
+English. But many, I know many, especially, I was
+
+668
+00:41:56,210 --> 00:41:59,550
+reading this article that claims that the
+
+669
+00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,490
+romantics are more famous among women than among
+
+670
+00:42:03,490 --> 00:42:05,070
+men.
+
+671
+00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:10,810
+Because the claim is that Romantic poetry
+
+672
+00:42:10,810 --> 00:42:13,990
+literature gives voice to the subclass, the
+
+673
+00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:17,310
+marginalized, like Jonan was doing, to people who
+
+674
+00:42:17,310 --> 00:42:20,310
+nobody cares about. So when you read a poem as a
+
+675
+00:42:20,310 --> 00:42:23,150
+woman, you feel empowered, you feel that someone
+
+676
+00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,350
+is at least giving you a particular tool, is
+
+677
+00:42:26,350 --> 00:42:29,190
+creating, is inviting you to create your own
+
+678
+00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,690
+world, to change your own world in a way or
+
+679
+00:42:32,690 --> 00:42:33,730
+another.
+
+680
+00:42:35,770 --> 00:42:39,820
+Okay? Do we have any question, comment, or
+
+681
+00:42:39,820 --> 00:42:44,480
+something? Can you consider Jane Austen as a
+
+682
+00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:47,220
+veteran writer because she lived in a foreign
+
+683
+00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:49,640
+place? Yeah, could be. Yeah, she could be a
+
+684
+00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,980
+veteran because she experienced, she lived during
+
+685
+00:42:53,980 --> 00:42:56,920
+the, you know, some romantic poets and later on
+
+686
+00:42:56,920 --> 00:43:00,900
+with some early, early Victorians. Yeah, but not
+
+687
+00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:07,090
+exactly, but could be. Yes? Commentary? Chima?
+
+688
+00:43:08,170 --> 00:43:11,670
+Asil? Dream? Khadra?
+
+689
+00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:17,270
+Anyone? Don't have a Khadra here.
+
+690
+00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:27,940
+Okay, we stop. Thank you very much. And looking
+
+691
+00:43:27,940 --> 00:43:30,620
+forward to next class where we're going to begin
+
+692
+00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:35,100
+talking about the Victorian Age. And thank you
+
+693
+00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:35,500
+very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eac0d5da9c9c4404c282757bc9773461fbd470f2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/vi1BOxUPfE0_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2772 @@
+1
+00:00:20,750 --> 00:00:23,770
+Good day everyone. Today we continue speaking
+
+2
+00:00:23,770 --> 00:00:29,010
+about the romantic movement. We are done with the
+
+3
+00:00:29,010 --> 00:00:34,430
+romantic poets. We finished Blake Coleridge,
+
+4
+00:00:34,650 --> 00:00:37,170
+William Wordsworth, John Keats,
+
+5
+00:00:39,710 --> 00:00:46,130
+Marlow, Marlow, Byron. Byron is not a romantic
+
+6
+00:00:46,130 --> 00:00:50,740
+poet. Although he speaks about women, courtly
+
+7
+00:00:50,740 --> 00:00:54,100
+love. Remember romantic poetry is not about women,
+
+8
+00:00:54,260 --> 00:00:56,980
+it's not about love relationships between men and
+
+9
+00:00:56,980 --> 00:01:01,420
+women. It's about nature, it's about loving
+
+10
+00:01:01,420 --> 00:01:03,540
+yourself, it's about individuality and all these
+
+11
+00:01:03,540 --> 00:01:07,880
+interesting themes. Today we move to speak about
+
+12
+00:01:09,380 --> 00:01:13,580
+two women poets, two romantic, sorry, two women
+
+13
+00:01:13,580 --> 00:01:18,780
+writers, authors, female romantic authors. The
+
+14
+00:01:18,780 --> 00:01:22,300
+first one is Mary Shelley. The second one is Jane
+
+15
+00:01:22,300 --> 00:01:25,240
+Austen. And before I begin, there are two things I
+
+16
+00:01:25,240 --> 00:01:31,260
+have to discuss. The first, Mary Shelley is Percy
+
+17
+00:01:31,260 --> 00:01:36,450
+Shelley's wife. Okay, despite the fact, and this
+
+18
+00:01:36,450 --> 00:01:39,350
+is very interesting, despite the fact that her
+
+19
+00:01:39,350 --> 00:01:43,190
+parents, especially her mom, played a great role
+
+20
+00:01:43,190 --> 00:01:48,710
+in developing Mary's skills as a writer, as a
+
+21
+00:01:48,710 --> 00:01:51,550
+thinker, as a critic, as an essayist. She's
+
+22
+00:01:51,550 --> 00:01:55,830
+usually attributed to her husband because her
+
+23
+00:01:55,830 --> 00:01:59,410
+husband's family name is used here, not her
+
+24
+00:01:59,410 --> 00:02:02,810
+parents, her original family name. And this is
+
+25
+00:02:02,810 --> 00:02:05,470
+something some women resist most of the time. And
+
+26
+00:02:05,470 --> 00:02:08,250
+here in Gaza, the laws were changed a little bit.
+
+27
+00:02:08,330 --> 00:02:11,710
+Now a woman can choose to take her husband's name
+
+28
+00:02:11,710 --> 00:02:15,010
+or to keep her own name. In America, sometimes
+
+29
+00:02:15,010 --> 00:02:18,850
+they do double. Like she keeps her name, her
+
+30
+00:02:18,850 --> 00:02:22,250
+family name, and she also uses her husband's, like
+
+31
+00:02:22,250 --> 00:02:26,390
+Hillary Rodham Clinton. So Clinton is the family
+
+32
+00:02:26,390 --> 00:02:32,240
+name of the husband. Rodham is her own surname.
+
+33
+00:02:32,780 --> 00:02:36,020
+And what I'm saying here is that sometimes women's
+
+34
+00:02:36,020 --> 00:02:39,000
+success is generally attributed not to themselves
+
+35
+00:02:39,000 --> 00:02:42,440
+or to their parents or particularly to their mom,
+
+36
+00:02:43,220 --> 00:02:47,300
+but to her husband. to a man who was behind her.
+
+37
+00:02:47,480 --> 00:02:50,960
+It's like every, there is a man behind every great
+
+38
+00:02:50,960 --> 00:02:53,600
+woman supporting her and pushing and pushing her
+
+39
+00:02:53,600 --> 00:02:56,700
+and this is really anti-feminist in a way or
+
+40
+00:02:56,700 --> 00:02:59,020
+another. The other thing is the fact that Jane
+
+41
+00:02:59,020 --> 00:03:04,010
+Austen is considered by many people, many readers
+
+42
+00:03:04,010 --> 00:03:07,610
+and critics to be a Victorian figure or rather a
+
+43
+00:03:07,610 --> 00:03:11,730
+pre-Victorian figure. Here, we're going to discuss
+
+44
+00:03:11,730 --> 00:03:15,070
+Jane Austen as a figure who was in between. She
+
+45
+00:03:15,070 --> 00:03:19,690
+was the transitioning link between romanticism and
+
+46
+00:03:19,690 --> 00:03:23,350
+the Victorian Age. In her novels, we'll see themes
+
+47
+00:03:23,350 --> 00:03:26,830
+and interests and concerns from the Romantic era,
+
+48
+00:03:27,010 --> 00:03:30,490
+Romantic period, and also she was preparing the
+
+49
+00:03:30,490 --> 00:03:33,610
+scene for the Victorian theme. So if someone tells
+
+50
+00:03:33,610 --> 00:03:36,310
+you, no, no, no, she's Victorian, okay, they have
+
+51
+00:03:36,310 --> 00:03:39,370
+a point. If someone says, no, she's pure Romantic,
+
+52
+00:03:39,570 --> 00:03:42,730
+they also have a point. In my opinion, she's both.
+
+53
+00:03:43,270 --> 00:03:47,930
+And sometimes it's not easy to give clear-cut
+
+54
+00:03:47,930 --> 00:03:52,210
+answers whether somebody is Victorian or not, or
+
+55
+00:03:52,210 --> 00:03:54,390
+romantic or not, because they could have common
+
+56
+00:03:54,390 --> 00:03:57,410
+features from a particular movement, but also they
+
+57
+00:03:57,410 --> 00:04:01,250
+could have their own individual personal features.
+
+58
+00:04:01,350 --> 00:04:03,490
+Like when we discussed Byron, we said Byron
+
+59
+00:04:04,480 --> 00:04:09,620
+returned back to Augustan Age idea of using irony
+
+60
+00:04:09,620 --> 00:04:13,800
+and satire as tools in poetry, something that most
+
+61
+00:04:13,800 --> 00:04:19,120
+of other romantics just didn't want to do, okay?
+
+62
+00:04:20,140 --> 00:04:26,960
+So Mary Wollstonecraft, her original family name,
+
+63
+00:04:27,460 --> 00:04:31,930
+it's huge, so big, it's a burden, right? And now
+
+64
+00:04:31,930 --> 00:04:36,930
+she uses, or many people refer to her basically as
+
+65
+00:04:36,930 --> 00:04:41,190
+Mary Shilley. Mary Shilley. Shilley was, she was
+
+66
+00:04:41,190 --> 00:04:43,650
+in a way, she had some critical opinions. She was
+
+67
+00:04:43,650 --> 00:04:46,010
+an essayist. She was also a short story writer.
+
+68
+00:04:46,390 --> 00:04:49,530
+But most importantly, she was a novelist. So
+
+69
+00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:52,390
+romanticism and romantic movement was mainly a
+
+70
+00:04:52,390 --> 00:04:58,180
+movement of poetry. Prose was developed in so many
+
+71
+00:04:58,180 --> 00:05:01,360
+ways, especially that some women were writing a
+
+72
+00:05:01,360 --> 00:05:03,620
+prose. They always wanted to find different ways.
+
+73
+00:05:03,720 --> 00:05:06,720
+They always wanted to experiment and to change the
+
+74
+00:05:06,720 --> 00:05:12,280
+techniques of men telling stories. Her most famous
+
+75
+00:05:12,280 --> 00:05:16,220
+text is called Frankenstein. Frankenstein.
+
+76
+00:05:16,900 --> 00:05:20,600
+Frankenstein. It's described as a Gothic novel.
+
+77
+00:05:21,380 --> 00:05:24,400
+Gothic novel and Gothic novels generally are
+
+78
+00:05:24,400 --> 00:05:29,960
+novels that take place among the ruins of ancient
+
+79
+00:05:29,960 --> 00:05:33,140
+buildings and castles and in forests and jungles
+
+80
+00:05:33,140 --> 00:05:35,700
+and sometimes there is an element of terror and
+
+81
+00:05:35,700 --> 00:05:41,320
+fear and something that intimidates the readers
+
+82
+00:05:41,320 --> 00:05:44,300
+that makes you feel that this is some sort of a
+
+83
+00:05:44,300 --> 00:05:47,870
+scary movie in a way. Okay? But basically, it
+
+84
+00:05:47,870 --> 00:05:51,470
+happens among, you know, mysterious buildings
+
+85
+00:05:51,470 --> 00:05:55,490
+with, you know, ancient histories and everything.
+
+86
+00:05:55,790 --> 00:05:58,490
+So this is basically what a Gothic novel is. This
+
+87
+00:05:58,490 --> 00:06:01,130
+is the basic definition. You can elaborate on that
+
+88
+00:06:01,130 --> 00:06:03,830
+more. So Frankenstein, or the modern Prometheus,
+
+89
+00:06:03,910 --> 00:06:07,930
+Prometheus is the subtitle of the novel. It's in
+
+90
+00:06:07,930 --> 00:06:11,910
+ancient Greece or Greek mythology, Prometheus
+
+91
+00:06:11,910 --> 00:06:18,740
+brings the fire. from heaven somewhere to men, and
+
+92
+00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,600
+he was punished by the gods because fire was not
+
+93
+00:06:21,600 --> 00:06:25,160
+supposed to be given to men. So what Prometheus
+
+94
+00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:27,480
+does is to break the rules of the gods, to break
+
+95
+00:06:27,480 --> 00:06:30,020
+the rules, the barriers, and to bring something to
+
+96
+00:06:30,020 --> 00:06:33,320
+humanity, which is fire. For many, fire is
+
+97
+00:06:33,320 --> 00:06:36,760
+probably the most significant invention ever. What
+
+98
+00:06:36,760 --> 00:06:41,180
+happens in the story is that someone by the name
+
+99
+00:06:41,180 --> 00:06:46,930
+of Victor Frankenstein So who's Victor
+
+100
+00:06:46,930 --> 00:06:50,530
+Frankenstein? He's the main character. He's the
+
+101
+00:06:50,530 --> 00:06:53,810
+protagonist, the hero, so to speak. He's a
+
+102
+00:06:53,810 --> 00:06:57,550
+scientist, a student at university. Doing a lot of
+
+103
+00:06:57,550 --> 00:07:01,950
+research and experimentations, Victor Frankenstein
+
+104
+00:07:01,950 --> 00:07:06,690
+discovers the secret of life. You know, the secret
+
+105
+00:07:06,690 --> 00:07:11,850
+of life? Because no matter what humanity does, it
+
+106
+00:07:11,850 --> 00:07:15,980
+will not be able to give life to a dead body. It's
+
+107
+00:07:15,980 --> 00:07:21,620
+impossible. This is only the work of God. Because,
+
+108
+00:07:21,740 --> 00:07:25,980
+you know, using electricity and some technological
+
+109
+00:07:25,980 --> 00:07:29,420
+scientific advances, Victor discovers the secret
+
+110
+00:07:29,420 --> 00:07:32,800
+of life. What does he do? He's between, you know,
+
+111
+00:07:32,880 --> 00:07:35,920
+he's, like, caught between two options here. To
+
+112
+00:07:35,920 --> 00:07:39,300
+compete with God, you know, to be, remember, Dr.
+
+113
+00:07:39,620 --> 00:07:42,420
+Faustus, he wanted to be as powerful as God, to
+
+114
+00:07:42,420 --> 00:07:47,040
+know everything and do everything possible. So he
+
+115
+00:07:47,040 --> 00:07:51,890
+chooses to go into this path of trying to create
+
+116
+00:07:51,890 --> 00:07:54,830
+something, somebody. So he goes to a cemetery, to
+
+117
+00:07:54,830 --> 00:07:58,530
+a graveyard, and he collects body parts from dead
+
+118
+00:07:58,530 --> 00:08:01,310
+people. A head from here, a torso from here, a
+
+119
+00:08:01,310 --> 00:08:03,810
+hand from here, a leg from here, and he attaches
+
+120
+00:08:03,810 --> 00:08:07,510
+them together, and he uses the... Yeah, he
+
+121
+00:08:07,510 --> 00:08:11,610
+stitches the body parts together, and he breathes
+
+122
+00:08:11,610 --> 00:08:17,850
+life, life into this creature. He gives it life
+
+123
+00:08:17,850 --> 00:08:21,930
+using technology and science. Oh, interesting,
+
+124
+00:08:22,090 --> 00:08:24,390
+right? Of course, this is called science fiction.
+
+125
+00:08:24,550 --> 00:08:27,030
+We'll see in a bit what science fiction means.
+
+126
+00:08:27,110 --> 00:08:29,810
+It's impossible in real life. But in science
+
+127
+00:08:29,810 --> 00:08:33,110
+fiction novels, they tell us about how science
+
+128
+00:08:33,110 --> 00:08:38,810
+sometimes in the future, like in 3020, or people
+
+129
+00:08:38,810 --> 00:08:42,060
+on Mars, or aliens coming here, This is what
+
+130
+00:08:42,060 --> 00:08:45,160
+basically a science fiction novel does. It's about
+
+131
+00:08:45,160 --> 00:08:49,860
+what science can do that people can't really
+
+132
+00:08:49,860 --> 00:08:53,760
+imagine in real life, like how science can reach
+
+133
+00:08:53,760 --> 00:08:58,040
+out to other planets or other, you know, peoples
+
+134
+00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:03,300
+on Mars or Jupiter or other planets out there, or
+
+135
+00:09:03,300 --> 00:09:05,960
+how people can move in time and place, you know,
+
+136
+00:09:06,020 --> 00:09:09,080
+time machines. and everything. I know some people
+
+137
+00:09:09,080 --> 00:09:11,420
+who hate science fiction. They say, I don't
+
+138
+00:09:11,420 --> 00:09:14,840
+believe this. It's impossible for people to travel
+
+139
+00:09:14,840 --> 00:09:19,580
+across time and place in very short periods of
+
+140
+00:09:19,580 --> 00:09:22,600
+time. It's difficult to go back in time. But
+
+141
+00:09:22,600 --> 00:09:25,220
+remember, science fiction is some of the most
+
+142
+00:09:25,220 --> 00:09:27,780
+interesting imaginative and creative writing ever.
+
+143
+00:09:28,570 --> 00:09:31,450
+And according to many, science fiction has given
+
+144
+00:09:31,450 --> 00:09:34,510
+people and scientists and technology a lot of
+
+145
+00:09:34,510 --> 00:09:38,030
+ideas. I remember like 20 years ago, 25 years ago,
+
+146
+00:09:38,090 --> 00:09:40,910
+when we would watch a movie where a policeman
+
+147
+00:09:40,910 --> 00:09:45,030
+holds, for example, some sort of a TV or a screen
+
+148
+00:09:45,030 --> 00:09:48,530
+and would use, you know, touch things and move
+
+149
+00:09:48,530 --> 00:09:50,750
+things with fingers. Many people were like, what?
+
+150
+00:09:51,430 --> 00:09:53,650
+Like you touch a screen and everything moves and
+
+151
+00:09:53,650 --> 00:09:57,550
+now everything in our lives is touch screen. This
+
+152
+00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,970
+started decades ago in science fiction. So this is
+
+153
+00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:04,850
+basically about science doing the impossible.
+
+154
+00:10:05,630 --> 00:10:09,870
+Okay, so who's the main character? Victor
+
+155
+00:10:09,870 --> 00:10:13,870
+Frankenstein. The novel is named after him. Now he
+
+156
+00:10:13,870 --> 00:10:16,750
+creates a being sometimes referred to as a
+
+157
+00:10:16,750 --> 00:10:21,190
+creature being and he created like you know like
+
+158
+00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:26,850
+like a God. This creature is referred to as a
+
+159
+00:10:26,850 --> 00:10:32,510
+monster. Many people think that Frankenstein
+
+160
+00:10:32,510 --> 00:10:35,670
+refers to this creature or being or monster. No,
+
+161
+00:10:36,010 --> 00:10:39,370
+it actually refers to the scientist, the main
+
+162
+00:10:39,370 --> 00:10:42,550
+character, Victor Frankenstein. And the creature
+
+163
+00:10:42,550 --> 00:10:46,090
+remains unnamed throughout the whole novel. It
+
+164
+00:10:46,090 --> 00:10:50,470
+doesn't have a name, which is too sad. It's too
+
+165
+00:10:50,470 --> 00:10:53,830
+sad. Can you live without a name? Can you go on in
+
+166
+00:10:53,830 --> 00:10:56,210
+life and people calling you, hey, you, hey,
+
+167
+00:10:56,610 --> 00:10:59,470
+something? You have a name and when people call
+
+168
+00:10:59,470 --> 00:11:02,670
+you hey, you, or something, you say, yeah, yeah,
+
+169
+00:11:02,750 --> 00:11:07,490
+excuse me, I have a name, being a woman, hey,
+
+170
+00:11:07,590 --> 00:11:10,300
+woman. Come on. Yeah, I am a woman. I'm proud of
+
+171
+00:11:10,300 --> 00:11:13,460
+that. But I have a name. Call me by my name. So
+
+172
+00:11:13,460 --> 00:11:16,840
+don't mix this. If in the exam I ask you, I say
+
+173
+00:11:16,840 --> 00:11:21,640
+that true or false, the main character is the
+
+174
+00:11:21,640 --> 00:11:25,640
+creature named Frankenstein. It's wrong. And it's
+
+175
+00:11:25,640 --> 00:11:29,040
+actually one of the sad things. Now, When the
+
+176
+00:11:29,040 --> 00:11:33,020
+creature wakes up, comes to life, he looks so
+
+177
+00:11:33,020 --> 00:11:35,460
+ugly, so to speak, because of the stitches,
+
+178
+00:11:35,700 --> 00:11:38,080
+because of the body parts. And instead of taking
+
+179
+00:11:38,080 --> 00:11:42,080
+care of this creature as a baby or as a machine
+
+180
+00:11:42,080 --> 00:11:45,310
+you create, you invent, Victor Frankenstein runs
+
+181
+00:11:45,310 --> 00:11:49,190
+away. He abandons this creature, and he runs away,
+
+182
+00:11:49,350 --> 00:11:52,350
+and the creature gets very angry, very sad, learns
+
+183
+00:11:52,350 --> 00:11:54,630
+to speak, learns to read, learns to do many
+
+184
+00:11:54,630 --> 00:11:58,750
+interesting things by itself or himself, because
+
+185
+00:11:58,750 --> 00:12:03,270
+it is treated as a thing. Yes? This is very close
+
+186
+00:12:03,270 --> 00:12:05,930
+to the official infusion report from the US
+
+187
+00:12:05,930 --> 00:12:09,830
+Wikipedia. Yeah, yeah, exactly. In a way, like,
+
+188
+00:12:09,950 --> 00:12:12,050
+you don't have to take it literally, people giving
+
+189
+00:12:12,050 --> 00:12:15,030
+life to dead bodies. Like robots nowadays could be
+
+190
+00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:17,490
+like, you know Sophia? You know Sophia, the robot
+
+191
+00:12:17,490 --> 00:12:20,710
+that looks very intelligent. In a way, it looks
+
+192
+00:12:20,710 --> 00:12:22,770
+like. And we have so many movies, science fiction
+
+193
+00:12:22,770 --> 00:12:26,690
+movies about robots, you know, controlling their
+
+194
+00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:28,750
+own lives and destinies and rebelling against
+
+195
+00:12:28,750 --> 00:12:31,770
+human beings because of something, abuse or
+
+196
+00:12:31,770 --> 00:12:32,750
+something.
+
+197
+00:12:34,780 --> 00:12:37,780
+Now, the monster, I don't like to say the monster,
+
+198
+00:12:37,920 --> 00:12:39,660
+but it is described in the book as a monster,
+
+199
+00:12:40,220 --> 00:12:42,980
+comes to Victor and says, Victor, you created me.
+
+200
+00:12:43,040 --> 00:12:45,420
+You should take care of me. He says, No, go away.
+
+201
+00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,130
+Go away. You are hideous. OK, create something
+
+202
+00:12:49,130 --> 00:12:52,370
+else. Create a wife so I can have a company,
+
+203
+00:12:52,510 --> 00:12:54,410
+companion. And we can go to the mountains. We'll
+
+204
+00:12:54,410 --> 00:12:56,630
+not bother anybody, he said. He starts to do
+
+205
+00:12:56,630 --> 00:13:00,030
+something about it. And then he stops. He destroys
+
+206
+00:13:00,030 --> 00:13:03,510
+the other creature, the female creature he was
+
+207
+00:13:03,510 --> 00:13:08,350
+creating. He gets angry. He kills his brother. He
+
+208
+00:13:08,350 --> 00:13:12,190
+causes the death of several people. He kills.
+
+209
+00:13:13,020 --> 00:13:17,820
+Victor's wife, the night of the wedding. He kills
+
+210
+00:13:17,820 --> 00:13:21,060
+Victor Frankenstein himself. Now, what is
+
+211
+00:13:21,060 --> 00:13:23,180
+interesting about this novel is original in many
+
+212
+00:13:23,180 --> 00:13:25,560
+ways. It's one of the first science fiction
+
+213
+00:13:25,560 --> 00:13:28,360
+novels. It's one of the earliest Gothic novels in
+
+214
+00:13:28,360 --> 00:13:31,360
+English literature. But also the narrative of the
+
+215
+00:13:31,360 --> 00:13:34,380
+story is experimental and original. Only generally
+
+216
+00:13:34,380 --> 00:13:36,640
+women, men were doing the same thing again and
+
+217
+00:13:36,640 --> 00:13:38,540
+again and again. Yes, we have a lot of
+
+218
+00:13:38,540 --> 00:13:40,620
+experimentation like, you know, remember Tristram
+
+219
+00:13:40,620 --> 00:13:45,750
+Shandy, Lawrence Stern? And women usually wanted
+
+220
+00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:49,290
+to be different, to prove, to make a point, to
+
+221
+00:13:49,290 --> 00:13:51,910
+prove that they can write better than men. And
+
+222
+00:13:51,910 --> 00:13:56,090
+that's why they did an amazing job in this regard.
+
+223
+00:13:56,490 --> 00:14:00,430
+So the novel starts with Victor, I think it was
+
+224
+00:14:00,430 --> 00:14:05,000
+Victor and his sister exchanging letters. So it's
+
+225
+00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,760
+epistolary in a way. Epistolary using epistles,
+
+226
+00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,020
+letters. And then we shift to listen to the story.
+
+227
+00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,380
+We see everything through the mind and the eyes
+
+228
+00:14:14,380 --> 00:14:17,780
+and the perspective of Victor. And at the end of
+
+229
+00:14:17,780 --> 00:14:22,580
+the book, in a very surprising way, the narrative,
+
+230
+00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:25,940
+the narration shifts where we come face to face
+
+231
+00:14:25,940 --> 00:14:30,360
+with the monster and we listen to his story. And
+
+232
+00:14:30,360 --> 00:14:32,140
+it's very beautiful because generally in stories
+
+233
+00:14:32,140 --> 00:14:36,320
+like in Robinson Crusoe, we don't listen to Friday
+
+234
+00:14:36,320 --> 00:14:40,780
+talking unfiltered. He talks in the story, but
+
+235
+00:14:40,780 --> 00:14:44,810
+who? tells us what he said, what he didn't say.
+
+236
+00:14:45,290 --> 00:14:47,970
+It's the narrator. It's Robinson Crusoe himself.
+
+237
+00:14:48,510 --> 00:14:51,710
+But here, we come face to face with the monster,
+
+238
+00:14:51,950 --> 00:14:54,830
+with the creature, and he tells us, and we feel so
+
+239
+00:14:54,830 --> 00:14:58,130
+sad and so sorry for him. We sympathize with him.
+
+240
+00:14:58,210 --> 00:15:00,830
+In a way, we identify with him. He's like, I was
+
+241
+00:15:00,830 --> 00:15:03,450
+alone. He kept me. He abandoned me. I was like
+
+242
+00:15:03,450 --> 00:15:06,430
+Adam. If God didn't take care of Adam, he would
+
+243
+00:15:06,430 --> 00:15:09,490
+turn up into something, some kind of a monster.
+
+244
+00:15:10,880 --> 00:15:13,360
+just to create a female companion. I wanted
+
+245
+00:15:13,360 --> 00:15:15,840
+company. I wanted to talk to people. He didn't
+
+246
+00:15:15,840 --> 00:15:20,620
+even give me a name. And then the creature runs
+
+247
+00:15:20,620 --> 00:15:24,260
+away and disappears in the snow. Really beautiful
+
+248
+00:15:24,260 --> 00:15:28,960
+novel if you are into Gothic and science fiction.
+
+249
+00:15:29,340 --> 00:15:31,820
+In many ways, this is an experimental original
+
+250
+00:15:35,530 --> 00:15:38,010
+Now, what is romantic about this? We'll see,
+
+251
+00:15:38,290 --> 00:15:41,450
+again, so Frankenstein is an experimental novel in
+
+252
+00:15:41,450 --> 00:15:44,330
+its structure and narrative form, the way it's
+
+253
+00:15:44,330 --> 00:15:48,800
+built, the way it's told to us. The fact that
+
+254
+00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:51,480
+there is a shift in the narrative mode, and we
+
+255
+00:15:51,480 --> 00:15:54,740
+come face to face with the antagonist, with the
+
+256
+00:15:54,740 --> 00:15:58,800
+bad guy, and then we realize, wait a minute, the
+
+257
+00:15:58,800 --> 00:16:02,160
+bad guy is not that bad at all. Or at least, of
+
+258
+00:16:02,160 --> 00:16:04,260
+course, we never justify murder. We don't say,
+
+259
+00:16:04,360 --> 00:16:07,480
+yeah. Victor deserves to die, his wife deserves to
+
+260
+00:16:07,480 --> 00:16:09,340
+die, everybody else deserves to die. No, we don't
+
+261
+00:16:09,340 --> 00:16:12,960
+justify murder at all, but at least we try to
+
+262
+00:16:12,960 --> 00:16:13,760
+understand.
+
+263
+00:16:16,180 --> 00:16:20,120
+Yeah, not justifiable again, but we ask ourselves,
+
+264
+00:16:21,240 --> 00:16:23,820
+would we do the same thing or similar things if we
+
+265
+00:16:23,820 --> 00:16:28,380
+were in his shoes? I know his shoes are big, but
+
+266
+00:16:28,380 --> 00:16:32,060
+would we be reacting in a same way or a similar
+
+267
+00:16:32,060 --> 00:16:37,560
+way? in a way or another? Hopefully not, but who
+
+268
+00:16:37,560 --> 00:16:40,940
+knows? So the novel has romantic and anti-romantic
+
+269
+00:16:40,940 --> 00:16:44,400
+features. The idea that, remember imagination,
+
+270
+00:16:44,660 --> 00:16:46,220
+there is a lot about nature, imagination,
+
+271
+00:16:46,360 --> 00:16:49,840
+individuality, and the ordinary people, but also
+
+272
+00:16:49,840 --> 00:16:53,660
+here Mary Shelley is saying that it's very
+
+273
+00:16:53,660 --> 00:16:57,000
+dangerous to totally depend on your imagination.
+
+274
+00:16:59,030 --> 00:17:04,430
+imagination that is not at least, I would say,
+
+275
+00:17:04,970 --> 00:17:07,670
+controlled a little bit, controlled in a way where
+
+276
+00:17:07,670 --> 00:17:11,570
+man should know the limits, it's very dangerous.
+
+277
+00:17:12,330 --> 00:17:14,650
+And this is the result. You destroy yourself, you
+
+278
+00:17:14,650 --> 00:17:18,310
+create things that will be destructive. And we've
+
+279
+00:17:18,310 --> 00:17:21,090
+seen this in science, science making viruses,
+
+280
+00:17:21,910 --> 00:17:26,620
+scientists making diseases sometimes. in a way or
+
+281
+00:17:26,620 --> 00:17:29,060
+another. But again, it shows the romantic interest
+
+282
+00:17:29,060 --> 00:17:31,960
+in nature and the supernatural. It shows the
+
+283
+00:17:31,960 --> 00:17:36,740
+attempts of man to be as powerful as God. We've
+
+284
+00:17:36,740 --> 00:17:38,820
+seen this in Shakespeare. We've seen this in
+
+285
+00:17:38,820 --> 00:17:41,980
+Marlow. And it's repeated here. So again, this is
+
+286
+00:17:41,980 --> 00:17:44,660
+one, like I say here, one of the first modern
+
+287
+00:17:44,660 --> 00:17:47,160
+science fiction novels. What is science fiction?
+
+288
+00:17:47,540 --> 00:17:50,920
+This is, again, simply speaking, We've seen many
+
+289
+00:17:50,920 --> 00:17:53,940
+movies, many movies about science fiction and
+
+290
+00:17:53,940 --> 00:17:57,580
+books, stories about events, sometimes in the
+
+291
+00:17:57,580 --> 00:18:01,660
+future, which are affected by imaginary
+
+292
+00:18:01,660 --> 00:18:05,080
+developments in science. However, some of these
+
+293
+00:18:05,080 --> 00:18:08,480
+imaginary developments can sometimes become a
+
+294
+00:18:08,480 --> 00:18:11,620
+reality in a way or another, such as traveling in
+
+295
+00:18:11,620 --> 00:18:14,680
+time or other planets with life on them. So this
+
+296
+00:18:14,680 --> 00:18:19,910
+is basically Frankenstein. This is Mary Shelley. A
+
+297
+00:18:19,910 --> 00:18:23,850
+woman writer. She, by the way, she was one of the
+
+298
+00:18:23,850 --> 00:18:26,310
+people who supported her husband. It's not the
+
+299
+00:18:26,310 --> 00:18:30,670
+other way. When we get to hear Mary Shelley, oh,
+
+300
+00:18:31,190 --> 00:18:34,710
+her husband must have helped her. He could have
+
+301
+00:18:34,710 --> 00:18:36,670
+done this to her. He could have made her famous.
+
+302
+00:18:37,170 --> 00:18:40,130
+In a way, she was there to help him. Her mother
+
+303
+00:18:40,130 --> 00:18:45,410
+was a significant player in her future. Okay, any
+
+304
+00:18:45,410 --> 00:18:47,410
+question about Frankenstein, Mary Shelley?
+
+305
+00:18:52,280 --> 00:18:54,820
+Do you like science fiction? Does anybody here
+
+306
+00:18:54,820 --> 00:18:57,600
+like to watch science fiction movies? What do you
+
+307
+00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:02,260
+like about it? That in the future maybe we can
+
+308
+00:19:02,260 --> 00:19:05,560
+inspire from them trying to do something new.
+
+309
+00:19:05,820 --> 00:19:10,940
+Okay, inspiration, new. What else? Yes? I like
+
+310
+00:19:10,940 --> 00:19:15,300
+science fiction because you know it gives us hope
+
+311
+00:19:15,300 --> 00:19:19,080
+for the future. But I don't like time travel
+
+312
+00:19:19,080 --> 00:19:21,820
+because it doesn't make sense for me. Listen,
+
+313
+00:19:22,240 --> 00:19:26,940
+remember coleridge? Coleridge here comes in handy
+
+314
+00:19:26,940 --> 00:19:32,660
+where we need to suspend our disbelief.
+
+315
+00:19:33,040 --> 00:19:36,740
+You know it's impossible. But remember in the
+
+316
+00:19:36,740 --> 00:19:41,020
+past, in the past, Yeah, like in the past, it
+
+317
+00:19:41,020 --> 00:19:43,620
+would take you months to move from, I don't know,
+
+318
+00:19:43,720 --> 00:19:46,480
+London to somewhere in Asia, somewhere in Europe
+
+319
+00:19:46,480 --> 00:19:48,880
+even. And now you can just do it in two, three,
+
+320
+00:19:49,040 --> 00:19:52,660
+five hours. In a way, this is some sort of, you
+
+321
+00:19:52,660 --> 00:19:54,540
+know, it's traveling. It's not time traveling.
+
+322
+00:19:55,540 --> 00:19:59,520
+Just about speed. It's speed, yeah. I'm not
+
+323
+00:19:59,520 --> 00:20:01,920
+saying, I don't believe that in the future we will
+
+324
+00:20:01,920 --> 00:20:05,160
+be able to travel in time or to travel, you know.
+
+325
+00:20:05,580 --> 00:20:08,990
+What is it called in Harry Potter? Operating?
+
+326
+00:20:09,110 --> 00:20:11,630
+Operating? Is it operating? When they move from
+
+327
+00:20:11,630 --> 00:20:14,230
+one place to another using the fire and the
+
+328
+00:20:14,230 --> 00:20:18,150
+powder? Oh, I forgot Harry Potter. But I don't
+
+329
+00:20:18,150 --> 00:20:21,390
+think people can. Remember Hermione? Was it in
+
+330
+00:20:21,390 --> 00:20:23,410
+book one or book two? She also moved the
+
+331
+00:20:23,410 --> 00:20:27,360
+particular device. She had to turn to turn time,
+
+332
+00:20:28,180 --> 00:20:31,640
+time-turner device. But again, we use our
+
+333
+00:20:31,640 --> 00:20:35,360
+imagination here. We disable this logic a little
+
+334
+00:20:35,360 --> 00:20:39,500
+bit just to see what's going on. There is a movie
+
+335
+00:20:39,500 --> 00:20:41,840
+called Translator, I guess, Translator where
+
+336
+00:20:41,840 --> 00:20:45,100
+someone, they bring a translator to talk to some
+
+337
+00:20:45,100 --> 00:20:49,180
+of the aliens. A very beautiful one. I love the
+
+338
+00:20:49,180 --> 00:20:51,800
+movie. Especially, I love movies where you have
+
+339
+00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:55,840
+things about English and literature and like the
+
+340
+00:20:55,840 --> 00:20:59,180
+Dead Poets Society. You should watch this movie. A
+
+341
+00:20:59,180 --> 00:21:02,240
+lot of inspiration. It's dark a little bit. But
+
+342
+00:21:02,240 --> 00:21:06,660
+again, I love how when an alien comes from I don't
+
+343
+00:21:06,660 --> 00:21:10,160
+know where, and they go to someone who teaches
+
+344
+00:21:10,160 --> 00:21:12,800
+translation, who is specialized in translation,
+
+345
+00:21:13,120 --> 00:21:17,440
+come translate for us. It's mad, it's crazy
+
+346
+00:21:17,440 --> 00:21:20,960
+because it's impossible. But I laugh because I
+
+347
+00:21:20,960 --> 00:21:23,540
+identified with this. Many people are like
+
+348
+00:21:23,540 --> 00:21:27,880
+regularly like say, hey, do you have a minute? I
+
+349
+00:21:27,880 --> 00:21:29,700
+say, yeah, I have a class in 10 minutes. And they
+
+350
+00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:32,200
+say, can you translate these three pages for me?
+
+351
+00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,580
+And I'm like, but this is untranslatable. It's
+
+352
+00:21:37,580 --> 00:21:41,140
+sometimes almost impossible to translate stuff. A
+
+353
+00:21:41,140 --> 00:21:46,540
+friend of mine asked me to translate, All these
+
+354
+00:21:46,540 --> 00:21:52,090
+Arabic, how would you translate it? So seriously,
+
+355
+00:21:52,430 --> 00:21:55,910
+in many ways, I felt this connection between me
+
+356
+00:21:55,910 --> 00:21:58,610
+and the translator. Like, hey, translators can do
+
+357
+00:21:58,610 --> 00:22:01,630
+anything. Come translate because there's an alien
+
+358
+00:22:01,630 --> 00:22:05,430
+talking to us. So it could be about, you know,
+
+359
+00:22:05,510 --> 00:22:08,370
+things we experience on a different level, a
+
+360
+00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:11,350
+different scale. But Einstein, one of the theories
+
+361
+00:22:11,350 --> 00:22:16,270
+of Einstein say that we can travel in time if we
+
+362
+00:22:16,270 --> 00:22:21,240
+make the time be equal with the speed. But at this
+
+363
+00:22:21,240 --> 00:22:24,660
+moment, at least at this moment, no one of the
+
+364
+00:22:24,660 --> 00:22:29,920
+scientifics can prove that the time could be equal
+
+365
+00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:30,820
+with the speed.
+
+366
+00:22:33,470 --> 00:22:36,110
+It's possible, I'm not Einstein of course, and if
+
+367
+00:22:36,110 --> 00:22:39,470
+he says so it could be true, but who knows, maybe
+
+368
+00:22:39,470 --> 00:22:42,290
+in the future, in fifty years, in a hundred years,
+
+369
+00:22:42,350 --> 00:22:46,590
+in a thousand years. How could one person be in
+
+370
+00:22:46,590 --> 00:22:50,690
+both places, in the present and in the past? Yeah,
+
+371
+00:22:50,790 --> 00:22:54,690
+crazy. Maybe he's dead. Crazy, I don't know. I'm
+
+372
+00:22:54,690 --> 00:22:58,850
+not a scientist myself. I just, I just talk. Yes?
+
+373
+00:22:59,450 --> 00:23:02,550
+I was saying that science fiction makes us think.
+
+374
+00:23:03,070 --> 00:23:07,710
+When you watch a movie that creates a new idea and
+
+375
+00:23:07,710 --> 00:23:10,710
+you start thinking, oh this may be possible and
+
+376
+00:23:10,710 --> 00:23:13,530
+you start thinking about other things, things, you
+
+377
+00:23:13,530 --> 00:23:17,070
+know? So it brings a whole train of thought. Yeah,
+
+378
+00:23:17,130 --> 00:23:20,540
+I agree with Haya here. It's about thinking. It's
+
+379
+00:23:20,540 --> 00:23:22,640
+about imagination. It's about the power of
+
+380
+00:23:22,640 --> 00:23:24,840
+imagination and what you can do, what is possible
+
+381
+00:23:24,840 --> 00:23:27,200
+and what is impossible. Anyway, if you don't like
+
+382
+00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,200
+science fiction, at least try to disable the logic
+
+383
+00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,700
+according to what we heard from Coleridge, the
+
+384
+00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:39,140
+suspension of disbelief. Take it as a metaphorical
+
+385
+00:23:39,140 --> 00:23:42,360
+expression, as an allegory. Because listen,
+
+386
+00:23:44,280 --> 00:23:48,680
+Beowulf itself is not It's not also, it's magical
+
+387
+00:23:48,680 --> 00:23:53,340
+also. Because we know dragons don't exist. We know
+
+388
+00:23:53,340 --> 00:23:56,780
+one man can dive I don't know how long deep in the
+
+389
+00:23:56,780 --> 00:23:59,460
+lake and fight the dragons and the monsters. We
+
+390
+00:23:59,460 --> 00:24:03,540
+know this. But we take this on an allegorical,
+
+391
+00:24:03,760 --> 00:24:07,660
+metaphorical level. Cartoon? Cartoon doesn't
+
+392
+00:24:07,660 --> 00:24:10,100
+exist. We have cartoon characters in real life.
+
+393
+00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:14,360
+Why do we enjoy Tom and Jerry? Why do you enjoy
+
+394
+00:24:14,360 --> 00:24:17,120
+the Smurfs? You watch the Smurfs? Did you watch
+
+395
+00:24:17,120 --> 00:24:21,360
+the movie Cuckoo? Yeah, Cuckoo. Oh, what a
+
+396
+00:24:21,360 --> 00:24:26,200
+beautiful and brave and what else? Entangled. What
+
+397
+00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:32,070
+other cartoon movies do we have? Yeah, really
+
+398
+00:24:32,070 --> 00:24:39,330
+beautiful movies. SpongeBob? Some SpongeBob fans
+
+399
+00:24:39,330 --> 00:24:44,420
+here. Good. So my point is that Why would you like
+
+400
+00:24:44,420 --> 00:24:48,900
+cartoon? Is cartoon real? Does it teach us
+
+401
+00:24:48,900 --> 00:24:52,580
+something? Does it touch our hearts? It's not only
+
+402
+00:24:52,580 --> 00:24:54,960
+about the fun and the laughter like we see in Tom
+
+403
+00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:57,100
+and Jerry. Although, listen, Tom and Jerry is
+
+404
+00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:02,470
+probably the most violent thing on TV. It's always
+
+405
+00:25:02,470 --> 00:25:05,210
+fighting, always, you know, Tom cutting
+
+406
+00:25:05,210 --> 00:25:09,430
+somebody's... Jerry cuts his tail, sometimes his
+
+407
+00:25:09,430 --> 00:25:11,890
+head, sometimes, you know, detonates the whole
+
+408
+00:25:11,890 --> 00:25:14,870
+house. A lot of violence. We laugh. We don't pay
+
+409
+00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:18,290
+much attention to the violence. And we know it's
+
+410
+00:25:18,290 --> 00:25:25,570
+not real. But we love sometimes to suspend even
+
+411
+00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,890
+our belief in real life because we want something
+
+412
+00:25:27,890 --> 00:25:32,390
+called relief, you know? We want a break. We want
+
+413
+00:25:32,390 --> 00:25:37,790
+some fun sometimes. Anyway, interesting how
+
+414
+00:25:37,790 --> 00:25:43,190
+significant literature is and fiction is. Now Jane
+
+415
+00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:46,850
+Austen, remember? Jane Austen could be a
+
+416
+00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:51,810
+transition link between Romanticism and Victorian
+
+417
+00:25:51,810 --> 00:25:55,960
+Age. If you want to take Jane Austen as a
+
+418
+00:25:55,960 --> 00:25:58,680
+Victorian figure, it's up to you. You want to take
+
+419
+00:25:58,680 --> 00:26:01,440
+her as a romantic figure, it's also up to you. But
+
+420
+00:26:01,440 --> 00:26:04,740
+definitely she has themes and features and
+
+421
+00:26:04,740 --> 00:26:09,000
+characteristics from both movements and eras. And
+
+422
+00:26:09,000 --> 00:26:11,840
+she was one of the most important writers of her
+
+423
+00:26:11,840 --> 00:26:18,420
+time. But always remember that Jane Austen was
+
+424
+00:26:18,420 --> 00:26:23,500
+only one of a long series or chain of female
+
+425
+00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:28,440
+writers, beginning from Aphra Behn, for example.
+
+426
+00:26:28,640 --> 00:26:32,200
+Aphra Behn will probably mention this. I mentioned
+
+427
+00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:34,060
+this already and I'll mention it again and again.
+
+428
+00:26:34,480 --> 00:26:37,880
+Virginia Woolf, the most significant female critic
+
+429
+00:26:37,880 --> 00:26:41,820
+and feminist activist and writer in the 20th
+
+430
+00:26:41,820 --> 00:26:45,400
+century, praises Afrabin of all women. She says
+
+431
+00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,200
+all the women in the world should put roses on her
+
+432
+00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:51,700
+grave. She started this movement. She encouraged
+
+433
+00:26:51,700 --> 00:26:56,700
+women to write. She showed the women how to write.
+
+434
+00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,240
+But again, personally, I would go to female
+
+435
+00:27:01,240 --> 00:27:04,930
+characters all the time. I'll go to the nun. in
+
+436
+00:27:04,930 --> 00:27:08,670
+Chosa's story and see how she defies the rule of
+
+437
+00:27:08,670 --> 00:27:12,350
+man. I'll go to Portia as one of the greatest
+
+438
+00:27:12,350 --> 00:27:15,410
+female characters ever, how she tried, she mocked,
+
+439
+00:27:15,430 --> 00:27:19,010
+she made fun of the man-made rules and patriarchy
+
+440
+00:27:19,010 --> 00:27:23,590
+only by changing her gown, her clothes, putting a
+
+441
+00:27:23,590 --> 00:27:27,290
+particular garment, and now she's a lawyer, and
+
+442
+00:27:27,290 --> 00:27:30,610
+now she can beat the court, deceive the court, and
+
+443
+00:27:30,610 --> 00:27:33,660
+can deceived the most cunning character in
+
+444
+00:27:33,660 --> 00:27:37,400
+Shakespeare, Shylock. So it starts from
+
+445
+00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:41,040
+literature, but it then transfers into real life.
+
+446
+00:27:41,420 --> 00:27:44,900
+Okay, so she's a late romantic, pre-Victorian
+
+447
+00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,460
+figure, or a romantic and a Victorian figure. Her
+
+448
+00:27:48,460 --> 00:27:52,860
+main interests usually go to the moral, the
+
+449
+00:27:52,860 --> 00:27:55,080
+social, and the psychological. If we focus on the
+
+450
+00:27:55,080 --> 00:27:59,040
+social, generally this is a Victorian issue theme,
+
+451
+00:27:59,480 --> 00:28:01,460
+because it's always about the society, corruption,
+
+452
+00:28:01,640 --> 00:28:04,160
+and poverty, and children, and education, et
+
+453
+00:28:04,160 --> 00:28:08,720
+cetera. Now, again, I don't want to say that women
+
+454
+00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,000
+writers mainly write about women, but they do.
+
+455
+00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:14,840
+Okay? But it doesn't mean all their writing is
+
+456
+00:28:14,840 --> 00:28:17,600
+about women and women themes. They have a variety
+
+457
+00:28:17,600 --> 00:28:20,640
+of issues and a variety of themes. But of course,
+
+458
+00:28:21,060 --> 00:28:23,420
+because women are like here, most Palestinian
+
+459
+00:28:23,420 --> 00:28:25,940
+poets and writers in Gaza, in the West Bank, in
+
+460
+00:28:25,940 --> 00:28:27,680
+Jerusalem, in the diaspora, they write about
+
+461
+00:28:27,680 --> 00:28:30,660
+Palestine. But not everything we write is about
+
+462
+00:28:30,660 --> 00:28:33,620
+Palestine. Sometimes we write as Palestinians. We
+
+463
+00:28:33,620 --> 00:28:36,750
+write like Palestinians. But you could write any
+
+464
+00:28:36,750 --> 00:28:40,470
+kind of poetry or novels or short stories. So she
+
+465
+00:28:40,470 --> 00:28:45,410
+writes mainly about young heroines who grow up to
+
+466
+00:28:45,410 --> 00:28:49,930
+search for, independently, to search for personal
+
+467
+00:28:49,930 --> 00:28:53,430
+happiness, where they try to turn things upside
+
+468
+00:28:53,430 --> 00:28:56,650
+down and inside out. So women are no longer
+
+469
+00:28:56,650 --> 00:29:03,320
+totally dependent on men. They are independent. So
+
+470
+00:29:03,320 --> 00:29:06,820
+her pictures are usually very vivid, very
+
+471
+00:29:06,820 --> 00:29:10,060
+detailed. She describes things in minute
+
+472
+00:29:10,060 --> 00:29:15,120
+description that sometimes men can't do. She uses
+
+473
+00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:21,100
+irony to show how absurd things are. And something
+
+474
+00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:24,060
+interesting about Austin, she doesn't include too
+
+475
+00:29:24,060 --> 00:29:26,580
+many characters in her novels. She just chooses
+
+476
+00:29:26,580 --> 00:29:30,280
+three or four families, three or four main
+
+477
+00:29:30,280 --> 00:29:33,440
+characters, and that's it. Many movies like,
+
+478
+00:29:33,740 --> 00:29:37,560
+sorry, novels later on have tens and dozens of
+
+479
+00:29:37,560 --> 00:29:40,840
+characters, and it could be confusing. Her point
+
+480
+00:29:40,840 --> 00:29:43,840
+is that I just want to focus on these, and they
+
+481
+00:29:43,840 --> 00:29:47,020
+can represent the whole society, the whole
+
+482
+00:29:47,020 --> 00:29:55,520
+society. Okay? Now, in her books, we'll see, for
+
+483
+00:29:55,520 --> 00:29:57,660
+example, how characters, how she gives the
+
+484
+00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:01,180
+characters the choices. And readers are generally
+
+485
+00:30:01,180 --> 00:30:04,480
+involved in the experience. We'll see how this
+
+486
+00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,460
+happens later on. So the reader, when you read
+
+487
+00:30:07,460 --> 00:30:09,940
+especially Jane Austen, sometimes you feel as a
+
+488
+00:30:09,940 --> 00:30:12,760
+character in the book. You identify everything is
+
+489
+00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:15,600
+revealed in front of you. Characters have options,
+
+490
+00:30:15,740 --> 00:30:19,280
+have choices, and they decide which option to
+
+491
+00:30:19,280 --> 00:30:21,380
+take. And you just want to follow them to see what
+
+492
+00:30:21,380 --> 00:30:24,700
+happens eventually because you also have your own
+
+493
+00:30:24,700 --> 00:30:28,820
+choices in life and how they make these choices.
+
+494
+00:30:29,790 --> 00:30:33,670
+In Sense and Sensibility, as the name suggests,
+
+495
+00:30:34,510 --> 00:30:37,830
+notice how the name changes. It's no longer a name
+
+496
+00:30:37,830 --> 00:30:43,060
+after the main character. We have this more in
+
+497
+00:30:43,060 --> 00:30:47,140
+women than in men, by the way. Okay? So sense and
+
+498
+00:30:47,140 --> 00:30:50,660
+sensibility. Well, she contrasts between sense and
+
+499
+00:30:50,660 --> 00:30:54,760
+sensibility, the Augustan age of mind and control
+
+500
+00:30:54,760 --> 00:30:57,220
+and brain, and of emotions and feelings and
+
+501
+00:30:57,220 --> 00:31:00,480
+imagination, the romantic age. So she contrasts
+
+502
+00:31:00,480 --> 00:31:04,140
+between two sisters, Eleanor, who is rational and
+
+503
+00:31:04,140 --> 00:31:07,420
+self-controlled, representing sense, the brain,
+
+504
+00:31:08,240 --> 00:31:12,640
+and Marianne, who is more emotional, standing for
+
+505
+00:31:12,640 --> 00:31:16,960
+sensibility, standing for, again, the Romantic Age
+
+506
+00:31:16,960 --> 00:31:22,360
+versus the Augustan Age. Interesting how, again,
+
+507
+00:31:22,780 --> 00:31:27,520
+as a woman, she's involved in this idea of
+
+508
+00:31:27,520 --> 00:31:31,820
+comparing and contrasting ages together. So this
+
+509
+00:31:31,820 --> 00:31:34,260
+is something critics did at that time, but she
+
+510
+00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:36,690
+does this in her... in her novel.
+
+511
+00:31:39,610 --> 00:31:44,110
+In Pride and Prejudice and Emma, so we have Pride
+
+512
+00:31:44,110 --> 00:31:47,950
+and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma, and
+
+513
+00:31:47,950 --> 00:31:51,430
+Mansfield Park, she usually shows that it's
+
+514
+00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:54,370
+important to know oneself in order to achieve
+
+515
+00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:57,870
+happiness, what you want to do. So, generally, she
+
+516
+00:31:57,870 --> 00:32:01,840
+focuses on this aspect of self-identifying
+
+517
+00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:03,940
+yourself, knowing yourself, understanding
+
+518
+00:32:03,940 --> 00:32:06,840
+yourself. Do you want to achieve happiness? Do you
+
+519
+00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,100
+want to be something? Do you want to be different?
+
+520
+00:32:09,360 --> 00:32:11,980
+Do you want to change your society, to change
+
+521
+00:32:11,980 --> 00:32:14,400
+somebody, to get somebody, to win somebody? Do you
+
+522
+00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:17,440
+want to do that? First and foremost, you have to
+
+523
+00:32:17,440 --> 00:32:20,380
+come face to face with yourself and to understand
+
+524
+00:32:20,380 --> 00:32:24,340
+what exactly you are, who you are, what you want,
+
+525
+00:32:24,480 --> 00:32:27,180
+understanding your identity. Remember, we spoke
+
+526
+00:32:27,180 --> 00:32:30,650
+about this in Hamlet also. at the beginning Hamlet
+
+527
+00:32:30,650 --> 00:32:35,530
+didn't know that he belonged to the old age of his
+
+528
+00:32:35,530 --> 00:32:38,630
+father asking him to commit suicide or to the new
+
+529
+00:32:38,630 --> 00:32:41,250
+modern age where he goes to university and knows
+
+530
+00:32:41,250 --> 00:32:44,570
+that a person who kills should be arrested and
+
+531
+00:32:44,570 --> 00:32:49,370
+taken by the police and then to be or not to be
+
+532
+00:32:49,370 --> 00:32:52,430
+that is the question and at the end when he
+
+533
+00:32:52,430 --> 00:32:56,030
+realizes who he is He changes from to be or not to
+
+534
+00:32:56,030 --> 00:32:59,770
+be to, it's I, Hamlet, the Dane. He knows that,
+
+535
+00:32:59,890 --> 00:33:03,230
+okay, I know who I am and I know what I want to do
+
+536
+00:33:03,230 --> 00:33:06,190
+in life. So this is significant in her books.
+
+537
+00:33:06,430 --> 00:33:09,330
+Understand yourself. And remember, this is
+
+538
+00:33:09,330 --> 00:33:12,370
+generally something that the reader feels. The
+
+539
+00:33:12,370 --> 00:33:15,890
+message is clear because you are involved in the
+
+540
+00:33:15,890 --> 00:33:21,650
+book, okay? Again, her novels and most of the
+
+541
+00:33:21,650 --> 00:33:23,810
+novels of these times because many people wanted
+
+542
+00:33:23,810 --> 00:33:26,610
+to please the readers. They wanted to publish
+
+543
+00:33:26,610 --> 00:33:29,710
+because publishers wanted a particular type of
+
+544
+00:33:29,710 --> 00:33:33,390
+genre of novel. So they would end happily ever
+
+545
+00:33:33,390 --> 00:33:37,070
+after with generally people getting married. But a
+
+546
+00:33:37,070 --> 00:33:39,430
+significant aspect in Jane Austen and this we find
+
+547
+00:33:39,430 --> 00:33:43,610
+this more often in women writers than in men.
+
+548
+00:33:44,780 --> 00:33:47,820
+where the reader is involved in a way or another.
+
+549
+00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:51,980
+The reader is part of... You identify, you are
+
+550
+00:33:51,980 --> 00:33:56,200
+addressed sometimes. For example, in Pride and
+
+551
+00:33:56,200 --> 00:33:58,800
+Prejudice, we'll see at the end of the novel, the
+
+552
+00:33:58,800 --> 00:34:01,400
+main character, I think Elizabeth Bennet, we'll
+
+553
+00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:05,400
+see now, she directly talks to the reader, and she
+
+554
+00:34:05,400 --> 00:34:11,580
+says, reader, is it here? No, sorry. This is in
+
+555
+00:34:11,580 --> 00:34:16,410
+Jane Eyre, not here. Sorry, I messed up. So here
+
+556
+00:34:16,410 --> 00:34:19,110
+the reader again is part of the experience itself,
+
+557
+00:34:19,230 --> 00:34:24,650
+part of the novel. Before we conclude romanticism,
+
+558
+00:34:25,310 --> 00:34:29,050
+we'll speak a little bit more about pride and
+
+559
+00:34:29,050 --> 00:34:31,910
+prejudice. There are many movies, Pride and
+
+560
+00:34:31,910 --> 00:34:33,810
+Prejudice. There was a movie like five years ago,
+
+561
+00:34:33,910 --> 00:34:37,740
+seven years ago, really interesting stuff. I know
+
+562
+00:34:37,740 --> 00:34:40,820
+many people who don't want to read romantic novels
+
+563
+00:34:40,820 --> 00:34:43,760
+from the Romantic Age or even Victorian novels.
+
+564
+00:34:43,980 --> 00:34:48,060
+They think that they're big and boring. So at
+
+565
+00:34:48,060 --> 00:34:50,380
+least try to watch the movie and then try to read
+
+566
+00:34:50,380 --> 00:34:55,560
+the novel. Now, Pride and Prejudice begins with
+
+567
+00:34:55,560 --> 00:35:00,860
+one of the most famous openings in literature. The
+
+568
+00:35:00,860 --> 00:35:05,360
+first line says, it is a truth universally
+
+569
+00:35:05,360 --> 00:35:11,830
+acknowledged that a single man in possession of a
+
+570
+00:35:11,830 --> 00:35:17,930
+good fortune must be in want of a wife. If you are
+
+571
+00:35:17,930 --> 00:35:22,630
+rich, you have money, you should get married.
+
+572
+00:35:24,970 --> 00:35:29,010
+If you have this, if you are rich, if you're
+
+573
+00:35:29,010 --> 00:35:32,810
+single, have the money, all you need now to
+
+574
+00:35:32,810 --> 00:35:37,700
+complete yourself in a way is a wife. So it is a
+
+575
+00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:41,140
+truth universally acknowledged that a single man
+
+576
+00:35:41,140 --> 00:35:44,420
+in possession of a good fortune must be in one of
+
+577
+00:35:44,420 --> 00:35:46,780
+them. This is the opening line, the first sentence
+
+578
+00:35:46,780 --> 00:35:50,880
+from Pride and Prejudice. Now, several people say
+
+579
+00:35:50,880 --> 00:35:55,500
+this is ironic. They say this is a famous irony
+
+580
+00:35:55,500 --> 00:36:02,440
+because the opposite happens. Because generally
+
+581
+00:36:02,440 --> 00:36:08,200
+here, it's the woman who is in the society is in
+
+582
+00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:12,920
+want of a man. Because in the book, the women
+
+583
+00:36:12,920 --> 00:36:17,280
+start to chase or one of the women starts to chase
+
+584
+00:36:17,280 --> 00:36:22,780
+the rich character. So it's like a woman who is
+
+585
+00:36:22,780 --> 00:36:27,340
+single should be looking for a man who has money.
+
+586
+00:36:28,450 --> 00:36:32,750
+And there are other layers of ironies. So in Pride
+
+587
+00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:34,590
+and Prejudice, Elizabeth Bennett, this is her
+
+588
+00:36:34,590 --> 00:36:38,670
+name. She's a central character. She dislikes Mr.
+
+589
+00:36:38,710 --> 00:36:45,790
+Darcy. He is wealthy, and he is in want of a wife,
+
+590
+00:36:45,850 --> 00:36:49,730
+of a woman or a wife. Now, because she hates him,
+
+591
+00:36:50,760 --> 00:36:53,980
+Simply because she hates him because of who he is,
+
+592
+00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:57,280
+she is prejudiced. No prejudice to dislike
+
+593
+00:36:57,280 --> 00:37:00,240
+somebody or something before even getting to know
+
+594
+00:37:00,240 --> 00:37:03,480
+them. It's just you have an idea. Generally,
+
+595
+00:37:03,940 --> 00:37:07,440
+unrealistic, unfounded. And the man, because he's
+
+596
+00:37:07,440 --> 00:37:10,500
+rich, he's full of himself, he's pride. He's
+
+597
+00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:12,920
+proud. He's a proud man. He is pride. He stands
+
+598
+00:37:12,920 --> 00:37:16,260
+for pride. She's prejudiced while he is pride
+
+599
+00:37:16,260 --> 00:37:19,320
+because she dislikes him at the beginning and he's
+
+600
+00:37:19,320 --> 00:37:22,490
+full of himself. Now, again, remember that
+
+601
+00:37:22,490 --> 00:37:25,270
+characters have to learn about themselves, to know
+
+602
+00:37:25,270 --> 00:37:27,490
+themselves, to understand themselves before
+
+603
+00:37:27,490 --> 00:37:32,370
+getting to achieve what they have to achieve. And
+
+604
+00:37:32,370 --> 00:37:36,350
+as expected from Jane Austen, the novel ends
+
+605
+00:37:36,350 --> 00:37:40,290
+happily. What is happiness here in the society?
+
+606
+00:37:40,510 --> 00:37:45,370
+They get married. Elizabeth marries Mr. Darcy. Say
+
+607
+00:37:45,370 --> 00:37:50,280
+again? Not at the beginning, right? Yeah. He
+
+608
+00:37:50,280 --> 00:37:53,920
+realized at the end that he is the true man. He's
+
+609
+00:37:53,920 --> 00:37:57,040
+a good man. But why? So this is the journey of
+
+610
+00:37:57,040 --> 00:37:59,620
+understanding, self-exploration, seeking to
+
+611
+00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:02,520
+understand yourself. Watch the movie. It's really
+
+612
+00:38:02,520 --> 00:38:06,200
+interesting. Try to read the book. So the happy
+
+613
+00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:08,680
+ending here is this is a social movie in a way or
+
+614
+00:38:08,680 --> 00:38:11,400
+another. Sorry, a social novel about society,
+
+615
+00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,080
+about marriage, about men, about women, and
+
+616
+00:38:14,080 --> 00:38:19,220
+everything. Okay, that's Pride and Prejudice, very
+
+617
+00:38:19,220 --> 00:38:24,600
+famous novel. So, we come to a conclusion here,
+
+618
+00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:26,580
+romanticism in general.
+
+619
+00:38:30,120 --> 00:38:35,840
+We have again, how many male poets? Blake,
+
+620
+00:38:35,980 --> 00:38:41,620
+Wordsworth, Coleridge, Keats, Shelley, and Byron,
+
+621
+00:38:41,740 --> 00:38:48,690
+and then we have Jane Austen, and do they all
+
+622
+00:38:48,690 --> 00:38:52,570
+share the same exact features? This applies to
+
+623
+00:38:52,570 --> 00:38:55,270
+almost all movements and theories in English.
+
+624
+00:38:55,490 --> 00:38:59,050
+Generally, we have basic general features and
+
+625
+00:38:59,050 --> 00:39:02,390
+characteristics that most of them share, and then
+
+626
+00:39:02,390 --> 00:39:06,350
+each one of them has their or its hair or his
+
+627
+00:39:06,350 --> 00:39:10,810
+particular features. We've seen this once again,
+
+628
+00:39:10,930 --> 00:39:14,630
+but basically, The romantic poets, the romantic
+
+629
+00:39:14,630 --> 00:39:18,130
+authors in general, they were writers, poets of
+
+630
+00:39:18,130 --> 00:39:22,040
+change. Yes, not radical political social change
+
+631
+00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,720
+at the beginning, but at least changing language,
+
+632
+00:39:25,880 --> 00:39:30,140
+changing the way poetry was composed. They found
+
+633
+00:39:30,140 --> 00:39:34,320
+constants in nature and art. Remember colorage,
+
+634
+00:39:34,660 --> 00:39:38,860
+supernatural elements? Wordsworth, nature, the
+
+635
+00:39:38,860 --> 00:39:42,300
+daffodils, the rainbow. And in the common man,
+
+636
+00:39:42,440 --> 00:39:48,070
+simple language, memory. But later on, for Keats
+
+637
+00:39:48,070 --> 00:39:53,770
+and Shelley, for example, art was the end. Art was
+
+638
+00:39:53,770 --> 00:39:56,750
+not only the means to an end, but also the end
+
+639
+00:39:56,750 --> 00:40:02,210
+itself. Because art and artistic creation give
+
+640
+00:40:02,210 --> 00:40:06,110
+meaning and give eternity and give life. And they
+
+641
+00:40:06,110 --> 00:40:10,830
+make our lives and experiences now and forever.
+
+642
+00:40:12,360 --> 00:40:14,700
+They could also see the dangers in the modern
+
+643
+00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:17,660
+world. Remember, the society, the corruption of
+
+644
+00:40:17,660 --> 00:40:21,240
+the city, depersonalization and decline. People
+
+645
+00:40:21,240 --> 00:40:24,820
+were no longer people. They were like machines
+
+646
+00:40:24,820 --> 00:40:28,760
+working in factories. They wanted to give man back
+
+647
+00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:32,620
+his dignity. And that's the feature of
+
+648
+00:40:32,620 --> 00:40:35,540
+individuality here. In their writings, the
+
+649
+00:40:35,540 --> 00:40:38,670
+security of the individual was threatened. An
+
+650
+00:40:38,670 --> 00:40:41,970
+individual was losing his or her identity, and
+
+651
+00:40:41,970 --> 00:40:45,870
+that's why we find generally common people, the
+
+652
+00:40:45,870 --> 00:40:48,910
+masses, themes about ordinary people, poor people,
+
+653
+00:40:49,090 --> 00:40:52,930
+unnamed people, people we never ever find in the
+
+654
+00:40:52,930 --> 00:40:56,410
+texts, the books of the Augustans generally.
+
+655
+00:40:57,510 --> 00:41:01,270
+Because basically it was about elite life and
+
+656
+00:41:01,270 --> 00:41:05,740
+courtly life. More or less, not 100%. So during
+
+657
+00:41:05,740 --> 00:41:07,880
+the Romantic period, prose writing developed
+
+658
+00:41:07,880 --> 00:41:13,400
+rapidly, thanks partly to some women writers, but
+
+659
+00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:17,300
+also some men. But always remember, poetry was
+
+660
+00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:19,760
+more dominant. In the Victorian Age, it's going to
+
+661
+00:41:19,760 --> 00:41:25,060
+be the opposite. The novel will be more dominant.
+
+662
+00:41:25,640 --> 00:41:28,600
+A number of novelists were women, such as Mary
+
+663
+00:41:28,600 --> 00:41:35,850
+Shelley and Jane Austen. And thus, we finish the
+
+664
+00:41:35,850 --> 00:41:40,990
+Romantic Movement. Not sure how you think about it
+
+665
+00:41:40,990 --> 00:41:46,190
+compared to the Augustan poetry, compared to John
+
+666
+00:41:46,190 --> 00:41:50,110
+Donne, compared to Chaucer, compared to Old
+
+667
+00:41:50,110 --> 00:41:56,210
+English. But many, I know many, especially, I was
+
+668
+00:41:56,210 --> 00:41:59,550
+reading this article that claims that the
+
+669
+00:41:59,550 --> 00:42:03,490
+romantics are more famous among women than among
+
+670
+00:42:03,490 --> 00:42:05,070
+men.
+
+671
+00:42:06,630 --> 00:42:10,810
+Because the claim is that Romantic poetry
+
+672
+00:42:10,810 --> 00:42:13,990
+literature gives voice to the subclass, the
+
+673
+00:42:13,990 --> 00:42:17,310
+marginalized, like Jonan was doing, to people who
+
+674
+00:42:17,310 --> 00:42:20,310
+nobody cares about. So when you read a poem as a
+
+675
+00:42:20,310 --> 00:42:23,150
+woman, you feel empowered, you feel that someone
+
+676
+00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,350
+is at least giving you a particular tool, is
+
+677
+00:42:26,350 --> 00:42:29,190
+creating, is inviting you to create your own
+
+678
+00:42:29,190 --> 00:42:32,690
+world, to change your own world in a way or
+
+679
+00:42:32,690 --> 00:42:33,730
+another.
+
+680
+00:42:35,770 --> 00:42:39,820
+Okay? Do we have any question, comment, or
+
+681
+00:42:39,820 --> 00:42:44,480
+something? Can you consider Jane Austen as a
+
+682
+00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:47,220
+veteran writer because she lived in a foreign
+
+683
+00:42:47,220 --> 00:42:49,640
+place? Yeah, could be. Yeah, she could be a
+
+684
+00:42:49,640 --> 00:42:53,980
+veteran because she experienced, she lived during
+
+685
+00:42:53,980 --> 00:42:56,920
+the, you know, some romantic poets and later on
+
+686
+00:42:56,920 --> 00:43:00,900
+with some early, early Victorians. Yeah, but not
+
+687
+00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:07,090
+exactly, but could be. Yes? Commentary? Chima?
+
+688
+00:43:08,170 --> 00:43:11,670
+Asil? Dream? Khadra?
+
+689
+00:43:14,790 --> 00:43:17,270
+Anyone? Don't have a Khadra here.
+
+690
+00:43:24,440 --> 00:43:27,940
+Okay, we stop. Thank you very much. And looking
+
+691
+00:43:27,940 --> 00:43:30,620
+forward to next class where we're going to begin
+
+692
+00:43:30,620 --> 00:43:35,100
+talking about the Victorian Age. And thank you
+
+693
+00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:35,500
+very much.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/w6Nq9oMnBd0.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..022a1f689ddfd1bab9d290c5a60c98ef79b68fbe
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,2280 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300
+Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have 
+
+2
+00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400
+to the English literature course and it's always
+
+3
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040
+nice to have you back here. I know you don't have
+
+4
+00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400
+a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we
+
+5
+00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470
+move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or
+
+6
+00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230
+the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to
+
+7
+00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690
+poetry. And I know I said something about poetry
+
+8
+00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970
+when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet. 
+
+9
+00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130
+And also, when we said that drama was mainly 
+
+10
+00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430
+written in verse. Don't forget this. It was 
+
+11
+00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260
+written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was 
+
+12
+00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900
+verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist 
+
+13
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720
+like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from
+
+14
+00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940
+blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with
+
+15
+00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660
+Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance 
+
+16
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310
+poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four
+
+17
+00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650
+major points. Three poets, but we have one term,
+
+18
+00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550
+one literal term we need to know. Remember, we
+
+19
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910
+spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about
+
+20
+00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270
+patronage. We spoke about the English canon. 
+
+21
+00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010
+Remember? You should know them. And again, the
+
+22
+00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610
+English canon is basically the most important 
+
+23
+00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290
+literary works. the literary works that are deemed 
+
+24
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350
+to be famous and of universal themes that we still
+
+25
+00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350
+study. We still, until this very day, research and 
+
+26
+00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870
+study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum 
+
+27
+00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170
+before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the
+
+28
+00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230
+rules of decorum. 
+
+29
+00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350
+You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is 
+
+30
+00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510
+where it comes from. Decor. Decorations. 
+
+31
+00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590
+Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something 
+
+32
+00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290
+that is probably organized in a particular way.
+
+33
+00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490
+Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way. 
+
+34
+00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690
+In a way that would attract people, would make 
+
+35
+00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510
+people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's 
+
+36
+00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810
+this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of 
+
+37
+00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810
+decorum are originally ancient rules from the time
+
+38
+00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310
+of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now 
+
+39
+00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690
+there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named
+
+40
+00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230
+Horace. 
+
+41
+00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130
+Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works 
+
+42
+00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990
+of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The 
+
+43
+00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050
+Odyssey, and other literary works that we still
+
+44
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490
+hear about nowadays and probably study. He said,
+
+45
+00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290
+OK, if we want to write great literature, we need
+
+46
+00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990
+to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you 
+
+47
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490
+produce great work? How do you write great 
+
+48
+00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290
+literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or 
+
+49
+00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890
+the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the
+
+50
+00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430
+canon, write it again, many works. And for 
+
+51
+00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950
+example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer, 
+
+52
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210
+remember? So if we want to study great literature, 
+
+53
+00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020
+we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So 
+
+54
+00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720
+he studied the great literary works and came up 
+
+55
+00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100
+with certain rules. And he said, he described 
+
+56
+00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540
+these rules as the rules of decorum. You know, 
+
+57
+00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320
+like when you behave, there are rules of 
+
+58
+00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660
+etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In 
+
+59
+00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220
+poetry and literature, these are similar to the 
+
+60
+00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780
+rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the
+
+61
+00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660
+rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago 
+
+62
+00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220
+by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England 
+
+63
+00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980
+even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably 
+
+64
+00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240
+500 years later. Many great critics and poets 
+
+65
+00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900
+believe that only by imitating great literary
+
+66
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540
+works, we can provide our readers and the audience 
+
+67
+00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150
+with great literary works. So why did Horace 
+
+68
+00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810
+determine these rules? So that poets can imitate 
+
+69
+00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310
+them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three 
+
+70
+00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690
+points here I need to speak about. So again, the
+
+71
+00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890
+rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring 
+
+72
+00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910
+poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write 
+
+73
+00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130
+good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules. 
+
+74
+00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100
+You need to follow these rules. What are they? 
+
+75
+00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640
+Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme 
+
+76
+00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480
+or the subject matter. 
+
+77
+00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420
+What should I write about? What should I write
+
+78
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240
+about? Can I write about anything? Can I write
+
+79
+00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780
+about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about
+
+80
+00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560
+I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my 
+
+81
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110
+sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they 
+
+82
+00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970
+say your theme, topic, has to be of great
+
+83
+00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430
+importance, sometimes described as, examined here, 
+
+84
+00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830
+should have universal truths, universal value.
+
+85
+00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300
+Moral, it has to touch very important subjects, 
+
+86
+00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180
+not only personally, and generally it should be
+
+87
+00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220
+collective for the whole, something that affects 
+
+88
+00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720
+the whole society. And that's why we find the 
+
+89
+00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440
+literature of that time focusing more on kings and
+
+90
+00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600
+queens, royal family, about battles, about epics, 
+
+91
+00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160
+about great fighters, about knights, about
+
+92
+00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940
+noblemen. Because they believed this is where the
+
+93
+00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040
+important issues lie. They lie with these people 
+
+94
+00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640
+in the palace, in the court, out, in the 
+
+95
+00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610
+battlefield. And even when you speak about other
+
+96
+00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810
+relationships between man and woman, you have to
+
+97
+00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870
+speak about courtly love. Love between probably 
+
+98
+00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230
+noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism
+
+99
+00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550
+here in this sense when we speak about this. You 
+
+100
+00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570
+know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism.
+
+101
+00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320
+There's a lot of mythologia here. So number one, I
+
+102
+00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900
+want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets
+
+103
+00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820
+or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write
+
+104
+00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860
+about everything. Don't write about your sandwich, 
+
+105
+00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320
+your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write
+
+106
+00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880
+poetry has to be about highly important, highly
+
+107
+00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210
+sophisticated subject matters. Issues with 
+
+108
+00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250
+universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like 
+
+109
+00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810
+in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There
+
+110
+00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750
+are issues that are still relevant and important
+
+111
+00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350
+to us. That's number one. Number two, the 
+
+112
+00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890
+language.
+
+113
+00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110
+Okay. There's something called poetic language. 
+
+114
+00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120
+Meaning, does poetry have special language? For
+
+115
+00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940
+those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it.
+
+116
+00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740
+This word is not poetic, you don't use it. 
+
+117
+00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220
+And vice versa probably. So according to the rules
+
+118
+00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680
+of the Quran, the language of literature has to be 
+
+119
+00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340
+powerful, strong, highly embellished.
+
+120
+00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760
+Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the
+
+121
+00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640
+diction here, you know diction? Dictionary?
+
+122
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220
+Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful 
+
+123
+00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140
+and attractive. Not only that, it has to be
+
+124
+00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310
+arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words
+
+125
+00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390
+carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and
+
+126
+00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470
+every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful 
+
+127
+00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890
+line because of the choice of words, because how 
+
+128
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590
+words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember
+
+129
+00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430
+we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa
+
+130
+00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490
+sometimes declines because the sound here reflects 
+
+131
+00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260
+the mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the 
+
+132
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880
+emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die. 
+
+133
+00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120
+The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to
+
+134
+00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560
+be elite language, strong language, powerful
+
+135
+00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180
+language, highly sophisticated, embellished
+
+136
+00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560
+language. Because when you write about great
+
+137
+00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580
+things, you use great language, great rhetoric, 
+
+138
+00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760
+the metaphors, the literal devices, everything. 
+
+139
+00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620
+that's two and then finally the form or the
+
+140
+00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420
+structure the 
+
+141
+00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660
+form so here we speak generally here there is the
+
+142
+00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680
+the content the content the form the shape what
+
+143
+00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000
+you see when you look at the text so what about 
+
+144
+00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520
+the structure the structure has to be highly 
+
+145
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260
+organized highly regular well written, well 
+
+146
+00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020
+structured, well constructed. Very clear example
+
+147
+00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360
+here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways
+
+148
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260
+represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line 
+
+149
+00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720
+has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme
+
+150
+00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520
+scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F, 
+
+151
+00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280
+G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch, 
+
+152
+00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980
+Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D. 
+
+153
+00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580
+Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it
+
+154
+00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840
+talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the
+
+155
+00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400
+passing of time, about loss, about immortality,
+
+156
+00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560
+about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He
+
+157
+00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620
+uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He 
+
+158
+00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840
+says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But 
+
+159
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560
+that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or 
+
+160
+00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000
+metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature.
+
+161
+00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360
+He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He 
+
+162
+00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740
+exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the
+
+163
+00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700
+rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules 
+
+164
+00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970
+of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary 
+
+165
+00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450
+text has to have an elegant style, a grand style.
+
+166
+00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110
+Strong language, powerful language in the sense
+
+167
+00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390
+that it is highly embellished. Many people believe 
+
+168
+00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230
+that this idea is elitist. Again, remember
+
+169
+00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630
+elitist? You know elitist? 
+
+170
+00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480
+Elitist meaning that only educated people
+
+171
+00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280
+understand this. And only educated people can
+
+172
+00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120
+write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the 
+
+173
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720
+rules of decorum. So if you don't study the 
+
+174
+00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260
+language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you 
+
+175
+00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720
+don't study how to write poetry, you will not be
+
+176
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500
+able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we
+
+177
+00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900
+mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the
+
+178
+00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660
+rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people 
+
+179
+00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740
+generally were following these rules. Because when 
+
+180
+00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580
+Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies 
+
+181
+00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980
+rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to
+
+182
+00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520
+university, he studies ancient Greece and drama
+
+183
+00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280
+and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian 
+
+184
+00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600
+literature. He studies these rules of decorum.
+
+185
+00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060
+Yes?
+
+186
+00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880
+He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes,
+
+187
+00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640
+listen, we do things, we don't know that we are
+
+188
+00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320
+following a particular opinion because we were
+
+189
+00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120
+born this way and we lived in a particular life
+
+190
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220
+where there are particular rules. So sometimes we
+
+191
+00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740
+don't feel that there are rules. Because they are 
+
+192
+00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500
+there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We 
+
+193
+00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580
+go to university. We get married. We have kids. We
+
+194
+00:12
+
+223
+00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530
+clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may
+
+224
+00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670
+thee move, come live with me and be my love.
+
+225
+00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070
+Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy
+
+226
+00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590
+delight each May morning. If these delights thy
+
+227
+00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570
+mind may move, then live with me and be my love."
+
+228
+00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110
+It's a very beautiful poem here.
+
+229
+00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270
+The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by
+
+230
+00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450
+Christopher Marlowe. Come live with me, and be my
+
+231
+00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710
+love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with
+
+232
+00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550
+valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy
+
+233
+00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470
+mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks,
+
+234
+00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030
+seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow
+
+235
+00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520
+And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand
+
+236
+00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140
+fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain,
+
+237
+00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960
+Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made
+
+238
+00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100
+of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we
+
+239
+00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600
+pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With
+
+240
+00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000
+buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and
+
+241
+00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280
+ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs,
+
+242
+00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380
+Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's
+
+243
+00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600
+swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each
+
+244
+00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520
+May morning. If these delights thy mind may move,
+
+245
+00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640
+then live with me and be my love. Interesting.
+
+246
+00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260
+What do you think? We're going to study only the
+
+247
+00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260
+first two lines, OK? So what do you think?
+
+248
+00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910
+What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his
+
+249
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610
+beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in
+
+250
+00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990
+nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a
+
+251
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130
+very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A
+
+252
+00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550
+pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the
+
+253
+00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910
+pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does
+
+254
+00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110
+he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold.
+
+255
+00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430
+Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers
+
+256
+00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630
+and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love
+
+257
+00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590
+poem. A love poem. But generally it's about
+
+258
+00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310
+elegant kind of love. Because this is the most
+
+259
+00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210
+beautiful woman and this is the most romantic
+
+260
+00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080
+lover here. But let's see what the text itself
+
+261
+00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300
+says. Remember, the text, the title is The
+
+262
+00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360
+Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher
+
+263
+00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940
+Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is
+
+264
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560
+the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in
+
+265
+00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800
+life?
+
+266
+00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400
+Generally, a shepherd
+
+267
+00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510
+okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could
+
+268
+00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810
+be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he
+
+269
+00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470
+can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything
+
+270
+00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710
+coppersmith so he goes for to take care of
+
+271
+00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060
+somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the
+
+272
+00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040
+sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he
+
+273
+00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780
+has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's
+
+274
+00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860
+always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But
+
+275
+00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100
+my question is, does he own anything? No, he
+
+276
+00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120
+doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let
+
+277
+00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040
+alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the
+
+278
+00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420
+purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you
+
+279
+00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940
+count? Did anybody count the number of syllables
+
+280
+00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390
+here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
+
+281
+00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430
+eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally,
+
+282
+00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810
+two syllables make and one, two, three, four,
+
+283
+00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330
+five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four
+
+284
+00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190
+feet each. This is again the structure, the
+
+285
+00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350
+decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you
+
+286
+00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670
+think? When you
+
+287
+00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010
+look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O
+
+288
+00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910
+-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you
+
+289
+00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410
+read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is
+
+290
+00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770
+generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point,
+
+291
+00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990
+listen to me, I said this before and I have to
+
+292
+00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230
+repeat it again. My point is that generally, every
+
+293
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670
+word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet
+
+294
+00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800
+carefully. is placed in its particular place in
+
+295
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120
+order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There
+
+296
+00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620
+is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually
+
+297
+00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960
+behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem,
+
+298
+00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700
+beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you
+
+299
+00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560
+go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing
+
+300
+00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520
+this. So come live with me and be my love, and we
+
+301
+00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690
+will all the pleasures go. So this creates some
+
+302
+00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490
+kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the
+
+303
+00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170
+imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is
+
+304
+00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690
+everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I
+
+305
+00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890
+own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but
+
+306
+00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610
+then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme.
+
+307
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510
+So generally
+
+308
+00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330
+if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check
+
+309
+00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130
+if there is something wrong in the text itself or
+
+310
+00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650
+what it means. So again, we go back. This is a
+
+311
+00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610
+speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures.
+
+312
+00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410
+But when you go back and realize that this is not
+
+313
+00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030
+a king, this is the language of a king or a
+
+314
+00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090
+prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we
+
+315
+00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150
+see that he is only a shepherd, with all due
+
+316
+00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850
+respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have
+
+317
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010
+gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So
+
+318
+00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350
+the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying,
+
+319
+00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450
+exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is
+
+320
+00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770
+exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So
+
+321
+00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810
+generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates
+
+322
+00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570
+tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of
+
+323
+00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450
+conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the
+
+324
+00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170
+whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and
+
+325
+00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550
+then all of a sudden there's something like you
+
+326
+00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570
+are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all
+
+327
+00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370
+of a sudden there's something you just bought your
+
+328
+00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170
+seatbelt and here it happens like this everything
+
+329
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090
+is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words
+
+330
+00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900
+And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy
+
+331
+00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620
+road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect
+
+332
+00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960
+rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates
+
+333
+00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540
+tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict,
+
+334
+00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940
+and then we find it in the fact that the speaker
+
+335
+00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740
+is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's
+
+336
+00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280
+promising his beloved everything.
+
+337
+00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760
+It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here.
+
+338
+00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220
+So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly
+
+339
+00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220
+love, idealized love. This is how the poets,
+
+340
+00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420
+again, were following the rules of the Quran of
+
+341
+00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900
+that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any
+
+342
+00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900
+question about Marlowe? What about the whole
+
+343
+00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560
+rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check
+
+344
+00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720
+this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A,
+
+345
+00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600
+A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back
+
+346
+00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280
+to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A,
+
+347
+00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000
+A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain
+
+348
+00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740
+metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs
+
+349
+00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300
+move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back
+
+350
+00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440
+again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme
+
+351
+00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200
+scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of
+
+352
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380
+the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza
+
+353
+00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680
+in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes
+
+354
+00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420
+we have very long poems. We don't have enough
+
+355
+00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680
+letters in the English alphabet.
+
+356
+00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300
+Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again,
+
+357
+00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820
+remember we're speaking about the Renaissance.
+
+358
+00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000
+During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look
+
+359
+00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490
+here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said
+
+360
+00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570
+people were looking for new discoveries, new ways
+
+361
+00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510
+of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each
+
+362
+00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030
+other, to man, to understand human nature. And
+
+363
+00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670
+when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet
+
+364
+00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630
+is the fictional representative
+
+365
+00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250
+of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do.
+
+366
+00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970
+They were ambitious. They were educated. They were
+
+367
+00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300
+people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip
+
+368
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780
+Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life
+
+369
+00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940
+Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a
+
+370
+00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100
+prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can
+
+371
+00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880
+say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But
+
+372
+00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560
+here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like
+
+373
+00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440
+knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by
+
+374
+00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820
+the king or the queen to certain people who
+
+375
+00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280
+achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a
+
+376
+00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400
+noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real
+
+377
+00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630
+life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died
+
+378
+00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630
+in battle, fighting, young. He was like
+
+379
+00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170
+Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away,
+
+380
+00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870
+when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He
+
+381
+00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570
+died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles,
+
+382
+00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650
+defending them, fighting. So again, in a way,
+
+383
+00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210
+reviving the old English mentality of knights and
+
+384
+00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130
+heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is
+
+385
+00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850
+Astrophel and Stella.
+
+386
+00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560
+Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So
+
+387
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080
+this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of
+
+388
+00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100
+many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as
+
+389
+00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120
+the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But
+
+390
+00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840
+again, sadly, he can't have her. So again,
+
+391
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860
+ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's
+
+392
+00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360
+see this extract from the text. The extract in
+
+393
+00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060
+many ways represents the mentality of people in
+
+394
+00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560
+the Renaissance.
+
+395
+00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300
+This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before
+
+396
+00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510
+we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A
+
+397
+00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750
+first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound
+
+398
+00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950
+here again? Regular,
+
+399
+00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410
+very musical. Can you count the syllables someone?
+
+400
+00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540
+Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait
+
+401
+00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350
+leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two,
+
+402
+00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690
+three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the
+
+403
+00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610
+book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh
+
+404
+00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450
+love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to
+
+405
+00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910
+dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten
+
+406
+00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230
+syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten
+
+407
+00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690
+syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet.
+
+408
+00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290
+Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more
+
+409
+00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210
+or one or two, like at least we have one sound,
+
+4
+
+445
+00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460
+of money or even gold although funnily, ironically
+
+446
+00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420
+gold doesn't rust, you know rust metal rust so he
+
+447
+00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460
+wants to grow rich not in money but in things that
+
+448
+00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140
+don't rust. And the things that you don't rust are 
+
+449
+00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680
+what? Your name, your reputation, your
+
+450
+00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940
+achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't. 
+
+451
+00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980
+Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How 
+
+452
+00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720
+famous you become for good things generally. 
+
+453
+00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400
+Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This
+
+454
+00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660
+reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair
+
+455
+00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280
+sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean?
+
+456
+00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420
+Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain
+
+457
+00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290
+it? Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. 
+
+458
+00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670
+Yes, please.
+
+459
+00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470
+You're adding too much to the line. The word love
+
+460
+00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310
+is not there. But he means it. He means it, but
+
+461
+00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750
+can you translate it word for word into good
+
+462
+00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010
+Arabic?
+
+463
+00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230
+This means that loss brings happiness. It's a
+
+464
+00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570
+paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose 
+
+465
+00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350
+somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now
+
+466
+00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050
+here, whatever fades, anything that fades means
+
+467
+00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270
+end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice
+
+468
+00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830
+cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the
+
+469
+00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010
+world. But because it ends,
+
+470
+00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010
+it's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will 
+
+471
+00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730
+eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the 
+
+472
+00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550
+pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting
+
+473
+00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570
+here. The word order should be whatever fades
+
+474
+00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010
+brings fading pleasure. This is how poetic 
+
+475
+00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410
+this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the
+
+476
+00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390
+music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it
+
+477
+00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290
+helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here.
+
+478
+00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710
+But you know what "but" means here? Except. All the
+
+479
+00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590
+students came, but one. So probably whatever fades
+
+480
+00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770
+could bring anything.
+
+481
+00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730
+Probably it's a little bit different here, but
+
+482
+00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130
+also it brings fading pleasures. Pleasures that 
+
+483
+00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210
+end. So again, this is a man who aspires to
+
+484
+00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070
+greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater
+
+485
+00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770
+things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a 
+
+486
+00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310
+way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't
+
+487
+00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470
+talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his
+
+488
+00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380
+name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe
+
+489
+00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860
+for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants.
+
+490
+00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360
+He wants greater things, greater things. Okay,
+
+491
+00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180
+finally, we'll move to speak about, finally, this is
+
+492
+00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860
+the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me.
+
+493
+00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100
+Listen to me. And I have to remind you of
+
+494
+00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720
+patronage and how many critics, many poets already
+
+495
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360
+had patrons who provided them with money and
+
+496
+00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700
+protection. 
+
+497
+00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280
+Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way 
+
+498
+00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640
+or another at the beginning of his life a
+
+499
+00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390
+controversial figure. Because probably he was
+
+500
+00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770
+critical of, I don't know, the regime, the 
+
+501
+00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830
+authorities. So many people believed that he saw
+
+502
+00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850
+in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the 
+
+503
+00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130
+queen in order to be close to her, to get probably
+
+504
+00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750
+money. And that's why later on he was described as
+
+505
+00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850
+the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of
+
+506
+00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890
+poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets
+
+507
+00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490
+this unless he is very close to the king or to the 
+
+508
+00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590
+queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote
+
+509
+00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950
+several poems, two poems we will mention here, the
+
+510
+00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730
+most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look
+
+511
+00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730
+at the ancient writing here. There should be an E
+
+512
+00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410
+here in the original text. The fairy meaning
+
+513
+00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510
+fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings 
+
+514
+00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550
+in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow
+
+515
+00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030
+old, they live forever. And here he writes this
+
+516
+00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290
+epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses
+
+517
+00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810
+something called the Spencer stanza or the 
+
+518
+00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290
+Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. A
+
+519
+00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970
+stanza of nine lines, he kept repeating it again
+
+520
+00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110
+and again and again. Now people describe it as the
+
+521
+00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250
+Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza, rhyming A
+
+522
+00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390
+B A B B C B C C, fix the thing in the book, there's 
+
+523
+00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490
+something wrong in the book. It's A B A B B C B C 
+
+524
+00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610
+that's the rhyme scheme. And then there is an extra
+
+525
+00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390
+C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably
+
+526
+00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570
+we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a 
+
+527
+00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210
+couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then 
+
+528
+00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650
+all of a sudden we have one line. It's like 
+
+529
+00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990
+similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12
+
+530
+00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850
+lines and then we have a couplet, like a 
+
+531
+00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430
+conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine 
+
+532
+00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100
+lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy
+
+533
+00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300
+Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For
+
+534
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000
+many people, again, remember, Spencer started his 
+
+535
+00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900
+life as a controversial figure. For many, he 
+
+536
+00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980
+remains a controversial figure because they say that
+
+537
+00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100
+his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to
+
+538
+00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620
+flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here,
+
+539
+00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530
+The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. In
+
+540
+00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310
+which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a
+
+541
+00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430
+fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English 
+
+542
+00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810
+people. 
+
+543
+00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790
+She brings wealth and peace and protection and 
+
+544
+00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860
+safety and security to England. And this is 
+
+545
+00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340
+why, again, he's usually described as the most, 
+
+546
+00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220
+this poem is the most important English poem or 
+
+547
+00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160
+poem in English after Chaucer. You know why?
+
+548
+00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320
+Because there's a strong sense of English 
+
+549
+00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520
+identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the 
+
+550
+00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000
+Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What 
+
+551
+00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520
+happens in the text? The Queen fights. 
+
+552
+00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120
+for the security, the safety, and the prosperity 
+
+553
+00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920
+of her people.
+
+554
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340
+And he indeed tried to revive the sense of 
+
+555
+00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500
+English. When we read the poem we just read here,
+
+556
+00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640
+"Come Live With Me," there isn't much about the
+
+557
+00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980
+Englishness of the English people there. But here, 
+
+558
+00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900
+this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and
+
+559
+00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850
+celebrates her as the queen that brings peace and
+
+560
+00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330
+money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a
+
+561
+00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450
+line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that
+
+562
+00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030
+many people memorize it. You should. 
+
+563
+00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360
+But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're
+
+564
+00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120
+not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This
+
+565
+00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800
+is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer,
+
+566
+00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660
+the prince of poets, who was controversial, but
+
+567
+00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980
+then clearly he became close to the queen because
+
+568
+00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740
+he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted
+
+569
+00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840
+to convey a strong sense of the English identity
+
+570
+00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520
+in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in
+
+571
+00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870
+this line. Now this line is taken from another
+
+572
+00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950
+poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion.
+
+573
+00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850
+What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the 
+
+574
+00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390
+exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say
+
+575
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610
+this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see
+
+576
+00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410
+how you do that. Yes.
+
+577
+00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410
+Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little, I 
+
+578
+00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330
+end my song. So he had themes times another
+
+579
+00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150
+reading, yes, yes okay, also
+
+580
+00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810
+themes, yes, yes, what is this themes themes, sweet
+
+581
+00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730
+things run softly, themes th's 
+
+582
+00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090
+ass 
+
+583
+00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840
+Okay, generally, it could be a "that" or a "that," but
+
+584
+00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900
+in English, that's a few words where the "th" is only
+
+585
+00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870
+"that." Like Thomas, you know, Thomas, Thomas Hardy,
+
+586
+00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910
+Thailand, you know, the country and Thai, Thai food
+
+587
+00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230
+and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat
+
+588
+00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010
+a lot of thyme, almost every day, thyme. I had thyme 
+
+589
+00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870
+and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme. 
+
+590
+00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240
+This is another word, it's "Thames." Yes, the river.
+
+591
+00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520
+Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix
+
+592
+00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320
+between Thames and Times. The Times is a 
+
+593
+00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360
+newspaper, I don't know, in England and in
+
+594
+00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540
+Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet 
+
+595
+00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640
+Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I end my song.
+
+596
+00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180
+And notice how there is a part of England in the 
+
+597
+00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820
+poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most
+
+598
+00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980
+important river, probably in Europe. In London,
+
+599
+00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740
+yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another
+
+600
+00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200
+personification, because he's talking to the river
+
+601
+00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960
+as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly
+
+602
+00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540
+till I end my song. My poem. 
+
+603
+00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680
+A strong sense of the English, is there here. In a 
+
+604
+00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500
+way, it's not very clear, but when you read the 
+
+605
+00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780
+whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll 
+
+606
+00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740
+find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look 
+
+607
+00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840
+at this, if you count the syllables and you look
+
+608
+00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040
+at the other lines there, you'll find also a very
+
+609
+00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900
+regular form, poetic language. What is the subject 
+
+610
+00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870
+matter here? The Queen of England. About how the 
+
+611
+00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610
+queen, again, universal theme, important subject
+
+612
+00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490
+matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply
+
+613
+00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450
+the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has
+
+614
+00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710
+to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and
+
+615
+00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890
+powerful. How can you do that? Important subject
+
+616
+00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180
+matters. Highly embellished language, well
+
+617
+00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660
+structured forms, and then you have good and great
+
+618
+00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880
+portraits. I'll stop here unless any of you has a
+
+619
+00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420
+question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these
+
+620
+00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360
+are canonical poets. They are canonical poets.
+
+621
+00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760
+Yes? Shakespeare, 
+
+622
+00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720
+in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer.
+
+623
+00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500
+Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but 
+
+624
+00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800
+he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in 
+
+625
+00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920
+his plays. Probably, when you study Shakespeare, 
+
+626
+00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720
+you will know more about how he tries to change
+
+627
+00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120
+things. So he's not 100% following the rules of
+
+628
+00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280
+the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of
+
+629
+00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900
+poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen.
+
+630
+00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690
+And generally, again, remember, generally, when 
+
+631
+00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790
+poets write good poetry about the queen, either 
+
+632
+00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110
+the queen brings them to the palace and gives them 
+
+633
+00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310
+money and everything, or
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300
+Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have
+
+2
+00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400
+to the English literature course and it's always
+
+3
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040
+nice to have you back here. I know you don't have
+
+4
+00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400
+a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we
+
+5
+00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470
+move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or
+
+6
+00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230
+the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to
+
+7
+00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690
+poetry. And I know I said something about poetry
+
+8
+00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970
+when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet.
+
+9
+00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130
+And also, when we said that drama was mainly
+
+10
+00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430
+written in verse. Don't forget this. It was
+
+11
+00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260
+written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was
+
+12
+00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900
+verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist
+
+13
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720
+like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from
+
+14
+00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940
+blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with
+
+15
+00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660
+Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance
+
+16
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310
+poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four
+
+17
+00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650
+major points. Three poets, but we have one term,
+
+18
+00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550
+one literal term we need to know. Remember, we
+
+19
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910
+spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about
+
+20
+00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270
+patronage. We spoke about the English canon.
+
+21
+00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010
+Remember? You should know them. And again, the
+
+22
+00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610
+English canon is basically the most important
+
+23
+00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290
+literary works. the literary works that are deemed
+
+24
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350
+to be famous and of universal themes that we still
+
+25
+00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350
+study. We still, until this very day, research and
+
+26
+00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870
+study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum
+
+27
+00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170
+before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the
+
+28
+00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230
+rules of decorum.
+
+29
+00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350
+You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is
+
+30
+00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510
+where it comes from. Decor. Decorations.
+
+31
+00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590
+Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something
+
+32
+00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290
+that is probably organized in a particular way.
+
+33
+00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490
+Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way.
+
+34
+00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690
+In a way that would attract people, would make
+
+35
+00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510
+people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's
+
+36
+00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810
+this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of
+
+37
+00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810
+decorum are originally ancient rules from the time
+
+38
+00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310
+of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now
+
+39
+00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690
+there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named
+
+40
+00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230
+Horace.
+
+41
+00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130
+Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works
+
+42
+00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990
+of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The
+
+43
+00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050
+Odyssey, and other literary works that we still
+
+44
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490
+hear about nowadays and probably study. He said,
+
+45
+00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290
+OK, if we want to write great literature, we need
+
+46
+00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990
+to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you
+
+47
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490
+produce great work? How do you write great
+
+48
+00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290
+literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or
+
+49
+00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890
+the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the
+
+50
+00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430
+canon, write it again, many works. And for
+
+51
+00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950
+example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer,
+
+52
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210
+remember? So if we want to study great literature,
+
+53
+00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020
+we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So
+
+54
+00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720
+he studied the great literary works and came up
+
+55
+00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100
+with certain rules. And he said, he described
+
+56
+00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540
+these rules as the rules of decorum. You know,
+
+57
+00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320
+like when you behave, there are rules of
+
+58
+00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660
+etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In
+
+59
+00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220
+poetry and literature, these are similar to the
+
+60
+00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780
+rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the
+
+61
+00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660
+rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago
+
+62
+00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220
+by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England
+
+63
+00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980
+even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably
+
+64
+00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240
+500 years later. Many great critics and poets
+
+65
+00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900
+believe that only by imitating great literary
+
+66
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540
+works, we can provide our readers and the audience
+
+67
+00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150
+with great literary works. So why did Horace
+
+68
+00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810
+determine these rules? So that poets can imitate
+
+69
+00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310
+them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three
+
+70
+00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690
+points here I need to speak about. So again, the
+
+71
+00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890
+rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring
+
+72
+00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910
+poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write
+
+73
+00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130
+good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules.
+
+74
+00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100
+You need to follow these rules. What are they?
+
+75
+00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640
+Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme
+
+76
+00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480
+or the subject matter.
+
+77
+00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420
+What should I write about? What should I write
+
+78
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240
+about? Can I write about anything? Can I write
+
+79
+00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780
+about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about
+
+80
+00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560
+I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my
+
+81
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110
+sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they
+
+82
+00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970
+say your theme, topic, has to be of great
+
+83
+00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430
+importance, sometimes described as, examined here,
+
+84
+00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830
+should have universal truths, universal value.
+
+85
+00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300
+Moral, it has to touch very important subjects,
+
+86
+00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180
+not only personally, and generally it should be
+
+87
+00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220
+collective for the whole, something that affects
+
+88
+00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720
+the whole society. And that's why we find the
+
+89
+00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440
+literature of that time focusing more on kings and
+
+90
+00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600
+queens, royal family, about battles, about epics,
+
+91
+00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160
+about great fighters, about knights, about
+
+92
+00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940
+noblemen. Because they believed this is where the
+
+93
+00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040
+important issues lie. They lie with these people
+
+94
+00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640
+in the palace, in the court, out, in the
+
+95
+00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610
+battlefield. And even when you speak about other
+
+96
+00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810
+relationships between man and woman, you have to
+
+97
+00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870
+speak about courtly love. Love between probably
+
+98
+00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230
+noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism
+
+99
+00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550
+here in this sense when we speak about this. You
+
+100
+00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570
+know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism.
+
+101
+00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320
+There's a lot of mytholia here. So number one, I
+
+102
+00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900
+want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets
+
+103
+00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820
+or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write
+
+104
+00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860
+about everything. Don't write about your sandwich,
+
+105
+00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320
+your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write
+
+106
+00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880
+poetry has to be about highly important, highly
+
+107
+00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210
+sophisticated subject matters. Issues with
+
+108
+00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250
+universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like
+
+109
+00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810
+in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There
+
+110
+00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750
+are issues that are still relevant and important
+
+111
+00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350
+to us. That's number one. Number two, the
+
+112
+00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890
+language.
+
+113
+00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110
+Okay. There's something called poetic language.
+
+114
+00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120
+Meaning, does poetry have special language? For
+
+115
+00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940
+those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it.
+
+116
+00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740
+This word is not poetic, you don't use it.
+
+117
+00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220
+And vice versa probably. So according to the rules
+
+118
+00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680
+of the Quran, the language of literature has to be
+
+119
+00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340
+powerful, strong, highly embellished.
+
+120
+00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760
+Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the
+
+121
+00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640
+diction here, you know diction? Dictionary?
+
+122
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220
+Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful
+
+123
+00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140
+and attractive. Not only that, it has to be
+
+124
+00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310
+arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words
+
+125
+00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390
+carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and
+
+126
+00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470
+every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful
+
+127
+00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890
+line because of the choice of words, because how
+
+128
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590
+words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember
+
+129
+00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430
+we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa
+
+130
+00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490
+sometimes declines because the sound here reflects
+
+131
+00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260
+The mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the
+
+132
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880
+emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die.
+
+133
+00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120
+The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to
+
+134
+00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560
+be elite language, strong language, powerful
+
+135
+00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180
+language, highly sophisticated, embellished
+
+136
+00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560
+language. Because when you write about great
+
+137
+00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580
+things, you use great language, great rhetoric,
+
+138
+00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760
+the metaphors, the literal devices, everything.
+
+139
+00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620
+that's two and then finally the form or the
+
+140
+00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420
+structure the
+
+141
+00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660
+form so here we speak generally here there is the
+
+142
+00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680
+the content the content the form the shape what
+
+143
+00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000
+you see when you look at the text so what about
+
+144
+00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520
+the structure the structure has to be highly
+
+145
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260
+organized highly regular well written, well
+
+146
+00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020
+structured, well constructed. Very clear example
+
+147
+00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360
+here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways
+
+148
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260
+represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line
+
+149
+00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720
+has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme
+
+150
+00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520
+scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F,
+
+151
+00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280
+G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch,
+
+152
+00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980
+Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D.
+
+153
+00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580
+Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it
+
+154
+00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840
+talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the
+
+155
+00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400
+passing of time, about loss, about immortality,
+
+156
+00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560
+about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He
+
+157
+00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620
+uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He
+
+158
+00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840
+says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But
+
+159
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560
+that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or
+
+160
+00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000
+metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature.
+
+161
+00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360
+He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He
+
+162
+00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740
+exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the
+
+163
+00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700
+rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules
+
+164
+00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970
+of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary
+
+165
+00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450
+text has to have an elegant style, a grand style.
+
+166
+00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110
+Strong language, powerful language in the sense
+
+167
+00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390
+that it is highly embellished. Many people believe
+
+168
+00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230
+that this idea is elitist. Again, remember
+
+169
+00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630
+elitist? You know elitist?
+
+170
+00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480
+Elitist meaning that only educated people
+
+171
+00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280
+understand this. And only educated people can
+
+172
+00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120
+write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the
+
+173
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720
+rules of decorum. So if you don't study the
+
+174
+00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260
+language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you
+
+175
+00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720
+don't study how to write poetry, you will not be
+
+176
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500
+able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we
+
+177
+00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900
+mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the
+
+178
+00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660
+rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people
+
+179
+00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740
+generally were following these rules. Because when
+
+180
+00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580
+Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies
+
+181
+00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980
+rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to
+
+182
+00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520
+university, he studies ancient Greece and drama
+
+183
+00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280
+and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian
+
+184
+00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600
+literature. He studies these rules of decorum.
+
+185
+00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060
+Yes?
+
+186
+00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880
+He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes,
+
+187
+00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640
+listen, we do things, we don't know that we are
+
+188
+00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320
+following a particular opinion because we were
+
+189
+00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120
+born this way and we lived in a particular life
+
+190
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220
+where there are particular rules. So sometimes we
+
+191
+00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740
+don't feel that there are rules. Because they are
+
+192
+00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500
+there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We
+
+193
+00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580
+go to university. We get married. We have kids. We
+
+194
+00:12:53,580 --> 00:12:57,200
+have a job. We do what we achieve, our dreams and
+
+195
+00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,340
+things in life. But we sometimes don't realize
+
+196
+00:13:00,340 --> 00:13:03,340
+that we were following particular rules, decided
+
+197
+00:13:03,340 --> 00:13:07,460
+not by us, but by people who died probably 100,
+
+198
+00:13:07,660 --> 00:13:12,100
+200 years ago. So we'll see three poets here.
+
+199
+00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:18,820
+Three poets. who, in a way or another, were
+
+200
+00:13:18,820 --> 00:13:22,600
+applying these rules. I will comment on this and
+
+201
+00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:31,200
+see how things go. The first text is
+
+202
+00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:33,620
+by Christopher Marlowe. We come back to
+
+203
+00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:36,690
+Christopher Marlowe. Remember I said we have to go
+
+204
+00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:39,930
+back to him as a poet, not as a dramatist. He has
+
+205
+00:13:39,930 --> 00:13:42,330
+a famous poem, one of the most famous poems in
+
+206
+00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,910
+English literature. It's a canonical text. It's
+
+207
+00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:48,130
+called The Passionate Shepherd. Shepherd? The
+
+208
+00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:50,910
+Passionate Shepherd. The Passionate Shepherd to
+
+209
+00:13:50,910 --> 00:13:55,130
+His Love. Clearly the title suggests that it's a
+
+210
+00:13:55,130 --> 00:14:02,060
+love poem. Can someone read? Okay, please. Come
+
+211
+00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:06,360
+live with me and be my love, and we will owe the
+
+212
+00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:11,160
+pleasure through that valley's frost hills and
+
+213
+00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,520
+hills, coat of stevie mountains hills, and we will
+
+214
+00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:22,280
+sit upon the rocks seeing the ship birds beat
+
+215
+00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:28,020
+their clock by shallow rivers to whose bell
+
+216
+00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:39,320
+melodious birds sing madrigals and I will make
+
+217
+00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:43,560
+these beds of roses and a thousand fragrant poses
+
+218
+00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:48,180
+a calf of flowers and a kettle embroidered all
+
+219
+00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:51,800
+with leaves of myrtle a gown made of the finest
+
+220
+00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,900
+wool which from our pretty lamps we pull fair line
+
+221
+00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:01,720
+slippers for the cold with buckles of the purest
+
+222
+00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:06,770
+gold A belt of straw and ivy buds with coral
+
+223
+00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530
+clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may
+
+224
+00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670
+thee move, come live with me and be my love.
+
+225
+00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070
+Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy
+
+226
+00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590
+delight each May morning. If these delights thy
+
+227
+00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570
+mind may move, then live with me and be my love."
+
+228
+00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110
+It's a very beautiful poem here.
+
+229
+00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270
+The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by
+
+230
+00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450
+Christopher Nolan. Come live with me, and be my
+
+231
+00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710
+love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with
+
+232
+00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550
+valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy
+
+233
+00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470
+mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks,
+
+234
+00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030
+seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow
+
+235
+00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520
+And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand
+
+236
+00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140
+fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain,
+
+237
+00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960
+Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made
+
+238
+00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100
+of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we
+
+239
+00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600
+pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With
+
+240
+00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000
+buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and
+
+241
+00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280
+ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs,
+
+242
+00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380
+Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's
+
+243
+00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600
+swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each
+
+244
+00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520
+May morning. If these delights thy mind may move,
+
+245
+00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640
+then live with me and be my love. Interesting.
+
+246
+00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260
+What do you think? We're going to study only the
+
+247
+00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260
+first two lines, OK? So what do you think?
+
+248
+00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910
+What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his
+
+249
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610
+beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in
+
+250
+00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990
+nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a
+
+251
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130
+very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A
+
+252
+00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550
+pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the
+
+253
+00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910
+pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does
+
+254
+00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110
+he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold.
+
+255
+00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430
+Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers
+
+256
+00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630
+and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love
+
+257
+00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590
+poem. A love poem. But generally it's about
+
+258
+00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310
+elegant kind of love. Because this is the most
+
+259
+00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210
+beautiful woman and this is the most romantic
+
+260
+00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080
+lover here. But let's see what the text itself
+
+261
+00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300
+says. Remember, the text, the title is The
+
+262
+00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360
+Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher
+
+263
+00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940
+Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is
+
+264
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560
+the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in
+
+265
+00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800
+life?
+
+266
+00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400
+Generally, a shepherd
+
+267
+00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510
+okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could
+
+268
+00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810
+be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he
+
+269
+00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470
+can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything
+
+270
+00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710
+coppersmith so he goes for to take care of
+
+271
+00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060
+somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the
+
+272
+00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040
+sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he
+
+273
+00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780
+has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's
+
+274
+00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860
+always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But
+
+275
+00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100
+my question is, does he own anything? No, he
+
+276
+00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120
+doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let
+
+277
+00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040
+alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the
+
+278
+00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420
+purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you
+
+279
+00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940
+count? Did anybody count the number of syllables
+
+280
+00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390
+here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
+
+281
+00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430
+eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally,
+
+282
+00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810
+two syllables make and one, two, three, four,
+
+283
+00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330
+five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four
+
+284
+00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190
+feet each. This is again the structure, the
+
+285
+00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350
+decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you
+
+286
+00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670
+think? When you
+
+287
+00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010
+look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O
+
+288
+00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910
+-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you
+
+289
+00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410
+read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is
+
+290
+00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770
+generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point,
+
+291
+00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990
+listen to me, I said this before and I have to
+
+292
+00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230
+repeat it again. My point is that generally, every
+
+293
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670
+word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet
+
+294
+00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800
+carefully. is placed in its particular place in
+
+295
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120
+order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There
+
+296
+00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620
+is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually
+
+297
+00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960
+behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem,
+
+298
+00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700
+beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you
+
+299
+00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560
+go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing
+
+300
+00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520
+this. So come live with me and be my love, and we
+
+301
+00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690
+will all the pleasures go. So this creates some
+
+302
+00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490
+kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the
+
+303
+00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170
+imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is
+
+304
+00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690
+everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I
+
+305
+00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890
+own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but
+
+306
+00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610
+then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme.
+
+307
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510
+So generally
+
+308
+00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330
+if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check
+
+309
+00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130
+if there is something wrong in the text itself or
+
+310
+00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650
+what it means. So again, we go back. This is a
+
+311
+00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610
+speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures.
+
+312
+00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410
+But when you go back and realize that this is not
+
+313
+00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030
+a king, this is the language of a king or a
+
+314
+00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090
+prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we
+
+315
+00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150
+see that he is only a shepherd, with all due
+
+316
+00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850
+respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have
+
+317
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010
+gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So
+
+318
+00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350
+the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying,
+
+319
+00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450
+exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is
+
+320
+00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770
+exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So
+
+321
+00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810
+generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates
+
+322
+00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570
+tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of
+
+323
+00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450
+conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the
+
+324
+00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170
+whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and
+
+325
+00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550
+then all of a sudden there's something like you
+
+326
+00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570
+are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all
+
+327
+00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370
+of a sudden there's something you just bought your
+
+328
+00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170
+seatbelt and here it happens like this everything
+
+329
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090
+is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words
+
+330
+00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900
+And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy
+
+331
+00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620
+road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect
+
+332
+00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960
+rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates
+
+333
+00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540
+tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict,
+
+334
+00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940
+and then we find it in the fact that the speaker
+
+335
+00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740
+is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's
+
+336
+00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280
+promising his beloved everything.
+
+337
+00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760
+It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here.
+
+338
+00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220
+So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly
+
+339
+00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220
+love, idealized love. This is how the poets,
+
+340
+00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420
+again, were following the rules of the Quran of
+
+341
+00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900
+that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any
+
+342
+00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900
+question about Marlowe? What about the whole
+
+343
+00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560
+rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check
+
+344
+00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720
+this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A,
+
+345
+00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600
+A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back
+
+346
+00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280
+to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A,
+
+347
+00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000
+A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain
+
+348
+00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740
+metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs
+
+349
+00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300
+move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back
+
+350
+00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440
+again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme
+
+351
+00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200
+scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of
+
+352
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380
+the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza
+
+353
+00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680
+in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes
+
+354
+00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420
+we have very long poems. We don't have enough
+
+355
+00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680
+letters in the English alphabet.
+
+356
+00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300
+Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again,
+
+357
+00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820
+remember we're speaking about the Renaissance.
+
+358
+00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000
+During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look
+
+359
+00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490
+here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said
+
+360
+00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570
+people were looking for new discoveries, new ways
+
+361
+00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510
+of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each
+
+362
+00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030
+other, to man, to understand human nature. And
+
+363
+00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670
+when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet
+
+364
+00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630
+is the fictional representative
+
+365
+00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250
+of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do.
+
+366
+00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970
+They were ambitious. They were educated. They were
+
+367
+00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300
+people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip
+
+368
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780
+Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life
+
+369
+00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940
+Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a
+
+370
+00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100
+prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can
+
+371
+00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880
+say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But
+
+372
+00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560
+here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like
+
+373
+00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440
+knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by
+
+374
+00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820
+the king or the queen to certain people who
+
+375
+00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280
+achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a
+
+376
+00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400
+noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real
+
+377
+00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630
+life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died
+
+378
+00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630
+in battle, fighting, young. He was like
+
+379
+00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170
+Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away,
+
+380
+00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870
+when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He
+
+381
+00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570
+died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles,
+
+382
+00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650
+defending them, fighting. So again, in a way,
+
+383
+00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210
+reviving the old English mentality of knights and
+
+384
+00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130
+heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is
+
+385
+00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850
+Astrophel and Stella.
+
+386
+00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560
+Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So
+
+387
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080
+this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of
+
+388
+00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100
+many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as
+
+389
+00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120
+the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But
+
+390
+00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840
+again, sadly, he can't have her. So again,
+
+391
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860
+ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's
+
+392
+00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360
+see this extract from the text. The extract in
+
+393
+00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060
+many ways represents the mentality of people in
+
+394
+00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560
+the Renaissance.
+
+395
+00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300
+This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before
+
+396
+00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510
+we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A
+
+397
+00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750
+first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound
+
+398
+00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950
+here again? Regular,
+
+399
+00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410
+very musical. Can you count the syllables someone?
+
+400
+00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540
+Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait
+
+401
+00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350
+leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two,
+
+402
+00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690
+three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the
+
+403
+00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610
+book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh
+
+404
+00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450
+love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to
+
+405
+00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910
+dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten
+
+406
+00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230
+syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten
+
+407
+00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690
+syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet.
+
+408
+00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290
+Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more
+
+409
+00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210
+or one or two, like at least we have one sound,
+
+410
+00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:37,350
+probably two or more, but with a vowel sound. So
+
+411
+00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:45,070
+the word cat, cats. Cats, still one. Teach, one
+
+412
+00:28:45,070 --> 00:28:48,910
+syllable. Teaches, two syllables. Teaching, two
+
+413
+00:28:48,910 --> 00:28:52,190
+syllables. Teacher, one syllable. Teacher, two
+
+414
+00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:55,670
+syllables. Teachers, still two syllables.
+
+415
+00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:59,850
+Teachers, teach, one syllable. Teacher, two
+
+416
+00:28:59,850 --> 00:29:01,470
+syllables. Teacher, two syllables. Teaching, two
+
+417
+00:29:01,470 --> 00:29:05,770
+syllables. Teaches, two syllables. Re-teach, also
+
+418
+00:29:05,770 --> 00:29:07,570
+two syllables. So it depends on how many vowel
+
+419
+00:29:07,570 --> 00:29:10,690
+sounds. It's about the sound, not the letter. Cry,
+
+420
+00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:19,620
+two syllables. Cries, also one. Cried, also one.
+
+421
+00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:27,720
+Cried, I cried. Crying, two. Crier, also two. So
+
+422
+00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,100
+we go for ten, ten, ten. Well structured, well
+
+423
+00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:34,600
+organized, also poetic. Someone read, please.
+
+424
+00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:39,920
+Okay. Believe me, O Love, which reaches but to
+
+425
+00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:43,360
+dust, and thou, my mind, aspire to higher things,
+
+426
+00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:48,740
+grow rich in which never takes trust whatever
+
+427
+00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:52,820
+fading pleasure brings. Okay, so thou means
+
+428
+00:29:55,010 --> 00:29:57,710
+reaches is reach because the subject in the old
+
+429
+00:29:57,710 --> 00:30:02,390
+English they added st or est for takes is takes
+
+430
+00:30:02,390 --> 00:30:05,690
+because in the past middle English they added th
+
+431
+00:30:05,690 --> 00:30:13,550
+instead of s for he she it does does have had so
+
+432
+00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:15,550
+what's going on what do you understand from this
+
+433
+00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:22,830
+Okay, he couldn't have hair, so what is he doing?
+
+434
+00:30:23,550 --> 00:30:28,910
+What is he suggesting? Okay, bye. Leave me. Okay,
+
+435
+00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:32,410
+so there is a personification here, right? Love
+
+436
+00:30:32,410 --> 00:30:34,990
+can't talk back. In a way, it could be an
+
+437
+00:30:34,990 --> 00:30:38,890
+apostrophe. Leave me, oh love. There's loss.
+
+438
+00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:45,680
+despair, agony, sadness which reaches back to dust
+
+439
+00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:51,840
+and now my mind he's addressing his mind he wants
+
+440
+00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,180
+to achieve higher things greater things if he
+
+441
+00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:59,040
+can't have his love he wants to aspire for
+
+442
+00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:06,420
+greatness for perfectness perfection for great
+
+443
+00:31:06,420 --> 00:31:09,240
+reputation probably more than wealth because he
+
+444
+00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,800
+says here grow rich but not rich by having a lot
+
+445
+00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460
+of money or even gold although funnily ironically
+
+446
+00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420
+gold doesn't rust you know rust metal rust so he
+
+447
+00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460
+wants to grow rich not in money but in things that
+
+448
+00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140
+don't rust And the things that you don't trust are
+
+449
+00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680
+what? Your name, your reputation, your
+
+450
+00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940
+achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't.
+
+451
+00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980
+Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How
+
+452
+00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720
+famous you become for good things generally.
+
+453
+00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400
+Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This
+
+454
+00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660
+reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair
+
+455
+00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280
+sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean?
+
+456
+00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420
+Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain
+
+457
+00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290
+it? Whatever fades, But fading pleasure rains.
+
+458
+00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670
+Yes, please.
+
+459
+00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470
+You're adding too much to the line. The word love
+
+460
+00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310
+is not there. But he means it. He means it, but
+
+461
+00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750
+can you translate it word for word into good
+
+462
+00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010
+Arabic?
+
+463
+00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230
+This means that loss brings happiness. It's a
+
+464
+00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570
+paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose
+
+465
+00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350
+somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now
+
+466
+00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050
+here, whatever fades, anything that fades means
+
+467
+00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270
+end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice
+
+468
+00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830
+cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the
+
+469
+00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010
+world. But because it ends,
+
+470
+00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010
+It's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will
+
+471
+00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730
+eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the
+
+472
+00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550
+pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting
+
+473
+00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570
+here. The word order should be whatever fades
+
+474
+00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010
+brings but fading pleasure. This is how poetic
+
+475
+00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410
+this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the
+
+476
+00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390
+music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it
+
+477
+00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290
+helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here.
+
+478
+00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710
+But you know what but means here? Except. All the
+
+479
+00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590
+students came, but one. So probably whatever fades
+
+480
+00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770
+could bring anything.
+
+481
+00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730
+Probably it's a little bit different here, but
+
+482
+00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130
+also it brings Fading pleasures. Pleasures that
+
+483
+00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210
+end. So again, this is a man who aspires to
+
+484
+00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070
+greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater
+
+485
+00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770
+things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a
+
+486
+00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310
+way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't
+
+487
+00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470
+talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his
+
+488
+00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380
+name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe
+
+489
+00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860
+for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants.
+
+490
+00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360
+He wants greater things, greater things. Okay,
+
+491
+00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180
+finally we'll move to speak about, finally this is
+
+492
+00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860
+the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me.
+
+493
+00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100
+Listen to me. And I have to remind you of
+
+494
+00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720
+patronage and how many critics, many poets already
+
+495
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360
+had patrons who provided them with money and
+
+496
+00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700
+protection.
+
+497
+00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280
+Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way
+
+498
+00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640
+or another at the beginning of his life a
+
+499
+00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390
+controversial figure. Because probably he was
+
+500
+00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770
+critical of, I don't know, the regime, the
+
+501
+00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830
+authorities. So many people believed that he saw
+
+502
+00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850
+in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the
+
+503
+00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130
+queen in order to be close to her, to get probably
+
+504
+00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750
+money. And that's why later on he was described as
+
+505
+00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850
+the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of
+
+506
+00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890
+poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets
+
+507
+00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490
+this unless he is very close to the king or to the
+
+508
+00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590
+queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote
+
+509
+00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950
+several poems, two poems we will mention here, the
+
+510
+00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730
+most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look
+
+511
+00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730
+at the ancient writing here. There should be an E
+
+512
+00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410
+here in the original text. The fairy meaning
+
+513
+00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510
+fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings
+
+514
+00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550
+in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow
+
+515
+00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030
+old, they live forever. And here he writes this
+
+516
+00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290
+epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses
+
+517
+00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810
+something called the Spencer stanza or the
+
+518
+00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290
+Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. a
+
+519
+00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970
+stanza of nine lines he kept repeating it again
+
+520
+00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110
+and again and again now people describe it as the
+
+521
+00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250
+Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza rhyming a
+
+522
+00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390
+b a b b c b c c fix the thing in the book there's
+
+523
+00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490
+something wrong in the book it's a b a b b c b c
+
+524
+00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610
+that's the rhyme scheme And then there is an extra
+
+525
+00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390
+C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably
+
+526
+00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570
+we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a
+
+527
+00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210
+couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then
+
+528
+00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650
+all of a sudden we have one line. It's like
+
+529
+00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990
+similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12
+
+530
+00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850
+lines and then we have a couplet, like a
+
+531
+00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430
+conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine
+
+532
+00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100
+lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy
+
+533
+00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300
+Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For
+
+534
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000
+many people, again, remember, Spencer started his
+
+535
+00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900
+life as a controversial figure. For many, he
+
+536
+00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980
+remains controversial figure because they say that
+
+537
+00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100
+his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to
+
+538
+00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620
+flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here,
+
+539
+00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530
+The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. in
+
+540
+00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310
+which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a
+
+541
+00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430
+fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English
+
+542
+00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810
+people.
+
+543
+00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790
+She brings wealth and peace and protection and
+
+544
+00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860
+safety and security to To England. And this is
+
+545
+00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340
+why, again, he's usually described as the most,
+
+546
+00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220
+this poem is the most important English poem or
+
+547
+00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160
+poem in English after Chaucer. You know why?
+
+548
+00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320
+Because there's a strong sense of English
+
+549
+00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520
+identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the
+
+550
+00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000
+Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What
+
+551
+00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520
+happens in the text? The Queen fights.
+
+552
+00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120
+for the security, the safety, and the prosperity
+
+553
+00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920
+of her people.
+
+554
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340
+And he indeed tried to revive the sense of
+
+555
+00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500
+English. When we read the poem we just read here,
+
+556
+00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640
+Come Live With Me, there isn't much about the
+
+557
+00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980
+Englishness of the English people there. But here,
+
+558
+00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900
+this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and
+
+559
+00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850
+celebrates her as The queen that brings peace and
+
+560
+00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330
+money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a
+
+561
+00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450
+line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that
+
+562
+00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030
+many people memorize it. You should.
+
+563
+00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360
+But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're
+
+564
+00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120
+not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This
+
+565
+00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800
+is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer,
+
+566
+00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660
+the prince of poets, who was controversial, but
+
+567
+00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980
+then clearly he became close to the queen because
+
+568
+00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740
+he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted
+
+569
+00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840
+to convey a strong sense of the English identity
+
+570
+00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520
+in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in
+
+571
+00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870
+this line. Now this line is taken from another
+
+572
+00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950
+poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion.
+
+573
+00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850
+What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the
+
+574
+00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390
+exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say
+
+575
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610
+this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see
+
+576
+00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410
+how you do that. Yes.
+
+577
+00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410
+Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little I
+
+578
+00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330
+end my song. so he had themes times another
+
+579
+00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150
+reading yes yes okay also
+
+580
+00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810
+themes yes yes what is this themes themes sweet
+
+581
+00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730
+things run softly themes th's
+
+582
+00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090
+ass
+
+583
+00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840
+Okay, generally it could be a that or a that, but
+
+584
+00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900
+in English that's a few words where the th is only
+
+585
+00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870
+that. Like Thomas, you know Thomas, Thomas Hardy,
+
+586
+00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910
+Thailand, you know, the country and Thai Thai food
+
+587
+00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230
+and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat
+
+588
+00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010
+a lot of thyme almost every day, thyme I had thyme
+
+589
+00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870
+and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme
+
+590
+00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240
+This is another word, it's Tim's Yes, the river.
+
+591
+00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520
+Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix
+
+592
+00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320
+between Thames and Times. The Times is a
+
+593
+00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360
+newspaper, I don't know, in England and in
+
+594
+00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540
+Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet
+
+595
+00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640
+Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I am my song.
+
+596
+00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180
+And notice how there is a part of England in the
+
+597
+00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820
+poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most
+
+598
+00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980
+important river probably in Europe. In London,
+
+599
+00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740
+yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another
+
+600
+00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200
+personification because he's talking to the river
+
+601
+00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960
+as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly
+
+602
+00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540
+till I end my song. My poem.
+
+603
+00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680
+A strong sense of the English. is there here. In a
+
+604
+00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500
+way, it's not very clear, but when you read the
+
+605
+00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780
+whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll
+
+606
+00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740
+find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look
+
+607
+00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840
+at this, if you count the syllables and you look
+
+608
+00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040
+at the other lines there, you'll find also a very
+
+609
+00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900
+regular form, poetic language. What is the subject
+
+610
+00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870
+matter here? The Queen of England. about how the
+
+611
+00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610
+queen, again, universal theme, important subject
+
+612
+00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490
+matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply
+
+613
+00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450
+the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has
+
+614
+00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710
+to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and
+
+615
+00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890
+powerful. How can you do that? Important subject
+
+616
+00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180
+matters. Highly embellished language, well
+
+617
+00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660
+structured forms, and then you have good and great
+
+618
+00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880
+portrait. I'll stop here unless any of you has a
+
+619
+00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420
+question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these
+
+620
+00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360
+are canonical poets. They are canonical poets.
+
+621
+00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760
+Yes? Shakespeare,
+
+622
+00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720
+in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer.
+
+623
+00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500
+Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but
+
+624
+00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800
+he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in
+
+625
+00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920
+his plays. Probably when you study Shakespeare,
+
+626
+00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720
+you will know more about how he tries to change
+
+627
+00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120
+things. So he's not 100% following the rules of
+
+628
+00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280
+the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of
+
+629
+00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900
+poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen.
+
+630
+00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690
+And generally, again, remember, generally, When
+
+631
+00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790
+poets write good poetry about the queen, either
+
+632
+00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110
+the queen brings them to the palace and gives them
+
+633
+00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310
+money and everything, or another patron tells the
+
+634
+00:44:19,310 --> 00:44:22,790
+queen, hey, I have one of my people who wrote an
+
+635
+00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:26,230
+interesting poem about you. And I gave him money.
+
+636
+00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:31,970
+I'm good. So probably, yeah. I'll stop here. Thank
+
+637
+00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:35,370
+you very much. And we can talk later on after the
+
+638
+00:44:35,370 --> 00:44:37,290
+class about extra issues.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2552 @@
+1
+00:00:21,020 --> 00:00:24,300
+Assalamualaikum and again as usual welcome to have
+
+2
+00:00:24,300 --> 00:00:28,400
+to the English literature course and it's always
+
+3
+00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,040
+nice to have you back here. I know you don't have
+
+4
+00:00:32,040 --> 00:00:36,400
+a choice but it's always good to see you. Today we
+
+5
+00:00:36,400 --> 00:00:41,470
+move on to speak, we stay in the Renaissance or
+
+6
+00:00:41,470 --> 00:00:46,230
+the Renaissance. But today, we move from drama to
+
+7
+00:00:46,230 --> 00:00:50,690
+poetry. And I know I said something about poetry
+
+8
+00:00:50,690 --> 00:00:52,970
+when we spoke about Shakespeare and the sonnet.
+
+9
+00:00:53,710 --> 00:00:57,130
+And also, when we said that drama was mainly
+
+10
+00:00:57,130 --> 00:00:59,430
+written in verse. Don't forget this. It was
+
+11
+00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:04,260
+written in poetry. Mainly, not everything was
+
+12
+00:01:04,260 --> 00:01:07,900
+verse because sometimes the poet, the dramatist
+
+13
+00:01:07,900 --> 00:01:11,720
+like Shakespeare would shift from verse, from
+
+14
+00:01:11,720 --> 00:01:15,940
+blank verse to prose, to prose like we saw with
+
+15
+00:01:15,940 --> 00:01:20,660
+Shylock. Today we'll speak about the Renaissance
+
+16
+00:01:20,660 --> 00:01:26,310
+poetry and the rules of decorum. So we have four
+
+17
+00:01:26,310 --> 00:01:30,650
+major points. Three poets, but we have one term,
+
+18
+00:01:30,790 --> 00:01:33,550
+one literal term we need to know. Remember, we
+
+19
+00:01:33,550 --> 00:01:36,910
+spoke in the past about censorship. We spoke about
+
+20
+00:01:36,910 --> 00:01:40,270
+patronage. We spoke about the English canon.
+
+21
+00:01:40,930 --> 00:01:44,010
+Remember? You should know them. And again, the
+
+22
+00:01:44,010 --> 00:01:49,610
+English canon is basically the most important
+
+23
+00:01:49,610 --> 00:01:53,290
+literary works. the literary works that are deemed
+
+24
+00:01:53,290 --> 00:01:57,350
+to be famous and of universal themes that we still
+
+25
+00:01:57,350 --> 00:02:01,350
+study. We still, until this very day, research and
+
+26
+00:02:01,350 --> 00:02:05,870
+study. Today, I'll talk about the rules of decorum
+
+27
+00:02:05,870 --> 00:02:10,170
+before I mention three Renaissance poets. So the
+
+28
+00:02:10,170 --> 00:02:11,230
+rules of decorum.
+
+29
+00:02:17,870 --> 00:02:24,350
+You know what decorum is? Decor. Yeah. This is
+
+30
+00:02:24,350 --> 00:02:26,510
+where it comes from. Decor. Decorations.
+
+31
+00:02:27,010 --> 00:02:30,590
+Decoration in a way. Yeah. So decor is something
+
+32
+00:02:30,590 --> 00:02:34,290
+that is probably organized in a particular way.
+
+33
+00:02:35,070 --> 00:02:37,490
+Organized in a beautiful way. In a beautiful way.
+
+34
+00:02:37,750 --> 00:02:41,690
+In a way that would attract people, would make
+
+35
+00:02:41,690 --> 00:02:44,510
+people say, wow, this is beautiful. So there's
+
+36
+00:02:44,510 --> 00:02:47,810
+this, decor, decoration, decorum. The rules of
+
+37
+00:02:47,810 --> 00:02:52,810
+decorum are originally ancient rules from the time
+
+38
+00:02:52,810 --> 00:02:57,310
+of the Roman Empire and Roman literature. Now
+
+39
+00:02:57,310 --> 00:03:01,690
+there is a man, a famous man, critic, poet named
+
+40
+00:03:01,690 --> 00:03:02,230
+Horace.
+
+41
+00:03:04,970 --> 00:03:09,130
+Horace. Horace studied the greatest literary works
+
+42
+00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:12,990
+of ancient Greece. You know Homer, The Iliad, The
+
+43
+00:03:12,990 --> 00:03:16,050
+Odyssey, and other literary works that we still
+
+44
+00:03:16,050 --> 00:03:20,490
+hear about nowadays and probably study. He said,
+
+45
+00:03:20,610 --> 00:03:24,290
+OK, if we want to write great literature, we need
+
+46
+00:03:24,290 --> 00:03:29,990
+to imitate great literary works. Again, how do you
+
+47
+00:03:29,990 --> 00:03:33,490
+produce great work? How do you write great
+
+48
+00:03:33,490 --> 00:03:38,290
+literature, great poetry? In the English canon, or
+
+49
+00:03:38,290 --> 00:03:42,890
+the canon in general, the canon has, you know, the
+
+50
+00:03:42,890 --> 00:03:47,430
+canon, write it again, many works. And for
+
+51
+00:03:47,430 --> 00:03:48,950
+example, Shakespeare is a canonical writer,
+
+52
+00:03:49,150 --> 00:03:52,210
+remember? So if we want to study great literature,
+
+53
+00:03:52,350 --> 00:03:56,020
+we go to Shakespeare and other famous writers. So
+
+54
+00:03:56,020 --> 00:03:59,720
+he studied the great literary works and came up
+
+55
+00:03:59,720 --> 00:04:03,100
+with certain rules. And he said, he described
+
+56
+00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,540
+these rules as the rules of decorum. You know,
+
+57
+00:04:05,760 --> 00:04:07,320
+like when you behave, there are rules of
+
+58
+00:04:07,320 --> 00:04:10,660
+etiquette, how to be cool and polite and stuff. In
+
+59
+00:04:10,660 --> 00:04:13,220
+poetry and literature, these are similar to the
+
+60
+00:04:13,220 --> 00:04:16,780
+rules of etiquette, rules of decorum. And the
+
+61
+00:04:16,780 --> 00:04:20,660
+rules of decorum, again, determined long time ago
+
+62
+00:04:20,660 --> 00:04:24,220
+by Horace, were followed in Europe and in England
+
+63
+00:04:24,220 --> 00:04:28,980
+even 1,000 years later, and even 1,000 probably
+
+64
+00:04:28,980 --> 00:04:33,240
+500 years later. Many great critics and poets
+
+65
+00:04:33,240 --> 00:04:36,900
+believe that only by imitating great literary
+
+66
+00:04:36,900 --> 00:04:41,540
+works, we can provide our readers and the audience
+
+67
+00:04:41,540 --> 00:04:46,150
+with great literary works. So why did Horace
+
+68
+00:04:46,150 --> 00:04:50,810
+determine these rules? So that poets can imitate
+
+69
+00:04:50,810 --> 00:04:56,310
+them. Can imitate them. In brief, there are three
+
+70
+00:04:56,310 --> 00:04:58,690
+points here I need to speak about. So again, the
+
+71
+00:04:58,690 --> 00:05:05,890
+rules of decorum are the rules that teach aspiring
+
+72
+00:05:05,890 --> 00:05:09,910
+poets to write good poetry. Do you want to write
+
+73
+00:05:09,910 --> 00:05:12,130
+good poetry? Oh, you need to study these rules.
+
+74
+00:05:12,190 --> 00:05:15,100
+You need to follow these rules. What are they?
+
+75
+00:05:15,200 --> 00:05:18,640
+Number one. Number one when it comes to the theme
+
+76
+00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:22,480
+or the subject matter.
+
+77
+00:05:23,860 --> 00:05:26,420
+What should I write about? What should I write
+
+78
+00:05:26,420 --> 00:05:28,240
+about? Can I write about anything? Can I write
+
+79
+00:05:28,240 --> 00:05:32,780
+about my cat? Probably a flower. Can I write about
+
+80
+00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:36,560
+I don't know I was sick? Can I write about my
+
+81
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:40,110
+sickness maybe? Now, in the rules of decorum, they
+
+82
+00:05:40,110 --> 00:05:44,970
+say your theme, topic, has to be of great
+
+83
+00:05:44,970 --> 00:05:48,430
+importance, sometimes described as, examined here,
+
+84
+00:05:48,830 --> 00:05:53,830
+should have universal truths, universal value.
+
+85
+00:05:55,160 --> 00:05:59,300
+Moral, it has to touch very important subjects,
+
+86
+00:05:59,540 --> 00:06:02,180
+not only personally, and generally it should be
+
+87
+00:06:02,180 --> 00:06:04,220
+collective for the whole, something that affects
+
+88
+00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,720
+the whole society. And that's why we find the
+
+89
+00:06:07,720 --> 00:06:13,440
+literature of that time focusing more on kings and
+
+90
+00:06:13,440 --> 00:06:18,600
+queens, royal family, about battles, about epics,
+
+91
+00:06:18,740 --> 00:06:21,160
+about great fighters, about knights, about
+
+92
+00:06:21,160 --> 00:06:25,940
+noblemen. Because they believed this is where the
+
+93
+00:06:25,940 --> 00:06:30,040
+important issues lie. They lie with these people
+
+94
+00:06:30,040 --> 00:06:32,640
+in the palace, in the court, out, in the
+
+95
+00:06:32,640 --> 00:06:36,610
+battlefield. And even when you speak about other
+
+96
+00:06:36,610 --> 00:06:39,810
+relationships between man and woman, you have to
+
+97
+00:06:39,810 --> 00:06:44,870
+speak about courtly love. Love between probably
+
+98
+00:06:44,870 --> 00:06:49,230
+noble people. Idealism. There's a lot of idealism
+
+99
+00:06:49,230 --> 00:06:51,550
+here in this sense when we speak about this. You
+
+100
+00:06:51,550 --> 00:06:55,570
+know idealism? Opposite of? In a way, realism.
+
+101
+00:06:56,970 --> 00:07:01,320
+There's a lot of mytholia here. So number one, I
+
+102
+00:07:01,320 --> 00:07:03,900
+want to write poetry. You go to one of these poets
+
+103
+00:07:03,900 --> 00:07:07,820
+or critics, he tells you, listen. Don't write
+
+104
+00:07:07,820 --> 00:07:11,860
+about everything. Don't write about your sandwich,
+
+105
+00:07:12,520 --> 00:07:17,320
+your pizza, your cat or bird. You need to write
+
+106
+00:07:17,320 --> 00:07:20,880
+poetry has to be about highly important, highly
+
+107
+00:07:20,880 --> 00:07:24,210
+sophisticated subject matters. Issues with
+
+108
+00:07:24,210 --> 00:07:28,250
+universal truth. Like in Hamlet, for example. Like
+
+109
+00:07:28,250 --> 00:07:30,810
+in Othello, like in The Legend of Venice. There
+
+110
+00:07:30,810 --> 00:07:33,750
+are issues that are still relevant and important
+
+111
+00:07:33,750 --> 00:07:37,350
+to us. That's number one. Number two, the
+
+112
+00:07:37,350 --> 00:07:37,890
+language.
+
+113
+00:07:41,790 --> 00:07:45,110
+Okay. There's something called poetic language.
+
+114
+00:07:46,890 --> 00:07:52,120
+Meaning, does poetry have special language? For
+
+115
+00:07:52,120 --> 00:07:54,940
+those people, yes, this word is poetic, use it.
+
+116
+00:07:55,060 --> 00:07:56,740
+This word is not poetic, you don't use it.
+
+117
+00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:03,220
+And vice versa probably. So according to the rules
+
+118
+00:08:03,220 --> 00:08:06,680
+of the Quran, the language of literature has to be
+
+119
+00:08:06,680 --> 00:08:10,340
+powerful, strong, highly embellished.
+
+120
+00:08:11,480 --> 00:08:14,760
+Sophisticated language, poetic language. So the
+
+121
+00:08:14,760 --> 00:08:17,640
+diction here, you know diction? Dictionary?
+
+122
+00:08:18,020 --> 00:08:21,220
+Diction has to be powerful and strong, beautiful
+
+123
+00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,140
+and attractive. Not only that, it has to be
+
+124
+00:08:25,140 --> 00:08:29,310
+arranged in a beautiful way. You choose your words
+
+125
+00:08:29,310 --> 00:08:31,390
+carefully. Remember we said in Shakespeare, and
+
+126
+00:08:31,390 --> 00:08:34,470
+every fa from fa sometimes declines. Beautiful
+
+127
+00:08:34,470 --> 00:08:36,890
+line because of the choice of words, because how
+
+128
+00:08:36,890 --> 00:08:39,590
+words are arranged, because of the sound. Remember
+
+129
+00:08:39,590 --> 00:08:44,430
+we said there is alliteration in every fa from fa
+
+130
+00:08:44,430 --> 00:08:48,490
+sometimes declines because the sound here reflects
+
+131
+00:08:50,260 --> 00:08:53,260
+The mentality, the atmosphere of sadness, the
+
+132
+00:08:53,260 --> 00:08:56,880
+emotion of, you know, oh, we are all going to die.
+
+133
+00:08:57,300 --> 00:09:01,120
+The sadness here, in a way. So the language has to
+
+134
+00:09:01,120 --> 00:09:04,560
+be elite language, strong language, powerful
+
+135
+00:09:04,560 --> 00:09:07,180
+language, highly sophisticated, embellished
+
+136
+00:09:07,180 --> 00:09:09,560
+language. Because when you write about great
+
+137
+00:09:09,560 --> 00:09:14,580
+things, you use great language, great rhetoric,
+
+138
+00:09:14,800 --> 00:09:19,760
+the metaphors, the literal devices, everything.
+
+139
+00:09:21,280 --> 00:09:26,620
+that's two and then finally the form or the
+
+140
+00:09:26,620 --> 00:09:30,420
+structure the
+
+141
+00:09:30,420 --> 00:09:33,660
+form so here we speak generally here there is the
+
+142
+00:09:33,660 --> 00:09:40,680
+the content the content the form the shape what
+
+143
+00:09:40,680 --> 00:09:45,000
+you see when you look at the text so what about
+
+144
+00:09:45,000 --> 00:09:47,520
+the structure the structure has to be highly
+
+145
+00:09:47,520 --> 00:09:54,260
+organized highly regular well written, well
+
+146
+00:09:54,260 --> 00:09:59,020
+structured, well constructed. Very clear example
+
+147
+00:09:59,020 --> 00:10:02,360
+here is the sonnet. The sonnet in many ways
+
+148
+00:10:02,360 --> 00:10:08,260
+represents this. It has fixed 14 lines. Every line
+
+149
+00:10:08,260 --> 00:10:11,720
+has 10 syllables. And there is a fixed rhyme
+
+150
+00:10:11,720 --> 00:10:17,520
+scheme. In Shakespeare, A B A B, C D C D, E F E F,
+
+151
+00:10:17,760 --> 00:10:21,280
+G G G. Yeah, you know G G already. In Petrarch,
+
+152
+00:10:21,380 --> 00:10:28,980
+Italian sonnet, A B B A, A B B A, C D C D, C D.
+
+153
+00:10:30,620 --> 00:10:35,580
+Okay? This is fixed in many ways. And again, it
+
+154
+00:10:35,580 --> 00:10:38,840
+talks about love, the destructiveness of time, the
+
+155
+00:10:38,840 --> 00:10:42,400
+passing of time, about loss, about immortality,
+
+156
+00:10:42,540 --> 00:10:48,560
+about poetry, about beauty. Universal themes. He
+
+157
+00:10:48,560 --> 00:10:50,620
+uses, listen, Shakespeare uses nature here. He
+
+158
+00:10:50,620 --> 00:10:53,840
+says, shall I compare thee to a summer's day? But
+
+159
+00:10:53,840 --> 00:10:56,560
+that's it. He uses nature as a kind of simile or
+
+160
+00:10:56,560 --> 00:11:00,000
+metaphor. He doesn't talk in detail about nature.
+
+161
+00:11:00,120 --> 00:11:03,360
+He brings nature to compare. He uses nature. He
+
+162
+00:11:03,360 --> 00:11:08,740
+exploits nature here. This is what is meant by the
+
+163
+00:11:08,740 --> 00:11:11,700
+rules of decorum in brief. So generally, the rules
+
+164
+00:11:11,700 --> 00:11:15,970
+of decorum dictate that A poem, a text, a literary
+
+165
+00:11:15,970 --> 00:11:20,450
+text has to have an elegant style, a grand style.
+
+166
+00:11:21,330 --> 00:11:24,110
+Strong language, powerful language in the sense
+
+167
+00:11:24,110 --> 00:11:27,390
+that it is highly embellished. Many people believe
+
+168
+00:11:27,390 --> 00:11:30,230
+that this idea is elitist. Again, remember
+
+169
+00:11:30,230 --> 00:11:33,630
+elitist? You know elitist?
+
+170
+00:11:36,320 --> 00:11:41,480
+Elitist meaning that only educated people
+
+171
+00:11:41,480 --> 00:11:45,280
+understand this. And only educated people can
+
+172
+00:11:45,280 --> 00:11:49,120
+write poetry. In a way, yes, this idea of the
+
+173
+00:11:49,120 --> 00:11:51,720
+rules of decorum. So if you don't study the
+
+174
+00:11:51,720 --> 00:11:54,260
+language, the literature, the rhetoric, if you
+
+175
+00:11:54,260 --> 00:11:56,720
+don't study how to write poetry, you will not be
+
+176
+00:11:56,720 --> 00:12:00,500
+able to write poetry in many ways. This is what we
+
+177
+00:12:00,500 --> 00:12:03,900
+mean by, in brief again, simply speaking, by the
+
+178
+00:12:03,900 --> 00:12:07,660
+rules of decorum. In the Renaissance, people
+
+179
+00:12:07,660 --> 00:12:11,740
+generally were following these rules. Because when
+
+180
+00:12:11,740 --> 00:12:13,580
+Shakespeare goes to the grammar school, he studies
+
+181
+00:12:13,580 --> 00:12:15,980
+rhetoric, he studies this. When Marlow goes to
+
+182
+00:12:15,980 --> 00:12:18,520
+university, he studies ancient Greece and drama
+
+183
+00:12:18,520 --> 00:12:21,280
+and ancient drama and drama literature, Italian
+
+184
+00:12:21,280 --> 00:12:25,600
+literature. He studies these rules of decorum.
+
+185
+00:12:25,860 --> 00:12:26,060
+Yes?
+
+186
+00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:33,880
+He went to a grammar school. Even sometimes,
+
+187
+00:12:33,980 --> 00:12:36,640
+listen, we do things, we don't know that we are
+
+188
+00:12:36,640 --> 00:12:39,320
+following a particular opinion because we were
+
+189
+00:12:39,320 --> 00:12:43,120
+born this way and we lived in a particular life
+
+190
+00:12:43,120 --> 00:12:45,220
+where there are particular rules. So sometimes we
+
+191
+00:12:45,220 --> 00:12:48,740
+don't feel that there are rules. Because they are
+
+192
+00:12:48,740 --> 00:12:51,500
+there. They are there. We are born. We grow up. We
+
+193
+00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,580
+go to university. We get married. We have kids. We
+
+194
+00:12:53,580 --> 00:12:57,200
+have a job. We do what we achieve, our dreams and
+
+195
+00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,340
+things in life. But we sometimes don't realize
+
+196
+00:13:00,340 --> 00:13:03,340
+that we were following particular rules, decided
+
+197
+00:13:03,340 --> 00:13:07,460
+not by us, but by people who died probably 100,
+
+198
+00:13:07,660 --> 00:13:12,100
+200 years ago. So we'll see three poets here.
+
+199
+00:13:15,420 --> 00:13:18,820
+Three poets. who, in a way or another, were
+
+200
+00:13:18,820 --> 00:13:22,600
+applying these rules. I will comment on this and
+
+201
+00:13:22,600 --> 00:13:31,200
+see how things go. The first text is
+
+202
+00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:33,620
+by Christopher Marlowe. We come back to
+
+203
+00:13:33,620 --> 00:13:36,690
+Christopher Marlowe. Remember I said we have to go
+
+204
+00:13:36,690 --> 00:13:39,930
+back to him as a poet, not as a dramatist. He has
+
+205
+00:13:39,930 --> 00:13:42,330
+a famous poem, one of the most famous poems in
+
+206
+00:13:42,330 --> 00:13:44,910
+English literature. It's a canonical text. It's
+
+207
+00:13:44,910 --> 00:13:48,130
+called The Passionate Shepherd. Shepherd? The
+
+208
+00:13:48,130 --> 00:13:50,910
+Passionate Shepherd. The Passionate Shepherd to
+
+209
+00:13:50,910 --> 00:13:55,130
+His Love. Clearly the title suggests that it's a
+
+210
+00:13:55,130 --> 00:14:02,060
+love poem. Can someone read? Okay, please. Come
+
+211
+00:14:02,060 --> 00:14:06,360
+live with me and be my love, and we will owe the
+
+212
+00:14:06,360 --> 00:14:11,160
+pleasure through that valley's frost hills and
+
+213
+00:14:11,160 --> 00:14:16,520
+hills, coat of stevie mountains hills, and we will
+
+214
+00:14:16,520 --> 00:14:22,280
+sit upon the rocks seeing the ship birds beat
+
+215
+00:14:22,280 --> 00:14:28,020
+their clock by shallow rivers to whose bell
+
+216
+00:14:34,660 --> 00:14:39,320
+melodious birds sing madrigals and I will make
+
+217
+00:14:39,320 --> 00:14:43,560
+these beds of roses and a thousand fragrant poses
+
+218
+00:14:43,560 --> 00:14:48,180
+a calf of flowers and a kettle embroidered all
+
+219
+00:14:48,180 --> 00:14:51,800
+with leaves of myrtle a gown made of the finest
+
+220
+00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,900
+wool which from our pretty lamps we pull fair line
+
+221
+00:14:56,900 --> 00:15:01,720
+slippers for the cold with buckles of the purest
+
+222
+00:15:01,720 --> 00:15:06,770
+gold A belt of straw and ivy buds with coral
+
+223
+00:15:06,770 --> 00:15:10,530
+clasps and amber studs. And if these pleasures may
+
+224
+00:15:10,530 --> 00:15:15,670
+thee move, come live with me and be my love.
+
+225
+00:15:16,330 --> 00:15:20,070
+Shepherds, swans shall dance and sing for thy
+
+226
+00:15:20,070 --> 00:15:23,590
+delight each May morning. If these delights thy
+
+227
+00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:28,570
+mind may move, then live with me and be my love."
+
+228
+00:15:28,570 --> 00:15:31,110
+It's a very beautiful poem here.
+
+229
+00:15:34,430 --> 00:15:37,270
+The poem? The Passionate Shepherd to His Love by
+
+230
+00:15:37,270 --> 00:15:42,450
+Christopher Nolan. Come live with me, and be my
+
+231
+00:15:42,450 --> 00:15:46,710
+love, and we will all the pleasures prove, with
+
+232
+00:15:46,710 --> 00:15:51,550
+valleys, groves, hills and fields, woods or steepy
+
+233
+00:15:51,550 --> 00:15:55,470
+mountain yields. And we will sit upon the rocks,
+
+234
+00:15:56,150 --> 00:15:59,030
+seeing the shepherds feed their flocks by shallow
+
+235
+00:16:04,840 --> 00:16:08,520
+And I will make thee beds of roses, And a thousand
+
+236
+00:16:08,520 --> 00:16:13,140
+fragrant posies, A cap of flowers, and a curtain,
+
+237
+00:16:13,660 --> 00:16:17,960
+Embroidered all with leaves of myrtle, A gown made
+
+238
+00:16:17,960 --> 00:16:21,100
+of the finest wool, Which from our pretty lands we
+
+239
+00:16:21,100 --> 00:16:25,600
+pull, Fair-lined slippers with of gold, With
+
+240
+00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:30,000
+buckles of the purest gold, A belt of straw and
+
+241
+00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:34,280
+ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs,
+
+242
+00:16:38,980 --> 00:16:44,380
+Come live with me and be my love. The shepherd's
+
+243
+00:16:44,380 --> 00:16:47,600
+swain shall dance and sing for thy delight each
+
+244
+00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:52,520
+May morning. If these delights thy mind may move,
+
+245
+00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:58,640
+then live with me and be my love. Interesting.
+
+246
+00:16:58,860 --> 00:17:01,260
+What do you think? We're going to study only the
+
+247
+00:17:01,260 --> 00:17:06,260
+first two lines, OK? So what do you think?
+
+248
+00:17:17,490 --> 00:17:22,910
+What do you think? Yeah, please. He invites his
+
+249
+00:17:22,910 --> 00:17:26,610
+beloved ones to live with him, so they all live in
+
+250
+00:17:26,610 --> 00:17:30,990
+nature. He's a kind of romantic. Okay, that's a
+
+251
+00:17:30,990 --> 00:17:34,130
+very romantic thing. What is he offering her? A
+
+252
+00:17:34,130 --> 00:17:42,550
+pleasure. And the pleasure, one pleasure? All the
+
+253
+00:17:42,550 --> 00:17:43,910
+pleasures. All the pleasures. What are they? Does
+
+254
+00:17:43,910 --> 00:17:48,110
+he mention some of them? Aha! The purest gold.
+
+255
+00:17:48,330 --> 00:17:52,430
+Amber and slippers and the wall and the flowers
+
+256
+00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:58,630
+and the roses. Many things. This is a courtly love
+
+257
+00:17:58,630 --> 00:18:02,590
+poem. A love poem. But generally it's about
+
+258
+00:18:02,590 --> 00:18:06,310
+elegant kind of love. Because this is the most
+
+259
+00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:09,210
+beautiful woman and this is the most romantic
+
+260
+00:18:09,210 --> 00:18:13,080
+lover here. But let's see what the text itself
+
+261
+00:18:13,080 --> 00:18:16,300
+says. Remember, the text, the title is The
+
+262
+00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,360
+Passionate Shepherd. The poet is Christopher
+
+263
+00:18:19,360 --> 00:18:24,940
+Marlowe, but the speaker is the shepherd. Who is
+
+264
+00:18:24,940 --> 00:18:29,560
+the shepherd? What does he do? What does he do in
+
+265
+00:18:29,560 --> 00:18:29,800
+life?
+
+266
+00:18:33,600 --> 00:18:35,400
+Generally, a shepherd
+
+267
+00:18:38,190 --> 00:18:41,510
+okay he takes care of sheep so generally he could
+
+268
+00:18:41,510 --> 00:18:45,810
+be a poor man someone who doesn't have a skill he
+
+269
+00:18:45,810 --> 00:18:49,470
+can't be a goldsmith or a smith or anything
+
+270
+00:18:49,470 --> 00:18:53,710
+coppersmith so he goes for to take care of
+
+271
+00:18:53,710 --> 00:18:58,060
+somebody else's Sheeps. Maybe he doesn't own the
+
+272
+00:18:58,060 --> 00:19:01,040
+sheep or the dog or even the stick or the staff he
+
+273
+00:19:01,040 --> 00:19:03,780
+has. That's where he got all the romantic. He's
+
+274
+00:19:03,780 --> 00:19:06,860
+always in the nature. Okay, he's there. Yes. But
+
+275
+00:19:06,860 --> 00:19:10,100
+my question is, does he own anything? No, he
+
+276
+00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,120
+doesn't. Can he offer his beloved? No. Gold, let
+
+277
+00:19:14,120 --> 00:19:17,040
+alone purest gold. So it's not only gold, it's the
+
+278
+00:19:17,040 --> 00:19:21,420
+purest gold. We'll see. So the poem, did you
+
+279
+00:19:21,420 --> 00:19:23,940
+count? Did anybody count the number of syllables
+
+280
+00:19:23,940 --> 00:19:31,390
+here? One, two, three, four, five, six, seven,
+
+281
+00:19:31,550 --> 00:19:38,430
+eight. Eight syllables means four feet. Generally,
+
+282
+00:19:39,070 --> 00:19:44,810
+two syllables make and one, two, three, four,
+
+283
+00:19:44,930 --> 00:19:54,330
+five, six, seven, eight. The whole poem. has four
+
+284
+00:19:54,330 --> 00:19:57,190
+feet each. This is again the structure, the
+
+285
+00:19:57,190 --> 00:20:01,350
+decorum, fixed. What about the rhyme? What do you
+
+286
+00:20:01,350 --> 00:20:07,670
+think? When you
+
+287
+00:20:07,670 --> 00:20:12,010
+look at this, Love, just look at it, don't read O
+
+288
+00:20:12,010 --> 00:20:16,910
+-V-E, O-V-E, they could rhyme easily. But when you
+
+289
+00:20:16,910 --> 00:20:20,410
+read them, they don't rhyme 100%. And this is
+
+290
+00:20:20,410 --> 00:20:24,770
+generally called imperfect rhyme. Now, my point,
+
+291
+00:20:25,310 --> 00:20:26,990
+listen to me, I said this before and I have to
+
+292
+00:20:26,990 --> 00:20:31,230
+repeat it again. My point is that generally, every
+
+293
+00:20:31,230 --> 00:20:34,670
+word in a poem is used, is selected by the poet
+
+294
+00:20:34,670 --> 00:20:38,800
+carefully. is placed in its particular place in
+
+295
+00:20:38,800 --> 00:20:42,120
+order to achieve the highest, utmost impact. There
+
+296
+00:20:42,120 --> 00:20:44,620
+is a reason behind this. There is a reason usually
+
+297
+00:20:44,620 --> 00:20:47,960
+behind this. Now, when we read this romantic poem,
+
+298
+00:20:48,120 --> 00:20:50,700
+beautiful line, very musical. By the way, if you
+
+299
+00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,560
+go to YouTube and look it up, many people sing
+
+300
+00:20:53,560 --> 00:20:57,520
+this. So come live with me and be my love, and we
+
+301
+00:20:57,520 --> 00:21:01,690
+will all the pleasures go. So this creates some
+
+302
+00:21:01,690 --> 00:21:04,490
+kind of trouble, some kind of conflict, the
+
+303
+00:21:04,490 --> 00:21:09,170
+imperfect rhyme. Like, oh my God, why is... Why is
+
+304
+00:21:09,170 --> 00:21:11,690
+everything, he's saying everything is perfect, I
+
+305
+00:21:11,690 --> 00:21:13,890
+own everything, we'll have all the pleasures, but
+
+306
+00:21:13,890 --> 00:21:17,610
+then all of a sudden there is an imperfect rhyme.
+
+307
+00:21:21,950 --> 00:21:26,510
+So generally
+
+308
+00:21:26,510 --> 00:21:29,330
+if there is an imperfect rhyme, we need to check
+
+309
+00:21:29,330 --> 00:21:32,130
+if there is something wrong in the text itself or
+
+310
+00:21:32,130 --> 00:21:35,650
+what it means. So again, we go back. This is a
+
+311
+00:21:35,650 --> 00:21:38,610
+speaker who claims that he has all the pleasures.
+
+312
+00:21:39,190 --> 00:21:42,410
+But when you go back and realize that this is not
+
+313
+00:21:42,410 --> 00:21:44,030
+a king, this is the language of a king or a
+
+314
+00:21:44,030 --> 00:21:48,090
+prince, a noble man, a very rich man. But then we
+
+315
+00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:52,150
+see that he is only a shepherd, with all due
+
+316
+00:21:52,150 --> 00:21:55,850
+respect, of course, to shepherds. He can't have
+
+317
+00:21:55,850 --> 00:22:01,010
+gold. He can't have the purest gold, of course. So
+
+318
+00:22:01,010 --> 00:22:05,350
+the fact that the speaker is, in a way, lying,
+
+319
+00:22:05,690 --> 00:22:11,450
+exaggerating, trying to deceive his love is
+
+320
+00:22:11,450 --> 00:22:16,770
+exposed here, exposed by the imperfect rhyme. So
+
+321
+00:22:16,770 --> 00:22:19,810
+generally, in brief, the imperfect rhyme creates
+
+322
+00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:23,570
+tension. You know tension? Conflict, some kind of
+
+323
+00:22:23,570 --> 00:22:27,450
+conflict. What does it mean, tension? Tension, the
+
+324
+00:22:27,450 --> 00:22:31,170
+whole poem is romantic. Everything goes fine. and
+
+325
+00:22:31,170 --> 00:22:33,550
+then all of a sudden there's something like you
+
+326
+00:22:33,550 --> 00:22:37,570
+are in a plane and the ride is smooth and then all
+
+327
+00:22:37,570 --> 00:22:39,370
+of a sudden there's something you just bought your
+
+328
+00:22:39,370 --> 00:22:43,170
+seatbelt and here it happens like this everything
+
+329
+00:22:43,170 --> 00:22:47,090
+is smooth, cool, romantic, the music, the words
+
+330
+00:22:48,120 --> 00:22:50,900
+And then all of a sudden, there is this bumpy
+
+331
+00:22:50,900 --> 00:22:55,620
+road. And then what's going on? There's imperfect
+
+332
+00:22:55,620 --> 00:22:57,960
+rhyme. And imperfect rhyme generally creates
+
+333
+00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:01,540
+tension, conflict. We go to resolve the conflict,
+
+334
+00:23:01,660 --> 00:23:03,940
+and then we find it in the fact that the speaker
+
+335
+00:23:03,940 --> 00:23:06,740
+is a shepherd who doesn't own much, but he's
+
+336
+00:23:06,740 --> 00:23:09,280
+promising his beloved everything.
+
+337
+00:23:11,920 --> 00:23:14,760
+It is a couplet, but the rhyme is imperfect here.
+
+338
+00:23:14,960 --> 00:23:22,220
+So four feet, eight syllables. A, A. About courtly
+
+339
+00:23:22,220 --> 00:23:27,220
+love, idealized love. This is how the poets,
+
+340
+00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,420
+again, were following the rules of the Quran of
+
+341
+00:23:30,420 --> 00:23:34,900
+that time. This is Christopher Marlowe. Any
+
+342
+00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:39,900
+question about Marlowe? What about the whole
+
+343
+00:23:39,900 --> 00:23:43,560
+rhyme? Okay, we'll go back if you want to check
+
+344
+00:23:43,560 --> 00:23:49,720
+this. What do you think? A, A, B, B. Okay, so A,
+
+345
+00:23:49,780 --> 00:23:52,600
+A, B, B. When you begin a new stanza, you go back
+
+346
+00:23:52,600 --> 00:23:57,280
+to A. This is the rule. So, rocks and flocks, A,
+
+347
+00:23:57,340 --> 00:24:06,000
+A, B, B. Again, roses, roses, A, A, B, B. Curtain
+
+348
+00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:12,740
+metal, B, B, B. Wool pull, A, A, B, B. Buds studs
+
+349
+00:24:12,740 --> 00:24:17,300
+move love, and the imperfect rhyme comes back
+
+350
+00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,440
+again. So the whole poem has a very regular rhyme
+
+351
+00:24:20,440 --> 00:24:24,200
+scheme, A, A, B, B, couplet, couplet, in all of
+
+352
+00:24:24,200 --> 00:24:29,380
+the stanzas. So again, when you begin a new stanza
+
+353
+00:24:29,380 --> 00:24:32,680
+in the poem, you go back to A. Because sometimes
+
+354
+00:24:32,680 --> 00:24:34,420
+we have very long poems. We don't have enough
+
+355
+00:24:34,420 --> 00:24:35,680
+letters in the English alphabet.
+
+356
+00:24:39,460 --> 00:24:43,300
+Now, let's move to Sir Philip Sidney. Again,
+
+357
+00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:45,820
+remember we're speaking about the Renaissance.
+
+358
+00:24:47,340 --> 00:24:49,000
+During the Renaissance, look at me, don't look
+
+359
+00:24:49,000 --> 00:24:53,490
+here. During the Renaissance, remember, we said
+
+360
+00:24:53,490 --> 00:24:56,570
+people were looking for new discoveries, new ways
+
+361
+00:24:56,570 --> 00:25:00,510
+of thinking, new ways of looking to God, to each
+
+362
+00:25:00,510 --> 00:25:04,030
+other, to man, to understand human nature. And
+
+363
+00:25:04,030 --> 00:25:06,670
+when we studied Hamlet, in a way, we said Hamlet
+
+364
+00:25:06,670 --> 00:25:10,630
+is the fictional representative
+
+365
+00:25:10,630 --> 00:25:15,250
+of how people wanted to be what they wanted to do.
+
+366
+00:25:15,370 --> 00:25:17,970
+They were ambitious. They were educated. They were
+
+367
+00:25:17,970 --> 00:25:21,300
+people of knowledge and learning. Now, Sir Philip
+
+368
+00:25:21,300 --> 00:25:25,780
+Sidney, best friend of ours, is the real-life
+
+369
+00:25:25,780 --> 00:25:29,940
+Hamlet. In the sense that, number one, he was a
+
+370
+00:25:29,940 --> 00:25:34,100
+prince. Sir. The word, sir, in English, you can
+
+371
+00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:36,880
+say to someone you don't know, sir, excuse me. But
+
+372
+00:25:36,880 --> 00:25:40,560
+here, sir, he's a knight. Not night and day, like
+
+373
+00:25:40,560 --> 00:25:44,440
+knight. Soldier. Yeah. This is a title given by
+
+374
+00:25:44,440 --> 00:25:46,820
+the king or the queen to certain people who
+
+375
+00:25:46,820 --> 00:25:50,280
+achieve great things. So he was a poet. He was a
+
+376
+00:25:50,280 --> 00:25:54,400
+noble man. He was a fighter. So he was the real
+
+377
+00:25:54,400 --> 00:26:00,630
+life Hamlet and even he died in battle. Hamid died
+
+378
+00:26:00,630 --> 00:26:03,630
+in battle, fighting, young. He was like
+
+379
+00:26:03,630 --> 00:26:07,170
+Christopher Marlowe, was 32 when he passed away,
+
+380
+00:26:07,250 --> 00:26:09,870
+when he was killed, probably a martyr, yeah? He
+
+381
+00:26:09,870 --> 00:26:13,570
+died a martyr, a hero, a man of principles,
+
+382
+00:26:13,830 --> 00:26:16,650
+defending them, fighting. So again, in a way,
+
+383
+00:26:16,730 --> 00:26:20,210
+reviving the old English mentality of knights and
+
+384
+00:26:20,210 --> 00:26:25,130
+heroes and fighters. Now his greatest work is
+
+385
+00:26:25,130 --> 00:26:26,850
+Astrophel and Stella.
+
+386
+00:26:33,820 --> 00:26:37,560
+Astrophil loves Stella, but he can't have her. So
+
+387
+00:26:37,560 --> 00:26:40,080
+this is a very long poem, and the poem consists of
+
+388
+00:26:40,080 --> 00:26:44,100
+many sonnets. Because again, he uses this form as
+
+389
+00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:49,120
+the best form to write poetry to his beloved. But
+
+390
+00:26:49,120 --> 00:26:51,840
+again, sadly, he can't have her. So again,
+
+391
+00:26:52,180 --> 00:26:57,860
+ambition. Loss and gain are also themes. So let's
+
+392
+00:26:57,860 --> 00:27:01,360
+see this extract from the text. The extract in
+
+393
+00:27:01,360 --> 00:27:05,060
+many ways represents the mentality of people in
+
+394
+00:27:05,060 --> 00:27:05,560
+the Renaissance.
+
+395
+00:27:08,260 --> 00:27:13,300
+This is an extract from Asaphel and Stella. Before
+
+396
+00:27:13,300 --> 00:27:19,510
+we read, can we check the rhyme scheme? Dust. A
+
+397
+00:27:19,510 --> 00:27:22,750
+first out of the alphabet. Is it the same sound
+
+398
+00:27:22,750 --> 00:27:23,950
+here again? Regular,
+
+399
+00:27:27,810 --> 00:27:31,410
+very musical. Can you count the syllables someone?
+
+400
+00:27:32,190 --> 00:27:43,540
+Harmony. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 wait
+
+401
+00:27:43,540 --> 00:27:52,350
+leave me 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 interesting One, two,
+
+402
+00:27:52,530 --> 00:27:56,690
+three, four, five, six, seven. Can you check the
+
+403
+00:27:56,690 --> 00:28:02,610
+book? Is this written correctly? Leave me, oh
+
+404
+00:28:02,610 --> 00:28:06,450
+love, which reaches dust. But to dust. But to
+
+405
+00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:09,910
+dust. Yeah, something is missing. So we have ten
+
+406
+00:28:09,910 --> 00:28:15,230
+syllables here. And then ten syllables, ten
+
+407
+00:28:15,230 --> 00:28:17,690
+syllables, ten syllables, meaning? Five feet.
+
+408
+00:28:18,570 --> 00:28:28,290
+Yeah, reaches. What is a syllable? A sound or more
+
+409
+00:28:28,290 --> 00:28:33,210
+or one or two, like at least we have one sound,
+
+410
+00:28:33,410 --> 00:28:37,350
+probably two or more, but with a vowel sound. So
+
+411
+00:28:37,350 --> 00:28:45,070
+the word cat, cats. Cats, still one. Teach, one
+
+412
+00:28:45,070 --> 00:28:48,910
+syllable. Teaches, two syllables. Teaching, two
+
+413
+00:28:48,910 --> 00:28:52,190
+syllables. Teacher, one syllable. Teacher, two
+
+414
+00:28:52,190 --> 00:28:55,670
+syllables. Teachers, still two syllables.
+
+415
+00:28:56,250 --> 00:28:59,850
+Teachers, teach, one syllable. Teacher, two
+
+416
+00:28:59,850 --> 00:29:01,470
+syllables. Teacher, two syllables. Teaching, two
+
+417
+00:29:01,470 --> 00:29:05,770
+syllables. Teaches, two syllables. Re-teach, also
+
+418
+00:29:05,770 --> 00:29:07,570
+two syllables. So it depends on how many vowel
+
+419
+00:29:07,570 --> 00:29:10,690
+sounds. It's about the sound, not the letter. Cry,
+
+420
+00:29:11,250 --> 00:29:19,620
+two syllables. Cries, also one. Cried, also one.
+
+421
+00:29:20,200 --> 00:29:27,720
+Cried, I cried. Crying, two. Crier, also two. So
+
+422
+00:29:27,720 --> 00:29:32,100
+we go for ten, ten, ten. Well structured, well
+
+423
+00:29:32,100 --> 00:29:34,600
+organized, also poetic. Someone read, please.
+
+424
+00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:39,920
+Okay. Believe me, O Love, which reaches but to
+
+425
+00:29:39,920 --> 00:29:43,360
+dust, and thou, my mind, aspire to higher things,
+
+426
+00:29:44,040 --> 00:29:48,740
+grow rich in which never takes trust whatever
+
+427
+00:29:48,740 --> 00:29:52,820
+fading pleasure brings. Okay, so thou means
+
+428
+00:29:55,010 --> 00:29:57,710
+reaches is reach because the subject in the old
+
+429
+00:29:57,710 --> 00:30:02,390
+English they added st or est for takes is takes
+
+430
+00:30:02,390 --> 00:30:05,690
+because in the past middle English they added th
+
+431
+00:30:05,690 --> 00:30:13,550
+instead of s for he she it does does have had so
+
+432
+00:30:13,550 --> 00:30:15,550
+what's going on what do you understand from this
+
+433
+00:30:19,750 --> 00:30:22,830
+Okay, he couldn't have hair, so what is he doing?
+
+434
+00:30:23,550 --> 00:30:28,910
+What is he suggesting? Okay, bye. Leave me. Okay,
+
+435
+00:30:29,010 --> 00:30:32,410
+so there is a personification here, right? Love
+
+436
+00:30:32,410 --> 00:30:34,990
+can't talk back. In a way, it could be an
+
+437
+00:30:34,990 --> 00:30:38,890
+apostrophe. Leave me, oh love. There's loss.
+
+438
+00:30:40,080 --> 00:30:45,680
+despair, agony, sadness which reaches back to dust
+
+439
+00:30:45,680 --> 00:30:51,840
+and now my mind he's addressing his mind he wants
+
+440
+00:30:51,840 --> 00:30:55,180
+to achieve higher things greater things if he
+
+441
+00:30:55,180 --> 00:30:59,040
+can't have his love he wants to aspire for
+
+442
+00:30:59,040 --> 00:31:06,420
+greatness for perfectness perfection for great
+
+443
+00:31:06,420 --> 00:31:09,240
+reputation probably more than wealth because he
+
+444
+00:31:09,240 --> 00:31:12,800
+says here grow rich but not rich by having a lot
+
+445
+00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:17,460
+of money or even gold although funnily ironically
+
+446
+00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:23,420
+gold doesn't rust you know rust metal rust so he
+
+447
+00:31:23,420 --> 00:31:30,460
+wants to grow rich not in money but in things that
+
+448
+00:31:30,460 --> 00:31:34,140
+don't rust And the things that you don't trust are
+
+449
+00:31:34,140 --> 00:31:36,680
+what? Your name, your reputation, your
+
+450
+00:31:36,680 --> 00:31:40,940
+achievement. Probably your poetry. Poetry doesn't.
+
+451
+00:31:41,240 --> 00:31:45,980
+Your writing. The memories you leave behind. How
+
+452
+00:31:45,980 --> 00:31:50,720
+famous you become for good things generally.
+
+453
+00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:56,400
+Whatever fades, but fading pleasure brings. This
+
+454
+00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,660
+reminds me of Shakespeare's, every fair from fair
+
+455
+00:31:59,660 --> 00:32:05,280
+sometimes declines. Sometimes. What does it mean?
+
+456
+00:32:12,720 --> 00:32:16,420
+Can you translate it into Arabic? Can you explain
+
+457
+00:32:16,420 --> 00:32:22,290
+it? Whatever fades, But fading pleasure rains.
+
+458
+00:32:23,670 --> 00:32:24,670
+Yes, please.
+
+459
+00:32:31,890 --> 00:32:35,470
+You're adding too much to the line. The word love
+
+460
+00:32:35,470 --> 00:32:40,310
+is not there. But he means it. He means it, but
+
+461
+00:32:40,310 --> 00:32:43,750
+can you translate it word for word into good
+
+462
+00:32:43,750 --> 00:32:44,010
+Arabic?
+
+463
+00:32:52,290 --> 00:32:55,230
+This means that loss brings happiness. It's a
+
+464
+00:32:55,230 --> 00:32:57,570
+paradox. Possibly, yeah. Sometimes when you lose
+
+465
+00:32:57,570 --> 00:33:02,350
+somebody you don't like, good riddance. But now
+
+466
+00:33:02,350 --> 00:33:06,050
+here, whatever fades, anything that fades means
+
+467
+00:33:06,050 --> 00:33:10,270
+end. Goes away. Things that end, like an ice
+
+468
+00:33:10,270 --> 00:33:11,830
+cream, like a pizza. It's the best thing in the
+
+469
+00:33:11,830 --> 00:33:14,010
+world. But because it ends,
+
+470
+00:33:16,770 --> 00:33:20,010
+It's pleasure. The pleasure it brings will
+
+471
+00:33:20,010 --> 00:33:25,730
+eventually end. So it means whatever ends, the
+
+472
+00:33:25,730 --> 00:33:29,550
+pleasure it brings also ends. There is fronting
+
+473
+00:33:29,550 --> 00:33:33,570
+here. The word order should be whatever fades
+
+474
+00:33:33,570 --> 00:33:39,010
+brings but fading pleasure. This is how poetic
+
+475
+00:33:39,010 --> 00:33:43,410
+this is. This is the verb. But it helps with the
+
+476
+00:33:43,410 --> 00:33:46,390
+music and it helps with the rhyme. But also it
+
+477
+00:33:46,390 --> 00:33:48,290
+helps with the emphasis. There's emphasis here.
+
+478
+00:33:48,870 --> 00:33:54,710
+But you know what but means here? Except. All the
+
+479
+00:33:54,710 --> 00:33:59,590
+students came, but one. So probably whatever fades
+
+480
+00:33:59,590 --> 00:34:01,770
+could bring anything.
+
+481
+00:34:04,350 --> 00:34:06,730
+Probably it's a little bit different here, but
+
+482
+00:34:06,730 --> 00:34:12,130
+also it brings Fading pleasures. Pleasures that
+
+483
+00:34:12,130 --> 00:34:16,210
+end. So again, this is a man who aspires to
+
+484
+00:34:16,210 --> 00:34:20,070
+greatness, to perfection, to achieve greater
+
+485
+00:34:20,070 --> 00:34:23,770
+things, things that don't rust. It's ironic in a
+
+486
+00:34:23,770 --> 00:34:29,310
+way because also gold doesn't rust. But he doesn't
+
+487
+00:34:29,310 --> 00:34:33,470
+talk about gold. He talks about immortalizing his
+
+488
+00:34:33,470 --> 00:34:37,380
+name, achieving his name. Maybe a new start. Maybe
+
+489
+00:34:37,380 --> 00:34:41,860
+for him gold rusts because it's not what he wants.
+
+490
+00:34:42,160 --> 00:34:46,360
+He wants greater things, greater things. Okay,
+
+491
+00:34:46,620 --> 00:34:51,180
+finally we'll move to speak about, finally this is
+
+492
+00:34:51,180 --> 00:34:53,860
+the final point, Edmund Spencer. Listen to me.
+
+493
+00:34:55,440 --> 00:34:59,100
+Listen to me. And I have to remind you of
+
+494
+00:34:59,100 --> 00:35:02,720
+patronage and how many critics, many poets already
+
+495
+00:35:02,720 --> 00:35:06,360
+had patrons who provided them with money and
+
+496
+00:35:06,360 --> 00:35:07,700
+protection.
+
+497
+00:35:09,420 --> 00:35:13,280
+Now Edmund Spenser, like Ben Jonson, was in a way
+
+498
+00:35:13,280 --> 00:35:15,640
+or another at the beginning of his life a
+
+499
+00:35:15,640 --> 00:35:19,390
+controversial figure. Because probably he was
+
+500
+00:35:19,390 --> 00:35:21,770
+critical of, I don't know, the regime, the
+
+501
+00:35:21,770 --> 00:35:24,830
+authorities. So many people believed that he saw
+
+502
+00:35:24,830 --> 00:35:27,850
+in him a hypocrite, a man who would flatter the
+
+503
+00:35:27,850 --> 00:35:32,130
+queen in order to be close to her, to get probably
+
+504
+00:35:32,130 --> 00:35:35,750
+money. And that's why later on he was described as
+
+505
+00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:39,850
+the prince of poets. The prince? The prince? Of
+
+506
+00:35:39,850 --> 00:35:42,890
+poets. Of poets. Amir, Shu'ara. And nobody gets
+
+507
+00:35:42,890 --> 00:35:46,490
+this unless he is very close to the king or to the
+
+508
+00:35:46,490 --> 00:35:53,590
+queen. Okay, this is Edmund Spencer. He wrote
+
+509
+00:35:53,590 --> 00:35:56,950
+several poems, two poems we will mention here, the
+
+510
+00:35:56,950 --> 00:35:59,730
+most important of which is The Fairy Queen. Look
+
+511
+00:35:59,730 --> 00:36:02,730
+at the ancient writing here. There should be an E
+
+512
+00:36:02,730 --> 00:36:05,410
+here in the original text. The fairy meaning
+
+513
+00:36:05,410 --> 00:36:08,510
+fairy, you know, the little creatures with wings
+
+514
+00:36:08,510 --> 00:36:14,550
+in fiction, in Peter Pan. Magical, they don't grow
+
+515
+00:36:14,550 --> 00:36:20,030
+old, they live forever. And here he writes this
+
+516
+00:36:20,030 --> 00:36:22,290
+epic. This is a very, very long poem. He uses
+
+517
+00:36:22,290 --> 00:36:25,810
+something called the Spencer stanza or the
+
+518
+00:36:25,810 --> 00:36:31,290
+Spencerian stanza. A stanza of nine lines. a
+
+519
+00:36:31,290 --> 00:36:34,970
+stanza of nine lines he kept repeating it again
+
+520
+00:36:34,970 --> 00:36:38,110
+and again and again now people describe it as the
+
+521
+00:36:38,110 --> 00:36:42,250
+Spencer stanza or the Spencerian stanza rhyming a
+
+522
+00:36:42,250 --> 00:36:50,390
+b a b b c b c c fix the thing in the book there's
+
+523
+00:36:50,390 --> 00:36:58,490
+something wrong in the book it's a b a b b c b c
+
+524
+00:36:58,490 --> 00:37:01,610
+that's the rhyme scheme And then there is an extra
+
+525
+00:37:01,610 --> 00:37:06,390
+C at the end, see? So eight lines and probably
+
+526
+00:37:06,390 --> 00:37:10,570
+we'll check that, but yeah, the CC could be a
+
+527
+00:37:10,570 --> 00:37:14,210
+couplet. But here it's AB, AB, CD, CD, and then
+
+528
+00:37:14,210 --> 00:37:16,650
+all of a sudden we have one line. It's like
+
+529
+00:37:16,650 --> 00:37:19,990
+similar to the Shakespeare sonnet where we have 12
+
+530
+00:37:19,990 --> 00:37:21,850
+lines and then we have a couplet, like a
+
+531
+00:37:21,850 --> 00:37:25,430
+conclusion or summary. Is it nine lines? Nine
+
+532
+00:37:25,430 --> 00:37:32,100
+lines, yes. AB, AB. B, C, B, C, C. So in The Fairy
+
+533
+00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,300
+Queen, what does he do in The Fairy Queen? For
+
+534
+00:37:35,300 --> 00:37:40,000
+many people, again, remember, Spencer started his
+
+535
+00:37:40,000 --> 00:37:41,900
+life as a controversial figure. For many, he
+
+536
+00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:43,980
+remains controversial figure because they say that
+
+537
+00:37:43,980 --> 00:37:47,100
+his poetry is, you know, like he was trying to
+
+538
+00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:49,620
+flatter the queen. And that's why the poem here,
+
+539
+00:37:49,740 --> 00:37:54,530
+The Fairy Queen, is about Queen Elizabeth. in
+
+540
+00:37:54,530 --> 00:38:00,310
+which he depicts her as a strong woman, monarch, a
+
+541
+00:38:00,310 --> 00:38:05,430
+fighter who brings peace and wealth to the English
+
+542
+00:38:05,430 --> 00:38:05,810
+people.
+
+543
+00:38:09,270 --> 00:38:13,790
+She brings wealth and peace and protection and
+
+544
+00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:17,860
+safety and security to To England. And this is
+
+545
+00:38:17,860 --> 00:38:20,340
+why, again, he's usually described as the most,
+
+546
+00:38:20,540 --> 00:38:23,220
+this poem is the most important English poem or
+
+547
+00:38:23,220 --> 00:38:28,160
+poem in English after Chaucer. You know why?
+
+548
+00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,320
+Because there's a strong sense of English
+
+549
+00:38:30,320 --> 00:38:34,520
+identity. So the title, it's about Queen. And the
+
+550
+00:38:34,520 --> 00:38:37,000
+Queen, who's the Queen? Queen Elizabeth. What
+
+551
+00:38:37,000 --> 00:38:40,520
+happens in the text? The Queen fights.
+
+552
+00:38:42,440 --> 00:38:45,120
+for the security, the safety, and the prosperity
+
+553
+00:38:45,120 --> 00:38:45,920
+of her people.
+
+554
+00:38:48,680 --> 00:38:53,340
+And he indeed tried to revive the sense of
+
+555
+00:38:53,340 --> 00:38:56,500
+English. When we read the poem we just read here,
+
+556
+00:38:56,640 --> 00:38:58,640
+Come Live With Me, there isn't much about the
+
+557
+00:38:58,640 --> 00:39:00,980
+Englishness of the English people there. But here,
+
+558
+00:39:01,040 --> 00:39:04,900
+this is a proud man, a man who loves his queen and
+
+559
+00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,850
+celebrates her as The queen that brings peace and
+
+560
+00:39:09,850 --> 00:39:15,330
+money, riches to the money. I'll conclude with a
+
+561
+00:39:15,330 --> 00:39:22,450
+line from Spencer, a line that is so famous that
+
+562
+00:39:22,450 --> 00:39:24,030
+many people memorize it. You should.
+
+563
+00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,360
+But remember, it's not from The Fairy Queen. We're
+
+564
+00:39:29,360 --> 00:39:31,120
+not studying any text from The Fairy Queen. This
+
+565
+00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:35,800
+is enough. So The Fairy Queen, a poem by Spencer,
+
+566
+00:39:36,080 --> 00:39:39,660
+the prince of poets, who was controversial, but
+
+567
+00:39:39,660 --> 00:39:42,980
+then clearly he became close to the queen because
+
+568
+00:39:42,980 --> 00:39:45,740
+he was described as the prince of poets. He wanted
+
+569
+00:39:45,740 --> 00:39:48,840
+to convey a strong sense of the English identity
+
+570
+00:39:48,840 --> 00:39:51,520
+in his poetry. It's clear in many ways, even in
+
+571
+00:39:51,520 --> 00:39:54,870
+this line. Now this line is taken from another
+
+572
+00:39:54,870 --> 00:39:57,950
+poem. The name is strange, it's Prothalamion.
+
+573
+00:39:59,150 --> 00:40:02,850
+What's the name again? Prothalamion. So if in the
+
+574
+00:40:02,850 --> 00:40:08,390
+exam, if I ask you, sweet, okay, before I say
+
+575
+00:40:08,390 --> 00:40:10,610
+this, I want someone else to read it. Let's see
+
+576
+00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:11,410
+how you do that. Yes.
+
+577
+00:40:14,250 --> 00:40:21,410
+Okay, someone else. Sweet times run so little I
+
+578
+00:40:21,410 --> 00:40:24,330
+end my song. so he had themes times another
+
+579
+00:40:24,330 --> 00:40:30,150
+reading yes yes okay also
+
+580
+00:40:30,150 --> 00:40:34,810
+themes yes yes what is this themes themes sweet
+
+581
+00:40:34,810 --> 00:40:40,730
+things run softly themes th's
+
+582
+00:40:40,730 --> 00:40:41,090
+ass
+
+583
+00:40:45,680 --> 00:40:48,840
+Okay, generally it could be a that or a that, but
+
+584
+00:40:48,840 --> 00:40:51,900
+in English that's a few words where the th is only
+
+585
+00:40:51,900 --> 00:40:55,870
+that. Like Thomas, you know Thomas, Thomas Hardy,
+
+586
+00:40:56,730 --> 00:41:00,910
+Thailand, you know, the country and Thai Thai food
+
+587
+00:41:00,910 --> 00:41:05,230
+and Thai, as Palestinians, we know, we use, we eat
+
+588
+00:41:05,230 --> 00:41:09,010
+a lot of thyme almost every day, thyme I had thyme
+
+589
+00:41:09,010 --> 00:41:12,870
+and cheese for breakfast, thyme, zaatar, thyme
+
+590
+00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:17,240
+This is another word, it's Tim's Yes, the river.
+
+591
+00:41:17,560 --> 00:41:20,520
+Thames, the river. Sometimes some people mix
+
+592
+00:41:20,520 --> 00:41:23,320
+between Thames and Times. The Times is a
+
+593
+00:41:23,320 --> 00:41:26,360
+newspaper, I don't know, in England and in
+
+594
+00:41:26,360 --> 00:41:31,540
+Britain, America, et cetera. So this is sweet
+
+595
+00:41:31,540 --> 00:41:36,640
+Thames. Run swiftly, softly, till I am my song.
+
+596
+00:41:36,920 --> 00:41:41,180
+And notice how there is a part of England in the
+
+597
+00:41:41,180 --> 00:41:43,820
+poem. Yes, the river. The Thames. The most
+
+598
+00:41:43,820 --> 00:41:47,980
+important river probably in Europe. In London,
+
+599
+00:41:48,140 --> 00:41:51,740
+yeah. Sweet Thames. And there is here another
+
+600
+00:41:51,740 --> 00:41:54,200
+personification because he's talking to the river
+
+601
+00:41:54,200 --> 00:42:00,960
+as a friend. Run softly. Calm down. Run softly
+
+602
+00:42:00,960 --> 00:42:05,540
+till I end my song. My poem.
+
+603
+00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:13,680
+A strong sense of the English. is there here. In a
+
+604
+00:42:13,680 --> 00:42:15,500
+way, it's not very clear, but when you read the
+
+605
+00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,780
+whole poem, Prothalamion, if you have time, you'll
+
+606
+00:42:19,780 --> 00:42:22,740
+find a lot more interesting stuff. But if you look
+
+607
+00:42:22,740 --> 00:42:25,840
+at this, if you count the syllables and you look
+
+608
+00:42:25,840 --> 00:42:29,040
+at the other lines there, you'll find also a very
+
+609
+00:42:29,040 --> 00:42:33,900
+regular form, poetic language. What is the subject
+
+610
+00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:38,870
+matter here? The Queen of England. about how the
+
+611
+00:42:38,870 --> 00:42:42,610
+queen, again, universal theme, important subject
+
+612
+00:42:42,610 --> 00:42:49,490
+matters. In a way, many poets of that time apply
+
+613
+00:42:49,490 --> 00:42:55,450
+the rules of decorum. Because for them, poetry has
+
+614
+00:42:55,450 --> 00:42:58,710
+to be beautiful, sophisticated, elegant, and
+
+615
+00:42:58,710 --> 00:43:02,890
+powerful. How can you do that? Important subject
+
+616
+00:43:02,890 --> 00:43:08,180
+matters. Highly embellished language, well
+
+617
+00:43:08,180 --> 00:43:12,660
+structured forms, and then you have good and great
+
+618
+00:43:12,660 --> 00:43:16,880
+portrait. I'll stop here unless any of you has a
+
+619
+00:43:16,880 --> 00:43:22,420
+question. Please. Say again. Yeah, generally these
+
+620
+00:43:22,420 --> 00:43:26,360
+are canonical poets. They are canonical poets.
+
+621
+00:43:26,920 --> 00:43:29,760
+Yes? Shakespeare,
+
+622
+00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:41,720
+in a way, Shakespeare is a classical writer.
+
+623
+00:43:42,440 --> 00:43:44,500
+Generally, he followed the rules of decorum, but
+
+624
+00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:47,800
+he tried to experiment, to change. We see this in
+
+625
+00:43:47,800 --> 00:43:50,920
+his plays. Probably when you study Shakespeare,
+
+626
+00:43:51,060 --> 00:43:53,720
+you will know more about how he tries to change
+
+627
+00:43:53,720 --> 00:43:57,120
+things. So he's not 100% following the rules of
+
+628
+00:43:57,120 --> 00:44:03,280
+the Quran, true. Yes? He became the prince of
+
+629
+00:44:03,280 --> 00:44:06,900
+poets. Became a famous poet close to the queen.
+
+630
+00:44:07,360 --> 00:44:10,690
+And generally, again, remember, generally, When
+
+631
+00:44:10,690 --> 00:44:13,790
+poets write good poetry about the queen, either
+
+632
+00:44:13,790 --> 00:44:16,110
+the queen brings them to the palace and gives them
+
+633
+00:44:16,110 --> 00:44:19,310
+money and everything, or another patron tells the
+
+634
+00:44:19,310 --> 00:44:22,790
+queen, hey, I have one of my people who wrote an
+
+635
+00:44:22,790 --> 00:44:26,230
+interesting poem about you. And I gave him money.
+
+636
+00:44:26,410 --> 00:44:31,970
+I'm good. So probably, yeah. I'll stop here. Thank
+
+637
+00:44:31,970 --> 00:44:35,370
+you very much. And we can talk later on after the
+
+638
+00:44:35,370 --> 00:44:37,290
+class about extra issues.
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,2256 @@
+1
+00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:25,960
+Okay, السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته Hello again
+
+2
+00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:30,720
+everybody This is the second class in our course
+
+3
+00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:34,600
+Introduction to English Literature As we said last
+
+4
+00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,580
+time, this is a course about English literary
+
+5
+00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:42,440
+texts and authors in their historical contexts
+
+6
+00:00:43,150 --> 00:00:47,050
+This course enables us to understand the
+
+7
+00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:52,630
+influence, the impact of important events in
+
+8
+00:00:52,630 --> 00:00:56,090
+history on literature, on literary figures, and
+
+9
+00:00:56,090 --> 00:01:00,070
+also, of course, how literature also influenced
+
+10
+00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:03,790
+history in a way or another. We started by a brief
+
+11
+00:01:03,790 --> 00:01:08,030
+discussion about Old English. We said English
+
+12
+00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:12,410
+generally is divided into three main phases as a
+
+13
+00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:15,050
+language, also as a culture, and as literature.
+
+14
+00:01:15,510 --> 00:01:18,910
+The first one is Old English. And then we have
+
+15
+00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:22,910
+Middle English. And then we have Modern English,
+
+16
+00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:26,830
+what we have nowadays now. Old English as a
+
+17
+00:01:26,830 --> 00:01:34,150
+language, remember, it was not written down. Much
+
+18
+00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:37,170
+of the culture, much of the literary texts of that
+
+19
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:41,510
+time was oral. Oral, unwritten. It was even later
+
+20
+00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,070
+on when Christianity came to England, to Britain,
+
+21
+00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:49,990
+that some monks who were able to read and write
+
+22
+00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,540
+managed to write down some of these texts. Okay,
+
+23
+00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:56,620
+so thanks to the monks of the church, thanks to
+
+24
+00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,940
+Christianity that came in the fifth century to
+
+25
+00:01:59,940 --> 00:02:04,080
+England, we have some of the early English
+
+26
+00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:09,320
+literary poetry, mainly poetry written, and now we
+
+27
+00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,400
+can read it. Again, we can't... If you look at an
+
+28
+00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:15,420
+English, an old English text, we can't read it now
+
+29
+00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:18,210
+because it's totally different language. But
+
+30
+00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:21,030
+middle English, you probably can read the text and
+
+31
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:25,270
+understand the main idea sometimes. So if we say
+
+32
+00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:29,330
+the culture was oral, the culture was spoken, was
+
+33
+00:02:29,330 --> 00:02:32,410
+not written down, does that mean anything? Does
+
+34
+00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:36,670
+that change the way the text is written, the way
+
+35
+00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:39,550
+the text is composed? What do you think? Do you
+
+36
+00:02:39,550 --> 00:02:44,470
+think the text is going to be the same? How is
+
+37
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,450
+this going to influence the text? If the culture
+
+38
+00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,950
+is oral, like remember as Palestinians here, for
+
+39
+00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:54,590
+example, if you speak about 70 years ago, 80 years
+
+40
+00:02:54,590 --> 00:02:57,290
+ago, even 60 years ago, when most people, our
+
+41
+00:02:57,290 --> 00:03:00,070
+parents and grandparents were unable to read and
+
+42
+00:03:00,070 --> 00:03:02,730
+write, this influenced the way they think and the
+
+43
+00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,550
+way they, you know, their culture. So how was
+
+44
+00:03:07,550 --> 00:03:10,070
+English literature influenced by the fact that
+
+45
+00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:13,870
+this was an oral tradition mainly? Yes, please.
+
+46
+00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:16,950
+Some details are placed meaningfully for the text,
+
+47
+00:03:17,510 --> 00:03:21,870
+so that if the text you want to read aloud, the
+
+48
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,470
+smell is there. OK. So when you write this down,
+
+49
+00:03:27,050 --> 00:03:28,950
+for sure something is going to be missing. And
+
+50
+00:03:28,950 --> 00:03:32,390
+this is a very important point. When we say the
+
+51
+00:03:32,390 --> 00:03:38,110
+church helped guard, protect early English, we
+
+52
+00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:40,970
+also think of the literature that was not written
+
+53
+00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:44,490
+down because it went missing, because nobody was
+
+54
+00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:46,570
+there to write it down. And maybe, and this is
+
+55
+00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:51,190
+important, maybe because the church was selective.
+
+56
+00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:55,950
+You know what selective is? It would choose the
+
+57
+00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:59,830
+texts that they think is important for the church
+
+58
+00:03:59,830 --> 00:04:04,410
+and for God and for the people. That's why most of
+
+59
+00:04:04,410 --> 00:04:07,530
+the texts, not most, like I would say many or some
+
+60
+00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:11,790
+of the texts probably, I'm not sure how much, but
+
+61
+00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:18,050
+probably many of the texts of that period are
+
+62
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,250
+religious texts. So it indicates either people
+
+63
+00:04:21,250 --> 00:04:25,940
+were religious It depended totally on God
+
+64
+00:04:25,940 --> 00:04:28,320
+approaching or talking about God, the relationship
+
+65
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:31,200
+with God and the church. Or the church was
+
+66
+00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:35,740
+selective in what texts to write down. Because
+
+67
+00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:38,620
+some texts did not, for example, meet the
+
+68
+00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:44,100
+conditions or the criteria of the church. Or
+
+69
+00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:46,700
+because it wasn't easy to write everything.
+
+70
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:49,320
+Because writing was expensive. Ink was expensive.
+
+71
+00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:55,160
+Paper was expensive. Please. different as well
+
+72
+00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:59,160
+from maybe misheard or misunderstood. Of course,
+
+73
+00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,200
+yeah. Something we hear it by a different way, so
+
+74
+00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,060
+we will understand it by a different way. But
+
+75
+00:05:06,060 --> 00:05:11,420
+there is a risk. Okay, the written text is clear.
+
+76
+00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:16,700
+The oral text depends on memory. My question is,
+
+77
+00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:19,820
+if you want to deliver a message, to send a
+
+78
+00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:22,480
+message, and you ask a person to deliver it orally
+
+79
+00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,440
+rather than in written, are you going to do
+
+80
+00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:27,820
+something to this text to make it number one
+
+81
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:31,520
+memorable? To help the person in front of you, the
+
+82
+00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:35,260
+audience, to memorize and remember this text for a
+
+83
+00:05:35,260 --> 00:05:37,640
+longer time, a longer period? What do you think?
+
+84
+00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:40,760
+What are you going to do to the text? And again,
+
+85
+00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,540
+in other words, what are the features of old
+
+86
+00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:50,920
+English poetry? What are the features? Putting in
+
+87
+00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,160
+mind that this is oral culture. Yes, please.
+
+88
+00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:04,960
+Thank you very much. So the themes, the subject
+
+89
+00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,200
+matters, are things that people can relate to, can
+
+90
+00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:12,440
+see every day. The topics are generally wars,
+
+91
+00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:17,200
+battles, heroes, heroism. Excellent. What else?
+
+92
+00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:22,180
+What else? What do you think? In what particular
+
+93
+00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:27,360
+way was this story told, for example, in the form
+
+94
+00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,360
+of poetry? Okay, it's poetry. What are the
+
+95
+00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,840
+features of this poetry? Like number one, the
+
+96
+00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:36,860
+themes, the topics were generally about wars,
+
+97
+00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,260
+battles and fighting and invasions. So from our
+
+98
+00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:42,580
+own life, it's easy to remember because it's about
+
+99
+00:06:42,580 --> 00:06:51,800
+our lives. What else? Can you tell? Okay. Stories.
+
+100
+00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:57,560
+First of all, we have stories. The poetry of that
+
+101
+00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,140
+time was dependent largely on the narrative form.
+
+102
+00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:04,510
+If you want to make things memorable, because
+
+103
+00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:06,770
+people love stories. We love stories. We all love
+
+104
+00:07:06,770 --> 00:07:10,850
+stories. So most of the poems of that time were
+
+105
+00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:14,190
+dependent in a way or another on stories. Some of
+
+106
+00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:18,790
+these stories were factual, because they were
+
+107
+00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:23,590
+about a real battle, a real event in history, and
+
+108
+00:07:23,590 --> 00:07:27,550
+some of them were... were fictional, fictional
+
+109
+00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:30,670
+because they are imaginative. And this is, again,
+
+110
+00:07:30,890 --> 00:07:34,490
+basically literature is fiction. But you can write
+
+111
+00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:38,330
+literature about facts, about events in real life,
+
+112
+00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:41,310
+or you can make things up. So thank you very much.
+
+113
+00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:45,570
+Number two is the fact that these poems were to a
+
+114
+00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:49,530
+large extent Narrative in form. Narrative in form
+
+115
+00:07:49,530 --> 00:07:52,690
+means they tell a story. So if they speak about
+
+116
+00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:56,810
+war and battles and invasions, things from your
+
+117
+00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:01,750
+life, and if they tell these things in a story
+
+118
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:04,170
+form, you're going to remember. Do you have one
+
+119
+00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,910
+more thing to add about the nature of poetry of
+
+120
+00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:07,330
+that time?
+
+121
+00:08:13,540 --> 00:08:16,320
+The hardships exactly connect us with the point
+
+122
+00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,080
+here of the themes. What did you say here? Thank
+
+123
+00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:24,260
+you very much. So if a text is poetry, what is
+
+124
+00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:28,640
+poetry? Poetry is originally songs. Even in
+
+125
+00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:33,730
+Arabic, in all cultures, songs are poetry. But at
+
+126
+00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:35,850
+that time, because people couldn't exactly like
+
+127
+00:08:35,850 --> 00:08:38,270
+the Arabic literature, we talk about Arabic poetry
+
+128
+00:08:38,270 --> 00:08:40,590
+2000 years ago, when the Arabs couldn't read or
+
+129
+00:08:40,590 --> 00:08:43,670
+write. And again, there were poems like hundreds
+
+130
+00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:49,130
+of lines. So they depended on music, the rhyme,
+
+131
+00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,110
+the rhythm, the surah, the alliteration, they made
+
+132
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:09:00,410
+the poems musical. Much easier to memorize and to
+
+133
+00:09:00,410 --> 00:09:06,910
+remember. These are certain features that we have
+
+134
+00:09:06,910 --> 00:09:12,810
+to talk about when we speak about Old English. Now
+
+135
+00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:14,610
+let's take examples here.
+
+136
+00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:21,990
+We'll speak about several poems from Old English.
+
+137
+00:09:23,630 --> 00:09:27,150
+Some of them are anonymous. Anonymous, where we
+
+138
+00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:32,640
+don't know the name of the poet. And some of them
+
+139
+00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,400
+are attached to a name that we're not sure whether
+
+140
+00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,820
+this is the poet or not. But generally, we don't
+
+141
+00:09:38,820 --> 00:09:41,840
+care here. We care more about the text itself. The
+
+142
+00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:46,440
+first important text is called Kedemen's Hymn,
+
+143
+00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:49,400
+with an N silent there. Hymn. Hymn is a religious
+
+144
+00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:55,300
+song. See, even the name suggests that This is a
+
+145
+00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:58,300
+topic that the church would be interested in. It
+
+146
+00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:04,100
+is said that Kidman was a shepherd who heard the
+
+147
+00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:06,800
+voice of God and then started to write poetry to
+
+148
+00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,430
+praise God. When the church heard about the story
+
+149
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:13,030
+of this guy, because again, the church would take
+
+150
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,810
+much care about those people to bring more people
+
+151
+00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,190
+to the church, they brought him in, they took care
+
+152
+00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,890
+of him, and they wrote down all his poetry, or
+
+153
+00:10:23,890 --> 00:10:26,690
+most of his poetry. That's why we have it right
+
+154
+00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:30,330
+now. Look at the text here. Can someone please
+
+155
+00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:36,850
+read the... Could you read the couplet, the two
+
+156
+00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:39,140
+lines there? Yes, please.
+
+157
+00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,980
+Very good.
+
+158
+00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:47,820
+One more.
+
+159
+00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,580
+Very good. Someone here? Can you please read? What
+
+160
+00:10:55,580 --> 00:10:59,140
+page is it? Page three. Yes, please.
+
+161
+00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,500
+Now look at the text. Of course, this is not the
+
+162
+00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:10,680
+language it was written in. This is a modernized
+
+163
+00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:13,860
+version. This is a translation, more or less. OK?
+
+164
+00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,720
+So look at the text. What does the text itself
+
+165
+00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:22,660
+tell us about that time, the poet, the theme, the
+
+166
+00:11:22,660 --> 00:11:27,880
+form? Can you notice something in the shape of the
+
+167
+00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,620
+poem, the shape of the sonnet here, in the words,
+
+168
+00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,500
+the language used? What do you notice? Yes,
+
+169
+00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:38,000
+please. Go on. Okay, how did you know that this is
+
+170
+00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,420
+a religious song, a religious poem?
+
+171
+00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:45,780
+Okay, so the subject matter of this poem is
+
+172
+00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:48,640
+religion, is God. How did you know? Look at the
+
+173
+00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:55,320
+language. How many times the word God or any
+
+174
+00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:57,840
+reference to God is used there? How many times?
+
+175
+00:11:58,340 --> 00:12:03,360
+Can you count? One. Even before that, heaven's
+
+176
+00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:09,330
+kingdom, the keeper, The Lord, the power and his
+
+177
+00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:12,610
+wisdom. So almost every word, most of the words in
+
+178
+00:12:12,610 --> 00:12:16,790
+the text are religious words related to God.
+
+179
+00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:19,450
+Excellent. What else can the text tell you?
+
+180
+00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:28,810
+Anything you notice, anything that, please. Oh
+
+181
+00:12:28,810 --> 00:12:33,600
+yeah. Generally now in modern English, even in
+
+182
+00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,660
+Middle English, we don't have this physical gap.
+
+183
+00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:40,280
+It's usually a comma and the comma tells you
+
+184
+00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,280
+there's a pause here, where you have to stop.
+
+185
+00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,340
+Similar to the gap in the Arabic poetry. The gap
+
+186
+00:12:46,340 --> 00:12:49,380
+in the Arabic poetry gives you a pause, creates
+
+187
+00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:54,580
+also, what does it create, the gap? A rhythm. In
+
+188
+00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:59,770
+other words, music. It cuts the line into two
+
+189
+00:12:59,770 --> 00:13:03,150
+halves, makes it easier to remember, and makes it
+
+190
+00:13:03,150 --> 00:13:09,990
+more musical. So again, now we must praise of
+
+191
+00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:13,130
+heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the law of the
+
+192
+00:13:13,130 --> 00:13:17,730
+Lord, the power and his wisdom. The pause here.
+
+193
+00:13:18,850 --> 00:13:21,310
+helps with the music of the line. Again, this is
+
+194
+00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:23,010
+not the original text. I don't know the original.
+
+195
+00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:25,390
+I can't read the original text, actually. You need
+
+196
+00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,590
+to learn old English. It's totally like almost
+
+197
+00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:33,070
+totally different language. The gap here is called
+
+198
+00:13:33,070 --> 00:13:37,950
+caesura. We wrote this word down last time. A
+
+199
+00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:44,270
+caesura is like from Caesar. C-A, not C-E. C-A-E-S
+
+200
+00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:50,740
+-U-R-A. And it is a gap between a line or poetry
+
+201
+00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:55,400
+that creates a pose that creates music. So this is
+
+202
+00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,040
+again one feature of Old English already there.
+
+203
+00:14:00,140 --> 00:14:02,520
+And in the original text, we don't have this
+
+204
+00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:04,780
+there. We have the alliteration. The original
+
+205
+00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:07,360
+text, there is the repetition of the ha sound. Ha,
+
+206
+00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:10,340
+ha, ha. The ha sound is repeated probably three or
+
+207
+00:14:10,340 --> 00:14:13,240
+four times. It's called alliteration. Alliteration
+
+208
+00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,580
+is the repetition of a particular consonant sound,
+
+209
+00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,320
+again, which creates music. What else do you
+
+210
+00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:20,360
+notice about the language and the choice of words?
+
+211
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,260
+What else? Look at the lines there.
+
+212
+00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:34,090
+Remember we said poetry, in poetry, in literature
+
+213
+00:14:34,090 --> 00:14:42,810
+in general, and poetry in particular, every
+
+214
+00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:46,990
+word is there for a reason. Every word is there
+
+215
+00:14:46,990 --> 00:14:48,950
+for a reason. Because again, what does the poet
+
+216
+00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:52,770
+do? The poet selects, chooses the best words and
+
+217
+00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:56,020
+tries to put them in the best order. Right? In
+
+218
+00:14:56,020 --> 00:14:59,460
+order to achieve the utmost impact. And this is
+
+219
+00:14:59,460 --> 00:15:01,800
+poetry, in a way. I don't like this definition,
+
+220
+00:15:02,340 --> 00:15:05,100
+but this is more or less what poets do. They
+
+221
+00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:08,620
+choose the best words and put them in the order
+
+222
+00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,860
+that achieves the utmost impact. Meaning every
+
+223
+00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:15,720
+word counts. Where every word is put also counts.
+
+224
+00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,320
+So if he uses we instead of I, it makes a
+
+225
+00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:23,620
+difference. If he uses or she must.
+
+226
+00:15:24,460 --> 00:15:26,620
+It makes a difference. If he uses should, it
+
+227
+00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:30,340
+doesn't mean the same. Of course not. So what do
+
+228
+00:15:30,340 --> 00:15:33,100
+you notice? What else do you notice about the
+
+229
+00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:39,380
+power? Yes. Okay, interesting.
+
+230
+00:15:42,460 --> 00:15:43,160
+Okay, go on.
+
+231
+00:15:46,140 --> 00:15:48,680
+What does it mean? Does it make a difference if
+
+232
+00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,200
+you say, we must praise God? We should praise God?
+
+233
+00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:56,840
+Is it the same? Okay, so this must is a strong
+
+234
+00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,920
+language. In a way, you don't have an option. This
+
+235
+00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,040
+is the way out. This is the only way out. We and
+
+236
+00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,340
+even the we before, like everyone should be here,
+
+237
+00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,140
+must be here. It's not a matter of choice. We must
+
+238
+00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:17,320
+all praise God. And again, reflecting the strong
+
+239
+00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:19,860
+language of the church and the religious texts.
+
+240
+00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,250
+Say again? Compulsory in a way. It's obligatory.
+
+241
+00:16:26,330 --> 00:16:30,450
+Okay. What else? Very good. So we means
+
+242
+00:16:30,450 --> 00:16:34,250
+collective. Everyone has to be there, involved and
+
+243
+00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,350
+must is a strong emphatic language. Again
+
+244
+00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:41,510
+reflecting the nature of religious texts here.
+
+245
+00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:43,910
+Which one?
+
+246
+00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:50,490
+Alliteration, OK, this is again alliteration. But
+
+247
+00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:53,530
+remember, this is not the original text. In the
+
+248
+00:16:53,530 --> 00:16:55,950
+original text, there is an alliteration, but
+
+249
+00:16:55,950 --> 00:16:59,690
+repeated, represented by the ha sound. Twice more.
+
+250
+00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:09,270
+Thank you. God is everywhere. God is all-powerful.
+
+251
+00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:14,210
+He emphasizes this. Kedaman emphasizes this by
+
+252
+00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:19,160
+repeating so many words. To show that God is
+
+253
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:24,440
+powerful. God is all-powerful.
+
+254
+00:17:27,580 --> 00:17:30,160
+Oh, I love this. Thank you very much. What's your
+
+255
+00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,380
+name? Shayma. OK, what does now mean? Remember the
+
+256
+00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:37,280
+story we had last time about tomorrow will be
+
+257
+00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,600
+different? Yes. What did we say? There is
+
+258
+00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:44,240
+procrastination, will. OK, I'll do it next week.
+
+259
+00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,850
+I'll do it tomorrow. But in this text, we have
+
+260
+00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:53,670
+now. Now is urgent. Could you help me with this?
+
+261
+00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:58,410
+Okay, Tomono, now. It's urgent. So now gives again
+
+262
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:02,910
+a sense of urgency. Something that can't wait.
+
+263
+00:18:04,370 --> 00:18:07,430
+Again, going back to the nature of the English,
+
+264
+00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:10,910
+the religious language of that time. Number one,
+
+265
+00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:14,770
+it's emphatic, it's urgent, and it's collective.
+
+266
+00:18:15,550 --> 00:18:20,150
+And you, in a way, the listeners have no choice.
+
+267
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170
+If you choose God, you have to praise God all the
+
+268
+00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:26,210
+time. There's no choice. It's not about you
+
+269
+00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:29,330
+should. I don't advise you. You have. You have to.
+
+270
+00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:33,810
+Very good. Let's move to the second text here.
+
+271
+00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:43,180
+The second text is from something called Dior's
+
+272
+00:18:43,180 --> 00:18:43,740
+Lament.
+
+273
+00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:52,840
+And the text here, Dior could be the poet by the
+
+274
+00:18:52,840 --> 00:19:01,090
+way, but could also be the narrator. OK? Because
+
+275
+00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:03,890
+it's mentioned in the story somewhere, in the poem
+
+276
+00:19:03,890 --> 00:19:06,670
+somewhere, that the speaker's name is Dior.
+
+277
+00:19:06,790 --> 00:19:09,750
+Whether this is a poet or not, we're not sure. But
+
+278
+00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,630
+usually, I like to use Dior as the poet of the
+
+279
+00:19:13,630 --> 00:19:19,010
+text. Kidman is the poet for sure, for the first
+
+280
+00:19:19,010 --> 00:19:26,810
+one. Look at this. Of that, there was an end. So
+
+281
+00:19:26,810 --> 00:19:30,920
+there may be of this. When you read any line of
+
+282
+00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,220
+poetry, when you read any poem or any text in
+
+283
+00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:36,580
+English, try sometimes to think of, in order to
+
+284
+00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,260
+start analyzing it, understanding it. Look at what
+
+285
+00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:41,540
+we call the binaries.
+
+286
+00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:46,300
+Binaries or binary opposites.
+
+287
+00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,160
+The opposites, exactly.
+
+288
+00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,940
+If you want to understand the poem, try to see how
+
+289
+00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:02,040
+the poet is writing what he's writing. Remember,
+
+290
+00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:04,760
+every word counts. And usually in English
+
+291
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,940
+literature, the poets or the writers, the
+
+292
+00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,860
+novelists try to give you two options, like a kind
+
+293
+00:20:13,860 --> 00:20:17,260
+of a conflict between two worlds, opposites that
+
+294
+00:20:17,260 --> 00:20:22,630
+create what we call tension. And understanding
+
+295
+00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:26,130
+distinction gives you the theme and the topic of
+
+296
+00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:30,390
+the poem itself. If you look at the text, can you
+
+297
+00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,610
+find opposites? Can you find contrasting things,
+
+298
+00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:37,410
+probably, words? What is the first thing you
+
+299
+00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:38,050
+notice here?
+
+300
+00:20:41,290 --> 00:20:45,950
+Okay, choose one word. The first one is that.
+
+301
+00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:48,810
+That. There.
+
+302
+00:20:52,410 --> 00:20:59,450
+Or this. We have that meaning distant, meaning
+
+303
+00:20:59,450 --> 00:21:06,590
+past, already gone, finished. That, but this,
+
+304
+00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:11,050
+something near, something now. Okay, so there is
+
+305
+00:21:11,050 --> 00:21:17,850
+this contrast between the past and the present. In
+
+306
+00:21:17,850 --> 00:21:22,910
+addition to this, one more, we have Was and maybe.
+
+307
+00:21:23,310 --> 00:21:28,730
+Was also past simple. And maybe present or for the
+
+308
+00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:33,030
+near present or the future. For the future maybe.
+
+309
+00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,890
+And we said last time something about this very
+
+310
+00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:42,540
+quickly. We said in a way or another this is A
+
+311
+00:21:42,540 --> 00:21:46,900
+lament. You know a lament? Like something sad.
+
+312
+00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,300
+Like you're talking about something sad. But this
+
+313
+00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:57,720
+poet, he's sad, right? But he has hope for a
+
+314
+00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,780
+better tomorrow, for a better future. He's
+
+315
+00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:06,700
+optimistic. And this is shown clearly here in the
+
+316
+00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:11,380
+text. Of that there was an end, so there may be of
+
+317
+00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:17,820
+this. The poet also depends on logic. Thank you.
+
+318
+00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:22,680
+Where can you see that? Look at the, of that,
+
+319
+00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,800
+there was like you have a cause and effect
+
+320
+00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,500
+relationship. I've been there before. I've lived
+
+321
+00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,940
+difficult days. I've suffered before. And now all
+
+322
+00:22:31,940 --> 00:22:35,260
+this suffering is history. It's in the past. If
+
+323
+00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:42,930
+that was gone, then So there may be of this. This
+
+324
+00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:48,370
+too will end and I will overcome. The theme here
+
+325
+00:22:48,370 --> 00:22:53,550
+is personal suffering or personal struggle with
+
+326
+00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:58,790
+hope of a better life for the future. The funny
+
+327
+00:22:58,790 --> 00:23:01,550
+thing about this text is that it feels like
+
+328
+00:23:01,550 --> 00:23:04,710
+somebody wrote it just now, right? Or yesterday.
+
+329
+00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,540
+This is a text from over 1,000 years ago. And this
+
+330
+00:23:10,540 --> 00:23:13,560
+is, remember I said literature is universal and
+
+331
+00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:15,960
+timeless, and it touches our hearts across time
+
+332
+00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,180
+and place? This is an English poet who lived
+
+333
+00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:20,480
+somewhere in England. We don't know anything about
+
+334
+00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:25,110
+him. And you read it, and then. Wow, I love this
+
+335
+00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:28,690
+line of verse. Of that there was an end, so there
+
+336
+00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,030
+may be a will. So probably you could go home
+
+337
+00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:33,230
+today, you tweet this or post it on Facebook or
+
+338
+00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,010
+Instagram. It's one of my favorite lines, I love
+
+339
+00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:41,230
+it. Again, so notice how he creates the contrast
+
+340
+00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:45,930
+and how he builds this on logic. I also want you
+
+341
+00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:48,830
+to notice what happens in the middle. Listen, the
+
+342
+00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:52,870
+physical space here is called the caesura, right?
+
+343
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:56,610
+But even if we don't have the physical space,
+
+344
+00:23:58,810 --> 00:24:03,030
+The semicolon itself, the comma, or sometimes the
+
+345
+00:24:03,030 --> 00:24:08,650
+false stop creates the thing we have here for the
+
+346
+00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:08,970
+break.
+
+347
+00:24:15,950 --> 00:24:16,790
+Okay.
+
+348
+00:24:19,990 --> 00:24:23,370
+Now, before going to Beowulf, our most important
+
+349
+00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:26,110
+text of the day, I'll just very quickly go through
+
+350
+00:24:26,110 --> 00:24:31,830
+three other texts. We have The Wanderer and The
+
+351
+00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:38,570
+Seafarer. Both are elegies. An elegy, what is an
+
+352
+00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:43,050
+elegy? Elegy, a poem about the death of a loved
+
+353
+00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:49,530
+one. Elegy. A poem about
+
+354
+00:24:51,180 --> 00:24:55,060
+Death. Or the death of somebody. Yeah, exactly.
+
+355
+00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:59,380
+When somebody dies, someone you know, someone you
+
+356
+00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:04,180
+love, which is personal elegy. Or sometimes when a
+
+357
+00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:07,580
+very important person dies, a hero, someone you
+
+358
+00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,300
+don't know personally, but a very famous people
+
+359
+00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:15,520
+and you write poetry to praise them after their
+
+360
+00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,940
+death. It's called Elegy. So both of these poems
+
+361
+00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:24,540
+are elegies. Elegies generally are personal. They
+
+362
+00:25:24,540 --> 00:25:28,500
+express personal emotions and feelings of sadness
+
+363
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:35,040
+praising other dead people. And then we have the
+
+364
+00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:39,680
+dream of the rude. So if you notice sometimes we
+
+365
+00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,020
+take extracts, sometimes we do something briefly,
+
+366
+00:25:42,180 --> 00:25:44,320
+just we want to know the name and sometimes we
+
+367
+00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,240
+give more details. Now the dream of the rude, rude
+
+368
+00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:52,240
+means cross, you know the cross? Is the text
+
+369
+00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,840
+personal or religious? Religious. In a way, yeah.
+
+370
+00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,820
+Even the name itself suggests this. And the most
+
+371
+00:25:58,820 --> 00:26:00,860
+important part about The Dream of Darud is the
+
+372
+00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:04,120
+fact that it uses a new technique in narrating the
+
+373
+00:26:04,120 --> 00:26:07,600
+story. I just said in narrating the poem. There
+
+374
+00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,620
+is, again, remember the music, the narrative, the
+
+375
+00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:14,760
+battles. This particular poem uses a new
+
+376
+00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,000
+technique. It's called the dream vision technique.
+
+377
+00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:22,980
+When the story is told, about an experience you
+
+378
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,900
+had while you were asleep. And again, in so many
+
+379
+00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:31,500
+ways, people love dreams. People love it when you
+
+380
+00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,600
+tell them, hey, I had a dream last night. Tell me.
+
+381
+00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,980
+You were in my dream last night. Really? What
+
+382
+00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:40,880
+happened? What did I do? What did you do to me? Et
+
+383
+00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,320
+cetera. So generally, people love dreams. So as a
+
+384
+00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,480
+technique, again, by the way, nowadays people do
+
+385
+00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:49,520
+this. Sometimes we watch a movie, and then we
+
+386
+00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,060
+realize that the main character was, it's all in
+
+387
+00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:55,940
+the head of the main character. Oh, we like it.
+
+388
+00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,260
+Again, this is an ancient technique, an old
+
+389
+00:26:59,260 --> 00:27:04,060
+technique. That's, again, the dream of the rude.
+
+390
+00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,280
+It's a Christian religious text that uses a new
+
+391
+00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:12,260
+technique. So what is the point of this discussion
+
+392
+00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:15,900
+so far before going to Beowulf? The point is that
+
+393
+00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:20,180
+Old English was rich. And we had a variety of
+
+394
+00:27:20,180 --> 00:27:24,320
+themes, of topics, of poets who wrote about
+
+395
+00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,100
+several things. But some of the poets were known,
+
+396
+00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:32,300
+their names. And the majority, many of them were
+
+397
+00:27:32,790 --> 00:27:38,290
+Unknown, no names, whom we call anonymous. He's
+
+398
+00:27:38,290 --> 00:27:42,550
+anonymous. So, Kadaman is the name of the poem.
+
+399
+00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:45,770
+Teor is not probably, he's the main character,
+
+400
+00:27:45,890 --> 00:27:50,330
+could be the poet, but The Wanderer, The Seafarer,
+
+401
+00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,690
+The Dream of Darude, and Beowulf, four major texts
+
+402
+00:27:54,690 --> 00:27:58,290
+are all anonymous. You should know this.
+
+403
+00:27:59,170 --> 00:28:02,870
+Anonymous, we don't know the name. Or probably we
+
+404
+00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,510
+know that people were not interested in telling us
+
+405
+00:28:06,510 --> 00:28:09,450
+that they write poetry. But later on, everyone was
+
+406
+00:28:09,450 --> 00:28:11,050
+like, oh, this is my text. They would write their
+
+407
+00:28:11,050 --> 00:28:16,350
+names. Please. Some of the poets, they got famous
+
+408
+00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:18,850
+after their death. Yep, posthumously. Their
+
+409
+00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:22,310
+families see their poems, and they share it with
+
+410
+00:28:22,310 --> 00:28:24,020
+people. Yeah, sometimes they're published
+
+411
+00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:28,980
+posthumously, posthumously. And finally, Beowulf,
+
+412
+00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:35,020
+the most important Old English text. Beowulf. See
+
+413
+00:28:35,020 --> 00:28:38,620
+how it is spelled? We'll compare it a little bit
+
+414
+00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:48,620
+to the Battle of the Maldon. Beowulf, B-E O-W-U-L
+
+415
+00:28:48,620 --> 00:28:54,040
+-F. Beowulf is not the poet. It's the name of the
+
+416
+00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,500
+text and the name of the character, the hero. The
+
+417
+00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,980
+hero. Now, the Battle of the Malden, look at the
+
+418
+00:29:01,980 --> 00:29:05,760
+other text there. It's also a poem, but it is more
+
+419
+00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:11,320
+factual. OK? More factual. It's about fact, about
+
+420
+00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:14,160
+history, about probably a real battle that took
+
+421
+00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,900
+place. But Beowulf, is it factual? No, let's see
+
+422
+00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:24,560
+why. Now, what is the story of Beowulf? OK, so
+
+423
+00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,700
+Beowulf is a poem with about 3,000 lines. That's a
+
+424
+00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:33,620
+lot of lines. It tells the story about someone
+
+425
+00:29:33,620 --> 00:29:39,780
+named Beowulf, who is originally from Sweden. So
+
+426
+00:29:39,780 --> 00:29:43,860
+he's Swedish. Who goes to help the king of
+
+427
+00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:49,280
+Denmark. See the mixture here? We have an English
+
+428
+00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:56,580
+text, Swedish hero who goes to help the Danes. And
+
+429
+00:29:56,580 --> 00:29:58,480
+again, that was the nature of that period. People
+
+430
+00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,440
+from everywhere moved here and there and migrated.
+
+431
+00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,680
+Now, what does he do? He fights a monster called
+
+432
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,360
+Grindel. Do monsters exist? Do you believe in
+
+433
+00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:14,850
+monsters? They don't. So is this factual or
+
+434
+00:30:14,850 --> 00:30:17,210
+fictional? It's fictional. It's fictitious. It's
+
+435
+00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:21,790
+imaginary. And he really, he heroically and
+
+436
+00:30:21,790 --> 00:30:25,350
+bravely fights these monsters and kills the
+
+437
+00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:27,710
+monster. Maybe it's similar. This monster is
+
+438
+00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:30,930
+similar. Of course, yeah. Like sometimes when you
+
+439
+00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:34,410
+want to express particular ideas, you exaggerate.
+
+440
+00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:38,710
+So there could be in the book, it's said that
+
+441
+00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:43,020
+Beowulf is part myth. part fiction, and also part
+
+442
+00:30:43,020 --> 00:30:46,420
+history. There could have been a strong man named
+
+443
+00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:50,980
+Beowulf. Could be. But for sure, he did not fight
+
+444
+00:30:50,980 --> 00:30:55,260
+dragons and monsters. So when he kills the
+
+445
+00:30:55,260 --> 00:30:59,740
+monster, what happens? He's attacked by the
+
+446
+00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:03,130
+monster's mother. It's a whole family of monsters
+
+447
+00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:05,390
+here. And don't worry, there is no grandmother.
+
+448
+00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:11,110
+Okay, so he kills the Grindel, the daughter, the
+
+449
+00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:16,790
+daughter monster, and then he kills the mother. In
+
+450
+00:31:16,790 --> 00:31:19,610
+a way, when you fight monsters, you sacrifice
+
+451
+00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:23,370
+yourself. This is heroism. This is a hero. This is
+
+452
+00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:26,110
+what people of that time wanted. They wanted
+
+453
+00:31:26,110 --> 00:31:29,130
+heroes. They wanted people to defend them, to make
+
+454
+00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:31,690
+them feel safe. And this is a man who sacrifices
+
+455
+00:31:31,690 --> 00:31:35,090
+everything for the sake of his people and also for
+
+456
+00:31:35,090 --> 00:31:38,430
+the sake of other people. Now, this is Beowulf,
+
+457
+00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:42,850
+young, powerful, and strong. 50 years later, his
+
+458
+00:31:42,850 --> 00:31:43,790
+own people
+
+459
+00:31:46,620 --> 00:31:50,200
+are attacked by a dragon. You know dragon, the
+
+460
+00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:55,180
+mythical creature that breathes fire? Still
+
+461
+00:31:55,180 --> 00:31:57,780
+fictional, right? They don't exist, do they?
+
+462
+00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:02,100
+Probably in cartoon, in our imagination. And
+
+463
+00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,280
+again, he doesn't run away, he stands up, he
+
+464
+00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:12,700
+fights, he resists. He kills the dragon but is
+
+465
+00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:19,720
+injured himself and dies a hero's death. How much
+
+466
+00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:22,060
+of this is factual and how much of this is
+
+467
+00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:25,660
+fictional? How much is fact, how much is fiction?
+
+468
+00:32:28,180 --> 00:32:32,330
+Probably most of what I just said is fiction. So
+
+469
+00:32:32,330 --> 00:32:35,570
+it's mostly fiction. Probably there could have
+
+470
+00:32:35,570 --> 00:32:39,230
+been a man by the name of Beowulf who was a strong
+
+471
+00:32:39,230 --> 00:32:43,510
+man who resisted the invaders or whatever. But
+
+472
+00:32:43,510 --> 00:32:48,070
+when he dies, everybody mourns him. He succeeded
+
+473
+00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:51,850
+by someone to carry on the struggle against
+
+474
+00:32:51,850 --> 00:32:54,610
+enemies and against invaders and everything. So
+
+475
+00:32:54,610 --> 00:32:56,670
+what is the poem about? This is, again, an
+
+476
+00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,330
+anonymous text, a long text. It's called an epic
+
+477
+00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,250
+poem. An epic poem, it's a very long poem about
+
+478
+00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:05,350
+heroes, about battles, about fighting, about wars,
+
+479
+00:33:05,450 --> 00:33:09,190
+about invasions. This is an English text from over
+
+480
+00:33:09,190 --> 00:33:13,630
+1,000 years ago that talks about the themes are
+
+481
+00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:16,530
+heroism.
+
+482
+00:33:17,820 --> 00:33:23,460
+Resistance. Loyalty to not only loyalty to one's
+
+483
+00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:27,420
+people, but loyalty to humanity. Because when the
+
+484
+00:33:27,420 --> 00:33:30,280
+king of Denmark asked for help, he didn't
+
+485
+00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:30,740
+hesitate.
+
+486
+00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:41,400
+Paying back. That's the debt. If you have a debt,
+
+487
+00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:47,360
+you have to pay it back. What else? Bravery. This
+
+488
+00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,300
+is a story about bravery. This is what people
+
+489
+00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:51,760
+wanted. At a time of wars and battles and
+
+490
+00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,460
+invasions, poetry is about these things. But
+
+491
+00:33:55,460 --> 00:33:59,680
+again, not all texts were about battles and
+
+492
+00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:02,680
+fighting and invasions. We have texts about
+
+493
+00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,660
+people. By the way, Dior's, the specific story of
+
+494
+00:34:06,660 --> 00:34:09,600
+Dior is that he lost his job. He was unemployed,
+
+495
+00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240
+exactly like most people here now in Gaza. He lost
+
+496
+00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:17,680
+his job. And he wrote poetry. But someone else
+
+497
+00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:20,640
+heard the voice of God, and he wrote poetry.
+
+498
+00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:26,220
+Someone had somebody he loves die, and he wrote
+
+499
+00:34:26,220 --> 00:34:29,700
+poetry. So poetry, in so many ways, became famous
+
+500
+00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,080
+and famous, more famous and more famous. And
+
+501
+00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:34,600
+people who could, they composed poetry, because
+
+502
+00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,740
+poetry was an important expression, not only
+
+503
+00:34:38,740 --> 00:34:41,180
+personal expression, but also collective
+
+504
+00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:47,350
+expression. So when we speak about these texts and
+
+505
+00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:50,950
+the features of English, early English poetry, the
+
+506
+00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:55,710
+oral traditions and how the poets used again
+
+507
+00:34:55,710 --> 00:34:59,390
+narratives and stories and how they made use of
+
+508
+00:34:59,390 --> 00:35:02,710
+music in order to make their stories and their
+
+509
+00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:07,960
+poems memorable. We speak about Beowulf, the hero
+
+510
+00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:11,460
+of all heroes. Probably the first important
+
+511
+00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:16,660
+English fictional character is Beowulf. And until
+
+512
+00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:19,880
+this very moment, we see English literature taking
+
+513
+00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:22,520
+themes and ideas in a way or another directly or
+
+514
+00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,100
+indirectly from Old English. If you have
+
+515
+00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:31,760
+questions, please do ask. Do you have questions?
+
+516
+00:35:38,580 --> 00:35:39,240
+Yes, please.
+
+517
+00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:43,220
+Someone?
+
+518
+00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,780
+OK, this is how, when he dies, this is how people
+
+519
+00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:57,780
+praise him. The end of Beowulf is really sad. Even
+
+520
+00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:00,120
+when you read it, if you don't read the poem, you
+
+521
+00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,040
+read the story of Beowulf, and you know this is
+
+522
+00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,160
+fiction. Myth. You still feel sad for Beowulf
+
+523
+00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:11,140
+because everybody loves heroes. Everybody wants a
+
+524
+00:36:11,140 --> 00:36:14,660
+hero around us or want to be a hero. Can you read
+
+525
+00:36:14,660 --> 00:36:22,760
+please how the poem ends? Yes, go on. Beloved
+
+526
+00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:28,580
+Beowulf, keep well the vow that you swore long ago
+
+527
+00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:33,490
+in the days of your youth. Not to allow your glory
+
+528
+00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:37,330
+to diminish as long as you're alive. You lived.
+
+529
+00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:39,330
+One more, please.
+
+530
+00:36:46,450 --> 00:36:50,570
+Beloved Bewolf. Not to allow your glory diminish
+
+531
+00:36:50,570 --> 00:36:54,970
+as long as you live. Very good. So again, beloved
+
+532
+00:36:54,970 --> 00:36:58,450
+Bewolf. Look at the book, page six. And see how
+
+533
+00:36:58,450 --> 00:37:01,230
+the original text, the Old English text, has the
+
+534
+00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:05,110
+musical element of both, again, the gap, but also
+
+535
+00:37:05,110 --> 00:37:09,810
+the repetition of the la sound. I can't read Old
+
+536
+00:37:09,810 --> 00:37:12,190
+English, but it could be like this, in a way or
+
+537
+00:37:12,190 --> 00:37:16,210
+another. Leofa, bewolf, lust, eel, tila. There is
+
+538
+00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:19,210
+a lot of repetition of the la sound, musical
+
+539
+00:37:19,210 --> 00:37:22,010
+sound. But again, the la sound is different from
+
+540
+00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:24,890
+the sa sound, where it probably expresses, in a
+
+541
+00:37:24,890 --> 00:37:27,770
+way, happiness and enthusiasm. This is the bit
+
+542
+00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:31,270
+where, again, they're praising him as the greatest
+
+543
+00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:35,850
+of all heroes. Beloved Beowulf, keep well the vow
+
+544
+00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:38,690
+that you swore long ago in the days of your youth.
+
+545
+00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,240
+not to allow your glory to diminish as long as you
+
+546
+00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:48,120
+live. And indeed, Beowulf's glory outlived him
+
+547
+00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:53,380
+even more than 1,000 years after his death because
+
+548
+00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:59,240
+of poetry. Poetry immortalizes people and events
+
+549
+00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,300
+and stories. So finally, we have again a poem here
+
+550
+00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:09,240
+about what it means to be a human being, about the
+
+551
+00:38:09,240 --> 00:38:12,080
+passing of time, people in their youth and then in
+
+552
+00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:16,640
+their young age. We have a poem about heroism,
+
+553
+00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,120
+about struggle, a poem about the necessity of
+
+554
+00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:28,220
+fighting back. of resistance, of standing up to
+
+555
+00:38:28,220 --> 00:38:33,140
+injustice, of standing up to oppression, and
+
+556
+00:38:33,140 --> 00:38:36,520
+standing up to enemies. Probably, again, we as
+
+557
+00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,120
+Palestinians, we can learn a couple of lessons
+
+558
+00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:41,720
+from this.
+
+559
+00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:47,800
+OK? Someone wants to ask questions or add
+
+560
+00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:48,120
+something?
+
+561
+00:38:55,190 --> 00:39:00,050
+Okay, we'll stop here. For next class, we'll talk
+
+562
+00:39:00,050 --> 00:39:05,150
+a little bit about prose in Old English and then
+
+563
+00:39:05,150 --> 00:39:10,010
+move to Middle English and Geoffrey Chaucer. Thank
+
+564
+00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:13,790
+you very much. Good luck and see you next time.
+
diff --git a/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..58240f95c8da5a14d41596fffe09775910d59423
--- /dev/null
+++ b/SKIP:::::PL9fwy3NUQKwYNxhPlUU9pxwfg8zlh4TPZ/xOsbUMi3C0k_raw.srt
@@ -0,0 +1,2256 @@
+1
+00:00:21,320 --> 00:00:25,960
+Okay, السلام عليكم و رحمة الله وبركاته Hello again
+
+2
+00:00:25,960 --> 00:00:30,720
+everybody This is the second class in our course
+
+3
+00:00:30,720 --> 00:00:34,600
+Introduction to English Literature As we said last
+
+4
+00:00:34,600 --> 00:00:37,580
+time, this is a course about English literary
+
+5
+00:00:37,580 --> 00:00:42,440
+texts and authors in their historical contexts
+
+6
+00:00:43,150 --> 00:00:47,050
+This course enables us to understand the
+
+7
+00:00:47,050 --> 00:00:52,630
+influence, the impact of important events in
+
+8
+00:00:52,630 --> 00:00:56,090
+history on literature, on literary figures, and
+
+9
+00:00:56,090 --> 00:01:00,070
+also, of course, how literature also influenced
+
+10
+00:01:00,070 --> 00:01:03,790
+history in a way or another. We started by a brief
+
+11
+00:01:03,790 --> 00:01:08,030
+discussion about Old English. We said English
+
+12
+00:01:08,030 --> 00:01:12,410
+generally is divided into three main phases as a
+
+13
+00:01:12,410 --> 00:01:15,050
+language, also as a culture, and as literature.
+
+14
+00:01:15,510 --> 00:01:18,910
+The first one is Old English. And then we have
+
+15
+00:01:18,910 --> 00:01:22,910
+Middle English. And then we have Modern English,
+
+16
+00:01:22,950 --> 00:01:26,830
+what we have nowadays now. Old English as a
+
+17
+00:01:26,830 --> 00:01:34,150
+language, remember, it was not written down. Much
+
+18
+00:01:34,150 --> 00:01:37,170
+of the culture, much of the literary texts of that
+
+19
+00:01:37,170 --> 00:01:41,510
+time was oral. Oral, unwritten. It was even later
+
+20
+00:01:41,510 --> 00:01:46,070
+on when Christianity came to England, to Britain,
+
+21
+00:01:46,210 --> 00:01:49,990
+that some monks who were able to read and write
+
+22
+00:01:49,990 --> 00:01:53,540
+managed to write down some of these texts. Okay,
+
+23
+00:01:53,680 --> 00:01:56,620
+so thanks to the monks of the church, thanks to
+
+24
+00:01:56,620 --> 00:01:59,940
+Christianity that came in the fifth century to
+
+25
+00:01:59,940 --> 00:02:04,080
+England, we have some of the early English
+
+26
+00:02:04,080 --> 00:02:09,320
+literary poetry, mainly poetry written, and now we
+
+27
+00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:13,400
+can read it. Again, we can't... If you look at an
+
+28
+00:02:13,400 --> 00:02:15,420
+English, an old English text, we can't read it now
+
+29
+00:02:15,420 --> 00:02:18,210
+because it's totally different language. But
+
+30
+00:02:18,210 --> 00:02:21,030
+middle English, you probably can read the text and
+
+31
+00:02:21,030 --> 00:02:25,270
+understand the main idea sometimes. So if we say
+
+32
+00:02:25,270 --> 00:02:29,330
+the culture was oral, the culture was spoken, was
+
+33
+00:02:29,330 --> 00:02:32,410
+not written down, does that mean anything? Does
+
+34
+00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:36,670
+that change the way the text is written, the way
+
+35
+00:02:36,670 --> 00:02:39,550
+the text is composed? What do you think? Do you
+
+36
+00:02:39,550 --> 00:02:44,470
+think the text is going to be the same? How is
+
+37
+00:02:44,470 --> 00:02:47,450
+this going to influence the text? If the culture
+
+38
+00:02:47,450 --> 00:02:50,950
+is oral, like remember as Palestinians here, for
+
+39
+00:02:50,950 --> 00:02:54,590
+example, if you speak about 70 years ago, 80 years
+
+40
+00:02:54,590 --> 00:02:57,290
+ago, even 60 years ago, when most people, our
+
+41
+00:02:57,290 --> 00:03:00,070
+parents and grandparents were unable to read and
+
+42
+00:03:00,070 --> 00:03:02,730
+write, this influenced the way they think and the
+
+43
+00:03:02,730 --> 00:03:07,550
+way they, you know, their culture. So how was
+
+44
+00:03:07,550 --> 00:03:10,070
+English literature influenced by the fact that
+
+45
+00:03:10,070 --> 00:03:13,870
+this was an oral tradition mainly? Yes, please.
+
+46
+00:03:14,450 --> 00:03:16,950
+Some details are placed meaningfully for the text,
+
+47
+00:03:17,510 --> 00:03:21,870
+so that if the text you want to read aloud, the
+
+48
+00:03:21,870 --> 00:03:26,470
+smell is there. OK. So when you write this down,
+
+49
+00:03:27,050 --> 00:03:28,950
+for sure something is going to be missing. And
+
+50
+00:03:28,950 --> 00:03:32,390
+this is a very important point. When we say the
+
+51
+00:03:32,390 --> 00:03:38,110
+church helped guard, protect early English, we
+
+52
+00:03:38,110 --> 00:03:40,970
+also think of the literature that was not written
+
+53
+00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:44,490
+down because it went missing, because nobody was
+
+54
+00:03:44,490 --> 00:03:46,570
+there to write it down. And maybe, and this is
+
+55
+00:03:46,570 --> 00:03:51,190
+important, maybe because the church was selective.
+
+56
+00:03:52,650 --> 00:03:55,950
+You know what selective is? It would choose the
+
+57
+00:03:55,950 --> 00:03:59,830
+texts that they think is important for the church
+
+58
+00:03:59,830 --> 00:04:04,410
+and for God and for the people. That's why most of
+
+59
+00:04:04,410 --> 00:04:07,530
+the texts, not most, like I would say many or some
+
+60
+00:04:07,530 --> 00:04:11,790
+of the texts probably, I'm not sure how much, but
+
+61
+00:04:11,790 --> 00:04:18,050
+probably many of the texts of that period are
+
+62
+00:04:18,050 --> 00:04:21,250
+religious texts. So it indicates either people
+
+63
+00:04:21,250 --> 00:04:25,940
+were religious It depended totally on God
+
+64
+00:04:25,940 --> 00:04:28,320
+approaching or talking about God, the relationship
+
+65
+00:04:28,320 --> 00:04:31,200
+with God and the church. Or the church was
+
+66
+00:04:31,200 --> 00:04:35,740
+selective in what texts to write down. Because
+
+67
+00:04:35,740 --> 00:04:38,620
+some texts did not, for example, meet the
+
+68
+00:04:38,620 --> 00:04:44,100
+conditions or the criteria of the church. Or
+
+69
+00:04:44,100 --> 00:04:46,700
+because it wasn't easy to write everything.
+
+70
+00:04:46,820 --> 00:04:49,320
+Because writing was expensive. Ink was expensive.
+
+71
+00:04:49,600 --> 00:04:55,160
+Paper was expensive. Please. different as well
+
+72
+00:04:55,160 --> 00:04:59,160
+from maybe misheard or misunderstood. Of course,
+
+73
+00:04:59,240 --> 00:05:03,200
+yeah. Something we hear it by a different way, so
+
+74
+00:05:03,200 --> 00:05:06,060
+we will understand it by a different way. But
+
+75
+00:05:06,060 --> 00:05:11,420
+there is a risk. Okay, the written text is clear.
+
+76
+00:05:12,460 --> 00:05:16,700
+The oral text depends on memory. My question is,
+
+77
+00:05:17,240 --> 00:05:19,820
+if you want to deliver a message, to send a
+
+78
+00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:22,480
+message, and you ask a person to deliver it orally
+
+79
+00:05:22,480 --> 00:05:25,440
+rather than in written, are you going to do
+
+80
+00:05:25,440 --> 00:05:27,820
+something to this text to make it number one
+
+81
+00:05:27,820 --> 00:05:31,520
+memorable? To help the person in front of you, the
+
+82
+00:05:31,520 --> 00:05:35,260
+audience, to memorize and remember this text for a
+
+83
+00:05:35,260 --> 00:05:37,640
+longer time, a longer period? What do you think?
+
+84
+00:05:38,120 --> 00:05:40,760
+What are you going to do to the text? And again,
+
+85
+00:05:41,120 --> 00:05:45,540
+in other words, what are the features of old
+
+86
+00:05:45,540 --> 00:05:50,920
+English poetry? What are the features? Putting in
+
+87
+00:05:50,920 --> 00:05:54,160
+mind that this is oral culture. Yes, please.
+
+88
+00:06:01,700 --> 00:06:04,960
+Thank you very much. So the themes, the subject
+
+89
+00:06:04,960 --> 00:06:08,200
+matters, are things that people can relate to, can
+
+90
+00:06:08,200 --> 00:06:12,440
+see every day. The topics are generally wars,
+
+91
+00:06:13,260 --> 00:06:17,200
+battles, heroes, heroism. Excellent. What else?
+
+92
+00:06:18,400 --> 00:06:22,180
+What else? What do you think? In what particular
+
+93
+00:06:22,180 --> 00:06:27,360
+way was this story told, for example, in the form
+
+94
+00:06:27,360 --> 00:06:30,360
+of poetry? Okay, it's poetry. What are the
+
+95
+00:06:30,360 --> 00:06:33,840
+features of this poetry? Like number one, the
+
+96
+00:06:33,840 --> 00:06:36,860
+themes, the topics were generally about wars,
+
+97
+00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,260
+battles and fighting and invasions. So from our
+
+98
+00:06:40,260 --> 00:06:42,580
+own life, it's easy to remember because it's about
+
+99
+00:06:42,580 --> 00:06:51,800
+our lives. What else? Can you tell? Okay. Stories.
+
+100
+00:06:53,440 --> 00:06:57,560
+First of all, we have stories. The poetry of that
+
+101
+00:06:57,560 --> 00:07:01,140
+time was dependent largely on the narrative form.
+
+102
+00:07:02,450 --> 00:07:04,510
+If you want to make things memorable, because
+
+103
+00:07:04,510 --> 00:07:06,770
+people love stories. We love stories. We all love
+
+104
+00:07:06,770 --> 00:07:10,850
+stories. So most of the poems of that time were
+
+105
+00:07:10,850 --> 00:07:14,190
+dependent in a way or another on stories. Some of
+
+106
+00:07:14,190 --> 00:07:18,790
+these stories were factual, because they were
+
+107
+00:07:18,790 --> 00:07:23,590
+about a real battle, a real event in history, and
+
+108
+00:07:23,590 --> 00:07:27,550
+some of them were... were fictional, fictional
+
+109
+00:07:27,550 --> 00:07:30,670
+because they are imaginative. And this is, again,
+
+110
+00:07:30,890 --> 00:07:34,490
+basically literature is fiction. But you can write
+
+111
+00:07:34,490 --> 00:07:38,330
+literature about facts, about events in real life,
+
+112
+00:07:38,570 --> 00:07:41,310
+or you can make things up. So thank you very much.
+
+113
+00:07:41,650 --> 00:07:45,570
+Number two is the fact that these poems were to a
+
+114
+00:07:45,570 --> 00:07:49,530
+large extent Narrative in form. Narrative in form
+
+115
+00:07:49,530 --> 00:07:52,690
+means they tell a story. So if they speak about
+
+116
+00:07:52,690 --> 00:07:56,810
+war and battles and invasions, things from your
+
+117
+00:07:56,810 --> 00:08:01,750
+life, and if they tell these things in a story
+
+118
+00:08:01,750 --> 00:08:04,170
+form, you're going to remember. Do you have one
+
+119
+00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,910
+more thing to add about the nature of poetry of
+
+120
+00:08:06,910 --> 00:08:07,330
+that time?
+
+121
+00:08:13,540 --> 00:08:16,320
+The hardships exactly connect us with the point
+
+122
+00:08:16,320 --> 00:08:19,080
+here of the themes. What did you say here? Thank
+
+123
+00:08:19,080 --> 00:08:24,260
+you very much. So if a text is poetry, what is
+
+124
+00:08:24,260 --> 00:08:28,640
+poetry? Poetry is originally songs. Even in
+
+125
+00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:33,730
+Arabic, in all cultures, songs are poetry. But at
+
+126
+00:08:33,730 --> 00:08:35,850
+that time, because people couldn't exactly like
+
+127
+00:08:35,850 --> 00:08:38,270
+the Arabic literature, we talk about Arabic poetry
+
+128
+00:08:38,270 --> 00:08:40,590
+2000 years ago, when the Arabs couldn't read or
+
+129
+00:08:40,590 --> 00:08:43,670
+write. And again, there were poems like hundreds
+
+130
+00:08:43,670 --> 00:08:49,130
+of lines. So they depended on music, the rhyme,
+
+131
+00:08:50,030 --> 00:08:54,110
+the rhythm, the surah, the alliteration, they made
+
+132
+00:08:54,110 --> 00:09:00,410
+the poems musical. Much easier to memorize and to
+
+133
+00:09:00,410 --> 00:09:06,910
+remember. These are certain features that we have
+
+134
+00:09:06,910 --> 00:09:12,810
+to talk about when we speak about Old English. Now
+
+135
+00:09:12,810 --> 00:09:14,610
+let's take examples here.
+
+136
+00:09:17,830 --> 00:09:21,990
+We'll speak about several poems from Old English.
+
+137
+00:09:23,630 --> 00:09:27,150
+Some of them are anonymous. Anonymous, where we
+
+138
+00:09:27,150 --> 00:09:32,640
+don't know the name of the poet. And some of them
+
+139
+00:09:32,640 --> 00:09:35,400
+are attached to a name that we're not sure whether
+
+140
+00:09:35,400 --> 00:09:38,820
+this is the poet or not. But generally, we don't
+
+141
+00:09:38,820 --> 00:09:41,840
+care here. We care more about the text itself. The
+
+142
+00:09:41,840 --> 00:09:46,440
+first important text is called Kedemen's Hymn,
+
+143
+00:09:46,620 --> 00:09:49,400
+with an N silent there. Hymn. Hymn is a religious
+
+144
+00:09:49,400 --> 00:09:55,300
+song. See, even the name suggests that This is a
+
+145
+00:09:55,300 --> 00:09:58,300
+topic that the church would be interested in. It
+
+146
+00:09:58,300 --> 00:10:04,100
+is said that Kidman was a shepherd who heard the
+
+147
+00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:06,800
+voice of God and then started to write poetry to
+
+148
+00:10:06,800 --> 00:10:10,430
+praise God. When the church heard about the story
+
+149
+00:10:10,430 --> 00:10:13,030
+of this guy, because again, the church would take
+
+150
+00:10:13,030 --> 00:10:15,810
+much care about those people to bring more people
+
+151
+00:10:15,810 --> 00:10:20,190
+to the church, they brought him in, they took care
+
+152
+00:10:20,190 --> 00:10:23,890
+of him, and they wrote down all his poetry, or
+
+153
+00:10:23,890 --> 00:10:26,690
+most of his poetry. That's why we have it right
+
+154
+00:10:26,690 --> 00:10:30,330
+now. Look at the text here. Can someone please
+
+155
+00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:36,850
+read the... Could you read the couplet, the two
+
+156
+00:10:36,850 --> 00:10:39,140
+lines there? Yes, please.
+
+157
+00:10:43,100 --> 00:10:46,980
+Very good.
+
+158
+00:10:47,380 --> 00:10:47,820
+One more.
+
+159
+00:10:52,640 --> 00:10:55,580
+Very good. Someone here? Can you please read? What
+
+160
+00:10:55,580 --> 00:10:59,140
+page is it? Page three. Yes, please.
+
+161
+00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:08,500
+Now look at the text. Of course, this is not the
+
+162
+00:11:08,500 --> 00:11:10,680
+language it was written in. This is a modernized
+
+163
+00:11:10,680 --> 00:11:13,860
+version. This is a translation, more or less. OK?
+
+164
+00:11:14,500 --> 00:11:17,720
+So look at the text. What does the text itself
+
+165
+00:11:17,720 --> 00:11:22,660
+tell us about that time, the poet, the theme, the
+
+166
+00:11:22,660 --> 00:11:27,880
+form? Can you notice something in the shape of the
+
+167
+00:11:27,880 --> 00:11:30,620
+poem, the shape of the sonnet here, in the words,
+
+168
+00:11:30,720 --> 00:11:34,500
+the language used? What do you notice? Yes,
+
+169
+00:11:34,580 --> 00:11:38,000
+please. Go on. Okay, how did you know that this is
+
+170
+00:11:38,000 --> 00:11:39,420
+a religious song, a religious poem?
+
+171
+00:11:42,560 --> 00:11:45,780
+Okay, so the subject matter of this poem is
+
+172
+00:11:45,780 --> 00:11:48,640
+religion, is God. How did you know? Look at the
+
+173
+00:11:48,640 --> 00:11:55,320
+language. How many times the word God or any
+
+174
+00:11:55,320 --> 00:11:57,840
+reference to God is used there? How many times?
+
+175
+00:11:58,340 --> 00:12:03,360
+Can you count? One. Even before that, heaven's
+
+176
+00:12:03,360 --> 00:12:09,330
+kingdom, the keeper, The Lord, the power and his
+
+177
+00:12:09,330 --> 00:12:12,610
+wisdom. So almost every word, most of the words in
+
+178
+00:12:12,610 --> 00:12:16,790
+the text are religious words related to God.
+
+179
+00:12:17,070 --> 00:12:19,450
+Excellent. What else can the text tell you?
+
+180
+00:12:21,030 --> 00:12:28,810
+Anything you notice, anything that, please. Oh
+
+181
+00:12:28,810 --> 00:12:33,600
+yeah. Generally now in modern English, even in
+
+182
+00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,660
+Middle English, we don't have this physical gap.
+
+183
+00:12:36,880 --> 00:12:40,280
+It's usually a comma and the comma tells you
+
+184
+00:12:40,280 --> 00:12:42,280
+there's a pause here, where you have to stop.
+
+185
+00:12:42,520 --> 00:12:46,340
+Similar to the gap in the Arabic poetry. The gap
+
+186
+00:12:46,340 --> 00:12:49,380
+in the Arabic poetry gives you a pause, creates
+
+187
+00:12:49,380 --> 00:12:54,580
+also, what does it create, the gap? A rhythm. In
+
+188
+00:12:54,580 --> 00:12:59,770
+other words, music. It cuts the line into two
+
+189
+00:12:59,770 --> 00:13:03,150
+halves, makes it easier to remember, and makes it
+
+190
+00:13:03,150 --> 00:13:09,990
+more musical. So again, now we must praise of
+
+191
+00:13:09,990 --> 00:13:13,130
+heaven's kingdom, the keeper of the law of the
+
+192
+00:13:13,130 --> 00:13:17,730
+Lord, the power and his wisdom. The pause here.
+
+193
+00:13:18,850 --> 00:13:21,310
+helps with the music of the line. Again, this is
+
+194
+00:13:21,310 --> 00:13:23,010
+not the original text. I don't know the original.
+
+195
+00:13:23,330 --> 00:13:25,390
+I can't read the original text, actually. You need
+
+196
+00:13:25,390 --> 00:13:28,590
+to learn old English. It's totally like almost
+
+197
+00:13:28,590 --> 00:13:33,070
+totally different language. The gap here is called
+
+198
+00:13:33,070 --> 00:13:37,950
+caesura. We wrote this word down last time. A
+
+199
+00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:44,270
+caesura is like from Caesar. C-A, not C-E. C-A-E-S
+
+200
+00:13:44,270 --> 00:13:50,740
+-U-R-A. And it is a gap between a line or poetry
+
+201
+00:13:50,740 --> 00:13:55,400
+that creates a pose that creates music. So this is
+
+202
+00:13:55,400 --> 00:13:58,040
+again one feature of Old English already there.
+
+203
+00:14:00,140 --> 00:14:02,520
+And in the original text, we don't have this
+
+204
+00:14:02,520 --> 00:14:04,780
+there. We have the alliteration. The original
+
+205
+00:14:04,780 --> 00:14:07,360
+text, there is the repetition of the ha sound. Ha,
+
+206
+00:14:07,460 --> 00:14:10,340
+ha, ha. The ha sound is repeated probably three or
+
+207
+00:14:10,340 --> 00:14:13,240
+four times. It's called alliteration. Alliteration
+
+208
+00:14:13,240 --> 00:14:15,580
+is the repetition of a particular consonant sound,
+
+209
+00:14:15,920 --> 00:14:18,320
+again, which creates music. What else do you
+
+210
+00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:20,360
+notice about the language and the choice of words?
+
+211
+00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,260
+What else? Look at the lines there.
+
+212
+00:14:29,890 --> 00:14:34,090
+Remember we said poetry, in poetry, in literature
+
+213
+00:14:34,090 --> 00:14:42,810
+in general, and poetry in particular, every
+
+214
+00:14:42,810 --> 00:14:46,990
+word is there for a reason. Every word is there
+
+215
+00:14:46,990 --> 00:14:48,950
+for a reason. Because again, what does the poet
+
+216
+00:14:48,950 --> 00:14:52,770
+do? The poet selects, chooses the best words and
+
+217
+00:14:52,770 --> 00:14:56,020
+tries to put them in the best order. Right? In
+
+218
+00:14:56,020 --> 00:14:59,460
+order to achieve the utmost impact. And this is
+
+219
+00:14:59,460 --> 00:15:01,800
+poetry, in a way. I don't like this definition,
+
+220
+00:15:02,340 --> 00:15:05,100
+but this is more or less what poets do. They
+
+221
+00:15:05,100 --> 00:15:08,620
+choose the best words and put them in the order
+
+222
+00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,860
+that achieves the utmost impact. Meaning every
+
+223
+00:15:11,860 --> 00:15:15,720
+word counts. Where every word is put also counts.
+
+224
+00:15:16,640 --> 00:15:19,320
+So if he uses we instead of I, it makes a
+
+225
+00:15:19,320 --> 00:15:23,620
+difference. If he uses or she must.
+
+226
+00:15:24,460 --> 00:15:26,620
+It makes a difference. If he uses should, it
+
+227
+00:15:26,620 --> 00:15:30,340
+doesn't mean the same. Of course not. So what do
+
+228
+00:15:30,340 --> 00:15:33,100
+you notice? What else do you notice about the
+
+229
+00:15:33,100 --> 00:15:39,380
+power? Yes. Okay, interesting.
+
+230
+00:15:42,460 --> 00:15:43,160
+Okay, go on.
+
+231
+00:15:46,140 --> 00:15:48,680
+What does it mean? Does it make a difference if
+
+232
+00:15:48,680 --> 00:15:52,200
+you say, we must praise God? We should praise God?
+
+233
+00:15:52,640 --> 00:15:56,840
+Is it the same? Okay, so this must is a strong
+
+234
+00:15:56,840 --> 00:16:01,920
+language. In a way, you don't have an option. This
+
+235
+00:16:01,920 --> 00:16:05,040
+is the way out. This is the only way out. We and
+
+236
+00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,340
+even the we before, like everyone should be here,
+
+237
+00:16:09,480 --> 00:16:14,140
+must be here. It's not a matter of choice. We must
+
+238
+00:16:14,140 --> 00:16:17,320
+all praise God. And again, reflecting the strong
+
+239
+00:16:17,320 --> 00:16:19,860
+language of the church and the religious texts.
+
+240
+00:16:21,430 --> 00:16:25,250
+Say again? Compulsory in a way. It's obligatory.
+
+241
+00:16:26,330 --> 00:16:30,450
+Okay. What else? Very good. So we means
+
+242
+00:16:30,450 --> 00:16:34,250
+collective. Everyone has to be there, involved and
+
+243
+00:16:34,250 --> 00:16:38,350
+must is a strong emphatic language. Again
+
+244
+00:16:38,350 --> 00:16:41,510
+reflecting the nature of religious texts here.
+
+245
+00:16:43,070 --> 00:16:43,910
+Which one?
+
+246
+00:16:47,690 --> 00:16:50,490
+Alliteration, OK, this is again alliteration. But
+
+247
+00:16:50,490 --> 00:16:53,530
+remember, this is not the original text. In the
+
+248
+00:16:53,530 --> 00:16:55,950
+original text, there is an alliteration, but
+
+249
+00:16:55,950 --> 00:16:59,690
+repeated, represented by the ha sound. Twice more.
+
+250
+00:17:03,650 --> 00:17:09,270
+Thank you. God is everywhere. God is all-powerful.
+
+251
+00:17:09,990 --> 00:17:14,210
+He emphasizes this. Kedaman emphasizes this by
+
+252
+00:17:14,210 --> 00:17:19,160
+repeating so many words. To show that God is
+
+253
+00:17:19,160 --> 00:17:24,440
+powerful. God is all-powerful.
+
+254
+00:17:27,580 --> 00:17:30,160
+Oh, I love this. Thank you very much. What's your
+
+255
+00:17:30,160 --> 00:17:34,380
+name? Shayma. OK, what does now mean? Remember the
+
+256
+00:17:34,380 --> 00:17:37,280
+story we had last time about tomorrow will be
+
+257
+00:17:37,280 --> 00:17:39,600
+different? Yes. What did we say? There is
+
+258
+00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:44,240
+procrastination, will. OK, I'll do it next week.
+
+259
+00:17:44,300 --> 00:17:47,850
+I'll do it tomorrow. But in this text, we have
+
+260
+00:17:47,850 --> 00:17:53,670
+now. Now is urgent. Could you help me with this?
+
+261
+00:17:53,970 --> 00:17:58,410
+Okay, Tomono, now. It's urgent. So now gives again
+
+262
+00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:02,910
+a sense of urgency. Something that can't wait.
+
+263
+00:18:04,370 --> 00:18:07,430
+Again, going back to the nature of the English,
+
+264
+00:18:07,970 --> 00:18:10,910
+the religious language of that time. Number one,
+
+265
+00:18:10,970 --> 00:18:14,770
+it's emphatic, it's urgent, and it's collective.
+
+266
+00:18:15,550 --> 00:18:20,150
+And you, in a way, the listeners have no choice.
+
+267
+00:18:20,210 --> 00:18:23,170
+If you choose God, you have to praise God all the
+
+268
+00:18:23,170 --> 00:18:26,210
+time. There's no choice. It's not about you
+
+269
+00:18:26,210 --> 00:18:29,330
+should. I don't advise you. You have. You have to.
+
+270
+00:18:29,930 --> 00:18:33,810
+Very good. Let's move to the second text here.
+
+271
+00:18:37,880 --> 00:18:43,180
+The second text is from something called Dior's
+
+272
+00:18:43,180 --> 00:18:43,740
+Lament.
+
+273
+00:18:47,720 --> 00:18:52,840
+And the text here, Dior could be the poet by the
+
+274
+00:18:52,840 --> 00:19:01,090
+way, but could also be the narrator. OK? Because
+
+275
+00:19:01,090 --> 00:19:03,890
+it's mentioned in the story somewhere, in the poem
+
+276
+00:19:03,890 --> 00:19:06,670
+somewhere, that the speaker's name is Dior.
+
+277
+00:19:06,790 --> 00:19:09,750
+Whether this is a poet or not, we're not sure. But
+
+278
+00:19:09,750 --> 00:19:13,630
+usually, I like to use Dior as the poet of the
+
+279
+00:19:13,630 --> 00:19:19,010
+text. Kidman is the poet for sure, for the first
+
+280
+00:19:19,010 --> 00:19:26,810
+one. Look at this. Of that, there was an end. So
+
+281
+00:19:26,810 --> 00:19:30,920
+there may be of this. When you read any line of
+
+282
+00:19:30,920 --> 00:19:33,220
+poetry, when you read any poem or any text in
+
+283
+00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:36,580
+English, try sometimes to think of, in order to
+
+284
+00:19:36,580 --> 00:19:40,260
+start analyzing it, understanding it. Look at what
+
+285
+00:19:40,260 --> 00:19:41,540
+we call the binaries.
+
+286
+00:19:44,260 --> 00:19:46,300
+Binaries or binary opposites.
+
+287
+00:19:50,680 --> 00:19:53,160
+The opposites, exactly.
+
+288
+00:19:56,220 --> 00:19:58,940
+If you want to understand the poem, try to see how
+
+289
+00:19:58,940 --> 00:20:02,040
+the poet is writing what he's writing. Remember,
+
+290
+00:20:02,140 --> 00:20:04,760
+every word counts. And usually in English
+
+291
+00:20:04,760 --> 00:20:08,940
+literature, the poets or the writers, the
+
+292
+00:20:08,940 --> 00:20:13,860
+novelists try to give you two options, like a kind
+
+293
+00:20:13,860 --> 00:20:17,260
+of a conflict between two worlds, opposites that
+
+294
+00:20:17,260 --> 00:20:22,630
+create what we call tension. And understanding
+
+295
+00:20:22,630 --> 00:20:26,130
+distinction gives you the theme and the topic of
+
+296
+00:20:26,130 --> 00:20:30,390
+the poem itself. If you look at the text, can you
+
+297
+00:20:30,390 --> 00:20:34,610
+find opposites? Can you find contrasting things,
+
+298
+00:20:34,810 --> 00:20:37,410
+probably, words? What is the first thing you
+
+299
+00:20:37,410 --> 00:20:38,050
+notice here?
+
+300
+00:20:41,290 --> 00:20:45,950
+Okay, choose one word. The first one is that.
+
+301
+00:20:47,410 --> 00:20:48,810
+That. There.
+
+302
+00:20:52,410 --> 00:20:59,450
+Or this. We have that meaning distant, meaning
+
+303
+00:20:59,450 --> 00:21:06,590
+past, already gone, finished. That, but this,
+
+304
+00:21:07,230 --> 00:21:11,050
+something near, something now. Okay, so there is
+
+305
+00:21:11,050 --> 00:21:17,850
+this contrast between the past and the present. In
+
+306
+00:21:17,850 --> 00:21:22,910
+addition to this, one more, we have Was and maybe.
+
+307
+00:21:23,310 --> 00:21:28,730
+Was also past simple. And maybe present or for the
+
+308
+00:21:28,730 --> 00:21:33,030
+near present or the future. For the future maybe.
+
+309
+00:21:34,170 --> 00:21:37,890
+And we said last time something about this very
+
+310
+00:21:37,890 --> 00:21:42,540
+quickly. We said in a way or another this is A
+
+311
+00:21:42,540 --> 00:21:46,900
+lament. You know a lament? Like something sad.
+
+312
+00:21:48,000 --> 00:21:51,300
+Like you're talking about something sad. But this
+
+313
+00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:57,720
+poet, he's sad, right? But he has hope for a
+
+314
+00:21:57,720 --> 00:22:01,780
+better tomorrow, for a better future. He's
+
+315
+00:22:01,780 --> 00:22:06,700
+optimistic. And this is shown clearly here in the
+
+316
+00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:11,380
+text. Of that there was an end, so there may be of
+
+317
+00:22:11,380 --> 00:22:17,820
+this. The poet also depends on logic. Thank you.
+
+318
+00:22:18,360 --> 00:22:22,680
+Where can you see that? Look at the, of that,
+
+319
+00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:24,800
+there was like you have a cause and effect
+
+320
+00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:28,500
+relationship. I've been there before. I've lived
+
+321
+00:22:28,500 --> 00:22:31,940
+difficult days. I've suffered before. And now all
+
+322
+00:22:31,940 --> 00:22:35,260
+this suffering is history. It's in the past. If
+
+323
+00:22:35,260 --> 00:22:42,930
+that was gone, then So there may be of this. This
+
+324
+00:22:42,930 --> 00:22:48,370
+too will end and I will overcome. The theme here
+
+325
+00:22:48,370 --> 00:22:53,550
+is personal suffering or personal struggle with
+
+326
+00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:58,790
+hope of a better life for the future. The funny
+
+327
+00:22:58,790 --> 00:23:01,550
+thing about this text is that it feels like
+
+328
+00:23:01,550 --> 00:23:04,710
+somebody wrote it just now, right? Or yesterday.
+
+329
+00:23:06,060 --> 00:23:10,540
+This is a text from over 1,000 years ago. And this
+
+330
+00:23:10,540 --> 00:23:13,560
+is, remember I said literature is universal and
+
+331
+00:23:13,560 --> 00:23:15,960
+timeless, and it touches our hearts across time
+
+332
+00:23:15,960 --> 00:23:18,180
+and place? This is an English poet who lived
+
+333
+00:23:18,180 --> 00:23:20,480
+somewhere in England. We don't know anything about
+
+334
+00:23:20,480 --> 00:23:25,110
+him. And you read it, and then. Wow, I love this
+
+335
+00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:28,690
+line of verse. Of that there was an end, so there
+
+336
+00:23:28,690 --> 00:23:31,030
+may be a will. So probably you could go home
+
+337
+00:23:31,030 --> 00:23:33,230
+today, you tweet this or post it on Facebook or
+
+338
+00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,010
+Instagram. It's one of my favorite lines, I love
+
+339
+00:23:36,010 --> 00:23:41,230
+it. Again, so notice how he creates the contrast
+
+340
+00:23:41,230 --> 00:23:45,930
+and how he builds this on logic. I also want you
+
+341
+00:23:45,930 --> 00:23:48,830
+to notice what happens in the middle. Listen, the
+
+342
+00:23:48,830 --> 00:23:52,870
+physical space here is called the caesura, right?
+
+343
+00:23:53,110 --> 00:23:56,610
+But even if we don't have the physical space,
+
+344
+00:23:58,810 --> 00:24:03,030
+The semicolon itself, the comma, or sometimes the
+
+345
+00:24:03,030 --> 00:24:08,650
+false stop creates the thing we have here for the
+
+346
+00:24:08,650 --> 00:24:08,970
+break.
+
+347
+00:24:15,950 --> 00:24:16,790
+Okay.
+
+348
+00:24:19,990 --> 00:24:23,370
+Now, before going to Beowulf, our most important
+
+349
+00:24:23,370 --> 00:24:26,110
+text of the day, I'll just very quickly go through
+
+350
+00:24:26,110 --> 00:24:31,830
+three other texts. We have The Wanderer and The
+
+351
+00:24:31,830 --> 00:24:38,570
+Seafarer. Both are elegies. An elegy, what is an
+
+352
+00:24:38,570 --> 00:24:43,050
+elegy? Elegy, a poem about the death of a loved
+
+353
+00:24:43,050 --> 00:24:49,530
+one. Elegy. A poem about
+
+354
+00:24:51,180 --> 00:24:55,060
+Death. Or the death of somebody. Yeah, exactly.
+
+355
+00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:59,380
+When somebody dies, someone you know, someone you
+
+356
+00:24:59,380 --> 00:25:04,180
+love, which is personal elegy. Or sometimes when a
+
+357
+00:25:04,180 --> 00:25:07,580
+very important person dies, a hero, someone you
+
+358
+00:25:07,580 --> 00:25:11,300
+don't know personally, but a very famous people
+
+359
+00:25:11,300 --> 00:25:15,520
+and you write poetry to praise them after their
+
+360
+00:25:15,520 --> 00:25:19,940
+death. It's called Elegy. So both of these poems
+
+361
+00:25:19,940 --> 00:25:24,540
+are elegies. Elegies generally are personal. They
+
+362
+00:25:24,540 --> 00:25:28,500
+express personal emotions and feelings of sadness
+
+363
+00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:35,040
+praising other dead people. And then we have the
+
+364
+00:25:35,040 --> 00:25:39,680
+dream of the rude. So if you notice sometimes we
+
+365
+00:25:39,680 --> 00:25:42,020
+take extracts, sometimes we do something briefly,
+
+366
+00:25:42,180 --> 00:25:44,320
+just we want to know the name and sometimes we
+
+367
+00:25:44,320 --> 00:25:47,240
+give more details. Now the dream of the rude, rude
+
+368
+00:25:47,240 --> 00:25:52,240
+means cross, you know the cross? Is the text
+
+369
+00:25:52,240 --> 00:25:54,840
+personal or religious? Religious. In a way, yeah.
+
+370
+00:25:55,240 --> 00:25:58,820
+Even the name itself suggests this. And the most
+
+371
+00:25:58,820 --> 00:26:00,860
+important part about The Dream of Darud is the
+
+372
+00:26:00,860 --> 00:26:04,120
+fact that it uses a new technique in narrating the
+
+373
+00:26:04,120 --> 00:26:07,600
+story. I just said in narrating the poem. There
+
+374
+00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:11,620
+is, again, remember the music, the narrative, the
+
+375
+00:26:11,620 --> 00:26:14,760
+battles. This particular poem uses a new
+
+376
+00:26:14,760 --> 00:26:18,000
+technique. It's called the dream vision technique.
+
+377
+00:26:18,580 --> 00:26:22,980
+When the story is told, about an experience you
+
+378
+00:26:22,980 --> 00:26:28,900
+had while you were asleep. And again, in so many
+
+379
+00:26:28,900 --> 00:26:31,500
+ways, people love dreams. People love it when you
+
+380
+00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,600
+tell them, hey, I had a dream last night. Tell me.
+
+381
+00:26:36,880 --> 00:26:38,980
+You were in my dream last night. Really? What
+
+382
+00:26:38,980 --> 00:26:40,880
+happened? What did I do? What did you do to me? Et
+
+383
+00:26:40,880 --> 00:26:44,320
+cetera. So generally, people love dreams. So as a
+
+384
+00:26:44,320 --> 00:26:47,480
+technique, again, by the way, nowadays people do
+
+385
+00:26:47,480 --> 00:26:49,520
+this. Sometimes we watch a movie, and then we
+
+386
+00:26:49,520 --> 00:26:53,060
+realize that the main character was, it's all in
+
+387
+00:26:53,060 --> 00:26:55,940
+the head of the main character. Oh, we like it.
+
+388
+00:26:56,320 --> 00:26:59,260
+Again, this is an ancient technique, an old
+
+389
+00:26:59,260 --> 00:27:04,060
+technique. That's, again, the dream of the rude.
+
+390
+00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:09,280
+It's a Christian religious text that uses a new
+
+391
+00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:12,260
+technique. So what is the point of this discussion
+
+392
+00:27:12,260 --> 00:27:15,900
+so far before going to Beowulf? The point is that
+
+393
+00:27:15,900 --> 00:27:20,180
+Old English was rich. And we had a variety of
+
+394
+00:27:20,180 --> 00:27:24,320
+themes, of topics, of poets who wrote about
+
+395
+00:27:24,320 --> 00:27:28,100
+several things. But some of the poets were known,
+
+396
+00:27:28,320 --> 00:27:32,300
+their names. And the majority, many of them were
+
+397
+00:27:32,790 --> 00:27:38,290
+Unknown, no names, whom we call anonymous. He's
+
+398
+00:27:38,290 --> 00:27:42,550
+anonymous. So, Kadaman is the name of the poem.
+
+399
+00:27:43,270 --> 00:27:45,770
+Teor is not probably, he's the main character,
+
+400
+00:27:45,890 --> 00:27:50,330
+could be the poet, but The Wanderer, The Seafarer,
+
+401
+00:27:50,890 --> 00:27:54,690
+The Dream of Darude, and Beowulf, four major texts
+
+402
+00:27:54,690 --> 00:27:58,290
+are all anonymous. You should know this.
+
+403
+00:27:59,170 --> 00:28:02,870
+Anonymous, we don't know the name. Or probably we
+
+404
+00:28:02,870 --> 00:28:06,510
+know that people were not interested in telling us
+
+405
+00:28:06,510 --> 00:28:09,450
+that they write poetry. But later on, everyone was
+
+406
+00:28:09,450 --> 00:28:11,050
+like, oh, this is my text. They would write their
+
+407
+00:28:11,050 --> 00:28:16,350
+names. Please. Some of the poets, they got famous
+
+408
+00:28:16,350 --> 00:28:18,850
+after their death. Yep, posthumously. Their
+
+409
+00:28:18,850 --> 00:28:22,310
+families see their poems, and they share it with
+
+410
+00:28:22,310 --> 00:28:24,020
+people. Yeah, sometimes they're published
+
+411
+00:28:24,020 --> 00:28:28,980
+posthumously, posthumously. And finally, Beowulf,
+
+412
+00:28:29,140 --> 00:28:35,020
+the most important Old English text. Beowulf. See
+
+413
+00:28:35,020 --> 00:28:38,620
+how it is spelled? We'll compare it a little bit
+
+414
+00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:48,620
+to the Battle of the Maldon. Beowulf, B-E O-W-U-L
+
+415
+00:28:48,620 --> 00:28:54,040
+-F. Beowulf is not the poet. It's the name of the
+
+416
+00:28:54,040 --> 00:28:58,500
+text and the name of the character, the hero. The
+
+417
+00:28:58,500 --> 00:29:01,980
+hero. Now, the Battle of the Malden, look at the
+
+418
+00:29:01,980 --> 00:29:05,760
+other text there. It's also a poem, but it is more
+
+419
+00:29:05,760 --> 00:29:11,320
+factual. OK? More factual. It's about fact, about
+
+420
+00:29:11,320 --> 00:29:14,160
+history, about probably a real battle that took
+
+421
+00:29:14,160 --> 00:29:18,900
+place. But Beowulf, is it factual? No, let's see
+
+422
+00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:24,560
+why. Now, what is the story of Beowulf? OK, so
+
+423
+00:29:24,560 --> 00:29:28,700
+Beowulf is a poem with about 3,000 lines. That's a
+
+424
+00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:33,620
+lot of lines. It tells the story about someone
+
+425
+00:29:33,620 --> 00:29:39,780
+named Beowulf, who is originally from Sweden. So
+
+426
+00:29:39,780 --> 00:29:43,860
+he's Swedish. Who goes to help the king of
+
+427
+00:29:43,860 --> 00:29:49,280
+Denmark. See the mixture here? We have an English
+
+428
+00:29:49,280 --> 00:29:56,580
+text, Swedish hero who goes to help the Danes. And
+
+429
+00:29:56,580 --> 00:29:58,480
+again, that was the nature of that period. People
+
+430
+00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:01,440
+from everywhere moved here and there and migrated.
+
+431
+00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:06,680
+Now, what does he do? He fights a monster called
+
+432
+00:30:06,680 --> 00:30:10,360
+Grindel. Do monsters exist? Do you believe in
+
+433
+00:30:10,360 --> 00:30:14,850
+monsters? They don't. So is this factual or
+
+434
+00:30:14,850 --> 00:30:17,210
+fictional? It's fictional. It's fictitious. It's
+
+435
+00:30:17,210 --> 00:30:21,790
+imaginary. And he really, he heroically and
+
+436
+00:30:21,790 --> 00:30:25,350
+bravely fights these monsters and kills the
+
+437
+00:30:25,350 --> 00:30:27,710
+monster. Maybe it's similar. This monster is
+
+438
+00:30:27,710 --> 00:30:30,930
+similar. Of course, yeah. Like sometimes when you
+
+439
+00:30:30,930 --> 00:30:34,410
+want to express particular ideas, you exaggerate.
+
+440
+00:30:35,210 --> 00:30:38,710
+So there could be in the book, it's said that
+
+441
+00:30:38,710 --> 00:30:43,020
+Beowulf is part myth. part fiction, and also part
+
+442
+00:30:43,020 --> 00:30:46,420
+history. There could have been a strong man named
+
+443
+00:30:46,420 --> 00:30:50,980
+Beowulf. Could be. But for sure, he did not fight
+
+444
+00:30:50,980 --> 00:30:55,260
+dragons and monsters. So when he kills the
+
+445
+00:30:55,260 --> 00:30:59,740
+monster, what happens? He's attacked by the
+
+446
+00:30:59,740 --> 00:31:03,130
+monster's mother. It's a whole family of monsters
+
+447
+00:31:03,130 --> 00:31:05,390
+here. And don't worry, there is no grandmother.
+
+448
+00:31:06,450 --> 00:31:11,110
+Okay, so he kills the Grindel, the daughter, the
+
+449
+00:31:11,110 --> 00:31:16,790
+daughter monster, and then he kills the mother. In
+
+450
+00:31:16,790 --> 00:31:19,610
+a way, when you fight monsters, you sacrifice
+
+451
+00:31:19,610 --> 00:31:23,370
+yourself. This is heroism. This is a hero. This is
+
+452
+00:31:23,370 --> 00:31:26,110
+what people of that time wanted. They wanted
+
+453
+00:31:26,110 --> 00:31:29,130
+heroes. They wanted people to defend them, to make
+
+454
+00:31:29,130 --> 00:31:31,690
+them feel safe. And this is a man who sacrifices
+
+455
+00:31:31,690 --> 00:31:35,090
+everything for the sake of his people and also for
+
+456
+00:31:35,090 --> 00:31:38,430
+the sake of other people. Now, this is Beowulf,
+
+457
+00:31:38,510 --> 00:31:42,850
+young, powerful, and strong. 50 years later, his
+
+458
+00:31:42,850 --> 00:31:43,790
+own people
+
+459
+00:31:46,620 --> 00:31:50,200
+are attacked by a dragon. You know dragon, the
+
+460
+00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:55,180
+mythical creature that breathes fire? Still
+
+461
+00:31:55,180 --> 00:31:57,780
+fictional, right? They don't exist, do they?
+
+462
+00:31:58,260 --> 00:32:02,100
+Probably in cartoon, in our imagination. And
+
+463
+00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:05,280
+again, he doesn't run away, he stands up, he
+
+464
+00:32:05,280 --> 00:32:12,700
+fights, he resists. He kills the dragon but is
+
+465
+00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:19,720
+injured himself and dies a hero's death. How much
+
+466
+00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:22,060
+of this is factual and how much of this is
+
+467
+00:32:22,060 --> 00:32:25,660
+fictional? How much is fact, how much is fiction?
+
+468
+00:32:28,180 --> 00:32:32,330
+Probably most of what I just said is fiction. So
+
+469
+00:32:32,330 --> 00:32:35,570
+it's mostly fiction. Probably there could have
+
+470
+00:32:35,570 --> 00:32:39,230
+been a man by the name of Beowulf who was a strong
+
+471
+00:32:39,230 --> 00:32:43,510
+man who resisted the invaders or whatever. But
+
+472
+00:32:43,510 --> 00:32:48,070
+when he dies, everybody mourns him. He succeeded
+
+473
+00:32:48,070 --> 00:32:51,850
+by someone to carry on the struggle against
+
+474
+00:32:51,850 --> 00:32:54,610
+enemies and against invaders and everything. So
+
+475
+00:32:54,610 --> 00:32:56,670
+what is the poem about? This is, again, an
+
+476
+00:32:56,670 --> 00:32:59,330
+anonymous text, a long text. It's called an epic
+
+477
+00:32:59,330 --> 00:33:02,250
+poem. An epic poem, it's a very long poem about
+
+478
+00:33:02,250 --> 00:33:05,350
+heroes, about battles, about fighting, about wars,
+
+479
+00:33:05,450 --> 00:33:09,190
+about invasions. This is an English text from over
+
+480
+00:33:09,190 --> 00:33:13,630
+1,000 years ago that talks about the themes are
+
+481
+00:33:13,630 --> 00:33:16,530
+heroism.
+
+482
+00:33:17,820 --> 00:33:23,460
+Resistance. Loyalty to not only loyalty to one's
+
+483
+00:33:23,460 --> 00:33:27,420
+people, but loyalty to humanity. Because when the
+
+484
+00:33:27,420 --> 00:33:30,280
+king of Denmark asked for help, he didn't
+
+485
+00:33:30,280 --> 00:33:30,740
+hesitate.
+
+486
+00:33:36,060 --> 00:33:41,400
+Paying back. That's the debt. If you have a debt,
+
+487
+00:33:41,460 --> 00:33:47,360
+you have to pay it back. What else? Bravery. This
+
+488
+00:33:47,360 --> 00:33:49,300
+is a story about bravery. This is what people
+
+489
+00:33:49,300 --> 00:33:51,760
+wanted. At a time of wars and battles and
+
+490
+00:33:51,760 --> 00:33:55,460
+invasions, poetry is about these things. But
+
+491
+00:33:55,460 --> 00:33:59,680
+again, not all texts were about battles and
+
+492
+00:33:59,680 --> 00:34:02,680
+fighting and invasions. We have texts about
+
+493
+00:34:02,680 --> 00:34:06,660
+people. By the way, Dior's, the specific story of
+
+494
+00:34:06,660 --> 00:34:09,600
+Dior is that he lost his job. He was unemployed,
+
+495
+00:34:09,740 --> 00:34:13,240
+exactly like most people here now in Gaza. He lost
+
+496
+00:34:13,240 --> 00:34:17,680
+his job. And he wrote poetry. But someone else
+
+497
+00:34:17,680 --> 00:34:20,640
+heard the voice of God, and he wrote poetry.
+
+498
+00:34:21,360 --> 00:34:26,220
+Someone had somebody he loves die, and he wrote
+
+499
+00:34:26,220 --> 00:34:29,700
+poetry. So poetry, in so many ways, became famous
+
+500
+00:34:29,700 --> 00:34:32,080
+and famous, more famous and more famous. And
+
+501
+00:34:32,080 --> 00:34:34,600
+people who could, they composed poetry, because
+
+502
+00:34:34,600 --> 00:34:38,740
+poetry was an important expression, not only
+
+503
+00:34:38,740 --> 00:34:41,180
+personal expression, but also collective
+
+504
+00:34:41,180 --> 00:34:47,350
+expression. So when we speak about these texts and
+
+505
+00:34:47,350 --> 00:34:50,950
+the features of English, early English poetry, the
+
+506
+00:34:50,950 --> 00:34:55,710
+oral traditions and how the poets used again
+
+507
+00:34:55,710 --> 00:34:59,390
+narratives and stories and how they made use of
+
+508
+00:34:59,390 --> 00:35:02,710
+music in order to make their stories and their
+
+509
+00:35:02,710 --> 00:35:07,960
+poems memorable. We speak about Beowulf, the hero
+
+510
+00:35:07,960 --> 00:35:11,460
+of all heroes. Probably the first important
+
+511
+00:35:11,460 --> 00:35:16,660
+English fictional character is Beowulf. And until
+
+512
+00:35:16,660 --> 00:35:19,880
+this very moment, we see English literature taking
+
+513
+00:35:19,880 --> 00:35:22,520
+themes and ideas in a way or another directly or
+
+514
+00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:27,100
+indirectly from Old English. If you have
+
+515
+00:35:27,100 --> 00:35:31,760
+questions, please do ask. Do you have questions?
+
+516
+00:35:38,580 --> 00:35:39,240
+Yes, please.
+
+517
+00:35:42,740 --> 00:35:43,220
+Someone?
+
+518
+00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:52,780
+OK, this is how, when he dies, this is how people
+
+519
+00:35:52,780 --> 00:35:57,780
+praise him. The end of Beowulf is really sad. Even
+
+520
+00:35:57,780 --> 00:36:00,120
+when you read it, if you don't read the poem, you
+
+521
+00:36:00,120 --> 00:36:03,040
+read the story of Beowulf, and you know this is
+
+522
+00:36:03,040 --> 00:36:07,160
+fiction. Myth. You still feel sad for Beowulf
+
+523
+00:36:07,160 --> 00:36:11,140
+because everybody loves heroes. Everybody wants a
+
+524
+00:36:11,140 --> 00:36:14,660
+hero around us or want to be a hero. Can you read
+
+525
+00:36:14,660 --> 00:36:22,760
+please how the poem ends? Yes, go on. Beloved
+
+526
+00:36:22,760 --> 00:36:28,580
+Beowulf, keep well the vow that you swore long ago
+
+527
+00:36:28,580 --> 00:36:33,490
+in the days of your youth. Not to allow your glory
+
+528
+00:36:33,490 --> 00:36:37,330
+to diminish as long as you're alive. You lived.
+
+529
+00:36:37,650 --> 00:36:39,330
+One more, please.
+
+530
+00:36:46,450 --> 00:36:50,570
+Beloved Bewolf. Not to allow your glory diminish
+
+531
+00:36:50,570 --> 00:36:54,970
+as long as you live. Very good. So again, beloved
+
+532
+00:36:54,970 --> 00:36:58,450
+Bewolf. Look at the book, page six. And see how
+
+533
+00:36:58,450 --> 00:37:01,230
+the original text, the Old English text, has the
+
+534
+00:37:01,230 --> 00:37:05,110
+musical element of both, again, the gap, but also
+
+535
+00:37:05,110 --> 00:37:09,810
+the repetition of the la sound. I can't read Old
+
+536
+00:37:09,810 --> 00:37:12,190
+English, but it could be like this, in a way or
+
+537
+00:37:12,190 --> 00:37:16,210
+another. Leofa, bewolf, lust, eel, tila. There is
+
+538
+00:37:16,210 --> 00:37:19,210
+a lot of repetition of the la sound, musical
+
+539
+00:37:19,210 --> 00:37:22,010
+sound. But again, the la sound is different from
+
+540
+00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:24,890
+the sa sound, where it probably expresses, in a
+
+541
+00:37:24,890 --> 00:37:27,770
+way, happiness and enthusiasm. This is the bit
+
+542
+00:37:27,770 --> 00:37:31,270
+where, again, they're praising him as the greatest
+
+543
+00:37:31,270 --> 00:37:35,850
+of all heroes. Beloved Beowulf, keep well the vow
+
+544
+00:37:35,850 --> 00:37:38,690
+that you swore long ago in the days of your youth.
+
+545
+00:37:39,480 --> 00:37:43,240
+not to allow your glory to diminish as long as you
+
+546
+00:37:43,240 --> 00:37:48,120
+live. And indeed, Beowulf's glory outlived him
+
+547
+00:37:48,120 --> 00:37:53,380
+even more than 1,000 years after his death because
+
+548
+00:37:53,380 --> 00:37:59,240
+of poetry. Poetry immortalizes people and events
+
+549
+00:37:59,240 --> 00:38:04,300
+and stories. So finally, we have again a poem here
+
+550
+00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:09,240
+about what it means to be a human being, about the
+
+551
+00:38:09,240 --> 00:38:12,080
+passing of time, people in their youth and then in
+
+552
+00:38:12,080 --> 00:38:16,640
+their young age. We have a poem about heroism,
+
+553
+00:38:17,160 --> 00:38:22,120
+about struggle, a poem about the necessity of
+
+554
+00:38:22,120 --> 00:38:28,220
+fighting back. of resistance, of standing up to
+
+555
+00:38:28,220 --> 00:38:33,140
+injustice, of standing up to oppression, and
+
+556
+00:38:33,140 --> 00:38:36,520
+standing up to enemies. Probably, again, we as
+
+557
+00:38:36,520 --> 00:38:39,120
+Palestinians, we can learn a couple of lessons
+
+558
+00:38:39,120 --> 00:38:41,720
+from this.
+
+559
+00:38:44,240 --> 00:38:47,800
+OK? Someone wants to ask questions or add
+
+560
+00:38:47,800 --> 00:38:48,120
+something?
+
+561
+00:38:55,190 --> 00:39:00,050
+Okay, we'll stop here. For next class, we'll talk
+
+562
+00:39:00,050 --> 00:39:05,150
+a little bit about prose in Old English and then
+
+563
+00:39:05,150 --> 00:39:10,010
+move to Middle English and Geoffrey Chaucer. Thank
+
+564
+00:39:10,010 --> 00:39:13,790
+you very much. Good luck and see you next time.
+