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The cellular immunology of bovine paratuberculosis: immunity may be regulated by CD4+ helper and CD8+ immunoregulatory T lymphocytes which down-regulate gamma/delta+ T-cell cytotoxicity.

In a previous investigation, we obtained evidence that the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted proliferative response of CD4+ lymphocytes to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigens was depressed in naturally infected and immunized animals. Findings suggested that depression of the response was attributable to an abrogation in the ability of CD4+ cells to respond to specific antigens and/or the actual loss of antigen-reactive cells. In vitro cell experiments indicated that the depression was associated with the presence of gamma/delta+ T cells that modulated CD4+ cell function. Examination of additional animals confirmed and extended these observations and showed that the ability of gamma/delta+ T cells to regulate CD4+ responses were blocked by the presence of CD8+ cells. CD4+ T cells from some exposed animals incorporated [3H]-thymidine in the presence of CD8+, gamma/delta+ cells and/or antigen and antigen-presenting cells, but CD4+ cell proliferation was abrogated when CD8+ were excluded from the assays. Likewise, gamma/delta+ T-cell proliferation was abrogated when CD8+ cells were present. The mechanism by which CD8+ cells blocked gamma/delta+ T-cell responses could not be determined, however, the observed effect resembled the veto cell phenomenon. The data suggest that the development of protective immunity against M. paratuberculosis may be dependent on the capacity of CD8+ cells to modulate the regulatory activity of gamma/delta+ T populations.