^ Jump up to: a b Feldman 2017, pp. 627–628.

^ Wood 2009, pp. 697–699.

^ Rottinghaus, Brandon; Vaughn, Justin S. (February 19, 2018). "How Does Trump Stack Up Against the Best — and Worst — Presidents?". New York Times. Retrieved May 4, 2019.

^ Max J. Skidmore, Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review (2004) pp. 45–56 summarizes the historiography. McFarland & Company. Jefferson, North Carolina. ISBN 978-0786418206.

^ Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, "Editors Introduction," to Marshall Smelser, The Democratic Republic: 1801–1815 (1968), Waveland Press, Inc., Long Grove, Illinois, p. xii, ISBN 978-0881336689.

^ "Scholars rate worst presidential errors". USA Today. AP. February 18, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2018.

^ Jump up to: a b Wood, Gordon S. (2006). "Is there a James Madison Problem? in "Liberty and American Experience in the Eighteenth Century", Womersley, David (ed.)". Liberty Fund. p. 425. Retrieved May 2, 2012.

^ Burstein & Isenberg 2010, pp. 521–522.

^ Rosen 1999, p. 2–4, 6–9, 140–175.

^ Wills 2002, p. 164.

^ Carberry, Edward (November 28, 1946). "Movies: Keith's, Palace". The Cincinnati Post. p. 23.

^ Kennedy, Mark (July 17, 2015). "3 presidents in 'Hamilton' put 'blood into the statues'". limaohio.com. 