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Stubborn survivors: Dissenting essays on peasants and Third World development

Baroe), and the government publishing house Balai Poestaka. Like a disproportionate number of this group, he had been born in Minangkabau (West Sumatra) into a relatively affluent and educated family, and he had pursued his schooling in Sumatra and Java. His later career in Java as journalist, teacher, and writer also conformed to the pattern of the early literary intelligentsia. Pane's novel Belenggu [Shackles] was first published in Poedjangga Baroe in 1940, and this work immediately set its author apart from his contemporaries. Most novels and prose of the time were conventional tales of thwarted love and the conflict between modernity and tradition, or East and West, but Belenggu used a relatively understated tale of adultery to examine individual freedom and knowledge, in both social and philosophical forms. Belenggu was far and away the most interesting novel published in Indonesia before independence, and it was certainly the most controversial. Considerable Indonesian literature has been translated, including several poems and short stories by Armijn Pane (see, for example, Dede Oetomo, "Modern Indonesian Literature in Translation"; Indonesia, pt. 1, no. 29 [April 1980], pp. 91-110; pt. 2, no. 30 [October 1980], pp. 125—62). However, relatively few Indonesian novels have been made available in English, and most of these are postwar efforts. Early works by Marah Rusli, Abdoel Moeis, and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana, although of some value to students of Indonesian social and literary history, have a very limited appeal to nonspecialists. Belenggu stands apart; it is both readable and interesting. Unlike the earlier novels, self-conscious and worthy as they are, Belenggu is resolutely but unforcedly modern, both in its moral dilemmas and in the props used to structure the narrative. Cars, radios, and gramophones characterize the milieu of the doctor who is the chief protagonist, and they also trigger plot shifts and reflections on the deeper meaning of life. This translation by John McGlynn enables non-Indonesian readers with an interest in Indonesia, intellectual history, or comparative literature—or just novels— to read an historically and intrinsically worthwhile book. Readers of Shackles are well served by Ohio University in the preparation and presentation of this publication. The translation is readable, the introduction by William H. Frederick is short (six pages) but clear and valuable, and the book is attractive. Shackles is a valuable addition to the corpus of Indonesian literature in English.