text: Emotion-wise, a developmental trend toward an increased 
  specificity of emotion-related maps of bodily sensations (Barca 
  et al. 2023)—a proxy of 
  interoceptive representations of 
  emotions—has been reported from children aged 6 years to adult- 
  hood (Hietanen et al. 2016). Pubertal changes encompass dramatic 
  bodily and neuroendocrine system changes, comprising—but not 
  reduced to—changes in the reproductive, adrenal, and growth 
  axes (Cameron 2004). Thus, adolescents might face at least four 
  sources of uncertainty: (i) the uncertainty due to physiological 
  alterations related to bodily changes and to modification in hor- 
  monal levels leading to sexual maturity; (ii) the uncertainty in self- 
  identity (i.e. the structure of self-awareness) and personal identity 
  (i.e, the narrative diachronic self) (Drummond 2021), which might 
  be coupled with changes in body image and the development of 
  gender identity; (iii) the uncertainty in affect regulation, with the 
  emergence of new forms of affectivity as feelings of love and sex- 
  ual attraction toward a partner; and (iv) uncertainty in the social 
  context, with respect to their social status and role expectations 
  in the adult society. Such high levels of uncertainty might lead 
  to a poorly defined sense of self, with unclear boundaries and a 
  sense of emptiness. In this context, pain becomes a possible way 
  to recover a bodily sense of self, and self-injurious behavior might 
  be instantiated as an attempt to reduce the rise in the levels of 
  uncertainty in these (and potentially other) domains, toward the 
  transition to adulthood (see Miller et al. 2020 for a closely related 
  approach on addiction). 