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document
High-calcium milk prevents overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women . BACKGROUND The Sixth National Nutrition Survey 2003 revealed that the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity among Filipino female adults ( 30.8 % ) was found in the age group from 40 to 59 years . Obesity is associated with a number of chronic diseases , including cardiovascular disease , hypertension , and diabetes . Low calcium intake has been identified as a potential contributing factor to overweight and obesity . OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of a high-calcium , fortified , low-fat milk drink with added vitamin D versus a low-calcium placebo drink on anthropometric measurements of postmenopausal women . METHODS Women who were at least 5 years postmenopausal were invited to participate in the study . Potential participants underwent three stages of screening : initial interview , dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry , and blood testing for biochemical screening . Anthropometric indices were measured at baseline and the end of the study . Sixty women were qualified to participate in the study . The women were randomly assigned to two groups , one of which received 400 ml of the high-calcium milk daily for 16 weeks while the other received the placebo drink . RESULTS No significant increases were observed in the anthropometric indices of the subjects receiving the high-calcium fortified milk at the end of the study . However , there were significant increases in the weight ( p = .008 ) , body mass index ( p = .007 ) , and waist ( p = .018 ) and hip ( p = .003 ) circumferences of the subjects receiving the placebo drink . CONCLUSIONS A change in dietary calcium intake may be a useful measure as part of an overall approach to prevent the occurrence of overweight and obesity among postmenopausal women .
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Intervention_Pharmacological
High-calcium milk
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Intervention_Pharmacological
high-calcium , fortified , low-fat milk drink
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Intervention_Pharmacological
added vitamin D
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Intervention_Control
low-calcium placebo drink
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Intervention_Pharmacological
high-calcium milk
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Intervention_Control
placebo
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Intervention_Pharmacological
high-calcium fortified milk
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Outcome_Physical
Anthropometric indices
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Outcome_Physical
anthropometric indices
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Outcome_Physical
weight
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Outcome_Physical
body mass index
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Outcome_Physical
waist
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Outcome_Physical
hip
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Outcome_Physical
circumferences
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Outcome_Other
dietary calcium intake
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Participant_Condition
postmenopausal women .