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The Dimensions of Effects Based Operations

From the onset of the salvos on 21 March 2003, it was evident that Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ was going to be a different kind of war. As it turned out, Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ was a landmark victory in many respects: the time taken to secure victory was short for a major campaign, precision weapons were used more extensively than in any other conflict and the coalition casualties sustained was relatively low for a major war. Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’ also took half as long and required only one-third as many troops to complete the mission in comparison to Operation ‘Desert Storm’ conducted 12 years earlier. 1 The swift and overwhelming nature of the American-led victory in ‘Iraqi Freedom’ have prompted many to claim the arrival of a new way of war known as effects based operations (EBO). There has been a lot of publicity about EBO as a new way of war after the successful conduct of Operation ‘Iraqi Freedom’, and although a great deal has been written on effects based operations, much remains unclear as to what Effects Based Operations or EBOs actually are. EBO does not appear to be a new concept, and although some have linked it to the concept of ‘shock and awe’, several theories of what EBOs are can be discerned from literature published since the 1990s after the successful conduct of Operation ‘Desert Storm’.