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Piezothermic Transduction of Functional Composite Materials.

Conveyances of physical energies (such as force, heat, and electricity) from one to another exist in nature and have initiated manifold useful applications. Piezothermic transduction refers to a change in the thermal conduction of a material when a mechanical strain is applied, which can be applied in high-performance pressure sensing and smart energy control. Here, we propose the piezothermic concept and investigate the mechanism of its transduction in three functional composite materials, that is, particle-reinforced composites, porous materials, and series-model materials. Theoretical models for analyzing relatedness effects of material properties (e.g., thermal conductivity, Young's modulus, and volume fraction) are established and validated by both finite element analyses and experimental measurements. The piezothermic transduction provides novel and promising strategies to implement high-performance mechanical sensing as well as energy control through optimizing composite materials. As a demonstration, a pressure sensor with a super high range-to-limit ratio of 50 000 that has a lower detection limit of 3.9 Pa and a large measurement range of 200 kPa is developed.