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Increased sensitivity of human keratinocytes immortalized by human papillomavirus type 16 DNA to growth control by retinoids.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 (HPV16) is associated with a large percentage of cervical malignancies, and HPV16 DNA can immortalize human keratinocytes in vitro. The transforming ability of the virus resides primarily in the open reading frames E6 and E7. Retinoids are potent modulators of growth and differentiation of keratinocytes and have been shown to reverse cervical lesions resulting from HPV infection. We compared the sensitivity of normal human foreskin keratinocytes (HKc) and four immortalized HKc lines, independently obtained by transfection of different normal HKc strains with HPV16 DNA (HKc/HPV16), to growth control by retinoic acid (RA). All the HKc/HPV16 lines were 10- to 100-fold more sensitive than normal HKc to growth inhibition by RA in both clonal and mass culture growth assays. The precursor to RA, retinol, was also found to be a more potent inhibitor of growth of HKc/HPV16 than normal HKc, while beta-carotene did not inhibit growth of either normal HKc or HKc/HPV16. In addition, HKc/HPV16 lines were more sensitive than normal HKc to modulation of keratin expression by RA and retinol. No differences were observed in the rate of uptake of [3H]RA or [3H]retinol between normal HKc and HKc/HPV16. Dot blot analysis of RNA extracted from HKc/HPV16 cultured in the absence or in the presence of 10(-7) M RA showed that the expression of the HPV16 open reading frames E6 and E7 is reduced 2- to 4-fold by RA. In addition, Northern blot analysis demonstrated that RA inhibition of E6 and E7 expression was both dose and time dependent. Overall, these results suggest that the increased sensitivity of the HKc/HPV16 lines to growth control by RA may be mediated by an inhibition of the expression of HPV16 gene products which are required for the maintenance of continuous growth.