text: **Expansions of Scandinavian-like ancestry**
  We assembled time transects using available aDNA data across several 
  geographical regions in Europe, and infer their ancestry using a model 
  with the EIA or Roman Iron Age sources previously defined (shown in 
  Fig. 2a). Our modelling provides direct evidence of individuals with 
  ancestry originating in northern Germany or Scandinavia appearing 
  across Europe as early as the first century ce (Figs. 2b,c and 3 and Sup- 
  plementary Table 3). 
  
  In the region of present-day Poland, our analysis suggests several 
  clear shifts in ancestry. First, in the Middle to Late Bronze Age (1500 bce 
  to 1000 bce), we observe a clear shift away from preceding ancestry 
  originally associated with Corded Ware cultures55 (Fig. 3a). Second, 
  in the first to fifth century ce, individuals associated with Wielbark 
  culture5,12 show an additional strong shift away from the preceding 
  Bronze Age groups, and can only be modelled with a >75% component 
  attributed to the EIA Scandinavian Peninsula. Multiple individuals, 
  especially from earlier Wielbark cemeteries, have approximately 100% 