[253]
Most historians consider Jefferson's embargo to have been ineffective and harmful to American interests.[260] Appleby describes the strategy as Jefferson's "least effective policy", and Joseph Ellis calls it "an unadulterated calamity".[261] Others, however, portray it as an innovative, nonviolent measure which aided France in its war with Britain while preserving American neutrality.[262] Jefferson believed that the failure of the embargo was due to selfish traders and merchants showing a lack of "republican virtue."He maintained that, had the embargo been widely observed, it would have avoided war in 1812.[263]
In December 1807, Jefferson announced his intention not to seek a third term. He turned his attention increasingly to Monticello during the last year of his presidency, giving Madison and Gallatin almost total control of affairs.[264] Shortly before leaving office in March 1809, Jefferson signed the repeal of the Embargo. In its place, the Non-Intercourse Act was passed, but it proved no more effective.[253] The day before Madison was inaugurated as his successor, Jefferson said that he felt like "a prisoner, released from his chains".