text: Barca*et al.*
  2 
  
  situations—from reduced affective reciprocity during parental 
  interactions (Conradt and Ablow 2010). Development theories 
  underscore the role of parental care in shaping the experience of 
  self and others and integrative processes of consciousness (Bowlby 
  1997, Liotti 2004, 2006, Fonagy et al. 2023). 
  
  **Highlights**
  
  • Predictive processing theories assume that the brain 
  forms internal body and self-models at multiple levels 
  of detail and strives to reduce their uncertainty. 
  
  • High levels of uncertainty in internal models of the body 
  and the self are common across several clinical condi- 
  tions. 
  
  • Excessive levels of uncertainty might also be experienced 
  in the typical population during development transitions. 
  • This excessive uncertainty might hinder the mainte- 
  nance of a coherent model of the embodied self and 
  confidently engage in adaptive courses of actions. 
  
  • Maladaptive behaviors, such as non-suicidal self-injury, 
  might emerge as paradoxical but effective strategies to 
  “act on the body” to reduce uncertainty 