New opiate and crack-cocaine users: characteristics and trends 44 
 
References 
Ahmad and Richardson. (2016). Impact of the reduction in heroin supply. Forthcoming. 
De Angelis, D., Hickman, M. and Yang, S. (2004). ‘Estimating Long-term Trends in the 
Incidence and Prevalence of Opiate Use/Injecting Drug Use and the Number of Former Users: 
Back-Calculation Methods and Opiate Overdose Deaths’. American Journal of Epidemiology 
vol. 160 (10). Available at: http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/160/10/994.full.pdf  
Frontier Economics (2010). Specialist drug and alcohol services for young people – a cost –
benefit analysis. Department for Education, 2010. Available at: 
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/182312/DFE-
RR087.pdf  
Gossop, M., Marsden, J., Stewart, D., & Kidd, T. (2003) ‘The National Treatment Outcome 
Research Study (NTORS): 4–5 year follow‐up results’, Addiction, vol. 98(3), pp 291-303. 
Hay, G., dos Santos, A. R. and Worsley, J. (2013). Estimates of the Prevalence of Opiate Use 
and/or Crack Cocaine Use, 2011/12: Sweep 8 report. Liverpool John Moores University. 
Horyniak, D., Stoové, M., Degenhardt, L., Aitken, C., Kerr, T., & Dietze, P. (2015). How do 
drug market changes affect characteristics of injecting initiation and subsequent patterns of drug 
use? Findings from a cohort of regular heroin and methamphetamine injectors in Melbourne, 
Australia. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(1), 43-50. 
Millar, T., Craine, N., Carnwath, T. and Donmall, M. (2001). ‘The dynamics of heroin use; 
implications for intervention.’ Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 55(12), 930-933. 
Morgan, N. (2014). The heroin epidemic of the 1980s and 1990s and its effect on crime trends 
then and now, Home Office Research Report 79. 
ONS, (2014). Crime Statistics, Focus on Property Crime, 2013/14, Office for National Statistics.