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Suppression of humoral immunity in mice following exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate.

Adult male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) daily via gavage for 28 days (0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, or 5 mg/kg total administered dose [TAD]). Following exposure, various immune parameters were assessed and serum PFOS concentrations were determined. Lymphocyte proliferation was not altered in either gender. Natural killer cell activity was increased compared with control at 0.5, 1, and 5 mg/kg TAD in male mice but was not altered in female mice. At these treatment levels, splenic T-cell immunophenotypes were minimally altered in females, but all T-cell subpopulations were significantly modulated in males beginning at 0.1 mg/kg TAD. The sheep red blood cell (SRBC) plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was suppressed in male mice beginning at 0.05 mg/kg TAD and in females at 0.5 mg/kg TAD. Serum trinitrophenyl (TNP)-specific IgM titers were also decreased by PFOS after TNP-LPS (TNP conjugated to lipopolysacharide) challenge suggesting that the humoral immune effects may be attributed to the B-cell rather than T-cell because both T-dependent (SRBC) and T-independent (TI) (TNP-LPS) antigens result in suppressed IgM production. Based on the PFC response, the low observed effect level (LOEL) for males was 0.05 mg/kg TAD (ED(50) = 0.021 mg/kg TAD) and for females was 0.5 mg/kg TAD (ED(50) = 0.59 mg/kg TAD). Measured PFOS serum concentrations at these dose levels were 91.5 +/- 22.2 ng/g and 666 +/- 108 ng/g (mean +/- SD), respectively. The male LOEL serum level was approximately 14-fold lower than reported mean blood levels from occupationally exposed humans and fell in the upper range of concentrations reported for the general population. Overall, this study provides a profile of PFOS immunotoxicity showing effects at levels reported in humans and identifies the B-cells as a potential target.