^ Trefousse, pp. 313–316.

^ Trefousse, pp. 316, 336.

^ Trefousse, p. 319.

^ Castel 1979, p. 81.

^ Gordon-Reed, pp. 138–139.

^ Trefousse, pp. 323–324.

^ Gordon-Reed, p. 139.

^ Stewart, p. 307.

^ Trefousse, p. 330.

^ Trefousse, pp. 323–328.

^ Stewart, pp. 340–341.

^ "Senate Journal. 40th Cong., 2nd sess., 16 / 26 May 1868, 943–51". A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved June 7, 2019.

^ Castel 1979, p. 195.

^ Trefousse, p. 336.

^ Stewart, pp. 240–247, 284–292.

^ Castel 1979, pp. 40–41.

^ Apoliona, Haunani (January 2010). "Ke Kuini Emalani ko luna" (PDF). Ka Wai Ola. Vol. 27, no. 1. Honolulu. p. 21. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved December 25, 2020.

^ Byrd, Jodi A. (2011). The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 177–183. ISBN 978-1-4529-3317-7. OCLC 719427962.

^ Kanahele, George S. (1999). Emma: Hawaii's Remarkable Queen. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 189–226. ISBN 978-0-8248-2240-8. OCLC 40890919.

^ Claus-M Naske; Herman E. Slotnick (March 15, 1994). Alaska: A History of the 49th State. 