Occupational safety and health in Europe - state and trends 2023 
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work – EU-OSHA 142 
 
 
21 Eurostat: Ad hoc module 2019 on work organisation and working time arrangements. Employment at an 
atypical working time (time period start with 2011), here and here 
22 Eurostat Data for 2019: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, 
full-time/part-time and economic activity (from 2008 onwards, NACE Rev. 2). here Filter: Employees, Full-time, All 
NACE, EU27 2019 Q4.  
Eurostat Data for 2006: Average number of usual weekly hours of work in main job, by sex, professional status, 
full-time/part-time and economic activity (1998-2008, NACE Rev. 1.1), here Filter: Employees, Full-time, All 
NACE, EU27 2019 Q4. 
23 Eurostat definition of atypical work: The atypical work distinguishes between “evening or night work”, “Saturday 
or Sunday working”, and “shift work”. 
24 All data were retried from tables in: Labour market > Employment and unemployment (Labour force survey) M 
> LFS series - detailed annual survey results M > Population in employment working during unsocial hours - LFS 
series 
25 Eurostat: Employed persons working at nights as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and 
professional status (%) 
26 Eurostat: Employed persons working on Sundays as a percentage of the total employment, by sex, age and 
professional status (%) 
27 Fiz Perez et al., 2019: Shift and night work management in European companies 
28 OSHWiki, 2022: Psychosocial issues – the changing world of work 
29 Eurofound, 2003: Time and work: Work intensity  
Eurofound, 2009: Working conditions in the European Union: Working time and work intensity 
30 Eurofound, 2017: Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 Update) (p. 48). 
31 ESENER addresses the person in an enterprise responsible for or closest to the topic of OSH; the EWCS is a 
worker survey. In addition, the response options were different from the EWCS. Two options in ESENER, ‘Yes’ or 
‘No’, compared to three options in th e EWCS: ‘(Almost) all of the time’, ‘Between ¼ and ¾ of the time’, ‘(Almost) 
never’. 
32 EU-OSHA: Third European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks (ESENER 3), ESENER Data 
visualisation, section ‘Comparisons 2014-2019’, section ‘Psychosocial risk factors present in the establishment’, 
‘Pressure due to time constraints’. 
33 Ibid., Section ‘Psychosocial risk factors present in the establishment’, ‘Long or irregular working hours’. 
34 Ibid., Section ‘Psychosocial risk factors present in the establishment’, The exact question was: ‘Please tell me 
for each of the following risks whether or not it is present in the establishment?‘ ‘Pressure due to time constraints’. 
Response option: Time pressure. 
35 Ibid., Section ‘Psychosocial risk factors present in the establishment’, The exact question was: ‘Please tell me 
for each of the following risks whether or not it is present in the establishment?‘ ‘Pressure due to time constraints’. 
Response option: Time pressure. 
36 EU-OSHA: Third European Survey of Enterprises on New and Emerging Risks (ESENER 3), ESENER Data 
visualisation, section ‘Comparisons 2014-2019’, section ‘Psychosocial risk factors present in the establishment’, 
The exact question was: ‘Please tell me for each of the following risks whether or not it is present in the 
establishment?‘ ‘Pressure due to time constraints’. Response option: Time pressure. 
37 Eurostat, 2019: Persons in e mployment by frequency of working under time pressure, educational attainment 
level and professional status, 20-64 years, percentages calculated from numerical data 
38 Kelliher & Anderson, 2010: Doing more with less? Flexible working practices and the intensification of work 
39 Piaska, 2018: Scheduled to work hard: The relationship between non-standard working hours and work 
intensity among European workers (2005–2015)