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Malaria vector control in the third millennium: progress and perspectives of molecular approaches.

Remarkable progress has been made towards a deeper understanding of mosquito biology since the completion of the Anopheles gambiae Giles genome project. Combined with the development of efficient transgenic technologies for genetic modification of major vector species and the availability of powerful molecular, genetic and bioinformatics tools, this is allowing the identification of genes involved in mosquito biological functions crucial to malaria transmission, ranging from host-seeking behaviour and innate immunity to insecticide resistance. Moreover, population genetic studies are beginning to elucidate the complex structure of vector populations. Finally, novel methods for malaria control are emerging that are based on the use of genetically modified mosquitoes either to interrupt the journey of the Plasmodium parasite within its insect host or to suppress those mosquito species that function as vectors for parasite transmission.