could occur at a particular level of global warming, such as 2°C? This is relevant to
adaptation policy and planning—exploring the possible outcomes for these levels of
warming will help facilitate adaptation and improved resilience to account for a 1.5°C or
2°C world. It is recognized that many adaptation decisions require information on timing
of speciﬁc impacts or risks, but nevertheless, framing regional impacts assessments in
terms of associated global warming levels (GWLs) may help provide context of the levels
of climate change that may be avoidable or unavoidable (and hence require adaptation).