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document
Enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities in the Prostate , Lung , Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial . BACKGROUND Minority populations in the United States , especially blacks and Hispanics , are generally underrepresented among participants in clinical trials . Here , we report the experience of enrolling ethnic minorities in a large cancer screening trial . METHODS The Prostate , Colorectal , Lung and Ovarian ( PLCO ) Cancer Screening Trial is a multicenter randomized trial designed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening for the PLCO cancers . Subjects were recruited at 10 U.S. centers between 1993 and 2001 . One screening center had a major special recruitment effort for blacks and another center had a major special recruitment effort for Hispanics . RESULTS Among almost 155,000 subjects enrolled in PLCO , minority enrollment was as follows : black ( 5.0 % ) , Hispanic ( 1.8 % ) and Asian ( 3.6 % ) . This compares to an age-eligible population in the combined catchment areas of the PLCO centers that was 14.0 % black , 2.9 % Hispanic and 5.4 % Asian , and an age-eligible population across the U.S. that was 9.5 % black , 6.5 % Hispanic and 3.0 % Asian . About half ( 45 % ) of Hispanics were recruited at the center with the special Hispanic recruitment effort . Seventy percent of blacks were recruited at two centers ; the one with the major special recruitment effort and a center in Detroit whose catchment area was 20 % black among age-eligibles . Blacks , Hispanics and ( non-Hispanic ) whites were all more highly educated , less likely to currently smoke and more likely to get regular exercise than their counterparts in the general population . CONCLUSION Significant efforts were made to recruit racial/ ethnic minorities into PLCO , and these efforts resulted in enrollment levels that were comparable to those seen in many recent cancer screening or prevention trials . Blacks and Hispanics were nonetheless underrepresented in PLCO compared to their levels among age-eligibles in the overall U.S. population or in the aggregate PLCO catchment areas .
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Intervention_Educational
Prostate , Colorectal , Lung and Ovarian ( PLCO ) Cancer Screening
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Intervention_Educational
screening for the PLCO cancers
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Intervention_Educational
special recruitment effort for blacks
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Intervention_Educational
special recruitment effort for Hispanics
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Outcome_Mental
recruited
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Outcome_Mental
recruited
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Outcome_Mental
currently smoke
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Outcome_Mental
regular exercise
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Participant_Condition
racial and ethnic minorities in the Prostate , Lung , Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial .
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Participant_Condition
effectiveness of screening for the PLCO cancers
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Participant_Condition
Hispanics
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Participant_Sample-size
155,000 subjects enrolled
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Participant_Sample-size
black ( 5.0 % ) , Hispanic ( 1.8 % ) and Asian ( 3.6 % )
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Participant_Sample-size
PLCO centers that was 14.0 % black , 2.9 % Hispanic and 5.4 % Asian
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Participant_Sample-size
that was 9.5 % black , 6.5 % Hispanic and 3.0 % Asian
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Participant_Sample-size
( 45 % ) of Hispanics were recruited at the center with the special Hispanic recruitment effort
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Participant_Sample-size
Seventy percent of blacks were recruited at two centers