50872
document
Beverage vs. solid fruits and vegetables : effects on energy intake and body weight . Beverage consumption has been implicated in weight gain , but questions remain about the veracity of the association , whether the relationship is causal and what property of beverages is responsible . It was hypothesized that food form is the most salient attribute . Thus , a randomized controlled trial of food form was conducted . Energy-matched beverage or solid forms of fruits and vegetables were provided to 34 , lean or overweight/obese adults for two 8-week periods with a 3-week washout interspersed . Dietary compensation was incomplete ( beverage 53 % ; solid 78 % ) and body weight increased after the beverage ( 1.95 ± 0.33 kg ) ( 77 % fat mass ) and solid ( 1.36 ± 0.30 kg ) ( 85 % fat mass ) treatments ( both P < 0.0005 ) . Differences between food forms were not significant . The lean group had the highest dietary compensation ( 119 % ) and no significant weight change ( 0.84 ± 0.53 kg ) after consuming the solid fruits and vegetables whereas the overweight/obese group had lower compensation and significant weight gain during the solid arm ( 46 % , 1.77 ± 0.32 kg , P < 0.0001 ) . In contrast , incomplete dietary compensation and weight gain occurred in both the lean ( 43 % , 1.61 ± 0.44 kg , P = 0.003 ) and overweight/obese ( 61 % , 2.22 ± 0.47 kg , P < 0.0005 ) groups during the beverage arm . Secondary analyses revealed the obese group gained more weight than the lean and overweight groups during the beverage intervention ( P = 0.024 ) . These data demonstrate energy consumed as beverages may be especially problematic for weight gain . They also indicate that advice to increase fruit and vegetable consumption should emphasize total energy intake because the additional energy contributed may promote weight gain , especially among overweight and obese individuals .
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Intervention_Physical
Beverage
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Intervention_Other
vs.
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Intervention_Physical
solid fruits and vegetables
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Intervention_Other
:
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Intervention_Physical
Energy-matched beverage
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Intervention_Other
or
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Intervention_Physical
solid forms of fruits and vegetables
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Outcome_Physical
body weight .
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Outcome_Other
Dietary compensation
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Outcome_Physical
body weight
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Participant_Sample-size
34
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Participant_Condition
lean or overweight/obese
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Participant_Age
adults