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Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy. By Alexander L. George. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993. 170p. $24.95 cloth, $14.95 paper.

Cardoso, who did much to popularize the role of the state and dependency in North-South relations, now concedes that "politics is not the center of all change" and that "the theory of exploitation (of classes and of nations) has been shaken by an earthquake of magnitude 8 on the Richter scale" (pp. 151-52). Contrary to dependency logic, much of the South did develop; and it did so, according to Cardoso, not because of "more" or "less" state intervention but because of "better" state policies reflecting the "new rationality" of "decentralized forms of management and decisionmaking" (p. 155). Unless poor developing nations adopt the same policies, Cardoso fears they face an even cruder fate of marginalization and irrelevance. Unwilling to jettison his socialist preferences yet ambivalent about centralized policies, Cardoso calls for a democracy of "collective humanism" that creates "public spaces" and "a plurality of decisionmaking levels, making feasible a 'polyarchical Utopia'," whatever that may be (p. 155). Most of the essays were completed before 1992. An epilogue is therefore added that points to Clinton's election, the rise of nationalism in the former communist world, and the grass roots, populist revolt against the Maastricht Treaty as proof of the book's thesis that national policies are essential to rein in the individualist and laissez-faire tendencies of global economic liberalism. "The source of Clinton's landslide election," the authors conclude, "was his program to revive the American economy, with emphasis on American" (p. 162). While landslide is apparently meant to include the Ross Perot vote, the attempt to validate scholarly analysis with electoral results only confirms the one-sidedness of this study.