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document
A comparison of laser-assisted drug delivery at two output energies for enhancing the delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream prior to venipuncture . BACKGROUND Laser-assisted drug delivery ( LAD ) has the potential for facilitating topical anesthesia with reduced onset time . METHODS In this randomized , double-blind , crossover study we compared the efficacy and adverse event profile of LAD for topical anesthesia before venipuncture using two output energies ( 2.0 and 3.5 J/cm2 ) . RESULTS Mean Visual Analog Scale pain scores were not statistically different ( P = 0.57 ) between the low-energy ( mean = 6.7 ) and high-energy ( mean = 8.1 ) lasers . CONCLUSIONS LAD at an energy of 2.0 J/cm2 ( 570 mJ ) is as effective , with similar adverse events , as an energy of 3.5 J/cm2 ( 1000 mJ ) in facilitating topical anesthesia .
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Intervention_Physical
laser-assisted drug delivery
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Intervention_Pharmacological
topically applied LMX-4 cream
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Intervention_Surgical
venipuncture .
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Intervention_Physical
Laser-assisted drug delivery ( LAD )
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Intervention_Physical
LAD for topical anesthesia
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Intervention_Surgical
venipuncture
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Intervention_Physical
LAD
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Outcome_Other
delivery of topically applied LMX-4 cream
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Outcome_Physical
topical anesthesia with reduced onset time
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Outcome_Pain
Mean Visual Analog Scale pain scores
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Outcome_Adverse-effects
adverse events
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Participant_Condition
laser-assisted drug delivery
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Participant_Condition
prior to venipuncture
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Participant_Condition
before venipuncture