text: a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure controls and 
  procedures to be designed under our supervision, to ensure that material information relating to the 
  registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those entities, 
  particularly during the period in which this report is being prepared; 
  
  b) Designed such internal control over Ñnancial reporting, or caused such internal control over 
  Ñnancial reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide reasonable assurance regarding the 
  reliability of Ñnancial reporting and the preparation of Ñnancial statements for external purposes in 
  accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. 
  
  c) Evaluated the eÅectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures and presented in 
  this report our conclusions about the eÅectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures, as of the end 
  of the period covered by this report based on such evaluation; and 
  
  d) Disclosed in this report any change in the registrant's internal control over Ñnancial reporting 
  that occurred during the registrant's most recent Ñscal quarter (the registrant's fourth Ñscal quarter in the 
  case of an annual report) that has materially aÅected, or is reasonably likely to materially aÅect, the 
  registrant's internal control over Ñnancial reporting; and 