text: Conjunction (AND) is one of the 
  basic operations of Boolean logic. It 
  can be electronically implemented in 
  several ways, for example, by using 
  two transistors. 
  
  The epistemology of logic studies how one knows that an 
  argument is valid or that a proposition is logically true.[174] This 
  includes questions like how to justify that modus ponens is a valid 
  rule of inference or that contradictions are false.[175] The 
  traditionally dominant view 
  logical 
  is 
  understanding belongs to knowledge a priori.[176] In this regard, it 
  is often argued that the mind has a special faculty to examine relations between pure ideas and that this 
  faculty is also responsible for apprehending logical truths.[177] A similar approach understands the rules 
  of logic in terms of linguistic conventions. On this view, the laws of logic are trivial since they are true by 
  definition: they just express the meanings of the logical vocabulary.[178] 
  
  that  this form of 
  
  Some theorists, like Hilary Putnam and Penelope Maddy, object to the view that logic is knowable a 
  priori. They hold instead that logical truths depend on the empirical world. This is usually combined with 
  the claim that the laws of logic express universal regularities found in the structural features of the world. 
  According to this view, they may be explored by studying general patterns of the fundamental sciences. 
  For example, it has been argued that certain insights of quantum mechanics refute the principle of 
   is equivalent to 
  distributivity in classical logic, which states that the formula 
  . This claim can be used as an empirical argument for the thesis that quantum logic 
  
  is the correct logical system and should replace classical logic.[179] 