text: **Technological unemployment**
  
  Economists have frequently highlighted the risks of redundancies from AI, and speculated about 
  unemployment if there is no adequate social policy for full employment.[255] 
  
  In the past, technology has tended to increase rather than reduce total employment, but economists 
  acknowledge that "we're in uncharted territory" with AI.[256] A survey of economists showed 
  disagreement about whether the increasing use of robots and AI will cause a substantial increase in long- 
  term unemployment, but they generally agree that it could be a net benefit if productivity gains are 
  redistributed.[257] Risk estimates vary; for example, in the 2010s, Michael Osborne and Carl Benedikt 
  Frey estimated 47% of U.S. jobs are at "high risk" of potential automation, while an OECD report 
  classified only 9% of U.S. jobs as "high risk".[p][259] The methodology of speculating about future 
  employment levels has been criticised as lacking evidential foundation, and for implying that technology, 
  rather than social policy, creates unemployment, as opposed to redundancies.[255] In April 2023, it was 
  reported that 70% of the jobs for Chinese video game illustrators had been eliminated by generative 
  artificial intelligence.[260][261] 