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              [html]<thead><tr><td>V ’,= refusal speed</td></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>S, = refusal distance</td></tr><tr><td>ppropriate takeoff configuration,</td></tr><tr><td>Vn = takeoff speed</td></tr><tr><td>Sm = takeoff distance</td></tr><tr><td>Vx,= landing speed</td></tr><tr><td>SE = landing distance</td></tr></tbody>
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  These approximate relationships do not ac- 
  count for the time spent at the refusal point and 
  must not be used in lieu of accurate handbook 
  data. 
  
  In the case of the single-engine airplane, the 
  pilot must monitor the takeoff performance to 
  recognize malfunctions or lack of adequate ac- 
  celeration prior to reaching the refusal speed. 
  Obviously, it is to advantage to recognize rhe 