77 (2): 145–165. doi:10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145. JSTOR 10.5325/pennhistory.77.2.0145.

^ Gregory J. Wallance, "The Lawsuit That Started the Civil War."Civil War Times 45: 46-52.

^ Roberta Alexander, "Dred Scott: The decision that sparked a civil war."Northern Kentucky Law Review 34 (2007): 643+ excerpt.

^ David W, Blight, "Was the Civil War Inevitable?"The New York Times Dec. 22, 2022

^ Baker 2004, p. 77.

^ Baker 2004, p. 78.

^ Baker 2004, p. 79.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 86–88.

^ "Nathan Clifford, 1858–1881". The Supreme Court Historical Society. Retrieved August 21, 2019.

^ "Judges of the United States Courts". Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. Federal Judicial Center. Retrieved May 30, 2020.

^ Jump up to: a b c Klein 1962, p. 316.

^ Klein 1962, pp. 271–272.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 83–84.

^ Hall 2001, p. 566.

^ Potter 1976, p. 287.

^ Baker 2004, p. 85.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 85–86.

^ Jump up to: a b c Baker 2004, p. 90.

^ Klein 1962, pp. 314–315.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 90–91.

^ Klein 1962, p. 317.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 93–98.

^ Jump up to: a b Potter 1976, pp. 297–327.

^ Baker 2004, pp. 97–100.

