text: **Type-D Dualism**
  
  Dualism views consciousness as either a non-physical substance separate from the brain or a non-physical 
  property of the physical brain.[107] Dualism is the view that the mind is irreducible to the physical 
  body.[107] There are multiple dualist accounts of the causal relationship between the mental and the 
  physical, of which interactionism and epiphenomenalism are the most common today. Interactionism 
  posits that the mental and physical causally impact one another, and is associated with the thought of 
  René Descartes (1596–1650).[52] Epiphenomenalism holds the mental is causally dependent on the 
  physical, but does not in turn causally impact it.[52] 