Madison was attempting the doubtful, self-contradictory goal of being a humane slaveholder, one actuated by revolutionary principles".

^ Feldman 2017, p. 16-17.

^ McCoy 1989, p. 260.

^ Jump up to: a b Rutland 1987, p. 241.

^ Feldman 2017, p. 284.

^ Burstein & Isenberg 2010, pp. 200–201.

^ Burstein & Isenberg 2010, pp. 607–608.

^ McCoy 1989, p. 5.

^ Jump up to: a b Burstein & Isenberg 2010, p. 201.

^ "James Madison and Slavery".

^ Burstein & Isenberg 2010, pp. 156–157.

^ Jump up to: a b Guyatt, Nicholas (June 6, 2019). "How Proslavery Was the Constitution?". New York Review of Books.

^ McCoy 1989, p. 268.

^ McCoy 1989, p. 268-269.

^ Feldman 2017, pp. 50–52.

^ Hopkins, Callie (August 28, 2019). "The Enslaved Household of President James Madison". whitehousehistory.org. Retrieved December 12, 2021.

^ "Documents of the American South, University of North Carolina". University of North Carolina. 2021. Retrieved February 19, 2017.

^ Broadwater 2012, p. 188.

^ Watts 1990, p. 1289.

^ Stagg, J.C.A. (October 4, 2016). "James Madison: Impact and Legacy". Miller Center. University of Virginia. Retrieved February 8, 2019.

^ Feldman 2017, pp. 625–626.

