drug treatments. Their aim was to identify compounds that block the clumping, or aggregation, of alpha-
synuclein (the protein that characterises Parkinson's disease). They were able to speed up the initial
screening process ten-fold and reduce the cost by a thousand-fold.[136][137]
Applications of AI in this domain include AI-enabled menstruation and fertility trackers that analyze user
data to offer prediction,[138] AI-integrated sex toys (e.g., teledildonics),[139] AI-generated sexual
education content,[140] and AI agents that simulate sexual and romantic partners (e.g., Replika).[141] AI is
also used for the production of non-consensual deepfake pornography, raising significant ethical and legal
concerns.[142]
AI technologies have also been used to attempt to identify online gender-based violence and online
sexual grooming of minors.[143][144]
Game playing programs have been used since the 1950s to demonstrate and test AI's most advanced
techniques.[145] Deep Blue became the first computer chess-playing system to beat a reigning world chess
champion, Garry Kasparov, on 11 May 1997.[146] In 2011, in a Jeopardy! quiz show exhibition match,
IBM's question answering system, Watson, defeated the two greatest Jeopardy! champions, Brad Rutter
and Ken Jennings, by a significant margin.[147] In March 2016, AlphaGo won 4 out of 5 games of Go in a
match with Go champion Lee Sedol, becoming the first computer Go-playing system to beat a
professional Go player without handicaps. Then, in 2017, it defeated Ke Jie, who was the best Go player
in the world.[148] Other programs handle imperfect-information games, such as the poker-playing
program Pluribus.[149] DeepMind developed increasingly generalistic reinforcement learning models,
such as with MuZero, which could be trained to play chess, Go, or Atari games.[150] In 2019, DeepMind's
AlphaStar achieved grandmaster level in StarCraft II, a particularly challenging real-time strategy game
that involves incomplete knowledge of what happens on the map.[151] In 2021, an AI agent competed in a
PlayStation Gran Turismo competition, winning against four of the world's best Gran Turismo drivers
using deep reinforcement learning.[152] In 2024, Google DeepMind introduced SIMA, a type of AI
capable of autonomously playing nine previously unseen open-world video games by observing screen
output, as well as executing short, specific tasks in response to natural language instructions.[153]
In mathematics, special forms of formal step-by-step reasoning are used.[154] In contrast, LLMs such as
GPT-4 Turbo, Gemini Ultra, Claude Opus, LLaMa-2 or Mistral Large are working with probabilistic
models, which can produce wrong answers in the form of hallucinations. Therefore, they need not only a
large database of mathematical problems to learn from but also methods such as supervised fine-tuning or
trained classifiers with human-annotated data to improve answers for new problems and learn from
corrections.[155] A 2024 study showed that the performance of some language models for reasoning
capabilities in solving math problems not included in their training data was low, even for problems with
only minor deviations from trained data.[156]
Sexuality
Games
Mathematics