organizations that are less open to integrating third-party LLMs.
While the dataset was smaller, we made significant efforts to reduce model variance and
prevent overfitting by allocating more data to the training cohort and using k-fold cross validation.
And while our ratio split choice implies the testing results will have slightly greater variance than
expected, this is mitigated through the extensive manual clinical assessment that was performed.
The study’s multidimensional clinical evaluation was labor intensive, requiring more than 200 hours
from expert informaticists and quality trained clinician experts to both curate the dataset of 1600
JAMA Network Open |Emergency Medicine Developing and Evaluating LLM-Generated Emergency Medicine Handoff Notes
JAMA Network Open.2024;7(12):e2448723. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.48723 (Reprinted) December 3, 2024 8/12
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