maize at national and global levels. T.A. helped the revision of language.
Funding
Funding was provided by the National Key Research and Development program of China (Grant Nos. 
2019YFA0607403 and 2017YFD0300301) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 
41961124007 and 41871026).
Competing interests 
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to K.L.
Reprints and permissions information is available at www.nature.com/reprints.
Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and 
institutional affiliations.
Open Access  This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International 
License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or 
format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the 
Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this 
article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the 
material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not 
permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from 
the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http:// creat iveco mmons. org/ licen ses/ by/4. 0/.
© The Author(s) 2022