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How to detect a viral retinitis

Viral retinitis is a group of sight-threatening conditions mainly caused by herpes viruses. They may occur as an isolated ocular disease or in association with systemic illness or comorbidities. Early diagnosis of viral retinitis is of utmost importance for prompt initiation of appropriate treatment to prevent ocular and systemic morbidity. Diagnosis of viral retinitis is primarily based on history and a careful and comprehensive clinical examination. Anterior uveitis with fine or granulomatous keratic precipitates and elevated or normal intraocular pressure is common. A dilated fundus examination is mandatory not to miss posterior segment involvement including vitritis, macular edema, optic disc edema, and typical peripheral retinal lesions and retinal vascular changes. Although the diagnosis of viral retinitis is primarily clinical, PCR applied to aqueous humor or vitreous sample is recommended to confirm the definitive diagnosis, exclude other entities, and identify the causative virus.