[354]

^ Urged by Grant and his Attorney General Amos T. Akerman, the strongest of these laws was the Ku Klux Klan Act, passed on April 20, 1871, that authorized the president to impose martial law and suspend the writ of habeas corpus.[358]

^ Akerman returned over 3,000 indictments of the Klan throughout the South and obtained 600 convictions for the worst offenders.[363]

^ To placate the South in 1870, Grant signed the Amnesty Act, which restored political rights to former Confederates.[365]

^ Civil rights prosecutions continued but with fewer yearly cases and convictions.[367]

^ Additionally, Grant's Postmaster General, John Creswell used his patronage powers to integrate the postal system and appointed a record number of African-American men and women as postal workers across the nation, while also expanding many of the mail routes.[368] Grant appointed Republican abolitionist and champion of black education Hugh Lennox Bond as U.S. Circuit Court judge.[369]

^ Supreme Court rulings in the Slaughter-House Cases and United States v. Cruikshank restricted federal enforcement of civil rights.[372]

^ Butterfield was to send coded messages to Gould and Fisk to secretly alert them of Treasury gold sales by Boutwell.