text: ancestry related to EIA Scandinavian Peninsula (Fig. 2c). The Wielbark 
  archaeological complex has been linked to the later Chernyakhov cul- 
  ture to the southeast and to early Goths, an historical Germanic group 
  that flourished in the second to fifth centuries ce56. Our modelling 
  supports the idea that some groups that probably spoke Germanic 
  languages from Scandinavia expanded south across the Baltic into 
  the area between the Oder and Vistula rivers in the early centuries ce, 
  although whether these expansions can be linked specifically with 
  historical Goths is still debatable. Moreover, since a considerable 
  
  proportion of Wielbark burials during this period were cremations, 
  the possible presence of individuals with other ancestries cannot be 
  strictly rejected if they were exclusively cremated (and are therefore 
  invisible in the aDNA record). 
  
  A previous study could not reject continuity in ancestry from the 
  Wielbark-associated individuals to later medieval individuals from 
  a similar region12. With the improved power of Twigstats, models of 
  continuity are strongly rejected, with no one-source model of any pre- 
  ceding Iron Age or Bronze Age group providing a reasonable fit for the 