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Afdeeling Djember: bureaucratic history of Jember during the Dutch colonial era 1883-1928

The bureaucratic system in Indonesia initially began with a traditional feudalistic bureaucratic system which later developed into a colonial bureaucracy. The history of the bureaucracy of Jember Regency is also inseparable from the development of the colonial bureaucratic system. Problems that need to be examined why in Jember during the Dutch colonial period did bureaucratic dualism occur? This research uses historical research methods. The results of this study indicate that during the Dutch Colonial Period of 1883, Jember became a centralized district area separate from Afdeeling Bondowoso. Changing the status of Jember from distric to afdeeling (centralistic district) affected the Jember bureaucratic structure. Afdeeling Djember is led by an Assistant Residentie. However, afdeeling status does not directly make Jember a centralistic district, but there is another independent government called Kepatihan Zelfstandig. Kepatihan Zelfstandig was led by a Patih who came from an indigenous aristocracy. Based on this, it can be concluded that at that time in Jember there was dualism of government in a city. Between the Assistant-Residentie government and Kepatihan Zelfstandig in Afdeeling Jember have an equal position. The duties and authority of the Assistent-Residentie and the zelfstandig governor were somewhat ambiguous. In practice, Patih Zelfstandig and his subordinates tend to work in the field, while the Assistent-Residentie and Dutch officials tend to be advisors and supervisors in governance.


Introduction
Discussing about urban history will not be separated from the discussion of the bureaucratic administration system or the city governance itself. In the historical development of the city and its bureaucracy in Indonesia, the bureaucratic system used always changes depending on the usefulness or interests of the rulers of the era. The bureaucratic system in Indonesia initially started with a traditional bureaucratic system that was feudalistic and then developed into a colonial bureaucracy and turned into a national bureaucratic system when it was independent.
During The Islamic Mataram Kingdom period, the bureaucratic system adopted by the palace was still feudalistic. The regents are the authority holders of the central authority of the palace [6]. When the VOC came in the 18th century and strengthened its hegemony in Java, the VOC likened its position to that of the Regent of the Palace. In practice, the VOC did not intervene much in the regents' government.
When Java was occupied by the British between 1811-1816, the British appointed Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles as Governor General on Java. The policy echoed by Raffles is almost similar to Daendels, the Liberalistic bureaucratic system. Raffles carried out a liberal reform program and tried to reduce the regent's political authority and abolished the succession of the district head's position [11].
When the Dutch came to power again in Java in 1816, Van der Capellen was then appointed as the first Governor General. As a Governor General, Capellen then made policy changes to increase the power and authority of the regents in each region. The policy was based on the VOC's experience with regulations concerning the role of the regents.

Methods
This research is a historical research. The research method used is the historical research method based on literature study. The historical research method is a process of testing and critical analysis of records and relics of the past.). Historical research methods have 4 stages of the process that must be carried out. The stages include Heuristics, Verification, Interpretation, and Historiography [3].
The first stage in the historical research method is Heuristics. Heuristics is an activity looking for historical sources to get data, material, or historical evidence [9]. The majority of historical sources used were archives of the Dutch Colonial Government which discussed the ins and outs of Afdeeling Jember in 1883 to 1928.
The next stage after obtaining historical sources is verification or source criticism [5]. Verification is an analytical activity carried out on historical sources that have been collected.
Verification or criticism is divided into two, namely: (1) external criticism (authenticity) which serves to find out the authenticity or authenticity of the sources obtained and (2) internal criticism (credibility) functions to test the validity or truth of the contents of the sources obtained [5] [9].
Interpretation is the third stage in historical research methods. The definition of interpretation is an attempt to explain an event from authentic historical sources [3]. The final stage of the historical research method is Historiography. Historiography Historiography is a method of research, exposure or reporting of the results of historical research that has been carried out [1].

Jember Before Becoming Afdeeling
During the Dutch East Indies period from 1818 to 1883, Jember was a district under Afdeeling Bondowoso. Afdeeling Bondowoso has several districts including Bondowoso itself, Wringin, Penanggungan, Wonosari, Sukokerto, and Puger [4]. The current Jember region which was a district in Afdeeling Bondowoso at that time included the Jember district itself, Sukokerto and Puger.
When it was still a district, the government paid little attention to this district. According to Retno Winarni et al (2015:93), in 1850 Jember when it became a district of Afdeeling Bondowoso was still a remote district in the interior [8]. That is because infrastructure facilities such as roads and bridges connecting to Jember District are inadequate [4]. In addition to infrastructure, the population of Jember District is small. For example in 1858, the area of Jember District was around 3,234 square kilometers with a population of around 21,215 people [2].
Jember began to be noticed by the government when George Birnie from Deventer, Netherlands came to the area. Birnie researched and surveyed soil and climate types from the Jember District. The results of his research give the conclusion that the land and climate of Jember District are very suitable if planted with plantation commodities [4]. After gaining Erfpacht's rights in 1850, Birnie also brought Gerhard David Birnie, his cousin from Groningen, Netherlands to become his business partner in Jember.

Change of Status of Jember to Afdeeling
The development of investment in the tobacco plantation sector in Jember helped improve other sectors, including the development of Jember itself. The development of the population, the increasingly rapid economy, and complete infrastructure facilities make Jember a city that is slowly developing towards progress.
The change in the status of the city of Jember from the district to afdeeling itself began when the release of Staatblad in 1883 No. 17 concerning the separation of Bondowoso into two Afdeeling, namely Bondowoso and Jember. The Staatblad was signed in Batavia on January 9, 1883 and was only distributed to the general public on January 16, 1883. The Bondowoso area within the staatblad covers the districts of Penanggoengan, Wonosari, and Bondowoso itself. While districts in The Afdeeling Jember region include the districts of Soekokerto, Poeger, Tanggoel and Jember itself.  [8].
In addition to regional expansion, another policy that has been implemented in Afdeeling Jember is by forming special agencies that deal with various sectors such as finance, plantations, and public works. As from 1855 several agencies in Jember were established to meet Jember's needs as a new afdeeling [8]. In addition to these services, in agriculture there is also a kind of people's credit institution that has the task of providing capital for farmers. The capital in question includes the purchase of seeds to plant care. The irrigation sector is also not spared in the attention of the government. In 1885 an irrigation service was formed separate from the Ministry of Agriculture. As for irrigation in Jember such as the making of the Bondoyudo River dam and the making of the Bedadung River irrigation starting in 1903 [4] [8].