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document
Immune status of infants fed soy-based formulas with or without added nucleotides for 1 year : part 2 : immune cell populations . BACKGROUND Infants fed a soy protein isolate-based formula have immunization responses similar to breast-fed infants . However , cellular aspects of the immunologic development of soy-fed infants have not been studied extensively . Nucleotides added to milk-based formula benefit infant immune status , but reports of the immunologic effects of adding nucleotides to soy-based formula are not available . This study examines immune cell populations of infants fed soy protein isolate formulas with and without added nucleotides for 1 year . METHODS Newborn , term infants studied in a masked 12-month feeding trial were assigned randomly to soy formula groups with and without added nucleotides ( n = 94 , n = 92 ) . A nonrandomized human milk/formula-fed cohort ( n = 81 ) , was concurrently enrolled . Blood samples were collected at 6 , 7 , and 12 months . Thirty-two immune cell populations were characterized using three-color flow cytometry . Cellular markers were chosen to assess general pediatric immune status , emphasizing maturation and activation of B , T , and NK lymphocytes . RESULTS All cell populations , number and percentages , were within age-related normal ranges . The only significant difference found between soy formula and human milk/formula-fed infants was the percentage of CD57 + NK T cells at 12 months ( human milk/formula > soy formula , P = 0.034 ) . There were significant differences at some time points between human milk/formula-fed and nucleotide-supplemented soy formula-fed infants in populations of lymphocytes , eosinophils , total T , helper T , naive helper , memory/effector helper , CD57 - T , and CD11b + CD8 + NK cells . None of the cell populations differed between infants fed soy formula versus soy plus nucleotides . CONCLUSIONS Infants fed this commercial soy formula demonstrated immune cell status similar to human milk/formula-fed infants , consistent with normal immune system development . The addition of nucleotides to soy formula did not significantly change specific individual immune cell populations but tended to increase numbers and percentages of T cells and decreased numbers and percentages of NK cells .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy-based formulas
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Intervention_Pharmacological
added nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy protein isolate-based formula
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Intervention_Pharmacological
Nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy-based formula
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy protein isolate formulas
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy formula
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
human milk/formula-fed cohort
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Intervention_Physical
Blood samples were collected at 6 , 7 , and 12 months
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Intervention_Pharmacological
soy formula
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Intervention_Pharmacological
human milk/formula-fed
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotide-supplemented
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotides
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Intervention_Pharmacological
nucleotides
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Outcome_Physical
immunization responses
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Outcome_Physical
cellular aspects of the immunologic development
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Outcome_Physical
immunologic effects
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Outcome_Physical
immune cell populations
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Outcome_Physical
general pediatric immune status
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Outcome_Physical
emphasizing maturation and activation of B , T , and NK lymphocytes
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Outcome_Physical
percentage of CD57 + NK T cells
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Outcome_Physical
populations of lymphocytes , eosinophils , total T , helper T , naive helper , memory/effector helper , CD57 - T , and CD11b + CD8 + NK cells
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Outcome_Physical
cell populations
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Outcome_Physical
immune cell status
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Outcome_Physical
immune system development
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Outcome_Physical
immune cell populations
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Outcome_Physical
numbers and percentages of T cells
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Outcome_Physical
numbers and percentages of NK cells