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Effect of Bongi Me’e Liquid Soap Toward Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Acne or commonly referred as acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease due to abnormalities of sebum production in sebaceous glands caused by staphylococcus epidermis bacteria. Acne treatment is usually done by using antibiotics, both topical and oral like Clindamycin 1%. However, the long-term use of antibiotics might lead to resistant of propionibacterium acne strains or immune to clindamycin 1%. People in Bima, Indonesia particulary in Wawo district have local wisdom, that is facial using Bongi Me’e which is a traditional scrubs made of rice, tamarind, and temu giring extract that officacious as antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Bongi Me’e liquid soap as the antibacterial against Staphylococcus epidermis. In this research, four soap formulas were formulated and tested using well diffusion method. The inhibitory zone test indicated that the highest diameter of inhibition zone obtained in the formula 1 of 29.3 mm, followed by the formula 2 of 28 mm, formula 4 of 26.6 mm, and formula 3 that has smallest inhibitory zone by 25 mm. So, the antibacterial Bongi Me’e liquid soap was effective to inhibit acne-cause bacteria Staphylococcus epidermis.


INTRODUCTION
Acne or commonly referred as Acne vulgaris is a chronic skin disease due to abnormalities of sebum production in sebaceous glands that can be caused by Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria [1][2][3]. Acne vulgaris gives bad effect for the teenagers both physicly and physologicly. Those with acne tend to feel depression, anxiety, and hide away from social interaction [4][5].
Acne treatment can be done using antibiotic e.g. Clindamycin 1 %. However, the use of it for long time results in the existence of Propionibacterium Acnes that is resistent to Clindamycin [6][7]. People in Bima particularly in Wawo district have local wisdom of using Bongi Me'e as their facial treatment to keep their skin health. Bongi Me'e is a traditional scrub formulation made of white rice (Oryza sativa L), tamarind (Thamarindu indica), temu giring (Curcuma heyneana val) extract. Even though it has been used long as skin care, the scientific evidence of it as well as the formulation does not find yet. The objective of this research was to figure out the effectivity of antibacterial Bongi Me'e liquid soap against Staphylococcus epidermis as the acne-causing bacteria. The further research was also done due to the urgency of finding natural ingredients as an alternative to replace chemical ingredients in antibacterial soap because of its disadvantage hazardous effect.
In Bahasa, Bongi Me'e means Black rice. The ingredients consists of banggulae or temu giring (Curcuma heyneana val.), bongi or white rice (Oryza sativa L), mange or tamarind (Thamarindu indica). The blend of these ingredients has some effect; smooth the skin, brighten the skin, prevent acne, reduce body odor, tighten the skin, shrink the pores and as an anti-oxidant. This is due to the content of white rice (Oryza sativa L); carbohydrate, protein, fat, color pigment, mineral, vitamin as well as B6, B12 and B1.
The materials used in this research are The materials used in this research are 1 plate of Staphylococcus epidermis bacterium, Curcuma heyneana, tamarind, white rice, aquades, NaOH 4 M, coconut oil, NA media, NB / NaCl media, and Amoxilin standard, 96%, 1 roll of aluminum foil, label paper, sterile cotton, sunlight soap, 1 roll of cling wrapping, spiritus and two roll of tissue.

Sample preparation
The samples used in this study were temu giring (Curcuma heyneana val.), White rice (Oryza sativa L), and tamarind (Thamarindu indica). White rice were roasted first to remove the moisture content, and then blended. The part of the temu giring used was the rhizome that was first cleaned, peeled, dried and then blended. Section of tamarind used is part of the fruit flesh that has been separated with the seeds then dried in the air.

Sample extraction
The samples extraction process was done using maceration for 48 hours. Each sample was weighed 300 gr and soaked in 600 ml ethanol 96% using Erlenmeyer 1 L. Then samples were filtered to get the extract and pasted using Rotary evorator.

Liquid soap making process
The extracted sample, NaOH 4 M and coconut oil were weighed based on the formulation ( Table 1). The coconut oil was heated at 60 ℃ and then cooled and followed by the adding of NaOH 4 M with constant stirring. After the base soap coagulate, 150 ml aquades was added gradually and followed by the adding of samples extracted. It was stirred constantly until the liquid soap formed.

Soap quality control
The quality control was done using organoleptic test using 20 panelists based on the color, foam, freshness and odor. The scale used consist of four ranges: very like, like, less like and dislike. The test result presented in the form of table so can be seen as comparation of combination.

Antibacterial activity test of Liquid Soap
The antibacterial activity test was done using agar diffusion. The media consisted of Nutrient Agar, and NaCl liquid. The bacteria isolates was obtained from microbiology laboratory, Faculty of Natural Science University of Mataram. The bacteria isolates was first rejuvenated to get the bacteria stock, and to make it easier in repeating the test. The isolates were prepared and transferred to NaCl liquid medium taken with swab and dispersed to agar medium. Hole was made on the media, then 50µg of the liquid soap was added into it. After that the incubation was set for 24 hour at 37 ℃ then the inhibition zone can be observed.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The maceration method was chosen due to the easiness to get its equipment as well as its ability to attract particular compound of the samples, either heat-resistant or non-heating resistant compound.
The inhibition test of Bongi Me'e liquid soap on Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria was done using hole diffusion methode; deternine the inhibition zone around the hole that contain Bongi Me'e liquid soap. the wider zone of inhibition formed indicated the more effective the compound of the substance as antibacterial. Tests were performed on 4 soap formulas with positive control of amoxilin and negative control of ethanol 96%. In this research the repetition was done three times, so that the data obtained as many as 12 data diameter of inhibition zone. The results of Bongi Me'e liquid soap inhibition test can be seen in Table 2.
The results of Bongi Me'e liquid soap inhibition test against staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria showed that all formulas (Formula 1, formula 2, formula 3 and formula 4) had inhibitory power. Table 2 showed that the highest mean inhibitory zone diameter was obtained in formula 1 with a diameter of 29.3 mm, then formula 2 of 28 mm, formula 4 of 26.6 mm and formula 3 having the smallest inhibit zone of 25 mm. Inhibiton zone of formula 1, 2, 3 and 4 is compared with the inhibitory zone contained in the positive control of amoxilin 50 μg of 60 mm, then the inhibitory power of all the formulas against Saphylococcus epidermidis is smaller. However, Bongi Me'e liquid soap has potential as an antibacterial because it can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis which is indicated by the inhibition zone around the disk (medium).   [12][13][14][15]. Tannin has antibacterial power, through the reaction with the cell membrane, tannin attacks the cell wall polypeptide so that the formation of the cell wall becomes less perfect and cause bacterial cell lysis due to osmotic pressure so that bacterial cells death [16][17]. Flavonoid is a disinfectant DOI: 10.29303/aca.v1i2.9 Farid Wajdi et al that works in a way of proteins denaturation, cause the metabolism activity of bacterial cell stop, while saponins can increase the permeability of bacterial cell membranes that change the membrane structure and function, causing denaturation of protein membrane so that cell membranes will be damaged and lysis resulting in bacterial cell death. The second factor is the presence of NaOH effect on the liquid soapy resistance of Bongi Me'e because of its antiseptic and antimicrobial properties, it has proved that NaOH is very effective for clearance of contamination of Gram positive and negative bacteria [18][19] (Sameng, 2013).

CONCLUSION
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that all soap formulas have inhibitory ability to the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. The results of the inhibitory test of all four formulas showed that the highest mean inhibitory zone diameter was obtained in formula 1 of 29.3 mm, followed by formula 2 of 28 mm, formula 4 of 26.6 mm and formula 3 having the smallest inhibit zone of 25 mm. Thus, the four Bongi Me'e liquid soap formulas are quite effective in inhibiting Staphylococcus epidermis bacteria.