text:  See e.g. Comments from Sprigman, Samuelson, Sag to Copyright Oﬃce, October 2023, at https:// 
  19 
  www.regulations.gov/comment/COLC-2023-0006-10299 as well as many other submissions to the US 
  copyright oﬃce; see also Advocacy, Katherine Klosek, Director of Information Policy and Federal 
  Relations, Association of Research Libraries (ARL), and Marjory S. Blumenthal, Senior Policy Fellow, 
  American Library Association (ALA) Oﬃce of Public Policy and. “Training Generative AI Models on 
  Copyrighted Works Is Fair Use.”*Association of Research Libraries*, 23 Jan. 2024, www.arl.org/blog/ 
  training-generative-ai-models-on-copyrighted-works-is-fair-use/. 
  
   See Articles 3 and 4 of the EU’s Directive on Copyright and Related Rights in the Digital Single Market 
  20 
  — https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/790/oj. 
  
   Japan clariﬁed its laws in 2018 to make clear that this type of use is permitted — see discussion in 
  
  21 
  Testimony of Matthew Sag, July 2023, https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/ 
  2023-07-12_pm_-_testimony_-_sag.pdf, see also Fiil-Flynn, S.*et al.*(2022)*Legal reform to enhance global*
  *text and Data Mining Research*,*Science*. Available at: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/ 
  science.add6124 (Accessed: 28 Sept. 2023). 