Groups (ESEG) or the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), EU agencies often use the 
UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) that describes not the occupation but the 
level of skills and education on an aggregated level, and in many international studies and reports the ILO 
International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO) is used. 
266 Eurostat: Which sector is the main employer in the EU Member States? Data source: Employment by A*10 
industry breakdowns 
267 The development of questions in the ESENER and EWCS surveys between 2005 and 2015 (EWCS) and 2009 
and 2019 (ESENER) show this development: Questions on industry-related exposures were reduced and 
questions on the impact of work organisation and psychosocial risks extended. 
268 Dixon, 2012: “Emotion”: The History of a Keyword in Crisis 
Dixon writes: ‘The word “emotion” has named a psychological category and a subject for systematic enquiry only 
since the 19th century. Before then, relevant mental states were categorised variously as “appetites,” “passions,” 
“affections,” or “sentiments.” The word “emotion” has existed in English since the 17th century, originating as a 
translation of the French émotion, meaning a physical disturbance.’ 
269 European Parliament, 2019: EU policies – Delivering for citizens: Digital transformation 
270 Cedefop, 2016: The great divide: Digitalisation and digital skill gaps in the EU workforce