^ Peskin 1978, p. 273.

^ Weisberger 2002, p. 273.

^ The Magazine of American History (1891), p. 261

^ "The Court Controversy: Not Unprecedented". February 15, 2016. Archived from the original on December 1, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2019.

^ Jump up to: a b "On this day: June 11, 1881". New York Times. Archived from the original on August 2, 2020. Retrieved December 26, 2021.

^ Jump up to: a b Doenecke 1981, pp. 39–41.

^ Jump up to: a b Peskin 1978, p. 578.

^ Peskin 1978, p. 580.

^ Doenecke 1981, pp. 94–95.

^ Doenecke 1981, p. 48.

^ Jump up to: a b Doenecke 1981, pp. 48–49.

^ Steudeman, Michael J. (May 2018). "From Civic Imperative to Bird's-Eye View: Renegotiating the Idioms of Education Governance during the Reconstruction Era". History of Education Quarterly. 58 (2): 199–228. doi:10.1017/heq.2018.3. ISSN 0018-2680.

^ Jump up to: a b Doenecke 1981, pp. 49–50.

^ Doenecke 1981, pp. 50–53.

^ David M. Pletcher, The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur (U of Missouri Press, 1962).

^ Jump up to: a b c Crapol 2000, pp. 62–64.

^ Jump up to: a b Crapol 2000, pp. 