text: length. Familiarity with 
  the airplane hand- 
  book performance data and proper accounting 
  of weight, wind, altitude, 
  temperature, etc., 
  are necessary parts of flying. Conditions of 
  high gross weight, high pressure altitude and 
  temperature, and unfavorable winds create the 
  extreme requirements of runway length, espe- 
  cially for the turbine powered airplane. Under 
  these conditions, use of the handbook data is 
  mandatory and no guesswork can be tolerated. 
  One typical.etror of takeoff technique is the 
  premature or excess pitch rotation of the air- 
  plane. Premzture or excm pitch rotation of the 
  airplane may seriously reduce the takeoff accel- 
  eration and increase the takeoff distance. 
  In 
  addition, when the airplane is placed at an 
  excessive angle of attack during takeoff, the 
  airplane may become airborne at too low a 
  speed and the result may be a stall, lack of ade- 
  quate control (especially in a crosswind), or 
  poor initial climb performance. 
  In fact. there 
  are certain low aspect ratio configurations of 
  airplanes which, at an excessive angle of ar- 
  tack, will not fly out of ground effect. Thus, 
  over-rotation of the airplane ,during takeoff 
  may hinder takeoff acceleration or the.initial 
  It is quite typical for an airplane to be 
  climb. 
  placed at an excess angle of attack and become 
  airborne prematurely then settle back fo rhe 
  runway. When the proper angle of attack is 
  assumed, the airplane simply accelerates to the 
  takeoff speed and becomes airborne wirh suf- 
  In this sense, the 
  ficient initial rate of climb. 
  appropriate rotation and takeoff speeds or an 
  angle of attack indicator must be used. 