text: Each participant completed the Asthma Screening Ques- 
  tionnaire (ASQ)10 via telephone. Individuals aged $ 60 
  years, and those aged < 60 years who scored < 6 points 
  on the ASQ, also completed the COPD-Diagnostic 
  Questionnaire.11,12 Participants scoring $ 6 points on 
  the ASQ or $ 20 points on the COPD-Diagnostic Ques- 
  tionnaire were invited to the study site for pre- and post- 
  bronchodilator (BD) spirometry. 
  
  Assessment of the Impact of Participants’ Dyspnea 
  
  A control group without respiratory symptoms was 
  selected randomly using identical random digit dialing 
  reported no respiratory 
  methods. Control patients 
  symptoms in the preceding 6 months and obtained a 
  score of 0 on the ASQ. Participants were recruited as 
  control patients if they could be matched with an indi- 
  vidual from the undiagnosed group based on age ((cid:2) 5 
  years) and sex. This matching process aimed to have 
  similar demographic proﬁles between the control group 
  and the newly found cases. This matching was imple- 
  mented solely to ensure demographic comparability 
  across the study groups and not for pairing patients 
  for statistical analysis purposes. 