text: Obviously,**most informal, and**— in particular —**irregular and illegal types of work do not respect**
  legal OSH obligations — and at the same time legal monitoring obligations also fail. The EU 
  Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) published several case studies and examples in a series called 
  ‘Severe labour exploitation reports; 359 these studies provide an insight into most irregular working 
  conditions. 
  
  **Undeclared work**is defined as paid and lawful (not criminal) activity but undeclared to public authorities. (‘paid 
  activities that are lawful as regards their nature but not declared to public authorities, taking into account the 
  differences in the regulatory systems of Member States’.) 
  
  In 2018, the European Commission estimated the scale of**undeclared work**in the EU. According to this estimate, 
  on average, 11.6% of total labour input in the private sector is undeclared, and undeclared work constitutes on 
  average 16.4% of gross value added. The main sectors according to the Special Flash Eurobarometer from 2019360 
  are personal services (childcare/elderly care/cleaning) followed by construction and hospitality services.361 The 
  ‘European Platform tackling undeclared work’ provides fact sheets about the type and quantity of undeclared work 
  in all EU Member States.362 