^ Heckscher (1991), pp. 197–198.

^ Clements (1992), p. 198

^ Berg (2013), pp. 643–644, 648–650

^ Arthur Link,  Woodrow Wilson: Revolution, War, and Peace (1979) p. 121.

^ Berg (2013), pp. 659–661, 668–669

^ Cooper (2009), pp. 544, 557–560

^ Cooper (2009), p. 555

^ "Thomas R. Marshall, 28th Vice President (1913–1921)". United States Senate. Retrieved August 29, 2016.

^ Cooper (2009), p. 535

^ David M. Kennedy, Over Here: The First World War and American Society (2004) pp. 249–250

^ Leonard Williams Levy and Louis Fisher, eds. Encyclopedia of the American Presidency (1994) p. 494.

^ Berg (2013), pp. 609–610, 626

^ Cooper (1990), pp. 321–322

^ Clements (1992), pp. 207. 217–218

^ Avrich (1991), 140–143, 147, 149–156

^ Stanley Coben, A. Mitchell Palmer: Politician (Columbia UP, 1963) pp. 217–245.

^ Cooper (1990), p. 329

^ Harlan Grant Cohen, "The (un) favorable judgment of history: Deportation hearings, the Palmer raids, and the meaning of history."New York University Law Review 78 (2003): 1431–1474. online

^ Gage, Beverly (2009). The Day Wall Street Exploded: A Story of America in its First Age of Terror. Oxford University Press. pp. 179–182.

