text: Research and Development Expense 
  
  Three Months Ended 
  September 30,  Nine Months Ended 
  September 30,  Change 
  
  2024  2023  $  %  2024  2023 
  
  $  1,039  $  1,161  $  (122)  (11)% $  3,264  $  2,875  $  389 
  
  4 %  5 %  5 %  4 % 
  
  Research and development (“R&D”) expenses decreased $122 million, or 11%, in the three months ended September 30, 
  
  2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to a decrease in vehicle programs, partially 
  offset by an increase in AI related costs year over year. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue decreased from 5% to 4% in 
  the three months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2023 primarily due to lower 
  R&D expenses in the current period. 
  
  R&D expenses increased $389 million, or 14%, in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 as compared to the nine 
  
  months ended September 30, 2023. The overall increases were primarily driven by additional costs year over year related to AI 
  programs. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenue increased from 4% to 5% in the nine months ended September 30, 2024 
  as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2023 as we continue to expand our product roadmap and technologies. 