text: methods of achieving a task-oriented goal in relation to specific 
  pitfalls. 
  
  Value sensitive design [49, 50] provides a range of methodologies 
  for identifying stakeholders (both direct stakeholders who will use 
  a technology and indirect stakeholders who will be affected through 
  others’ use of it), working with them to identify their values, and 
  designing systems that support those values. These include such 
  techniques as envisioning cards [48], the development of value 
  scenarios [90], and working with panels of experiential experts 
  [152]. These approaches help surface not only stakeholder values, 
  but also values expressed by systems and enacted through interac- 
  tions between systems and society [120]. For researchers working 
  with LMs, value sensitive design is poised to help throughout the 
  development process in identifying whose values are expressed and 
  supported through a technology and, subsequently, how a lack of 
  support might result in harm. 
  
  All of these approaches take time and are most valuable when 
  applied early in the development process as part of a conceptual in- 
  vestigation of values and harms rather than as a post-hoc discovery 
  of risks [72]. These conceptual investigations should come before 
  researchers become deeply committed to their ideas and therefore 
  less likely to change course when confronted with evidence of pos- 
  sible harms. This brings us again to the idea we began this section 
  with: that research and development of language technology, at 
  once concerned with deeply human data (language) and creating 
  systems which humans interact with in immediate and vivid ways, 
  should be done with forethought and care. 