text: The phenomenology of NSSI is still elusive. It has been hypoth- 
  esized that self-injury behaviors might be engaged to regulate 
  emotions by avoiding or distracting from unwanted emotional 
  experiences (e.g. shame) or negative beliefs about the self (Chap- 
  man et al. 2006). This “affect regulation hypothesis” is sup- 
  ported by the findings that emotional dysregulation—such as 
  reduced emotional clarity, problems in goal-directed behaviors, 
  and impulse control—is common in non-clinical samples of ado- 
  lescents who engage in NSSI. The probability of engaging in 
  self-injuries appears to be positively associated with emotional 
  dysregulation, particularly when individuals lack more adaptive 
  strategies (e.g. reappraisal) to cope with their affectivity (Wolff 
  et al. 2019). Likewise, self-injurers typically describe their behav- 
  iors as attempts to avoid negative cognitive (i.e. bad thoughts or 
  memories) and affective (i.e. anxiety, sadness, and anger) states, 
  whose elevated arousal is suggested to increase the likelihood 
  of engaging in self-injuries (Nock and Mendes 2008b, Nock et al. 
  2009). The interplay between physiological hyperarousal, poor dis- 
  tress tolerance, and reduced problem-solving skills is thought to 
  concur in self-injury behaviors (Nock and Prinstein 2004, Nock 
  et al. 2006), with adolescents with a history of NSSI displaying 
  greater changes in skin conductance and reduced tolerance to 
  increasingly stressing conditions (Nock and Mendes 2008b). 