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              [html]<thead><tr><tdcolspan="3">PUNCTUATION</td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td>RULES :</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>EXAMPLES :</td><td>•</td><td>Full stop</td><td>A full stop is used to end a sentence.</td></tr><tr><td>Mary is writing an exam on Monday. If she passes the exam, she will be able to apply for her dream job.</td><td>?</td><td>Question mark</td><td>A question mark replaces a full stop at the end of a sentence if the sentence is phrased as a question.</td></tr><tr><td>Will you please close the door?</td><td>< underline > I </ underline ></td><td>Exclamation mark</td><td>An exclamation mark is used instead of a full stop to indicate strong emotion in a sentence. Exclamation marks should be used sparingly, especially in academic work.</td></tr><tr><td>He made me so angry! Hurry up!</td><td>•</td><td>Semicolon</td><td>A semicolon is used to link two related clauses, or to separate items in a list ( where the list already contains corn - mas ).</td></tr><tr><tdrowspan="6">Unking related clauses : Your report was helpful ; it explained the reasons for the committee ' s decision. Separating items in a list : Switzerland, Germany, and Austrial are in Europe ; B93D ; Unugular, and Argentina are in America ; and Ja,</td><tdrowspan="6">τ</td><td>Comma</td><td>Commas are used : To separate items in a list.</td></tr><tr><td>She bought bread, milk, and eggs at the shop.</td><td>To separate clauses in a sentence.</td></tr><tr><td>My friend, who is also an athlete, gave me a pair of run - ning shoes for my birthday.</td><td>To separate quotations from the rest of a sentence.</td></tr><tr><td>He asked, “ How fer do we still have to go?”</td><td>Before co - ordinating conjunctions when they join two independent clauses.</td></tr><tr><td>It was raining outside, but they decided to go swimming anyway.</td><td>After a dependent clause at the beginning of a sentence</td></tr><tr><td>When I arrived at work, I realised that I had left my office key at home.</td><td>When addressing someone or some - thing directly.</td></tr><tr><td>" John, will you please print this document before the meeting?"</td><td>•</td><td>Colon</td><td>A colon is used to introduce the second part of a sentence when the second part explains or expands upon the first part.</td></tr><tr><td>There is only one way to fix this : we have to start over. The following items must be included with your CV : a cover letter, a copy of your IO, and a copy of your Matric certificate</td><td>•</td><td>Apostrophe</td><td>An apostrophe is used to indicate possion, or to indicate that letters have been omitted from a word.</td></tr><tr><td>Possession : The director ’ s office was locked. Omission : He wasn ’ t there. (“ was not ” becomes “ wasn ’ t ”)</td><td>**</td><td>Inverted commas</td><td>Inverted commas, or quotation marks, are used to indicate direct speech, or to indicate that text is being quoted from another source.</td></tr><tr><td>“ Where have you been?” he asked.</td><td>-</td><td>Hyphen</td><td>A hyphen is used to join words, or to join words and letters / numbers.</td></tr><tr><td>Forming compound adjectives : rose - coloured, prize - win - nor, hand - prefixes : pre - release, pre - production, pre - qualify, non - verbal loining words with letters / numbers : pre - 2014, X - ray, C - section.</td><td>-</td><td>En dash</td><td>En dashes are used to replace the words “ to ” or “ through ”.</td></tr><tr><td>The company ’ s financial year runs from March – February.</td><td>—</td><td>Em dash</td><td>An em dash is used to emphasise the clause that follows it, to separate a phrase from the rest of a sentence, or to indicate an interruption or change in thought.</td></tr></tbody>
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