computed jointly with individuals from later periods using pairwise outgroup 
f3 statistics (outgroup: Han Chinese people). These are calculated using 
Twigstats on Relate genealogies with a cut-off of 1,000 generations. The 
geographical map shows sampling locations of these individuals. b , The 
genetic structure of ancient groups predominantly from early medieval 
contexts shown on the same MDS as in a . The magnified inset shows an MDS 
computed without Twigstats on the same samples as the Twigstats MDS and 
focusing on early medieval or later individuals. c, Ancestry models of early 
medieval (EM) groups across Europe computed using qpAdm. Sample sizes are 
shown in black boxes. Sources are highlighted in a and marked as bold in the 
key, and were used in a rotational qpAdm scheme. For each target group, we 
remove models with infeasible admixture proportions (falling outside [0, 1]) 
and use a Twigstats cut-off of 1,000 generations. All models satisfy P > 0.01, 
unless a −log10[P value] is shown next to the model. If models satisfy P > 0.05,  
we show all such models; otherwise, we show only the model with the largest  
P value. d, The ancestry proportion derived from EIA Scandinavia in groups 
with a non-zero component of this ancestry. We show groups modelled in c  
that have a feasible model (P > 0.01). In c,d, we show one s.e. BA, Bronze Age; 
CNE, continental northern Europeans; EBA, early Bronze Age; EVA, early Viking 
Age; IA, Iron Age; MED, medieval; MLBA, middle/late Bronze Age; VA, Viking Age.