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KEY POINTS: Chapter 29
Christian Democratic Movement – political movement common to many western European nations after WWII; wedded to
democratic institutions & moderate soc reform
Cubist movement – 20th-century art style; best represented by Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes
European Economic Community – EEC/Common Market; alliance of 6 Euro nations; set up to begin creation of single eco entity
across nat’l boundaries 1958; early 1990s change name to the European Union and planned further economic integration
Gestapo – secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics
John Keynes – British economist, stressed importance of gov’t spending to pay back for loss of purchasing power during a
depression; played role in policies of American New Deal and Euro eco planning after WWII
Kellogg-Briand Pact – treaty btwn Am and Fr leaders 1928; outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations
Margaret Thatcher – Conservative Br prime minister 1979-1991; worked to cut welfare & housing expenses, promote free enterprise
Marshall Plan – program of substantial loans initiated by U.S. 1947; made to aid W nations in reconstruction  US eco dominance
New Deal – FDR’s precursor to modern welfare state 1933-1939; programs to fight eco depression enacted # of soc insurance
measures and used gov’t spending to stimulate eco; increased state power and state’s intervention in US social and economic life
New feminism – new wave of women’s rights agitation since 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic
roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female
Popular Front – combo of Socialist-Communist pol parties in France; won election 1936; unable to take strong measures of soc
reform b/c of all the continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power 1938
Technocrat – new type of bureaucrat; expert in engineering/economics, devoted to power of nat’l planning; core in gov’t post-WWII
Totalitarian State – new kind of gov’t in 20th century that exercised massive control over virtually all activities of subjects
What happened in the 20th century before 1945? WWI and its devastation, several major soc cast off democratic pol forms and
mainstream cultural values for more radical ideas What two areas became new sources of dynamism after 1945? W Europe, U.S.
Describe the U.S., Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and western Europe after 1945. Very flexible in dealing w/ major pol/eco
issues, continued to provide leadership in sci research and popular consumer culture
The Disarray in the West 1914-1945
How had WWI affected Europe? Damaged the Euro eco, diplomatic relations btwn W states, and pol systems in many countries,
big demographic impact, key prewar regimes topple when German emperor abdicated and Habsburg Empire collapsed
How did the end of WWI affect Russia, Germany, Britain, and the U.S.? Russia = revolution, Germany = new const and new
dem rep, Britain = Labour party replaced the Liberals as 2 nd major pol force; U.S. = colorless presidents, the ones we forget
Describe the economy of the “Roaring ‘20s”. Prosperous, mass consumption, industrial production boomed, innovative products
Describe the changes made by women in the 1920s. Less women working, postwar legislation grant suffrage, prosperity and falling
birth rate = chance to dev new leisure habits and less restrictive fashions, more bodily pleasures
How did weak Western governments respond to the start of the Great Depression in 1929? Raised nat’l tariffs to keep out goods
of other countries, but that just worsened the international economy and weakened sales
How did the Great Depression affect national governments? Heightened pol polarization, sought solutions from radical
parties/movements, support for communist gov’ts up, battles btwn conservative and labor movements made decisive policy difficult
How did Scandinavian states deal with the depression? Increased gov’t spending, provide new levels of soc insurance against
illness and unemployment, foreshadowed the modern welfare state
What two effects could the Great Depression have either led to? A divided parliamentary system or overturning that system itself
How was France a prime example of the first effect? Whole bunch of pol parties, unite into Popular Front 1936, refer to def.
Who started the first fascist regime and when? Mussolini 1922
Who and what made fascism a major force in world history? Advent of Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler
What were Hitler’s policies? State = guidance, greater than individual interests, guided by leader; undo Versailles treaty, eliminate
all opponents, trade unions replace w/ gov’t-sponsored bodies that try to appease low-paid workers by offering full employment &
welfare benefits, restore production  rearmament
Why did Hitler persecute the Jews and what did he do to them? B/c he blamed them for various personal misfortunes and for
socialist/capitalist movements; forced to wear special emblem, attack and seize property, sent to concentration camps, Holocaust
What were Hitler’s goals? To regain Germany’s WWI losses, to create a land empire toward the E into Slavic lands
After World War II: International Setting for the West
Describe the destruction WWII caused. Physically by bomb raids, disrupted housing and transportation; less food shipments,
people starving and unable to work at full efficiency
How did decolonization make Europe’s post-war problems worse? Euro nations tried to restore colonial admin worldwide, but
faced with growing resistance; to maintain them would cost a lot and nobody had enough to do that
How did decolonization impact the West? Important minorities of former settlers and officials came home mad, Euro power down
What colonies did France lose and when? Vietnam 1954, Algeria 1962
Why were western Europeans dependent on U.S. protection? Didn’t have enough money to make the biggest, “baddest” weapons
What caused Canada, Australia, and New Zealand to increase diplomatic and economic ties with the U.S.?
Soviet threat and Decline of Great Britain
What was the difference in military roles between the U.S. and western Europe?
US = major peacetime military power, more about the military, W Euro = more about civilian values and goals
What three fronts did western Europe move into since 1945?
Extend democratic pol systems, modify nation-state rivalries, commit to rapid eco growth that reduced soc and gender tensions
What did western Europe experience despite national variation? Shift toward fuller support for dem constitutions and greater
agreement on need for government planning and welfare activities What was the key leftist groups committed to? Dem politics
What new constitutions were made after the defeat of fascist and Nazi leadership? Germany 1945 = Federal Republic of
Germany  W Germany and France = Fifth Republic under Charles de Gaulle 1958
Describe the European welfare state. Unemployment insurance improved, med care support by state-funded insurance, state-run
med centers = free health care, gov’t provide family assistance payments to families w/ several kids; gov’t provide single family units
with houses; recognized large private sector and tried to limit and cushion individual initiative instead of replacing it w/ state action;
middle-class benefit from system even though program meant to be for the poor
Describe the new economic planning offices made by most European countries. Resp. for dev multiyear eco projections, set goals
and means to meet them, coordinate tax concessions, direct flow of capital from state banks, regulate crop sizes, encourage combining
lands together to increase efficiency, require farmers to work together to improve marketing and purchasing procedures
What were the causes of the student protests and the civil rights movement in the 1960s?
U.S. involvement in Vietnam War, materialism; unequal and unjust treatment of African Americans
What were some other movements that took place? Feminism and environmentalist movements 1970s
What leaders responded to the attack on the welfare state due to the triumph of a Republican congressional majority in the
U.S.? Bill Clinton and Tony Blair 1990s w/ more practical versions of welfare state focused on eco growth not soc protections
What led to the creation of the EEC? French leaders want to work w/ Germany in making a new Europe
What did the EEC do to create economic unity? Dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers between member states 1992
What nations were members of the European Union by the mid-1990s? W Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg,
Netherlands, Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Finland, Sweden, Austria What is the EU’s currency? The Euro
How did the welfare state and the Common Market encourage economic growth?
Improving purchasing power for the masses and facilitating market expansion across national boundaries
How would the 1970s be characterized in terms of economy? Economic boom, everything up, unemployment & # peasants down
What did Western nations do since many areas did not provide enough people for labor? Outsourcing
Describe the new consumer society. Shopping malls, cool ads for cool new products, look good, be cool, be in style, leisure
How were immigrant workers treated? Discriminated, very low wages, unstable employment, segregated
Describe the two oil crises in the 1970s. 1973 – Middle East have war w/ Israel so cut production and raised prices; 1979 led to
sever recession and unusually high rates of unemployment in W society
Society and Culture in the West
Describe the postindustrial social structure. Workers no property but still owned many consumer goods, more edu opportunities,
white-collar sector expand, unskilled labor to immigrants, peasant commercial agents so they can improve standard of living
What were some signs of tension? Crime rates up after 1920s, race riots USA 1950s-1960s later Britain 1980s
Describe the new working patterns of women. More factory and clerical jobs, number of working women up, more edu
opportunities, up 44% by 1970s, no full job equality
What rights, changes, or benefits did women gain? Higher edu, access to divorce, abortion law eased, new birth control methods
What changes occurred in the family? Brief increase in birth rate end 1960s then rapid decline, by 1990s some countries no longer
maintaining pop levels except by immigration, more employed women didn’t want to have more kids, kids sent to daycare, shift from
family satisfaction to husband-wife relationship, more people turn to divorce b/c women working and women more freedom
What caused new feminism? Growing divorce rate = more female poverty, new work roles = bigger gender pay gap
Who was Betty Friedan? Feminist; ‘63 The Feminine Mystique, Nat’l Org of Women (NOW) ‘66, urge women’s work & equality
What were some technological advances that were made? Sci method, work w/ neutrons, improved telescopes, atom smashers,
lasers, satellites, theory of relativity, identify more galaxies etc., debate on nature of matter, double-helix pattern of DNA, penicillin,
immunization, new medicines etc., cloning
What were some advances in the social sciences? Rational method, psychology, anthropology
Describe the art of the 20th century in the West. Cubism, music involve use of dissonance and experiment w/ new scales, poetry
unstructured and free, literary novels explore moods and personalities, abstract art and architecture, use concrete and glass in
architecture, skyscraper, soaring/free-floating structures, new combos of angles and curves
Describe religion in the same time period. Catholic reform: more direct contact w/ priests and worshipers; religion a minor role,
regular church attendance fell in Europe, more cremate than bury, religion greater hold in America  greater variety of popular
revival movements and attempts to use religion to maintain or restore traditional values
In Depth
What factors suggest the decline of the West? Dependence on other economies b/c of loss of colonies, internal divisions, decline
after periods of vigor, lack of standards in art, pop culture = materialistic and vulgar sexuality, W commercialism = Roman “bread and
circuses”, population decline (birth rate down, life expectancy up), long term damage from WWI & WWII