39401
document
Acute and short-term effects of secondhand smoke on lung function and cytokine production . RATIONALE The acute effect of secondhand smoke ( SHS ) on lung function and the duration of system disruption remain unknown . OBJECTIVES To assess the SHS effects and their duration on lung function and inflammatory markers . METHODS In a randomized single-blind crossover experiment data were obtained from 16 ( 8 women ) nonsmoking adults at baseline and at 0 , 1 , and 3 hours after a 1-hour SHS exposure set at bar/restaurant SHS levels . MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Serum and urine cotinine , lung function , and cytokines IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6 , tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha , and IFN-gamma . At 0 hours most lung function parameters were significantly reduced ( indicative : FEV ( 1 ) , 4.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.8 +/- 0.3 L ; FEV ( 1 ) /FVC , 0.9 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.1 ; P < 0.05 ) but at 3 hours they were at baseline levels . In contrast , cotinine ( serum , 8.9 +/- 3.2 vs. 35.5 +/- 10.2 ng x ml ( -1 ) ) , IL-4 ( 41.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 44.2 +/- 4.5 pg x ml ( -1 ) ) , IL-5 ( 36.1 +/- 3.2 vs. 60.1 +/- 7.0 pg x ml ( -1 ) ) , IL-6 ( 2.5 +/- 0.3 vs. 7.6 +/- 1.4 pg x ml ( -1 ) ) and IFN-gamma ( 0.3 +/- 0.2 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.2 IU x ml ( -1 ) ) at 3 hours were higher than at baseline ( P < 0.05 ) . IL-4 and TNF-alpha increased only in men , whereas IL-5 , IL-6 , and IFN-gamma were different between sexes after exposure ( P < 0.05 ) . Regression analyses revealed inverse associations of FEV ( 1 ) and FEV ( 1 ) /FVC ratio with IL-5 ( P < 0.05 ) in men and with IL-5 ( P = 0.01 ) , IL-6 ( P < 0.001 ) , IFN-gamma ( P = 0.034 ) and serum cotinine ( P < 0.001 ) in women . CONCLUSIONS We conclude that 1 hour of SHS exposure at bar/restaurant levels is accompanied by significant decrements on lung function and marked increases in inflammatory cytokines , particularly in men . More importantly , whereas most smoke-induced effects on lung function appear to recede within 60 minutes , inflammatory cytokines remain elevated for at least 3 hours after exposure to SHS .
39402
Intervention_Physical
baseline and at 0 , 1 , and 3 hours after a 1-hour SHS exposure set at bar/restaurant SHS levels
39403
Intervention_Pharmacological
cytokines IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6
39404
Intervention_Pharmacological
tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha
39405
Intervention_Pharmacological
IFN-gamma
39406
Outcome_Physical
lung function
39407
Outcome_Physical
cytokine production
39408
Outcome_Physical
lung function
39409
Outcome_Physical
system disruption
39410
Outcome_Physical
lung function
39411
Outcome_Physical
inflammatory markers
39412
Outcome_Physical
Serum and urine cotinine
39413
Outcome_Physical
lung function
39414
Outcome_Physical
cytokines IL-4 , IL-5 , IL-6
39415
Outcome_Physical
tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -alpha
39416
Outcome_Physical
IFN-gamma
39417
Outcome_Physical
lung function parameters
39418
Outcome_Physical
cotinine
39419
Outcome_Physical
IFN-gamma
39420
Outcome_Physical
IL-4 and TNF-alpha
39421
Outcome_Physical
IL-5 , IL-6 , and IFN-gamma
39422
Outcome_Physical
FEV ( 1 )
39423
Outcome_Physical
FEV ( 1 ) /FVC ratio
39424
Outcome_Physical
IL-5
39425
Outcome_Physical
IL-5
39426
Outcome_Physical
IL-6
39427
Outcome_Physical
IFN-gamma
39428
Outcome_Physical
serum cotinine
39429
Outcome_Physical
decrements on lung function
39430
Outcome_Physical
inflammatory cytokines
39431
Outcome_Physical
effects on lung function
39432
Outcome_Physical
inflammatory cytokines
39433
Participant_Sample-size
16
39434
Participant_Sample-size
8
39435
Participant_Sex
women
39436
Participant_Age
adults