text: ***6. Cross-cutting design questions***
  
  The workshops brieﬂy touched on several cross-cutting design questions. While most 
  relevant for approaches that depend on limitations and exceptions, considerations of these 
  questions may be relevant across both tracks. 
  
  *Would authors, publishers, and other relevant rightsholders*
  *and creators have any ability to exclude their works?*
  
  One of the greatest sources of controversy in this area is the extent to which rightsholders of 
  copyrighted works, as well as the original creators of such works (e.g., book authors in this 
  context), should be able to prevent use of their works for AI training. 
  
  While a system that required aﬃrmative “opt-in” consent would limit utility signiﬁcantly (as 
  discussed above in the context of directly licensing works), a system that allowed some 
  forms of “opt-out” could still be quite useful to some types of AI development. In the context 
  of use cases like development of LLMs, the performance impact may not be so signiﬁcant. 
  Since most in-copyright books are not actively managed, the majority of books would remain 
  in the corpus by default. The performance of LLMs can still be improved across various 
  dimensions without including, for example, the most famous writers or those who continue 
  to commercially exploit their works and may choose to exercise an opt-out. Perhaps the 
  potential for licensing relationships (and revenue) may induce some rightsholders to come 
  forward and begin actively managing their works. In such a case, uses that do require a 
  license may once again become more feasible once the rightsholder can be reached. 