text: Focusing on uncertainty minimization as a possible factor con- 
  tributing to NSSI behaviors might also help understand the preva- 
  lence of NSSI during adolescence. As discussed earlier, people 
  in adolescence experience significant changes at many levels— 
  from bodily states such as body size to interoceptive and hor- 
  monal processes to affective states and the self. As illustrated 
  in Fig. 2, rapid changes (as in the cases of simulated tachycardia 
  and bradycardia) determine high levels of surprise and uncer- 
  tainty that, in some cases, remain elevated, either because some 
  of the precision parameters that afford model updates are set 
  incorrectly or simply because readapting internal models of the 
  body and the self takes time. In periods of rapid changes, such 
  as adolescence or after very surprising events, there might be a 
  (temporary) misalignment between the predictions of the (out- 
  dated) internal model and the incoming sensations. For exam- 
  ple, during adolescence, one might use an outdated model that 
  predicts the usual affective states during a party and fail to 
  contextualize novel sensations (e.g. unexpected feelings or inte- 
  roceptive signals when meeting somebody), hence experiencing 
  high levels of uncertainty. Thus, failing to reduce this uncertainty 
  and achieve a coherent model of oneself could be particularly 
  distressing. 