energy will be produced. The cost for re-opening and upgrading is estimated at $1.6 billion (US) and is
dependent on tax breaks for nuclear power contained in the 2022 US Inflation Reduction Act.[210] The
US government and the state of Michigan are investing almost $2 billion (US) to reopen the Palisades
Nuclear reactor on Lake Michigan. Closed since 2022, the plant is planned to be reopened in October
2025. The Three Mile Island facility will be renamed the Crane Clean Energy Center after Chris Crane, a
nuclear proponent and former CEO of Exelon who was responsible for Exelon spinoff of
Constellation.[211]
After the last approval in September 2023, Taiwan suspended the approval of data centers north of
Taoyuan with a capacity of more than 5 MW in 2024, due to power supply shortages.[212] Taiwan aims to
phase out nuclear power by 2025.[212] On the other hand, Singapore imposed a ban on the opening of
data centers in 2019 due to electric power, but in 2022, lifted this ban.[212]
Although most nuclear plants in Japan have been shut down after the 2011 Fukushima nuclear accident,
according to an October 2024 Bloomberg article in Japanese, cloud gaming services company Ubitus, in
which Nvidia has a stake, is looking for land in Japan near nuclear power plant for a new data center for
generative AI.[213] Ubitus CEO Wesley Kuo said nuclear power plants are the most efficient, cheap and
stable power for AI.[213]
On 1 November 2024, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) rejected an application
submitted by Talen Energy for approval to supply some electricity from the nuclear power station
Susquehanna to Amazon's data center.[214] According to the Commission Chairman Willie L. Phillips, it
is a burden on the electricity grid as well as a significant cost shifting concern to households and other
business sectors.[214]
YouTube, Facebook and others use recommender systems to guide users to more content. These AI
programs were given the goal of maximizing user engagement (that is, the only goal was to keep people
watching). The AI learned that users tended to choose misinformation, conspiracy theories, and extreme
partisan content, and, to keep them watching, the AI recommended more of it. Users also tended to watch
more content on the same subject, so the AI led people into filter bubbles where they received multiple
versions of the same misinformation.[215] This convinced many users that the misinformation was true,
and ultimately undermined trust in institutions, the media and the government.[216] The AI program had
correctly learned to maximize its goal, but the result was harmful to society. After the U.S. election in
2016, major technology companies took steps to mitigate the problem .
In 2022, generative AI began to create images, audio, video and text that are indistinguishable from real
photographs, recordings, films, or human writing. It is possible for bad actors to use this technology to
create massive amounts of misinformation or propaganda.[217] AI pioneer Geoffrey Hinton expressed
concern about AI enabling "authoritarian leaders to manipulate their electorates" on a large scale, among
other risks.[218]
Machine learning applications will be biased[k] if they learn from biased data.[220] The developers may
not be aware that the bias exists.[221] Bias can be introduced by the way training data is selected and by
the way a model is deployed.[222][220] If a biased algorithm is used to make decisions that can seriously
Misinformation
Algorithmic bias and fairness