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ESR1 mutations associated with EIS change conformation of ligand receptor complex and alter transcriptome profile.

Estrogen insensitivity syndrome (EIS) arises from rare mutations in estrogen receptor α (ERα, encoded by ESR1 gene) resulting in the inability of estrogen to exert its biological effects. Due to the rarity, mutations in ESR1 gene and the underlying molecular mechanisms of EIS have not been thoroughly studied. Here, we investigate known ESR1 mutants, Q375H and R394H, associated with EIS patients using in vitro and in vivo systems. Comparison of the transcriptome and DNA methylome from stable cell lines of both Q375H and R394H clinical mutants show a differential profile compared to WT ERα resulting in loss of estrogen-responsiveness. Molecular dynamic simulation shows that both ESR1 mutations change the ERα conformation of the ligand receptor complexes. Furthermore, we generated a mouse model Esr1-Q, harboring the human mutation using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Female and male Esr1-Q mice are infertile and have similar phenotypes to αERKO mice. Overall phenotypes of the Esr1-Q mice correspond to those observed in the Q375H patient. Finally, we explore the effects of a synthetic progestogen and a GnRH inhibitor in the Esr1-Q mice for potentially reversing the impaired female reproductive tract function. These findings provide an important basis for understanding the molecular mechanistic consequences associated with EIS.