"[199]

^ Meade had followed Halleck's cautious approach to fighting, and Grant was there to give him direction and encouragement to be more aggressive.[223]

^ Estimates vary considerably among historians as to the actual numbers of casualties at Cold Harbor. See: Battle of Cold Harbor, Aftermath section, casualty chart, outlining estimates from seven historians

^ Numbers for casualties vary among historians. See Battle of the Crater, Aftermath section

^ Senator Carl Shurz, sent earlier by Johnson in July 1865, reported whites in the South harbored resentment of the North, and that blacks suffered from violence and fraud.[290]

^ Republican Senator Charles Sumner thwarted an effort to make an exemption for Stewart's appointment to hold office, that caused contention with Grant.[328]

^ Borie's notable achievement was to desegregate the Washington Navy Yard.[330]

^ Grant's vision of Reconstruction included federal enforcement of civil rights and acceptance of black citizenship without violence and intimidation.[349]

^ Southern Reconstructed states were controlled locally by Republican (Radical) carpetbaggers, scalawags and former slaves. By 1877 the conservative Democrats had full control of the region and Reconstruction was dead.