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document
Dexmedetomidine pretreatment alleviates propofol injection pain . OBJECTIVE The incidence of propofol injection pain during induction of general anesthesia varies from 28 % to 90 % . This prospective , randomized , double-blind , placebo-controlled study evaluated the effect of dexmedetomidine ( DEX ) for reducing the incidence and severity of propofol injection pain . METHODS Patients undergoing elective surgical procedures were randomly allocated into seven groups of 30 patients each . Experimental treatments were intravenously administered over 10 min ( total volume 10 mL ) prior to intravenous propofol injection , as follows : group I , the control group , was given isotonic saline . Patients in groups II , III , and IV received DEX 0.25 µg/kg , 0.5 µg/kg , or 1.0 µg/kg , respectively , mixed with isotonic saline immediately before propofol injection . Patients in groups V , VI , and VII received DEX as above , but 5 minutes before propofol injection . Propofol consisted of 1 % long-chain triglyceride propofol ( 2.5 mg/kg ) injected at 1 mL/s . RESULTS Median propofol injection pain score was 0.00 ( IQR 0.00-3.00 ) in patients who received 1.0 µg/kg DEX 5 min before the propofol injection ( group VII ) , and only 1 patient ( of 30 ) in this group received a pain score > 2 . The median pain score and number of patients with pain scores > 2 in group VII were both significantly less than in the control ( group I ; p = 0.000 , both ) . There were no differences in either mean arterial pressure or heart rate at any time point after DEX injection among the groups . CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with intravenous DEX 1 µg/kg 5 min prior to injection of long-chain triglyceride propofol is effective and safe in reducing the incidence and severity of pain due to propofol injection .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
Dexmedetomidine
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Intervention_Pharmacological
propofol
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Intervention_Pharmacological
dexmedetomidine ( DEX )
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Intervention_Pharmacological
propofol
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Intervention_Pharmacological
isotonic saline .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
propofol
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Outcome_Pain
propofol injection pain score
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Outcome_Pain
The median pain score and number of patients with pain scores
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Outcome_Physical
arterial pressure
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Outcome_Physical
heart rate
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Participant_Condition
propofol injection pain .
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Participant_Sample-size
30