[235] In 1832, Seminole leaders signed the Treaty of Payne's Landing, which stipulated that the Seminoles would move west and become part of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy if they found the new land suitable.[236] Most Seminoles refused to move, leading to the Second Seminole War in 1835 that lasted six years.[232] Members of the Muscogee Creek Confederacy ceded their land to the state of Alabama in the Treaty of Cusseta of 1832. Their private ownership of the land was to be protected, but the federal government did not enforce this. The government did encourage voluntary removal until the Creek War of 1836, after which almost all Creek were removed to Oklahoma territory.[237] In 1836, Cherokee leaders ceded their land to the government by the Treaty of New Echota.[238] Their removal, known as the Trail of Tears, was enforced by Jackson's successor, Van Buren.[239]
Jackson also applied the removal policy in the Northwest. 