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Web-Enabling of Architectural Heritage Inventories

Surveys and inventories of the built environment have improved the understanding of the state of existing heritage structures and historic districts and assisted in their preservation by thorough and consistent documentation. Unfortunately, full exploitation of these resources has been impeded by their static, non-interactive nature as printed documents (ie, reports or maps). This article presents recent attempts to improve access of such resources through their web-enablement. Specifically, issues of usability, relevance, contemporaneousness, and spatial integration are evaluated. These requirements are considered with respect to a new resource, Historic Ireland's Built Environment and Road Network Inventories Access (HIBERNIA). This integrated, extendable database and geographic information system (GIS) is featured as an example of how access to these surveys and inventories can be improved to form the basis for future developments to provide a more complete picture of heritage resources and enable innovative resource management strategies.


INTRODUCTION
The importance and appreciation of urban heritage has increased over the past half-century, with inner city gentrification resulting in the conversion of many industrial properties to office and residential use. This development departs from the wholesale demolition of existing buildings and neighborhoods of 30-50 years ago that resulted in the destruction of the cultural fabric and vibrancy of many cities, especially in younger countries like the United States. While redevelopment is a key aspect to the continued life and vitality of the urban space, it is important to preserve a city's existing face through intelligent, fact-based planning and permitting.
One possible tool to promote and retain a city's architectural and cultural diversity is the generation and maintenance of an inventory of existing building stock and to employ the inventory as a yardstick with which to guide and integrate new development. Such a concept is not new. In 1985, the Council of Europe passed the Convention for the Protection of the Architectural Heritage of Europe commonly call the Granada Convention, in which Article 2 states ''for the purpose of precise identification of the monuments, groups of structures and sites to be protected, each Member State will undertake to maintain inventories of that architectural heritage.'' (Council of Europe 1985) (Note: signed by Ireland October 3, 1985; ratified with reservations January 20, 1997; entry into force May 1, 1997). The Granada Convention emphasizes the importance of inventories in underpinning conservation policies and enlightened development. To date, however, despite many communities investing enormous resources in the creation of such inventories, their potential usefulness as planning aids has been extremely limited due to their static, dated, and inaccessible nature. Attempts at inventorying have resulted in the publication of many tomes but have failed to generate systems from which the information can be accessed and employed easily in the decision-making process for construction permitting or other purposes. This article describes the genesis of just such a system and shows how it was developed to meet and overcome some of these shortcomings, as well as addressing the needs of its local stakeholders.

BACKGROUND
The web enablement of architectural inventories has been a gradual process that began with the direct digitization of existing texts, progressed to the conversion of written collections to queryable tables based on the structure of the original inventory, and evolved to include systems that were from their inception conceived as web-based resources. An exploration of these different types of systems helps to identify their current limitations with respect to accessing and querying data, updating records, and integrating the data into geographic information systems (GIS).
In 1999, English Heritage began digitization and web-enablement of a 45volume set of inventories that dates back to C. R. Ashbee's efforts to discover, record, and create awareness about London's historic monuments that were being threatened by the city's eastwards expansion into rural Essex (English Heritage 2008a). Today, 32 of the 45 volumes are electronically accessible (English Heritage 2008b), with the remainder anticipated by September 2008 (English Heritage 2008c). The English Heritage web interface presents a scanned book with hyper-linked chapters and images and supports free-text searches, as well as guided inquiry (focusing on place, period, subject, and source) that simultaneously examines the whole of English Heritage web-based holdings (Figure 1). Their digitization both revolutionizes access to these resources and enables system administrators and registered surveyors to make corrections and insert new material.
Presently, the English Heritage system is restricted to the structure of the original surveys: each entry is independent of each other, standalone from a mapping interface, and devoid of advanced inquiry or decision support capabilities. For instance, while a user is able to search for monuments or sculptures commissioned during certain periods, it is not possible to get a geographic visualization of their distribution.
As opposed to such subsequent digitization, some inventories were initially conceived for online access. One example is the Old Montre´al heritage inventory initiated in 1997 by the city of Montreal and the Minist`ere de la Culture et des Communications du Que´bec, to replace the 1980 hardcopy with an electronic database that could be simultaneously shared by these two governmental departments. The existing inventory of the designated historic district consists of seven main categories: WEB INVENTORIES 17 building, people, groups, events, works of art, public spaces, and bibliography. Each component has multiple dependent tables, which are linked and are stored in a MySQL database, which responds to queries from the Flash-based web interface. While government and professional users have full access to the database and its mapping component, the general public interacts through a Flash-enabled map interface of the district (Que´bec 2008) (Figure 2). This feature allows users to navigate individual neighborhoods within the district and permits the selection of specific buildings and their affiliated records ( Figure 3). The mapping offers static snapshots of the historic district, but without the benefit of user navigation. In effect, the maps are HTML enabled images. As such, they cannot be queried for content, as would be possible in a fully enabled GIS system. A more sophisticated example of an inventory that was always envisioned as an online resource is the California Historical Resource Inventory Database (CHRID) Network (CHRIDNET 2008) this system was created to be a unified heritage repository for California's local governments and consultants to develop and share electronically information about historic resources. The city of Ontario, CA, is being used presently as a test case for what is ultimately envisioned for statewide deployment to achieve the following: Increase publicly available historical resources Map the location of historical resources Provide search capabilities by such factors as architectural style, year built, architect, historic district, and historic status Improve the electronic and hardcopy provision of surveys, thereby simultaneously lowering costs and enhancing data submission Integrate historic preservation further into the planning process Become a decision-support tool related to historic properties Although still under review and development, CHRID demonstrates the visual and system integration that is possible, when heritage and planning data are interlinked to form an integral part of the decision support system (Figure 4).
Another inventory that was specifically intended to be resource for planning decisions was the Irish National Inventory of Architectural Heritage (NIAH 2008). Begun in 2000, this inventory is being conducted in response to the Granada Convention (Council of Europe 1985). NIAH was intended to identify, record, and evaluate Ireland's post-1700 architectural heritage, uniformly and consistently, as an aid in its protection and conservation. Building surveys are the core of the NIAH and

WEB INVENTORIES 19
are conducted by each county's administrative area using a common data collection template. As of January 2008, 20 administrative areas were complete with the remaining 12 administrative areas to be surveyed by the end of 2010. When completed, the NIAH will be a comprehensive inventory of the country's building heritage. The information gathered is aimed at assisting local planning authorities in the identifica-  can now be accessed on the web at http://www.buildingsofireland.ie. Although the online surveys can be searched electronically, the mapping component is not currently available due to copyright issues ( Figure 5). So while the data collected is comprehensive, the absence of online mapping makes synthesizing difficult. These four inventories show how building inventories have developed over time from the simple digitization of existing hardcopy survey reports and scanning of building photographs to current web-oriented versions of the survey. Also shown is the development of searchable, online inventory databases, which allow for querying of particular inventory information but do not offer a means of interactively updating the inventories, or permitting their integration with mapping analysis and display tools. These issues limit their usefulness in providing decision support to heritage and development planners in the protection of heritage structures and neighborhoods. A feature and capability comparison between the various aforementioned inventories  (Table 1), which gives a concise breakdown of the systems and capacities offered by each and the issues addressed with the implementation of HIBERNIA. While all four of the previously described inventories provided unprecedented access to their original data sets, the absence of integrated mapping and readily updatable structures prevent them from being fully exploitable in the protection of heritage structures and neighborhoods. The identified limitations raised in the review  Filemaker Pro ArcGIS ArcView of these above-described inventories were addressed in the creation and implementation of HIBERNIA, as outlined in the following discussion.

DUBLIN'S ARCHITECTURAL INVENTORIES IN 2006
The city of Dublin has a rich history of architectural heritage since its founding by the Vikings in 841. In recent years, there has been a growing appreciation for the unique character and collection of the city's architecture. graphical inclusive inventory and one that included a GIS] accessible should be undertaken as a mater of urgency; due to software and database issues, DEI has been inaccessible and lain unmodified for a number of years. 4. All future architectural inventory projects should employ the Council of Europe's Core Data Index fields, which is already used for the NIAH. 5. New inventories should be actively guided and supported by Dublin City Council, with specific funding earmarked for architectural inventories as an important source of information for informed planning and development.
To begin to rectify these problems, Ireland's Heritage Council funded the project HIBERNIA as a pilot program to web-enable DEI and one other survey (the Dublin Docklands Area Master Plan [DDAMP]) for which there were no unfavorable or unresolved copyright issues. The focus was to integrate building/street inventories with a GIS and deploy this system in both a desktop and web environment. [1993][1994][1995] DEI was coordinated by the Dublin Chamber of Commerce and funded by the European Union to create an integrated database on the natural, social, and built environment of inner Dublin and involved the development of a template for the systematic recording and evaluation of streets, buildings, and other structures found in Dublin within the canal cordon ( Figure 6). The DEI compiled a database and conducted fieldwork and documentary research, the latter using historical and contemporary sources. The database included photographic records of streets and buildings, text data on the property's status, condition, and historical evolution, together with a comprehensive listing of archival and published sources. Fieldwork included measured surveys of selected buildings, to supplement existing surveys of buildings that were to be incorporated into the data set. Copies of the data are held in digital form on CD at the Dublin City Council offices and at the Architectural Library of the University College Dublin (UCD 2008).

Dublin Docklands Area Master Plan Inventory of the Architectural and
Industrial Archaeological Heritage 1996 DDAMP was commissioned by the Custom House Docks Development Authority (CHDDA) to document the architectural and industrial archaeological heritage of an extensive area of Dublin's docklands (Figure 7), as primary information for the preparation of a master plan. The project used an extension of the methodology developed for the DEI and comprised literature and cartographic research, with extensive fieldwork and photographic recording. DDAMP was published by the CHDDA in 1996.

Historic Ireland's Built Environment and Road Network Inventories Access
While the focus of HIBERNIA was the recovery, integration, and webenablement of the DEI and DDAMP, core to the project was the opportunity to design and implement an integrated heritage and decision support system, which would form the foundation for the development of in-depth, two-dimensional (2D) analysis and would facilitate future developments in urban three-dimensional (3D) analysis. These long-term aspirations informed the creation of the data structure and GIS architecture for HIBERNIA.

WEB INVENTORIES 25
3.3.1. Review of data sources Prior to HIBERNIA's database development (and eventual web-enablement), the condition and completeness of the two inventories (DEI and DDAMP) had to be assessed, as current software and hardware could no longer access the originally collected data. Old archives were accessed through the UCD's School of Architecture, Landscape, and Civil Engineering. As the data was stored on Magneto-Optical disks, a compatible reader had to be sourced to transfer the files to compact disk. ). The core data set for both inventories had been compiled using Apple's Filemaker version 2.0, and as the software's current version (version 9) could not convert such old files, an intermediary conversion to version 3.0 was required. In total, data for 1280 building and 93 streets relevant to the DEI and DDAMP were recovered, plus more than 800 other building records that were collected during the DEI survey but were never included in the final published project in 1995 due to resource and time limitations. The buildings records formed the core of the inventory, with details of architecture, history, and in-depth biographical references. The street records gave an overview of the evolution of the area and also contained detailed historical, mapping, and biographical references. After conversion, the recovered files were reviewed for usable data and completeness, followed by an archiving of the original data files and the pioneering of a structure for archiving new data. To accomplish this, a listing of all fields in each of the databases was compiled and compared with the Council of Europe's Core Data Index fields (Council of Europe 1995).
As shown in Figure 8 this core index was the result of in-depth discussion of inventory methods by over 150 heritage documentation centers in 24 countries across Europe and was developed with the aim of codifying the classification of individual buildings and monuments by name, location, function date, architect, building materials construction techniques, physical condition and protection status (Council of Europe 1995). The core index (Figure 8) enables surveyors to compile an overview of each building or monument surveyed, with the ability to link that information with more comprehensive data as they become available (e.g., written references, photographs, drawings, and exterior and interior details). The practice and methodologies of other relevant inventories and the existing data categories in the two recovered inventories were reviewed and updated to meet the needs of a citywide survey. Thus, HIBERNIA contains concise, basic descriptions as gathered in the original surveys and has been extended to accommodate data that may be generated during future surveys (Figure 9), both in terms of records for new buildings and monuments and with respect to the addition of new data fields as burgeoning forms and formats become available. Examples are the inclusion of more detailed photographic libraries of each building and linkage with full 3D terrestrial laser scanners point cloud scans of building exteriors and interiors.
While the data tables were the primary focus of the archive recovery, a fortunate discovery was made of a digital photo catalog containing orthogonally correct photographs of of each building in both inventories, as well as street reference photos and montages. While the building images were included in the DDAMP hard copy publication, these images were not readily accessible in the original digital DEI. In HIBERNIA,

WEB INVENTORIES 27
these photographs were recovered and are now linked to the relevant building in the database and provide an important visual reference within the web interface.

Database design and population
The design of an integrated, relational database with linkage to spatial mapping features formed the basis of the database development for HIBERNIA. A review of CHRID's Unified Modelling Language (UML) data structure ( Figure 10) and NIAH's Microsoft Access (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA.) and data structure ( Figure 11) show the relational links between the separate data tables in the database to make an integrated relational database. Each of the tables focuses on an individual aspect of the survey. As an example, specific building features shown in CHRID in individual tables (eg, walls, doors, roofs and windows) are linked to the property's tables by the (prop_ID) field, which is linked to the database resource master table by the (res_id) field, with the resource address field. This permits inventory data collection at high levels of detail. Conversely, the NIAH's Access data structure uses a building registration number (REG_NO) to link the database tables and focuses on a more general survey, collecting both numerical and textual information on a regional scale. In this structure, major architectural features are in a single main table with no subsidiary property tables and this main table is linked to location, references, maps and site photographic tables through the (REG_NO) field linkage. Drawing on these examples and other spatial database structures, the flat file format of HIBERNIA's input files-the original building and street inventories was redesigned using UML tools to fully exploit the capabilities of the most recent version of Filemaker 9. The resulting relational database schema is shown in Figures 12 and

WEB INVENTORIES 29
13. This structure optimizes the database functionality by linking each of the individual tables to the main query table. This results in improved data indexing and faster searching. While similar to the data schema of CHRID ( Figure 10) and NIAH ( Figure 11) in respect to the data fields that are collected, HIBERNIA adds data tables that index information on the heritage rating of the buildings/streets, details of the survey and surveyor, the historic cartography, bibliographic references, and any photographs or drawings available for each individual building and street inventory. A further development makes use of building registration number and street inventory number fields to link with the GIS mapping component of the system. The GIS portion of the system consists of an ArcGIS Geodatabase (Figure 14), which utilizes a spatial database to map the study area at a 1:1,000 scale based on Ordnance Survey Ireland (OSI [Dublin, Ireland]) base mapping, which presents highly detailed city topographical data which includes building footprints, street right of way, pavement outlines and street furniture (Figure 15). In the OSI Geodatabase (Arc Gis Geodatabase 9.1), the building footprints are uniquely identified polygons, and the street centerlines are likewise identified to enable seamless linking with the building and street inventory databases. After the database structure was finalized, data from the recovered tables were imported into the database, and a record-by-record review was conducted to ensure the correct conversion of the archived data into the new database.
Once the building and street inventories were completely recovered, they were linked to the underlying 1:1,000 OSI Geodatabase base mapping with point, line and polygon features representing mapping for the survey area. Each of the individual building and street records were linked using the unique building/street registration number and longitude/latitude identifier field in the database to individual the building footprints and street centerlines. Finally the building and street image catalogues of each of the individual buildings and streets were linked and uploaded to the database.
As part of the development process of HIBERNIA, the integration of all building/street inventory data and geospatial data into a single PostgreSQL (version 7.4. 26) database was tested but was found unsuitable to due to limitations in updating the inventory database, overlong loading times of the data in the web interface, and user feedback on usability, compared with the Filemaker (version 8.5) desktop and web user interface. The requirement of a unified user-friendly interface for both data browsing and data capture resulted in the selection of Filemaker as the core database for the data repository and the front end of the building/street inventory Web interface.
Once the inventory database and geospatial database were created and populated, the system was tested, with special attention paid to checking linking features.

WEB INVENTORIES 31
This consisted of querying the system through the Filemaker data tables and through interactive mapping using the GIS interface. Subsequently, the updating and editing capabilities of the system were tested by adding new records to the inventory and editing the building footprints and other features in the GIS map.

Web interface development
The requirement of making the surveys fully accessible lead to the development of the web interface which consisted of two tasks: 1) the web enablement of the database and mapping components, and 2) the authoring of a web-based user interface http://www.ucd.ie/hibernia. To enable database access, web-based interfaces were developed as follows: Guest: view access only; may browse and search database only Surveyor: may browse and search full database; may add data to certain fields (all of which are reviewed before inclusion into the database) Administrator: full control Multiple access levels are necessary to maintain the integrity and security of the database, while simultaneously enabling the addition of new information into the database and to the integration of additional surveys within HIBERNIA. As discussed previously, the Filemaker database formed the back end for the web user interface facilitating development of a familiar user interface for quick and easy browsing and searching ( Figure 16). The structure also allowed for simple, future updating of the database by researchers and surveyors. The integration of the database with the mapping section, while fully functional in the standalone system is undergoing development and implementation on the web-based system. When implemented, it will incorporate a map pinpointing the locations of each of the building and street records and will highlight the building's footprint on the map in relation to other buildings in the area.

CONCLUSION
The goals of this project commissioned by Ireland's Heritage Council were to examine the processes necessary to integrate 2 of Dublin's 45 architectural inventories and to pioneer the necessary techniques and procedures for data integration for the entire group of inventories. The resultant work recovered an important heritage resource that can be further developed to form the basis for a much more expansive and valuable resource. Crucial to the successful completion of this project was the development and creation of an expandable, searchable database and the implementation of a user-friendly, web-enabled graphical user interface. This project not only met these goals but also developed the techniques and methodologies that are critical for future integration work, which will include the incorporation of 3D models within this web accessible system. The recovery of information for approximately 800 extra buildings from the archived records shows that there is scope for further development of this resource. A series of field surveys in 2007 made full use of the interface to update and add new buildings to the survey along the proposed metro route providing an important resource to planners and conservators on the effects of this project on the infrastructure of the existing building stock. The updating and addition of new records to the database since its publication has shown the robustness of the database design. This along with the capability to create live two-way connections with external SQL

WEB INVENTORIES 35
data sources such as MySQL (Sun Microsystem Inc., Santa Clara, CA), Oracle (Oracle Corp., Redwood Shores, CA), and SQL Server (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA) insures the continued use of this resource into the future. Since its deployment, the building/street survey web interface has been used by staff researchers and individuals affiliated with Dublin's upcoming metro construction. The system is also used by conservation professionals and architects working on developments throughout the city centre.

SUMMARY
This article reviewed that state of access to architectural heritage records and how most are stored in formats that severely limit their potential contribution to being used in the planning and permitting process. Development and implementation of HIBERNIA, (http://www.ucd.ie/hibernia) a new web-based resource for Dublin Ireland's architectural inventories is described as a means to show how the issues of usability, relevance, contemporaneousness, and spatial integration can be accommodated, even within the context of previously collected data.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Funding for HIBERNIA was generously provided by Ireland's Heritage Council Grant 15014 and the University College Dublin Urban Institute Ireland.