Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 145 
 
 
90 Eurofound, 2020: Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions  
Eurostat: National accounts employment data by industry (up to NACE A*64): Growth from 7.4 million in 2008 to 
9.5 million in 2019, here Filter [Q87_Q88] Residential care activities and social work activities without 
accommodation. 
91 LTC definition by the Social Protection Committee and European Commission, 2014: Adequate social 
protection for long–term care needs in an ageing society (p. 11): ‘a range of services and assistance for people 
who, as a result of mental and/or physical frailty and/or disability over an extended period of time, depend on help 
with daily living activities and/or are in need of some permanent nursing care. The daily living activities for which 
help is needed may be the self‐care activities that a person must perform every day (Activities of Daily Living, or 
ADLs, such as bathing, dressing, eating, getting in and out of bed or a chair, moving around, using the toilet, and 
controlling bladder and bowel functions) or may be related to independent living (Instrumental Activities of Daily 
Living, or IADLs, such as preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries or personal items, 
performing light or heavy housework, and using a telephone).’ 
92 Eurofound, 2020: Long-term care workforce: Employment and working conditions (p. 27). 
93 Eurofound, 2020: New forms of employment: 2020 Update (p. 9). 
94 See for example the KOMNET Helpdesks https://www.komnet.nrw.de/  
95 European Commission, 1996: Guidance on risk assessment at work (Directive 89/391/EEC)  
96 Besamusca & Steinmetz, 2019: Vulnerable groups in European data sets. An inventory of the measurement of 
vulnerable groups in 27 data sets covering the European area. They write (p. 5): ‘A further challenge with respect 
to vulnerability and employment vulnerability is the question to which level it applies. To individuals and/or groups 
(with particular characteristics which increases the vulnerability risk), a situation (in which a person/group finds 
themselves which increase the vulnerability risk, like for instance precarious work), or whether this is a more 
universal concept which applies to all people as human beings, as everybody could become at one point in time 
‘vulnerable’ and depending upon the state for our well-being (Fineman, 2008).’ 
97 OSHWiki, 2022: Groups at risk 
EU-OSHA, 2003: Gender issues in safety and health at work. A Review 
98 European Parliament, 2011: Occupational health and safety risks for the most vulnerable workers, Study  
Fasani & Mazza, 2020: A Vulnerable Workforce: Migrant Workers in the COVID-19 Pandemic (p. 1). 
99 Browse Gender Statistics | Gender Statistics Database | European Institute for Gender Equality (europa.eu) 
100 In the technical area of OSH, female workforce was often not taken as standard, concerning equipment, 
machinery or PPE: the standards were aligned and designed for standard men. 
101 EU-OSHA, 2007: Report - OSH in figures: Young workers - Facts and figures 
102 EU-OSHA: Women and safety and health at work 
103 EU-OSHA: Women at Work: An Introduction 
104 Eurostat: Accidents at work by sex and severity (NACE Rev. 2 activity Total), here  
Eurostat: Persons reporting a work-related health problem by sex, age and country of birth, here 
105 Eurostat: Time spent, participation time and participation rate in the main activity by sex and educational 
attainment level, here 
106 EU-OSHA, 2016: The ageing workforce: Implications for occupational safety and health - a research review – 
Executive Summary (pp. 4-5). 
107 EU-OSHA, Themes Ageing & OSH: OSH management in the context of an ageing workforce 
108 Andersen et al., 2020: Barriers and opportunities for prolonging working life across different occupational 
groups: the SeniorWorkingLife study