text: ***7.4.3 Relationship between preventive actions and outcomes***
  
  It can be**difficult to demonstrate a causal relationship between working conditions and health**
  **and safety outcomes**, (outcomes = accidents including traffic and near-accidents, work-related 
  diseases or the level of wellbeing), that is, a reliable cause-effect relationship. Generally, in the field of 
  safety such a relation can be much easier identified (accidents ► injuries) than in the field of health, in 
  almost all cases an injury is an immediate consequence of an accident at work. 
  
  Scientists and practitioners have also often determined**clear connections between prevention**
  **actions and outcomes**, also between**certain exposures**and**recognised occupational diseases**, 
  and between types and**quality of safety instructions and the occurrence of accidents**. 500 
  
  Still, there exist many**less visible and statistically hard-to-detect relations between working**
  **conditions, preventive actions and accidents, and health and workplace wellbeing**, and very 
  specific research and knowledge is needed to describe and analyse them more in detail. Most important 
  are the confounding context factors, for example, the reduction of work accidents in a sector might be 
  strongly influenced by context developments, for example, economically induced sector shifts, or 
  important technological changes.501 In addition, health and wellbeing are influenced by other aspects of 
  working conditions, like working time or contractual security. 