{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.021400778210116732, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00632295719844358, 'mean_word_length': 5.722222222222222, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
From the 1990s to CORAL (Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions) trial results and beyond: does stenting have a role in ischemic nephropathy?

The prevalence of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis is high, ∼7% in individuals older than 65 years and ∼50% in patients with diffuse arterial disease, and it is increasingly frequent in an aging population. About 10% to 15% of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis cases lead to the development of resistant hypertension and/or ischemic nephropathy. The management of ischemic nephropathy may include medical therapy and/or revascularization. In the past, revascularization required surgical bypass or endarterectomy, accompanied by the morbidity and mortality associated with a major surgical procedure. During the last few decades, less invasive endovascular procedures such as percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty with stent placement have become available. At the same time, new antihypertensive and cardiovascular drugs have been developed, which may preclude revascularization, at least in some cases. The indications of each of these therapeutic options have changed over time. This review offers a temporal perspective on the course of technical and scientific advances and the accompanying change in clinical practice for the treatment of ischemic nephropathy. The latest randomized clinical trials, including the CORAL (Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions) trial, the largest on the subject, as well as a meta-analysis of these studies, have indicated that the best approach is medical therapy alone. There is evidence that revascularization brings no additional benefit, at least in low-risk and stable atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. High-risk patients, especially those with recurrent flash pulmonary edema, could benefit from percutaneous transluminal renal artery angioplasty and stent placement, but there is no definitive evidence and the treatment choice should take into account the risks and potential benefits of the procedure.