text: Prospective identification of risk for high subsequent 
  healthcare utilization is a different approach to out- 
  comes prediction for musculoskeletal pain [12, 13] and 
  one that has not been evaluated in physical therapy set- 
  tings in the US. Most existing outcomes prediction 
  models focus on pain and disability endpoints [12–14]. 
  They also concentrate on condition-specific and psycho- 
  logical predictors, with less attention to factors that could 
  influence healthcare utilization more directly [15–17]. 
  These factors include insurance, comorbidities, symp- 
  toms unrelated to the pain condition, and treatment 
  response. As 
  result, predictors of pain-related 
  healthcare utilization beyond physical therapy are un- 
  these predictors 
  known. A better understanding of 
  will have significant implications for future healthcare 
  pathway development. For instance, an influence of 
  modifiable factors like pain-related psychological dis- 
  tress might imply the need to build clinical pathways 
  that address those factors directly through physical 
  therapist provided intervention. Additionally, under- 
  standing the relative predictive capabilities of baseline 
  versus change estimates for modifiable factors would 
  clarify whether prediction is improved by routinely 
  assessing outcomes during the course of 
  treatment 
  (i.e. treatment monitoring) [18]. 
  
  a 