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Artemisinin induces doxorubicin resistance in human colon cancer cells via calcium‐dependent activation of HIF‐1α and P‐glycoprotein overexpression

Background and purpose:  Artemisinin is an antimalarial drug exerting pleiotropic effects, such as the inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor‐kappa B and of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca++‐ATPase (SERCA) of P. falciparum. As the sesquiterpene lactone thapsigargin, a known inhibitor of mammalian SERCA, enhances the expression of P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) by increasing the intracellular Ca++ ([Ca++]i) level, we investigated whether artemisinin and its structural homologue parthenolide could inhibit SERCA in human colon carcinoma HT29 cells and induce a resistance to doxorubicin.