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document
Rye bran bread intake elevates urinary excretion of ferulic acid in humans , but does not affect the susceptibility of LDL to oxidation ex vivo . BACKGROUND Rye bread contributes an important part of the whole grain intake in the Scandinavian diet . Ferulic acid is the major phenolic compound in rye bran and is an antioxidant in vitro and may , therefore , contribute to cardioprotective effects of whole grain consumption . AIM OF THE STUDY Firstly , to evaluate the bioavailability and potential antioxidative effects in humans of ferulic acid from rye . Secondly , to evaluate urine levels of ferulic acid as a possible biomarker of the ordinary dietary intake of ferulic acid . METHODS We determined the urinary excretion of ferulic acid in 18 postmenopausal women after a dietary intake of rye bran or an inert wheat bran ( control ) in a crossover study ( 2 x 6 weeks with 4 weeks washout ) . The potential antioxidative effect of the rye bran intervention was investigated by measuring low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) susceptibility to copper oxidation ex vivo . The subjects ingested rye bran enriched breads equivalent to approximately 10.2 mg ferulic acid per day . RESULTS The urinary excretion of ferulic acid averaged approximately 4.8 mg per day during intervention with rye bran breads and approximately 1.9 mg per day on the control breads ( P = 0.002 ) . Rye bran intervention had no influence on lag time or propagation rate of the LDL oxidation ex vivo . CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that ferulic acid from rye bran is bioavailable and that the urinary concentration of ferulic acid reflects the dietary intake of this hydroxycinnamic acid . Within the period of intervention , the elevated ferulic acid did not produce a measurable antioxidative effect on the subjects ' LDL . It is suggested that the determination of ferulic acid in urine is a useful biomarker to assess the intake of ferulic acid from a regular diet .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
Rye bran bread intake
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Intervention_Pharmacological
Rye bread
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Intervention_Pharmacological
dietary intake of rye bran
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Intervention_Control
an inert wheat bran ( control )
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Intervention_Pharmacological
rye bran breads
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Intervention_Control
control breads
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Intervention_Educational
Rye bran intervention
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Outcome_Physical
urinary excretion of ferulic acid
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Outcome_Physical
susceptibility of LDL to oxidation
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Outcome_Other
bioavailability
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Outcome_Adverse-effects
and
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Outcome_Other
potential antioxidative effects
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Outcome_Physical
urine levels of ferulic acid
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Outcome_Physical
urinary excretion of ferulic acid
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Outcome_Physical
low-density lipoprotein ( LDL ) susceptibility to copper oxidation ex vivo
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Outcome_Physical
urinary excretion of ferulic acid
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Outcome_Physical
lag time or propagation rate of the LDL oxidation
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Outcome_Physical
antioxidative effect
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Outcome_Physical
intake of ferulic acid
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Participant_Condition
urinary excretion of ferulic acid in humans