text: Just as the first*Fronde*(the*Fronde parlementaire*of 1648–1649) ended, a second one (the 
  *Fronde des princes*of 1650–1653) began. Unlike that which preceded it, tales of sordid 
  intrigue and half-hearted warfare characterized this second phase of upper-class 
  insurrection. To the aristocracy, this rebellion represented a protest for the reversal of their 
  political demotion from vassals to courtiers. It was headed by the highest-ranking French 
  nobles, among them Louis's uncle Gaston, Duke of Orléans and first cousin Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of 
  Montpensier, known as*la Grande Mademoiselle*; Princes of the Blood such as Condé, his brother Armand de Bourbon, Prince of 
  Conti, and their sister the Duchess of Longueville; dukes of legitimised royal descent, such as Henri, Duke of Longueville, and 
  François, Duke of Beaufort; so-called "foreign princes" such as Frédéric Maurice, Duke of Bouillon, his brother Marshal Turenne, 
  and Marie de Rohan, Duchess of Chevreuse; and scions of France's oldest families, such as François de La Rochefoucauld. 
  
  Portrait by Justus van Egmont 
  between the years 1649–1652. 