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56. Magnus 2005, pp. 35–38, 3. Truth tables; Angell 1964, p. 164; Hall & O'Donnell 2000, p. 48
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57. Magnus 2005, pp. 35–45, 3. Truth tables; Angell 1964, p. 164.
58. Tarski 1994, p. 40.
59. Hintikka 2019, lead section, §Nature and varieties of logic; Audi 1999b, Philosophy of logic.
60. Blackburn 2008, argument; Stairs 2017, p. 343.
61. Copi, Cohen & Rodych 2019, p. 30 (https://books.google.com/books?id=38bADwAAQBAJ&
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62. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20; Backmann 2019, pp. 235–255; IEP Staff.
63. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 16; Backmann 2019, pp. 235–255; IEP Staff.
64. Groarke 2021, 1.1 Formal and Informal Logic; Weddle 2011, pp. 383–8, 36. Informal logic
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65. Evans 2005, 8. Deductive Reasoning, p. 169 (https://books.google.com/books?id=znbkHaC
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66. McKeon.
67. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13–4.
68. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13–4; Blackburn 2016, rule of inference.
69. Blackburn 2016, rule of inference.
70. Dick & Müller 2017, p. 157.
71. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 13; Backmann 2019, pp. 235–255; Douven 2021.
72. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 14; D'Agostino & Floridi 2009, pp. 271–315.
73. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 14; Sagüillo 2014, pp. 75–88; Hintikka 1970, pp. 135–152.
74. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13–6; Backmann 2019, pp. 235–255; IEP Staff.
75. Rocci 2017, p. 26; Hintikka & Sandu 2006, pp. 13, 16; Douven 2021.
76. IEP Staff; Douven 2021; Hawthorne 2021.
77. IEP Staff; Hawthorne 2021; Wilbanks 2010, pp. 107–124.
78. Douven 2021.
79. Groarke 2021, 4.1 AV Criteria; Possin 2016, pp. 563–593.
80. Scott & Marshall 2009, analytic induction; Houde & Camacho 2003, Induction.
81. Borchert 2006b, Induction.
82. Douven 2021; Koslowski 2017, Abductive reasoning and explanation (https://www.taylorfran
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83. Cummings 2010, Abduction, p. 1.
84. Hansen 2020; Chatfield 2017, p. 194.
85. Walton 1987, pp. 7, 1. A new model of argument; Hansen 2020.
86. Hansen 2020.
87. Hansen 2020; Walton 1987, pp. 63, 3. Logic of propositions.
88. Sternberg; Stone 2012, pp. 327–356.
89. Walton 1987, pp. 2–4, 1. A new model of argument; Dowden; Hansen 2020.
90. Engel 1982, pp. 59–92, 2. The medium of language; Mackie 1967; Stump.
91. Stump; Engel 1982, pp. 143–212, 4. Fallacies of presumption.
92. Stump; Mackie 1967.
93. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20.
94. Hintikka & Sandu 2006, p. 20; Pedemonte 2018, pp. 1–17; Hintikka 2023.