text: It is also important to note two other issues that can affect the application of limitations and 
  exceptions, in particular, their application to e-books. 
  
  The ﬁrst important limitation is that almost every digital book published today comes with a 
  set of contractual terms that restrict what users can do with it. In many cases, those terms 
  will explicitly restrict text data mining or AI uses of the content, meaning that even where 
  copyright law allows for reuse (for example, under fair use), publishers by contract can 
  impose restrictions anyway. In the United States, those contract terms are generally thought 
  to override the applicability of fair use or other limitations and exceptions. 
   Other 
  jurisdictions, such as those in the EU, provide that certain limitations and exceptions cannot 
  be contractually overridden, though experience to date varies with how those anti-contractual 
  override protections work in practice. 
  
  23 
  
   24 
  
  The second limitation is the widespread adoption of “anti-circumvention” rules in copyright 
  laws and the interplay of these with a choice to rely on copyright limitations and exceptions. 
  Digital books sold by major publishers are generally encumbered with “digital rights 
  management” (DRM) that limits how someone can use the digital ﬁle. For instance, DRM can 
  limit the ability to make a copy of the book, or even screenshot or excerpt from it, among 
  other things. Anti-circumvention laws restrict someone's ability to evade these technical 
  restrictions, even if it is for an ultimately lawful use. 