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Evaluating intervention using time aids in children with disabilities . OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate complex intervention using time aids for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities who exhibit limitations in daily time management . METHODS Participating children ( n = 47 ) ( F17/M30 ) were aged 6-11 with ADHD , autism spectrum disorders , mild or moderate intellectual disability , spina bifida , and cerebral palsy . This study used a Randomized Block and Waiting List control group design , with 25 children allocated to control and 22 to intervention group . In total 10 children ( 21.3 % ) , five from each group , dropped out , leaving 37 children in the data analysis . RESULTS Children in both groups gained significantly in time-processing ability between the first and second data collection , but the children in the intervention group improved time-processing ability significantly more than controls . The control group also displayed significant changes after receiving intervention between the second and third data collection . The intervention had a large effect ( ES Cohen 's d = 0.81 ) on time-processing ability and a medium effect ( ES Cohen 's d = 0.68 ) on managing one 's time . CONCLUSIONS This study provides preliminary evidence that time-processing ability and managing one 's time can be improved by intervention using time aids in children with intellectual and developmental disabilities , supporting the need to consider time aids in intervention in these children .
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Intervention_Educational
time aids
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Intervention_Educational
complex intervention using time aids
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Intervention_Control
control
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Intervention_Physical
intervention
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Outcome_Mental
time-processing ability
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Outcome_Mental
time-processing ability
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Outcome_Mental
time-processing ability
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Outcome_Mental
managing one 's time .
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Outcome_Mental
time-processing ability
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Outcome_Mental
managing one 's time
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Participant_Age
children
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Participant_Condition
disabilities
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Participant_Age
children
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Participant_Age
children
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Participant_Sample-size
47
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Participant_Age
(
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Participant_Age
aged 6-11
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Participant_Condition
ADHD , autism spectrum disorders , mild or moderate intellectual disability , spina bifida , and cerebral palsy
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Participant_Sample-size
10 children
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Participant_Sample-size
five
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Participant_Sample-size
37