text: In southern Germany, the genetic ancestry of individuals from 
  early medieval Bavaria probably associated with the historical 
  Germanic-language-speaking Baiuvarii59 cannot be modelled as deriv- 
  ing ancestry solely from earlier groups in Iron Age central Germany 
  (*P*≪ 1 × 10−36). The Baiuvarii probably appeared in the region in the 
  fifth century ce59, but their origins remain unresolved. Our current 
  best model indicates a mixture with ancestry derived from EIA Pen- 
  insular Scandinavia and central Europe, suggesting an expansion of 
  Scandinavian-related ancestry producing a regional ancestry shift 
  (Figs. 2c and 3c). 
  
  In Italy, southward expansions of northern and central European ances- 
  tries appear by the Late Antiquity (approximately fourth century ce), 
  where a clear diversification of ancestry can be observed compared 
  with preceding time periods (Fig. 3d). However, no individuals with 
  near 100% Scandinavian ancestry can be observed in the sampling 
  data available so far. 
  
  In Britain, the ancestries of Iron Age and Roman individuals form a 
  tight cluster in our MDS analysis (Fig. 3e), shifted relative to available 
  preceding Bronze Age individuals from Ireland and Orkney, and adja- 
  cent to, but distinct from, available individuals in Iron Age and Roman 
  central Europe. However, two first- to second-century ce burials from a 
  Roman military fortress site in Austria (Klosterneuburg)5 carry ancestry 
  that is currently indistinguishable from Iron Age or Roman popula- 
  tions of Britain, to the exclusion of other groups (qpWave cladality 
  *P*= 0.11). One option is that they had ancestry from Britain; alternatively, 
  currently unsampled populations from western continental Europe 
  carried ancestries similar to Iron Age southern Britain. 