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Electrostatic Analyzers with Application to Electric Propulsion Testing

Electrostatic analyzers (ESAs) are used in electric propulsion to measure the energy per unit charge ⁄ distribution of ion and electron beams, in the downstream region of thrusters for example. This paper serves to give an overview of the most fundamental, yet most widely used, types of ESA designs. Analyzers are grouped into two classifications: (1) mirror-type analyzers and (2) deflector-type analyzers. Common mirror- type analyzers are the parallel-plate mirror analyzer (PMA) and the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA). For deflector type analyzers, a generalized toroidal type is first described and the commonly used cylindrical deflector (CDA) and spherical deflector (SDA) analyzers are discussed as special cases. The procedure for energy resolution calculations of ESAs is described, which is a common way of comparing analyzers. Finally, we present ion energy distributions from a SDA, comparing variations in particle energy, particle angle, entrance and exit geometry, and sector angle using both numerical calculation and particle simulation.