84392
document
Anticholinergic drugs : effects on oxygen consumption and energy expenditure . Premedication has been shown to affect both oxygen consumption ( VO2 ) and energy expenditure ( EE ) . The metabolic responses to anticholinergic drugs have not been studied . In this study the effects of anticholinergic drugs on VO2 and EE ( calculated from the measured rates of VO2 and carbon dioxide production [ VCO2 ] : EE [ kcal/d ] = 3.581 x VO2 [ L/d ] + 1.448 x VCO2 [ L/d ] - 32.4 ) were measured in six healthy female volunteers . They were given intramuscular atropine ( 15 micrograms/kg ) , glycopyrrolate ( 8 micrograms/kg ) , scopolamine ( 8 micrograms/kg ) , and placebo in a random double-blind cross-over design . The consecutive sessions were at least 1 wk apart for each subject . VO2 and EE were measured using an indirect calorimetry ( Deltatrac ) . Cardiovascular responses were assessed using standard noninvasive monitoring . Plasma drug concentrations were analyzed using a sensitive modification of radioreceptor assay . Subjective responses were measured with visual analog scale ( VAS ) . Atropine and glycopyrrolate induced a significant increase in heart rate with a simultaneous decrease in pressure rate quotient ( PRQ ) , while scopolamine caused a significant decrease in heart rate with a simultaneous increase in PRQ . Scopolamine significantly decreased both VO2 and EE , whereas glycopyrrolate increased VO2 . Atropine had no significant effect on metabolic variables . Only scopolamine induced sedation in this study . In conclusion , atropine , glycopyrrolate , and scopolamine differ not only in their cardiovascular and central nervous system effects , but also in their effects on metabolism .
84393
Intervention_Pharmacological
Anticholinergic drugs
84394
Intervention_Pharmacological
anticholinergic drugs
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Intervention_Pharmacological
atropine
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Intervention_Pharmacological
glycopyrrolate
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Intervention_Pharmacological
scopolamine
84398
Intervention_Control
placebo
84399
Intervention_Pharmacological
Atropine
84400
Intervention_Pharmacological
glycopyrrolate
84401
Intervention_Pharmacological
Scopolamine
84402
Intervention_Pharmacological
glycopyrrolate
84403
Intervention_Pharmacological
Atropine
84404
Intervention_Pharmacological
atropine
84405
Intervention_Pharmacological
glycopyrrolate
84406
Intervention_Pharmacological
scopolamine
84407
Outcome_Physical
oxygen consumption and energy expenditure
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Outcome_Physical
oxygen consumption
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Outcome_Physical
energy expenditure
84410
Outcome_Physical
VO2 and EE
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Outcome_Physical
Cardiovascular responses
84412
Outcome_Physical
Plasma drug concentrations
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Outcome_Physical
visual analog scale ( VAS )
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Outcome_Physical
heart rate
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Outcome_Physical
pressure rate quotient ( PRQ )
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Outcome_Physical
heart rate
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Outcome_Physical
increase in PRQ
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Outcome_Physical
VO2 and EE
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Outcome_Physical
VO2
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Outcome_Physical
metabolic variables
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Outcome_Physical
sedation
84422
Participant_Sample-size
six
84423
Participant_Sex
female