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University of Birmingham Passive and post-exercise cold-water immersion augments PGC-1alpha and VEGF expression in human skeletal muscle.

increased in CWI ~1.9-fold ( P = 0.03) and 2.2-fold ( P = 0.009) at 3 and 6 h post-immersion. Conclusions Data confirm post-exercise CWI augments the acute exercise-induced expression of PGC-1 α mRNA in human skeletal muscle compared to exercise per se. Addi-tionally CWI per se mediates the activation of PGC-1 α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Cold water may therefore enhance the adaptive response to acute exercise. Abstract Purpose We tested the hypothesis that both post-exercise and passive cold water immersion (CWI) increases PGC-1 α and VEGF mRNA expression in human skeletal muscle. Method Study 1 Nine males completed an intermittent running protocol (8 × 3-min bouts at 90 % ˙ V O 2 max , interspersed with 3-min active recovery (1.5-min at 25 % and 1.5-min at 50 % ˙ V O 2 max ) before undergoing CWI (10 min at 8 °C) or seated rest (CONT) in a counterbalanced, ran-domised manner. Study 2 Ten males underwent an identical CWI protocol under passive conditions. Results Study 1 PGC-1 α mRNA increased in CONT (~3.4-fold; P < 0.001) and CWI (~5.9-fold; P < 0.001) at 3 h post-exercise with a greater increase observed in CWI ( P < 0.001). VEGFtotal mRNA increased after CWI only (~2.4-fold) compared with CONT (~1.1-fold) at 3 h postexercise ( P < 0.01). Study 2 Following CWI, PGC-1 α mRNA expression was significantly increased ~1.3-fold ( P = 0.001) and 1.4-fold ( P = 0.0004) at 3 and 6 h, respectively. Similarly, VEGF165 mRNA was significantly