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document
Stress reduction and analgesia in patients exposed to calming music postoperatively : a randomized controlled trial . BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This randomized controlled trial was designed to evaluate , first , whether intra- or postoperative music therapy could influence stress and immune response during and after general anaesthesia and second , if there was a different response between patients exposed to music intra- or postoperatively . METHOD Seventy-five patients undergoing open hernia repair as day care surgery were randomly allocated to three groups : intraoperative music , postoperative music and silence ( control group ) . Anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia were standardized and the same surgeon performed all the operations . Stress response was assessed during and after surgery by determining the plasma cortisol and blood glucose levels . Immune function was evaluated by studying immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) levels . Patients ' postoperative pain , anxiety , blood pressure ( BP ) , heart rate ( HR ) and oxygen saturation were also studied as stress markers . RESULTS There was a significantly greater decrease in the level of cortisol in the postoperative music group vs. the control group ( 206 and 72 mmol L ( -1 ) decreases , respectively ) after 2 h in the post anaesthesia care unit . The postoperative music group had less anxiety and pain and required less morphine after 1 h compared with the control group . In the postoperative music group the total requirement of morphine was significantly lower than in the control group . The intraoperative music group reported less pain after 1 h in the post anaesthesia care unit . There was no difference in IgA , blood glucose , BP , HR and oxygen saturation between the groups . CONCLUSION This study suggests that intraoperative music may decrease postoperative pain , and that postoperative music therapy may reduce anxiety , pain and morphine consumption .
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Intervention_Educational
randomly allocated to three groups :
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Intervention_Psychological
intraoperative music
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Intervention_Educational
,
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Intervention_Psychological
postoperative music
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Intervention_Educational
and
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Intervention_Control
silence
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Intervention_Educational
( control group )
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Intervention_Physical
Anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia were standardized
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Intervention_Surgical
surgeon performed all the operations
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Intervention_Surgical
plasma cortisol
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Intervention_Surgical
blood glucose levels
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Intervention_Physical
Immune function was evaluated by studying immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) levels
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Intervention_Physical
Patients ' postoperative
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Intervention_Other
pain
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Intervention_Physical
,
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Intervention_Other
anxiety
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Intervention_Physical
, blood pressure ( BP ) , heart rate ( HR ) and oxygen saturation were also studied as stress markers
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Outcome_Other
stress
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Outcome_Physical
immune response
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Outcome_Physical
Stress response
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Outcome_Physical
plasma cortisol
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Outcome_Physical
blood glucose levels
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Outcome_Physical
Immune function
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Outcome_Physical
immunoglobulin A ( IgA ) levels
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Outcome_Pain
Patients ' postoperative pain
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Outcome_Mental
anxiety
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Outcome_Physical
blood pressure ( BP ) , heart rate ( HR ) and oxygen saturation
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Outcome_Physical
stress markers
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Outcome_Physical
level of cortisol
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Outcome_Mental
anxiety
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Outcome_Pain
pain
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Outcome_Other
morphine
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Outcome_Physical
morphine
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Outcome_Pain
pain
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Outcome_Physical
IgA , blood glucose , BP , HR and oxygen saturation
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Outcome_Mental
anxiety
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Outcome_Pain
pain
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Outcome_Other
morphine consumption