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document
Non-contrast-enhanced 4D MR angiography with STAR spin labeling and variable flip angle sampling : a feasibility study for the assessment of Dural Arteriovenous Fistula . INTRODUCTION This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of non-contrast-enhanced 4D magnetic resonance angiography ( NCE 4D MRA ) with signal targeting with alternative radiofrequency ( STAR ) spin labeling and variable flip angle ( VFA ) sampling in the assessment of dural arteriovenous fistula ( DAVF ) in the transverse sinus . METHODS Nine patients underwent NCE 4D MRA for the evaluation of DAVF in the transverse sinus at 3 T. One patient was examined twice , once before and once after the interventional treatment . All patients also underwent digital subtraction angiography ( DSA ) and/or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography ( CEMRA ) . For the acquisition of NCE 4D MRA , a STAR spin tagging method was used , and a VFA sampling was applied in the data readout module instead of a constant flip angle . Two readers evaluated the NCE 4D MRA data for the diagnosis of DAVF and its type with consensus . The results were compared with those from DSA and/or CEMRA . RESULTS All patients underwent NCE 4D MRA without any difficulty . Among seven patients with patent DAVFs , all cases showed an early visualization of the transverse sinus on NCE 4D MRA . Except for one case , the type of DAVF of NCE 4D MRA was agreed with that of reference standard study . Cortical venous reflux ( CVR ) was demonstrated in two cases out of three patients with CVR . CONCLUSION NCE 4D MRA with STAR tagging and VFA sampling is technically and clinically feasible and represents a promising technique for assessment of DAVF in the transverse sinus . Further technical developments should aim at improvements of spatial and temporal coverage .
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Intervention_Physical
Non-contrast-enhanced 4D MR angiography
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Intervention_Physical
NCE 4D MRA
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Outcome_Other
early visualization of the
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Outcome_Physical
transverse sinus
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Outcome_Physical
Cortical venous reflux ( CVR )
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Participant_Condition
Dural Arteriovenous Fistula .
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Participant_Condition
underwent NCE 4D MRA