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A Model Investigation of the Role of Air–Sea Interaction in the Climatological Evolution and ENSO-Related Variability of the Summer Monsoon over the South China Sea and Western North Pacific

Abstract The summertime northeastward march of the climatological maritime monsoon over the South China Sea (SCS) and subtropical western North Pacific (WNP) is examined using the output from a 200-yr integration of a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model (GCM). Increased cloud cover and surface wind speed during monsoon onset over the SCS in May–June reduce the incoming shortwave flux and enhance the upward latent heat flux at the ocean surface, thereby cooling the local sea surface temperature (SST). The resulting east–west gradient in the SST pattern, with lower temperature in the SCS and higher temperature in the WNP, is conducive to eastward migration of the monsoon precipitation over this region. Upon arrival of the precipitation center in the WNP in July–August, the local circulation changes lead to weakening of the mei-yu–baiu rainband near 30°N. The subsequent increases in local shortwave flux and SST impart a northward tendency to the evolution of the WNP monsoon. Many of these mode...