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An Analytical Framework to Examine Empowerment Associated with Participatory Geographic Information Systems (PGIS)

Abstract Claims have been made that the application of participatory geographic information systems (PGIS) can empower disadvantaged groups. This article notes that the ongoing debate in this “GIS-empowerment-marginalization nexus” remains vague about a characterization of empowerment and that it fails to address how empowerment can be observed and recorded in a logical and structured manner. The article offers, and justifies, two working definitions of empowerment, differentiating between empowerment and empowerment capacity. It proposes a framework to structure an analysis of empowerment. The framework combines four catalysts of empowerment (information, process, skills, and tools) with two social scales (individuals and community).