text: The**highest share of intra-EU and extra-EU workers per occupation**is among cleaners and helpers 
  (37% in total, intra-EU 11%, extra-EU 25%), labourers in mining and construction (24% in total, intra- 
  EU 7%, extra-EU 17%), stationary plant and machine operators (20% in total, intra-EU 6%, extra-EU 
  14%), and personal care workers (19% in total, intra-EU 5%, extra-EU 14%).311 
  
  The**occupations with a high share of migrant workforce are those with higher physical risks and**
  **lower expectations to do this job until 60 years old**. The common characteristic of these occupations 
  is the well-known 3-D assignment: dirty, dangerous and demanding.312 
  
  Beside the occupation-related risks, specific health and safety issues might result from a lower level of 
  language dominance; communication and instruction have to cope with different capacities to speak and 
  understand. In a more diverse workforce other factors might differ, like awareness and traditions 
  regarding aspects such as the importance of hierarchy, ways to communicate, perception of behaviour 
  as aggression, harassment and discrimination. In general, a greater variety of the workforce poses wider 
  challenges for prevention. 
  
  **Posting of workers**has similar implications for the organisation of OSH in enterprises. 313 Posting 
  means that companies provide services in other EU Member States without having to establish 
  themselves in the other countries. They send out employees to carry out the tasks required. The latest 
  official data from 2020 estimated 2.3 million posted workers in the EU.314 