Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 153 
 
 
A1 forms issued for postings of workers by EU27 countries, 2011-2020’)  
Eurostat: EU citizens living in another Member State - statistical overview, here 
European Commission, 2019: Towards Fair Labour Mobility: Revision of EU Posting of Workers Rules, 2019  
309 The statistics distinguish between many different categories of migrants, for example, inside EU, from non-EU-
countries, first generation, second generation, seasonal temporary, permanent status, etc. More information here  
310 Ibid. 
311 Fasani & Mazza, 2020: Immigrant Key Workers: Their Contribution to Europe’s COVID-19 Response (p. 8). 
312 Sometimes ‘difficult’ or ‘demeaning’ instead of ‘demanding’. Taken from the Japanese: kitanai, kiken, kitsui  
313 Danaj et al., 2020: Labour Mobility and OSH Vulnerability of Posted Workers: The Cases of Austria and the 
Slovak Republic 
314 European Commission, 2022: Annual report on intra-EU labour mobility 2021 (p. 108, table ‘Numbers of PD A1 
forms issued for postings of workers by EU27 countries, 2011-2020’). 
315 European Parliament, 2017: Posted workers: better protection and fair conditions for all 
316 It is hardly foreseeable how far the experience of interrupted supply chains during the COVID-19 pandemic will 
contribute to a de-globalisation and reduction of international supply chain dependency.  
317 Such methodologies exist for the environmental field, well-known is the ‘ecological footprint’.  
318 Eurofound and the ILO have jointly produced a pilot report on worldwide working conditions to achieve a better 
evidence base for actions and policies, see: Eurofound & ILO, 2019: Working conditions in a global perspective 
319 See: https://www.globalreporting.org/ or UN-PRI (UN Principles of responsible investment) 
https://www.unpri.org/  
320 United Nations, Global Compact, here  
321 European Commission: Corporate sustainability due diligence 
322 Regulation (EU) 2017/821 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2017 laying down supply 
chain due diligence obligations for Union importers of tin, tantalum and tungsten, their ores, and gold originating 
from conflict-affected and high-risk areas, here  
323 Centennial Declaration of the International Commission on Occupational Health, ICOH  
324 ILO: Monitoring Compliance with International Labour Standards The key role of the ILO Committee of Experts 
on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, here  
325 ILO: Conventions and Recommendations 
326 ILO : Convention C-155  
327 ILO : Convention C-187  
328 ILO: Safety and health at work  
329 ILO: Health and Safety at the Workplace  
330 International Social Security Association (ISSA): Vison Zero Overview, Section Companies, here 
331 United Nations, Social Development Goals (SDGs), Goal 8, here and here 
332 WHO: Protecting workers’ health, Key facts  
333 WHO, 2013: WHO Global Plan of Action on Workers’ Health (2008-2017): baseline for implementation: global 
country survey 2008/2009: executive summary and survey findings, here 
334 United Nations, SDGs, Goal 8, here and here 
335 ILO Constitution  
336 ILO: Conventions and Recommendations  
337 Treaty Establishing the European Coal and Steel Community and Annexes I-III, PARIS, 18 APRIL 1951, 
Article 3e 
(DRAFT ENGLISH TEXT), here  
338 Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union Official Journal of the European 
Union, C 326/47, 6.10.2012, Article 151 and Article 153, here 
339 The European Parliament, the Council and the Commission: The European Pillar of Social Rights in 20 
principles, here  
340 EU-OSHA, 2021: Directive 89/391/EEC – OSH “Framework Directive” of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of 
measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health of workers at work - “Framework Directive”, here