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Constrained maximum intensity optimized multi-electrode tDCS targeting of human somatosensory network

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive method that delivers current through the scalp to enhance or suppress brain activity. The standard way of applying tDCS is by the use of two large rectangular sponge electrodes on the scalp. The resulting currents often stimulate a broad region of the brain distributed over brain networks. In order to address this issue, recently, multi-electrode transcranial direct current stimulation with optimized montages has been used to stimulate brain regions of interest (ROI) with improved trade-off between focality and intensity of the electrical current at the target brain region. However, in many cases only the location of target region is considered and not the orientation. Here we emphasize the importance of calculating the individualized target location and orientation by combined electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (EMEG) source analysis in individualized skull-conductivity calibrated finite element method (FEM) head models and stimulate the target region by four different tDCS montages. We have chosen the generator of the P20/N20 component, located at Brodmann area 3b and oriented mainly from posterior to anterior directions as our target for stimulation because it can be modeled as a single dipole source with a fixed position and orientation. The simulations will deliver optimized excitatory and inhibitory electrode montages that are in future investigations compared to standard and sham tDCS in a somatosensory experiment. We also present a new constrained maximum intensity (CMI) optimization approach that better distributes the currents over multiple electrodes, therefore should lead to less tingling and burning sensations at the skin, and thus allows an easier realization of the sham condition significantly reducing the current intensity parallel to the target.