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Revision of the West Indian Wattius Kaszab (Tenebrionidae, Toxicini, Eudysantina) with lectotype designations for Pascoe’s South American species

Abstract The Wattius species occurring in the West Indies are revised for the first time. Wattius cucullatus (Pascoe), previously reported from Cuba, is diagnosed and restricted to Brazil. Wattius asperulus (Pascoe), currently a synonym of Wattius cucullatus, from Colombia is diagnosed and resurrected. All species found in the West Indies are endemic to the islands and form a single informal species-group. Three species are described: Wattius andersoni sp. n. from Cuba, Wattius emmabaconae sp. n. from Hispaniola (Dominican Republic), and Wattius viatorus sp. n. from Cuba and the Bahamas, and lectotypes are designated for Calymmus cucullatus Pascoe and Calymmus asperulus Pascoe. A key to the West Indian species is provided.


Introduction
The New World component of the tribe Toxicini currently contains three genera, Diceroderes Solier (1 species, plus 4 species in press), Ozolais Pascoe (11 species), and Wattius Kaszab (5 extant species, one fossil), all in the subtribe Eudysantina Bouchard, Lawrence, Davies and Newton. Wattius was proposed by Kaszab (1982) as a name for the New World species previously in Calymmus Pascoe to separate them from the New Caledonian Calymmus berardi (Montrouzier, 1860). Hence, Wattius is restricted to the Americas and includes all known Eudysantina species with a single pronotal horn. Of the New World genera, all Ozolais species lack pronotal horns, but several species (including O. tuberculifera) have one or two cephalic horns in the males; all Diceroderes have two pronotal horns; and all Wattius have a single pronotal horn that occurs in both sexes. The purpose of pronotal horns in the Eudysantina is still unclear. Label data indicates that most Wattius specimens have been collected by beating, under bark, or at UV lights. No specimens have been collected on fungus; however, Doyen (1988) described putative Wattius cucullatus (Pascoe, 1871) larvae collected from fungus, with no adults present, in Jalisco, Mexico.
Two extant Toxicini species, Ozolais tuberculifera Champion, 1896 and W. cucullatus have so far been identified from the West Indies. Wattius cucullatus was recorded from Cuba (Spilman 1961, Peck 2005; however, all specimens were misidentified. Indeed, many specimens of Wattius from throughout the generic range have been mistakenly determined as W. cucullatus for over a century (Champion 1884, Cifuentes 2010, including the synonymization of Wattius asperulus (Pascoe, 1871) under W. cucullatus by Champion (1886). However, based on an examination of Pascoe's syntype (Figures 1-4) from the Natural History Museum -London and over 600 Wattius specimens from 13 collections, specimens attributable to the true W. cucullatus have only been identified from the Brazilian states of Santa Catarina and Rio de Janeiro (type locality). This species is so far unique in the genus for having rounded protuberances on the posterior surface of all femora in the males (Figure 4). Wattius asperulus (Pascoe, 1871), previously and incorrectly placed in synonymy with W. cucullatus, from Colombia is here resurrected based on an examination of the syntype . After studying all available material, three undescribed endemic species are now known to occur in the West Indies ( Figure 7) and are described herein.
One fossil species, Wattius reflexus Doyen & Poinar, 1994, has been described from Dominican amber, and additional amber specimens potentially representing an undescribed species have been found (Smith and Poinar, unpublished data). There is still uncertainty regarding the age of Dominican amber (Grimaldi 1995, Grimaldi andEngel 2005), especially when the source mine is unknown, but Wattius was almost certainly present on Hispaniola somewhere between 40-15 million years ago (mya).

Materials and methods
A total of 56 West Indian Wattius specimens from 13 collections were examined for this study, along with ~635 non-West Indian specimens in the genus. Labels for new Label data from all specimens was captured and additional specimen information, including images and determined GPS coordinates, is available online (tenebrioniD-Base.org) for many specimens.
Morphological parameters. Images of specimens and/or morphological characters and character states were taken using a BK Plus Imaging system (www.visionarydigital. com). Montaged images were assembled using Helicon Focus 5.3 (www.heliconsoft. com/) and backgrounds were cleaned in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Measurements were taken digitally using the ruler tool in Photoshop on images with known measurements based on the camera body, lens, and magnification used. Length was measured along the midline from the anterior margin of the pronotum, generally the tip of the pronotal horn, to the apex of the elytra. Width was measured across the widest point of the elytra. Color was determined under fiber optic illumination and from images. Setae are acuminate and defined as either simple (circular in cross section) or scale-like (thickened, flattened in cross section). Density of recurring features (primarily punctures, tubercles, and setae) and puncture size closely are as follows. Density: confluent (partially merged), dense (separated by between less than 1-2 feature diameters but not partially merging), moderate (separated by 2-4 feature diameters), sparse (separated by more than 4 feature diameters), or absent (impunctate, smooth, or glabrous). Puncture size: foveate (rounded pits, diameter greater than 0.04 mm), moderate (diameter 0.03-0.04 mm), or fine ( diameter less than 0.03 mm).
Wattius specimens are almost always encrusted in a waxy shellac-like exudate. The encrusting can be flaked off with a low gage pin, then wiped away with a camel hair brush. Cleaning specimens in soapy water and an ultrasonic cleaner also works but in some instances a waxy coating reformed upon drying.
Species recognition. The phylogenetic species concept of Wheeler and Platnick (2000) is employed to define a species as "the smallest aggregation of (sexual) populations or (asexual) lineages diagnosable by a unique combination of character states". This species concept is appropriate due to its emphasis on character transformations between species and the lack of available data beyond adult morphology and distribution. Species were erected based on the presence of autapomorphic morphological characters and/or a unique combination of homoplastic characters shared by all of the specimens assigned to a species. Recognized species should be considered as scientific hypotheses based on the available data and, as such, their validity can be tested as more information is gathered.

Results
The island species form a morphologically distinct group, the informal West Indian species-group, within the genus based on the lighter coloration of the antennal club (generally yellowish) compared to the other antennomeres, the glabrous and impunctate scutellum that is often relatively free of debris compared to the rest of the body, and the lack of depressions or other modifications on the frons. Type material. LECTOTYPE, here designated, (male) labeled: on pink oval (a) "Rio"; (b) "Calymmus / cucullatus / Type Pasc"; (c) on white circle with orange border "Type"; (d) "Pascoe. / Coll. / 93-60."; (e) on blue paper "Tenebrionid Base / Aaron D. Smith / Catalog # 14794"; (f ) on red paper, "LECTOTYPE / Calymmus / cucullatus / Pascoe / det. ADSmith 2015" (BMNH). Note. Specimen designated as lectotype appears to be the one figured in the original publication (Pascoe 1871). No indication of the number of specimens in the original type series is given; however, it is possible that this was not the only individual.
Diagnosis. Wattius asperulus can be separated from W. cucullatus and the West Indian members of the genus based on the following character combination: Frontoclypeal suture strongly incised, frons shallowly depressed anterior to eyes and raised into near vertical ridge above eyes to cranial apex; pronotal horn strongly produced, apex expanded and spatulate in males, prosternal process raised behind coxae; wings fully developed, meso-and metacoxae separated by more than mesocoxal width; femora lacking smooth rounded callosities; outer margins of tibia flat with two indistinct rows of callosities, apical spine present on all tibia in males, all male femora lacking rounded protuberances.
Discussion. Wattius asperulus was synonymized under W. cucullatus by Champion (1886). Champion's rationale was that the separation between W. cucullatus and W. asperulus could not be maintained based on the variability displayed in the specimens, which ranged from Mexico to Argentina, available to him. However, a large series of BMNH specimens identified as W. cucullatus by Champion, and corresponding to many of the localities listed in the Biologia Centrali-Americana, represents an estimated seven Wattius species that are only now being described (Smith in prep.).   Diagnosis. Wattius andersoni can be separated from the other West Indian members of the genus based on the following character combination: apterous, meso-and metacoxae separated by less than mesocoxal width; pronotal horn reduced, barely projecting past medial anterior margin of pronotum.

Wattius andersoni
Description (Male). Length 5.4-5.7 mm, width 2.5-2.7 mm (n = 2 specimens). Body, excepting antennae, eyes, underside of head, scutellum, tarsi, and coxae generally coated with thin shellac, often capturing debris on surface. Color ferruginous to black. Head: Frons and clypeus with dense foveae, shallow to absent on clypeus, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae near center. Sharp setose tubercle with minute pit at apex present above eye, setae curved towards tubercle apex. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, deeply impressed; clypeus with sharp lip along anterior margin, margin straight. Epistoma between eye and clypeus raised, with one or more tubercles. Deep impression present around eye from epistoma to apex. Eye reniform; emarginate at epistoma anteriorly, lobes subequal in size, with smooth triangular callus posterior to dorsal lobe on head. Labrum with transverse medial ridge, long golden setae present from ridge to anterior margin on dorsal surface, margin straight with lateral setae on vertical surface. Mandible bifid at apex; maxillary palp four segmented, apical segment securiform; mentum trapezoidal, widest at anterior margin, faint medial longitudinal ridge present, more defined in anterior half. Antenna with distinct three segmented club, club lighter than preceding segments and tomentose, antennomeres 10 and 11 partially fused but with sinus clearly visible; antennomere 3 approximately 1.7× length of antennomere 4, antennomeres 4-8 subequal in length. Prothorax: Pronotal disc convex, widest near middle; densely foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae near center; moderately tuberculate, each tubercle bearing apical minute pit and covered in scale-like setae curved towards apex; anterior fourth of pronotum with short stout medial horn, horn margin straight; posterior fourth of pronotum with slight medial depression near scutellum; lat-eral margin distinct and crenulate; anterior apices produced and acute, posterior apices acute, not projecting. Hypomeron densely deeply foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae. Prosternum anterior to coxa short, less than length of coxal cavity, medially depressed well below height of prosternal process; prosternal process raised between coxa, apex subacute, projecting behind coxa. Pterothorax: Apterous. Elytron gradually widening to posterior third, before sharply sloping and tapering caudad; stria weakly indicated by deep elongate oval to rounded punctures, interstria with somewhat regularly spaced tubercles and decumbent scale-like setae, tubercle structure as described for those on head and pronotum; 4th, 7th, and 10th interstria with tubercles forming short costae near elytral base. Scutellum glabrous and impunctate, conspicuously lacking shellac coating compared to elytron and pronotum, ~1.6× as wide as long, U-shaped. Mesoventrite short, anteriorly weakly emarginate behind prosternal process, mesocoxal cavities open. Metaventrite short, separating meso-and metacoxal cavities by less than mesocoxal cavity length. All ventrites on the pterothorax with shallow indistinct punctures, often obscured by shellac, and decembent scale-like setae. Legs: Mesotrocantin exposed; femora lacking spines or other protrusions, sculpturing finely transversely rugose, with decumbent scale-like setae emerging from shallow folds; tibia clothed in decumbent scale-like setae, outer margins with indistinct rows of elongate smooth callosities, inner apical margin with socketed spurs greatly reduced to absent at base of acute weakly curved spine, small patch of golden setae present near anterior apex of protibia; tarsal formula 5-5-4, venter of distal tarsomere on all legs with sparse golden setae, venter of all other tarsomeres clothed with dense long golden setae. Abdomen: Ventrites weakly longitudinally rugose, clothed in sparse decumbent scale-like setae; abdominal intercoxal process broader than prosternal process, anterior margin straight; intersegmental membranes concealed; ventrite 5 lacking submarginal groove; abdominal defensive reservoirs present; sternite viii weakly sclerotized and setose, deeply medially emarginate, emargination V-shaped; parameres fused, sharply acuminate to apex and curved ventrad.
Female. Unknown. Based on an examination of other species in the genus, the female is likely to be very similar to the male, except lacking apical spines on the tibia and emargination on sternite viii.
Distribution. Both specimens were found above 750m in elevation in the Parque Natural Topes de Collantes, Cuba.
Etymology. The species epithet honors Robert S. Anderson, weevil expert, avid field researcher, and collector of the holotype.  Diagnosis. Wattius emmabaconae can be separated from the other West Indian members of the genus based on the following character combination: flight wings fully developed, meso-and metacoxae separated by more than mesocoxal width; pronotal horn strongly produced, apex strongly expanded and bifurcate in males; femora with smooth rounded callosities; outer margins of tibia with two distinct rows of elongate smooth callosities, males lacking apical spine.
Description (Male). Length 8.0-8.4 mm, width 2.8-3.3 mm (n = 2 specimens). Body, excepting antennae, eyes, underside of head, scutellum, tarsi, and coxae generally coated with thin shellac, often capturing debris on surface. Color ferruginous to black. Head: Frons and clypeus with dense shallow foveae, shallow to absent on clypeus, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae near center. Sharp setose tubercle with minute pit at apex present above eye, setae curved towards tubercle apex; one or more similar tubercles present between apex of eye and frontoclypeal margin. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, deeply impressed; clypeus with sharp lip along anterior margin, margin straight. Epistoma between eye and clypeus raised, with one or more sharp tubercles. Deep impression pre-sent around eye from epistoma to apex. Eye reniform; emarginate at epistoma anteriorly, ventral lobe larger than dorsal, with micro-granulate triangular callus posterior to middle of eye. Labrum with transverse medial ridge, long golden setae present from ridge to anterior margin on dorsal surface, margin straight with setae on vertical surface. Mandible bifid at apex; maxillary palp four segmented, apical segment securiform; mentum trapezoidal, widest at anterior margin, medial longitudinal ridge present, forming anteriorly facing tooth near front margin. Antenna with distinct three segmented club, club lighter than preceding segments and tomentose, antennomeres 10 and 11 fused, with sinus visible near lateral edges, segment 9 darker at base and lightening towards apex and lateral margins; antennomere 3 approximately 1.2× length of antennomere 4, antennomeres 4-8 subequal in length. Prothorax: Pronotal disc weakly convex, widest anterior to middle; densely, nearly confluently, shallowly foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae near center; moderately tuberculate, forming irregular V-shaped pattern from near scutellum to anterior fourth, each tubercle bearing apical minute pit and covered in scalelike setae curved towards apex; anterior fourth of pronotum giving rise to raised medial horn, horn gradually sloping towards head, strongly expanded and bifid in apical third of length; posterior fourth of pronotum with slight medial depression, lacking tubercles, near scutellum; lateral margin distinct and crenulate; anterior apices strongly produced and acute, posterior apices acute, not projecting. Hypomeron densely shallowly foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae. Prosternum anterior to coxa approximately as long as coxal cavity, medially nearly level with prosternal process; prosternal process raised between coxa, apex acute, projecting behind coxa. Pterothorax: Wings fully developed. Elytron parallel sided to posterior fourth, before sharply sloping and tapering caudad; stria weakly indicated by deep rounded punctures, interstria with somewhat regularly spaced tubercles and decumbent scale-like setae, tubercle structure as described for those on head and pronotum; 4th, 7th, and 10th interstria with tubercles forming weak costae, tubercles between 4th and 7th interstria and elytron suture occasionally forming irregular transverse costae. Scutellum glabrous and impunctate, width approximately 1.4× length, nearly V-shaped. Mesoventrite short, sparsely setose, anteriorly weakly emarginate behind prosternal process with submedial rows of rounded tubercles anterior to mesocoxal cavities, mesocoxal cavities open. Metaventrite long, separating meso-and metacoxal cavities by more than mesocoxal cavity length, sparsely setose with decumbent scale-like setae, impunctate. All other ventrites on the pterothorax micro-granulate, often obscured by shellac, with decembent scale-like setae. Legs: Mesotrocantin exposed; femora lacking spines or other protrusions, sculpturing finely transversely rugose with irregular smooth callosities on distal laterad half, decumbent scale-like setae emerging from shallow folds throughout; tibia clothed in decumbent scale-like setae, outer margins with two distinct rows of elongate smooth callosities, inner apical margin with socketed spurs and apical spine vestigial to absent, small patch of golden setae present near anterior apex of all tibia; tarsal formula 5-5-4, venter of distal tarsomere on all legs with sparse golden setae, venter of all other tarsomeres clothed with dense long golden setae. Abdomen: Ventrites smooth, clothed in sparse decumbent scale-like setae; abdominal intercoxal process subequal in width to prosternal process, anterior margin with small medial projection; intersegmental membranes concealed; ventrite 5 lacking submarginal groove; abdominal defensive reservoirs present; sternite viii weakly sclerotized and setose, deeply medially emarginate, emargination V-shaped; parameres fused, weakly acuminate to apex and curved ventrad.
Female. Similar to male, horn very weakly expanded and bifid at apex. Distribution. Known from only two localities in the Dominican Republic on Hispaniola.
Etymology. The specific epithet is in honor of Emma C. Bacon and was chosen by her loving partner Christiaan Harden, a generous contributor to the authors' ongoing biodiversity studies. oped, meso-and metacoxae separated by more than mesocoxal width; pronotal horn strongly produced, apex expanded and bifurcated in males; femora lacking smooth rounded callosities; outer margins of tibia lacking distinct rows callosities, apical spine present on all tibia in males.

Wattius viatorus
Description (Male). Length 4.4-6.4 mm, width 1.8-2.6 mm (n = 44 specimens). Body, excepting antennae, eyes, underside of head, scutellum, tarsi, and coxae generally coated with thin shellac, often capturing debris on surface. Color ferruginous to black. Head: Frons and clypeus with dense deep foveae, somewhat shallower on clypeus, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae near center. Rounded setose tubercle lacking minute pit at apex present above eye, setae curved towards tubercle apex; tubercles absent between apex of eye and frontoclypeal margin. Frontoclypeal suture distinct, deeply impressed; clypeus with sharp lip along anterior margin, margin straight. Epistoma between eye and clypeus raised, rarely with one or two low tuber- cles weakly indicated. Deep impression present around eye from epistoma to apex. Eye reniform; emarginate at epistoma anteriorly, ventral lobe larger than dorsal, with micro-granulate and punctate triangular callus posterior to middle of eye. Labrum with transverse medial ridge, long golden setae present from ridge to anterior margin on dorsal surface, margin straight with setae on vertical surface. Mandible bifid at apex; maxillary palp four segmented, apical segment securiform; mentum trapezoidal, widest at anterior margin, medial longitudinal ridge present, strongest near anterior margin. Antenna with distinct three segmented club, club lighter than preceding segments and tomentose, antennomeres 10 and 11 fused, with sinus visible near lateral edges; antennomere 3 approximately 1.3× length of antennomere 4, antennomeres 4-8 subequal in length. Prothorax: Pronotal disc weakly convex, widest anterior to middle; densely, nearly confluently, deeply foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae; densely tuberculate submedially, each tubercle bearing apical minute pit and covered in scale-like setae curved towards apex; anterior fourth of pronotum giving rise to raised medial horn, horn gradually sloping towards head, strongly expanded and either distinctly bifid or weakly medially emarginate in apical third of length; posterior fourth of pronotum with slight medial depression, lacking tubercles, near scutellum; lateral margin distinct and crenulate; anterior apices strongly produced and acute, posterior apices acute, not projecting. Hypomeron densely deeply foveate, each fovea with one decumbent scale-like setae. Prosternum anterior to coxa approximately as long as coxal cavity, medially nearly level with prosternal process; prosternal process raised between coxa, apex acute, projecting behind coxa. Pterothorax: Wings fully developed. Elytron parallel sided to posterior fourth, before sharply sloping and tapering caudad; stria weakly indicated by deep rounded punctures, interstria with somewhat regularly spaced tubercles and decumbent scale-like setae, tubercle structure as described for those on head and pronotum; 4th, 7th, and 10th interstria with tubercles forming weak costae, tubercles between 4th and 7th interstria and elytron suture occasionally forming irregular transverse costae. Scutellum glabrous and impunctate, ~1.4× wider than long, U-to approximately pentagonal in shape. Mesoventrite short, sparsely setose, distinctly emarginate behind prosternal process and forming submedial ridges anterior to mesocoxal cavities, mesocoxal cavities open. Metaventrite long, separating meso-and metacoxal cavities by more than mesocoxal cavity length, transversely rugose, sparsely setose with decumbent scale-like setae, moderately shallowly punctate around base of setae. All other ventrites on the pterothorax micro-granulate, often obscured by shellac, with decembent scale-like setae. Legs: Mesotrocantin exposed; femora lacking spines or other protrusions, sculpturing finely transversely rugose, lacking callosities, decumbent scale-like setae emerging from shallow folds throughout; tibia clothed in decumbent scale-like setae, outer margins lacking distinct rows of elongate smooth callosities, inner apical margin with socketed spurs vestigial to absent at base of small apical spine, patch of golden setae present on apical spines of all tibia; tarsal formula 5-5-4, venter of distal tarsomere on all legs with sparse golden setae, venter of all other tarsomeres clothed with dense long golden setae. Abdomen: Ventrites clothed in sparse decumbent scale-like setae, base of setae set in moderately sized punctures; abdominal intercoxal process wider than prosternal process, anterior margin straight to weakly rounded; intersegmental membranes concealed; ventrite 5 lacking submarginal groove; abdominal defensive reservoirs present; sternite viii weakly sclerotized and setose, deeply medially emarginate, emargination V-shaped; parameres fused, sharply acuminate to apex and weakly curved ventrad.
Female. Similar to male, but lacking apical tibial spine and horn not as strongly expanded and/or bifid at apex.
Distribution. Cuba, Bahamas: South Bimini and North Andros Islands. Label data indicates that specimens have been collected between sea level and 20 meters in elevation.
Etymology. The species epithet is a noun in apposition from the Latin viator, meaning traveler or tourist, due to the distribution of the species on multiple islands considered to be vacation destinations.