text: **Fig. 2 | Ancestry from the Iron Age to the early medieval period in Europe.**
  **a**, Source groups used for qpAdm modelling of early medieval Europe. MDS is 
  computed jointly with individuals from later periods using pairwise outgroup 
  *f*3 statistics (outgroup: Han Chinese people). These are calculated using 
  Twigstats on Relate genealogies with a cut-off of 1,000 generations. The 
  geographical map shows sampling locations of these individuals.**b**, The 
  genetic structure of ancient groups predominantly from early medieval 
  contexts shown on the same MDS as in**a**. The magnified inset shows an MDS 
  computed without Twigstats on the same samples as the Twigstats MDS and 
  focusing on early medieval or later individuals.**c**, Ancestry models of early 
  medieval (EM) groups across Europe computed using qpAdm. Sample sizes are  shown in black boxes. Sources are highlighted in**a**and marked as bold in the 
  key, and were used in a rotational qpAdm scheme. For each target group, we 
  remove models with infeasible admixture proportions (falling outside [0, 1]) 
  and use a Twigstats cut-off of 1,000 generations. All models satisfy*P*> 0.01, 
  unless a −log10[*P*value] is shown next to the model. If models satisfy*P*> 0.05, 
  we show all such models; otherwise, we show only the model with the largest 
  *P*value.**d**, The ancestry proportion derived from EIA Scandinavia in groups 
  with a non-zero component of this ancestry. We show groups modelled in**c**
  that have a feasible model (*P*> 0.01). In**c**,**d**, we show one s.e. BA, Bronze Age; 
  CNE, continental northern Europeans; EBA, early Bronze Age; EVA, early Viking 
  Age; IA, Iron Age; MED, medieval; MLBA, middle/late Bronze Age; VA, Viking Age. 