His stormy presidency was brief, and in some respects, unfortunate, but he did leave the office stronger than he found it. As a public man he had a hand in almost every issue of national importance for almost two decades, while as a party leader he, along with Blaine, forged the Republican Party into the instrument that would lead the United States into the twentieth century."[266]

Notes[edit]
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^ Church of Christ, Christian Church, and Disciples of Christ were names that were used interchangeably amongst members of a unified movement until the turn of the 20th century, when they separated.[17]

^ Biographer Allan Peskin speculated that he may have had infectious hepatitis instead.[50]

^ Until the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, Congress convened annually in December.

^ On June 13, 1868, the House passed the 14th Amendment that gave African Americans U.S. citizenship.[89]

^ Garfield typically won two or three times his Democratic opponents' votes.[118]

^ In October 1883, the War of the Pacific was settled without American involvement, with the Treaty of Ancón.

