65604
document
Caudal epidural analgesia using lidocaine alone or in combination with ketamine in dromedary camels Camelus dromedarius . This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine following epidural administration in dromedary camels . Ten 12-18-month-old camels were randomly divided into two equal groups . In group L , the animals received 2 % lidocaine ( 0.22 mg/kg ) and in group LK the animals received a mixture of 10 % ketamine ( 1 mg/kg ) and 2 % lidocaine ( 0.22 mg/kg ) administered into the first intercoccygeal ( Co1-Co2 ) epidural space while standing . Onset time and duration of caudal analgesia , sedation level and ataxia were recorded after drug administration . Data were analysed by U Mann-Whitney tests and significance was taken as p & lt ; 0.05 . The results showed that epidural lidocaine and co-administration of lidocaine and ketamine produced complete analgesia in the tail , anus and perineum . Epidural administration of the lidocaine-ketamine mixture resulted in mild to moderate sedation , whilst the animals that received epidural lidocaine alone were alert and nervous during the study . Ataxia was observed in all test subjects and was slightly more severe in camels that received the lidocaine-ketamine mixture . It was concluded that epidural administration of lidocaine plus ketamine resulted in longer caudal analgesia in standing conscious dromedary camels compared with the effect of administering lidocaine alone .
65605
Intervention_Pharmacological
Caudal epidural analgesia
65606
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine alone
65607
Intervention_Pharmacological
combination with ketamine
65608
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine and a combination of lidocaine and ketamine
65609
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine
65610
Intervention_Pharmacological
ketamine
65611
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine
65612
Intervention_Pharmacological
epidural lidocaine
65613
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine and ketamine
65614
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine-ketamine mixture
65615
Intervention_Pharmacological
epidural lidocaine
65616
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine-ketamine mixture .
65617
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine plus ketamine
65618
Intervention_Pharmacological
lidocaine