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Smoothing Troubled Waters: The 1988 Canada-United States Arctic Co-Operation Agreement

Not unlike the earlier transit of the S.S. Manhattan in 1969-70, the 1985 voyage of the American icebreaker, Polar Sea, through the Northwest Passage (nwp) focused attention on the oppos ing Canadian-American jurisdictional claims over the waters of the Canadian Arctic archipelago.1 However, in sharp contrast to the absence of co-operative problem-solving initiatives that plainly characterized the Manhattan episode, Canadian and United States officials began intensive negotiations in late 1985 to attempt to resolve the outstanding maritime dispute. After more than two years of bilateral negotiations, the Canada United States Arctic co-operation agreement was signed, to the satisfaction of both parties, on 11 January 1988. The purpose of this paper is to examine both the negotia tions that led to the agreement and the nature of the outcome. In doing so, it becomes clear that the evolution of the negoti ation process and the subsequent mutually satisfactory outcome are the result of three decisive factors: the existence in this case