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Plasma chemistry reference values in pin-tailed sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata)

PIN-TAILED sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata) are birds adapted to life in the desert which live in groups (Ferns and Hinsley 1995). Different species of sandgrouse are kept in zoos worldwide, and, in particular, private bird collections, especially in the Middle East, comprise large flocks of these birds. The captivity and breeding success of sandgrouse have been described in Europe (Gooders 2001). With the increase in numbers of such patients in veterinary practice, diagnostic techniques are required. One very helpful diagnostic tool is the interpretation of plasma chemistry values (Hochleithner 1994). Unfortunately, there are a lack of statistically valid reference values for the pin-tailed sandgrouse. Reference values are only of use if they are established under similar conditions for all