of depression and anxiety, acting on both psychological (e.g. 
diverting from unpleasant stimuli or increasing the sense of self-
efficacy) and physiological mechanisms (e.g. through the release 
of monoamines and endorphins), which seem to alleviate distress-
ing emotions (see for a review Paluska and Schwenk 2000 ). The 
relationship between well-being, physical activity, and interocep-
tion is increasingly receiving attention (Wallman-Jones et al. 2021) 
and deserves further investigation for its potential role as a pro-
tective factor against emotional distress and the development of 
clinical conditions.
It is worth reminding that the theoretical proposal advanced 
in this study—that NSSI might emerge when some of the (preci-
sion) parameters of one’s model of the body and the self are not 
appropriately tuned—is still speculative. However, previous stud-
ies reported the importance of aberrant precision tuning in inte-
roceptive streams across various psychopathological conditions, 
such as depression, anxiety, eating, and substance use disorders 
(Smith et al. 2020, 2021). These studies, along with other proposals 
(
Khalsa et al. 2018), raise the possibility that interoceptive dys-
functions and the incorrect tuning of (precision) parameters of 
generative models might have a pervasive effect on psychopathol-
ogy. This hypothesis remains to be investigated in the case of 
NSSI.
Conflict of interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Data availability
No new data were generated or analyzed in support of this 
research.
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