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document
Prefrontal neuromodulation using rTMS improves error monitoring and correction function in autism . One important executive function known to be compromised in autism spectrum disorder ( ASD ) is related to response error monitoring and post-error response correction . Several reports indicate that children with ASD show reduced error processing and deficient behavioral correction after an error is committed . Error sensitivity can be readily examined by measuring event-related potentials ( ERP ) associated with responses to errors , the fronto-central error-related negativity ( ERN ) , and the error-related positivity ( Pe ) . The goal of our study was to investigate whether reaction time ( RT ) , error rate , post-error RT change , ERN , and Pe will show positive changes following 12-week long slow frequency repetitive TMS ( rTMS ) over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ( DLPFC ) in high functioning children with ASD . We hypothesized that 12 sessions of 1 Hz rTMS bilaterally applied over the DLPFC will result in improvements reflected in both behavioral and ERP measures . Participants were randomly assigned to either active rTMS treatment or wait-list ( WTL ) groups . Baseline and post-TMS/or WTL EEG was collected using 128 channel EEG system . The task involved the recognition of a specific illusory shape , in this case a square or triangle , created by three or four inducer disks . ERN in TMS treatment group became significantly more negative . The number of omission errors decreased post-TMS . The RT did not change , but post-error RT became slower . There were no changes in RT , error rate , post-error RT slowing , nor in ERN/Pe measures in the wait-list group . Our results show significant post-TMS differences in the response-locked ERP such as ERN , as well as behavioral response monitoring measures indicative of improved error monitoring and correction function . The ERN and Pe , along with behavioral performance measures , can be used as functional outcome measures to assess the effectiveness of neuromodulation ( e.g. , rTMS ) in children with autism and thus may have important practical implications .
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Intervention_Surgical
rTMS
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Intervention_Surgical
rTMS
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Intervention_Surgical
rTMS
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Intervention_Physical
active rTMS treatment
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Intervention_Control
wait-list ( WTL ) groups
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Intervention_Physical
Baseline and post-TMS/or WTL EEG was collected using 128 channel EEG system .
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Outcome_Mental
response error monitoring and post-error response correction .
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Outcome_Mental
error processing
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Outcome_Mental
behavioral correction
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Outcome_Mental
event-related potentials ( ERP )
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Outcome_Mental
fronto-central error-related negativity ( ERN )
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Outcome_Mental
error-related positivity
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Outcome_Mental
behavioral and ERP measures .
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Outcome_Mental
Baseline and post-TMS/or WTL EEG
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Outcome_Mental
ERN
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Outcome_Mental
omission errors
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Outcome_Mental
RT
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Outcome_Mental
post-error RT
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Outcome_Mental
RT , error rate , post-error RT slowing , nor in ERN/Pe measures
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Outcome_Mental
response-locked ERP
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Outcome_Mental
ERN
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Outcome_Mental
ERN
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Outcome_Mental
Pe