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Stem cells and cancer Cracking the ultimate medical code

Stem Cells and Cancer: The Medical Mystery of the 21st Century Cancer, which is characterized by abnormal cell proliferation that leads to uncontrolled tumor growth, is a leading cause of death worldwide (7.4 million deaths in 2004). Scientists have focused on the biological mechanism of tumor formation in an attempt to develop well-informed, effective cancer treatments that slow or halt the progression of the disease by reducing the size of the tumor or eliminating its presence entirely. The conventional model of tumor formation which holds that tumors arise from mutated somatic cells that have lost the ability to regulate their own growth and division makes biological sense, but this model does not explain why many cancers recur even after drug therapy successfully minimizes the size of malignant tumors (2). The obvious rift between the theoretical understanding of cancer and the limited success of drug therapies in practice is a medical mystery that years of basic science research and drug development have failed to unravel. Recent studies and observations, however, point to a modified tumor formation model in which a small population of “cancer stem cells” is ultimately responsible for tumor growth and is resistant to currently available therapies. If validated, this new model may transform the way cancer therapies are designed and delivered.