text: outpatients with cardiorespiratory disease25 and the 
  Dyspnea-12 in patients with asthma26 and found that 
  the affective aspect of dyspnea can signiﬁcantly inﬂuence 
  the impact of dyspnea on health status, irrespective of 
  the intensity of breathlessness. 
  
  and validated respiratory health questionnaires, and 
  our dyspnea assessment measure is a weighted average 
  of responses to these validated questions. 
  Consequently, the measure has an immediate 
  interpretation in terms of the lived day-to-day 
  experience of individuals. 
  
  In those with PRISm, there was a strong, positive 
  association between higher values for the FEV1/FVC 
  ratio and dyspnea. For the PRISm group, a higher 
  FEV1/FVC ratio may reﬂect diminished lung 
  compliance due to interstitial lung disease and/or 
  respiratory system restriction due to obesity, which 
  could contribute to worse dyspnea. Conversely, the 
  association of dyspnea with the FEV1/FVC ratio was in 
  the opposite direction for those with asthma or COPD, 
  and a lower FEV1/FVC ratio correlated with worse 
  dyspnea, as expected. 