Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 150 
 
 
224 Pega et al., 2022: Global, regional and national burden of disease attributable to 19 selected occupational risk 
factors for 183 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-
related Burden of Disease and Injury, ￼here 
225 Kauppinen et al., 1998: Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union in 1990-1993: 
international information system on occupational exposure to carcinogens, here  
CAREX Canada  
Fevotte et al., 2011: Matgéné: A Program to Develop Job-Exposure Matrices in the General Population in France  
Mannetje et al., 2011: Developing a general population job-exposure matrix in the absence of sufficient exposure 
monitoring data 
226 YLDs = years lived with disability, together with YLLs = years of life lost, it composes the DALY (DALY = YLL + 
YLD). 
227 GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators, 2022: Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders 
in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, 
here  
228 WHO: Mental disorders, Key facts and  
IHME: Global Health Data Exchange (GHDx), here 
229 OECD, 2015: Sick on the Job?: Myths and Realities about Mental Health and Work 
230 OECD/European Union, 2018: Health at a Glance: Europe 2018: State of Health in the EU Cycle 
231 Andlin-Sobocki et al., 2005: Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe  
232 Niedhammer et al.; 2021: Update of the fractions of cardiovascular diseases and mental disorders attributable 
to psychosocial work factors in Europe, here  
233 Norder et al., 2017: Beyond return to work from sickness absence due to mental disorders: 5-year longitudinal 
study of employment status among production workers, here 
234 Leka & Jain, 2017: EU Compass for Action on Mental Health and Well-Being - Mental Health in the Workplace 
in Europe 
235 Musculoskeletal disorders refer to backache and/or muscular pains in shoulders, neck, upper limbs and/or 
lower limbs (hips, legs, knees, feet, etc.). In the medical systematic it is the IC 10 group of diseases: Diseases of 
the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue. 
236 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU 
237 Graveling, 2018: Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) in the Workplace. A Forensic and 
Epidemiological Analysis 
238 Da Costa & Viera, 2010: Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of recent 
longitudinal studies, here  
239 EU-OSHA, 2020: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: why are they still so prevalent? Evidence from a 
literature review (p. 15). 
240 EU-OSHA, 2019: Summary - Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in 
the EU (p. 8). 
241 EU-OSHA, 2019: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: prevalence, costs and demographics in the EU  
242 Ibid., p. 174ff. 
243 Eurofound, 2007: Fourth European Working Conditions Survey (2005) (p. 77). 
244 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 2015: Handbook on measuring quality of 
employment: A statistical framework, here  
245 Quinlan & Bohle, 2013: Re-invigorating industrial relations as a field of study: Changes at work, substantive 
working conditions and the case of OHS, here (p. 8). 
246 The percentages of responses to this question in the European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS, 2015) are 
displayed. Each bar shows the percentages of the four possible responses for each EU Member State, the 
average for the EU Member States, and the responses for Switzerland and Norway. Responses are displayed for 
the question below: How satisfied are you with working conditions in your main paid job? Answer options were: 
Not at all satisfied; Not very satisfied; Satisfied; Very satisfied. See here