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Analysis of the global market of technologies in the field of collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste

The authors propose a method for evaluating the market of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste. The novelty of the study is classification of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste. It is base on the principles of “Circular Economy”. The authors proposed an algorithm for calculating the specialization index of technologies. A patent search for calculating the specialization index performed based on this classification. The author’s method was the analysis of 17 countries at the beginning of 2021. These countries are owners of patents of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste. The study reveals that the global market of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste is formed only by 50% of the average level of the specialization index. The leaders in the specialization index are the USA, China and European Union. This evaluation of market allows us to determine the effectiveness of the waste management strategy. The authors offer two options. For countries with high specialization index, we suggest the strategy of differentiation. This strategy is to develop a comprehensive technology of plastic waste management. For countries with a low specialization index, we suggest the strategy of focusing. This strategy is to develop novel technologies on the basis of “Circular Economy”.


Introduction
Currently, polymer waste management is a widely discussed topic in the world. The countries of the world recognize the need for effective polymer waste management. However, technologies for recycling polymer waste in various countries are developing at different rates. Also, not all countries in the world consider the principles of sustainable development. Such a difference is clearly visible in the report World Bank's in the level of recycling among other methods of plastic waste management (see figure 1) [1].
It is necessary to perform an integrated study of the advantages and weaknesses for all technologies for polymer waste treatment. This study should consider deviations from the principles of the "Circular Economy". Therefore, countries need to develop strategies to achieve this goal. This illustrates the relevance of the topic of this study.
The purpose of the paper is to study the global market of technologies for polymer waste and the factors that determine its progress.
The objects of the study are the countries that are patent holders of technologies for polymer waste treatment at the beginning of 2021.
The subject of this study is the specialization index of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste at the beginning of 2021 on the global market.
The hypothesis of the research is that the waste management strategies of countries depend on the level of the specialization index of technologies. A more effective strategy for the waste management is achieved for the high specialization index of technologies.
According to the authors, a fully formed market is the one which the specialization index is greater than or equal to 0.5 rel. units.
Taking this factor into account would allow the state to regulate the rate of formation of polymer waste.

Materials and methods
Currently, there are few scientific papers on the analysis of the market of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste. In particular, there are few articles about equipment suppliers. There is no information: about producers by country, by type of polymer waste, and market barriers.
World Intellectual Property Organization is the only source on patents of such technologies. This organization does not have a lot of relevant data and comprehensive research materials on technologies for polymer waste. For example, in 2013, a study published by WIPO together with the Basel Convention. This report is dedicated to some specific technologies for polymer waste such as individual waste of electronic equipment [2]. This study describes the manufacturers of final products in the field of electronics by country and the type of recyclable materials [2]. There are a notable number of studies on the recycling of mixed waste. For example, these are papers focus on the pyrolysis and the recycling of composite materials (fiberglass and carbon fiber) [11], [12], [13].
A small number of researchers compare the methods of recycling polymer waste (the advantages and the disadvantages) [14], [15].
The remaining studies of technologies in the field of polymer waste are devoted to factors that affect the level of recycling. For example, the dependence of the level of recycling in the European Union on the amount of investment in R & D is revealed in [16], [17]. Many researchers believe that the development of technologies for waste recycling depends on the number of urbanized populations in the country [17]. This information is presenting in the "What a Waste 2.0" report of the World Bank. Earlier in the study, we also studied the factors that affect the level of waste management in the world [18]. One of these factors is the cost of waste management [18]. In our opinion, these factors are barriers on the market of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste.
This study consisted of the following stages.
At the first stage of the study, an algorithm is proposed for calculating the specialization index of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste on the global market. At the same time, this specialization index considers the principles of «Circular Economy».
At the second stage of the study, a patent search was conducted for the data needed to calculate the specialization index according to the author's methodology at the beginning of 2021.
At the third stage of the study, we calculated the specialization index for countries at the beginning of 2021. These countries were the patent holders of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste in the world market.

Results
At the first stage of the study, the authors developed an algorithm for calculating the specialization index. For this purpose, the authors defined the term "specialization". Specialization of technologies is a set of types of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste developed and patented by the country. The specialization index is a relative indicator. The authors proposed to calculate it by algorithm that divides the number of types of technologies in the country by the total number of types of technologies in the world.
The authors conducted a review of patents for the beginning of 2021. It was been needed for determine the total number of types of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste [26]. According to this source, the authors identified the following features of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste.
What stage of waste management is this technology intended for?
What material is processed by this technology? What methods of waste recycling are used in this technology?
All these features have been proposed by the authors as criteria. They were necessary for determining the total number of types of technologies for polymer waste.
Scientific studies determinate that some polymer materials can harm the environment and public health [27]. The authors make such a conclusion following the principles of the "Circular Economy". It is necessary to excluding the types of technologies that harm the environment and public health in calculations.
At the second stage of the study, a patent search was conducted in the World Intellectual Property Organization database [26]. The selection was carried out according to the criteria proposed at the first stage of the study. The data were selected from the materials corresponding to the beginning of 2021. The authors have obtained the following results. 15 countries have patented the developed the technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste; in total, there are 29 active types of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste in the global market (see Table 1). recycling of other mixed polymers by steam cracking recycling of the film with a solution film recycling by thermoforming film recycling by flotation recycling for the extraction of cellulose from plastic recycling for the production of materials for 3 D printing, by mechanical method and thermoforming According to the "Circular Economy" concept, the authors excluded certain types of technologies for the reason, that it can exert a negative effect on the health of population. These are three types of PVC technology for recycling (Table 1).
At the third stage of the study, we calculated the specialization indices by the algorithm proposed at the first stage of the study.
We took the total number of types of technologies for polymer waste. This information was necessary to calculating the specialization index. The date was found at the second stage of the study. These were 26 types of technologies in the global market. This number did not include 3 types excluded earlier (see Table 1). We took the number of types of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste in a country. This date was necessary to calculate the specialization index. This information was obtained at the second stage of the study for 15 countries. Then, the authors have performed a calculation of the number of types of technologies. There was the rule for calculation. If country possessed the one among the 26 types of technologies, the country was assigned 1 rel. unit. If country did not possess such the technologies, the country assigned 0 rel. unit (Table 1). Table 2 presented the calculated indicators for countries of survey. These are the number of types of patented technologies and the specialization indices.

Discussion
The market is considered to be completely formed if the specialization index was equal to or more than 0.5 rel. units. This is the hypothesis of our study. According to the results of Table 2, such markets have been formed in China, USA, and the European Union.
Also, a high level of specialization index indicates market power among other participants.
The remaining markets in 12 countries of study have not yet been formed to completion as their specialization indices were less than 0.5 rel. units. In total, the global market for polymer waste technologies not fully developed: its average specialization index is less than 0.5 rel. units. It was development degree is about 50% of the average level at the beginning of 2021.
According to M. Porter, competitive strategies can be based on: -differentiation leadership; -costs leadership; -focus leadership [28].
Only 3 countries had a strategy of differentiation leadership on the market (see Table 2).
Only a country with low costs of technologies can have a cost leadership of strategy. At the same time, this country must meet the condition of the "Circular Economy". The global market did not have such participants that meet these criteria.
Japan was implemented the strategy of focus leadership and the "Circular Economy". Thus, Japan was met all these conditions. The rest of the countries did not have a clear strategy on the global market of technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste. If, a country did not have a clear strategy leadership, then this is a barrier (or a threat) to it on the global market [28]. Many countries implement outdated technologies for polymer waste. Also, they did not follow the principles of "Sustainable development" (see Table 1).
The authors have made this conclusion based on the number of countries that own patents. That the technologies of recycling for the PE, PP, PS wastes took the 1st place. 11 countries had these technologies. The technologies for recycling of ABS and mixed composites and waste collection took the 2nd place. 7 countries have such technologies.
The technologies for recycling PET, elastomers, and film took the 3rd place. Also, this place was given to the technologies of the extracting for cellulose from plastic. 5 countries have such technologies.
The technologies for recycling the materials used for 3 D-printing and PE textiles are not studied to completion as well as the technologies of the sorting and cleaning of waste. Only, 3 countries have such technologies.
The hypothesis put forward by the authors was confirmed. More effective strategies of the waste management were achieved in countries with a high level of the specialization index.
The practical significance of the study was to reveal the factor will allow regulating of waste at the macroeconomic level. The number of researches about the analysis of the market of technologies for polymer waste is not considerable. An annual study of the market analysis for technologies to the author's method will allow conducting a foresight for a country. This foresight will include the opportunities and the threats for technologies.
Here are the perspectives of the research. Most countries cannot realize a waste management strategy with a high level of specialization index. Thus, for such countries, it is necessary to find new models for waste management. This is model should consider individual characteristics of the country.
Countries that occupy small territories export their waste for recycling to other countries. For this reason, such countries are leading in the development of innovative technologies. And also, they are considering the principles of sustainable development.
In our opinion, it is necessary to develop the abovementioned less studied areas and also look for emerging technologies for the collection, sorting and recycling of polymer waste.

Conclusion
Thus, we can conclude that most of the polymer waste can be recycled. However, significant financial resources required to achieve the entire waste management cycle. One way of dealing with this problem is to use all waste during processing in the general flow. This method will allow countries to use the product of processing one waste an auxiliary element as for processing another. In our opinion, countries with a high specialization index could achieve this goal. These countries are China, USA and European Union.