[515]

^ When Congress failed to make the Commission's reform rules permanent, Grant dissolved the Commission in 1874.[519]

^ Grant defended his powers to remove officers or make appointments of personal friends.[520]

^ Among those named to have taken Custom House kickbacks were Grant's personal secretaries Orville Babcock and Horace Porter.[522]

^ McFeely, writing in 1981, believed that Grant knew of Babcock's guilt, while Smith, in 2001, believed the evidence against Babcock was circumstantial at best.[546]

^ To restore his family's income and reputation, Grant wrote several articles on his Civil War campaigns for The Century Magazine at $500 (equivalent to $15,000 in 2021) each. The articles were well received by critics, and the editor, Robert Underwood Johnson, suggested that Grant write a book of memoirs, as Sherman and others had done. Grant's articles would serve as the basis for several chapters.[606]

^ Today, medical historians believed he suffered from a T1N1 carcinoma of the tonsillar fossa.[608]

^ Twain called the Memoirs a "literary masterpiece."Given over a century of favorable literary analysis, reviewer Mark Perry states that the Memoirs are "the most significant work" of American non-fiction.