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Enhancement of the NAD(P)(H) Pool in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Asymmetric biosyntheses allow for an efficient production of chiral building blocks. The application of whole cells as biocatalysts for asymmetric syntheses is advantageous because they already contain the essential coenzymes NAD(H) or NADP(H), which additionally can be regenerated in the cells. Unfortunately, reduced catalytic activity compared to the oxidoreductase activity is observed in many cases during whole‐cell biotransformation. This may be caused by low intracellular coenzyme pool sizes and/or a decline in intracellular coenzyme concentrations. To enhance the intracellular coenzyme pool sizes, the effects of the precursor metabolites adenine and nicotinic acid on the intracellular accumulation of NAD(H) and NADP(H) were studied in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Based on the results of simple batch experiments with different precursor additions, fed‐batch processes for the production of yeast cells with enhanced NAD(H) or enhanced NADP(H) pool sizes were developed. Supplementation of the feed medium with 95 mM adenine and 9.5 mM nicotinic acid resulted in an increase of the intracellular NAD(H) concentration by a factor of 10 at the end of the fed‐batch process compared to the reference process. The final NAD(H) concentration remains unchanged if the feed medium was solely supplemented with 95 mM adenine, but intracellular NADP(H) was increased by a factor of 4. The effects of NADP(H) pool sizes on the asymmetric reduction of ethyl‐4‐chloro acetoacetate (CAAE) to the corresponding (S)‐4‐chloro‐3‐hydroxybutanoate (S‐CHBE) was evaluated with S. cerevisiae FasB His6 as an example. An intracellular threshold concentration above 0.07 mM NADP(H) was sufficient to increase the biocatalytic S‐CHBE productivity by 25 % compared to lower intracellular NADP(H) concentrations.