text: OSPRO Yellow Flag tool (OSPRO-YF) 
  The OSPRO-YF is a yellow flag assessment tool that in- 
  cludes items from pain vulnerability domains (negative 
  affect and fear-avoidance) and pain resilience domains 
  (positive affect and self-efficacy) to aid with identification 
  of pain-related psychological distress in outpatient ortho- 
  pedic physical therapy settings [37]. The OSPRO-YF has 
  good concurrent 
  and 
  region-specific disability [37] and is capable of predicting 
  pain intensity, disability, quality of life and persistent pain 
  12 months following physical therapy in patients with 
  musculoskeletal pain [20, 21]. The full-length OSPRO-YF 
  has 17-items, however a shortened 10-item version is also 
  available with an acceptable trade-off in accuracy. Like the 
  OSPRO-ROS, the OSPRO-YF is designed for implementa- 
  tion into electronic medical record (EMR) systems to 
  quickly and accurately identify risk for a variety of clinical 
  outcomes [19]. For statistical analyses, a summary score 
  was derived for each version by adding the item responses 
  after reverse-scoring items 2, 13, 14, 15 and 17 so that 
  higher scores indicate higher pain-related psychological 
  distress. The summary score was then included in each 
  model as a continuous independent variable. 