attributions of work to cardiovascular, mental, other respiratory diseases like asthma or COPD, and 
digestive diseases. 
Lately, the WHO and ILO have made joint efforts to identify the best possible estimates based on the 
systematic review of scientific literature on such connections. The newest WHO/ILO review of risk 
pairs214 identified several significant relations between specific risks of work conditions and related 
diseases, for example, long working hours and stroke, or exposure to particulate matter, gases and 
chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. For some specific chemicals and metals, the AF is very low 
because other exposures — nutrition, environment — might have a much bigger impact than workplace