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Hepatitis B: A comprehensive prevention, diagnosis, and treatment program – past, present, and future

The management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection presents us with many challenges. Disease prevention, as well as supervision of chronic carriers of the infection, remains a key concern. Despite a rapid increase in the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) coverage, the global disease burden remains high. It is estimated that around 2 billion individuals worldwide have evidence of present or past infection with HBV. 1 Of these, approximately 350 million are chronic carriers of the virus, 1 and it is expected that between 15% and 25% of them will die as a result of HBV. 2 Disease progression can take up to 30 years; therefore an estimated 1 million individuals will die each year from chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, or hepatocellular carcinoma. 2