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document
Comparison of fluid types for resuscitation after acute blood loss in mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) . OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine the LD ( 50 ) for acute blood loss in mallard ducks ( Anas platyrhynchos ) , compare the mortality rate among 3 fluid resuscitation groups , and determine the time required for a regenerative RBC response . DESIGN Prospective study . SETTING Medical College of Wisconsin Research facility . ANIMALS Eighteen mallard ducks were included for the LD ( 50 ) study and 28 for the fluid resuscitation study . INTERVENTIONS Phlebotomy was performed during both the LD ( 50 ) and fluid resuscitation studies . Ducks in the fluid resuscitation study received a 5 mL/kg intravenous bolus of crystalloids , hetastarch ( HES ) , or a hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution ( HBOCS ) . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The LD ( 50 ) for acute blood loss was 60 % of total blood volume . This blood volume was removed in the fluid resuscitation study to create a model of acute blood loss . Following fluid administration , 6 birds in the crystalloid group ( 66 % ) , 4 birds in the HES group ( 40 % ) , and 2 birds in the HBOCS group ( 20 % ) died . No statistical difference in mortality rate was seen among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups . Relative polychromasia evaluated post-phlebotomy demonstrated regeneration starting at 24 hours and continuing through 48 hours . CONCLUSIONS The LD ( 50 ) for acute blood loss in mallard ducks was 60 % of their total blood volume . Although no statistical difference in mortality rate was appreciated among the 3 fluid resuscitation groups , a trend of decreased mortality rate was observed in the HBOCS group . An early regenerative response was apparent following acute blood loss .
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Intervention_Physical
fluid resuscitation
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Intervention_Physical
Phlebotomy
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Intervention_Physical
fluid resuscitation
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Intervention_Pharmacological
5 mL/kg intravenous bolus of crystalloids
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Intervention_Pharmacological
hetastarch ( HES )
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Intervention_Pharmacological
hemoglobin-based oxygen-carrying solution ( HBOCS )
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Outcome_Physical
acute blood loss
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Outcome_Physical
acute blood loss
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Outcome_Physical
total blood volume
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Outcome_Mortality
mortality rate
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Outcome_Physical
acute blood loss
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Outcome_Mortality
mortality rate
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Outcome_Mortality
mortality rate
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Outcome_Physical
acute blood loss
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Participant_Condition
acute blood loss
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Participant_Condition
acute blood loss
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Participant_Sample-size
Eighteen
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Participant_Sample-size
28