Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 148 
 
 
169 ‘Presence’ means according to the Eurostat ESAW methodology 2013: ‘Presence of the victim or of a third 
person in itself creating a danger for oneself and possibly others’ (p. 28). 
170 European Commission, 2009: Causes and circumstances of accidents at work in the EU (p. 106). 
171 The DIFR is defined as the total number of reported disabling and fatal injuries per 1 million hours worked. 
See: Government of Canada, 2021: 2019 Annual Report - Occupational Injuries amongst Employees Under 
Federal Jurisdiction (9.39 per 1 million hours worked). 
172 Safe Work Australia, 2021: Comparative performance monitoring report 23rd edition (p. 12ff) (3.6 claims per 
1,000 employees). 
173 Franco, 2012: Bernardino Ramazzini and women workers’ health in the second half of the XVIIth century 
174 Ramazzini, 1713: De morbis artificum diatriba (p. 199ff). Latin original text: ‘Infortunium ergo, quod huiusmodi 
Artificibus ex suis opificiis, praeter vitae sedentaria incommoda, est Myopia, affectus nempe oculorum satis notus, 
cum scilicet visibilia oculis propius admovere necesse est.’ 
175 EU-OSHA, 2019: The value of occupational safety and health and the societal costs of work-related injuries 
and diseases  
176 ILO Encyclopaedia: Work-related Diseases and Occupational Diseases: The ILO International List 
177 European Commission, 2013: Report on the current situation in relation to occupational diseases’ systems in 
EU Member States and EFTA/EEA countries, in particular relative to Commission Recommendation 2003/670/EC 
concerning the European Schedule of Occupational Diseases and gathering of data on relevant related aspects, 
here 
178 Examples from national recognition schemes: Arbetsmiljöstatistik Rapport 2021:01. Arbetsskador 2020 
Occupational accidents and work-related diseases; Germany: DGUV, 2021: DGUV, 2021: Geschäfts- und 
Rechnungsergebnisse der gewerblichen Berufsgenossenschaften und Unfallversicherungsträger der öffentlichen 
Hand 2020  
179 Eurostat (Statistics explained): Occupational diseases statistics 
180 Eurostat: European occupational diseases statistics (EODS) and EU index of occupational diseases 
(2013=100) – experimental statistics 
181 European Federation of Building and Woodworkers (EFBWW), 2013: Asbestos‐related occupational diseases 
in Central and East European Countries (p. 11). 
182 See for example, the ILO List of Occupational Diseases Recommendation R194, revised 2010. 
183 European Commission, 2018: Scientific Committee on Health, Environmental and Emerging Risks SCHEER - 
Statement on emerging health and environmental issues, here  see pp. 9 -10. The SCHEER refers to this article: 
Holden et al, 2016: Global Prevalence of Myopia and High Myopia and Temporal Trends from 2000 through 2050 
184 European Commission, 2022:  
https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?langId=en&catId=89&furtherNews=yes&newsId=10463 
185 EU-OSHA, 2021: Executive summary - Musculoskeletal disorders: association with psychosocial risk factors at 
work 
186 Eurostat: Life expectancy by age and sex, here  
187 OECD/European Union, 2020: Health at a Glance: Europe 2020: State of Health in the EU Cycle (p. 112, 
p. 116). 
188 OECD/European Union, 2022: Health at a Glance: Europe 2022: State of Health in the EU Cycle (p. 87ff). 
189 Eurostat: Life expectancy by age and sex  
190 Eurostat: Life expectancy by age and sex 
191 OECD/European Union, 2020: Health at a Glance: Europe 2020: State of Health in the EU Cycle (p. 120). 
192 OECD/European Union, 2022: Health at a Glance: Europe 2022: State of Health in the EU Cycle (p. 95ff). 
193 Joumard et al., 2008: Health Status Determinants: Lifestyle, Environment, Health Care Resources and 
Efficiency 
194 Mazeikaite et al., 2021: What Drives CrossCountry Health Inequality in the EU? Unpacking the Role of 
Socioeconomic Factors