Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 3 
Contents 
List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... 5 
List of tables ........................................................................................................................................... 7 
Foreword by Nicolas Schmit, European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights  .............................. 8 
Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 9 
1 Executive summary ................................................................................................................... 10 
2 Setting the scene ....................................................................................................................... 20 
3 Status of working conditions ...................................................................................................... 23 
3.1 Psychosocial risks at work ......................................................................................................... 24 
3.1.1 Working time in hours and at atypical times ................................................................... 29 
3.1.2 Work intensity ................................................................................................................. 33 
3.2 Physical health risks at work ..................................................................................................... 38 
3.3 Contract types and work locations ............................................................................................. 45 
3.4 Mobile work, home as workplace and domestic work ............................................................... 49 
3.5 Worker groups with specific risks and needs ............................................................................ 54 
3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 59 
4 Trends in outcomes – safety, health and wellbeing .................................................................. 61 
4.1 Trends in safety outcomes – work accidents ............................................................................ 61 
4.1.1 Non-fatal work accidents ................................................................................................ 64 
4.1.2 Serious non-fatal and fatal work accidents ..................................................................... 71 
4.2 Trends in health outcomes ........................................................................................................ 73 
4.2.1 Statistical picture of mortality and morbidity ................................................................... 77 
4.2.2 Attributable fractions, risk pairs and burden of disease .................................................. 81 
4.2.3 Examples of specific prevalence estimates .................................................................... 86 
4.3 Wellbeing and health status ...................................................................................................... 89 
4.3.1 Satisfaction at work ......................................................................................................... 89 
4.3.2 Health affected – overall opinion .................................................................................... 91 
4.3.3 Reported health problems .............................................................................................. 92 
4.3.4 Working life perspective – health .................................................................................... 96 
4.3.5 Summary of survey results on wellbeing and health status ........................................... 98