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document
Should snacks be recommended in obesity treatment ? A 1-year randomized clinical trial . OBJECTIVE To study the effect to recommend no snacks vs three snacks per day on 1-year weight loss . The hypothesis was that it is easier to control energy intake and lose weight if snacks in between meals are omitted . SUBJECTS/METHOD In total 140 patients ( 36 men , 104 women ) , aged 18-60 years and body mass index > 30 kg/m ( 2 ) were randomized and 93 patients ( 27 men , 66 women ) completed the study . A 1-year randomized intervention trial was conducted with two treatment arms with different eating frequencies ; 3 meals/day ( 3M ) or 3 meals and 3 snacks/day ( 3+3M ) . The patients received regular and individualized counseling by dieticians . Information on eating patterns , dietary intake , weight and metabolic variables was collected at baseline and after 1 year . RESULTS Over 1 year the 3M group reported a decrease in the number of snacks whereas the 3+3M group reported an increase ( -1.1 vs +0.4 snacks/day , respectively , P < 0.0001 ) . Both groups decreased energy intake and E % ( energy percent ) fat and increased E % protein and fiber intake but there was no differences between the groups . Both groups lost weight , but there was no significant difference in weight loss after 1 year of treatment ( 3M vs 3+3M=-4.1+/-6.1 vs -5.9+/-9.4 kg ; P=0.31 ) . Changes in metabolic variables did not differ between the groups , except for high-density lipoprotein that increased in the 3M group but not in 3+3M group ( P < 0.033 for group difference ) . CONCLUSION Recommending snacks or not between meals does not influence 1-year weight loss .
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Intervention_Physical
snacks
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Intervention_Physical
no snacks
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Intervention_Physical
three snacks
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Intervention_Physical
3 meals/day ( 3M )
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Intervention_Physical
3 meals and 3 snacks/day
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3M
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3+3M
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3M
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3+3M=-4.1+/-6.1
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3M
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Intervention_Pharmacological
3+3M
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Outcome_Mental
Information on eating patterns
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Outcome_Mental
dietary intake
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Outcome_Physical
weight
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Outcome_Physical
metabolic variables
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Outcome_Mental
number of snacks
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Outcome_Mental
energy intake
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Outcome_Physical
E % protein and fiber intake
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Outcome_Other
lost weight
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Outcome_Other
weight loss
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Outcome_Physical
metabolic variables
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Outcome_Physical
high-density lipoprotein
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Outcome_Other
1-year weight loss
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Participant_Condition
obesity
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Participant_Sample-size
140 patients
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Participant_Sample-size
36
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Participant_Condition
men
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Participant_Sample-size
104
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Participant_Condition
women
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Participant_Age
18-60
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Participant_Sample-size
93 patients
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Participant_Sample-size
27
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Participant_Condition
men
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Participant_Sample-size
66
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Participant_Condition
women