visual encoder by predicting the temporal ordering of frames (Xu et al., 2019; Lee et al., 2017). Other approaches
seek to predict low-level motion vectors computed from optical flow (Pintea et al., 2014), or to predict mixing pixels
in video frames, using either a frame-interpolation objective (Kalluri et al., 2023) or a denoising autoencoder (Tong
et al., 2022; Feichtenhofer et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2023a).
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