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document
Effect of cigarette smoking on gastric emptying of solids in Japanese smokers : a crossover study using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test . BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease . Gastric emptying disorders may play a role in the development of these upper gastrointestinal diseases . Thus , studies examining a link between smoking and gastric emptying disorders have clinical relevance . This study was conducted to investigate the effect of smoking on gastric emptying of solids in Japanese smokers . METHODS The ( 13 ) C-octanoic acid breath test was performed in eight male habitual smokers on two randomized occasions ( either sham smoking or actively smoking ) . The time vs ( 13 ) CO ( 2 ) excretion rate curve was mathematically fitted to a conventional formula of y ( t ) = m*k*beta*e ( -k*t ) * ( 1 - e ( -k*t ) ) ( beta-1 ) , and the parameters of k and beta were determined : under the crossover protocol , a larger ( smaller ) beta indicates slower ( faster ) emptying in the early phase , and a larger ( smaller ) k indicates faster ( slower ) emptying in the later phase . The half ( 13 ) CO ( 2 ) excretion time ( t ( 1/2b ) = - [ ln ( 1 - 2 ( -1/beta ) ) ] /k ) and the time of maximal ( 13 ) CO ( 2 ) excretion rate ( t ( max ) = [ lnbeta ] /k ) were also calculated . Between the two occasions , k , beta , t ( 1/2b ) , and t ( max ) were compared by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test . RESULTS After smoking , k was significantly increased . No significant differences were found in beta , t ( 1/2 ) , and t ( max ) between the two occasions . CONCLUSIONS The increase in k suggests the acceleration of gastric emptying in the later phase . For the first time , this study has revealed that acute smoking speeds the gastric emptying of solids in Japanese habitual smokers .
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Intervention_Physical
( 13 ) C-octanoic acid breath test
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Outcome_Physical
effect of smoking
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Outcome_Physical
acid breath test
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Outcome_Physical
excretion rate
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Outcome_Other
parameters of k and beta
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Outcome_Physical
slower ( faster ) emptying
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Outcome_Physical
faster ( slower ) emptying
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Outcome_Physical
half ( 13 ) CO ( 2 ) excretion time
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Outcome_Physical
time of maximal ( 13 ) CO ( 2 ) excretion rate ( t ( max )
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Outcome_Physical
k was significantly increased
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Outcome_Other
significant differences
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Participant_Condition
Japanese habitual smokers .