As the economy soured after the Panic of 1873, Chinese immigrants were blamed in the American West for depressing workmen's wages.[185] During the Great Railroad Strike of 1877, anti-Chinese riots broke out in San Francisco, and a third party, the Workingman's Party, formed with an emphasis on stopping Chinese immigration.[185] In response, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1879, abrogating the 1868 treaty.[186] Hayes vetoed the bill, believing that the United States should not abrogate treaties without negotiation.[187] The veto drew praise from Northeastern New England Republicans, but Hayes was bitterly denounced in the Western United States.[187] In the subsequent furor, Democrats in the House of Representatives attempted to impeach him, but narrowly failed when Republicans prevented a quorum by refusing to vote.[188] After the veto, Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward suggested that the countries work together to reduce immigration, and he and James Burrill Angell negotiated with the Chinese to do so.[188] Congress passed a new law to that effect, the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, after Hayes had left office.