to the loss risk of maize yield and take actions of mitigation and adaptation to climate change. The time left for 
changing our minds and actions is becoming less and less.
Data availability
The historical weather data (1986–2005) that support the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available 
online at https:// data. giss. nasa. gov/ impac ts/ agmip cf/; the future climate scenario data (2006–2099) that support 
the analysis with ESMs in this study are publicly available online at https://  pcmdi. llnl. gov/? cmip5 and https:// 
esgf- node. llnl. gov/ proje cts/ esgf- llnl/. The spatial data of harvest area, yield, crop calendar, irrigation portion 
and chemical N input for maize that support the simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly 
available at http:// mapsp am. info/ (SPAM) and http:// www. sage. wisc. edu (SAGE); the soil data that support the 
simulation with crop model (DSSAT) in this study are publicly available from the WISE database (https:// www. 
isric. online/ index. php/) and the Digital Soil Map of the World (DSMW) (http:// www. fao. org/ land- water/ land/ 
land- gover nance/ land- resou rces- plann ing- toolb ox/ categ ory/ detai ls/ en/c/ 10265 64/). All other relevant data are 
available from the corresponding authors.
Received: 6 June 2022; Accepted: 11 October 2022
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