{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.0117096018735363, 'fraction_numerical': 0.00468384074941452, 'mean_word_length': 5.192028985507246, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Winners and Losers in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry along the Transition Process: Evidence from South and North MED Countries

Starting at years 2010 and 2011, the Arab Spring uprisings altered the landscape of the Mediterranean region. Domestic and external shocks mixed together to worsen the socio-economic situation of many countries in the area. In this context, the tourism industry has shown an important degree of resilience. In Southern Mediterranean European countries remarkable growth of tourism revenues helped to balance the impact of the global financial crisis. In contrast, in the south shore of the Mediterranean, the North of Africa region, the growing instability have resulted in a dramatic drop in the number of international visitors, exacerbating the impact of the global crisis for countries highly dependent on tourism receipts. The first chapter of this research project presents a brief overview on the performance of the tourism industry in the Mediterranean region in recent years. Egypt and Spain are taken as reference case studies, helping to illustrate the way followed by the tourism and hospitality industry since the beginning of the transition process. In the second chapter we propose a marketing mix model in order to improve the conditions of workers and efficiency of the hospitality industry in the transition process, testing the model for the Egyptian case. In the third chapter we provide evidence on changes taking place in the profile of tourists arriving to Spain as our case of analysis, and investigate how these changes have been affecting the level of expenditure and economic sustainability for the tourism sector from a microeconomic perspective.