Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 152 
 
 
271 Terminology: Digitalisation refers to enabling or improving processes by leveraging digital technologies and 
digitised data. Digitisation refers to creating a digital representation of physical objects or attributes, for example, 
a scan replaces a paper document. Digital Transformation is business transformation enabled by digitalisation. 
See: What is Digitization, Digitalization, and Digital Transformation? 
272 European Commission Staff Working Document: Accompanying the document Proposal for a Decision of the 
European Parliament and of the Council establishing the 2030 Policy Programme “Path to the Digital Decade” 
{COM(2021) 574 final}, here  
273 Cedefop, 2016: The great divide: Digitalisation and digital skill gaps in the EU workforce 
274 Bernstein & Raman, 2015: The Great Decoupling: An Interview with Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee 
275 Eurofound, 2021: The digital age: Implications of automation, digitisation and platforms for work and 
employment 
276 Ibid.  
277 EU-OSHA, 2019: Digitalisation and occupational safety and health (OSH) - An EU-OSHA research programme   
278 EU-OSHA: ESENER Data visualisation 2019 Digital technologies at work.  
279 EU-OSHA: ESENER Data visualisation 2019 Digital technologies at work; Discussion on the impact of such 
technologies on health and safety. 
280 Ibid. 
281 Independent High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence set up by the European Commission, 2019: 
Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI  
282 EU-OSHA, 2022: Artificial intelligence for worker management: an overview  
283 European Commission: A European Green Deal  
284 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, The Council, The European Economic and 
Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A new Circular Economy Action Plan: For a cleaner and 
more competitive Europe. 11.03.2020 COM(2020) 98 final, here  
285 EU-OSHA, 2013: Green jobs and occupational safety and health: Foresight on new and emerging risks 
associated with new technologies by 2020 
286 EU-OSHA, 2021: What will the circular economy (CE) mean for occupational safety and health (OSH)? An 
overview of four foresight scenarios. 
287 EU-OSHA, Emerging risks: Workers’ safety and health in green jobs  
288 United States Environmental Protection Agency: Green Engineering  
289 United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP): Global Chemicals Outlook  
290 CEFIC, Facts and figures: Chemical Industry Contributes $5.7 Trillion to Global GDP and Supports 120 Million 
Jobs, New Report Shows, here 
291 UNEP, 2019: Global Chemicals Outlook II - From Legacies to Innovative Solutions: Implementing the 2030 
Agenda for Sustainable Development (p. 27).  
292 Naidu et al., 2021: Chemical pollution: A growing peril and potential catastrophic risk to humanity 
293 Eurostat: Production and consumption of chemicals by hazard class, here  
294 Statistics Sweden SCB: Environmental accounts – Chemical indicators 2019  
295 EU-OSHA: ESENER Data visualisation 2019 Risk factors present in the establishment – Chemical or 
biological substances. 
296 OSHWiki: Climate change - Impact on Occupational Safety and Health. 
297 Pace advanced from intergenerational conception (children live and work like their parents) to a generational 
conception (children work in a different occupation, compared to their parents but have one main job all their life), 
to intragenerational conceptions (several changes during lifetime), according to: Rosa, 2013: Social acceleration – 
A new theory of modernity. 
298 Eurostat: Employment and activity by sex, age and citizenship (%) - annual data, here 
299 Eurostat: Employment by sex, age and professional status, here, Filter for age class: 15-64 years. 
300 Eurostat: Full-time and part-time employment by sex, age and educational attainment level (1 000), here