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document
Diet and tobacco use : analysis of data from the diabetic control and complications trial , a randomized study . CONTEXT The Diabetic Control and Complications Trial ( DCCT ) researchers kept careful records of the food consumption and tobacco using habits of type 1 diabetic subjects . However , they did not report the relationship of tobacco using habits with dietary intake . OBJECTIVE Analyze the relationship between tobacco smoking and intake of macro and micronutrients . DESIGN Randomized controlled trial . SETTING Referral clinics in 27 academic centers . PATIENTS Type 1 diabetics . INTERVENTION Using the data sets of the DCCT , this study analyzed the strengths of the associations between smoking and macronutrient consumption , hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) , body mass index ( BMI ) , and serum lipid levels at the study baseline , 2 years , and 4 years . MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Statistically significant correlations between smoking and nutrient intake , HbA1c , and serum lipid levels . RESULTS Cigarette , cigar , or pipe use at each time interval correlated with significantly increased caloric intake in males but not in females . In both males and females , tobacco users consumed more fat , cholesterol , and alcohol . Female smokers had higher serum low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) /high-density lipoprotein ( HDL ) ratios and triglycerides . Serum cholesterols , LDL/HDL ratios , LDL cholesterols , and triglyceride determinations in male tobacco users significantly exceeded those in nonsmoking males . HDL cholesterols were lower in both female and male tobacco users . Nutrient intake of former tobacco users resembled that of nonusers rather than current users . CONCLUSIONS A significant association exists between smoking and a diet with higher risks of atherosclerosis , cancer , and other degenerative diseases . The strong association of tobacco with heart disease , stroke , vasculopathies , and various malignancies may be in part due to its association with a higher fat diet . The higher fat diet of tobacco users probably accounts in part for their higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia . Tobacco users should be informed about the diet and tobacco use association .
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Intervention_Other
Diet
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Intervention_Pharmacological
intake of macro and micronutrients
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Intervention_Other
data sets of the DCCT
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Intervention_Pharmacological
macronutrient consumption
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Outcome_Mental
tobacco using habits
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Outcome_Mental
dietary intake
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Outcome_Mental
relationship between tobacco smoking and intake of macro and micronutrients
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Outcome_Mental
macronutrient consumption
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Outcome_Physical
serum lipid levels
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Outcome_Other
nutrient intake
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Outcome_Mental
Cigarette , cigar , or pipe use
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Outcome_Physical
caloric intake
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Outcome_Mental
tobacco users consumed more fat , cholesterol , and alcohol
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Outcome_Physical
Serum cholesterols
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Outcome_Physical
LDL/HDL ratios
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Outcome_Physical
LDL cholesterols
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Outcome_Physical
triglyceride determinations
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Outcome_Physical
HDL cholesterols
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Outcome_Mental
Nutrient intake
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Outcome_Physical
diet with higher risks of atherosclerosis , cancer , and other degenerative diseases
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Outcome_Mental
diet
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Outcome_Mental
tobacco use
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Participant_Condition
type 1 diabetic
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Participant_Condition
diabetics
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Participant_Sex
males
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Participant_Sex
females