Despite resistance from the Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, who tried to help the Native Americans retain their land, Jackson signed five treaties between 1816 and 1820, including the Treaty of Tuscaloosa and the Treaty of Doak's Stand,[132] in which the Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee and Chickasaw ceded tens of millions of acres of land to the United States.[133]
Jackson would soon find himself embroiled in conflict in the Floridas. Fort Negro, which the British had turned over to runaway slaves,[134] had become a magnet for other runaways[134] that was seen as a threat to the property rights of slave owners[135] and a potential source of slave insurrection.[136]
Jackson ordered Colonel Duncan Clinch to capture the fort in July 1816. He destroyed the it and killed most of the garrison. The survivors were returned to slavery.[137]
In addition, White settlers were in constant conflict with Native American people collectively known as the Seminoles, who straddled the border between the U.S. and Florida.