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Vol:.(1234567890)Scientific Reports |        (2022) 12:17268  | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-22228-7
www.nature.com/scientificreports/
Third, yield shocks for maize were incorporated into the GTAP model via changes in land efficiency for the 
production of the respective in each region.
Results
Climate change under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. There are apparent change trends of 
temperature and precipitation relative to the baseline (1986–2005) under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C. 
The most remarkable characteristics is the rising of mean temperature in the worldwide (Fig. 2a, b); meanwhile, 
the rainfall would increase in most regions of the world. The distributions of temperature changes under global 
warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C are similar (Fig. 2c, d). There are few regions in which the temperature would go 
down under the two scenarios; the temperature goes up more seriously in the Northern Hemisphere than the 
Southern regions; especially in the high-latitude area the temperature rises more quickly than the other regions. 
Under global warming by 1.5 °C the area is 54.4% in whole world in which the temperature would go up between 
1.0 and 1.5 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 29.2% of the whole 
world in which the temperature would go up more than 1.5 °C, most located in the high latitude regions of 
Northern Hemisphere; the area is 16.4% of the whole world in which the temperature would go up between 0 
and 1.0 °C , mostly located in the Southern Hemisphere and the low latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. 
Under global warming by 2.0 °C the area is 12.3% in which the temperature would go up between 1.0 and 1.5 °C 
than the baseline, located in the middle and low latitude regions; the area is 69.8% in which the temperature 
would go up between 1.5 and 3.0 °C than the baseline, located in the middle and high latitude regions; the area 
Figure 2.  Distribution of temperature and precipitation changes under global warming by 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C 
(a) temperature, 1.5 °C; (b) temperature, 2.0 °C; (c) precipitation, 1.5 °C; (d) precipitation, 2.0 °C. The figure 
has been generated using ArcGIS 10.2 and Natural Earth-Free vector and raster map data @ https:// natur alear 
thdata. com.