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document
Analgesic effect of expressed breast milk in procedural pain in term neonates : a randomized , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial . AIM To assess the effectiveness of expressed breast milk ( EBM ) in reducing pain due to venepuncture , in term neonates , as measured by behavioural and physiological observations . METHODS This randomized , placebo-controlled , double-blind trial involved 81 full-term neonates , up to 4 wk of postnatal age , who needed venepuncture for blood investigations . Two minutes before the venepuncture , in the intervention arm , 40 babies received 5 ml of EBM , while 41 babies in control group received 5 ml of distilled water ( DW ) as placebo . Two observers who were blinded to the intervention recorded the physiological ( heart rate and oxygen saturation ) and behavioural parameters [ duration of crying and modified Neonatal Facial Coding Scores ( NFCS ) ] after the venepuncture . RESULTS There was no difference in the baseline characteristics of the neonates in the two groups . The duration of crying was significantly shorter in babies fed EBM [ median 38.5 s , interquartile range ( IQR ) 9.5-57.5 s ] than in those fed DW ( median 90 s , IQR 28-210 s ) . The mean duration of crying in EBM group was shorter by 70.7 ( 95 % confidence interval 36.6-104.9 ) s. The modified NFCS at 0 , 1 and 3 min was significantly lower ( p < 0.01 ) in the EBM than in the DW group . The change in heart rate and oxygen saturation was significantly lower in the EBM group and returned to baseline values sooner than in the DW group . CONCLUSION Feeding 5 ml of EBM before venepuncture is effective in reducing symptoms due to pain in term neonates .
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Intervention_Control
placebo-controlled
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Intervention_Pharmacological
expressed breast milk
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Intervention_Control
placebo-controlled
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Intervention_Physical
venepuncture
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Intervention_Control
5 ml of distilled water ( DW ) as placebo
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Intervention_Physical
venepuncture
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Intervention_Pharmacological
EBM
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Intervention_Pharmacological
EBM
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Intervention_Pharmacological
EBM
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Intervention_Pharmacological
EBM
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Intervention_Physical
venepuncture
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Outcome_Physical
pain
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Outcome_Physical
physiological ( heart rate and oxygen saturation ) and behavioural parameters [ duration of crying and modified Neonatal Facial Coding Scores ( NFCS ) ]
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Outcome_Physical
mean duration of crying
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Outcome_Physical
change in heart rate and oxygen saturation
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Outcome_Physical
symptoms
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Participant_Age
neonates
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Participant_Sample-size
81
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Participant_Age
4 wk
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Participant_Condition
pain