^ Jump up to: a b c d Dionne, E. J. Jr. (September 18, 1987). "Biden Admits Plagiarism in School But Says It Was Not 'Malevolent'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2022.

^ Jump up to: a b c d e "A timeline of U.S. Sen. Joe Biden's life and career". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.

^ Taylor (1990), p. 98.

^ Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (July 9, 2009). "Letter to National Stuttering Association chairman" (PDF). National Stuttering Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.

^ Hook, Janet (September 16, 2019). "Joe Biden's childhood struggle with a stutter: How he overcame it and how it shaped him". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 16, 2019. Retrieved July 24, 2020.

^ Hendrickson, John (January–February 2020). "What Joe Biden Can't Bring Himself to Say". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2019.

^ Bailey, Isaac J. (March 11, 2020). "Is Biden's Stutter Being Mistaken for "Cognitive Decline"?". Nieman Reports. 