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RETRACTED ARTICLE: BOMBS AWAY: Militarization, Conservation and Ecological Restoration

David Havlick’s book Bombs Away documents the conversion of military lands to wildlife conservation areas. Sites once known for violence or militarization are being transformed into sanctuaries for wildlife and Havlick deftly explores the challenges in these transformations and how they inform a new understanding of nature and society. Havlick spent more than a decade thinking and writing about the relationship between militarized landscapes, ecological restoration, and conservation. He conducted broad field-based survey across many settings in the U.S. and abroad. Most of his book focuses on National Wildlife Refuges (NWR) in the U.S., areas under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, including Assabet River NWR in Massachusetts, Big Oaks NWR in Indiana, and Vieques NWR in Puerto Rico, and Rocky Mountain Arsenal in Colorado. He also integrates several international case studies including the Korean DMZ, and the borderlands around the now-defunct Iron Curtain in Europe. These military to wildlife conversions have not been well studied, nor have they been a major focus of military geographers (who tend to focus their research on terrain analysis or how to use or modify natural features for tactical advantage). As a result, Havlick sheds new light on an increasingly important and timely topic impacting public lands. In the United States the conversion of military lands to National Wildlife Refuges has been happening within a broader process of military base closures and realignment that began in the 1990s and continues. Hundreds of military bases have been closed and redeveloped. It is not a given that former military installations will be transformed into an NWR; there can be local pressure to redevelop these lands for economic development—as industrial parks, or university campuses for example. Yet the conversion of military lands to parks, recreation areas, and wildlife refuges promises to open up historically restricted places to new kinds of public access, use, and attention, and has been lauded as a federal land use “win-win.” Havlick identifies significant challenges in the conversion of military to wildlife sites. Most of the military to wildlife conversions require some form of