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Pathology of Hepato-renal Disorder due to Non-infectious Etiology in Swine

An investigation was carried out during the period from the month of April 2017 to March 2018 to study the non-infectious pathological conditions of liver and kidneys of pigs in and around Guwahati city. A total of 29 cases of non-infectious pathological condition of the liver and kidneys were recorded out of 53 necropsied pigs. The samples were collected for both histopathology as well as for bacterial isolation. Gross and histopathological studies revealed variable histopathological changes such as congestion, haemorrhage, fatty changes and necrosis (Centrilobular and panlobular) in the liver. Kidneys showed haemorrhages, nephrosis, fatty changes, necrosis, atrophy of glomeruli.

Liver and kidneys are two most important vital organs, that performs varieties of metabolic functions and are prone to various injuries and insults. Liver has detoxifying capacity and detoxifies complex harmful chemical substance to a simple harmless substances through a series of biochemical reactions. During this process free radicals are generated which damages hepatic cells. Due to these important activities liver is commonly exposed to a number of insults for which liver is the first organ to undergo various pathological changes including cellular swelling, fatty change, degeneration and necrosis etc (Vegad, 2007). Similarly, kidneys are the major vital organ of excretion of metabolic wastes so any damage to the kidneys may lead to failure of the kidneys to remove waste products due to which various toxins keep on building up inside the body leading to incompatibility in surviving. Kidneys are also susceptible to a number of insults for which it undergoes some pathological changes including degeneration (Nephrosis), necrosis of renal tubules, inflammatory condition (Nephritis), hydronephrosis etc.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A detailed post-mortem examination of 53 carcasses of pigs brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary science, Assam Agricultural University (AAU)), Khanapara, Guwahati during the period April 2017 to March 2018 were carried out. The liver and kidneys were carefully examined for the presence of any pathological changes. The observations were documented in the form of photographs and written reports. For histopathological study, the samples were collected in 10% neutral buffered formalin. After proper fixation the tissue samples were processed under standard protocol and stained with Hematoxyline and Eosin (H&E) (Luna,1968) Samples of the liver and kidneys were collected aseptically in sterile ziplock bags and kept at 4°C in the refrigerator for bacterial isolation. The samples were streaked onto blood agar or brain heart infusion (BA/BHI) agar plate for primary isolation of bacteria and incubated at 37 o C for 24-48 hours.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A detailed PM examination of 53 carcasses of pigs brought to the Department of Veterinary Pathology, C.V. Sc, Khanapara, Guwahati were carried out. A total of 29 cases of non-infectious pathological conditions of liver and kidneys were detected. These samples showed negative results for the presence of bacteria. The cases were classified on the basis of pathomorphological findings. (Table 1).
A total of 29 cases of non-infectious pathological conditions of liver and kidneys were detected. The noninfectious conditions were further classified into hepatic, renal and hepato-renal disorders. There were ten cases of non-infectious pathological conditions of liver. These were further classified into fatty liver, acute hepatic necrosis and cirrhosis.
Six cases of fatty liver were recorded during the present study. Fatty change is most commonly seen in liver and caused by a variety of irritant like hypoxia, hepatotoxins , metabolic diseases like diabetes melitus etc. (Vegad, 2007). Grossly, the liver was pale, greasy and soft in consistency, hepatomegaly.
Under microscopic observation, hepatocytes were swollen and rounded. Severe fatty changes including coagulative type of necrosis were markedly evident in microscopic observation. Similar changes were also documented by Vegad (2007), Jones et al. (2006) and Schumacher-Petersen et al. (2019).
A total of four cases of acute hepatic necrosis were recorded during the present study. This condition was most common in young pigs due to Vit E and Se deficiency (Hepatosis dietitica), Cocklebur toxicity, coal tar toxicity, gossypol toxicity. Grossly, the liver showed areas of massive haemorrhages, foci of necrosis and the glisson's capsule was tightly adhered to the liver surface. Microscopically areas of massive pan lobular haemorrhages with centrilobular necrosis which were corroborated with the findings of the previous worker McGavin and Zachary (2012) and Stromberg, (2004).
Five cases of cirrhosis were detected. Cirrhosis is a complication of liver disease involving loss of liver cells and irreversible scarring of the liver. Grossly, the livers were hard and had poor elasticity. Livers were cut with difficulty. Microscopically, the hepatocytes undergo degeneration and necrosis. Proliferation and dilatation of bile ducts were observed and moreover fibrous connective tissues divided the individual hepatic lobules leading to pseudolobulation. Similar lesions of cirrhosis were. reported by Wang et al. (2015) and Rosell (2000).
A total of eleven cases of non-infectious pathological conditions of kidneys were recorded. These were further classified into nephrosis and polycystic kidneys.
Six cases of nephrosis were recorded during the present study. Nephrosis is an acute tubular degeneration leading to necrosis. The condition results from ischaemia or toxic damage to the renal tubular epithelial cells. Heavy metals, mercury, Pb, Ar, antibacterial and antifungal agents, drugs, toxic plants, oxalates were responsible for causing nephrosis (Vegad, 2007) Grossly, the kidneys appeared enlarged and pale. Microscopic observation revealed variable degenerative changes including pyknosis of the nucleus, fatty changes in the tubular epithelium Similar changes were described by Vegad (2007) and Gresham et al. (2006).
A total of five cases of polycystic kidneys were recorded. Grossly, the kidneys were enlarged and soft with thinning of the cortex. On incision multiple cysts with serous fluid were observed. Microscopically, the cystic cavity was emptied surrounded by a serous membrane and fibrous connective tissues. There was atrophy of the renal tubules and glomeruli around the cysts. These findings were in accordance with the findings of McGavin, and Zachary (2012), Kumar et al. (2016) and Adarsh et al. (2010).
A total of three cases of non-infectious pathological conditions affecting both liver and kidneys.
Three cases of anemic piglets were recorded during the present study. Grossly, the carcasses showed pale to