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Existence and U-H-R Stability of Solutions to the Implicit Nonlinear FBVP in the Variable Order Settings

In this paper, the existence of the solution and its stability to the fractional boundary value problem (FBVP) were investigated for an implicit nonlinear fractional differential equation (VOFDE) of variable order. All existence criteria of the solutions in our establishments were derived via Krasnoselskii’s fixed point theorem and in the sequel, and its Ulam–Hyers–Rassias (U-H-R) stability is checked. An illustrative example is presented at the end of this paper to validate our findings.


Introduction
Fractional calculus has recently been discussed in various research works in multidisciplinary sciences due to its powerful applicability in modeling various scientific phenomena due to the property of the nonlocality and memory effect that some physical systems exhibit. Therefore, some interesting research works concerning the mathematical analysis and applications of fractional calculus have been discussed in [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]. The fractional calculus of variable order extends the theory of the constant order one. In such a direction, the order of a system, as a function in terms of independent or dependent variables, varies continuously to present a good description of the changes of memory property with space or time [14]. At first, Lorenzo et al. [15] considered fractional operators in the variable order settings to study the behaviors of a diffusion process. Later, other applications of variable-order spaces of fractional type have appeared in remarkable and interesting detail [16][17][18]. Such extensive and diverse applications immediately require a series of systematic studies on the qualitative specifications of solutions of VOFDEs such as existence-uniqueness-stability. Sun et al. [19] performed a comparative study on variable and constant order models to characterize the memory specification of given systems. Aguilar et al. [20] designed a nonlinear model of alcoholism in the context of VOFDEs and studied the solutions of such a system analytically and numerically. In 2021, Bouazza et al. [21] designed a multi-term VOFBVP and proved that under some conditions, there exists a unique solution for such a system. Li et al. [22], by defining a novel kernel function via polynomial form, studied a general structure of Atangana-Baleanu VOFBVPs. In [23], Derakhshan solved a Caputo linear time-fractional VOFDE arising in fluid mechanics and proved the existence, uniqueness and stability results. Recently, Refice et al. [24] focused on a Hadamard VOFBVP and derived solutions by means of Kuratowski's non-compactness measure. As can be seen, in recent years, limited contributions to the properties of solutions of fractional constant order BVPs have been conducted. However, the existence of solutions to FBVPs of variable order have rarely been studied (see [25][26][27]).
In [28], Benchohra et al. studied the existence and uniqueness of solutions for the following implicit nonlinear fractional differential equation in the framework of constant order: where a given function m : J × R × R → R belongs to C(J × R 2 , R), x 0 , x 1 ∈ R, and the Caputo fractional derivative is denoted by c D u 0 + . Inspired by all mentioned works in addition to [28], this article investigated some results about of possible solutions to the following FBVP for an implicit nonlinear VOFDE: 0 + are the Riemann-Liouville fractional (RLFr) integral and derivative in the context of variable order u(t). To the best of our knowledge, it should be noted that due to the complexity of computations and partitioning the main time interval, very few papers can be found in the literature in which the authors studied existence theory and Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for nonlinear implicit boundary value problems in the fractional variable order settings. Since in variable order structures, the order of the existing boundary value problem as a function varies continuously on J, and the semigroup property does not hold for such variable order integration operators, thus to arrive at an accurate result, on the one hand, we have to define a partition of J such that the order of the system is a piecewise constant function with respect to such a partition. All of these transformations are new for the given fractional implicit BVP (1) via the variable of order u(t). On the other hand, we note that in spite of constant order FBVPs, to study the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for this implicit nonlinear VOFDE, we define the finite number of continuous functions on each subinterval and investigated the stability condition for it by transforming a variable order problem into a constant order one on each J j which gives a novelty in such a level of arguments.
The plan of our paper is as follows. Some important notions that will be used later are presented in Section 2. Our main result is obtained in Section 3 via KFPTHm. The Ulam-Hyers-Rassias (U-H-R) stability of the proposed problem is discussed in Section 4. Our result is validated by giving an illustrative example in Section 5. This work is concluded in Section 6.

Essential Notions
Some important notions on variable order fractional calculus are presented in this section that will be subsequently utilized in our results.
By C(J, R), we mean the Banach space of continuous functions from J into R via the norm: x = sup{|x(t)| : t ∈ J}.
where the Gamma function is denoted by Γ(.).
The left Riemann-Liouville fractional (RLFr) derivative in the context of variable order u(t) for h(t) is defined by Obviously, if u(t) is a constant function u ∈ R, then the VORLFr derivative (3) and integral (2) are the usual RLFr derivative and integral, respectively, (see [29,30,32]). We know that there are some important properties for these operators as follows: 32]). Assume that δ > 0. Then: has a unique solution: where ω j ∈ R, j = 1, 2, ..., r, and r − 1 < δ ≤ r.

Lemma 5 ([36]
). Let u : J → (1, 2] be a continuous function. Then, for: 0 + y(t) exists for all points on J.  [37][38][39]). If I is a G-interval, then the finite set P of G-intervals belonging to I is a partition of I whenever each x ∈ I lies in exactly one of the G-intervals.
In the following, let E be a Banach space.

Definition 5 ([37-39]).
Assume that I is a G-interval, g : I → R is a mapping, and P is a partition of I. Then, g is a piecewise constant by terms of P if for every E ∈ P, g is constant on E.
Theorem 1 ([32]). (Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem) Assume that S is a closed, convex, bounded subset of E and suppose that W 1 and W 2 are operators on S satisfying the following conditions: Then, there exists x ∈ S such that W 1 (x) + W 2 (x) = x. (1) is U-H-R stable with respect to ϕ ∈ C(J, R + ) if there exists a m > 0 such that for all > 0 and for all z ∈ C(J, R) satisfying:

Existence of Solutions
Let us present some assumptions as follows.
for any y j , z j ∈ R and t ∈ J.
By E j = C(J j , R), we mean the Banach space of continuous functions from J j into R with the norm: where j ∈ {1, 2, ..., r}.
Let us first analyze the FBVP (1) to obtain our main results.
By (3), FDE of FBVP (1) can be written as According to (H1), the Equation (4) on J j can be represented by for , j = 1, 2, ..., r. The solution of the supposed FBVP (1) is presented due to its essential role in our results as follows: From the above, the FDE of FBVP (1) can be given as the FDE (4), which it can be formulated on J j , j ∈ {1, 2, ..., r} as (5). For 0 ≤ t ≤ Ω j−1 , we set x(t) ≡ 0. Then, (5) is given as follows: Let us now consider the following equivalent standard FBVP: To prove the existence of solutions for the equivalent standard FBVP (6), an auxiliary lemma is presented by follows: The function x ∈ E j is a solution to the equivalent standard FBVP (6) if and only if it satisfies: where: Proof. Let x ∈ E j be a solution to the equivalent standard FBVP (6). Now, we take D to both sides of the FDE of the equivalent standard FBVP (6). By Lemma 2, we have: By x(Ω j−1 ) = 0 and by the given assumption for the function m, we obtain ω 2 = 0.
Assume that x(t) satisfies x(Ω j ) = 0. Thus, we obtain . Then, we have: where: Conversely, assume that x ∈ E j satisfies the integral Equation (7). Then, according to the continuity of t ζ m and Lemma 3, x is a solution to the equivalent standard FBVP (6) and the proof is completed.
Our existence result is derived with the help of Theorem 1.
Proof. In the first step, we convert the equivalent standard FBVP (6) to a fixed point problem. Consider the following operators: where: y(t) = m(t, x(t), y(t)).
It follows from the properties of fractional operators and in view of the continuity of t ζ m, that the operators W 1 , W 2 : E j → E j given by (9) are well defined. Let: We consider the set: Obviously, B R j is nonempty, bounded, convex and closed. Let us prove that W 1 and W 2 satisfy the assumptions of Theorem 1. The proof is divided into four steps: Step 1: For t ∈ J j , we have: Step 2: W 1 is continuous. Let (y r ) be a sequence such that y r → y in E j . Then, for each t ∈ J j , we obtain: Thus: As a result, W 1 is continuous on E j .
Step 3: W 1 (B R j ) is relatively compact.
Let us now prove that W 1 (B R j ) is relatively compact. Obviously, W 1 (B R j ) has the uniform boundedness, since by Step 2, Lastly, it is necessary that we prove that W 1 (B R j ) is equicontinuous. For t 1 , t 2 ∈ J j and y ∈ B R j , we estimate (t 1 < t 2 ): Step 4: W 2 is a strict contraction on B R j . For each y 1 (t), y 2 (t) ∈ B R i , we have: Consequently, by (8), W 2 is a strict contraction. Hence, by Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem, there exists x j ∈ B R j such that W 1 (x) + W 2 (x) = x, which is the solutions of the equivalent standard problem (6).
We let: On the other side, it is known that x j ∈ C([0, Ω j ], R) given by (10) satisfies: for t ∈ J j , which indicates that x j will be a solution to Equation (5) equipped with x j (0) = 0, x j (Ω j ) = x j (Ω j ) = 0. Then: .
is the solution for the main variable order FBVP (1) and the proof is completed.

U-H-R Stability
U-H-R stability of solutions to every fractional FBVP is considered as an important criterion to study the behaviors of a given system. We here investigated a general form of such a notion in the sense of Ulam-Hyers-Rassias. Hypothesis 3 (H3). ϕ ∈ C(J j , R + ) is increasing and there exists λ ϕ > 0 such that for all t ∈ J j , we obtain: Then, the given implicit nonlinear VOFBVP (1) is U-H-R stable with respect to ϕ.
Proof. Assume that z ∈ C(J j , R) is a solution of the inequality: For any j ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}, we define the functions z 1 (t) ≡ z(t), t ∈ [1, Ω 1 ] and for j = 2, 3, . . . , n : By considering I u j Ω j−1 + on both sides of the inequality (11), we obtain for t ∈ J j : In accordance with the above argument, VOFBVP (1) has a solution y which is defined by y(t) = y j (t) for t ∈ J j , j = 1, 2, ..., n, where: and y j ∈ E i is a solution of FBVP (6). By Lemma 7, the integral equation: holds. Then, for each t ∈ J j , we obtain: where: Then: It gives, for each t ∈ J, that: Then, the given implicit nonlinear VOFBVP (1) is U-H-R stable with respect to ϕ.
Clearly, we have: Accordingly, by Definition 7, the solution of the implicit nonlinear VOFBVP (12) admits a form as and, by Theorem 3, the implicit nonlinear VOFBVP (12) is U-H-R stable with respect to ϕ.

Conclusions
In this paper, we considered a nonlinear implicit fractional boundary value problem in the variable order settings and studied some qualitative aspects of possible solutions of this system. To prove our main results, through an example, we first showed that the semi-group property was not valid for Riemann-Liouville fractional variable order integrals, and to solve this problem, we defined an arbitrary partition on J such that the variable order u(t) was piecewise constant function. Then, we transformed the variable order implicit FBVP (1) into a constant order implicit FBVP (6), and by obtaining equivalent integral equations, we proved the existence of solutions by means of the Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem. After that, we investigated the Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability for the mentioned VOFBVP (1). Lastly, to validate our findings, we provided an example to show the applicability of results. All in all, our results can be further extended in future research works to study various classes of implicit nonlinear fractional differential equations in the variable order settings via singular and nonsingular operators.  Data Availability Statement: Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.