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Effects of walnut consumption on endothelial function in type 2 diabetic subjects : a randomized controlled crossover trial . OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of daily walnut consumption on endothelial function , cardiovascular biomarkers , and anthropometric measures in type 2 diabetic individuals . RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This study was a randomized , controlled , single-blind , crossover trial . Twenty-four participants with type 2 diabetes ( mean age 58 years ; 14 women and 10 men ) were randomly assigned to one of the two possible sequence permutations to receive an ad libitum diet enriched with 56 g ( 366 kcal ) walnuts/day and an ad libitum diet without walnuts for 8 weeks . Subjects underwent endothelial function testing ( measured as flow-mediated dilatation [ FMD ] ) and assessment of cardiovascular biomarkers before and after each 8-week treatment phase . The primary outcome measure was the change in FMD after 8 weeks . Secondary outcome measures included changes in plasma lipids , A1C , fasting glucose , insulin sensitivity , and anthropometric measures . RESULTS Endothelial function significantly improved after consumption of a walnut-enriched ad libitum diet compared with that after consumption of an ad libitum diet without walnuts ( 2.2 +/- 1.7 vs. 1.2 +/- 1.6 % ; P = 0.04 ) . The walnut-enriched diet increased fasting serum glucose and lowered serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol from baseline ( 10.0 +/- 20.5 mg/dl , P = 0.04 ; -9.7 +/- 14.5 mg/dl , P < 0.01 ; and -7.7 +/- 10 mg/dl , P < 0.01 , respectively ) , although these changes were not significant compared with those for an ad libitum diet without walnuts . There were no significant changes in anthropometric measures , plasma A1C , and insulin sensitivity . CONCLUSIONS A walnut-enriched ad libitum diet improves endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in type 2 diabetic individuals , suggesting a potential reduction in overall cardiac risk .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
walnut consumption
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Intervention_Pharmacological
walnut consumption
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Intervention_Pharmacological
ad libitum diet enriched with 56 g ( 366 kcal ) walnuts/day
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Intervention_Control
ad libitum diet without walnuts for 8 weeks
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Intervention_Physical
endothelial function testing
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Outcome_Physical
endothelial function
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Outcome_Physical
endothelial function
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Outcome_Physical
cardiovascular biomarkers
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Outcome_Physical
anthropometric measures
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Outcome_Physical
change in FMD
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Outcome_Physical
changes in plasma lipids , A1C
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Outcome_Physical
fasting glucose
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Outcome_Physical
insulin sensitivity
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Outcome_Physical
anthropometric measures
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Outcome_Physical
Endothelial function
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Outcome_Physical
fasting serum glucose
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Outcome_Physical
serum total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol
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Outcome_Physical
anthropometric measures
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Outcome_Physical
plasma A1C
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Outcome_Physical
insulin sensitivity
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Outcome_Physical
cardiac risk
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Participant_Condition
type 2 diabetic
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Participant_Sample-size
Twenty-four
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Participant_Condition
type 2 diabetes
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Participant_Age
mean age 58 years
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Participant_Sex
14 women and 10 men