text: **Probabilistic methods for uncertain reasoning**
  
  Many problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require the 
  agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools 
  to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics.[86] Precise mathematical 
  tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory, 
  decision analysis,[87] and information value theory.[88] These tools include models such as Markov 
  decision processes,[89] dynamic decision networks,[90] game theory and mechanism design.[91] 