text: less environmentally critical processes (see for example, the principles of ‘green engineering’, like 
  prevention instead of treatment of waste288). 
  
  **Chemical technologies have ousted traditional materials and processes.**The United Nations’ 
  (UNEP) ‘Global Chemical Outlook’289 documents a strong growth of chemical production between 1970 
  and 2010. The value of the global chemical production grew from US$171 billion in 1970, to 
  approximately US$ 5.7 trillion in 2019, roughly 33 times more. 290 The EU had a share of $1.3 trillion or 
  about 20% of the global value. In less than two decades between 2000 and 2017, the capacity doubled 
  and grew from 1,186 million tons to 2,276 million tons.291,292 
  
  The reasons for this strong growth are: a) the**replacement of traditional materials**(wood, stone, iron 
  and other metals, paper, natural fibres) by chemically based products (foremost plastics and multi- 
  material products); b)**the replacement of traditional technologies by chemical processes**(e.g. 
  gluing instead of screwing of connections in metal, two-component paints); c) the development of**new**
  **products**(e.g. electronic devices, new types of batteries, nano); and d)**new applications**(e.g. specific 
  fertilisers and pesticides). 