text: In Chinese philosophy, the School of Names and Mohism were particularly influential. The School of 
  Names focused on the use of language and on paradoxes. For example, Gongsun Long proposed the 
  white horse paradox, which defends the thesis that a white horse is not a horse. The school of Mohism 
  also acknowledged the importance of language for logic and tried to relate the ideas in these fields to the 
  realm of ethics.[197] 
  
  In India, the study of logic was primarily pursued by the schools of Nyaya, Buddhism, and Jainism. It 
  was not treated as a separate academic discipline and discussions of its topics usually happened in the 
  context of epistemology and theories of dialogue or argumentation.[198] In Nyaya, inference is understood 
  as a source of knowledge (pramāṇa). It follows the perception of an object and tries to arrive at 
  conclusions, for example, about the cause of this object.[199] A similar emphasis on the relation to 
  epistemology is also found in Buddhist and Jainist schools of logic, where inference is used to expand the 
  knowledge gained through other sources.[200] Some of the later theories of Nyaya, belonging to the 
  Navya-Nyāya school, resemble modern forms of logic, such as Gottlob Frege's distinction between sense 
  and reference and his definition of number.[201] 