^ Jump up to: a b Potter 1976, p. 192

^ Nivison, Kenneth (March 2010). "Purposes Just and Pacific: Franklin Pierce and the American Empire". Diplomacy & Statecraft. 21 (1): 17. doi:10.1080/09592290903577668. S2CID 154406060.

^ Gara, Larry (February 2000). "Pierce, Franklin". American National Biography Online.(subscription required)

^ Wallner 2007, pp. xi–xii.

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