text: **Computational logic**
  
  Computational logic is the branch of logic and computer science that studies how to implement 
  mathematical reasoning and logical formalisms using computers. This includes, for example, automatic 
  theorem provers, which employ rules of inference to construct a proof step by step from a set of premises 
  to the intended conclusion without human intervention.[169] Logic programming languages are designed 
  specifically to express facts using logical formulas and to draw inferences from these facts. For example, 
  Prolog is a logic programming language based on predicate logic.[170] Computer scientists also apply 
  concepts from logic to problems in computing. The works of Claude Shannon were influential in this 
  regard. He showed how Boolean logic can be used to understand and implement computer circuits.[171] 
  This can be achieved using electronic logic gates, i.e. electronic circuits with one or more inputs and 
  usually one output. The truth values of propositions are represented by voltage levels. In this way, logic 
  functions can be simulated by applying the corresponding voltages to the inputs of the circuit and 
  determining the value of the function by measuring the voltage of the output.[172] 