diction paradigms in musculoskeletal pain consider
only baseline pain-related psychological distress. How-
ever, these results underscore the importance of
Table 7 Summary of consistent individual predictors for each utilization outcome *
Dependent variable Utilization outcome
Any care Opioids Injection Surgery Diagnostic tests or imaging Emergency room
Age X
Insurance X
Comorbidities (CCI) X X
Baseline disability X X X X X
Baseline pain X
Change in pain X X X X
Change in disability X
Change in 10-item OSPRO-YF X
CCI Charlson comorbidity index, OSPRO-YF Pain-related psychological distress screening tool
*Significant predictors ( p < .05) for each dependent variable denoted with “X”
Lentz et al. BMC Health Services Research  (2018) 18:648 Page 10 of 14