{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.014102564102564103, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.454545454545454, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Cost Effective Use of Formal Methods in Verification and Validation

Formal methods offer the promise of significant improvements in verification and validation, and may be the only approach capable of demonstrating the absence of undesirable system behavior. But it is widely recognized that these methods are expensive, and their use has been limited largely to high-risk areas such as security and safety. This paper focuses on cost-effective applications of formal techniques in V&V, particularly recent developments such as automatic test generation and use of formal methods for analyzing requirements and conceptual models without a full-blown formal verification. We also discuss experience with requiring the use of formal techniques in standards for commercial software.