Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 5 
List of figures 
Figure 1: Risk factors present (% of establishments) – ESENER 2014 and 2019................................ 23 
Figure 2: Risk factors that can adversely affect mental wellbeing – EWCS  and ESENER ................. 24 
Figure 3: ‘Exposure to risk factors adversely affecting mental wellbeing’ – LFS Ad hoc survey 2020 . 26 
Figure 4: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Job strain)............................. 27 
Figure 5: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Psychological demand) ........ 28 
Figure 6: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Decision authority) ............... 28 
Figure 7: Psychosocial risk factors – Differences between skill groups (Skill discretion) ..................... 29 
Figure 8: Hours worked per week of full-time employment, EU27 – Eurostat ...................................... 31 
Figure 9: Average working time and work during unsocial hours – Eurostat LFS ................................ 32 
Figure 10: Development of work intensity indicators between 1991 and 2015 – Eurofound ................ 33 
Figure 11: Establishment size and ‘Pressure due to time constraints’ – ESENER 2014 and 2019 ...... 34 
Figure 12: Establishment size and ‘Long or irregular working hours’ – ESENER 2014 and 2019 ....... 34 
Figure 13: ‘Pressure due to time constraints’, Yes responses – ESENER 2019 .................................. 35 
Figure 14: Employed persons and percentage of working time under pressure – Eurostat LFS Ad hoc 
2019 ....................................................................................................................................................... 35 
Figure 15: Percentage of employed persons with working time under pressure (per country, sum of 
responses ‘Always’ and ‘Often’) – LFS Ad hoc 2019 ............................................................................ 36 
Figure 16: Exposure to physical risks – ESENER, EWCS and LFS ..................................................... 39 
Figure 17: Physical health risks compared (%) – EWCS 2015 ............................................................. 42 
Figure 18: Employment types in EU27, development 2005 to 2022  – Eurostat .................................. 47 
Figure 19: Employed persons by main place of work – Eurostat .......................................................... 51 
Figure 20: Employees working mostly from home (in % of employed persons) –  Eurostat .................. 52 
Figure 21: Development of the total number of non-fatal accidents at work and incidence rates (accidents 
per 100,000 workers), 1998 and 2019 – Eurostat ................................................................................. 65 
Figure 22: Share of people reporting any accident and accidents resulting in time off work by country, 
2020 ....................................................................................................................................................... 70 
Figure 23: Comparison of the av erage incidence rate of fatal accidents in two periods: 2010- 2014 and 
2015-2020 ............................................................................................................................................. 71 
Figure 24: Main causes of mortality 2019, EU27 .................................................................................. 79 
Figure 25: Work-related deaths – estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for EU27 ................................... 83 
Figure 26: Work-related DALYs – estimates by WHO/ILO and ICOH for the EU27 ............................. 84 
Figure 27: Prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases – EWCS 2015 ..................................................... 88