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document
Real-Time Assessment of the Effect of Biofeedback Therapy with Migraine : A Pilot Study . BACKGROUND Biofeedback therapy has been reported to be effective in the treatment of migraine . However , previous studies have assessed its effectiveness using paper-and-pencil diaries , which are not very reliable . PURPOSE The objective of the present pilot study was to investigate the feasibility of using computerized ecological momentary assessment ( EMA ) for evaluating the efficacy of BF treatment for migraine in a randomized controlled trial . METHOD The subjects comprised one male and 26 female patients with migraine . They were randomly assigned to either biofeedback or wait-list control groups . Patients were asked to carry a palmtop-type computer to record momentary symptoms for 4 weeks before and after biofeedback treatment . The primary outcome measure was headache intensity . The secondary outcome measures included psychological stress , anxiety , irritation , headache-related disability and the frequency ( number of days per month ) of migraine attack and of headache of at least moderate intensity ( pain rating ≥50 ) . RESULTS Headache intensity showed significant main effects of period ( before vs. after therapy , p = 0.02 ) and group ( biofeedback vs. control groups , p = 0.42 ) and a significant period × group interaction ( p < 0.001 ) . Biofeedback reduced the duration of headaches by 1.9 days , and the frequency of days when headache intensity was ≥50 by 2.4 times . In addition , headache-related disability , psychological stress , depression , anxiety , and irritation were significantly improved . CONCLUSION The present study used computerized EMA to show that biofeedback could improve the symptoms of migraine , including psychological stress and headache-related disability .
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Intervention_Physical
Biofeedback Therapy
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Intervention_Physical
Biofeedback therapy
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Intervention_Physical
BF treatment
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Intervention_Physical
biofeedback
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Intervention_Control
wait-list control groups .
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Intervention_Physical
biofeedback treatment
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Outcome_Other
Effect of Biofeedback Therapy
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Outcome_Other
evaluating the efficacy of BF treatment
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Outcome_Pain
headache intensity .
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Outcome_Mental
psychological stress
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Outcome_Physical
,
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Outcome_Mental
anxiety
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Outcome_Physical
, irritation
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Outcome_Physical
headache-related disability
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Outcome_Physical
frequency ( number of days per month ) of migraine attack
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Outcome_Physical
headache of at least moderate intensity
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Outcome_Pain
RESULTS Headache intensity
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Outcome_Other
duration
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Outcome_Other
frequency of days when headache
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Outcome_Physical
headache-related disability
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Outcome_Mental
psychological stress
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Outcome_Mental
depression , anxiety
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Outcome_Mental
psychological stress
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Participant_Sample-size
one
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Participant_Sex
male
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Participant_Sample-size
26
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Participant_Sex
female
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Participant_Condition
migraine