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document
Tactile feedback is present during minimally invasive surgery . BACKGROUND The applications of minimally invasive surgery ( MIS ) and laparoscopy are rapidly expanding . Despite this expansion , our understanding of the importance of haptic feedback during laparoscopic surgery is incomplete . Although many surgeons believe that the use of minimally invasive techniques eliminates force feedback and tactile sensation ( haptics ) , the importance of haptics in MIS has not been fully evaluated . There is considerable interest in the development of simulators for MIS even though the importance of force feedback remains poorly understood . This study was designed to determine the ability of experienced surgeons to interpret haptic feedback with respect to texture , shape , and consistency of an object . STUDY DESIGN A randomized , single-blinded study was designed . Twenty surgeons were presented objects in a random order , with participants blinded as to their identity . Inspection by direct palpation , conventional instruments , and laparoscopic instruments was performed on all objects . Statistic analysis of the data was performed using chi-square analysis and , when appropriate , a Fischer exact probability test . RESULTS Direct palpation was associated with the highest accuracy for shape identification and was superior to both conventional instruments ( p < 0.001 ) and laparoscopic instruments ( p < 0.001 ) . Fine texture analysis with either a conventional instrument or a laparoscopic instrument was superior to direct palpation ( p < 0.05 ) . Finally , the three methods of analysis were comparable for consistency analysis . CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that laparoscopic instruments do , in fact , provide surgeons with haptic feedback . Interpretation of the texture , shape , and consistency of objects can be performed . In some situations , laparoscopic instruments appear to amplify the haptic information available . Our ongoing work is directed at further defining force interactions .
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Intervention_Surgical
minimally invasive surgery
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Intervention_Surgical
minimally invasive surgery ( MIS )
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Intervention_Surgical
laparoscopy
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Intervention_Surgical
laparoscopic surgery
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Intervention_Surgical
minimally invasive techniques
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Intervention_Physical
Inspection by direct palpation
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Intervention_Physical
conventional instruments
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Intervention_Physical
laparoscopic instruments
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Intervention_Physical
conventional instrument
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Intervention_Physical
laparoscopic instrument
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Intervention_Surgical
laparoscopic instruments
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Outcome_Other
Tactile feedback
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Outcome_Other
force feedback
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Outcome_Other
tactile sensation ( haptics )
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Outcome_Other
force feedback
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Outcome_Physical
haptic feedback
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Outcome_Mental
texture
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Outcome_Mental
shape
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Outcome_Mental
consistency of an object
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Outcome_Other
Inspection by direct palpation
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Outcome_Other
conventional instruments
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Outcome_Other
laparoscopic instruments
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Outcome_Physical
Direct palpation
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Outcome_Other
haptic feedback
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Participant_Sample-size
Twenty