{'fraction_non_alphanumeric': 0.03137254901960784, 'fraction_numerical': 0.0, 'mean_word_length': 5.590405904059041, 'pattern_counts': {'":': 0, '<': 0, '<?xml version=': 0, '>': 0, 'https://': 0, 'lorem ipsum': 0, 'www.': 0, 'xml': 0}, 'pii_count': 0, 'substrings_counts': 0, 'word_list_counts': {'cursed_substrings.json': 0, 'profanity_word_list.json': 0, 'sexual_word_list.json': 0, 'zh_pornsignals.json': 0}}
Current controversies in sports nutrition

Of all of the sub-disciplines of sports and exercise science, it is sports nutrition that has perhaps undergone the most significant developments in the last decade. Whereas the discipline has largely adopted a competition and performance-based approach to research and practice (traditionally based on carbohydrate), sports physiologists and nutritionists now readily appreciate the role that nutrition can play in promoting training adaptation, especially that of how manipulation of macronutrient and micronutrient availability (carbohydrate, protein, fat, vitamin D, etc.) can (or may) modulate nutrient-gene interactions. As mid-career researchers and also as applied practitioners, we have also been fortunate to accumulate a decade of experience in both the laboratory and many applied arenas of elite sport including team (football, rugby), endurance (cycling, middle-distance running), winter (skiing), weight restricted (combat sports, rowing and horse racing) and individual sports (golf). However, despite the diverse physiological and nutritional demands of the aforementioned sporting activities, we never fail to be amazed that such athletes nearly always present with the same questions, many of which are difficult to currently provide a definitive answer. For example: Is it true I do not need high carbohydrates anymore? Are high protein diets really advantageous for weight loss? Alternatively, is not a high fat diet the best approach? How do I fuel for both aerobic and weight training simultaneously? What should I eat when I am injured? Should I take vitamin D supplements? It is these questions (and related themes) that we presently consider as some of the most prevalent “Current controversies in sports nutrition”.